A

Major Project Report

On
SHORT CIRCUIT DETECTION AND ALERTING
SYSTEM THROUGH GPS AND GSM
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:

A.BALA TRIPURANJALI 16BH1A0403

B.RAM PRASAD 16BH1A0419
K.MOUNIKA 16BH1A0463
B.HARIBABU 16BH1A0418
Under the Guidance of
S.KISHOR KRISHNA KUMAR M.Tech (Ph.D)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ST.MARY’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Approved by AICTE, NEW DELHI. & Affiliated to JNTU-HYDERABAD)
DESHMUKHI (V), POCHAMPALLY (M), YADADRI-BHUVANAGIRI (D) - 508 248
[2016-2020]
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project work entitled “SHORT CIRCUIT DETECTION AND
ALERTING SYSTEM THROUGH GPS AND GSM” has carried out in the IV/II semester and
submitted by “A.BALA TRIPURANJALI (16BH1A0403), B.RAM PRASAD (16BH1A0419),
K.MOUNIKA (16BH1A0463) and B.HARIBABU (16BH1A0418)” in partial fulfillment for the
award of Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING from St. Mary’s Engineering College during the academic year 2019-2020.

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr. S.KISHOR KRISHNA KUMAR M.Tech(Ph.D) Mr. M.APPARAO M.Tech(Ph.D)

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of this project would be in
complete without the mention of the people who made it possible. We consider it as a privilege to
express our gratitude and respect to all those who guided us in the completion of the project.
We are thankful to our internal guide S.KISHOR KRISHNA KUMAR Assistant Professor
in Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, St. Mary’s Engineering College
for having been of a source encouragement and for insisting vigor to do this project work.
We are thankful to our project coordinator M.DILIP KUMAR Assistant Professor in
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, St. Mary’s Engineering College
for having been of a source encouragement and for insisting vigor to do this project work.
We are obliged to M.APPARAO, Head of the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, St. Mary’s Engineering College for his guidance and suggestion
throughout project work.
We take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Rev. T.G ARUL,
Principal of St. Mary’s Engineering College for allowing us to do this project and for this
affectionate encouragement in presenting this project work.
We convey our sincere thanks to Dr. Rev. K.V.K RAO, Chairman of St. Mary’s
Engineering College for giving us learning environment to grow out self personally as well as
professionally.
We would like to express our thanks to all staff members who have helped us directly and
indirectly in accomplishing this project work. We also extended our sincere thanks to our parents
and friends for their moral support throughout the project work. Above all we thank god almighty
for his manifold mercies in carrying out this project work successfully.

A.BALA TRIPURANJALI 16BH1A0403

B.RAM PRASAD 16BH1A0419

K.MOUNIKA 16BH1A0463

B.HARIBABU 16BH1A0418
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that the work report in this titled, “SHORT CIRCUIT DETECTION AND
ALERTING SYSTEM THROUGH GPS AND GSM”, submitted to the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, St. Mary’s Engineering College in fulfillment of
degree for the award of Bachelor of Technology, is a bonafide work done by us. No part of the
copied from books, journals or internet and wherever the portion is taken, the same has been duly
referred in the text. The reported results are based on the project work entirely done by us and not
copied from any other sources. Also I declare that the matter embedded in this has not been
submitted by us in full or partially there for the award of any degree of any other institution or
university previously.

A.BALA TRIPURANJALI 16BH1A0403

B.RAM PRASAD 16BH1A0419

K.MOUNIKA 16BH1A0463

B.HARIBABU 16BH1A0418
 ABSTRACT

Electricity is the major power source for all Home and Industrial applications but short
circuiting of this power source can cause a severe damage to the surroundings. This Electrical
Short Circuit may be caused to due to overloading current overflow, contact of positive and
negative poles etc. To avoid this new Technology named Short Circuit Detection and Alerting
System through GPS and GSM has been implemented. This system detects any electrical short
circuit and alerts nearby control station which avoid causing a major loss due to short circuit. The
components used in this project are MSP430 microcontroller, MQ-2 Smoke sensor, Short Circuit
Detector, Current Sensor with a 9V battery, GPS and GSM Modules, Buzzer, Red and Green
LEDs and an Exhaust Fan. Whenever there is a Short Circuit occurs the short circuit detector,
smoke sensor and overloading effect using current sensor detects it and indicates Danger by
lighting up Red LED, Sounding with Buzzer and turning ON the Exhaust Fan in attempt to alert
nearby people and put off the fire, as well as the acknowledgement of short circuit accident and the
location details of the incident place will be sent to nearest control station using GPS and GSM
modules. By using this system we can avoid the major losses and can takes required actions within
time.
 CONTENTS

LIST OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 01-08

1.1 Electrical Short Circuit 01

1.1.1 Types of Electrical Short Circuits 02

1.1.2 Causes of Electrical Short Circuit 02

1.2 Introduction to Our Project 03

1.3 Concept of Embedded Systems 03

1.3.1 Attributes of Embedded Systems 04

1.3.2 Structure of Embedded Systems 05

1.3.3 Embedded Design Services 06

CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE SURVEY 09-11

CHAPTER-3: FUNCTIONAL PATTERN OF THE SYSTEM 12-15

3.1 Block Diagram 12

3.2 Working Principle 13

3.3 Flow Chart 15

CHAPTER-4: DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 16-60

4.1 Hardware Components 16

4.2 Hardware Components Description 17

4.2.1 MSP430 Launchpad 17

4.2.2 Short Circuit Detector 25

4.2.3 Current Sensor 27

4.2.4 GSM 30

4.2.5 GPS 33

4.2.6 LEDs 36

4.2.7 Buzzer 40

4.2.8 Battery (9Volts) 43

4.2.9 Relay 44

4.2.10 Exhaust Fan 51

4.2.11 MQ-2 Smoke Sensor 52

4.3 Software Description 54

4.3.1 Energia IDE 55

4.3.2 Installing Launchpad Drivers 56

4.3.3 Installing Energia IDE 57

CHAPTER-5: ADVANTAGES, APPLICATIONS AND DISADVANTAGES 61-62

5.1 Advantages 61

5.2 Disadvantages 61

5.3 Applications 62

CHAPTER-6: CONCLUSION 63-74

6.1 Conclusion 63

6.2 Future Scope 63

6.3 Result 64

Bibliography 66

Appendix 67
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1.1 Short Circuit Putting House on Fire 01

Fig 1.2 Embedded Systems Overview 03

Fig 1.3 An Embedded System on a Plug-in Card 04

Fig 1.4 Attributes of Embedded Systems 05

Fig 1.5 Structure of an Embedded System 06

Fig 1.6 Embedded Design Services 06

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram 12

Fig 3.2 Flow Chart 15

Fig 4.1 MSP430 Launchpad 17

Fig 4.2 MSP430 Architecture 18

Fig 4.3 MSP430 Memory Organization 19

Fig 4.4 MSP430 Memory Map 20

Fig 4.5 MSP430 Development Board 21

Fig 4.6 Layout, MSP-EXP430G2 Top Layer 22

Fig 4.7 Layout, MSP-EXP430G2 Bottom Layer 22

Fig 4.8 MSP430 Pin Out 23

Fig 4.9 Short Circuit Detector Circuit Diagram 26

Fig 4.10 Positive and Negative Poles Causing Short Circuit 26

Fig 4.11 Short Circuit Detector 27

Fig 4.12 Current Sensor (ACS712) 28

Fig 4.13 Current Sensor Pin Out 28

Fig 4.14 Interfacing ACS712 with MCU 29

Fig 4.15 GSM Module 30

Fig 4.16 Architecture of GSM Modem 32

Fig 4.17 GPS Module 34

Fig 4.18 GPS Module Pin Out 34

Fig 4.19 Interfacing GPS with MCU 36

Fig 4.20 LEDs 36

Fig 4.21 LED Pin Out 37

Fig 4.22 Working of an LED 38

Fig 4.23 Red LED 39

Fig 4.24 Green LED 40

Fig 4.25 Buzzer 40

Fig 4.26 Buzzer Pin Out 41

Fig 4.27 Electro Mechanical Buzzer 42

Fig 4.28 Piezo Electric Buzzer 42

Fig 4.29 Battery (9 Volts) 43

Fig 4.30 Relay 45

Fig 4.31 Internal Parts of Relay 45

Fig 4.32 Internal Structure of Relay 46

Fig 4.33 Internal Circuit of Relay 47

Fig 4.34 Relay NC Condition 48

Fig 4.35 Relay in NO Condition 48

Fig 4.36 SPST 50

Fig 4.37 Solid State Relay (SSR) 50

Fig 4.38 Exhaust Fan 51

Fig 4.39 MQ-2 Sensor 52

Fig 4.40 MQ-2 Pin Out 53

Fig 4.41 Energia IDE Interface 55

Fig 4.42 Energia Debugger 56

Fig 4.43 Energia Empty Sketch Window 57

Fig 4.44 Energia Sketch Location Configuration 58

Fig 4.45 Selecting the Board in Energia 59

Fig 4.46 Functions Defined in Energia 59

Fig 4.47 Compiling and Uploading to Board 60

Fig 6.1 System when No Short Circuit Detected 64

Fig 6.2 System when Short Circuit Detected 64

Fig 6.3 Short Circuit Alert SMS Received along with Location using GSM and GPS 65
 LIST OF TABELS

