Number and Algebra

5
Indices
The speed of light is about 300 000 000 metres per second.
In one year, light travels approximately 9 460 000 000 000 km.
Light from the stars travels for many years before it is seen on
Earth. Even light from the Sun takes eight minutes to reach
the Earth. Powers or indices provide a way to work easily with
very large and very small numbers.
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
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Shutterstock.com/Dr_Flash
n Chapter outline n Wordbank
Proficiency strands base A number that is raised to a power, meaning it is
5-01 Multiplying and dividing multiplied by itself repeatedly, for example, in 25, the base is 2.
terms with the same base U F R C index laws Rules for simplifying algebraic expressions involving
5-02 Power of a power U F R C powers of the same base, for example, am 4 an ¼ amn.
5-03 Powers of products and
quotients U F R C index notation A way of writing repeated multiplication
5-04 The zero index U F R C using indices (powers), for example 25.
5-05 Negative indices U F R C negative power A power that is a negative number, as in
1 the term 32.
5-06 Fractional indices * U F R C
n power (or index or exponent) The number of times a
m base appears in a repeated multiplication, for example, in
5-07 Fractional indices * U F R C
n 25, the power is 5.
5-08 Summary of the index laws U F R C
scientific notation A shorter way of writing very large or
5-09 Significant figures U F R C
very small numbers using powers of 10. For example,
5-10 Scientific notation U F R C
9 460 000 000 000 in scientific notation is 9.46 3 1012.
5-11 Scientific notation on a
calculator U F PS R C significant figures Meaningful digits in a numeral that tell
‘how many’. For example, 28 000 000 has two significant
*STAGE 5.3 figures: 2 and 8.

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n In this chapter you will:

• apply index laws to numerical expressions with integer indices
• simplify algebraic products and quotients using index laws
• express numbers in scientific notation
• interpret and use zero and negative indices
• (STAGE 5.3) interpret and use fractional indices
• round numbers to significant figures
• interpret, write and order numbers in scientific notation
• interpret and use scientific notation on a calculator
• solve problems involving scientific notation

SkillCheck
Worksheet

StartUp assignment 5
1 For each term:
MAT09NAWK10052
i state the base
ii state the index
Worksheet iii write the expression in words.
Powers review
a 84 b 48 c h5 d 5h
MAT09NAWK10053 2 Express each repeated multiplication in index notation.
Skillsheet a 232323232 b 3333333373737
Indices c 535353535353838 d 10 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x
MAT09NASS10016
e 636363k3k f x3y3x3y3x
g a3b3b3b3a h 53n353n3n
i q3p3q3p3q3q
3 Write each term in expanded form.
a 93 b 72 c d5 d k2
4 Evaluate each expression.
a 42 3 43 b 106 4 10 2 c ð33 Þ2 d 60
e 91 f 55 3 5 g 24 4 2 h ð8Þ2
5 For each equation, find the missing power.
a 8 ¼ 2h b 81 ¼ 3h c 216 ¼ 6h d 144 ¼ 12h
e 4096 ¼ 4h f 2401 ¼ 7h g 64 ¼ 2h h 625 ¼ 5h

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Investigation: Multiplying and dividing terms with powers
1 Write each expression in expanded form, then evaluate it.
a i 22 3 23 ii 25 b i 34 3 33 ii 37
c i 43 3 43 ii 46 d i 55 3 53 ii 58
2 What do you notice about each pair of answers in question 1?
3 Is it true that 24 3 26 ¼ 210? Give a reason for your answer.
4 Determine whether each equation is true (T) or false (F). Justify your answer.
a 25 3 25 ¼ 210 b 63 3 67 ¼ 621
3 9 27
c 4 34 ¼4 d 35 3 310 ¼ 315
5 Write in words and as a formula the rule for multiplying am and an, two terms with the
same base.
6 Use the rule to copy and complete each equation.
a 5 4 3 5 2 ¼ 5… b 45 3 43 ¼ 4… c 105 3 107 ¼ …
3 2 3 8
d 9 39 ¼… e n 3n ¼… f p 3 3 p7 ¼ …
7 Evaluate each expression.
a i 36 4 33 ii 33 b i 28 4 26 ii 22
8 3 5 8 4
c i 5 45 ii 5 d i 10 4 10 ii 104
8 What do you notice about each pair of answers in question 7?
9 Is it true that 48 4 46 ¼ 42? Give a reason for your answer.
10 Determine whether each equation is true (T) or false (F). Justify your answer.
a 310 4 36 ¼ 34 b 48 4 42 ¼ 44
12 3 4
c 2 42 ¼2 d 610 4 65 ¼ 65
11 Write in words and as a formula the rule for dividing am and an, two terms with the same
base.
12 Use the rule to copy and complete each equation.
a 26 4 23 ¼ 2… b 108 4 106 ¼ 10… c 37 4 32 ¼
11 6 8 5
d 4 44 ¼… e x 4x ¼… f g12 4 g10 ¼ …

Video tutorial
Multiplying and dividing terms with
5-01 the same base Simplifying with the
index laws

MAT09NAVT00002

Consider 5 4 3 5 3 ¼ ð5 3 5 3 5 3 5Þ 3 ð5 3 5 3 5Þ
¼ 5353535353535
¼ 57
) 5 3 5 ¼ 5 4þ3
4 3

¼ 57

Summary
When multiplying terms with the same base, add the powers:
am 3 an ¼ amþn

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Indices

The rule above is called an index law. Index is another name for power. The plural of index is
indices (pronounced ‘in-de-sees’).
Proof: a m 3 a n ¼ a|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
3a3    3ffla} 3 a|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
ffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl 3a3    3ffla}
ffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
m factors n factors
¼ a|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
3a3    3ffla}
ffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
ðm þ nÞ factors
¼ a mþn

Example 1
Simplify each expression, writing the answer in index notation.
a 84 3 85 b 10 3 103 c d3 3 d5 d 4m 2 3 3m6 e 3r 2t 3 6r4t 3

Solution
a 8 4 3 8 5 ¼ 8 4þ5 b 10 3 10 3 ¼ 101 3 10 3 c d 3 3 d 5 ¼ d 3þ5
¼ 89 ¼ 101þ3 ¼ d8
¼ 104
d 4m 2 3 3m6 ¼ ð4 3 3Þ 3 ðm 2 3 m 6 Þ e 3r 2 t 3 6r4 t 3 ¼ ð3 3 6Þ 3 ðr 2 3 r 4 Þ 3 ðt 1 3 t 3 Þ
¼ 12m 2þ6 ¼ 18r 2þ 4 t 1þ3
¼ 12m8 ¼ 18r 6 t 4

6
Consider 56 4 54 ¼ 54
5
653653653653535
¼
65365365365
¼ 535
¼ 52
) 5 4 5 ¼ 5 64
6 4

¼ 52

Summary
When dividing terms with the same base, subtract the powers:
m
a m 4 a n ¼ aa n ¼ a mn

This is another index law.

m
Proof: a m 4 a n ¼ aa n
6 a 3 6 a 3 6 a 3 a 3 a 3    36 a ðm factors)
¼
6 a 3 6 a 3 6 a 3    36 a ðn factors)
¼ a3a3  3a ½ðm  nÞ factors]
¼ a mn

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Example 2
Simplify each expression, writing the answer in index notation.
8
a 8 5 4 83 b 10 c d 20 4 d 4
10
8x 3 y7
d 20w 10 4 5w 2 e
24x 2 y
Solution
10 8 ¼ 1081
a 8 5 4 83 ¼ 853 b 10 c d 20 4 d 4 ¼ d 204
¼ 82 ¼ 107 ¼ d 16
4
20w 10 8x 3 y 7 1
6 8x 32 y 71 xy 6
d 20w 10 4 5w 2 ¼ 2 e ¼ ¼
16 5w 24x 2 y1 3 24 3
¼ 4w 102
¼ 4w 8

