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RESEARCH III
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ENGINEERING
(STE) PROGRAM
FIRST QUARTER
WEEK 5
ACTIVITY SHEETS
RESEARCH III
WEEK 5
(NOTES ON ACTIVITY SHEET 1)
IMRaD is a handy-dandy way to remember the names and orders of the major sections
of most academic manuscripts. Those sections are:
• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
• Results
• Discussion and Conclusions
You’ll also want to include the title and abstract when submitting your finished
manuscript, but those come at the end. When developing your paper in the first place, these are
the main sections you’ll want to be thinking about.
Each section will vary in length depending on your work and what you need to include,
but each should make an appearance in your paper. You may also want to add sections such
as a literature review; again, the specifics depend on your research and your field.
TITLE PAGE
Creating an APA Title Page
1) The Title
This is the most important part, and should be center aligned, about halfway down the page.
This is the full title of the research paper, dissertation or thesis.
2) Personal Details
At the bottom of the page, center aligned, should be your name, your institution and the date of
submission.
This is the most variable part of the title page, and you may need to include the name of your
supervisor and also the level of paper - dissertation, thesis, and term paper. Check your
departmental recommendations.
This is a shortened version of the title, no more than 50 characters long, and is the header that
you will use at the top of each page. This needs to be left justified.
4) The Page Number
This needs to be made using the header function available in word processing programs. The
running header should be separated from the page number by 5 or 7 spaces, and will appear on
every page throughout the document.
It must be right aligned.
Avoid: Effects of drug A on
schizophrenia patients: study of a
multicenter mixed group
Better: Psychosocial effects of drug
A on schizophrenia patients: a
multicenter randomized controlled
trial
Avoid: Drug XYZ has an effect of
muscular contraction for an hour in
snails of Achatina fulcia species
Better: Drug XYZ induces muscular
contraction in Achatina fulcia snails
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Table of Contents (TOC) is an organized listing of the chapters and major sections
of your document. Readers will immediately be able to see how your manuscript is organized
and then skip down to sections that are most relevant to them. A clear, concise, and well
formatted TOC is the first indicator of a good research paper.
To save yourself some time in making your Table of Contents, be sure that you use font styles.
Checklist for Table of Contents
Appropriately formatted
Lists all main sections of the document starting with the Dedication page. If the
Dedication page is not used, then starts with the Abstract page.
Lists the titles of each chapter, plus all Heading Level 2's -- these are the main sections
within each chapter. Do not list any subsections.
All titles and headings match what appears in the text exactly.
All page numbers are correct.
General instructions:
1. Roman Numeral page number, centered, bottom of page.
2. Margins: Left margin 1.5 inch. Top, Right, Bottom 1 inch.
3. Font: 12 pt. Double-spaced throughout. Use same font style throughout document.
4. Section Heading: TABLE OF CONTENTS -- ALL CAPS, bold, centered on first line.
(Use CHPT_HD font style)
Inserting a Table of Contents:
1. Click on REFERENCE tab.
2. Click on Table of Contents.
3. Click on Custom Table of Contents.
4. Make sure that Show levels is set to 3.
5. Click on Options.
o Type a number 1 next to CHPT_title.
o Remove the numbers next to Heading 1, Heading 2, and Heading 3.
o Scroll down until you see Heading2 and Heading3.These are the headings that
you previously created when setting up your document.
Type a number 2
next to Heading2.
Type a number 3
next to Heading3.
Populating the Table of Contents:
The TOC can be automatically
generated if you use the pre-formatted
font styles created in Setting Up Your
Document. As you type your document,
remember to use each of those font
styles as appropriately required. After
adding content:
1. Click on the Reference tab.
2. Click on Update Table.
3. Choose either to:
o Update page numbers
only.
Updates just the
page numbers of
the existing TOC
contents.
o Update entire table.
Updates all
headings and
page numbers in
the TOC, adding
new content as
needed.
INTRODUCTION
An introduction is the initial part of a research paper and the part that a reader is likely to
read first (at least when focusing deeply and reading your paper in detail). Hence, definitions,
notions, and some other important information required for understanding the paper are
presented/listed here.
Every research paper needs context so that readers can understand why you have
created it. This is exactly what you can do in your research paper introduction. Of course, this
can mean that your introduction is the hardest part of paper to write first. So, it is essential that
you take your time and make sure that you get it right.