Table 4.1 Hardware Components 16

Table 4.2 Port Configuration of MSP430 24

Table 4.3 Features of MSP430 25

Table 4.4 Current Sensor Pin Configuration 29

Table 4.5 GPS Module Pin Description 35

Table 4.6 LED Pin Configuration 37

Table 4.7 LED Forward Voltage acc. to its Colour 39

Table 4.8 Buzzer Pin Configuration 41

Table 4.9 MQ-2 Smoke Sensor Pin Configuration 53

 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 ELECTRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT

A short circuit is an abnormal connection between two nodes of an electric circuit intended
to be at different voltages. This results in an electric current limited only by the Thévenin
equivalent resistance of the rest of the network which can cause circuit damage, overheating, fire
or explosion. Although usually the result of a fault, there are cases where short circuits are caused
intentionally, for example, for the purpose of voltage-sensing crowbar circuit protectors.

fig. 1.1: Short Circuit Putting House on Fire

In circuit analysis, a short circuit is defined as a connection between two nodes that forces
them to be at the same voltage. In an 'ideal' short circuit, this means there is no resistance and thus
no voltage drop across the connection. In real circuits, the result is a connection with almost no
resistance. In such a case, the current is limited only by the resistance of the rest of the circuit.

A short circuit is an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an unintended
path with no or very low electrical impedance or resistance.This results in an excessive current
flowing through the circuit A short circuit fault current can, within milliseconds, be thousands of
times larger than the normal operating current of the system. This can be cause fatal danger to the
whole surrounding within no time. This short circuit not only can damage the devices attached to
the electrical circuit but also can put on fire on the whole surrounds and also can cause deaths.

1
1.1.1 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL SHORT CIRCUITS

NORMAL SHORT CIRCUIT

This is when a hot wire carrying current touches a neutral wire. When that happens, the
resistance will go down instantly and a large volume of current will flow through an unexpected
pathway.

GROUND FAULT SHORT CIRCUIT

Ground fault short circuit occurs when the hot wire carrying current comes into contact
with some grounded portion of the system. It can be a grounded metal wall box, bare ground wire
or a grounded portion of an appliance.

1.1.2 CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT

FAULTY CIRCUIT WIRE INSULATION

If the insulation is damaged or old, it may allow the hot wires to touch with neutral. This
will cause a short circuit. Age of the wire, nails or screws can damage the insulation and allow
short circuit. There is a risk of pests of gnawing the insulation and exposing the wire conductors
too.

LOOSE WIRE CONNECTIONS

If there are any loose wire connections or attachments, it will allow the live and neutral
wires to touch. If you see faulty wire connections, do not try to fix it on your own and call a
professional immediately.

FAULTY APPLIANCE WIRING

If you plug an appliance into a wall socket, its wiring essentially becomes an extension of
the circuit. Therefore, if there are any problems in the appliance wiring, it will become circuit
problems. Short circuits can occur in the power cords, plugs or inside the appliance. Make sure you
get short circuit protection for all the appliances.

2
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO OUR PROJECT

Our Project aims to develop a technology that prevents disasters caused due to an Electrical
Short Circuit. Since electricity is the major power source in many industries there is a high chance
of risk due to its short circuit, however if we know the causes of the electrical short circuit we can
avoid happening of major loss. In the long run usage of electrical wires, any of them can get
damaged that cannot be stopped, instead this technology is aimed towards detecting the short
circuit and preventing the major losses of property and human.

This prototype can be developed using Embedded Systems Technology.

1.3 CONCEPT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

An embedded system is a computer system a combination of a computer

processor, computer memory, and input/output peripheral devices that has a dedicated function
within a larger mechanical or electrical system. It is embedded as part of a complete device often
including electrical or electronic hardware and mechanical parts. Because an embedded system
typically controls physical operations of the machine that it is embedded within, it often has real-
time computing constraints. Embedded systems control many devices in common use
today. Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors manufactured are used in embedded systems.

fig. 1.2: Embedded Systems Overview

3
 Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. microprocessors with
integrated memory and peripheral interfaces), but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips
for memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also common, especially in more complex
systems. In either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to those
specialized in a certain class of computations, or even custom designed for the application at hand.
A common standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).

fig. 1.3: An embedded system on a plug-in card with processor, memory, power supply, and
external interfaces

1.3.1 ATTRIBUTES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Some of the key characteristics of Embedded Systems are as mentioned below.

 All Embedded Systems are task specific. They do the same task repeatedly /continuously
over their lifetime. An mp3 player will function only as an mp3 player.
 Embedded systems are created to perform the task within a certain time frame. It must
therefore perform fast enough. A car‘s brake system, if exceeds the time limit, may cause
accidents.
 They have minimal or no user interface (UI). A fully automatic washing machine works on
its own after the program is set and stops once the task is over.
 Some embedded systems are designed to react to external stimuli and react accordingly. A
thermometer, a GPS tracking device.
 Embedded systems are built to achieve certain efficiency levels. They are small sized, can
work with less power and are not too expensive.

4
  Embedded systems cannot be changed or upgraded by the users. Hence, they must rank
high on reliability and stability. They are expected to function for long durations without
the user experiencing any difficulties.
 Microcontroller or microprocessors are used to design embedded systems.
 Embedded systems need connected peripherals to attach input & output devices.
 The hardware of an embedded-system is used for security and performance. The Software
is used for features.

fig. 1.4: Attributes of Embedded Systems

1.3.2 STRUCTURE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Sensors Receive Data from the World

 Analog (light sensor, microphone, etc.) and digital (buttons).

Actuators Cause Events in the World

 Analog (motors, speakers) and digital (lights).

Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)

 Special-Purpose hardware.

5
Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)

 Reconfigurable hardware.

fig. 1.5: Structure of an Embedded System

1.3.3 EMBEDDED DESIGN SERVICES

Embedded Design services consists product engineering support from concept to

prototyping and manufacturing of new products, feature enhancement and technology up-gradation
through electronic hardware design, Firmware design, software application development and
mechanical design. Our expertise in Embedded Technology helps our customer with customized
product solutions. Our development methodology supports incremental and requirement discovery
model to match the customer and market expectations.

fig. 1.6: Embedded Design Services

6
Hardware Design Services

Embedded Design Service team supports complete electronic hardware design activities
which include schematic design, bill of material finalization, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) design,
prototyping, production support and FPGA design services for customer-specific requirements.
The key hardware design ranges from small-footprint, power-optimized solutions to high-end,
rugged systems built around various embedded processors and DSPs.

Embedded Firmware/Software Services

EDS offers a broad range of software services relating to embedded systems programming
and real time embedded systems software development, such as:

 Boot loader
 Development of Board Support Packages
 Device Drivers
 Firmware and Diagnostics
 RTOS -VxWorks, Embedded Linux, QNX, WinCE
 GUI development
 OS porting
 Embedded application development
 Feature enhancements
 Development and porting of protocol Stack
 Development of Wireless stack

FPGA Design Services

Today, many of the High speed and complex designs need the integration and flexibility
that an FPGA can offer. The ability to be reconfigured enables the FPGAs to extend the lifecycle
of a custom product to suit the changing market needs. EDS has the right experience and capability
to satisfy any phase of product life cycle including partial or complete architecture design, feature
additions to existing designs, test bench development or functional verification.

EDS FPGA services include Design/Development, RTL coding, Test suite preparation,
simulation and Testing/Verification. We provide turnkey development services in FPGA for High

7
Speed Bus interfaces, Integration of modules, Multi-million gates complex design and concept to
specification of the chip to the final board level target hardware. EDS is also a Design Service
Network (DSN) partner with Altera and we provide solution to our customers using IP cores
available under this partnership. The value we bring to our customer is faster solutions with IP
cores without any obligation for customer to buy IP cores and low pricing of FPGA during
production stage.

Mechanical Design Services

EDS addresses mechanical design requirement for product engineering with 3D modeling
and rapid prototyping techniques to provide early user experience during product development
cycle. It also has expertise in re-engineering and tear down analysis for product life extension.
With its eco partner, EDS provides manufacturing and support to complete mechanical engineering
requirements for New Product Development (NPD). With its expertise in tools and customized
processes, EDS brings reliable, feature-rich products at competitive prices with the least
development lead time. Mechanical Design services also include engineering drawing conversion,
industrial design requirement and man machine interface requirements.