Exercise 5-01 Multiplying and dividing terms

with the same base
1 Which expression is equal to 512 3 53? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. See Example 1
A 59 B 515 C 2515 D 2536
2 Simplify each expression, writing the answer in index notation.
a 103 3 102 b 2 3 24 c 32 3 35
d 74 3 7 e 8 3 83 3 8 4 f 54 3 5 3 54
g 6 3 62 3 63 3 64 h 44 3 44 3 44 i 34 3 30 3 37
j x 3 x4 k g4 3 g4 l w7 3 w
m b3 3 b10 n p10 3 p10 o r3r
p y 3 y3 3 y2 q m 3 3 m 3 m4 r n8 3 n2
3 Which expression is equal to 104 3 10? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 100 5 B 100 4 C 10 4 D 10 5
4 Simplify each expression.
a 3p2 3 2p5 b 4y10 3 3y 2 c 6m 3 3m8
d h3 3 5h8 e 3q 3 8q8 f 2a 2 3 5a 5
g 5n8t 3 6n8t 4 h 2ab3 3 15ab i 3e4g 3 3 e6g 2
j 8p4m5 3 4p3m5 k 16qr8 3 3q7 l 9u 3v 3 6uv 2w8
5 Which expression is equal to 512 4 5 3 ? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. See Example 2
4 9 4 9
A 5 B 5 C 1 D 1
6 Simplify each expression, writing the answer in index notation.
a 107 4 10 5 b 85 4 8 c 2015 4 20 5
8 12 27
d 52 e 93 f 23
5 9 2

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Indices

20
g 74 4 73 h 2 i 114 4 114
2
j p15 4 p10 k n7 4 n l w 24 4 w6
20 y8 12
m h4 n o a4
h y2 a
25
p b16 4 b15 q ww r m16 4 m16

7 Which expression is equal to 10 4 4 10? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.

A 10 4 B 14 C 13 D 10 3
8 Simplify each expression.
a 10y15 4 5y 3 b 20w 9 4 4w 3 c 24r 8 4 3r
4 10 4g12
d 30x3 e 10m f
x 2m 8g 6

g 14d 4h10 4 7hd 2 h 15x6y8 4 15xy 4 i 6e 25d 40 4 18e 5d 4

12q 5 t 4 10 8 36pq3 r5
j k 45a 5b l
16q 4 t 3 5a 24qr

Investigation: Powers of powers

1 Write each expression in expanded form, then evaluate it.
a i (23)2 ii 26 b i (34)3 ii 312
2 3 6 5 4
c i (5 ) ii 5 d i (2 ) ii 220
2 What do you notice about each pair of answers in question 1?
3 Is it true that: (27)3 ¼ 221? Give a reason for your answer.
4 Determine whether each equation is true (T) or false (F). Justify your answer.
a (35)3 ¼ 315 b (23)2 ¼ 25 c (210)4 ¼ 214
2 5 10 3 6 18
d (4 ) ¼ 4 e (3 ) ¼ 3 f (52)4 ¼ 56
5 Write in words and as a formula the rule for raising am to a power of n, that is, (am)n.
6 Use the rule to copy and complete each equation.
a (37)2 ¼ 3… b (52)6 ¼ 5… c (45)2 ¼ 4…
3 4 3 7
d (a ) ¼ a… e (8 ) ¼ … f (k4)6 ¼ …

Puzzle sheet

Indices puzzle 5-02 Power of a power

MAT09NAPS10054
Consider ð5 3 Þ4 ¼ 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3
Video tutorial
¼ ð5 3 5 3 5Þ 3 ð5 3 5 3 5Þ 3 ð5 3 5 3 5Þ 3 ð5 3 5 3 5Þ
Simplifying with the
index laws ¼ 53535353535353535353535
MAT09NAVT00002 ¼ 512
) ð53 Þ4 ¼ 53 3 4
¼ 512

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Summary
When raising a term with a power to another power, multiply the powers:
ða m Þn ¼ a m 3 n

Proof: ða m Þn ¼ a|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
m
3 a m ffl3    3 afflm}
{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
n factors
¼ a|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
3a3    3ffla} 3 a|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
ffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl 3a3    3ffla} 3    3 a|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
ffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl 3a3    3ffla}
ffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
m factors m factors m factors
|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl}
n lots of m factors
¼ am3n

Example 3
Simplify each expression, writing the answer in index notation.
a (8 5)2 b (d 3)5 c (2g)4
d (5v4)3 e (n)6 f (3t 4)3

Solution
a ð8 5 Þ2 ¼ 85 3 2 b ðd 3 Þ5 ¼ d 3 3 5 c ð2gÞ4 ¼ 24 3 g 4
¼ 810 ¼ d 15 ¼ 16g 4
d ð5v 4 Þ3 ¼ 5 3 3 ðv 4 Þ3 e ðnÞ6 ¼ ð1Þ6 3 n6 f ð3t 4 Þ3 ¼ ð3Þ3 3 ðt 4 Þ3
¼ 125 3 v 4 3 3 ¼ 1 3 n6 ¼ 27 3 t 4 3 3
¼ 125v12 ¼ n6 ¼ 27t 12

Exercise 5-02 Power of a power

1 Which expression is equal to (10 3)3? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. See Example 3
A 30 3 B 100 C 109 D 106
2 Simplify each expression, writing the answer in index notation.
a (43)2 b (52)8 c (33)4 d (27)4 e (21)2 f (9)3
g (100)2 h (64)5 i (53)5 j (e 2)4 k (t 5)5 l (y 3)7
m (c1)5 n (m7)5 o (y4)4 p (h0)6 q (q6)3 r (w4)1
s (2x)10 t (5n3)8 u (4d 3)3 v (k 5)9 w (d 3)4 x (2a8)8
3 Which expression is equal to (3)5? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 36 B 35 C 35 D 15
4 Simplify each expression.
a (2d 3)4 b (5m 3)2 c (4y5)2 d (3x2)4 e (5u6)5 f (2w5)3
g (10d 5)4 h (3e)3 i (2b4)1 j (6d 6)2 k (3f 4)5 l (2c3)10
m (2r)4 n (5t)3 o (3m 3)2 p (y 3)12 q (x)3 r (m 3)10
s (4w5)4 t (3f )5 u (3p2)3 v (3h5)4 w (10k)2 x (8y 3)1

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Video tutorial

Simplifying with the 5-03 Powers of products and quotients

index laws

MAT09NAVT0002 Consider ð2 3 5Þ3 ¼ ð2 3 5Þ 3 ð2 3 5Þ 3 ð2 3 5Þ

Homework sheet ¼ 23232353535
Indices 1 ¼ 23 3 5 3
MAT09NAHS10005 ) ð2 3 5Þ3 ¼ 23 3 5 3

Summary
When raising a product of terms to a power, raise each term to that power:
ðabÞn ¼ a n bn

Proof: ðabÞn ¼ ab 3 ab 3    3 ab
|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl}
n factors
¼ a|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
3a3    3ffla} 3 b|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
ffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl 3b3    3fflb}
ffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
n factors n factors
¼ an bn

Example 4
Simplify each expression.
a (2gh2)5 b (p3q4)2

Solution
a ð2gh2 Þ5 ¼ ð2Þ5 3 g 5 3 ðh2 Þ5 b ð p 3 q 4 Þ2 ¼ ð p 3 Þ2 3 ðq 4 Þ2
¼ 32 3 g 5 3 h 2 3 5 ¼ p 3 3 2 3 q4 3 2
¼ 32g 5 h10 ¼ p6 q8

 6
5 ¼53535353535
Consider 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
¼ 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
83838383838
6
5
¼ 6
8
 6
5 56
) ¼ 6
8 8

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Summary
When raising a quotient of terms to a power, raise each term to that power:
 n
a ¼ an
b bn
 n
Proof: a a a a
¼ 3 3  3
b b|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl}
b b
n factors
a 3 a 3    3 a ðn factorsÞ
¼
b 3 b 3    3 b ðn factorsÞ
n
a
¼ n
b

Example 5
Simplify each expression.
 2  3
7c 4k 2
a d b
5

Solution
 2  3
7c ð7cÞ2 4k 2 ð4k 2 Þ3
a ¼ 2 b ¼
d d 5 53
72 c 2 43 ðk 2 Þ3
¼ 2
d ¼
2
125
49c
¼ 2 6
d ¼ 64k
125

Exercise 5-03 Powers of products and quotients

1 Which expression is equal to ð4 3 5Þ2 ? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. See Example 4
A 16 3 25 B 16 3 25 C 8 3 10 D 8 3 10
2 Simplify each expression.
a (ab)3 b (x 2y)5 c (l 3m 5)6 d (6dp2)4 e (8k 4y 5)2 f (3m 2n)5
g (ek 3)3 h (w 3x4)7i (8d 3y 5)2 j (4b2c 3)4 k (3a 3d)3 l (2p2q3)4
 3
3 Which expression is equal to  3 ? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. See Example 5
4
A  9 B 9 C 27 D  27
12 12 64 64
4 Simplify each expression.    5  4
 2  3  4 5 8 2
a 6 b m c 5 d 2n e w f m2
7 2 x p t 3 4n
 4  3  2    4  
g 2 h  5h i 7k 4 j 3r 2 k a2 b l  2 5
3 6 10 t2 d5 3c 2

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Indices

Worked solutions 5 Simplify each expression.

