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STUDY QUESTIONS – DIGESTIVE system

1. List the 6 basic processes of digestion
2. List the 4 layers (from deep to superficial) of the GI tract.
3. Describe the MALT tissue.
4. What is the meissner plexus and list its function
5. List the functions of the muscularis layer.
6. What is the myenteric plexus and give its functions.
7. Lists the components of saliva.
8. Name the 3 salivary glands and describe its components
9. How is salivation controlled
10. List factors that stimulate salivary amylase secretion
11. List the mechanical digestion that occurs in the mout h
12. List the chemical digestion that occurs in the mouth
13. Swallowing (i.e. deglutition)
a) Define
b) List the organs involved
c) List the 2 muscle layers of oesophagus and give their functions
d) Name the 2 sphincters and give their functions
e) List the secretions involved in swallowing
f) List the 3 stages of swallowing
g) Briefly describe the 3 stages of swallowing;
i) Voluntary stage
ii) Pharyngeal stage
iii) Oesophageal stage

14. List and describe all the types of mechanical digestion in the stomach
15. Stomach anatomy;
i) name the 3 parts of the stomach
ii) name the 3 groups of smooth muscle that make up the stomach
iii) Name the types of cells found in the stomach and give their secretions
iv) name the 2 sphincters – and give their functions
16. List and describe all chemical digestion in the stomach
17. Name the only hormone secreted by the stomach
i) Which cell produces it?
ii) List the functions of the hormone.
18. List the 3 stages of gastric motility and secretion
19. Give the significance of regulating gastric emptying
20. Describe how the 3 different food groups influence gastric emptying
21. Pancreas anatomy;
i) Give its location
ii) Name its parts
22. Describe pancreatic secretions - volume , colour, constituents
23. Describe the 3 groups of pancreatic enzymes and give an example of each.
24. How is the pancreatic secretions regulated ;
a) Name the neural component
b) Name the hormonal component
25. Bile ;
i) Define?
ii) Volume, colour, pH?

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iii) Where it’s produced?
iv) Components
v) Function
26. How is bile secretion regulate;
i) Effect of parasympathetic stimulation?
ii) Effect of the types of chyme present in the intestine ;
a) chyme that has a lot of fatty acid and amino acids
b) and acidic chyme?
27. Liver anatomy;
i) Give the number of lobes in a liver
ii) Location
iii) List 4 liver functions

28. Gall bladder;

i) Give its location
ii) Briefly describe its structure – shape and its tissue type.
iii) Give the function of gall bladder
29. Small intestine;
i) briefly describe it structure –(length and shape)
ii) Name its 3 parts
iii) Briefly describe how the surface area of small intestine is increased?
iv) Name some enzymes found in the microvilli
v) What are crypts of Lieberkuhn
vi) Name the mechanical digestion in the small intestine
vii) Briefly describe the chemical digestion in the small intestine - Name the 2 groups of
enzymes; -
- Pancreatic enzymes – list the 3 groups of enzymes (give one
example of each)
- Brush border enzymes – list the 3 groups of enzymes (give one
example of each)
30 List the type of molecules absorbed in the small intestine;
- CHO
- Proteins
- Lipids
31. Lacteals - What are they?
- Name a substance absorbed in lacteals.
32. What structure attaches the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
33. Name the sphincter that guards the opening of small intestine into large intestine.
34. Name the 4 parts of the large intestine
35. Complete the following sentences;
• The ______________________is a blind pouch that is found where the small intestine joins the large
intestine
• The ______________________is the twisted coiled tube attached to the caecum.
• Appendicitis is __________________________________________________.
• Peritonitis is ____________________________________________________.
• The _______________________ are puckered up pockets of the large intestine produced by the tonic
contractions of the 3 bands of longitudinal muscles, also called the _______________________.
36. Name the 3 parts of the colon.
37. Briefly describe the sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal and anus.

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38. Name the 4 mechanical digestions (& briefly describe) in the large intestine.
39. Name the 2 parts of chemical digestion in the large intestine.
40. List the substances absorbed in the large intestine
41. List the substances that found in the faeces.
42. Define defaecation
43. Briefly describe defaecation reflex
43. External anal sphincter;
- What kind of muscle is it?
- What kind of control?
44. Internal anal sphincter;
- What kind of muscleis it?
- What kind of control?
45. List the 2 groups of nerve supply of the gastrointestinal tract;
46. Give an example of enteric nervous system.
47. Complete the following;

• The enteric nervous system found between the 2 layers of muscle sin the muscularis is called the
______________________________.
• The enteric nervous system found within the submucosa is called the ________________.
• The ________________________nerve supplies the parasympathetic nerve supply of most part of the
GI tract.
• The _______________________________ supplies the parasympathetic nerve supply of the last half of
the large intestine.
• The parasympathetic nerve stimulation causes _______________GI secretion and ___________GI
motility.
• The sympathetic nerve of the GI tract is supplied by the _________________________.
• The sympathetic nerve stimulation causes ________________GI secretion and ________GI motility.