8
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Dushyant Chandra, Prabhat Singh, Pravash Pratik Rajguru, Mr. Swapnil. A. Namekar
(June 2007), The objective of this project is to detect short circuit faults in underground cables
using Advance Microcontrollers. The underground cable system is a common practice followed in
many urban areas. While a fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process related
to that particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact type of fault. The proposed system
is to find the fault in the underground cables. Underground cables has been broadly applied in
electricity distribution networks due to the advantages of underground connection, regarding extra
secure than overhead traces in horrific weather, much less liable to damage by storms or lightning,
much less expensive for shorter distance, environment-pleasant. But, the risks of underground
cables need to also be stated, including eight to fifteen instances which shows extra luxurious than
equal overhead traces, less energy switching capability, more at risk of permanent damage
following a flash-over, and tough to locate fault. Faults in underground cables can be commonly
categorized as two classes: incipient faults and everlasting faults. Commonly, incipient faults in
electricity cables are gradually resulted from the getting old technique, wherein the localized
deterioration in insulations exists. Electric overstress in conjunction with mechanical deficiency,
adverse environmental circumstance and chemical pollutants, can reason the irreparable and
irreversible damages in insulations. The associated strategies posted in journals and proceedings
are reviewed, summarized and compared inside the subsequent subsections.

Hamzah Asyrani Sulaiman, Mohd Azlishah Othman, Mohd Muzafar Ismail, Jeevan
Chandrasagaran (September 2014), The power cable wires are exposed to mechanical strain and
stress, which can result in short circuiting or internal snapping or of wires at any point due to
prolonged duration usage. In such circumstance, as locating the exact location of a fault of the wire
is difficult, most people go for replacing the cable. On the other hand, in 3-core cables, it appears
almost difficult to identify a fault section of the wire and the point of break or short circuit without
physically interfere all the three wires that are concealed in an insulation Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
jacket cable. In that case, a circuit, which can easily identify the exact location of the broken wire,
is built. We called it as iWire and thus minimize unwanted expenses of the user.

9
Xiren Miao, Yanping Chan, Ronghua Qiu, Junjie Chen (March 2017), Existing quick or early
detection and identification methods for short fault are based on the sharp increase of the short
current to extract the fault features in low-voltage system. They all have a technical bottleneck
problem of miscarriage of justice, which is affected by the noise of the distribution system and the
non-fault running state interference caused by different load starting or switching. On the basis of
establishing the simulation model of the single-phase short in the low-voltage system, this paper
analyzes waveforms of the faulty branches terminal voltage in full angle range and concludes the
characteristic which faulty branches terminal voltage almost drops to zero at the moment of short
circuit and remains near zero zone before fault elimination. And based on the above analysis, this
paper introduces the wavelet packet decomposition method and combines wavelet packet
decomposition method with instantaneous value of terminal voltage so as to eliminate the
interference of noise and different types of load startup etc. Simulation and experimental not only
verify the effectiveness and fast of the terminal voltage early detection method for short circuit but
also solve the problem of the reliability of the existing methods for early detection of short circuit
current.

Russell Sabir, Sven Hartmann, Clemens Gühmann (February 2019), The alternator in
automotive systems with built-in rectifier can be subjected to various open circuit and short circuit
faults. These faults result in harmonics in the rectified output voltage from the alternator. Most of
the methods for fault diagnosis in AC machines and its power electronics require measurements
using expensive sensors for current, temperature, torque etc., other methods have high
computational requirements and therefore are not suitable for real time applications. The paper
discusses an approach to detect the electrical faults by identifying the fault harmonics in the
rectified output voltage of the alternator. In the paper, the effectiveness of this technique is
demonstrated in fault detection and its severity in both simulation and practical measurements.

Emmanuel Gbenga Dada, Abdulkadir Hamidu Alkali, Stephen Bassi Joseph, Abba Sanda
(April 2019), A fault in electrical equipment can be defined as a defect in its electrical circuit due
to which the current is diverted from the intended path. Faults are generally caused by mechanical
failure, accidents, excessive internal, external stresses, and others. When a cable is faulty the
resistance of such cable is affected. If left unrectified, it will totally hinder voltage from flowing
through the cable. The challenge with the existing methods used for locating faults in underground
cables is the inaccuracy in calculating the distance where the fault is located and the low durability
of such equipment. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents a novel underground cable
fault detector that has the capacity to measure the resistance of the cable, detect the type of fault in
a cable, and also accurately compute the location of the fault using cheap materials. Several tests

10
were conducted using the proposed device, and the results indicated that the proposed method
produced satisfactory results in detecting both open circuit and short circuit problems in
underground cables within a maximum distance of 2km.

Guanghai Bao, Feng Zeng, Huaiping Sun (July 2019), The short-circuit faults are one of the
inevitable faults types in the power system. The frame circuit breaker can quickly break the
transmission lines in case of the short-circuit faults to achieve the purpose of protecting the power
system. At present, the method for detecting the short-circuit faults in the low-voltage distribution
system by the intelligent release in the frame circuit breaker is mostly the rate of change of current
or the effective value of current. Detection of the short-circuit faults by the rate of change of
current has poor anti-interference ability. Detection of the short-circuit faults by the effective value
will take a long time. In order to shorten the short-circuit fault detection time of the intelligent
release, this paper proposes the wavelet packet decomposition as the short-circuit fault detection
algorithm of the intelligent release. The multi-scale wavelet algorithm has a certain ability to filter
white noise, and the singular value of the detail decomposition can be used to fast detection of the
short-circuit faults when the short circuit occurs, which can shorten the detection time of the short-
circuit faults. The results of the authoritative institutional tests prove that the intelligent release
designed in this paper can detect the fault characteristics and send out the tripping signal within 0.5
ms after the short-circuit faults occur. The method proposed in this paper can be used in the low-
voltage distribution system, as well as in medium-voltage and high-voltage situations to detect the
short-circuit faults.

11
 CHAPTER-3

FUNCTIONAL PATTERN OF THE SYSTEM

The functional pattern of the system includes block diagram, connections and the system
working.

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The following shows the main block diagram of our project:

fig. 3.1: Block Diagram

All the required components to design this system are connected as shown in the block diagram.

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3.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

This system consists of MSP430 Launchpad, GSM, GPS, Short Circuit Detector, Current
Sensor, Relay, Red LED, Green LED, Buzzer, 9V Battery and Exhaust Fan. The connections for
this system are as follows:

CONNECTIONS:

 MQ-2 smoke sensor is connected to P1.3 pin of MSP430 microcontroller.

 Short circuit detector is connected to P1.0 pin of the controller.
 GSM Tx (Transmitter) is connected to P1.6 pin and GSM Rx (Receiver) is connected to
P1.7 pin of the microcontroller.
 GPS Tx (Transmitter) is connected to P1.1 pin and GPS Rx (Receiver) is connected to P1.3
pin of the microcontroller.
 Current sensor is connected to P1.4 pin of the controller and the 9V Battery is connected to
this current sensor at the input.
 Red LED is connected to P2.3 pin.
 Green LED is connected to P2.4pin of the microcontroller.
 Buzzer is connected to P2.5 pin of the micro controller.
 Relay is connected to the P2.2 pin of the controller and the Exhaust fan is connected at the
output end of this Relay.

WORKING:

In this system, we give three different inputs to the Launchpad representing three different
cases that causes short circuit. The three different inputs are:

 Current Sensor
 MQ-2 Sensor also known as smoke sensor
 Short Circuit Detector

When any one of these three cases is satisfied or fed to the microcontroller, Launchpad will
switch On Red LED to indicate danger, Buzzer to alarm surroundings, Exhaust fan to eject that
poisonous gases emitted from wires burning. Along with these an SMS is sent using GSM
indicating short circuit accident along with the location details retrieved by the GPS to the owner
as well as to the nearest control station.

13
 When any of these three cases isn‘t satisfied the system will simply lighting up a Green
LED indicating Safety that no short circuit accident happened.

Case i (Short Circuit Detection Using Current Sensor):

This is the case where short circuit is caused due to overloading current flow.

In this prototype, the reverse current is provided to the current sensor through 9V Battery. The
current sensor takes it as an input and gives it to the Launchpad. Due to overloading of current,
short circuit is caused and as per instruction Red LED and Buzzer will be turned ON, whenever the
accident happens it is acknowledged to near control stations through SMS using GSM and location
of the accident is provided using GPS.

Case ii (Short Circuit Detection Using Short Circuit Detector):

This is the case where short circuit is caused due to contact of the positive and negative
poles of the power supply.

In this prototype, the contact of positive and negative poles is represented using 2 copper wires
which are placed in parallel with each other and fixed to the two plastic stands. Whenever these
two poles come in contact with each other then the short circuit is caused and as per instructions
Red LED and Buzzer will be turned ON, whenever the accident happens it is acknowledged to
near control stations through SMS using GSM and location of the accident is provided using GPS.

Case iii (Short Circuit Detection Using MQ-2 Smoke Sensor):

This is the case where the smoke is produced due to burning of the wires which is caused
by the short circuit accident.