Powers of products a (2x10y15)3 3 5x 2y 3 b (2x10y15 3 5x 2y 3)3 c 18q5r 8 4 (3qr 2)2
and quotients  3
3a 5 x6 3a 5 x6
MAT09NAWS10023 d (18q5r 8 4 3qr 2)2 e ax f
ðaxÞ4
g (4p3h10)2 3 2p2h9 h (4p3h10)2 4 2p2h9 i (4p3h10 3 2p2h9)2

Investigation: The power of zero

What is the value of a number raised to a power of 0, for example, 20?
1 Copy and complete each table of decreasing powers. Notice the pattern in your answers.
a b
Power of 2 Number Power of 3 Number
25 32 35 243
4
2 16 34
23 33
2
2 32
1
2 31
20 30
2 Simplify each expression in index notation.
a 34 3 30 b 52 3 50 c 20 3 27 d 70 3 73 e 45 3 40 f 50 3 57
5 0 5 0 2 0 3 0 6 0
g 2 42 h 3 43 i 4 44 j 9 49 k 5 45 l 84 4 80
3 Any number will remain unchanged when multiplied by what?
4 Any number will remain unchanged when divided by what?
5 What is the answer when any number is raised to the power of 0, that is, a0? Justify your
answer.

5-04 The zero index

3
5
Consider 5 3 4 5 3 ¼ 3
5
¼ 1 Any number divided by itself equals 1.
But also 5 3 4 5 3 ¼ 533
¼ 50
) 50 ¼ 1

Summary
Any number raised to the power of zero is equal to 1.
a0 ¼ 1

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Proof: am 4 am ¼ 1 Any number divided by itself equals 1.
m m mm
But also a 4a ¼ a
¼ a0
) a0 ¼ 1:

Example 6
Simplify each expression.
a 110 b (8)0 c g0
d (3r)0 e 3r 0 f 80

Solution
a 110 ¼ 1 b (8)0 ¼ 1 c g0 ¼ 1
d (3r)0 ¼ 1 e 3r 0 ¼ 3 3 r 0 f 80 ¼ 1 3 80
¼ 331 ¼ 1 3 1
¼3 ¼ 1

Exercise 5-04 The zero index

1 Simplify each expression. See Example 6
a 20 b (2)0 c 20 d (m)0
 0
2
e m0 f ð4aÞ0 g h 7x0
3
 0
p
i 10000 j ðp þ 3Þ0 k l 2b0
3
m (9k)0 n (x 2y)0 o (xyw)0 p (ab)0
q (6r)0 r (6r)0 s 6r 0 t 6(r)0
u (cd)0 v (7x 2)0 w 3(a 2b3)0 x (5v 5w4)0

2 Simplify each expression. Worked solutions

a 70 þ 20 b 70  20 c 2m0 þ (2m)0 d 2m0  (2m)0 The zero index
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MAT09NAWS10024
e (6a) þ 6a f (6a)  6x g (5y)  4 h (5y)  4
 0  0  0
1 1 1 1
i 30 3 50 j 32 3 50 k þ y0 l þ y
2 2 2 2
m 2w0 3 3p0 n 12u0 4 3 o (5d 0)3 p 8b0  (3b0)2
12p0 12q 5
q r 6n3 4 2n3 s t ð3x 3 Þ3 4 x9
ð2pÞ0 36q 5

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Indices

Mental skills 5 Maths without calculators

Adding or multiplying in any order

Numbers can be added or multiplied in any order. We can use this property to make our
calculations simpler.
1 Study each example.
a 19 þ 5 þ 5 þ 1 ¼ ð19 þ 1Þ þ ð5 þ 5Þ
¼ 20 þ 10
¼ 30
b 13 þ 8 þ 20 þ 27 þ 80 ¼ ð13 þ 27Þ þ ð20 þ 80Þ þ 8
¼ 40 þ 100 þ 8
¼ 148
c 2 3 36 3 5 ¼ ð2 3 5Þ 3 36
¼ 10 3 36
¼ 360
d 25 3 11 3 4 3 7 ¼ ð25 3 4Þ 3 ð11 3 7Þ
¼ 100 3 77
¼ 7700
2 Now evaluate each sum.
a 45 þ 16 þ 45 þ 4 þ 7 b 38 þ 600 þ 50 þ 12 þ 40
c 18 þ 91 þ 9 þ 20 d 75 þ 33 þ 7 þ 25
e 24 þ 16 þ 80 þ 44 þ 10 f 56 þ 5 þ 20 þ 15 þ 4
g 100 þ 36 þ 200 þ 10 þ 90 h 54 þ 27 þ 9 þ 16 þ 3
i 70 þ 50 þ 30 þ 25 þ 25 j 32 þ 120 þ 40 þ 80 þ 40
3 Now evaluate each product.
a 83435 b 50 3 7 3 2 c 33536
d 5 3 11 3 40 e 12 3 2 3 3 f 2 3 4 3 25 3 8
g 3 3 20 3 7 3 5 h 6383532 i 2 3 3 3 2 3 11

Investigation: Negative powers

What is the value of a number raised to a negative power, for example, 21 or 22?
1 Copy and complete each table showing decreasing powers. Notice the pattern in your answers.
a Power of 2 Number b Power of 10 Number
23 8 103 1000
22 4 102
21 101
20 100
21 101
22 102
23 103

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2 Copy and complete this table showing decreasing powers in expanded form. Notice the
pattern in your answers.

a Power of 5 Expanded form b Power of 5 Expanded form

33 33333 53 53535
32 333 52
31 3 51
30 1 50
31 1 51
3 52
32 1 ¼ 1 53
3 3 3 32
54
33 1 ¼ 1
3 3 3 3 3 33 55
34
35

3 If 32 ¼ 12 and 53 ¼ 13 , then write each negative power in a similar way.
3 5
1
a 4 b 74 c 26
4 Simplify each expression in index notation.
a 104 4 107 b 23 4 28 c 34 4 35 d 52 4 58 e a4 4 a6 f a 4 a4
104 ¼ 10 3 10 3 10 3 10
5 Consider 107 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 10
¼ 1
10 3 10 3 10
¼ 13
10
104 47
But also 107 ¼ 10
¼ 103
) 103 ¼ 1 3
10
Use the method above to show that:
3 4 2 4
a 28 ¼ 25 ¼ 15 b 35 ¼ 31 ¼ 1 c 58 ¼ 52 ¼ 16 d a6 ¼ a2 ¼ 12
2 2 3 3 5 5 a a
6 Write in words and as a formula the rule for raising a to a negative power n, that is, an.

Technology Negative powers

In this activity we will discover the pattern for negative powers. We will consider base values
from 2 to 10 shown in column A and indices (powers) 1, 2 and 3 shown in row 1. On a
spreadsheet, the symbol for power is ^ (called a carat, press SHIFT 6). For example, 31 is
entered as 3^ 1.

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Indices

1 Create a spreadsheet as shown below.

2 We will first examine the power of 1. In cell B4, enter 5A4^ $B$1 to calculate 21.
$B$1 is an absolute cell reference, which ensures that the cell does not change when
a formula is copied. This means that in column B, the power will always refer to cell
B1 (1) only. Fill Down from cell B4 to B12.
3 Use Format cells to set column B decimals to Fraction and Up to three digits.

4 Compare your answers in column B with the original values in column A. Can you describe
the pattern when a base is raised to a power of 1?
5 Now consider powers of 2. Adapt steps from 1 to 3 for column C. Use Fill Down from
cell C4 to C12.

