Course: Bca Semester: Iv Subject Code: BC 0048 Subject Name: Computer Networks Unit Number: 10 Unit Title: Networking Devices

Course : BCA
Semester : IV
Subject Code : BC 0048
Subject Name : Computer Networks
Unit number : 10
Unit Title : Networking Devices
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Unit-10 Networking Devices
Networking Devices
Objectives
After going through the presentation, you should be able to:
•Describe Repeaters and Hubs
•Discuss switches, switching methods
•Discuss Bridges, types of bridges
•Describe Routers, Gateways, modems proxy server, brouter and WAPs
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Networking Devices
Lecture outline
•Introduction
•Repeaters
•Hubs
•Switches
•Bridges
•Routers
•Gateways
•Other Devices
•Summary
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Introduction
• To connects LANs, or segments of LANs, we make use of connecting

devices.
• Connecting devices are therefore also referred to as networking

devices. They can operate at different layers of the OSI or TCP/IP
reference model.
• Internetworking refers to the equipment and technologies involved in

connecting either LANs to LANs, WANs to WANs, or LANs to WANs.
• Typical examples of internetworking devices are repeaters, Hubs,

Switches, bridges, routers, and gateways.
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Repeaters
What is repeater ?
A Repeater is a device that has just two ports. It operates at layer 1 that
is physical layer of the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It simply acts as
transceivers that receives, amplifies, and retransmits information.
A repeater receives a signal and before it becomes too weak or corrupted,

it regenerates the original bit pattern. The repeater then sends the
refreshed signal.
Repeaters are analog devices that connect two cable segments.
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Repeaters
Inter-connecting two Token Ring networks with a Repeater :
Repeaters may introduce side effects where they add cost to the circuit.
Also they introduce distortion as a result of limited bandwidth, additional
noise and also sometimes they may amplify some other undesirable noise
to the signal.
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Repeaters
Uses of Repeaters :
•Repeaters are used to either extend a LAN beyond its usual distance
limitation, or to provide electrical isolation, or to accomplish media
conversion.
•A Repeater connects segments of a LAN.
•A repeater forwards every frame and it has no filtering capability. And It

is a regenerator, and not an amplifier
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Hubs
What is Hub ?
It is a thin wire segment with fixed taps. Each tap is provided with
reliable connector (RJ45) as shown in figure. Hubs are the simplest
network devices, and their simplicity is reflected in their low cost.
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Hubs
What is Hub ? ( continued..)
The basic function of a hub is to take data from one of the connected
devices and forward it to all the other ports on the hub. This method
of operation is very inefficient because, in most cases, the data is
intended for only one of the connected devices.
The salient features of Hubs are listed below:
• Frames arriving on any of the lines are transmitted on the others.
• All lines coming into a Hub must operate at a same speed.
• Hubs do not amplify the incoming signal.
• Hubs do not understand frames, packets or headers.
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Hubs
Classification of Hubs :
Passive hubs: These hubs do not need power because they don't
regenerate the signal.
Active hubs: Regenerate a signal before forwarding it to all the ports on
the device.
Stackable Hubs :It improves the network reliability and manageability.
It also gives a scalable and modular approach.
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Hubs
Classification of Hubs : ( continued..)
USB Hub : A USB hub serves as a medium for connecting peripheral
devices to a computer in accordance with a USB standard. A hub
typically includes an upstream port that couples the hub to the host,
and several downstream ports that couple the hub to another hub or
peripheral.
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Switches
What is a switch ?
A switch is like a hub in that it has multiple ports, but internally it has a
table listing which systems are found on each port, and shuttles the
packets where they need to go. Unlike a hub, signals are transmitted only
to the port where they need to go, rather than to all ports.
Some switches and bridges can be used to connect networks that use
different physical protocols, for instance connecting Ethernet with Token
Ring. The name for this is a ‘translating’ bridge or switch.
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Switches
Switches are fast multi-port bridges that provide an economical way to

resolve network congestion.
On the surface, a switch looks much like a hub. Switches can do much
more and offer many more advantages than hubs.
Rather than forwarding data to all the connected ports, a switch forwards
data only to the port on which the destination system is connected.
Switches have two major weaknesses. Under heavy load conditions, some
switches may drop packets, and they lack the ability to filter out or block
unwanted or unauthorized traffic.
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Switches
Switching Methods :
Switches use three methods to deal with data as it arrives:
Cut-through: In a cut-through configuration, the switch begins to

forward the packet as soon as it is received. No error checking is
performed on the packet, so the packet is moved through very quickly.
Store-and-forward: In a store-and-forward configuration, the switch

