Earthing in Electrical Network - Purpose, Methods and Measurement

2/18/2019 Earthing in electrical network - purpose, methods and measurement
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Earthing in electrical network –

purpose, methods and measurement
By jiguparmar | December, 19th 2011 | 49 comments | Save to PDF Share!   
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MORE INFORMATION
The main reason for doing earthing in electrical network
is for the safety. When all metallic parts in electrical
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equipment are grounded then if the insulation inside the
equipment fails there are no dangerous voltages
present in the equipment case.
https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/earthing-in-electrical-network-purpose-methods-and-measurement 1/33
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The
The process
process of
of electrically
electrically connecting
connecting toto the
the earth
earth itself
itself is
is often
often
called “earthing”, particularly in Europe where the term “grounding”
called “earthing”, particularly in Europe where the term “grounding”
is
is used
used to
to describe
describe the
the above
above ground
ground wiring.
wiring.
If the live wire touches the grounded case then the

circuit is effectively shorted and fuse will immediately
blow. When the fuse is blown then the dangerous
voltages are away.
Purpose of Earthing
1. Safety for Human life / Building
/Equipment
To save human life from danger of electrical
shock or death by blowing a fuse i.e. To provide
an alternative path for the fault current to flow so
that it will not endanger the user
To protect buildings, machinery & appliances

under fault conditions.
To ensure that all exposed conductive parts do
not reach a dangerous potential.
To provide safe path to dissipate lightning and
short circuit currents.
To provide stable platform for operation of
sensitive electronic equipment i.e. To maintain
the voltage at any part of an electrical system at
a known value so as to prevent over current or
excessive voltage on the appliances or
equipment .
2. Over voltage protection

Lightning, line surges or unintentional contact with
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higher voltage lines can cause dangerously high
voltages to the electrical distribution system. Earthing
provides an alternative path around the electrical
system to minimize damages in the System.
3. Voltage stabilization
There are many sources of electricity. Every transformer
can be considered a separate source. If there were not
a common reference point for all these voltage sources
it would be extremely difficult to calculate their
relationships to each other.
The earth is the most

omnipresent conductive
surface, and so it was adopted in
the very beginnings of electrical
distribution systems as a nearly
universal standard for all electric

systems.
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Conventional methods of
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earthing
1. Plate type Earthing
Generally for plate type earthing normal Practice
is to use
Cast iron plate of size 600 mm x600 mm x12
mm. OR
Galvanized iron plate of size 600 mm x600 mm
x6 mm. OR
Copper plate of size 600 mm * 600 mm * 3.15
mm
Plate burred at the depth of 8 feet in the vertical
position and GI strip of size 50 mmx6 mm bolted
with the plate is brought up to the ground level.
These types of earth pit are generally filled with
alternate layer of charcoal & salt up to 4 feet
from the bottom of the pit.
2. Pipe type Earthing

2/18/2019 p yp gEarthing in electrical network - purpose, methods and measurement
For Pipe type earthing normal practice is to use GI pipe

[C-class] of 75 mm diameter, 10 feet long welded with
75 mm diameter GI flange having 6 numbers of holes
for the connection of earth wires and inserted in ground
by auger method.
These types of earth pit are generally filled with

alternate layer of charcoal & salt or earth reactivation
compound.
Method for Construction of

Earthing Pit
Excavation on earth for a normal earth Pit size is
1.5M X 1.5M X 3.0 M.
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Use 500 mm X 500 mm X 10 mm GI Plate or
Bigger Size for more Contact of Earth and
reduce Earth Resistance.
Make a mixture of Wood Coal Powder Salt &
Sand all in equal part
Wood Coal Powder use as good conductor of
electricity, anti corrosive, rust proves for GI Plate
for long life.
The purpose of coal and salt is to keep wet the
soil permanently.
The salt percolates and coal absorbs water
keeping the soil wet.
Care should always be taken by watering the
earth pits in summer so that the pit soil will be
wet.
Coal is made of carbon which is good conductor
minimizing the earth resistant.
Salt use as electrolyte to form conductivity
between GI Plate Coal and Earth with humidity.
Sand has used to form porosity to cycle water &
humidity around the mixture.
Put GI Plate (EARTH PLATE) of size 500 mm X