In this prototype, the smoke is detected using MQ-2 Smoke Sensor that acts as an input to the
Launchpad. As per the instruction given to the Launchpad Red LED and the Buzzer will be turned
ON whenever the accident happens it is acknowledged to near control stations through SMS using
GSM and location of the accident is provided using GPS.

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3.3 FLOW CHART

Start

Short Circuit Detection

System is placed at the
main power in the house or
industry

This system is connected to the main

power supply and detecting whether
short circuit happened or not using three
cases

YES
Short circuit is
detected by MQ-
2 Smoke Sensor

System detects short circuit

NO
and turns ON Red LED,
Buzzer and also an SMS is
Short circuit is YES sent using GSM to the
detected by
nearest control station and
current sensor
house owner along with
location details retrieved by
the GPS
NO

Short circuit is YES

detected by short
circuit detector

NO

System lights up Green LED

representing no short circuit Stop
happened

fig. 3.2: Flow Chart

15
 CHAPTER-4

DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

4.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

To design this system we require a specific set of components which makes system to
function as we desire. The components required to design this system are tabulated below:

S.No COMPONENTS QUANTITY

1 MSP430 Launch Pad 1

2 Short Circuit Detector 1

3 Current Sensor 1

4 GSM 1
5 GPS 1
6 Red LED 1
7 Green LED 1
8 Buzzer 1

9 9V Battery 1

10 Relay 1
11 Exhaust Fan 1

12 MQ-2 Smoke Sensor 1

Table 4.1: Hardware Components

Each component has its specific characteristics which are to be studied. The components
used in this project are described as follows:

16
4.2 HARDWARE COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

4.2.1 MSP430 LAUNCHPAD

The MSP430 is a mixed-signal microcontroller family from Texas Instruments. Built

around a 16-bit CPU, the MSP430 is designed for low cost and, specifically, low power
consumption embedded applications.

fig. 4.1: MSP430 LaunchPad

MSP430 LAUNCHPAD OVERVIEW

The Texas Instruments MSP430 family of ultra-low-power microcontrollers consists of

several devices featuring different sets of peripherals targeted for various applications. Typical
applications include low cost sensor systems that capture analog signals, covert them to digital
values and then process data for display or for transmission to a host system.

 Interconnect base on Von-Neumann architecture

 16-bit RISC architecture
 Address/Data bus width: 16-bit
 Memory access range: 16-bit Micro Controller Unit, hence it can address 216 = 64 kB
of memory.
 Flexible clock system: The clock system is designed specifically for battery-powered
applications.

17
  Active mode
 Low-power mode 0-4 (LPM0 - LMP4)

fig. 4.2: MSP430 LaunchPad Architecture

PERIPHERALS

 Oscillator and System Clock

 Main DCO Characteristics
 GPIO
 Watchdog Timer
 Timer
 Comparator
 ADC10
 I2C
 SPI
 UART

18
MSP430 MEMORY ORGANIZATION

 16-bit memory address bus (MAB) allows direct access and branching throughout entire
memory range.
 16-bit memory data bus (MDB) allows direct manipulation of word-wide arguments.
 Direct memory-to-memory transfers without intermediate register holding.

fig. 4.3: MSP430 Memory Organization

 16-bit addresses, addressing to bytes

 Aligned words: The address of a word is the address of the byte with the lower address,
which must be even.
 Little-endian ordering: The low-order byte is stored at the lower address and high-order
byte at higher address.

MSP430 MEMORY MAP

MSP430F5529 microcontroller is provided with 16 bit address bus and hence it is capable
of accessing 216 = 65,536 = 64 Kbytes memory. Therefore, the memory address starts at 0x0000h

19
and ends at 0xFFFFh. The 8 bit data or 16 bit data can be written into the flash memory. The
information memory has four segments (A to D) and each segment has 64 bytes each. Flash
memory can be erased in one step or individual segments can be erased. The individual segment of
the information memory can be erased or can be erased as a group The memory mapping i.e.
address space allotment is based on the MSP430 version. The flash memory portion is from
address 00000h to 0FFFFh including the interrupt vector table.

fig. 4.4: MSP430 Memory Map

. The boot ROM has memory address allocation between 1000h and 17FFh which is
password protected. The memory locations between 2400h and 43FFh are allotted for RAM. The
address locations 0h to 0FFFh are shared by 8 and 16-bit peripheral modules. The memory
capacity of the processor depends upon the memory accessing capability of the address bus of the
processor. Therefore, the start and end addresses of the individual portions of the memory are also

20
altered among the processors. Info memory is use to store calibration data. It is divided into four
segment A to D.

MSP430 LAUNCHPAD DEVELOPMENT BOARD

fig. 4.5: MSP430 LaunchPad Development Board

MSP430 Launchpad is a hardware development tool for MSP430 Value Line series of
microcontrollers and is popular among hobbyist for its low cost and features. It is an easy way to
start developing on the MSP430 MCUs, with on-board emulation for programming and debugging
as well as buttons and LEDs for a simple user interface.

21
MSP430 LAYOUTS

fig. 4.6: Layout, MSP-EXP430G2 Top Layer

fig. 4.7 Layout, MSP-EXP430G2 Bottom Layer

22
MSP430 PIN OUT

fig. 4.8: MSP430 Pin Out

PORT CONFIGURATION

There are few ports present on the board as shown in the MSP430 pinout and the functions
of these ports are described below.

NAME PIN FUNCTION

These are the input/output pins of the microcontroller

P1.0 to P1.7 & P2.0
GPIO Pins (placed in the socket) given out of the board for
to P2.5
interfacing.

Can be used for general purpose interfacing during

Button P1.3
operation.

Can be used for general purpose indication during

LEDs P1.0 & P1.6
operation.

23
 Connected to RESET
Reset If pressed the microcontroller will reset.
pin of microcontroller

Three pin jack at the Can be used to connect eternal power sources after
Power Connected
bottom programming.

Solder joints adjacent A crystal oscillator can be soldered here for providing
Crystal pads
to controller more accurate clock source.

Provides a bridge between Emulator board and

eZ430 connector Six pin connector Microcontroller breakout board. Can be disconnected
to isolate both sections of the PCB.

USB connector at the The device will be connected to PC (For

Programming port
top programming and power) using this port.

Table 4.2: Port Configuration of MSP430

MSP430 FEATURES AND ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

 Dip socket for easy plug-in or removal of microcontroller

 Energy trace technology available for ultra-low-power debugging
 One button and two LEDs for user interaction
 USB debugging and programming interface featuring a driverless installation
 Available UART serial communication with up to 9600 Baud
 Supports MSP430G2xx2, MSP430G2xx3, and MSP430F20xx devices in PDIP14 or
PDIP20 packages
 Hardware reset button available on board
 Operating voltage range: 5V

The MSP430 board can be used for programming many controllers but there will be two
microcontrollers available with the development board so we will mention features of them below.

24
FEATURE MSP430G2553 MSP430G2452
CONTROLLER CONTROLLER

CPU architecture 16-Bit RISC Architecture 16-Bit RISC Architecture

Frequency of Operation Up to 16MHz Up to 16MHz

Flash Memory 16KBytes 8KBytes

RAM 512Bytes 256Bytes

1x I2C 1x I2C
Interface 1x SPI 1x SPI
1x UART

Programmable I/O pins 16 16

ADC 8 channel of 10 bit resolution 8 channel of 10 bit resolution

Comparator 8 input available 8 input available

Timer 2 x 16 bit 1 x 16 bit

Capacitive touch interface Available Available

Internal temperature sensor Available Available

Watchdog timer Available Available

Table 4.3: Features of MSP430 LaunchPad

4.2.2 SHORT CIRCUIT DETECTOR

In our project we have introduced a simple Short Circuit Detector using fencing which is
used to detect positive negative pole contact which causes short circuit.

To design this Short Circuit Detector we‘ve used 2 plastic stands, 2 copper wires (which acts as
positive and negative poles) and a 1 k resistor.

25
Construction:

Two plastic stands are placed few inches away from each other. The 2 copper wires are
placed parallel to each other with an inch gap between them and perpendicular on to the stands.
One of the wires is treated as negative pole and other is treated as positive. The positive wire is
connected to power supply i.e., Vcc. The negative wire is connected to the ground of the supply
through a resistor and also to the microcontroller‘s pin P1.0.

fig. 4.9: Short Circuit Detector Circuit Diagram

Working:

Short circuit occurs when the two positive and negative poles are connected or attached.
The grounded wire acts as a voltage divider as the voltage coming to it is divided to the controller
and also to the resistor attached to the ground. In this SC detector when the two wires are made
touch each other a pulse is sent to the controller. This results in the detection of short circuit. When
the two wires have no contact then there will no information to the microcontroller regarding short
circuit. This short circuit detector is connected at the main line end.

fig. 4.10: Positive and Negative Poles Causing Short Circuit

26
 In the above fig. 3.13, positive and electrodes are considered to be as the two copper wires
in our detector. Whenever they‘re in contact they form short circuit and send pulse to the
microcontroller otherwise they don‘t.

fig. 4.11: Short Circuit Detector

4.2.3 CURRENT SENSOR

A current sensor is a device that detects electric current in a wire and generates a signal
proportional to that current. The generated signal could be analog voltage or current or even a
digital output. The generated signal can be then used to display the measured current in an
ammeter, or can be stored for further analysis in a data acquisition system, or can be used for the
purpose of control. It works on the principle of ―Hall Effect‖.