6 Compare your answers in column C with the original values in column A. Can you describe
the pattern when a base is raised to a power of 2?
7 Now consider powers of 3. Adapt steps for column D. In cell D4, enter the formula
5A4^ $D$1.
Note: D12’s fraction is missing as it has 4 digits in the denominator, which the spreadsheet
doesn’t allow for. Can you figure out what the fraction should be?
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8 Compare your answers in column D with the original values in column A. Can you describe
the pattern when a base is raised to a power of 3?
9 Write a rule for negative powers, given the answers you have found in this activity. Discuss
with other students in your class.

Worksheet
5-05 Negative indices Power calculations

MAT09NAWK10057
0
2
Consider 20 4 23 ¼ 3
2
¼ 13
2
But also 20 4 23 ¼ 203
¼ 23
) 23 ¼ 13
2

Summary
A number raised to a negative power gives a fraction (with a numerator of 1):

an ¼ a1n

0
Proof: a0 4 a n ¼ aa n

¼ a1n

But also a0 4 a n ¼ a0n

¼ an
) an ¼ a1n

Example 7
Video tutorial
Simplify each expression using a positive index (power). Negative indices

a 53 b 3n2 c ð3nÞ2 d p2q3 MAT09NAVT10010

Solution
1 1
a 53 ¼ 13 ð3nÞ2 ¼ 2 3 3
b 3n2 ¼ 3 3 n2 c d p q ¼ p2 3 q
5 ð3nÞ2
¼ 3 3 12 q3
1 n ¼ 12 ¼ 2
9n p
¼ 23
n

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Indices

The reciprocal as a power

1
Consider 91 ¼
9
1 is the reciprocal of 9.
9  1
2 ¼ 1 
Consider 3 2
3
¼ 14 2
3
¼ 13 3
2
¼ 3
2
¼ 11
2

Summary
A number raised to a power of 1 gives its reciprocal.

a1 ¼ 1a
 1
a ¼ ba
b

Example 8
Simplify each expression.
 1  1
4 y
a b
3 5

Solution
 1  1
4 3 y 5
a ¼ b ¼y
3 4 5

Stage 5.3 Negative powers of quotients

 2
4 ¼  12
Consider 5
4
5
1
¼
16
25
¼ 1 4 16
25

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for the A ustralian Curriculum 9
¼ 1 3 25 Stage 5.3
16
¼ 25
16
2
¼ 52
4
 2
¼ 5
4

Summary
A number raised to a power of –n gives its reciprocal raised to the power of n.
 n  n n
a ¼ ba ¼ ba n
b

 n
Proof:
a ¼  1n
b a
b
¼ n1
a
bn
bn
¼ an
 n
¼ ba

Example 9
Simplify each expression.
 3  2  
a 4 b 21 c 3a 2
3 2 b4

Solution
 3  3  2  2  2  4 2
4 ¼ 3 21 ¼ 5 3a
a b c ¼ b
3 4 2 2 b4 3a
27  2
¼ 2 8
64 ¼
5 ¼ b2
9a
¼ 4
25

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Indices

Exercise 5-05 Negative indices

See Example 7 1 Simplify each expression using a positive index.
a 62 b 57 c 31 d 102
e g5 f z1 g n3 h t2
i a4 j 53 k yd l rm
2 Evaluate each expression, giving your answers in fraction form.
a 32 b 54 c 61 d 72
1 7
e 25 f 2 g 43 h 106
10 3
i 2 j 3 k 62 l 94
3 Write each expression using a negative index.
a 12 b 1n c 13 d 1
n 8 8
e 1 f 2 g 1 h 1
105 a4 3 b
i 6a j 42 k  25 l 53
t w d
Worked solutions 4 Simplify each expression using positive indices.
Negative indices a 5h1 b 2b5 c 3e3 d 4n2
MAT09NAWS10025 e pb2 f r 2s4 g w2y h d 3y 3
i (2m)1 j (xy)1 k (4h)2 l (5k)3
m 3m 3p2 n 15k1w4 o 12x2y3 p 12x2y 3
q (3h)2 r (4k)3 s (2c)4 t (8y)1
u 4pq3 v 4p1q3 w vm2 x v1m2
See Example 8 5 Simplify each expression.
 1  1    1
a 2 b 8 c 9 1 d 3
7 5 10 2
 1  1  1  1
e 3 f 5 g x h 5a
4 2 3
 1  1  1  1
m 5r 2 1
i  j k l v
2 4 3z
Stage 5.3 6 Simplify each expression.
 2  2    3
See Example 9 a 1 b 2 c 1 6 d 5
4 3 10 2
 5  4  2  3
4 5 1 2
e f g 2 h 1
3 4 4 5
 2  3  4  2
k 3 a2 4
i j x k l
3 4 3g3
 2      
2 5 3 2 3 3
m 2d n h o 5d p 3c
5t m3 3p4 4a 2

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Stage 5.3
1
5-06 Fractional indices n
We now know the meaning of zero and negative indices, that is, a0, a1 and an.
1 1
What is the meaning of fractional indices, that is, a 2 and a n ?
 1 2 1
Consider 25 2 ¼ 25 2 3 2 Power of a power
1
¼ 25
¼ 25
pffiffiffiffiffi 2
but 25 ¼ 25
1 pffiffiffiffiffi
) 25 2 ¼ 25 ¼ 5

Summary
Any number raised to the power of 1 is the square root of that number:
2
1 pffiffiffi
a2 ¼ a
 1 2 1
Proof: a2 ¼ a232
¼ a1
pffiffiffi 2 ¼ a
But ð aÞ ¼ a
1 pffiffiffi
) a2 ¼ a
 1 3 1
Now consider 27 3 ¼ 273 3 3 Power of a power
¼ 271
p3
ffiffiffiffiffi 3 ¼ 27
but 27 ¼ 27
1 pffiffiffiffiffi
) 27 3 ¼ 3 27 ¼ 9

Summary
Any number raised to the power of 1 is the cube root of that number:
3
1 pffiffiffi
a3 ¼ 3 a
 1 3 1
Proof: a3 ¼ a333
¼ a1
pffiffiffi 3 ¼ a
But ð 3 aÞ ¼ a
1 pffiffiffi
) a3 ¼ 3 a
 1 5 1
Now consider 32 5 ¼ 32 5 3 5 Power of a power
¼ 321
¼ 32

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Indices

 1 5 1 pffiffiffiffiffi
Stage 5.3 If 32 5 ¼ 32, then 32 5 is called the 5th root of 32, written 5 32.
25 ¼ 32
1 pffiffiffiffiffi
) 32 5 ¼ 5 32 ¼ 2

Summary
Generally, any number raised to the power of 1n is the nth root of that number:
1 pffiffiffi
an ¼ n a

 1 n 1
Proof: a n ¼ an 3 n
¼ a1
¼a
p ffiffi
ffi n
But ð n aÞ ¼ a
1 pffiffiffi
) an ¼ n a

Example 10
Evaluate each expression.
1 1 1
a 900 2 b 125 3 c 1024 10

Solution
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 p
3
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
a 900 2 ¼ 900 b 125 3 ¼ 125
¼ 30 ¼5
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
c 1024 10 ¼ 10 1024 Enter on calculator: 10 3
1024 =
¼2 because 2 10
¼ 1024

Summary
On a calculator, the nth root key is 3 or , found by pressing the SHIFT or 2ndF key
before pressing or yx respectively.