500 mm X 10 mm in the mid of mixture.
Use Double GI Strip size 30 mm X 10 mm to
connect GI Plate to System Earthling.
It will be better to use GI Pipe of size 2.5″
diameter with a Flange on the top of GI Pipe to
cover GI Strip from EARTH PLATE to Top
Flange.
Cover Top of GI pipe with a T joint to avoid
jamming of pipe with dust & mud and also use
water time to time through this pipe to bottom of
earth plate.
Maintain less than one Ohm Resistance from
EARTH PIT conductor to a distance of 15 Meters
around the EARTH PIT with another conductor
dip on the Earth at least 500 mm deep.
Check Voltage between Earth Pit conductors to
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Neutral of Mains Supply 220V AC 50 Hz it
should be less than 2.0 Volts.
Factors a ecting on Earth

resistivity
1. Soil Resistivity
It is the resistance of soil to the passage of electric
current. The earth resistance value (ohmic value) of an
earth pit depends on soil resistivity. It is the resistance
of the soil to the passage of electric current.
It varies from soil to soil. It depends on the physical

composition of the soil, moisture, dissolved salts, grain
size and distribution, seasonal variation, current
magnitude etc. In depends on the composition of soil,
Moisture content, Dissolved salts, grain size and its
distribution, seasonal variation, current magnitude.
2. Soil Condition
Different soil conditions give different soil resistivity.
Most of the soils are very poor conductors of electricity
when they are completely dry. Soil resistivity is
measured in ohm-meters or ohm-cm.
Soil plays a significant role in

determining the performance of
electrode. Soil with low resistivity
is highly corrosive. If soil is dry
then soil resistivity value will be
very high. If soil resistivity is high,
earth resistance of electrode will
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also be high.
3. Moisture
Moisture has a great influence on resistivity value
of soil. The resistivity of a soil can be determined by
the quantity of water held by the soil and resistivity of
the water itself. Conduction of electricity in soil is
through water.
The resistance drops quickly to a more or less

steady minimum value of about 15%
moisture. And further increase of moisture
level in soil will have little effect on soil
resistivity. In many locations water table goes
down in dry weather conditions.
Therefore, it is essential to pour water in and around

the earth pit to maintain moisture in dry weather
conditions. Moisture significantly influences soil
resistivity.
4. Dissolved salts
Pure water is poor conductor of electricity. Resistivity of
soil depends on resistivity of water which in turn
depends on the amount and nature of salts dissolved in
it.
Small quantity of salts in water

reduces soil resistivity by 80%.
Common salt is most effective in
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improving conductivity of soil.
But it corrodes metal and hence
discouraged.
5. Climate Condition
Increase or decrease of moisture content determines
the increase or decrease of soil resistivity. Thus in
dry whether resistivity will be very high and in monsoon
months the resistivity will be low.
6. Physical Composition
Different soil composition gives different average
resistivity. Based on the type of soil, the resistivity of
clay soil may be in the range of 4 – 150 ohm-meter,
whereas for rocky or gravel soils, the same may be well
above 1000 ohm-meter.
7. Location of Earth Pit

The location also contributes to resistivity to a
great extent. In a sloping landscape, or in a land with
made up of soil, or areas which are hilly, rocky or
sandy, water runs off and in dry weather conditions
water table goes down very fast. In such situation back
fill compound will not be able to attract moisture, as the
soil around the pit would be dry.
The earth pits located in such areas must be

watered at frequent intervals, particularly
during dry weather conditions.
×
Though back fill compound retains moisture under
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normal conditions, it gives off moisture during dry
weather to the dry soil around the electrode, and in the
process loses moisture over a period of time. Therefore,
choose a site that is naturally not well drained.
8. E ect of grain size and its

distribution
Grain size, its distribution and closeness of packing are
also contributory factors, since they control the manner
in which the moisture is held in the soil.
Effect of seasonal variation on soil resistivity:

