ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Question Answer
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
uses radio frequency radiation as
Which radiographic
its source of energy -- it affords
procedure has the ability to
superior soft tissue contrast, has
make images in multiple
the ability to image in multiple
planes?
planes and lacks ionizing radiation
hazards

bleeding from the nose caused by

local irritation of mucous
epistaxis can be defined as
membranes, violent sneezing and
a variety of reasons

collection of nerve endings -- knot

a ganglion is a or knot like mass; nerve cell bodies
collected in groups
visceral pleura -- each lung is
enveloped in a sac of serous
the lungs are covered in a
membrane called the pleura --
serous membranous sac
the chest cavity is lined with the
called the
parietal pleura -- the lung covering
is called the visceral pleura
pharynx -- muscular pharynx
the passageway for foods
serves as a passageway for food
and liquids into the
and liquids into the digestive tract -
digestive system and for
- path for air into the respiratory
air into the respiratory
system -- throat runs from the
system is the
nares and runs partway down the
 neck, where it opens into the
esophagus (posterior) and the
trachea
larynx -- vocal cords lie in the
the vocal cords are located
upper end of the larynx --
in the
responsible for voice production
conduct air to and from the lungs --
tubular passageway located
the function of the trachea
anterior to the esophagus -- further
is to
divides into the right and left
bronchi
septum -- nasal cavity is a hollow
behind the nose -- divided into
the nasal cavity is divided
right and left portions by the nasal
into two portions by the
septum -- anterior septum is made
of cartilage
the bones of the palm of
metacarpals
the hand are referred to as
intercostal muscles are inserted in
the spaces between the ribs -- are
the muscles important in
particularly important in respiration
respiration are
-- serve to enlarge the thoracic
cavity upon inspiration
pectoralis major -- thick, fan-
shaped muscle located in the
the thick, fan shaped
upper chest -- its fibers extend
muscle that lies on the anterior
from the center of the thorax
chest is the
through the armpits to the
humerus
 deltoid -- thick, triangular muscle
the triangular muscle of the
that covers the shoulder joint -- it
shoulder that abducts the
responsible for the roundness of
arm is the
the shoulder
rectus abdominis -- on the anterior
portion of the abdominal wall --
which of the abdominal forms a strap like mass of muscle -
muscles originates at the - runs from the pubic bone at the
pubic bone and ends in the floor of the abdominal cavity
ribs straight up to the xiphoid process
of the sternum and the lower
margins of the rib cage

calf of the leg -- gastrocnemius is

the chief muscle of the calf of the
the gastrocnemius is the leg -- large muscle on the posterior
chief muscle of the part of the leg -- extends the foot
and helps to flex the knee upon
the thigh
ligament -- band or sheet of strong
a connective tissue band fibrous tissue connecting the
that holds bones together articular ends of bones -- serves to
is called bind them together and facilitate or
limit motion -- cord-like structure
parietal bone -- one parietal bone
the two bones that form the is located on each side of the skull
side walls and the roof of just posterior to the frontal bone --
the cranium are the they form the bulging sides and
the roof of the cranium
the sternocleidomastoid along the side of the neck --
muscle is located
the medial bone of the
forearm, which is located
on the small-finger side of
the hand
the bones that is shaped
like a butterfly and forms
the anterior portion of the
base of the cranium is the
the bone that forms the
posterior portion of the
skull is the
the lower jawbone is the
the bone located in the
neck between the
mandible and the larynx,
which supports the tongue
and provides attachment
for some of its muscles is
the
the adult vertebral column
sometimes referred to as the
sternomastoid -- arises from the
sternum and the inner part of the
clavicle
ulna -- on the proximal end is the
olecranon process which forms the
prominence of the elbow
sphenoid bone is a large wedge-
shaped bone at the base of the
cranium -- bone in the lower part of
the skull between the parietal and
the temporal bones
occipital bone forms the posterior
part and a good portion of the
base of the cranium -- bone in the
lower part of the skull between the
parietal and the temporal bones
mandible is the lower jawbone --
only movable bone in the skull --
horse-shoe shaped
hyoid bone -- supports the tongue
and provides an attachment for its
muscles -- does not articulate with
any other bone
26 bones
has
how many cervical
vertebrae are there
the bone in the axial
skeleton that does not
articulate with any other
bone is the
the number of pairs of ribs
a slender, rod like bone
that is located at the base
of the neck and runs
horizontally is the
7
hyoid -- supports the tongue
providing attachment sites for
muscles of the tongue, neck and
pharynx
12 -- one pair attached to each of
the 12 thoracic vertebrae -- each
rib articulates posteriorly with its
corresponding thoracic vertebrae
clavicle are slender, rod like bones
with elongated "s" shapes --
located at the base of the neck
and run horizontally between the
sternum and the shoulders --
another name is the collarbone