Example 11
Write each expression using a fractional index.
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi p ffiffiffi p
7
ffiffiffiffiffi
a 8 b 3 36 c 4
n d ab

Solution
pffiffiffi 1 p
3
ffiffiffiffiffi 1 p ffiffiffi 1 p
7
ffiffiffiffiffi 1
4
a 8 ¼ 82 b 36 ¼ 36 3 c n ¼ n4 d ab ¼ ðabÞ7

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1 Stage 5.3
Exercise 5-06 Fractional indices n
1 Evaluate each expression. See Example 10
1 1 1 1
a 25 2 b 343 3 c 625 2 d 1000 3
1 1 1 1
e 32 5 f ð0:027Þ 3 g ð0:04Þ 2 h 64 3
1 1 1 1
i ð8Þ3 j ð729Þ3 k 256 8 l 3125 5
2 Write each expression using a radical (root) sign.
1 1 1 1
a 10 2 b 12 3 c g2 1 d m4
1 1 1
e ð8rÞ2 f ð6hÞ6 g ð5j 8 Þ5 h 90ab 9
3 Write each expression using a fractional index. See Example 11
pffiffiffi p3
ffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
a p5ffiffiffiffiffi b p 49
ffiffiffiffiffi c p 20
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi d 5p400
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
e 6 66 f 4 64 g 8
p 144
ffiffiffi h 10 1000
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 7 p
6
ffiffiffi
ffi
i a j 3q k h l p w
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffi pffiffiffiffiffi p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
m 5t n xy o 4
100f p 3 2mn
4 Evaluate each expression correct to 2 decimal places.
1 1 p
3
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
a 20 3 b 215
p
2
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi c p 144
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi d p2001
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
e ð666Þ3 f 4 1111 g 5 754 h 6 0:008
5 Simplify each expression. Worked solutions
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2
a b2 3 b2 b e3 3 e 33 e 3 c y3y 5 d m5 3 m5 Fractional indices
1 2 3 2 1  1
e 2t 3 3 5t 3 f 6a 2 g ðn12 m4 Þ4 h 16a 2 b6 2 MAT09NAWS10026
 1 1 1 1 3
i 8v 6 w 9 3 j 40a 10 4 8a 10 k 35x 4 5x 3 l 36y 4 4y4

m
5-07 Fractional indices n
2 3
What is the meaning of fractional indices such as a 3 and a 2 ?
3
 1 3
Consider 32 5 ¼ 32 5 Power of a power
pffiffiffiffiffi3
¼ 5 32
¼ 23
¼8
3  1
or consider 32 5 ¼ 323 5 Power of a power
p5
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 323
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ 5 32 768
¼8

Summary
m p ffiffiffi m pffiffiffiffiffiffi
an ¼ n
a or n a m

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Indices

m
 1 m 1
Stage 5.3 Proof: an ¼ an or ða m Þn
pffiffiffi m pffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ n a or n a m

Note: Taking the root first often makes the calculation simpler.

Example 12
Evaluate each expression.
2 4 1 3
a 83 b 27 3 c 643 d 164

Solution
pffiffiffi2 pffiffiffiffiffi4
643 ¼ 1 1 d 164 ¼ 1 3
2 3 4 3 1 3
a 83 ¼ 8 b 27 3 ¼ 27 c
64 3 16 4
¼ 22 ¼ 34 1ffiffiffiffiffi 1
¼p 3
¼ pffiffiffiffiffi 3
¼4 ¼ 81 64 4
16
1
¼
4 ¼ 13
2
¼ 1
8

Example 13
3
Evaluate 300 5 correct to two decimal places.

Solution
3
300 5 ¼ 30:63887063 . . . Enter on calculator: 300 3 5 =
 30:64

Example 14
Write each expression using a fractional index.
pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi 1ffiffiffiffiffi
a 4 p3 b b7 c p
3
q4
Solution
p ffiffiffiffiffi  1 pffiffiffiffiffi  1 1ffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 1
a 4
p3 ¼ p3 4 b b7 ¼ b7 2 c p
3 1
3 7
q 4 ðq 4 Þ3
¼ p4 ¼ b2
¼ 14 or q3
4

q3

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Stage 5.3
Example 15
Simplify each expression.
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 35
ð16r 2 Þ3
4 3
a b 27k c ð32a 5 Þ

Solution
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2  35
4 2 1
ð16r 2 Þ3 ¼ 16r 2 4 32a 5
3
a b 27k ¼ ð27k Þ3 c ¼ 3
3 3 2 2
ð32a 5 Þ5
¼ 16 r 4 234 ¼ 27 k
3 3
¼ 1
3 2 3 3
¼ 8r 2 ¼ 9k 3 32 5 a 5 3 5
¼ 13
8a

m
Exercise 5-07 Fractional indices n

1 Evaluate each expression. See Example 12

3 5 5 2
a 4 2 b 8 3 c 128 7 d 27 3
3 4 3 3
e 1024 5 f 64 3 g 32 5 h 81 4
2 2 1 1
i 1000 3 j 125 3 k 83 l 814
3 3 3 4
m 252 n 362 o 2564 p 31255
4 3 4 7
q 10245 r 4002 s 1287 t 102410

2 Evaluate each expression correct to two decimal places. See Example 13

3 7 5 2
a 15 4 b 85 c 50 4 d 63
3 3 3 2
e 1004 f 16 5 g 122 h 179 5

3 Write each expression using a fractional index. See Example 14

pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi 1ffiffiffiffiffiffi
a 7 g2 b e5 c 6 x18 d p
4 16
y
p
3
ffiffiffiffiffiffi p
5
ffiffiffiffiffiffi 1ffiffiffiffiffi 1ffiffiffiffiffi
e m5 f m3 g p
4 3
h p
3 4
n n
4 Simplify each expression. See Example 15
3 2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3
ð32d 10 Þ3
5
a ð16n4 Þ4 b ð8wÞ 3 c d 64m8
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi5 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  2
1 1
ð81h12 Þ3
4 4
e 81r 4 f g pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi4 h p
5
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
3
8s6 1024x15
 2 34 3   2
i 125b6 3 j ð625t 2 Þ k ð49p4 q10 Þ2 l 1000x 3 y 6 3

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Indices

Worksheet

Index laws review 5-08 Summary of the index laws

MAT09NAWK10055

Puzzle sheet

Indices squaresaw
Summary
MAT09NAPS10056
am 3 an ¼ amþn a0 ¼ 1
m
Homework sheet
a m 4 a n ¼ aa n ¼ a mn a1 ¼ 1a
Indices 2

MAT09NAHS10006 ða m Þn ¼ a m 3 n an ¼ a1n

 1
ðabÞn ¼ a n b n a ¼ ba
b
 n  n  n
a ¼ an a ¼ ba ¼ ba n
n

b bn b
1 pffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffi m pffiffiffi m pffiffiffiffiffiffi
a 2 ¼ a, a 3 ¼ 3 a, a n ¼ n a a n ¼ ð n aÞ or n a m

Exercise 5-08 Summary of the index laws

1 Simplify each expression.
a a4 3 a 3 b t8 3 t c n8 4 n2 d p3 4 p
e (w 2)4 f (g 3)6 g 2b 2 3 3b 5 h 4d 7 3 5d 6
12
i 30c 8 j (5b4)4 k 24m6 4 8m4 l (3a)2
5c
2 Evaluate each expression.
a 40 b (4)0 c 7 3 20 d (7 3 2)0
e (2)3 f (3)2 g (5 2)2 h 2 4 3 23
i (72)0 j 45 4 42 k 42 4 45 l 10 3 4 10 3
 0
m 5 2 4 50 n 102 4 10 2 o 1 p 102 3 10 2
2
3 Evaluate each expression, giving your answers in fraction form.
a 52 b 25 c 201 d 103
Stage 5.3 4 Evaluate each expression.
1 1 5 1 1
a 16 2 b 27 3 þ 40 c 25 2 d 83 þ 42
1 1 3 3
e ð82 Þ3 f ð93 Þ2 g 81 4 h ð32Þ5