Increase or decrease of moisture content in soil
determines decrease or increase of soil resistivity. Thus
in dry weather resistivity will be very high and during
rainy season the resistivity will be low.
9. E ect of current magnitude

Soil resistivity in the vicinity of ground electrode may be

affected by current flowing from the electrode into the
surrounding soil. The thermal characteristics and the
moisture content of the soil will determine if a current of
a given magnitude and duration will cause significant
drying and thus increase the effect of soil resistivity.
10. Area Available

Single electrode rod or strip or plate will not
achieve the desired resistance alone.
If a number of electrodes could be installed and

interconnected the desired resistance could be
achieved. The distance between the electrodes must be
equal to the driven depth to avoid overlapping of area
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of influence. Each electrode, therefore, must be
outside the resistance area of the other.
11. Obstructions
The soil may look good on the surface, but there may
be obstructions below a few feet like virgin rock. In that
event resistivity will be affected. Obstructions like
concrete structure near about the pits will affect
resistivity.
If the earth pits are close by, the

resistance value will be high.
12. Current Magnitude

A current of significant magnitude and duration will
cause significant drying condition in soil and thus
increase the soil resistivity.
Measurement of Earth
Resistance by use of Earth
Tester
For measuring soil resistivity Earth Tester is used.
It is also called the “MEGGER”.
It has a voltage source, a meter to measure

Resistance in ohms, switches to change
instrument range, Wires to connect terminal to
Earth Electrode and Spikes.
It is measured by using Four Terminal Earth
×
Tester Instrument. The terminals are connected
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by wires as in illustration.
P=Potential Spike and C=Current Spike. The
distance between the spikes may be 1M, 2M,
5M, 10M, 35M, and 50M.
All spikes are equidistant and in straight line to
maintain electrical continuity. Take measurement
in different directions.
Soil resistivity =2πLR.
R= Value of Earth resistance in ohm.
Distance between the spikes in cm.
π = 3.14
P = Earth resistivity ohm-cm.
Earth resistance value is directly proportional to
Soil resistivity value
Measurement of Earth
Resistance (Three point
method)
Measurement
Measurement of
of Earth
Earth Resistance
Resistance (Three
(Three point
point
method)
method)
In this method earth tester terminal C1 and P1 are
×
shorted to each other and connected to the earth
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electrode (pipe) under test. Terminals P2 and C2 are
connected to the two separate spikes driven in earth.
These two spikes are kept in same line at the distance
of 25 meters and 50 meters due to which there will not
be mutual interference in the field of individual spikes.
If we rotate generator handle with specific

speed we get directly earth resistance on
scale. Spike length in the earth should not be
more than 1/20th distance between two
spikes. Resistance must be verified by
increasing or decreasing the distance between
the tester electrode and the spikes by 5
meter.
Normally, the length of wires should be 10 and 15

meters or in proportion of 62% of ‘D’.
Suppose, the distance of Current Spike from Earth

Electrode D = 60 ft, Then, distance of Potential Spike
would be 62 % of D = 0.62D i.e. 0.62 x 60 ft = 37 ft.
Four Point Method

In this method 4 spikes are driven in earth in same line
at the equal distance. Outer two spikes are connected
to C1 & C2 terminals of earth tester. Similarly inner two
spikes are connected to P1 & P2 terminals. Now if we
rotate generator handle with specific speed, we get
earth resistance value of that place.
In this method error due to polarization effect is

eliminated and earth tester can be operated directly on
A.C.
×
GI Earthing Vs Copper Earthing
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As per IS 3043, the resistance of Plate electrode
to earth (R) = (r/A) X under root(P/A).
Where r = Resistivity of Soil Ohm-meter.
A=Area of Earthing Plate m3.
The resistance of Pipe electrode to earth (R) =
(100r/2πL) X loge (4L/d).
Where L= Length of Pipe/Rod in cm
d=Diameter of Pipe/Rod in cm.
The resistivity of the soil and the physical
dimensions of the electrode play important role
of resistance of Rod with earth.
The material resistivity is not considered
important role in earth resistivity.
Any material of given dimensions would offer the
same resistance to earth. Except the sizing and
number of the earthing conductor or the
protective conductor.
Pipe Earthing Vs Plate Earthing