ilium -- superior border is the iliac

the upper, flaring portion of
crest -- the internal surface is the
hipbone is the
iliac fossa
foramen magnum -- large hole in
the inferior part of the bone
a large opening at the base
(occipital) through which the
of the skull through which
medulla oblongata and its
the spinal cord passes is
membranes, the accessory nerve
the
(XI) and the vertebral and spinal
arteries pass
the larger, weight-bearing tibia -- larger medial bone of the
bone of the lower leg is the lower leg -- bears the major portion
of the weight on the leg
femur -- head of the femur fits into
a lateral depression in the os
the bone that fits into the
coxae (the acetabulum), forming a
acetabulum, forming a joint
joint -- held in place by a ligament
is the
and by a tough fibrous capsule
surrounding the joint
patella -- small, triangular bone
anterior to the knee joint -- a lens-
another name for the
shaped sesamoid bone situated in
kneecap is
front of the knee in the tendon of
the quadriceps femoris muscle
serous membrane -- are two
categories of membranes;
epithelial and connective tissue --
the membranes that line epithelial is further divided into the
closed cavities within the mucous membrane, which lines
body are called tubes and other spaces that open
to the outside of the body and the
serous membrane which lines
close to the organs
the longest bone in the
femur
body is the
a rounded protuberance condyle -- distal end of the femur
found at a point of as large condyles -- these
articulation with another condyles articulate with the tibia at
bone is the knee joint
an infection of the bone is osteomyelitis -- infection of bone
 cause by bacteria that may reach
the bone from outside the body,
from other sites of infection and
from adjacent structures
ends of long bone -- have a
somewhat bulbous shape, which
the epiphyses are the provides roomy areas for muscle
attachments and gives stability to
the joints
sebaceous -- several kinds of
exocrine glands are associated
oil glands of the skin are with the skin -- sebaceous (oil)
called glands, sudoriferous (sweat)
glands, ceruminous glands and
mammary glands
the membrane that covers bone --
fibrous vascular membrane
the periosteum is
covering bones, except at the
extremities
lens -- transparent, colorless
a transparent structure that structure in the eye that is
permits the eye to focus biconvex in shape -- is enclosed in
rays to form an image on a capsule -- capable of focusing
the retina is the rays so that they form a perfect
image on the retina
regulate the amount of light
entering the eye -- pupil is the
the purpose of the iris is to
contractile opening in the center of
the eye
the structure that is seen
iris -- a thin, muscular diaphragm
from the outside as the
that is seen form the outside as
colored portion of the eye
the colored portion of the eye
is the
optic nerve -- carries visual
the nerve that carries
impulses received by the rods and
visual impulses to the brain
cones in the retina to the brain --
is the
second cranial nerve
sclera -- eyeball has three
separate coats or tunics --
the white outer layer of the outermost layer is called the sclera
eyeball is the and is made of firm, tough
connective tissue -- known as the
white of the eye
vitreous humor -- aqueous humor
is watery, transparent fluid found in
the anterior and posterior
a jelly-like substance in the
chambers of the eye -- helps
eye's posterior cavity is
maintain the eye's conical shape
called
and assists in focusing light rays --
the posterior cavity lies between
the lens and the retina
eustachian tube -- normally the air
pressure on the two sides of the
the structure that connects
eardrum is equalized by means of
the middle ear and the
the eustachian tube -- connects
throat, allowing the
the middle ear cavity and the
eardrum to vibrate freely is
throat this allows the eardrum to
the
vibrate freely with the incoming
sound waves
 covering of the anterior globe
except the cornea -- conjunctiva is
the mucous membrane that lines
the conjunctiva is the the eyelids and covers the anterior
surface of the globe, except for the
cornea -- it is reflected onto the
eyeball
31 -- each nerve is attached to the
spinal cord by two roots, the dorsal
the number of pairs of root and the ventral root -- by pairs
spinal nerves is there are eight cervical, twelve
thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral
and one cocygeal
trigeminal -- great sensory nerve of
the face and head -- has three
the great sensory nerve of branches that carry general sense
the face and head is the impulses -- the third branch is
joined by motor fibers to the
muscles of chewing (mastication)
VIII -- acoustic nerve contains
the cranial nerve that special sense fibers for hearing as
contains special sense well as balance from the
fibers for hearing as well semicircular canal of the internal
as for balance is ear -- also called the
vestibulocochlear
the part of the brain
cerebellum aids in coordinating the
responsible for
voluntary muscles, helps maintain
maintenance of balance
balance in standing, walking and
and muscle tone, as well
sitting and aids in maintaining
as coordination of
muscle tone
voluntary muscle is the
cerebrum -- the lobes of the
cerebral hemispheres are named
the frontal, temporal,
after the skull bones that they
parietal and occipital lobes
underlie -- they are the frontal,
are divisions of the
parietal, temporal and occipital
lobes
medulla oblongata -- within the
medulla are three vital reflex
centers of the reticular system --
the area of the brain that
cardiac center regulates heartbeat,
controls the respiratory
the respiratory center adjusts the
center is the
rate and depth of breathing and
the vasoconstrictor center
regulates the diameter of t
cerebrum -- largest part of the
brain is the cerebrum, which is
the largest part of the brain
divided into the two cerebral
is the
hemispheres (a right and left side)
-- is supported by the brain stem
dura mater -- the meninges are
the outermost covering of three layers of connective tissue
the brain and the spinal that surround the brain and the
cord is the spinal cord to form a complete
enclosure -- outermost layer of
 these membranes is called the
dura matter -- second layer around
the brain and spinal cord is t
subarachnoid space -- between
cerebrospinal fluid the arachnoid and the pia mater --
circulates freely in the this is where the cerebral fluid
circulates
ventricles -- within the brain are
four fluid-filled spaces called the
the brain contains four
ventricles -- cavities that
fluid-filled spaces called
communicate with each other, with
the
the central canal of the spinal cord
and with the subarachnoid space
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
which structure transmits
transmits sound vibrations to the
sound vibrations to the
internal ear by means of the
inner ear
auditory ossicles
cochlea looks like a small spiral-
shaped shell -- is a tube coiled for
winding, cone-shaped tube
about two and a half turns into a
of the inner ear is the
spiral, around a central axis of the
bone
cochlea -- expanding across the
middle ear area are three
this is not a auditory
exceedingly small bones called the
ossicle
auditory ossicles; the malleus, the
incus and the stapes
determines suitability of donor by
cross matching of blood
mixing donor RBC's with recipient

