Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Semester : IV
Unit number :8
o n f i d e NEXT
CHOME ntial
Unit-8 Network Layer
Network Layer
Objectives
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
Network Layer
Lecture outline
• Introduction
• Principles of Routing
• Routing algorithms
• Congestion
• IP protocol (IPV4)
• Summary
PREVIOUS
C o n f i d e nNEXT
tial
Unit-8 Network Layer
Introduction
The network layer is one of the most important layers in OSI seven layered
architectural model and in TCP/IP reference model.
delivery.
The network layer deals with transmitting information all the way from its
source to its destination - transmitting from anywhere, to anywhere.
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
The important design issues pertaining to the network layer are as follows :
2. Internal organization :
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
4. Congestion control :
An important problem that any subnet faces is the congestion because of
heavy traffic in the subnet than the load that it can handle. The subnet gets
increasingly loaded with packets causing increase in delay in the delivery of
packets, which can lead to more retransmission, and ultimately increasing
more and more traffic.
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
Principles of Routing
The main function of the network layer is routing packets from the source
machine to the destination machine. In computer networking the term
routing refers to selecting paths in a computer network along which to
send data.
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
Principles of Routing
Classes of routing algorithms :
Routing algorithms can be grouped into two major classes.
1. Static or Non-adaptive Routing algorithms
2. Dynamic or Adaptive Routing algorithms
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
Principles of Routing
Properties of routing algorithms :
• Correctness
• Simplicity
• Fairness, and
• Optimality
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
Routing algorithms
Different routing Algorithms :
1. Shortest path algorithm :
It is the simplest and widely used algorithm.
It is a static algorithm.
2. Flooding :
This is also a static algorithm in which every incoming packet is sent out on
every outgoing line except the one it arrives on. This method usually
generates vast number of duplicate packets.
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
Routing algorithms
4. Hierarchical routing :
When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into regions. Each
router knows all details about how to route packets to destinations
within its own region. But it does not have any idea about internal
structure of other regions.
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
Congestion
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
Congestion
Factors of congestion :
Congestion can be brought by many factors which are listed below:
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
Congestion
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
IP protocol (IPV4)
IP protocol :
An IP datagram consists of two parts
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
IP protocol (IPV4)
• Type of service: It is 6 bits long. It allows the host to tell the subnet
what kind of service it wants.
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
IP protocol (IPV4)
• DF: the data gram should not be further broken down into fragments.
• MF: all fragments except the last one have this bit set.
• Time to live field: is a counter used like the hop counter discussed in
flooding. It is used to limit the packet life time allowing a maximum of
255 sec.
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
IP protocol (IPV4)
• Protocol: tells which of the protocols are used at Transport layer (TCP
or UDP)
PREVIOUS i d e n t i a NEXT
C o n f HOME l
Unit-8 Network Layer
Summary
• The network layer provides service to transport layer.
• Apart from this there are pother major task that are carried out by the
network layer such as routing.
• Routing is a very complex task and are of two types. One of which is static
routing, which does not take any changes in topology or traffic variations
into account for decisions.
• And the other is dynamic or adaptive, that considers the topology changes
and traffic variations into account for decisions.
C o n f i d eHOME
PREVIOUS ntial