Suppose Copper Plate having of size 1.2m x
1.2m x 3.15mm thick. soil resistivity of 100 ohm-
m,
The resistance of Plate electrode to earth (R)=(
r/A)X under root(π/A) =
(100/2.88)X(3.14/2.88)=36.27 ohm
Now, consider a GI Pipe Electrode of 50 mm
Diameter and 3 m Long. soil resistivity of 100
Ohm-m,
The resistance of Pipe electrode to earth (R) =
(100r/2πL) X loge (4L/d) =
(100X100/2X3.14X300) X loge (4X300/5) =29.09
Ohm.
From the above calculation the GI Pipe electrode
×
offers a much lesser resistance than even a
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copper plate electrode.
As per IS 3043 Pipe, rod or strip has a much
lower resistance than a plate of equal surface
area.
Length of Pipe Electrode and

Earthing Pit
The resistance to earth of a pipe or plate electrode
reduces rapidly within the first few feet from ground
(mostly 2 to 3 meter) but after that soil resistivity is
mostly uniform.
After about 4 meter depth, there is no appreciable

change in resistance to earth of the electrode. Except a
number of rods in parallel are to be preferred to a
single long rod.
Amount of Salt and Charcoal

(more than 8Kg)
To reduce soil resistivity, it is necessary to dissolve in
the moisture particle in the Soil. Some substance like
Salt/Charcoal is highly conductive in water solution but
the additive substance would reduce the resistivity of
the soil, only when it is dissolved in the moisture in the
soil after that additional quantity does not serve the
Purpose.
5% moisture in salt reduces

earth resistivity rapidly and further
increase in salt content will give a
very little decrease in soil
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resistivity.
The salt content is expressed in percent by weight of

the moisture content in the soil. Considering 1M3 of
Soil, the moisture content at 10 percent will be about
144 kg. (10 percent of 1440 kg). The salt content shall
be 5% of this (i.e.) 5% of 144kg, that is, about 7.2kg.
Amount of Water Purring

Moisture content is one of the controlling factors of
earth resistivity. Above 20 % of moisture content, the
resistivity is very little affected. But below 20% the
resistivity increases rapidly with the decrease in
moisture content.
If the moisture content is already above

20% there is no point in adding quantity of
water into the earth pit, except perhaps
wasting an important and scarce national

resource like water.
Length Vs Diameter of Earth

Electrode
Apart from considerations of mechanical strength, there
is little advantage to be gained from increasing the
earth electrode diameter with the object in mind of
increasing surface area in contact with the soil.
The usual practice is to select a

diameter of earth electrode,
×
which will have enough strength to
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enable it to be driven into the
particular soil conditions without
bending or splitting. Large
diameter electrode may be more
difficult to drive than smaller
diameter electrode.
The depth to which an earth electrode is driven has

much more influence on its electrical resistance
characteristics than has its diameter.
Maximum allowable Earth

resistance
Major power station = 0.5 Ohm
Major Sub-stations = 1.0 Ohm
Minor Sub-station = 2 Ohm
Neutral Bushing = 2 Ohm

Service connection = 4 Ohm
Medium Voltage Network = 2 Ohm
L.T.Lightening Arrestor = 4 Ohm
L.T.Pole = 5 Ohm
H.T.Pole = 10 Ohm
Tower = 20-30 Ohm
Treatments to for minimizing