27
 fig. 4.12: Current Sensor(ACS712)

CURRENT SENSOR PIN CONFIGURATION

fig. 4.13: Current Sensor Pin Out

PIN NUMBER PIN NAME DESCRIPTION

1 Vcc Input voltage is +5V for typical applications

2 Output Outputs Analog voltage proportional to current

28
 3 Ground Connected to ground of circuit

T1 Wire In
The wire through current has to be measured
is connected here
T2 Wire Out

Table 4.4: Current Sensor (ACS712) Pin Configuration

SPECIFICATIONS

 Measures both AC and DC current

 Available as 5A, 20A and 30A module
 Provides isolation from the load
 Easy to integrate with MCU, since it outputs analog voltage
 Supply Voltage: 4.5V ~ 5.5V DC
 Measure Current Range: -30A ~ 30A
 Sensitivity: 100mV/A

BASIC HOOK UP AND FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

As mentioned before, these modules are primarily designed for use with micro-controllers
like the Arduino. In those applications, the connections would be as picture below:

fig. 4.14: Interfacing ACS712 with MCU

29
 If the light bulb shown in the picture above were disconnected, the output of the ACS712
module would be 2.500 volts. Once connected, the output would be scaled to the current drawn
through the bulb. If this were a 5 Amp module and the light bulb pulled 1 Amp, the output of the
module would be 2.685 volts. Now imagine the battery polarity reversed. Using the same 5A
module, the output would be 2.315 volts.

4.2.4 GSM

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. The idea of GSM was
developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It is widely used mobile communication system in the
world. GSM is an open and digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data
services operates at the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency bands. GSM
system was developed as a digital system using time division multiple access (TDMA) technique
for communication purpose. A GSM digitizes and reduces the data, then sends it down through a
channel with two different streams of client data, each in its own particular time slot. The digital
system has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates. There are various cell sizes in a
GSM system such as macro, micro, pico and umbrella cells. Each cell varies as per the
implementation domain. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network macro, micro, pico
and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation
environment.

fig. 4.15: GSM Module

30
GSM ARCHITECTURE

A GSM network consists of the following components:

 A Mobile Station: It is the mobile phone which consists of the transceiver, the display and
the processor and is controlled by a SIM card operating over the network.
 Base Station Subsystem: It acts as an interface between the mobile station and the
network subsystem. It consists of the Base Transceiver Station which contains the radio
transceivers and handles the protocols for communication with mobiles. It also consists of
the Base Station Controller which controls the Base Transceiver station and acts as a
interface between the mobile station and mobile switching centre.
 Network Subsystem: It provides the basic network connection to the mobile stations. The
basic part of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile Service Switching Centre which
provides access to different networks like ISDN, PSTN etc. It also consists of the Home
Location Register and the Visitor Location Register which provides the call routing and
roaming capabilities of GSM. It also contains the Equipment Identity Register which
maintains an account of all the mobile equipments wherein each mobile is identified by its
own IMEI number. IMEI stands for International Mobile Equipment Identity.

FEATURES OF GSM MODULE:

 Improved spectrum efficiency

 International roaming
 Compatibility with integrated services digital network (ISDN)
 Support for new services.
 SIM phonebook management
 Fixed dialing number (FDN)
 Real time clock with alarm management
 High-quality speech
 Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure‘
 Short message service (SMS)

The security strategies standardized for the GSM system make it the most secure
telecommunications standard currently accessible. Although the confidentiality of a call and secrecy

31
of the GSM subscriber is just ensured on the radio channel, this is a major step in achieving end-to-
end security.

GSM MODEM

A GSM modem is a device which can be either a mobile phone or a modem device which
can be used to make a computer or any other processor communicate over a network. A GSM
modem requires a SIM card to be operated and operates over a network range subscribed by the
network operator. It can be connected to a computer through serial, USB or Bluetooth connection.
A GSM modem can also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and software
driver to connect to a serial port or USB port on your computer. GSM modem is usually preferable
to a GSM mobile phone. The GSM modem has wide range of applications in transaction terminals,
supply chain management, security applications, weather stations and GPRS mode remote data
logging.

WORKING OF GSM MODULE

From the below circuit, a GSM modem duly interfaced to the MC through the level shifter
IC Max232. The SIM card mounted GSM modem upon receiving digit command by SMS from
any cell phone send that data to the MC through serial communication. While the program is
executed, the GSM modem receives command ‗STOP‘ to develop an output at the MC, the contact
point of which are used to disable the ignition switch. The command so sent by the user is based
on an intimation received by him through the GSM modem ‗ALERT‘ a programmed message only
if the input is driven low. The complete operation is displayed over 16×2 LCD display.

32
 fig. 4.16: Architecture of GSM Modem

4.2.5 GPS

GPS stand for Global Positioning System. The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally
NAVSTAR GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States
government and operated by the United States Space Force. It is one of the global navigation
satellite systems (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver
anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS
satellites. Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals.

33
 fig.4.17: GPS Module

GPS MODULE PIN CONFIGURATION

The module has four output pins and we will describe the function each pin of them below.
The powering of module and communication interface is done through these four pins.

fig. 4.18: GPS Module Pin Out

34
 PIN NAME DESCRIPTION

VCC Positive power pin

RX UART receive pin

TX UART transmit pin

GND Ground

Table 4.5: GPS Module Pin Description

FEATURES AND ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

 Standalone GPS receiver

 Anti-jamming technology
 UART Interface at the output pins (Can use SPI ,I2C and USB by soldering pins to the chip
core)
 Under 1 second time-to-first-fix for hot and aided starts
 Receiver type: 50 Channels - GPS L1 frequency - SBAS (WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS,
GAGAN)
 Time-To-First-fix: For Cold Start 32s, For Warm Start 23s, For Hot Start <1s
 Maximum navigation update rate: 5Hz
 Default baud rate: 9600bps
 EEPROM with battery backup
 Sensitivity: -160dBm
 Supply voltage: 3.6V
 Maximum DC current at any output: 10mA
 Operation limits: Gravity-4g, Altitude-50000m, Velocity-500m/s
 Operating temperature range: -40ºC TO 85°C

GPS INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLLER

Getting this module to work is very easy. For the application circuit below we have
connected the power to board and interfaced the output to the microcontroller UART to get it done.

35
 fig. 4.19: Interfacing GPS with Microcontroller

After circuitry you need to set the baud rate of the controller matching the module, if it‘s
not matched you will get error. With baud rate setting done you can read the serial data directly
from the module. This data will be longitude and latitude values and the user can play with them as
desired. The raw values provided by the module are cumbersome to read directly and so a simple
decimal calculation can be done in programming for getting easy to read values.

4.2.6 LEDs

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when
current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes,
releasing energy in the form of photons.

fig.4.20: LEDs

36
 The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the
energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained
by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor
device.

PIN CONFIGURATION

fig. 4.21: LED Pin Out

Pin Name Description

Anode Positive terminal of LED

Cathode Negative terminal of LED

Table 4.6: LED Pin Configuration

37
FEATURES AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

 Superior weather resistance

 5mm Round Standard Directivity
 UV Resistant Eproxy
 Forward Current (IF): 30mA
 Forward Voltage (VF): 1.8V to 2.4V
 Reverse Voltage: 5V
 Operating Temperature: -30℃ to +85℃
 Storage Temperature: -40℃ to +100℃
 Luminous Intensity: 20mcd

An LED is a two-lead semiconductor light source, which emits lights when activated.
When an appropriate voltage is applied to the LED terminal, then the electrons are able to
recombine with the electron holes within the device and release energy in the form of
photons. This effect is known as electroluminescence. The color of the LED is determined by
the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

WORKING

fig. 4.22: Working of an LED

The forward voltage require to turn ON a LED, depends on the color of the LED. If
you are feeding the exact value of forward voltage then you can connect a LED directly to the
source.

38
 LED COLOR FORWARD VOLTAGE

Red 1.63 ~ 2.03V

Yellow 2.10 ~ 2.18V

Orange 2.03 ~ 2.10V

Blue 2.48 ~ 3.7V
Green 1.9 ~ 4.0V
Violet 2.76 ~ 4.0V
UV 3.1 ~ 4.4V
White 3.2 ~ 3.6V
Table 4.7: LED Forward Voltage According to its Colour

The LEDs used in our project :

 RED LED
 GREEN LED

RED LED

fig. 4.23: Red LED

The wavelength of red LED ranges between 630 nm to 660 nm. In our project red led
is used for the indication for alerting the persons at the place where the short circuit has
happened, in short it indicates the presence of danger.