highly specialized blood
cell whose function is
oxygen transportation
differential count provides
an estimate of
mixing of incompatible
bloods may result in
serum -- in cross-match of blood,
the donor RBC's are mixed with
the recipients serum if
agglutination does not occur, the
recipients does not have
antibodies that will attack the
donor
red blood cell contain oxygen
carrying protein hemoglobin -- are
called RBC's or erythrocytes
The percentage of each type of
white cell -- the differential white
count (an estimate of the
percentage of each type of white
cell) is done using a stained blood
slide. some blood diseases and
inflammatory conditions can be
recognized this way
Agglutination -- incompatibility of
blood transfusions may be
attributable to either the plasma or
red cells of the donor's blood. The
red cells of the donor's blood may
become clumped or held together
in bunches. This process is called
agglutination

platelets are essential for
in the normal adult, the
average number of
leukocytes per cubic
millimeter of circulating
blood is
a large superficial vein in
the lower extremity, which
begins in the foot and
extends up the medial side
of the leg, the knee and the
thigh is called the
the artery at the back of
the is the
the superior and inferior
mesenteric arteries supply
the
coagulation of blood -- platelets
are formed by the red bone
marrow and are essential for the
coagulation of blood and in
maintenance of hemostasis
5000-10,000 -- a normal adult has
an average of 5000 to 10,000
leukocytes per cubic millimeter of
circulating blood or about 1
leukocyte to 700 erythrocytes. A
high white blood count is indicative
of infection
greater saphenous vein --
saphenous is the longest vein in
the body -- the greater saphenous
vein, which is superficial, extends
up the medial side of the leg, the
knee and the thigh -- at the groin, it
empties into the femoral vein
Popliteal -- the external iliac artery
changes to the femoral in the
thigh. This vessel branches off in
the thigh and then becomes the
popliteal artery at the back of the
knee joint. It subdivides below the
knee. The popliteal vein is also
behind the knee
intestines -- the superior
mesenteric artery, which is the
largest branch on the abdominal
 aorta, carries blood to most of the
small intestine as well as to the
first half of the large intestine. The
much smaller inferior mesenteric
artery is located inferiorly.

Jugular veins -- blood from the

face, scalp and superficial regions
of the neck is drained by the
the veins of the head and internal and external jugular vein.
neck are drained by the The internal jugulars flow into the
superior vena cava. The external
jugulars flow into the subclavian
veins.
Coronary -- blood is supplied to
the heart by the right and left
coronary arteries. Branches of
which arteries supply these two arteries encircle the
the heart heart and supply all the parts of
the myocardium. Branches lead to
the atrial and ventricular
myocardium.
Ventricular contraction -- Impulses
that start at the sinoatrial node
spread through the atrial muscle
the atrioventricular (A-V) fibers, producing atrial
node causes contractions. When the impulses
reach the A-V node they are
relayed to the ventricles via the
bundle of His and the Purkinje fi
Why would an aspirated the right bronchus is more vertical,
foreign body be more likely
to enter the right bronchus
rather than the left
bronchus?
the spleen filters
Which artery supplies the
head and neck
the circle of Willis is
located
the branch of the external
iliac artery that is located in
the thigh is called the
shorter and wider than the left -- as
a result, foreign objects in the air
passageways are more likely to
enter it than the left and frequently
lodge in it
Blood -- the spleen is an organ
containing lymphoid tissue
designed to filter blood. It is
frequently damaged in abdominal
trauma, causing it to rupture. This
causes severe hemorrhage, which
requires prompt splenectomy
Carotid -- the left and right carotid
arteries supply the head and neck.
The external carotid supplies the
right side of the thyroid, tongue,
throat, face, ear, scapl and the
dura mater
At the base of the brain -- the
posterior cerebral arteries help to
form an arterial circle at the base
of the brain called the circle of
Willis, which creates a connection
between the vertebral artery and
internal carotid artery systems. It
equalizes blood distribution
Femoral artery -- the external iliac
arteries continue into the thigh,