Earth resistance
Remove Oxidation on joints and joints should be
tightened.
Poured sufficient water in earth electrode.
Used bigger size of Earth Electrode.
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Electrodes should be connected in parallel.
Earth pit of more depth & width- breadth should
be made.
Originally published at Electrical Notes and Articles
Related electrical guides & articles
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Jignesh Parmar
Jignesh Parmar has completed
M.Tech (Power System Control)
,B.E(Electrical). He is member
of Institution of Engineers
(MIE),India. Membership No:M-
1473586.He has more than 13 years experience in
Transmission -Distribution-Electrical Energy theft

detection-Electrical Maintenance-Electrical Projects
(Planning-Designing-Technical Review-coordination -
Execution). He is Presently associate with one of the
leading business group as a Deputy Manager at
Ahmedabad,India.
49 Comments
Sir ,my question is that,can a industry

or a building contains tow or more
Sandeep COPPER PLATE FOR EARTHING,PLZ
N
NOOV
V 1133,, 22001188
ANSWER,PLZ PLZ PLZ PLZ, PLEASE
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SIR ANSWER
(reply)
(reply)
I thank God for your wealth of

experience in electrical engineering.
Ogbuagu
Ikechukwu Please how can someone detect
Ogbuagu
O
OCCTT 2211,, 22001188
electrical energy ⚡ theft in both
commercial and residential buildings.
Best regards,
Ogbuagu Ikechukwu Ogbuagu.
(reply)
(reply)
Is any equipment Available in market

for improving/variable desire Earth
value of already done earthing for

home/equipment
Ashok (reply)
(reply)
Dubey
A
AUUG
G 0044,, 22001188
Dear Sir,
Sng Yeow We have a barge that is anchored by

Poo spud in the sea. How you provide
JJU
ULL 1166,, 22001188
safety against lightning strike?
(reply)
(reply)
THANK YOU FOR EXCELLENT
×
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EXPANATION
MOHAMED
KHAYRY (reply)
(reply)
JJU
ULL 1155,, 22001188
how to use earthing clamp . to

measure the earth resistance
Hesham
Abdo (reply)
(reply)
JJU
ULL 1155,, 22001188
Which type of earthing system we

should follow for industrial projects in
Sumit india (TN-S, TNC-S or TT)?
M
MAY
AY 2244,, 22001188
(reply)
(reply)
generally how to calculate the earthing

conductor strip its dimensions and
length for different types of solar plants

like 1kw,2kw,3kw…..different plants tell
me the calculations
Lakshminar
Rao
A
APPR
R 2288,, 22001188 (reply)
(reply)
dear sir, it is necessary to open the

earth strip from the pit point which is
Sahil connected to the equipment before
Sharma checking the earth pit measurement. if
A
APPR
R 0022,, 22001188
yes then what is the right value.
actually we construct 10 in numbers
new earth pits for our building whose
value are showing more than 10 to 15
ohm (checking with 4p earthpit test
×
meter) but all the pits are not
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connected with our equipment yet or it
is necessary to connect the earth strip
wtih equipment before measurement
for getting the earthpit value. i m so
confused how to measure to get the
earthpit value.
(reply)
(reply)
Hi Im Appala raju Im from eletrical

background,I need ursupport.What is
Appala earthing,where should give earthing for
Raju eg:Motors and conveyors.i need a
JJA
ANN 1188,, 22001188
explanation and if it is possible pdf
format.to mail
id:appalaraju745@gmail.com
(reply)
(reply)
worth of know the information
(reply)
(reply)
Siddeshq
BS
M
MAY
AY 2244,, 22001177
Jignesh Parmar
excellent presentation
Armando easy of understand
Campops thank you
PE
A
APPR
R 0033,, 22001177
(reply)
(reply)
Please explain how to or from where
×
you find out these value:
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Deepak
FFE
EBB 2244,, 22001177 Maximum allowable Earth resistance:
Major power station= 0.5 Ohm.

