Answers to Concept Reviews Johnson
Chapter 1
1. b. use energy 2. c. internal
environment,
stable 3. a. cell 4. b. evolution
5. a. hypothesis 6. d. theory
7. d. variables 8. Archaebacteria,
Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae,
Animalia 9. cellular
organization,
metabolism, homeostasis,
reproduction,
heredity 10. DNA
(deoxyribonucleic
acid) 11. cell 12. structure
13. observation 14. control
Chapter 2
1. b. The earth was created in
4004 B.C.
2. a. natural selection 3. a. a
variety of
bill specializations among the
finches
4. c. discontinuous 5. c.
nonliving
6. d. all of these 7. a. gorillas
8. b. the birthrate is higher in
developing
countries. 9. offspring. 10. the
sun.
11. carrying capacity 12. K-
selected
Chapter 3
1. a. atom 2. b. oxidation—loss
of an
electron 3. b. three 4. c. It is
absent in
water 5. a. adhesion 6. a. lowers
7. d. glucose 8. d. proteins 9. d.
oxygen
10. ionic 11. three-fourths 12.
two-thirds
13. cohesion 14. base 15.
photosynthesis
Chapter 4
1. c. Life evolved 2 billion years
ago
2. d. DNA 3. c. chromosomes
4. a. ribosome 5. c, d, a, then b
6. c. water enters a hypotonic
solution
7. b. exocytosis 8. d. active
transport
involves water diffusing through
a Chapter 9
membrane 9. bacteria 10.
flagella
11. mitochondria
Chapter 5
1. b. ATP 2. c. the light reactions
3. d. electrons 4. b ATP, and d.
NADPH 5. b. glycolysis 6. d.
oxygen
7. a. carbon dioxide 8.
endergonic
9. binding 10. NADH 11.
pigments
12. photosynthesis 13. thylakoid
14. Krebs 15. ethyl alcohol
Chapter 6
1. a. somatic cells
2. b. DNA is replicated
3. c. anaphase
4. d. the presence of p53
protein
5. e. meiosis, then c. zygote
6. b. two
7. d. four
8. b. It occurs during prophase II
9. binary fission
10. M
11. p53
12. variability
Chapter 7
1. c. He counted the numbers of
different types of offspring 2. b.
onethird
3. a. phenotype 4. c. Ww _ ww
5. b. Aa 6. d. multiple genes 7. c.
45
8. a. hemophilia 9. homozygous
10. 25%
11. independent assortment 12.
epistasis
Chapter 8
1. a. virus DNA injected into
bacterial
cells is apparently the factor
involved
in directing the production of
new virus
particles 2. d. TTAAGC 3. c.
transcription
4. a. translation 5. c. operator
site
6. a. true 7. DNA 8. thymine,
cytosine
9. ribosome 10. Transfer RNA
11. enhancers 12. repressor
protein
13. introns 14. mutagen
1. c. plasmids 2. b. shorter
3. a. a collection of different
lines of
bacterial cells, each containing a
plasmid carrying one series of
different
DNA fragments 4. d. amplify a
region of DNA 5. b. cDNA 6. a.
The plasmid
contains the gene that codes for
the
microbe’s surface proteins but is
otherwise harmless 7. c. human
gene
therapy 8. Screening 9. reverse
transcriptase
Chapter 10
1. c. an open reading frame.
2. b. slightly more than 3. a.
structural
DNA 4. d. 99% 5. b. They are
polyploid
and have three sets of
chromosomes
6. c. Wheat resulted from the
hybridization
of a tetraploid with a diploid,
giving
it many more chromosomes than
rice
7. b. characterize the proteins of
an
organism 8. shotgun sequencing
9. structural DNA 10. 30,000 11.
single
nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs)
12. Functional genomics,
proteomics
Chapter 11
1. b. adaptation 2. d. fossils, then
c. industrial melanism 3. a.
vestigial
organs 4. c. 0.90 5. d. They are
predominantly self-fertilizing
6. b. stabilizing 7. b. false 8.
homologous
9. molecular 10. effectively
infinite
Chapter 12
1. b. kingdom, d. phylum, g.
class,
a. order, e. family, f. genus, c.
species
2. c. sterile 3. a. 1.5 million
4. c. common ancestor 5. c. no
tail
6. a. weight 7. biological species
concept 8. Systematics 9.
phylogeny
10. clade 11. dinosaurs
Chapter 13
1. b. 3.5, then d. 1.5 2. c. an
organized
nucleus 3. a. binary fission
4. b. archaebacteria 5. a. introns
6. a. tetanus, c. tuberculosis, and
d. cholera 7. d. crystallized in
solution
8. c. either RNA or DNA, but
not both
9. b. latency 10. Eubacteria
11. heterocysts 12.