39
GREEN LED

fig. 4.24: Green LED

The wavelength of green LED ranges between 395nm to 530m. In our project green
led is used for the indication of safety and there is no short circuit accident.

4.2.7 BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers
include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or
keystroke.

fig. 4.25: Buzzer

40
BUZZER PIN CONFIGURATION

fig. 4.26: Buzzer Pin Out

PIN
PIN NAME DESCRIPTION
NUMBER
Identified by (+) symbol or longer
1 Positive terminal lead. Can be powered by 6V
DC
Identified by short terminal lead.
2 Negative Typically connected to the ground of the
circuit
Table 4.8: Buzzer Pin Configuration

BUZZER FEATURES AND SPECIFICATIONS

 Rated Voltage: 6V DC
 Operating Voltage: 4-8V DC
 Rated current: <30mA
 Sound Type: Continuous Beep
 Resonant Frequency: ~2300 Hz
 Small and neat sealed package
 Breadboard and Perf board friendly

41
TYPES OF BUZZERS

Electromechanical:

Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell

without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current,
causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a
sounding board. The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers
made. A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer and they require drivers.

fig. 4.27: Electromechanical Buzzer

Piezoelectric:

A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other

audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate
that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep.A piezoelectric buzzer/beeper also
depends on acoustic cavity resonance or Helmholtz resonance to produce an audible beep.

fig. 4.28: Piezoelectric Buzzer

42
4.2.8 BATTERY (9VOLTS)

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a common size of battery that was introduced for
the early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a polarized
snap connector at the top. This type is commonly used in walkie-talkies, clocks and smoke
detectors. The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and alkaline
chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium, nickel-
metal hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury-oxide batteries of this format, once common, have not
been manufactured in many years due to their mercury content. Designations for this format
include NEDA 1604 and IEC 6F22 (for zinc-carbon) or MN1604 6LR61 (for alkaline). The size,
regardless of chemistry, is commonly designated PP3—a designation originally reserved solely for
carbon-zinc, or in some countries, E or E-block.

Most nine-volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5 V LR61 cells
enclosed in a wrapper. These cells are slightly smaller than LR8D425 AAAA cells and can be used
in their place for some devices, even though they are 3.5 mm shorter. Carbon-zinc types are made
with six flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a moisture-resistant wrapper to prevent drying. Primary
lithium types are made with three cells in series.

fig. 4.29: 9Volts Battery

43
SPECIFICATIONS

 Constant 9V Output till lasts

 Metal Jacket Body
 Good Built Quality and hence Leakproof
 Easy to install and Replace
 Corrosion free Connector Point for long-term use
 0% Mercury and Cadmium. Environment-friendly
 OEM Compatible.

4.2.9 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single
or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any
number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or
combinations thereof. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent
low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first
used in long-distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from
one circuit by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

A relay is classified into many types, a standard and generally used relay is made up of
electromagnets which in general used as a switch. Dictionary says that relay means the act of
passing something from one thing to another, the same meaning can be applied to this device
because the signal received from one side of the device controls the switching operation on the
other side. So relay is a switch which controls (open and close) circuits electromechanically. The
main operation of this device is to make or break contact with the help of a signal without any
human involvement in order to switch it ON or OFF. It is mainly used to control a high powered
circuit using a low power signal. Generally a DC signal is used to control circuit which is driven
by high voltage like controlling AC home appliances with DC signals from microcontrollers.

44
 fig. 4.30: Relay

DESIGN OF A RELAY

An electromechanical relay is basically designed using few mechanical parts like

Electromagnet, a movable armature, contacts, yoke, and a spring/frame/stand, these parts are
showing in the internal pictures of Relay below. All these are arranged logically to form into a
relay.

fig. 4.31: Internal Mechanical Parts of a Relay

45
Electromagnet:

An Electromagnet plays a major role in the working of a relay. It is a metal which doesn‘t
have magnetic property but it can be converted into a magnet with the help of an electrical signal.
We know that when current passes through the conductor it acquires the properties of a magnet.
So, when a metal winded with a copper wire and driven by the sufficient power supply, that metal
can act as a magnet and can attract the metals within its range.

Movable Armature: Movable armature is a simple metal piece which is balanced on a pivot or a
stand. It helps in making or breaking the connection with the contacts connected to it.

Contacts: These are the conductors that exist within the device and are connected to the terminals.

Yoke: It is a small metal piece fixed on a core in order to attract and hold the armature when the
coil is energized.

Spring: Few relays don‘t need any spring but if it is used, it is connected to one end of the
armature to ensure its easy and free movement. Instead of a spring, a metal stand like structure can
be used.

CONSTRUCTION OF RELAY AND ITS OPERATION

The following figure shows how a Relay looks internally and how it can be constructed,

fig. 4.32: Internal Structure of a Relay

On a casing, a core with copper windings (forms a coil) winded on it is placed. A movable
armature consists of a spring support or stand like structure connected to one end, and a metal

46
contact connected to another side, all these arrangements are placed over the core such that, when
the coil is energized, it attracts the armature. The movable armature is generally considered as a
common terminal which is to be connected to the external circuitry. The relay also has two pins
namely normally closed and normally opened (NC and NO), the normally closed pin is connected
to the armature or the common terminal whereas the normally opened pin is left free (when the coil
is not energized). When the coil is energized the armature moves and is get connected to the
normally opened contact till there exists flow of current through the coil. When it is de-energized it
goes to its initial position.

The general circuit representation of the relay is as shown in the figure below:

fig. 4.33: Internal Circuit Representation of Relay

WORKING

Relay in NORMALLY CLOSED condition:

When no voltage is applied to the core, it cannot generate any magnetic field and it doesn‘t
act as a magnet. Therefore, it cannot attract the movable armature. Thus, the initial position itself is
the armature connected in normally closed position (NC).

47
 fig. 4.34: Relay in NORMALLY CLOSED(NC) Condition

Relay in NORMALLY OPENED condition:

When sufficient voltage is applied to the core it starts to create a magnetic field around it
and acts as a magnet. Since the movable armature is placed within its range, it gets attracted to that
magnetic field created by the core, thus the position of the armature is being altered. It is now
connected to the normally opened pin of the relay and external circuit connected to it function in a
different manner.

fig. 4.35: Relay in NORMALLY OPENED Condition

48
 So finally, we can say that when a coil is energized the armature is attracted and the
switching action can be seen, if the coil is de-energized it loses its magnetic property and the
armature goes back to its initial position.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF RELAY:

Other than the Electromagnetic relay there are many other types of relays which work on
different principles. Its classification is as follows:

Types of Relay Based on the principle of operation:

 Electrothermal relay
 Electromechanical relay
 Solid State relay
 Hybrid relay

Types of Relay Based on the polarity:

 Polarized relay
 Non-polarized relay

In this project we have used Solid State Relay (SSR) which has some specific characteristic
which is described below.

SOLID STATE RELAY (SSR):

A solid-state relay (SSR) is an electronic switching device that switches on or off when a
small external voltage is applied across its control terminals. SSRs consist of a sensor which
responds to an appropriate input (control signal), a solid-state electronic switching device which
switches power to the load circuitry, and a coupling mechanism to enable the control signal to
activate this switch without mechanical parts. The relay may be designed to switch either AC or
DC to the load. It serves the same function as an electromechanical relay, but has no moving parts.
Packaged solid-state relays use power semiconductor devices such as thyristors and transistors, to
switch currents up to around a hundred amperes. Solid-state relays have fast switching speeds
compared with electromechanical relays, and have no physical contacts to wear out. Application of

49
solid-state relays must consider their lower ability to withstand momentary overload, compared
with electromechanical contacts, and their higher "on" state resistance. Unlike an
electromechanical relay, a solid-state relay provides only limited switching arrangements (SPST
switching).

Single pole, single throw (SPST):

It consists of only one pole and one throw. Generally, the path is either closed or opened
(remains untouched to any terminal). A push button is the best example of this type. When we
push the button, the contact is in the closed position and when released the contact is in the open
position, which can be understood from the below image.

fig. 4.36: Single Pole Single Throw(SPST)

Many SSRs use optical coupling. The control voltage energizes an internal LED which
illuminates and switches on a photo-sensitive diode (photo-voltaic); the diode current turns on a
back-to-back thyristor (TRIAC), SCR, or MOSFET to switch the load. The optical coupling allows
the control circuit to be electrically isolated from the load. See opto-isolator for more information
about this isolation technique.

fig. 4.37: Solid State Relay (SSR)

50
4.2.10 EXHAUST FAN

A fan is a powered machine used to create flow within a fluid, typically a gas such as air.
Exhaust fans are used to pull excess moisture and unwanted odors out of a particular room or area.
Axial-flow fans have blades that force air to move parallel to the shaft about which the blades
rotate. This type of fan is used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from small cooling fans
for electronics to the giant fans used in wind tunnels. Exhaust fan draws out polluted air from a
room and replaces it with fresh air. Air is considered polluted when it contains high amounts of
moisture, carbon dioxide, vaporized chemicals, dust, fungal spores and unpleasant odors. An
exhaust fan combat indoor air pollution by ejecting the unclean indoor air into the outside
environment and letting in clean air from the outside.