Major Sub-stations= 1.0 Ohm
Minor Sub-station = 2 Ohm
Neutral Bushing. =2 Ohm
Service connection = 4 Ohm
Medium Voltage Network =2 Ohm
L.T.Lightening Arrestor= 4 Ohm
L.T.Pole= 5 Ohm
H.T.Pole =10 Ohm
Tower =20-30 Ohm
(reply)
(reply)
By using earth resistance tester .

Than you got the earth pit values.
Veeranna
Malothu (reply)
(reply)
JJA
ANN 1144,, 22001188
To improve the earth resistance value

in an installation , should we only poor
Rachit water in the earth electrode pipe or
S
SEEP
P 2244,, 22001166
mixture of salt + charcoal + water.?
(reply)
(reply)
In the 3 phase LT distribution of

building some earth pits for eqipment
RK earthing are built and some earth pit
Sharma for lightning protection to building are
S
SEEP
P 2211,, 22001166
built . Please advise whether for
effectively low earth pit resistance the
×
earth pist of equipment and earth pits
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of lightning can be made parallel . I
have seen in an very important building
that lightning protection down
coinductor strips of horizontal air
termination are connected with the pits
of equipment . Kindly advise as early
as possible
(reply)
(reply)
Earth pits for equipment and

lightning should NOT be made
Rachit parallel.
S
SEEP
P 2244,, 22001166
(reply)
(reply)
Why we can’t connect equipment

earthing pits & lightning earthing
Manashree pits in parallel?
JJA
ANN 1155,, 22001188
(reply)
I want to know how to measure the

earthing voltage in a machine
Ravi
Kashyap (reply)
(reply)
JJU
ULL 0066,, 22001166
How to determine the numbers of earth

pit / pits required for different rated
SUMAN transformer?
SHAW
JJU
UNN 11
11,, 22001166
(reply)
(reply)
×
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Your post is really good providing
good information.. I liked it and
Android enjoyed reading it.Keep sharing
S
SEEP
P 2233,, 22001166
such important posts.
(reply)
(reply)
AMENDMENT NO. 2 JANUARY 2010

TO
ANIL IS 3043 : 1987 CODE OF PRACTICE
KALA FOR EARTHING. specify that
A
AUUG
G 0055,, 22001155
‘Pipes may be of cast iron of not less
than 100 mm diameter, 2.5 to 3 m long
and 13 mm thick. Such pipes cannot
be driven satisfactorily and may,
therefore, be more expensive to install
than plates for the same effective area.
Alternatively, mild steel water-pipes of
38 to 50 mm diameter are sometimes

employed. These can be driven but are
less durable than copper rods.
Alternatively, 40 mm diameter G1 pipe
in treated earth pit or 40mm diameter
MS rod can be directly driven in virgin
soil. The earth rod shall be placed at
1.250 m below ground.
Is meaning of this is that GI pipe rod
shall be placed at 1.250 m below
ground-? and how shall be connection
of this rod with earth grid.(Refer fig.14)
(reply)
(reply)
×
earth resistance decreases with
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increase in distance why?
Aswin
JJU
ULL 0077,, 22001155 (reply)
(reply)
try to be specific then i will give u a

very good answer
Okumu
Alfred (reply)
(reply)
JJU
ULL 2233,, 22001155
Excellent Article. Thanks for explain in

details.
Electricians
Sydney (reply)
(reply)
JJU
ULL 0077,, 22001155
dear sir
we hane a 29 story building .we want
to measure the resistance of the earth

net in the last floor .how we can do it
and according what standard it is
Jafari
JJA
ANN 11
11,, 22001155 possible to be done
thank you.
(reply)
(reply)
Thank you mr Edvard..if I ask any

qu.when and how I can get an
Mohammed answer?
D
DEEC
C 0066,, 22001144
(reply)
(reply)
×
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Sir,
Sundar You have given dimensions of earth pit