where the name of these tubes is
changed to femoral. Both femorals
 go to the genitals and abdominal
wall. Other branches run to the
thigh and become the popliteal
(back of the knee)
Two common iliac arteries -- the
descending aorta travels through
the descending aorta the thorax, branching off to supply
terminates at the level of the thoracic organs and structure.
the fourth lumbar vertebra, It then passes through the
dividing into diaphragm into the abdomen,
supplying the abdominal organs
via numerous branches.
Sinoatrial node -- contractions of
the heart are synchronized and
the contractions of the
their rate is controlled by specially
heart are synchronized and
modified muscular tissue. The
regulated by the
sinoatrial node, the pacemaker is
pacemaker of the heart,
found in the right atrial wall near
called the
the opening of the superior vena
cava
Capillaries -- the arterioles lead
into a vast network of very fine
blood vessels, the capillaries.
tiny blood vessels that
These are the blood vessels that
permeate and nourish
permeate the tissues and service
tissue are called
the body cells directly. They play a
key role in regulating blood flow
from arteries to c
the wall of partition dividing Septum -- the human heart is a
the heart into right and left double pump. The two sides are
sides is called the
the heart valve that closes atrioventricular) closes at the time
at the time the right
ventricle begins pumping,
preventing blood from
returning to the right atrium has three flaps or cusps and is
in the
the inner lining of the heart,
composed of smooth,
delicate membrane is
called the
the spleen is located
the serous membrane that
covers the heart is the
which is not a part of the
completely separated from each
other by a partition called the
septum
Tricuspid value (right
the right ventricle begins pumping
in order to prevent blood from
going back into the right atrium. It
between the right atrium and the
right ventricle
Endocardium -- which lines the
inner surface of the heart cavity --
is a thin, delicate membrane
composed of endothelial cells. It
covers the values, surrounds the
chordae tendineae, and is
continuous with the lining
membrane of the large blood
vessels
In the left hypochondriac region --
normally protected by the rib cage.
It is between fundus of the
stomach and the diaphragm
Pericardium forms the outermost
layer of the heart wall. It also lines
the pericardial sac. It is a loose-
fitting membrane. Pericarditis is an
inflammation of the lining
Thyroid -- lymph, lymph vessels,
lymphatic system lymph nodes, tonsils, the thymus
and the spleen make up the
lymphatic system. Its function is to
drain protein-containing fluid that
escapes from the blood capillaries
from the tissue spaces. It also
transports fats.
Sigmoid -- the s-shaped bend
where the colon crosses the brim
of the pelvis and enters the pelvic
the s-shaped bend in the cavity (where it becomes the
lower colon is called the rectum) is the sigmoid colon. It
begins at the left iliac crest,
projects toward the midline and
terminates at the rectum
large intestine has little or no
the reabsorption of water digestive function -- serves to
and electrolytes is the main absorb water and electrolytes --
function of the forms and stores feces until
defecation occurs
anal canal -- narrow, distal part of
the large intestine -- the rectum is
the terminal portion of the
the last 8 inches of the
large intestine is the
gastrointestinal tract -- terminal 2
inches is the anal canal
kidney -- some organs lie on the
posterior abdominal wall and are
which structure lies
covered by peritoneum on the
retroperitoneally
anterior surface only -- such
organs, including the kidney and
 pancreas are said to be
retroperitoneal
cecum -- beginning (proximal)
the first portion of the large portion of the large intestine --
intestine is the hangs below the ileocecal valve --
blind pouch 2.5 inches long
cecum -- to the cecum is attached
the appendix is attached to a small blind tube known as the
the appendix -- twisted, coiled tube 3
inches in length
storage of bile -- gallbladder stores
bile between meals and releases it
the primary function of the when stimulated by gastric juice,
gallbladder is fatty foods and the hormone
cholecystokinin -- bile is produced
in the liver
duodenum -- when the gallbladder
when the gallbladder contracts, it ejects concentrated
contracts, bile is ejected bile into the duodenum -- bile is
into the forced into the common bile duct
when it is needed