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5 Simplify each expression.
20p 3 q 8
a (3mn3)2 b 8a 2w 2 3 5a 3w 7 c (4a 2b 5)4 d
5p 2 q 6
 3  2
4 48u 5 v 4 3x
e f 6c 2d 0 g h
5 16uv 10
   5 2
2 4 7x 2 y 6 p
i (4n2t)3 j  k l
3 35x 5 y 3 9y
 3 ða 2 bÞ4 3 a3
m (2p 3q2)5 n 1 o 2n0 p
7n b5
6 Simplify each expression using a positive index.
a 87 b 35 c y1 d x3
e (5b)2 f 5b2 g (ab)1 h ab1
i 11t3 j (11t)3 k p 3q5 i mw3
m 8u3v4 n 2r6y5 o 10e1f 3 p 1 k 4 n7
2
7 Simplify each expression.
 1  1  1  1
a 7 b 5 c 2 d 1
4 2 3 7
 1  1  1  1
r 1 6y 2
e f g z h
8 10p 5a
8 Write each expression using a negative index.
a 13 b 1 c 1 d 12
4 2 10 4 9
1 9 1 5
e f g 7 h 3
k k4 x p
9 Simplify each expression.
a q 5 3 q2 b d 3 3 d 7 c m6 4 m 5 d t 4 t1
64p1
e 5g 3 3 6g1 f 8a2 3 3a 3 g 7x2 3 4x h
16p 2
5t 3
i 48q 4 3q2 j k 2(b1)4 l (3h)2
10t 1
10 Write each expression using a fractional index. Stage 5.3
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi p ffiffiffiffiffi
a 5 b 3d c 3y d 4
10
pffiffiffi 2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffi5 Worked solutions
y
ðxyÞ5 ð5aÞ3
4
e 3 p f g h
6 Summary of the
11 Simplify each expression. index laws
 3  
4 2
10 2 5
MAT09NAWS10027
a b ð8c 3 Þ3 c d ð25w 5 Þ2
5a 7m
 3  2  2
49 2 a3 b9 3 p
4
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 64 3
e f g 625m6 h
d2 c6 y3
 2  4
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 5
2a3
i 5 32m10 j k ð16x 8 Þ4 l
3g 2 c2

9780170193085 193
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Indices

NSW
5-09 Significant figures
Worksheet
A way of rounding a number is to give the most relevant or important digits of the number. For
Significant figures
example, a crowd of 47 321 people can be written as 47 000, which is rounded to the nearest
MAT09NAWK10059
thousand, or to two significant figures.
The first significant figure in a number is the first non-zero digit. For example, the significant
figures are shown in bold in this table:

Number First significant digit Number of significant digits

47 321 4 5
47 000 4 2
0.000 159 2 1 4
0.000 2 2 1

• When rounding to significant figures, start counting from the first digit that is not 0.
• If it is a large number, you may need to insert 0s at the end as placeholders.
• Zeros at the end of a whole number or at the beginning of a decimal are not significant: they
are necessary placeholders.
• Zeros between significant figures or at the end of a decimal are significant. For example, the
significant figures are shown in bold in this table.

Number First significant digit Number of significant digits

809 000 8 3
0.020 70 2 4

Example 16
State the number of significant figures in each number.
a 63.70 b 0.003 05 c 7600

Solution
a The zero after 7 is significant.
[ 63.70 has four significant figures.
b The first significant figure is 3, and the zero between 3 and 5 is significant.
[ 0.003 05 has three significant figures.
c The zeros after 6 are not significant.
[ 7600 has two significant figures.

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Example 17
Round each number to three significant figures.
The zeros here are not
a 56.357 b 9.249 c 548 307 significant, but they are
placeholders that are
Solution necessary for showing the
a 56.357  56.4 b 9.249  9.25 c 548 307  548 000 place values of the 5, 4 and 8.

Example 18
Write each number correct to one significant figure.
a 0.007 39 b 0.025 c 0.963
The zeros at the beginning of
Solution a decimal are not significant:
they are placeholders.
a 0.007 39  0.007 b 0.025  0.03 c 0.963  1

Exercise 5-09 Significant figures

1 State the number of significant figures in each number. See Example 16
a 457 b 0.23 c 15 000 d 4.0004 e 0.0005 f 5000
g 0.002 07 h 89 072 i 0.040 j 76 000 000 k 0.000 328 l 169.320
2 Round each number to three significant figures. See Example 17
a 37.609 b 9435 c 168.39
d 2.813 e 15.99 f 60 522
g 1 769 000 h 385 764 i 10.2717
3 Write each number correct to two significant figures. See Example 18
a 0.0637 b 0.903 c 0.084 55
d 0.000 158 e 0.007 625 f 0.038 71
g 0.2795 h 0.018 944 i 0.3145
4 What is 45 067 853 rounded to 3 significant figures? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 45 167 853 B 45 100 000 C 45 067 900 D 45 070 000
5 What is 0.005 605 0 rounded to 2 significant figures? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 0.01 B 0.010 000 0 C 0.0056 D 0.005 600 0
6 Round each number to one significant figure.
a 9.478 b 57.12 c 0.0367
d 0.007 66 e 0.5067 f 10 675
g 1856.78 h 0.000 28 i 56 239 400
7 A company makes a profit of $35 754 125.
a Round the profit to the nearest million and state the number of significant figures in the
answer.
b Round the profit to the nearest ten million and state the number of significant figures in
the answer.

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Indices

8 Australia’s population in 2010 was 21 387 000. To how many significant figures has this
number been written?
9 A total of 21 558 people attended a local football match. Express this number to three
significant figures.
10 Evaluate each expression, correct to the number of significant figures shown in the brackets.
a 45.6 3 8.7  2.75 3 78.32 (2) b 15.5  9.87 4 0.24 þ 8.43 3 2.4 (1)
c (63.73  27.89) 4 5.82 (3) d 63:25 þ 76:03 (4)
55:89  89:24
e 9:732 þ 2:765 (1) f 78.91 4 (23.6 þ 94.7) (2)
12:27 3 15:8
1 þ 253 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
g (3) h 84:3 3 0:0715 (4)
0:941 0:0076

Just for the record Big numbers

The table below lists the names of some big numbers and their meanings.
Name Numeral
million 106 ¼ 1 000 000
billion 109 ¼ 1 000 000 000
trillion 1012
quadrillion 1015
quintillion 1018
sextillion 10 21
septillion 10 24
octillion 10 27
nonillion 10 30
decillion 10 33
According to the Guinness Book of Records, the largest number for which there is an
accepted name is the centillion, first recorded in 1852. It is equal to 10 303.
What special name for the number 10100?

Worksheet

Scientific notation 1 5-10 Scientific notation

MAT09NAWK00012

Scientific notation is a short way of writing very large or

Worksheet
very small numbers using powers of 10. It was invented
Scientific notation 2
in the early twentieth century when scientists needed to
Shutterstock.com/valdis torms

MAT09NAWK00019 describe very large values, such as astronomical distances

and very small values such as the masses of atoms.
Puzzle sheet

Scientific notation
puzzle

MAT09NAPS10060

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Technology worksheet
Summary
Excel worksheet:
Scientific notation
Numbers written in scientific notation are expressed in the form
MAT09NACT00019
m 3 10 n
Technology worksheet
where m is a number between 1 and 10 and n is an integer. Excel spreadsheet:
Scientific notation

MAT09NACT00004
Example 19
Video tutorial
Express each number in scientific notation. Scientific notation

a 764 000 000 000 b 6000 c 0.0008 d 0.000 000 472 MAT09NAVT10011

Solution
a Use the significant figures in the number to write a value between 1 and 10: 7.64
Count how many places the decimal point moves to the right to make 764 000 000 000.
11 places or count the number of
places after the first significant
figure, 7
764 000 000 000

[ 764 000 000 000 ¼ 7.64 3 1011

b Use the significant figures in the number to write a value between 1 and 10: 6
Count how many places the decimal point moves to the right to make 6000.
3 places
or count the number of
places after the first significant
figure, 6
6000

[ 6000 ¼ 6 3 10 3
c Use the significant figures in the number to write a value between 1 and 10: 8
Count how many places the decimal point moves to the left to make 0.0008.
4 places
or count the number of
decimal places to the first
significant figure, 8
0.0008

[ 0.0008 ¼ 8 3 104
Note that small numbers are written with negative powers of 10.
d Use the significant figures in the number to write a value between 1 and 10: 4.72
Count the number of places the decimal point moves to the left to make 0.000 000 472.
7 places
or count the number of
decimal places to the first
significant figure, 4
0.000 000 472

0.000 000 472 ¼ 4.72 3 107

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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Indices

Example 20
Express each number in decimal form.
a 2.7 3 10 4 b 3.56 3 102

Solution
a 2.7 × 10 4 = 2.7000 Move the decimal point 4 places to the right.
= 27000
b 3.56 × 10 –2 = 0.0356 Move the decimal point 2 places to the left.
= 0.0356

Example 21
a Which number is the larger: 3.65 3 1012 or 8.1 3 1012?
b Write these numbers in ascending order: 4.3 3 10 6, 2.8 3 107, 1.9 3 107

Solution
To compare numbers in scientific notation, first compare the powers of ten.
If the powers of ten are the same, then compare the decimal parts.
a The powers of ten are the same. Compare the decimal parts: 8.1 > 3.65.
[ The larger number is 8.1 3 1012
b Compare the powers of ten: 10 6 < 107.
Then compare the two numbers with 107: 1.9 < 2.8.
[ The numbers in ascending order are 4.3 3 10 6, 1.9 3 107, 2.8 3 107.