The introduction of writing is going to set out your rationale, which is what a research will
be based around. Your readers will be able to tell right from the beginning what they are going
to be reading about and even whether it interests them.
It is important that you make the beginning of your research paper interesting and
engage with your readers from the first line. This will make sure that people continue to read
research and learn about what you have found out. In addition, you should also state hypothesis
and the way that you think your work will turn out in conclusion. It is crucial that you always
include an introduction to your paper.
Writing an Introduction to a Research Paper – What to Include
So, what should you include in your introduction? We will give you a list below so that you can
prepare a research paper introduction outline and you can follow this when you are writing.
Introduce your topic.
Create some context and background.
Tell your reader about the research you plan to carry out.
State your rationale.
Explain why your research is important.
State your hypothesis.
Relevant Literatures
Activity 1:
A. Encircle the words in the box that are related to the essential parts of IMRaD Format
in research.
B. Using the words encircled, formulate your own definition of IMRaD Format in research.
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.
Activity 2:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. How will you write a good title for your research paper?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What is the difference between title page and table of contents in research?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. How important is writing an introduction in your research paper?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. Why is there a need to write a statement of the problem in research?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Activity 3:
Decide whether the following research title is good or needs improvement. Explain why
and what is your basis.
The Potential Effects of Income Inequality on the Obesity Problem in the Philippines
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
The Relationship between Welfare Participation and Social Support
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Knowledge of the Dangers of Smoking, Attitudes towards Life, and Smoking Habits of Young
Professionals
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Activity 4:
Activity 6:
Identify the specific area for each given definition by writing it down in the correct column.
A Literature Review is or A Literature Review is not
References:
https://proofreadingpal.com/proofreading-pulse/uncategorized/what-is-imrad-format/
https://explorable.com/apa-title-page
https://www.editage.com/insights/quick-tips-to-help-you-get-the-title-of-your-research-paper-
right?refer=scroll-to-2-article&refer-type=article
https://shsulibraryguides.org/thesisguide/tableofcontents
https://shsulibraryguides.org/ld.php?content_id=21022908
https://edubirdie.com/blog/research-paper-introduction
https://www.editage.com/insights/the-basics-of-writing-a-statement-of-the-problem-for-your-
research-proposal
https://www.researchprospect.com/how-to-write-statement-of-a-problem-in-research/
https://www.editage.com/insights/what-meaning-scope-and-delimitations-study#:~:text=Answer
%3A,the%20study%20will%20be%20operating.
https://guides.library.bloomu.edu/litreview#:~:text=A%20literature%20review%20is%20a,and
%20clarify%20this%20previous%20research.
https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/reviewofliterature/
https://www.slideshare.net/mjlobetos/lesson-8-indicating-the-scope-and-delimitation
https://www.monash.edu/rlo/graduate-research-writing/write-the-thesis/introduction-literature-
reviews
RESEARCH III
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ENGINEERING
(STE) PROGRAM
FIRST QUARTER
WEEK 6
ACTIVITY SHEETS
RESEARCH III
WEEK 6
(NOTES ON ACTIVITY SHEET 2)
Research is required not just for students and academics, but for all professionals and
nonprofessionals alike. It is also important for budding and veteran writers, both offline and
online.
For nonprofessionals who value learning, doing research equips them with knowledge
about the world and skills to survive and improve their lives. Among professionals and scribes,
on the other hand, finding an interesting topic to discuss and/or to write about should go beyond
personal experience. Determining either what the general public may want to know or what
researchers want others to realize or to think about can serve as a reason to do research. Thus,
research is an essential component in generating knowledge and vice-versa.
The study’s methods are one of the most important parts used to judge the overall
quality of the paper. In addition the Methods section should give readers enough information so
that they can repeat the experiments. Reviewers should look for potential sources of bias in the
way the study was designed and carried out, and for places where more explanation is needed.
The specific types of information in a Methods section will vary from field to field and
from study to study. However, some general rules for Methods sections are:
It should be clear from the Methods section how all of the data in the Results section
were obtained.
The study system should be clearly described. In medicine, for example, researchers
need to specify the number of study subjects; how, when, and where the subjects were
recruited, and that the study obtained appropriate ‘informed consent’ documents; and what
criteria subjects had to meet to be included in the study.