Cystic duct and hepatic duct -- the

the common bile duct is
the union of the
hepatic duct joins the slender
cystic duct from the gallbladder to
form the common bile duct. the
common bile duct and the
pancreatic duct enter the
duodenum in a common duct, the
hepatopancreatic
 Bilirubin -- bile pigments, bilirubin
the yellow tinge in the skin and biliverdin are products of red
symptomatic of obstructive blood cell breakdown and are
jaundice is caused by the normally excreted in bile. If their
accumulation of what excretion is prevented, they
substance in the blood and accumulate in the blood and
tissue tissues, causing a yellowish tinge
to the skin and other tis
In the curve of the duodenum --
pancreas is an oblong, fish-shaped
gland that consists of head, tail
the head of the pancreas is and body. The head rests in the
located curve of the duodenum and its tail
touches the spleen. It is linked to
the small intestine by a series of
ducts
the sphincter at the ileocecal sphincter or valve joins
junction of the small and the large intestine to the small
large intestines is the intestine
Duodenum receives secretions
the portion of the small
from the pancreas and the liver.
intestine that receives
The duodenum originates at the
secretions from the
pyloric sphincter and extends 10
pancreas and the liver is
inches, where it merges with the
the
jejunum
the region of the stomach pylorus is the region of the
that connects to the stomach that connects to the
duodenum is the duodenum
a broad fan-shaped fold of
the mesentery is
peritoneum suspending the

the large central portion of
the stomach is called the
the muscle serving as a
valve to prevent
regurgitation of food from
the intestine back into the
stomach is known as the
jejunum and the ileum from the
dorsal wall of the abdomen is the
mesentery
Body -- the stomach has four main
regions; the cardia, fundus body
and pylorus. The large central
portion is the body
Pyloric sphincter -- at the end of
the pyloric canal, the muscular wall
is thickened, forming a circular
muscle called the pyloric sphincter.
Pyloric stenosis is a narrowing of
the pyloric sphincter, which
prevents food from passing
through