Exercise 5-10 Scientific notation

See Example 19 1 Express each number in scientific notation.
a 2400 b 786 000 c 55 000 000 d 95
e 7.8 f 348 000 000 g 59 670 h 15
i 3 000 000 000 j 80 k 763 l 10
m 0.035 n 0.000 076 o 0.8 p 0.0713
q 0.000 003 r 0.913 s 0.000 007 146 t 0.009
u 0.000 000 1 v 0.000 89 w 0.000 000 078 x 0.1
2 Express each measurement in scientific notation.
a The world’s largest mammal is the blue whale,
which can weigh up to 130 000 kg.
b The diameter of an oxygen molecule
is 0.000 000 29 cm.
Corbis/Ó Denis Scott

c The thickness of a human hair is 0.000 08 m.

d Light travels at a speed of 300 000 000 m/s.

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e The nearest star to Earth, excluding the Sun, is Alpha Centauri, which
is 40 000 000 000 000 km away.
f The thickness of a typical piece of paper is 0.000 12 m.
g The small intestine of an adult is approximately 610 cm long.
h The diameter of a hydrogen atom is 0.000 000 0001 m.
i The diameter of our galaxy, the Milky Way, is 770 000 000 000 000 000 000 m.
j A microsecond means 0.000 001 s.
k The Andromeda Galaxy is the most remote body visible to the naked eye, at a distance of
2 200 000 light years away.

Science photo Library/Robert Gendler

3 Express each number in decimal form. See Example 20

a 6 3 10 5 b 7.1 3 10 3 c 3.02 3 10 8
0
d 3.14 3 10 e 6 3 105 f 7.1 3 103
g 3.02 3 10 8
h 5.9 3 1010 i 1.1 3 1012
j 4 3 10 4
k 5 3 10 3 l 4.76 3 104
m 8.03 3 101 n 6.32 3 10 4 o 1.6 3 102
p 2.2 3 10 7
q 9.0 3 106 r 1.11 3 101
4 For each pair of numbers, write the larger one. See Example 21
5 5 5 6
a 3 3 10 or 4 3 10 b 8.4 3 10 or 2.7 3 10
c 8.4 3 100 or 1.3 3 107 d 3.6 3 107 or 6.3 3 107
e 9.3 3 109 or 7.6 3 109 f 3.5 3 106 or 9.3 3 10 2
g 3.04 3 100 or 3.04 3 104 h 4.5 3 105 or 3.7 3 107
i 2 3 1015 or 2 3 1017 j 6.23 3 105 or 9.7 3 105

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5 Write each set of numbers in ascending order.

a 3.8 3 109, 7.3 3 109, 5.5 3 109
b 2.2 3 104, 5.8 3 106, 7 3 104
c 3.5 3 100, 5.3 3 10 2, 4.9 3 10 2
6 Write each set of numbers in descending order.
a 6 3 10 5, 2.9 3 10 2, 1 3 10 2
b 1.2 3 109, 6.3 3 10 2, 8.1 3 104
c 4.1 3 101, 9.5 3 101, 6.4 3 103

Worksheet

Scientific notation 5-11 Scientific notation on a calculator

problems

MAT09NAWK10061 To enter a number in scientific notation on a calculator, use the or key.

Homework sheet

Indices 3 Example 22
MAT09NAHS10007
Evaluate each expression using scientific notation.
Homework sheet
a (4.25 3 107) 3 (8.2 3 106) b (1.08 3 1015) 4 (3 3 1011) c (4.9 3 107)2
Indices revision

MAT09NAHS10008 Solution
Puzzle sheet a Enter 4.25 7 × 8.2 6 =
Scientific notation: (4.25 3 10 ) 3 (8.2 3 10 ) ¼ 3.485 3 1014
7 6
Note that with scientific
accomplishing great
notation on a calculator, there
things b Enter 1.08 − 15 ÷ 3 11 =
is no need to enter brackets
MAT09NAPS00005 (1.08 3 1015) 4 (3 3 1011) ¼ 3.6 3 1027 ( ) around the
numbers.
c Enter 4.9 7 =
(4.9 3 10 ) ¼ 2.401 3 1015
7 2

Example 23
Estimate the value of each expression in scientific notation, then evaluate it correct to three
significant figures.
9
a 9:2 3 10 5 b ð8:5 3 10 4 Þ 3 ð6:3 3 107 Þ c ð6:08 3 10 3 Þ2
2:7 3 10

Solution
Estimate Calculated answer
9:2 3 10 9  9 3 10 9 9:2 3 10 9 ¼ 34 074:074 07
a 2:7 3 10 5
2:7 3 10 5 3 3 10 5
9  34 000
¼ 9 3 10 5
3 10 ¼ 3:4 3 10 4
¼ 3 3 10 4

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Estimate Calculated answer
b ð8:5 3 10 4 Þ 3 ð6:3 3 107 Þ ð8:5 3 10 4 Þ 3 ð6:3 3 107 Þ ¼ 5:355 3 1012
 ð9 3 10 4 Þ 3 ð6 3 107 Þ  5:36 3 1012
¼ ð9 3 6Þ 3 ð10 4 3 107 Þ
¼ 54 3 1011
¼ 5:4 3 10 3 1011
¼ 5:4 3 1012
c ð6:08 3 10 5 Þ 3  ð6 3 10 5 Þ3 ð6:08 3 10 5 Þ3 ¼ 2:24755 . . . 3 1017
¼ 6 3 3 ð10 5 Þ3  2:25 3 1017
¼ 216 3 1015
¼ 2:16 3 10 2 3 1015
¼ 2:16 3 1017

Exercise 5-11 Scientific notation on a calculator

1 Evaluate each expression using scientific notation. See Example 22
a (2 3 10 3) 3 (3 3 10 5) b (8 3 107) 4 (4 3 10 2)
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
c (2 3 10 5)3 d 9 3 1012
7 8
e (4 3 10 ) 3 (6 3 10 ) f (1 3 108) 4 (2 3 10 3)
3 5
g (4 3 10 ) h 24.08 4 (8 3 106)
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
i 3:969 3 1019 j (2 3 10 5)2
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi 9
k 3 8 3 109 l 7:62 3 10
2 3 104
2 Estimate the value of each expression in scientific notation, then evaluate correct to three See Example 23
significant figures.
a (5.7 3 10 3) 3 (2.3 3 10 5) b (8 3 10 5) 3 (3.7 3 107)
c (9.1 3 10 20) 4 (3.2 3 10 5) d (1.2 3 108)2
e (7.13 3 1010) 3 (9.8 3 108) f (1.9 3 1011) 4 (2.1 3 107)
g (5.85 3 10 4)3 h (6 3 1012) 4 (2.8 3 10 3)
3 The human body consists of approximately 6 3 109 cells, and each cell consists of 6.3 3 109 Worked solutions
atoms. Roughly how many atoms are there in a human body? Scientific notation
on a calculator

MAT09NAWS10028
Science Photo Library/PR. J. Bernard/CNRI

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Indices

4 A telephone book 4.5 cm thick has 2000 pages. Find the thickness of one page, in millimetres,
in scientific notation.
5 Evaluate each expression in scientific notation, correct to two significant figures.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
a (7.4 3 10 30)  (3.59 3 10 29) b (1.076 3 1017) þ (2.3 3 1016) c 6:6 3 1027
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
d (7.5 3 10 23) 4 (3.3 3 1013) e (8.17 3 1016)3 f 2:69 3 1045
ð5:6 3 10 4 Þ 3 ð3:9 3 105 Þ
g (7.05 3 10 3) 4 (3.9 3 107) h i 1595 3 1959
ð2:3 3 107 Þ
j 5 20 k 8011 l 310
m 99 n (0.7)5
Express the answers for questions 6 to 10 in scientific notation correct to two significant figures if
necessary.
Worked solutions 6 The Earth is 1.50 3 108 km from the Sun and the speed of light is 3 3 10 5 km/s. How long
Scientific notation
does it take for light to travel from the Sun to Earth? Express your answer in:
on a calculator a seconds b minutes.
MAT09NAWS10028 7 The Sun burns 6 million tonnes of hydrogen a second. Calculate how many tonnes of
hydrogen it burns in a year (that is, 365.25 days).
8 Sound travels at approximately 330 metres per second. If Mach 1 is the speed of sound, how
fast is Mach 5? Convert your answer to kilometres per second.
9 The distance light travels in one year is called a light year. If the speed of light is approximately
3 3 10 5 km per second, how far does light travel in a leap year?
10 A thunderstorm is occurring 30 km from where you are standing. Use the speed of light
(3 3 10 5 km per second) and the speed of sound (330 metres per second) to calculate
in seconds:
a how long the light from the lightning takes to reach you
b how long the sound from the thunder takes to reach you.