An exhaust fan has a rotating arrangement of angular blades driven by a motor. These
blades slice through the stationary air, collecting chunks of it and pushing them out of the room.
Consequently, fresh air from elsewhere is able to enter the room and occupy the space left behind
by the outgoing air The amount of air an exhaust fan displaces is measured in cubic feet per minute
(or cubic feet per hour or cubic meter per hour), and it depends on the size and speed of the fan.
The effectiveness of a fan depends on the size of the room, the number of occupants, and the
desired air change rate for that space. It also depends on the nature of activity conducted in that
space. For instance, a bathroom without a shower needs roughly 8 air changes per hour while one
with a shower needs around 20.

fig. 4.38: Exhaust Fan

51
SPECIFICATIONS:

 Operation Temperature -10~75 degree C

 Storage Temperature -40~75 degree C
 Relative humidity 65%+/-20%
 Rated speed 4000 - 5000RPM
 Rated voltage 12 V
 Max air flow 49.7CFM
 Maxiam noise 44dBA

4.2.11 MQ-2 SMOKE SENSOR

The Grove - Gas Sensor(MQ2) module is useful for gas leakage detection (home and
industry). It is suitable for detecting H2, LPG, CH4, CO, Alcohol, Smoke or Propane. Due to its
high sensitivity and fast response time, measurement can be taken as soon as possible. The
sensitivity of the sensor can be adjusted by potentiometer.

fig. 4.39: MQ-2 Gas/Smoke Sensor

52
MQ-2 PIN CONFIGURATION:

Pin No. Pin Name Description

For Module

1 Vcc This pin powers the module, typically the operating voltage is
+5V
2 Ground Used to connect the module to system ground

3 Digital Out You can also use this sensor to get digital output from this pin,
by setting a threshold value using the potentiometer

4 Analog Out This pin outputs 0-5V analog voltage based on the intensity of
the gas.

For Sensor

1 H-Pins Out of the two H pins, one pin is connected to supply and the
other to ground
2 A-Pins The A pins and B pins are interchangeable. These pins will be
tied to the Supply voltage.
B-Pins The A pins and B pins are interchangeable. One pin will act as
3
output while the other will be pulled to ground.

Table 4.9: MQ-2 Smoke Sensor Pin Configuration

fig. 4.40: MQ-2 Pin Out

53
FEATURES:

 Operating Voltage is +5V

 Can be used to Measure or detect LPG, Alcohol, Propane, Hydrogen, CO and even
methane
 Analog output voltage: 0V to 5V
 Digital Output Voltage: 0V or 5V (TTL Logic)
 Preheat duration 20 seconds
 Can be used as a Digital or analog sensor
 The Sensitivity of Digital pin can be varied using the potentiometer.

WORKING:
Using an MQ sensor it detects a gas is very easy. You can either use the digital pin or the
analog pin to accomplish this. Simply power the module with 5V and you should notice the power
LED on the module to glow and when no gas it detected the output LED will remain turned off
meaning the digital output pin will be 0V. Remember that these sensors have to be kept on for pre-
heating time (mentioned in features above) before you can actually work with it. Now, introduce
the sensor to the gas you want to detect and you should see the output LED to go high along with
the digital pin, if not use the potentiometer until the output gets high. Now every time your sensor
gets introduced to this gas at this particular concentration the digital pin will go high (5V) else will
remain low (0V). You can also use the analog pin to achieve the same thing. Read the analog
values (0-5V) using a microcontroller, this value will be directly proportional to the concentration
of the gas to which the sensor detects. You can experiment with this values and check how the
sensor reacts to different concentration of gas and develop your program accordingly.

4.3 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

Texas Instruments (i.e., for MSP430 Launchpad) allows us to program their

Microcontrollers through a variety of Environments. The Official one is the Code Composer
Studio commonly known as the CCS. This software is available free of cost. Also, it requires some
minimal level of experience with Microcontrollers. There is one more IDE available to write our
program i.e. Energia IDE.

Since, Energia IDE is an Open Source Development Environment, in our project we‘ve
used Energia IDE to embedded our instructions in to the microcontroller.

54
4.3.1 ENERGIA IDE

Energia is an open-source electronics prototyping platform started by Robert Wessels in

January of 2012 with the goal to bring the Wiring and Arduino framework to the Texas
Instruments MSP430 based LaunchPad. The Energia IDE is cross platform and supported on Mac
OS, Windows, and Linux. Energia uses the mspgcc compiler by Peter Bigot and is based on the
Wiring and Arduino framework. Energia includes an integrated development environment (IDE)
that has its foundation in the Processing IDE (Processing→Wiring→Arduino→Energia). Energia
is also a portable framework/abstraction layer that can be used in other popular IDEs. Utilize a web
browser based environment with Texas Instruments CCS Cloud at dev.ti.com or TI‘s powerfull
CCS Desktop IDE. Energia started out to bring the Wiring and Arduino framework to the Texas
Instruments MSP430 LaunchPad. Texas Instruments offers a MSP430, MSP432x, TM4C, C2000,
CC32xx and CC13xx LaunchPad. The LaunchPad is a low-cost microcontroller board that is made
by Texas Instruments.

fig. 4.41: Energia IDE Interface

The latest release of Energia supports the majority of the LaunchPad product offerings.
Together with Energia, LaunchPad can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a

55
variety of switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical
outputs. LaunchPad projects can be stand-alone (only run on the Target Board, i.e. your
LaunchPad), or they can communicate with software running on your computer (Host PC). You
can also add wireless modules to enable communication over various types of RF including Wi-Fi,
NFC, Bluetooth, Zigbee, cellular, and more.

4.3.2 INSTALLING LAUNCHPAD DRIVERS

To use Energia you will need to have the LaunchPad drivers installed. If TI's Code
Composer Studio 5.x with MSP430 suport is already installed on your computer then the drivers
are already installed. Skip to the next step.

 Download the LaunchPad drivers for Windows:

LaunchPad CDC drivers zip file for Windows 32 and 64 bit
 Unzip and double click DPinst.exe for Windows 32bit or DPinst64.exe for Windows 64 bit.
 Follow the installer instructions.

fig. 4.42: Energia Debugger

56
4.3.3 INSTALLING ENERGIA IDE

 Download Energia IDE from Energia.nu website.

 Double click and extract the energia-0101EXXXX-windows.zip file to a desired location.
(We recommend unzipping it to: C:\TI\energia-0101E00xx ).

STARTING AND CONFIGURING ENERGIA

 Double click Energia.exe
Energia will start and an empty Sketch window will appear.

fig. 4.43: Energia Empty Sketch Window

 Set your working folder in Energia.

It makes it easier to save and open files if Energia defaults to the folder where you want to
put your sketches.
The easiest way to set this locations is via Energia‘s preferences dialog:

57
 File  Preferences
Then set the Sketchbook location to:
C:\msp430_workshop\<target>\energia

Which opens:

fig. 4.44: Energia Sketch Location Configuration

 Selecting the Serial Port

Select Serial Port from the Tools menu to view the available serial ports.

For Windows, they will be listed as COMXXX port and usually a higher number is the
LaunchPad com port. On Mac OS X they will be listed as /dev/cu.uart-XXXX.

 Select the board you are using – most likely the msp430f5529 (16MHz).

To select the board or rather the msp430 in your LaunchPad, select Board from the Tools
menu and choose the board that matched the msp430 in the LaunchPad.

58
 fig. 4.45: Selecting The Board in Energia

 Write the code in the sketch window

Sketch window consists of two defined functions:
 setup(): happens one time when program starts to run
 loop(): repeats over and over again.

fig. 4.46: Functions Defined in Energia

 Compile and upload your program to the board.

To compile and upload the Sketch to the LaunchPad click the button.

59
fig. 4.47: Compiling and Uploading to Board

60
 CHAPTER-5

ADVANTAGES, APPLICATIONS AND DISADVANTAGES

5.1 ADVANTAGES

 This system helps in reducing the risk of damage due fire accidents caused by short circuit.
 This system increases safety and avoids fatal injuries.
 It is necessary to prevent further damage caused due to short circuit or else it will leads to a
disaster.
 With the help of MSP430 Launchpad this system can be implemented with low cost and
low powered, suitable for a range of applications.
 With the help of this system the smoke released due to the burning of wires is detected
easily by using MQ-2 smoke sensor which is very efficient.
 This system uses GSM, since they‘re able to be unblocked and moved between carriers
easily.
 The short circuit accident location details can be tracked accurately using this system.
 This system is efficient in usage and reduces time delay.
 It is very easy to design and implement.
 Most of the deaths due to short circuit accident are caused by the smoke released when
wires burn out, using MQ-2 sensor and exhaust fan this system can easily detect poisonous
gases and save major life damages.
 Even in the absence of power supply this system runs through a alternative power backup
(backup battery).