waits to receive the entire packet before beginning to forward it. It also
performs basic error checking.
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Switches
Switching Methods : ( continued..)
Fragment-free : Building on the speed advantages of cut-through
switching, fragment-free switching works by reading only the part of
the packet that enables it to identify fragments of a transmission.
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Bridges
Bridges are intelligent devices that operate at layer 2 and are used to
interconnect LANs of the same type.
Packets received on one port may be retransmitted or forwarded on

another port.
A bridge unlike repeaters will not start retransmission until it has received
the complete packet. As a consequence, stations on either side of a
bridge may be transmitting simultaneously without causing collisions.
Unlike repeaters, bridges may provide filtering and forwarding services

across the link.
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Bridges
Bridge interconnects two Token Ring LANs :
Bridges are networking devices that divide up networks. A bridge

functions by blocking or forwarding data, based on the destination MAC
address written into each frame of data.
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Bridges
Types of Bridges :
Three types of bridges are used in networks.
1. Transparent bridge:
A transparent bridge is invisible to the other devices on the network.
Transparent bridges only perform the function of blocking or
forwarding data based on the MAC address.
Transparent bridges are the most popular types of bridges.
2. Translational bridge :
A translational bridge can convert from one networking system to
another. Translational bridges are useful for connecting two different
networks, such as Ethernet and Token Ring networks.
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Bridges
Types of Bridges : (continued..)
3. Source-route bridge:
Source-route bridges were designed by IBM for use on Token Ring
networks.
The source-route bridge derives its name from the fact that the entire
route of the frame is embedded within the frame.
This allows the bridge to make specific decisions about how the frame
should be forwarded through the network.
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Routers
What is Router ?
A router is an intelligent packet sorter, which can look at the ultimate

destination for a packet and analyze the best way to get it there.
A router is often a full - fledged computer system with multiple network

cards and its own operating system.
Routers operate on Layer 3, the network layer that routes data o

different networks.
Router performance is measured using its packet- forwarding rate, which

is the number of packets transferred per second from input to output
port. This rate depends on packet size, and how many protocols are
being supported.
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Routers
What is Router ? ( continued..)
Unlike bridges and switches, which use the hardware-configured MAC

address to determine the destination of the data, routers use the
software-configured network address to make decisions.
This approach makes routers more functional than bridges or switches,

and it also makes them more complex because they have to work harder
to determine the information.
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Routers
Advantages of dedicated hardware routers :
• Typically faster than server-based routers
• Generally more reliable than server-based routers
• Easier to harden against attacks than server-based routing solutions
Disadvantages of dedicated hardware routers :
• More expensive than server-based router solutions; extra

functionality may have to be purchased
• Often require specialized skills and knowledge to manage them
• Limited to a small range of possible uses
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Routers
Drawbacks of Routers :
• They are complex and difficult to install, configure, and manage.
• They have a lower packet – filtering – and –forwarding rate as

compared to switches.
• They are protocol dependent, and maybe unable to handle some

protocols with out network reconfiguration.
• Furthermore, some protocols are not routable.
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Gateways
Gateways :
A gateway is a network point that acts as an entrance to another network.
In earlier days a gateway were referred to what we now call a router, and
in fact the gateway and router functions are often combined in the same
device. Depending on the situation though, a gateway could be a switch or
bridge rather than a router.
Gateways are most commonly used to transfer data between private

networks and the Internet.
A gateway acts as the interface between proximity local area protocols and
wide area protocols. The Internet gateway transfers the packets to the
Internet where Internet routers forward the packets based on the Internet
address.
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Other Devices
Modem:
Modem is a contraction of the terms modulator and demodulator. Modems

perform a simple function: They translate digital signals from a computer
into analog signals that can travel across conventional phone lines.
The modem modulates the signal at the sending end and demodulates at
the receiving end.
Proxy Server :
This is a system that sits in between a workstation and the server that
workstation is accessing. The proxy server can also be used to control
Internet access, which is a major issue at some companies.
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Other Devices
Wireless router :
Wireless routers allow portable electronics to share information and

resources via wireless communications. A router uses a routing protocol to
exchange information with other routers in order to maintain a consistent
view of the network. The routers distinguish data packets according to
network protocols and forwards traffic according to network-level
addresses.
Brouter :
Brouter combines the function of a router and a bridge. Local packets can
be routed from one side of the network to the other based on the
destination address, even if they do not conform to any routing protocols.
Packets with the appropriate protocols can be sent on their way to the
outside world.
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Other Devices
Wireless Access Point (WAPs) :
Wireless network devices gain access to the network via WAPs.