In most cases, the experiments should include appropriate controls or comparators. The
conditions of the controls should be specified.
The outcomes of the study should be defined, and the outcome measures should be
objectively validated.
The methods used to analyze the data must be statistically sound.
For qualitative studies, an established qualitative research method (e.g. grounded theory
is often used in sociology) must be used as appropriate for the study question.
If the authors used a technique from a published study, they should include a citation
and a summary of the procedure in the text. The method also needs to be appropriate to the
present experiment.
All materials and instruments should be identified, including the supplier’s name and
location. For example, “Tests were conducted with a Vulcanizer 2.0 (XYZ Instruments, Mumbai,
India).”
The Methods section should not have information that belongs in another section (such
as the Introduction or Results).
Scientific Research Design
A researcher must have a clear understanding of the various types of research design to
select which model to implement for a study. Like research itself, the design of your study can
be broadly classified into quantitative and qualitative.
You can further break down the types of research design into five categories:
A correlation coefficient determines the correlation between two variables, whose value ranges
between -1 and +1. If the correlation coefficient is towards +1, it indicates a positive relationship
between the variables and -1 means a negative relationship between the two variables.
4. Diagnostic research design: In diagnostic design, the researcher is looking to evaluate the
underlying cause of a specific topic or phenomenon. This method helps one learn more about
the factors that create troublesome situations.
Sampling Procedure
• Purposeful- choose subjects that you believe will be able to provide you with important
information. Types of purposeful sampling: “maximum variation”, “typical case”, “critical case”
and “extreme or deviant case” (Patton, 1989, pg 100-107).
• Key informant-a specific person that you believe will give you the most information-sometimes
used to develop interview questions or to begin snowball sampling.
• Snowball-you ask the participants to provide you with names of those that will be able to
provide you with important information.
• Convenience- simply asking anyone to whom you have easy access. Avoid this if possible.
• Random table/random selection - when each person of the population has an equal chance of
been selected. Selection is based on random procedure such as using random table of
numbers. (Choosing every fifth person is NOT a random selection.)
• Stratified sampling - “stratified” means choosing from various sub-groups. The population is
divided into subpopulations and random samples are taken of each subpopulation. For
example, stratified by gender. If the population has 25% females and 75% males, the sample
should be chosen randomly by subpopulations and consist of 25% females and 75% males.
• Whole population - the entire population is used. (e.g., entire course, entire university, all
students within a program, etc). This is especially true if the population is small.
Research Methodology
Research methodology is the path through which researchers need to conduct their
research. It shows the path through which these researchers formulate their problem and
objective and present their result from the data obtained during the study period. This research
design and methodology chapter also shows how the research outcome at the end will be
obtained in line with meeting the objective of the study. This chapter hence discusses the
research methods that were used during the research process. It includes the research
methodology of the study from the research strategy to the result dissemination. For emphasis,
in this chapter, the author outlines the research strategy, research design, research
methodology, the study area, data sources such as primary data sources and secondary data,
population consideration and sample size determination such as questionnaires sample size
determination and workplace site exposure measurement sample determination, data collection
methods like primary data collection methods including workplace site observation data
collection and data collection through desk review, data collection through questionnaires, data
obtained from experts opinion, workplace site exposure measurement, data collection tools
pretest, secondary data collection methods, methods of data analysis used such as quantitative
data analysis and qualitative data analysis, data analysis software, the reliability and validity
analysis of the quantitative data, reliability of data, reliability analysis, validity, data quality
management, inclusion criteria, ethical consideration and dissemination of result and its
utilization approaches. In order to satisfy the objectives of the study, a qualitative and
quantitative research method is apprehended in general. The study used these mixed strategies
because the data were obtained from all aspects of the data source during the study time.
Therefore, the purpose of this methodology is to satisfy the research plan and target devised by
the researcher.
Regardless of the field of study or preference for defining data (quantitative, qualitative),
accurate data collection is essential to maintaining the integrity of research. Both the selection
of appropriate data collection instruments (existing, modified, or newly developed) and clearly
delineated instructions for their correct use reduce the likelihood of errors occurring.