Bacteriophages
Chapter 14
1. d. photosynthetic 2. a. an
unfertilized
egg 3. c. haploid 4. b. animals,
fungi, or
plants 5. a. sleeping sickness
6. c. Amoeba 7. d. green algae 8.
b. red
algae 9. endosymbiosis 10.
asexual
11. DNA 12. Choanoflagellates
13. red
algae (phylum Rhodophyta)
14. dinoflagellates
Chapter 15
1. b. it allows the formation of
specialized
tissues 2. d. Fungi are
multicellular
3. b. mycelium 4. c. both
asexually
and sexually 5. a. Fungi secrete a
sticky
substance that can trap flies
6. a. basidiocarp 7. hyphae 8.
cellulose
9. Sexual, stress 10. Ascomycota
11. Penicillium 12. mycorrhizae,
minerals
Chapter 16
1. c. helped plants to avoid
drying out
2. b. larger 3. a. liverworts 4. c.
seeds
5. b. secondary 6. d. club moss
7. a. gymnosperms 8. a. stamens
9. a. double fertilization 10.
carpel
11. triploid 12. Monocots
Chapter 17
1. a. are alive at maturity 2. b.
companion
cell 3. d. stomata 4. a. is the
principal water-conducting tissue
of
plants 5. b. gas exchange 6. d. a
cylinder around the periphery of
the
stem 7. c. secondary xylem 8. a.
a bony
central column of vascular tissue
9. b. endodermis 10. c.
Evaporation of
water vapor from the leaves 11.
apical,
lateral 12. sclerenchyma 13.
phloem
14. vascular bundles 15.
transpiration
Chapter 18
1. d. stigma 2. b. mitosis 3. c.
pollen
tube 4. c. one sperm cell fuses
with the
polar nuclei and one sperm
fertilizes
the egg 5. d. birds 6. a. cells on
the
shaded side of the stem elongate
more
than those on the sunny side
7. b. inhibit the formation of
lateral
roots 8. b. is long 9. b. cold
temperatures
and d. lack of available water
10. pollen grains 11. nectar
12. imbibes water 13. ovary
14. phytochromes 15.
Gravitropism
Chapter 19
1. d. Arthropoda 2. b.
choanoflagellates
3. c. symmetry 4. d. body cavity
5. c. in
the mesoderm 6. b. Mollusca
7. a. earthworms 8. b. Chordata
and c.
Echinodermata 9. a. a single,
hollow
dorsal nerve cord, b. a notochord
at
some time in development, c.
pharyngeal
slits at some time in
development,
e. a postanal tail 10. d. backbone
11. endoderm, mesoderm,
ectoderm
12. cephalization 13. Nematodes
14. segmentation 15.
protostomes
16. Chordata
Chapter 20
1. c. plants 2. a. (3), b. (1), c. (2),
d. (4)
3. d. smaller plankton 4. a.
amphibians
5. b. swim bladders 6. c. jaws
7. b. have hair 8. d. were
shrewlike
9. Trilobites 10. Permian 11.
fishes 12. amniotic 13.
Archaeopteryx
Chapter 21
1. d. tree shrews 2. c. prehensile
tails
3. b. false 4. c. prosimians, d.
monkeys,
a. gibbons, e. orangutans, b.
gorillas
5. a. the use of tools 6. b.
Ardipithecus
ramidus 7. c. Homo erectus
8. d. 500,000 9. a.