11 a What is the largest number that can be displayed on your calculator?

b What is the smallest number that can be displayed?

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Investigation: A lifetime of heartbeats
How many times does your heart beat in an average lifetime of 80 years?
1 Work in pairs and copy this table.
Name Trial 1 Trial 2 Average beats per minute

2 Use two fingers to measure your pulse. Have your partner time you for a minute. Do this
twice, record your results in the table and find the average.
3 Repeat Step 2 for your partner.
4 Calculate how many times your heart (and your partner’s heart) beats in the following
periods. Write your answers in scientific notation correct to two significant figures.
a an hour b a day c a week
d a year (use 365.25 days) e an average lifetime of 80 years

Just for the record Hairy numbers

Shutterstock.com/Jason Stitt
Shutterstock.com/StockLite
Shutterstock.com/withGod

Straight hair Wavy hair Curly hair

• round follicle oval follicle flat follicle

There are about 110 000 hairs on your head. Each hair grows at the rate of about 1.3 3 103 cm
per hour. A single hair lasts about six years. Every day you lose between 30 and 60 hairs. Each
hair grows from a small depression in the skin called a follicle (a gland). After the hair falls out,
the follicle rests for about three to four months before the next hair starts growing. Hair follicles
are either oval, flat or round in shape. How straight, wavy or curly your hair is depends on the
shape of your hair follicles.
How many hairs are on all the heads in China if its population is approximately 1.435 3 109?
Answer in both scientific notation and decimal notation.

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Indices

Power plus

Worksheet 1 Write each number in scientific notation.

Binary number system a 438.2 3 109 b 0.52 3 107 c 0.0004 3 1012
MAT09NAWK10058
d 2013 3 103 e 57.8 thousand f 57.8 thousandths
g 6.7 millionths h 3.2 billion i 3.2 billionths
2 Evaluate each expression. qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pp ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffiffiffiffiffi ppffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pp ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
5
a 81 b 625 c 256 d 1024
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p3
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
e 6561 f 256 g 1 000 000 h 1 000 000
3 Find values of a, m and n so that each equation is true.
m m m m
a an ¼ 2 b an ¼ 3 c a n ¼ 64 d a n ¼ 125
4 For how many values of a and b does ab ¼ ba?
5 The terms in the pattern 3, 5, 17, 257, 65 537,… can all be generated by a simple
method, using only the numbers 1 and 2.
a What is this method?
b What is the next number in the sequence?

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n Language of maths Puzzle sheet

Indices crossword

MAT09NAPS10062
ascending base descending estimate
expanded form exponent fractional power index Quiz

index laws index notation indices negative power Numbers and indices

power product quotient reciprocal MAT09NAQZ00002

scientific notation significant figures term zero power

1 What does a power of 12 mean?

2 Which two words from the list mean ‘power’?

3 What is the or key on a calculator used for?

4 What is the index law for dividing terms with the same base?

5 Which digits in 0.006 701 are significant figures?

6 What power is associated with the reciprocal of a term or number?

7 What type of numbers when written in scientific notation have negative powers of 10?

n Topic overview
• What was this topic about? What was the main theme? Worksheet
• What content was new and what was revision? Mind map: Indices
• What are the index laws? (Advanced)

• Write 10 questions (with solutions) that could be used in a test for this chapter. MAT09NAWK10064
• Include some questions that you have found difficult to answer.
• List the sections of work in this chapter that you did not understand. Follow up this work with
a friend or your teacher.
Copy (or print) and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using
pictures, symbols and colour where needed. Ask your teacher to check your work.

Multiplying and Powers of

Power of
dividing terms products
a power
with the same base and quotients

Scientific Index or
INDICES Zero and
notation power
Base negative
indices

Significant Fractional
figures indices

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 Chapter 5 revision

See Exercise 5-01 1 Simplify each expression, writing the answer in index notation.
a 10 3 3 107 b 420 4 44 c a12 4 a 2
8 2
d h 3h e 3n3 3 4n f 10d 15 4 5d 3
g 20m9 4 4m h 3v4w 2 3 2v 3w 5 i 5x 5y 2 3 3xy
8 8 p6 q10 100a 2 b4
j 24t4 h2 k 2 2 l
3t h p q 5ab 2
See Exercise 5-02 2 Simplify each expression, writing the answer in index notation.
a (22)3 b (k 5)5 c (x)4
d (2y 3)10 e (5t 2)2 f (10g)3
g ð2Þ5 h ð2k Þ5 i ð5m3 Þ2
See Exercise 5-03 3 Simplify each expression.
a (ab 2)4 b (5x 3y 2)2 c (4t 2)3
 4
d (4h2g)3 e a f (2pqr)5
7  4
 5
g 3m h (3np2)4 i 2a7
2  8 6 3 b
b y
j (4t 4u 5)3 3 8t 2u k l 45c6d 8 4 (3cd 2)2
8b 2 y
See Exercise 5-04 4 Simplify each expression.
a 70 b (7)0 c e0
d (e)0 e e0 f g0h
 0
2p 2p0
g (gh)0 h i
3 3
See Exercise 5-05 5 Simplify each expression using a positive index.
a 83 b 192 c x1 d p5
e (4m)1 f (4m)2 g (5b)1 h 5b1
 1  
3 100 1
i 2x4 j k c4d 2 l
5a 9
See Exercise 5-05 6 Write each expression using a negative index.
a 13 b 15 c 1
r d 3
10 r b
 2
Stage 5.3 7 Simplify  8 using a positive index.
3x
See Exercise 5-05 8 Write each expression using a radical (root) sign.
1 1 1 1
See Exercise 5-06 a q3 b u2 c ð2qÞ3 d ðarÞ2
See Exercise 5-07 9 Evaluate each expression.
2 3 3
a 64 3 b ð32Þ5 c 362
See Exercise 5-07 10 Simplify each expression.
4 1 2 p
3
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
a ð125d 15 Þ3 b ð16y 20 Þ4 c ð32x 8 Þ5 d 64n12
See Exercise 5-09 11 Round each value correct to the number of significant figures shown in the brackets.
a 8.5678 (2) b 15 712 (3) c 476 (1)
d 0.007 126 6 (4) e 0.9041 (3) f 301 378 (2)
g 4805.28 (3) h 0.000 87 (1) i 67 000 000 (1)

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12 Express each number in scientific notation. See Exercise 5-10

a 37 000 b 0.61 c 250 000

d 0.000 49 e 13 f 0.000 000 000 08
13 Express each number in decimal form. See Exercise 5-10

a 8.1 3 10 3 b 6 3 107 c 3.075 3 100

d 8.1 3 103 e 6 3 107 f 3.075 3 102
14 Write these numbers in ascending order: 3 3 10 3, 9.1 3 108, 2.4 3 10 3. See Exercise 5-10

15 Evaluate each expression using scientific notation. See Exercise 5-11

22 8 10 4
a (3.65 3 10 ) 3 (7.4 3 10 ) b p
(1.44 3 10 )ffi 4 (3.6 3 10 )
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
c (5 3 10 5)3 d 6:25 3 108
16 Estimate the value of each expression in scientific notation, then evaluate correct to two See Exercise 5-09
significant figures.
a (8.9 3 109) 3 (1.1 3 107) b (9.3 3 1015) 3 (4 3 10 2) c (3.1 3 10 4)2

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