Course : BCA

Semester : IV

Subject Code : BC 0048

Subject Name : Computer Networks

Unit number :3

Unit Title : Data Communications

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Data Communications

Objectives

After going through the presentation, you should be able to:

•Describe Theoretical basis for communication

•Discuss Transmission impairments

•Describe different Data transmission modes

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Data Communications

Lecture outline

•Introduction

•Theoretical Basis for Data Communication

•Transmission impairments

•Data transmission modes

•Summary

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Introduction

• We have two types of signals digital and analog.

• Digital data are discrete and analog data is continuous data.

• The signal is never received as it was transmitted even if a channel is

directly connected between a transmitter and receiver. That is there is
some change in the signal due to various reasons, which we refer as
Transmission impairments.

• We will be studying various impairments throughout this presentation

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Theoretical Basis for Data Communication

Fourier analysis :
Signals are represented mathematically as a function of time and
analyzed by using the Fourier analysis to determine the frequency
contents of the signals.

The French mathematician Fourier proved that any periodic function of

time g (t) with period T can be constructed by summing a number of
cosines and sines.
 
1
g( t )  c 
2
 a n sin(2.f .t )  
b n cos(2.f .t )
n1 n1

Where f=1/T is the fundamental frequency, and are the sine and cosine
amplitudes of the nth harmonics.

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Theoretical Basis for Data Communication

Maximum data rate of a channel :

In 1924, H. Nyquist realized the existence of the fundamental limit and

derived the equation expressing the maximum data for a finite bandwidth
noiseless channel.

In 1948, Claude Shannon carried Nyquist work further and extended it to

the case of a channel subject to random noise.

It is the ratio of signal to noise power that is important, rather than the
noise power alone. This Signal­-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), usually expressed in
decibel (dB), is one of the most important specifications of any
communication system.

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Theoretical Basis for Data Communication

Maximum data rate of a channel :(Continued..)

If the signal consists of V discrete levels, then Nyquist theorem states that,
for a noiseless channel

Maximum data rate = 2H.log2 (V) bits per second.

For a noisy channel with bandwidth is again H, knowing signal to noise ratio
S/N, the maximum data rate according to Shannon is given as

Maximum data rate = H.log2 (1+S/N) bits per second.

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Transmission impairments

Transmission lines suffers from three major problems :

1. Attenuation distortion
2. Delay distortion
3. Noise

1. Attenuation distortion:
It is the loss of energy as the signal propagates outward. The amount of
energy depends on the frequency.
If the attenuation is too much, the receiver may not be able to detect the
signal at all, or the signal may fall below the noise level.
For reliable communication, the attenuation and delay over the range of
frequencies of transmission should be constant.

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Transmission impairments

2. Delay distortion :

The second transmission impairment is delay distortion.

It is caused by the fact that different Fourier components travel at

different speed.

It is due to velocity of propagation that varies with frequency.

3. Noise :

Noise is a third impairment. It can be define as unwanted energy from

sources other than the transmitter.

Thermal noise is caused by the random motion of the electrons in a wire

and is unavoidable.

Source of Noise are Thermal, Intermodulation, Cross talk, Impulse

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Data transmission modes

Serial & Parallel :

Serial Communication :
Serial communication is the sequential transmission of the signal
elements of a group representing a character or other entity of data.

The characters are transmitted in a sequence over a single line, rather

than simultaneously over two or more lines.

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Data transmission modes

Parallel Communication:

Parallel communication refers to when data is transmitted byte-by-byte

i.e., all bits of one or more bytes are transmitted simultaneously over
separate wires.

Fig :Parallel transmissions: Several bits at a time

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Data transmission modes

The comparisons of the serial and parallel transmission

modes :

Serial mode Parallel mode

Cost Less costly (only one wire) More costly (many wires)
Speed Low ( only 1 bit at a time) High (more bits at a time)
Throughput Low High
Used in Longer distance comm. Shorter distance comm..

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Data transmission modes

Simplex, Half duplex & Full duplex Communication :

Simplex Communication :
Simplex refers to communications in only one direction from the transmitter
to the receiver.
There is no acknowledgement of reception from the receiver, so errors cannot
be conveyed to the transmitter.

Ex : A radio is a simplex device.

A B
Fig : simplex Communication

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Data transmission modes

Half duplex Communication :

Half-duplex refers to two-way communications but in only one direction

at a time.
Ex : A walkie-talkie

A B

Fig : Half duplex Communication

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Data transmission modes

Full duplex Communication :

Full duplex refers to simultaneous two-way transmission.

Ex : Certain computer video cards are full-duplex devices.

A B

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Data transmission modes

Synchronous & Asynchronous transmission :

Synchronous Transmission
Synchronous is any type of communication in which the parties
communicating are "live" or present in the same space and time.
Ex : A Chat room.

Advantage:
• This reduces overhead bits
• It overcomes the two main deficiencies of the asynchronous method,
that of inefficiency and lack of error detection.

Disadvantage:
• For correct operation the receiver must start to sample the line at the
correct instant

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Data transmission modes

Asynchronous transmission :

Asynchronous refers to processes that proceed independently of each

other until one process needs to "interrupt" the other process with a
request.

E-mail is an example of an asynchronous mode of communication where

one party can send a note to another person and the recipient need
not be online to receive the e-mail.

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Data transmission modes

Advantages and disadvantages Of Asynchronous transmission:

Advantage:

• The character is self contained & Transmitter and receiver need not be
synchronized
• Transmitting and receiving clocks are independent of each other

Disadvantage:

• Overhead of start and stop bits

• False recognition of these bits due to noise on the channel

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 Unit-3 Data Communications

Summary

• We have two types of signals digital and analog.

• Digital data are discrete and analog data is continuous data
• For the noiseless channel Maximum data rate = 2H.log2 (V) bits per
second
• For the noisy channel Maximum data rate =H.log2 (1+S/N) bits per
second .
• Simplex means communication in one direction, Half-duplex refers to
two-way communications , Full duplex refers to simultaneous two-
way transmission.

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