WAPs are typically deployed as part of a larger network infrastructure,
but in some environments, such as small businesses or home offices,
they can operate completely independently of a normal network.
When a WAP connects to a wired network, it is often referred to as a

wired access point because it joins the wireless portion of the network
with the wired portion.
WAPs are fairly innocuous, hub-like devices; the only giveaway to their
function is the antennae that protrude from the box.
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Summary
• To connects LANs, or segments of LANs, we make use of connecting

devices.
• Connecting devices are therefore also referred to as networking devices.
• They can operate at different layers of the OSI or TCP/IP reference
model.
• Hubs and switches provide a mechanism to connect devices to a
network that is created with twisted-pair cabling.
• Switches offer a speed advantage over hubs because they can use full-
duplex communications.
• Bridges allow network traffic to be confined to certain network
segments, thereby reducing the amount of network traffic.
• Routers are devices that connect networks and thereby create
internetworks.
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Summary
• A gateway is a device that translates from one data format to

another; it can be a hardware device or a software application.
• A modem translates a signal from digital to analog so that it can be

transmitted across a conventional phone line.
• WAPs are a relative newcomer to the networking equipment field.

Wireless network clients use WAPs to connect to the network.
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Course: Bca Semester: Iv Subject Code: BC 0048 Subject Name: Computer Networks Unit Number: 10 Unit Title: Networking Devices

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Course: Bca Semester: Iv Subject Code: BC 0048 Subject Name: Computer Networks Unit Number: 10 Unit Title: Networking Devices

Transféré par

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Formats disponibles

Course : BCA

Subject Code : BC 0048

Subject Name : Computer Networks

Unit Title : Networking Devices

After going through the presentation, you should be able to:

•Describe Repeaters and Hubs

•Discuss switches, switching methods

•Discuss Bridges, types of bridges

•Describe Routers, Gateways, modems proxy server, brouter and WAPs

• To connects LANs, or segments of LANs, we make use of connecting

• Connecting devices are therefore also referred to as networking

• Internetworking refers to the equipment and technologies involved in

• Typical examples of internetworking devices are repeaters, Hubs,

A repeater receives a signal and before it becomes too weak or corrupted,

Repeaters are analog devices that connect two cable segments.

Inter-connecting two Token Ring networks with a Repeater :

•A Repeater connects segments of a LAN.

•A repeater forwards every frame and it has no filtering capability. And It

What is Hub ? ( continued..)

The salient features of Hubs are listed below:

• Frames arriving on any of the lines are transmitted on the others.

• All lines coming into a Hub must operate at a same speed.

• Hubs do not amplify the incoming signal.

• Hubs do not understand frames, packets or headers.

regenerate the signal.

Active hubs: Regenerate a signal before forwarding it to all the ports on

Stackable Hubs :It improves the network reliability and manageability.

It also gives a scalable and modular approach.

Classification of Hubs : ( continued..)

USB Hub : A USB hub serves as a medium for connecting peripheral

devices to a computer in accordance with a USB standard. A hub

Switches are fast multi-port bridges that provide an economical way to

Switches use three methods to deal with data as it arrives:

Cut-through: In a cut-through configuration, the switch begins to

Store-and-forward: In a store-and-forward configuration, the switch

Switching Methods : ( continued..)

Fragment-free : Building on the speed advantages of cut-through

switching, fragment-free switching works by reading only the part of

the packet that enables it to identify fragments of a transmission.

Packets received on one port may be retransmitted or forwarded on

Unlike repeaters, bridges may provide filtering and forwarding services

Bridge interconnects two Token Ring LANs :

Bridges are networking devices that divide up networks. A bridge

Types of Bridges : (continued..)

A router is an intelligent packet sorter, which can look at the ultimate

A router is often a full - fledged computer system with multiple network

Routers operate on Layer 3, the network layer that routes data o

Router performance is measured using its packet- forwarding rate, which

What is Router ? ( continued..)

Unlike bridges and switches, which use the hardware-configured MAC

This approach makes routers more functional than bridges or switches,

Advantages of dedicated hardware routers :

• Typically faster than server-based routers

• Generally more reliable than server-based routers

• Easier to harden against attacks than server-based routing solutions

Disadvantages of dedicated hardware routers :

• More expensive than server-based router solutions; extra

• Often require specialized skills and knowledge to manage them

• Limited to a small range of possible uses

• They are complex and difficult to install, configure, and manage.

• They have a lower packet – filtering – and –forwarding rate as

• They are protocol dependent, and maybe unable to handle some

• Furthermore, some protocols are not routable.