N
NOOV
V 2266,, 22001144 and steps for construction.
1)These are for what rating. Is it for
230V household or what current or
voltage can it withstand?
2) is it for a house or substation etc
3) How does the value vary for
different structures.
(reply)
(reply)
1. “Increase or decrease of moisture

content determines the increase or
O. decrease of soil resistivity” should read
LAWOYE “Increase or decrease of moisture
N
NOOV
V 1100,, 22001144
content determines the decrease or
increase of soil resistivity.”
2. I wonder why you do not allow this
very usefull piece of information to be

saved in My Documents, for instance?
Best regards.
(reply)
(reply)
what is the difference between earth

and ground
JA
A
AUUG
G 0077,, 22001144 (reply)
(reply)
Sir. Thanks for this add. I have learn

hear so much about earthing and
×
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Saroj earthpit..
Kumar
Sahur
(reply)
(reply)
JJU
ULL 2266,, 22001144
between difference a.c earth & d.c

Earth
Mintu Kr.
Pandit (reply)
(reply)
JJU
ULL 0055,, 22001144
Sir,
What is the min distance of earth pit
Nasir from high rise structure?
JJU
UNN 2299,, 22001144
How should i run the down conductor
to earth pit from top, do i need to bond
rebars at each floor and then at ground
level run pvc sheathed cable to earth
pit or directly run pvc sheathed cable
from roof to earth pit. please advise
(reply)
(reply)
Sir, can you clearify difference between

chemical earth pit and maintenance
VK Verma free chemical earth pit. Is it because of
M
MAY
AY 0022,, 22001144
backfill compound which makes such a
differance, if so what type of back fill
compound is used in both the cases or
there is no such type of classification
exist.
(reply)
(reply)
I Read Your Collection of Electrical but
×
Get Notifications
in some topic u put directly value &
Vishal how is it got. in topic “Calculate
Mistry Technical Losses of Transmission /
A
APPR
R 1133,, 22001144
Distribution Line” Dirctly put the value
Maximum Amp is12 Amps X’mer Iron
loss& Copper loss. So please Clear
This
(reply)
(reply)
Thank you for both. The author for this

knowledge and Pankaj Prakash for the
Morad good reference and all good for
A
APPR
R 0044,, 22001144
beginners.
(reply)
(reply)
Folks who’d need further in-depth

knowledge may like to refer to this 40
Pankaj page pdf document from Lighning Man
Prakash , Australia.
FFE
EBB 2288,, 22001144
http://www.lightningman.com.au/Earthing.p
(reply)
(reply)
Excellent knowledge to beginers for the

practical awareness in earthing. Thank
Rajikhan you.
FFE
EBB 2277,, 22001144
(reply)
(reply)
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Really the information which was
published here is excellent & it helps
HemaSunda me to improve my knowledge ..
FFE
EBB 1155,, 22001144
Thank you vey much …
(reply)
(reply)
thank
(reply)
(reply)
Ali021
JJA
ANN 1166,, 22001144
how the pipes are parallalled. can i get

the schematic for the same????
Rafi210682
M
MAY
AY 1144,, 22001133 (reply)
(reply)
Comment: It is an excellent explanation

regarding EARTHING. I think if you
Gk123 add also the explanation of ‘Earth
FFE
EBB 2255,, 22001133
Resistance” measurement, to clarify as
to what does earth resistance mean
and what actually we are measuring.
Good Luck Thanx. gk
(reply)
(reply)
Dear Sir
RAVISSSSS A comprehensive Check list ( for

