c
 




the active components are those component which amplify the
signal or processes the signal or in the other words
these coponents need biasing for activation.

1)The active component are capable for amplifying on

processing an electrical signal.
2) The required an external force for there processing
e.g. transistors, tube devices(vacuum tubes).

  


the passive components need no biasing for the activation
they have no tendancy for amplify the signal

1) The passive component are not capable for processing.

2)It does not required any external force for there
processing
e.g. Resistors, capacitor, inductor, oscillator, led's, etc.
Y
Y
Y

    
is that it obeys the superposition principle. This means that the output of the
circuit x
 when a linear combination of signals 
 
 is applied to it is equal to the linear
combination of the outputs due to the signals
  and
 applied separately:

Informally, a linear circuit is one in which the values of the electronic components,
the resistance, capacitance, inductance, gain, etc. don't change with the level of voltage or current in
the circuit.
A linear circuit is one that has no nonlinear electronic components in itY
Y

The 

    
 makes the simplifying assumption that the attributes
of the circuit, resistance, capacitance, inductance, and gain, are concentrated into idealized electrical
components; resistors, capacitors, and inductors, etc. joined by a network of perfectly conducting wires.

The lumped element model is valid whenever , where 0 denotes the circuit's characteristic
length, and ^ denotes the circuit's operating wavelength. Otherwise, when the circuit length is on the
order of a wavelength, we must consider more general models, such as the distributed element
model (including transmission lines), whose dynamic behaviour is described by the Maxwell equations.

the 


 or
    of electrical circuits assumes that the
attributes of the circuit (resistance, capacitance, andinductance) are distributed continuously throughout
the material of the circuit. In the distributed element model, each circuit element is infinitesimally small,
and the wires connecting elements are not assumed to be perfect conductors; that is, they have
impedance. it assumes non-uniform current along each branch and non-uniform voltage along each
node. The distributed model is used at high frequencies where the wavelength approaches the physical
dimensions of the circuit, making the lumped model inaccurate.

V
 l: It is a circuit that behaves the same way if it is connected in the opposite direction. The term
is typically used for components in electrical circuits. For example, a resistor behaves the same way
no matter if it's connected left-to-right ot right-to-left. In contrast, a diode is not a bilateral
component, because it conducts current in one direction, and does not conduct in the other.

6
 element : it is a circuit in which value of impedance or resistance of element changes with
changing the direction of voltage or current.eg. circuit with diodes....

An 
  
  is an interconnection of electrical elements such

as resistors, inductors, capacitors, transmission lines, voltage sources, current sources and switches.
An 
   
is a special type of network, one that has a closed loop giving a return path for the
current.

   (sometimes referred to as    or   

) is a method that is

used to solve planar circuits for the voltage and currents at any place in thecircuit. Planar circuits are
circuits that can be drawn on a plane with no wires overlapping each other. Mesh analysis
uses Kirchhoff¶s voltage law to solve these planar circuits.

0
  


 

An  
   is a set of voltage

sources and resistances connected in
some way.
 
  


 

 
 
    
   
    
 

topology 
  


  

 
   

   


—
 




  

   





 
  





0
     
  

   

 
  
  
    

 

 
  


loop current

    

     

 
closed path



 

  

 





 
  

  
  
 

  
 


 
  
 


 
 
 

   
   



 



  



 


then the 6 branch currents in the picture to the right have the magnitudes and directions
shown.

This drawing shows in detail how the various loop

currents contribute to the various branch currents.

Here is a different set of 3 loop currents. If the values of the loop currents are:

then the 6 branch currents have exactly the same values as before.

Return to Loop Analysis of Electric Circuits

c ‘
 
   
  
‘      
 
     
          
   Oë
    
   jë
   

Œ  ‘  

  c    j  O              jRë
 j
ë





     

    àë
 
      
  è
         
     !


 
  è   
   " Y