Australopithecus,
d. Homo habilis, c. Homo
erectus,
e. Homo neanderthalensis,
b. Cro-Magnons 10. binocular
11. Australopithecus 12. erectus
13. 13,000 14. Cultural
Chapter 22
1. c. tissues 2. a. movement
3. c. columnar cells 4. b. carries
oxygen
5. b. dendrites to cell body to
axon
6. b. axial 7. d. New bone cells
are not
formed in adults 8. a. It is
multinucleated
9. d. troponin 10. immune
(lymphatic)
11. Epithelial 12. dendrites,
axon 13. actin 14. acetylcholine
15. ATP
Chapter 23
1. b. capillary 2. c. They contain
many
valves 3. a. delivering oxygen to
cells
4. d. 90% 5. c. hemoglobin 6. a.
aorta
7. c. birds 8. c. larynx, e. trachea,
a. bronchus, b. alveoli, d.
hemoglobin
9. c. It is located inside the lungs
10. lymphatic 11. serum albumin
12. countercurrent flow 13.
crocodiles
14. Carcinogens
Chapter 24
1. a. mouth 2. a. low pH and e.
pepsin
3. d. pancreas 4. c. compaction
5. c. The liver stores bile 6. b.
urea
7. d. drink 8. b. network of
capillaries
9. c. water 10. pyloric sphincter
11. peristalsis 12. villi 13.
glycogen
14. bicarbonate 15. filtration 16.
Henle
Chapter 25
1. c. It secretes gastric HCL,
which
inhibits the growth of many
microbes
2. b. macrophages 3. a.
complement
system 4. c. increased blood
flow
5. a. helper T cell 6. c. to
processed
antigens on the surface of an
antigenpresenting
cell 7. d. interleukin-1
8. c. type II diabetes 9. a. helper
T cells
10. lysozyme 11. antibodies
12. Vaccination 13. myelin
sheath
14. CD4
Chapter 26
1. a. afferent 2. b. axon—
synapse—
dendrite 3. c. electrical insulators
4. b. cerebrum 5. d. coordinating
motor
reflexes 6. a. respiration 7. a.
decreases
8. c. cerebrum 9. d. gravity
10. c. flexibility of the basilar
membrane
changes 11. b. rods 12. action
potential 13. neurotransmitters
14. semicircular canals
Chapter 27
1. e. b and c 2. a. thyroid
hormone
3. b. just above the kidneys
4. a. aldosterone 5. d. is almost
always
a consequence of excessive
weight
6. j 7. i 8. e 9. h 10. g 11. d 12. c
13. f
14. b 15. a 16. nervous 17.
hypothalamus
18. steroids 19. posterior 20.
adrenal
cortex 21. calcium 22. pancreas
Chapter 28
1. a. Sperm begin developing
before
puberty 2. c. erection 3. c.
fallopian
tube 4. d. LH 5. b. corpus
luteum
6. a. morula 7. b. somites 8. c.
formation
of the major nerve tracks within
the
brain 9. b. false 10. b. use of a fertile soil that has accumulated
condom over
11. vagina 12. Prolactin, thousands of years and prevents
oxytocin erosion
13. primitive streak 14. ectoderm 6. b. false 7.
15. endoderm 16. mesoderm Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Chapter 29 8. carbon dioxide (CO2) 9. taxes
1. b. in trophic level 3 2. a. 10. topsoil, groundwater,
primary biodiversity
consumers 3. d. food web 4. b. 11. pastureland (grazing) 12. 5
phosphorus million
cycle 5. a. evaporation 6. b. 13. 6 billion
spring overturn 7. a. air is cooled
as it
is forced upwards 8. b. the
shallow
waters 9. d. 4C 10. c. taiga 11.
net
primary productivity 12. biomass
13. fossil fuel 14. nitrogen
fixation
15. oligotrophic 16. deserts 17.
savanna
Chapter 30
1. c. density-dependent effects 2.
c. In
type III, mortality is higher in
the early
stages than it is in type II. 3. b.
sympatric
species 4. a. barnacles growing
on
the backs of whales 5. b. tend
not to
live in groups 6. d. obtaining
poisons
from the plants that their larvae
eat and
retaining them 7. c. keystone
8. a. introduction of exotic
species
9. logistic 10. Resource
partitioning
11. commensalism 12.
aposematic
13. Secondary 14. species
richness
Chapter 31
1. c.Wind and air currents dilute
acid rain
because factories are designed to
release
it high into the air 2. b. CFCs
stick to
frozen water vapor and are able
to act as
catalysts 3. d. The greenhouse
effect
4. b. decreasing the production
of acid
rain by nuclear power plants 5.
a. it is