5.2 DISADVANTAGES

 One drawback is that it can only alert the surrounding about a short circuit accident but
cannot fix the issue on its own i.e., it requires manual fixing and therefore needs man
power.
 Depending on the cellular connectivity of the SIM used it may make a delay in sending of
the SMS through GSM, very good signal probability SIM must be used in GSM.

61
5.3 APPLICATIONS

 This system is mainly used in home and industrial applications.

 It is used in power electronics.
 This systems main application is where there is a potential usage of electric power and
chance of short circuit.

62
 CHAPTER-6

CONCLUSION

6.1 CONCLUSION

A system to detect electrical short circuit has been developed which can detect all the
possible causes of short circuit. Most of the deaths in a short circuit accident are due to the
poisonous smoke released when wires burn because of short circuit but this system is reliable to
detect such problem and resolve it. The adopted system is very effective and reliable and the
obtained results are true and accurate. By Short Circuit Detection and Alerting System Through
GSM and GPS system we can detect and alert or resolve the following causes of short circuit:

 Short circuit caused due to the positive and negative pole touching each other,
 Short circuit caused due to overloading current flow on the main power supply and
 Smoke released by wires burning due to short circuit accident.

In the near future this system is going to be a must and sure for home, industries and
building where electricity is always running for protection from short circuit in the electrical
powers.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

 Short circuit due to overloading is caused by the overloading flow of current at the load
end, by keeping an alert at a particular overload current reading this project can be also
used to prevent from the short circuit occurring. By getting this alert one can manually fix
the issue.
 Short circuit fixing automated robots can be designed to automatically fix an already
occurred short circuit. This lowers the manpower usage for fixing short circuit.

63
6.3 RESULT

Hence, the Short Circuit Detection and Alerting System Through GPS and GSM system
has been achieved and following shows the output result:

fig. 6.1: System when no Short Circuit Detected

fig. 6.2: System when a Short Circuit Detected (Red LED Lighten Up)

64
fig. 6.3: SMS Received along with Location from GSM and GPS (Example)

65
BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Dushyant Chandra, Prabhat Singh, Pravash Pratik Rajguru, Mr. Swapnil. A. Namekar (June
2007). ―Design and Implementation of Short Circuit Cable Fault Detector‖. International
Journal of Science and Engineering Investigations (April 2019).
[2] Hamzah Asyrani Sulaiman, Mohd Azlishah Othman, Mohd Muzafar Ismail, Jeevan
Chandrasagaran (September 2014). "Introduction to Short Circuit Analysis". PDHonline.
sec. What causes a short circuit? Retrieved September 2014. Lay summary – Course E204.
[3] Xiren Miao, Yanping Chan, Ronghua Qiu, Junjie Chen (March 2017). ―The Indicators
System for the Short Circuit Currents Levels Assessment in the Power Systems‖. 15th
International Conference on Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems (ELMA)
(March 2017).
[4] Russell Sabir, Sven Hartmann, Clemens Gühmann (February 2019). ―Methods of Early
Short-Circuit Detection for Low-Voltage Systems‖. Proceedings of the 54th IEEE Holm
Conference on Electrical Contacts, (February 2019).
[5] Emmanuel Gbenga Dada, Abdulkadir Hamidu Alkali, Stephen Bassi Joseph, Abba Sanda
(April 2019). ―Detection of Short Circuit Fault in Underground Cable using
Microcontroller‖. International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical, Electronics,
Instrumentation and Control Engineering (April 2019).
[6] Guanghai Bao, Feng Zeng, Huaiping Sun (July 2019). ―New Algorithm for Electronic
Short-Circuit Detection‖. Electrical Contacts. Proceedings of the 52nd IEEE Holm
Conference on Electrical Contacts (July 2019).
[7] K.V. Shibu (July 2017). ―Introduction to Embedded System‖. McGraw Hill Education
India Private Limited; Second edition (1 July 2017).
[8] Raj Kamal (1 July 2017), ―Embedded Systems Architecture, Programming and Design‖.
McGraw Hill Education; Third edition (1 July 2017).

66
APPENDIX

SOURCE CODE:

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

SoftwareSerial GSM(P1_6, P1_7); // RX, TX

float latitude=0;

float logitude=0;

int MQ2 = P1_3;

int circuit = P1_0;

int AcsValue = P1_4;

int buzz = P2_5;

int green = P2_4;

int red = P2_3;

int fan = P2_2;

int i=0;

void setup()

GSM.begin(9600);

Serial.begin(9600);

GSM.println("AT");

67
 delay(1000);

GSM.println("ATE0");

delay(1000);

GSM.println("AT+CMGF=1");

pinMode(MQ2, INPUT);

pinMode(circuit, INPUT);

pinMode(buzz,OUTPUT);

pinMode(green,OUTPUT);

pinMode(red,OUTPUT);

pinMode(fan,OUTPUT);

void loop()

int MQ2 = analogRead(P1_3);

int circuit = analogRead(P1_0);

unsigned int x = 0 ;

float AcsValue=0.0,Samples=0.0,AvgAcs=0.0,AcsValueF=0.0;

for (int x = 0; x < 150; x++){ //Get 150 samples

68
 AcsValue = analogRead(P1_4); //Read current sensor values

Samples = Samples + AcsValue; //Add samples together

delay (3); // let ADC settle before next sample 3ms

AvgAcs=Samples/150.0; //Taking Average of Samples

AcsValueF = (2.5 - (AvgAcs * (5.0 / 1024.0)) )/0.066;

Serial.println(AcsValueF);//Print the read current on Serial monitor

delay(50);

if(MQ2 > 500 || circuit > 600 || AcsValueF > 0.10)

digitalWrite(buzz, HIGH);

digitalWrite(red, HIGH);

digitalWrite(green, LOW);

digitalWrite(fan, HIGH);

delay(3000);

digitalWrite(buzz, LOW);

digitalWrite(red, LOW);

69
 digitalWrite(green, HIGH);

digitalWrite(fan, LOW);

gpsEvent();

Send();

delay(2000);

else

digitalWrite(buzz, LOW);

digitalWrite(red, LOW);

digitalWrite(green, HIGH);

digitalWrite(fan, LOW);

void gpsEvent()

char gpsString[55];

char test[]="RMC";

i=0;

while(1)

70
{

while (Serial.available()) //Serial incomming data from GPS

char inChar = (char)Serial.read();

gpsString[i]=inChar; //store incomming data from GPS to temparary string str[]

i++;

if (i < 4)

if(gpsString[i-1] != test[i-1]) //check for right string

i=0;

if(i>50)

int degree=0;

degree=gpsString[16]-48;

degree*=10;

degree+=gpsString[17]-48;

int minut_int=0;

minut_int=gpsString[18]-48;

minut_int*=10;

minut_int+=gpsString[19]-48;

int minut_dec=0;

71
minut_dec+= (gpsString[21]-48)*10000;

minut_dec+= (gpsString[22]-48)*1000;

minut_dec+= (gpsString[23]-48)*100;

minut_dec+= (gpsString[24]-48)*10;

minut_dec+= (gpsString[25]-48);

float minut= ((float)minut_int + ((float)minut_dec/100000.0))/60.0;

latitude= ((float)degree + minut);

degree=0;

degree=gpsString[30]-48;

degree*=10;

degree+=gpsString[31]-48;

minut_int=0;

minut_int=gpsString[32]-48;

minut_int*=10;

minut_int+=gpsString[33]-48;

minut_dec=0;

minut_dec+= (gpsString[35]-48)*10000;

minut_dec+= (gpsString[36]-48)*1000;

minut_dec+= (gpsString[37]-48)*100;

72
 minut_dec+= (gpsString[38]-48)*10;

minut_dec+= (gpsString[39]-48);

minut= ((float)minut_int + ((float)minut_dec/100000.0))/60.0;

logitude= ((float)degree + minut);

i=0;

Serial.flush();

return;

void Send()

GSM.print("AT+CMGS=");

GSM.print('"');

GSM.print("9177976220"); // enter your Mobile number

GSM.println('"');

delay(500);

GSM.print("Latitude:");

GSM.println(latitude);

GSM.println(" Short circuit Happned");

73
 delay(500);

GSM.print(" longitude:");

GSM.println(logitude);

GSM.println("Click On link to see Location");

GSM.print("http://maps.google.com/maps?&z=15&mrt=yp&t=k&q=");

GSM.print(latitude,6);

GSM.print("+");

GSM.print(logitude,6);

GSM.write(26);

delay(4000);

74