While the degree of impact from faulty data collection may vary by discipline and the nature
of investigation, there is the potential to cause disproportionate harm when these research
results are used to support public policy recommendations.
Whenever we take any decision in our day-to-day life is by thinking about what
happened last time or what will happen by choosing that particular decision. This is nothing but
analyzing our past or future and making decisions based on it. For that, we gather memories of
our past or dreams of our future. So that is nothing but data analysis. Now same thing analyst
does for business purposes, is called Data Analysis.
RESULTS
The results section of the research paper is where you report the findings of your study
based upon the information gathered as a result of the methodology [or methodologies] you
applied. The results section should simply state the findings, without bias or interpretation, and
arranged in a logical sequence. The results section should always be written in the past tense.
A section describing results [a.k.a., "findings"] is particularly necessary if your paper includes
data generated from your own research.
When formulating the results section, it's important to remember that the results
of a study do not prove anything. Research results can only confirm or reject the research
problem underpinning your study. However, the act of articulating the results helps you to
understand the problem from within, to break it into pieces, and to view the research problem
from various perspectives.
The page length of this section is set by the amount and types of data to be
reported. Be concise, using non-textual elements, such as figures and tables, if appropriate, to
present results more effectively. In deciding what data to describe in your results section, you
must clearly distinguish material that would normally be included in a research paper from any
raw data or other material that could be included as an appendix. In general, raw data should
not be included in the main text of your paper unless requested to do so by your professor.
Avoid providing data that is not critical to answering the research question. The
background information you described in the introduction section should provide the reader with
any additional context or explanation needed to understand the results. A good rule is to always
re-read the background section of your paper after you have written up your results to ensure
that the reader has enough context to understand the results [and, later, how you interpreted the
results in the discussion section of your paper].
WEEK 6
(ACTIVITY SHEET 2)
Activity 1:
Activity 2:
Activity 3:
Decide whether the following topics or research questions is qualitative or quantitative. Explain
why and what is your basis. Write your answers on the spaces provided.
Teenagers: Then and Now
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Science Technology and Engineering students feeling about their chosen specialization
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
What is the degree of satisfaction of students in playing Mobile Legends: Bang Bang?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Activity 4:
Sampling Procedure
Direction: Identify the specific sampling procedure for each given definition by writing the
corresponding letter of each definition in the correct box. Below are the letters representing your
answers.
1. Purposeful
2. Key Informant
3. Snowball
4. Convenience
5. Random Table/ Random Selection
6. Stratified Sampling
7. Whole Population
A. Asking the participants to provide you with names of those that will be able to provide you
with important information.
B. The entire course, entire university, all students within a program can be used.
C. The population is divided into subpopulations and random samples are taken of each
subpopulation.
D. A specific person that you believe will give you the most information-sometimes used to
develop interview questions.
E. It is utilized by simply asking anyone to whom you have easy access.
F. It is when each person of the population has an equal chance of been selected.
G. You may choose respondents/subjects that you believe will be able to provide you with
important information.
Activity 5:
Explain the concepts you have learned by answering the following questions.
1. What comes to your mind when you hear research methodology?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ .
2. Pretend you are the subject of a research study, how will the researcher obtain data from
you?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. How will you define ethics in research?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. What are the various rights of a research participant during the course of study?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Activity 6:
Activity 7:
2. How do you inquire data in a certain field of study? Write your top two methods when
collecting data.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
References:
https://owlcation.com/academia/Why-Research-is-Important-Within-and-Beyond-the-Academe
https://www.springer.com/gp/authors-
editors/authorandreviewertutorials/howtopeerreview/materials-and-methods/10286404
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/research-design/
https://dasa.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/53/2015/09/methods_sampling.pdf
https://www.intechopen.com/books/cyberspace/research-design-and-methodology
https://www.guru99.com/what-is-data-analysis.html#:~:text=Data%20analysis%20is%20defined
%20as,based%20upon%20the%20data%20analysis.
https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185931#:~:text=The%20results%20section
%20of%20the,arranged%20in%20a%20logical%20sequence.
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1v12avNWOZ1IRfRVTRDIpQIvk5Oga27Pt?
fbclid=IwAR2qpnRFz3i1i7Z8vQ5AVBSaRXsu7P27A5DGi-5nEtjQHdNV-RkWaxZns9k