N
NOOV
V 1177,, 22001122 EARTHING ALONE )in XL sheet for a
factory
×
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starting from Transformer .Main Switch
Board .Sub switch Board ……MCCB
etc ………..
will surely help us ..
Kindly publish the Check list if you

have any please
(reply)
(reply)
In your caluclation comparing Pipe and

Plae Electrode there is an error. As per
Jayaramanc IS 3043 (Edition Dec 1986) it should
S
SEEP
P 2277,, 22001122
be Resistivity/4*root (pi/A). The first
denominator below resistivity factor is
wrongly typed as A instead of 4 in
subsequent IS reviions . The formula
with denominator “4” seems to be
logical as the unit of resistance will be
Ohms; whereas in the formula used by

you the unit of resistance will be ohm
per sq m.
If you take this into consideration the

calculation will change and the
resistance value of plate electrode will
be 26 ohms and that of pipe will be 29
ohms which seems to be logical..
If we refer the example and apply the

formula as per the old IS, the
resistance of plate electrode with
surface area 0.471(equal to that of the
pipe electrode) will be 65 ohms. Or in
other words if you want the equal
surface area you need atleast 6 pipe
×
electrodes to match a plate electrode
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considered.
(reply)
(reply)
SIR,
KINDLY TELL ME HOW MANY EARTH
Nmr PITS ARE NEEDED FOR A
JJU
UNN 0044,, 22001122
CONNECTED LOAD OF 200KW OF A
WORKSHOP COVERING SHED.
ASSUMING A NORMAL
SOIL,LT,3PHASE 44OV.
ALSO TELL ME FORMULAS TO
CALCULATE THE NO. OF EARTH
PITS FOR ANY GIVEN CONNECTED
LOADS
THANKS
(reply)
(reply)
Thank you very much for your

informations
Waelroustom
Waelrousto
FFE
EBB 1100,, 22001122 (reply)
(reply)
The article provides very good insight

into one of the neglected areas of
Ashok electrical system in many Indian
Parikh industries. It is needless to mention
JJA
ANN 2299,, 22001122
that numbers of faults and fires can be
prevented by introducing scientifically
designed earthing system.
(reply)
(reply)
×
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Excellent presentation. I have enjoyed
it
Qavid
Sackey (reply)
(reply)
D
DEEC
C 1199,, 220011
11
Excellent explanation, thank you very

much!
Edvard
D
DEEC
C 1199,, 220011
11 (reply)
(reply)
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Earthing in Electrical Network - Purpose, Methods and Measurement

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2/18/2019 Earthing in electrical network - purpose, methods and measurement

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Earthing in electrical network –

Earthing in electrical network articles and much more!

If the live wire touches the grounded case then the

To protect buildings, machinery & appliances

2. Over voltage protection

The earth is the most

universal standard for all electric

2. Pipe type Earthing

For Pipe type earthing normal practice is to use GI pipe

These types of earth pit are generally filled with

Method for Construction of

Put GI Plate (EARTH PLATE) of size 500 mm X

Factors a ecting on Earth

It varies from soil to soil. It depends on the physical

Soil plays a significant role in

The resistance drops quickly to a more or less

Therefore, it is essential to pour water in and around

Small quantity of salts in water

7. Location of Earth Pit

The earth pits located in such areas must be

8. E ect of grain size and its

Effect of seasonal variation on soil resistivity:

9. E ect of current magnitude

Soil resistivity in the vicinity of ground electrode may be

10. Area Available

If a number of electrodes could be installed and

If the earth pits are close by, the

12. Current Magnitude

increase the soil resistivity.

It has a voltage source, a meter to measure

In this method earth tester terminal C1 and P1 are

If we rotate generator handle with specific

Normally, the length of wires should be 10 and 15

Suppose, the distance of Current Spike from Earth

would be 62 % of D = 0.62D i.e. 0.62 x 60 ft = 37 ft.

Four Point Method

In this method error due to polarization effect is

Pipe Earthing Vs Plate Earthing

Length of Pipe Electrode and

After about 4 meter depth, there is no appreciable

Amount of Salt and Charcoal

5% moisture in salt reduces

The salt content is expressed in percent by weight of

Amount of Water Purring

If the moisture content is already above

wasting an important and scarce national

Length Vs Diameter of Earth

The usual practice is to select a

The depth to which an earth electrode is driven has

Maximum allowable Earth

Neutral Bushing = 2 Ohm

Treatments to for minimizing

Originally published at Electrical Notes and Articles

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