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BACKGROUND
The area under papaya cultivation in India increased by 63% from 45.2 thousand ha. in 1991-92 to 73.7
thousand ha. in 2001-02 and the production increased from 8 lakh tones to 26 lakh tones.Papaya is mostly
cultivated in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam, Kerala,
Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. (Vide Table-1)
OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this report is to present a bankable one acre model for high quality
commercial cultivation of the crop.POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY :
Economic Importance
Fruit is a rich source of vitamin A and C. It has a high nutritive and medicinal value. Papain prepared
from dried latex of its immature fruits is used in meat tenderizing, manufacture of chewing gum,
cosmetics, for degumming natural silk and to give shrink resistance to wool. It is also used in
pharmaceutical industries, textile and garment cleaning paper and adhesive manufacture, sewage
disposal etc.
Export trends
India exports Papaya mainly to Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Netherlands etc. The trend in
export of papaya from India during the period 1999-2000 to 2001-02 is given in Graph 3.
Varieties Cultivated Important papaya varieties cultivated in different states of India are given below :
Land Preparation
A well-drained upland is selected for cultivation. In open and high lying areas plants are exposed to strong
winds or storm. Therefore, for proper establishment of papaya plantation, suitable wind break should be
planted at the orchard boundary.
Planting Material
Papaya is commercially propagated by seed and tissue culture plants. The seed rate is 250-300 g./ha. The
seedlings can be raised in nursery beds 3m. long, 1m. wide and 10 cm. high as well as in pots or polythene
bags. The seeds after being treated with 0.1% Monosan (phenyl mercuric acetate), ceresin etc. are sown 1
cm. deep in rows 10 cm. apart and covered with fine compost or leaf mould. Light irrigation is provided
during the morning hours. The nursery beds are covered with polythene sheets or dry paddy straw to protect
the seedlings. About 15-20 cm. tall seedlings are chosen for planting in about two months
Planting season
Papaya is planted during spring (February-March), monsoon (June-July) and autumn (October-November).
Spacing
A spacing of 1.8 x 1.8 m. is normally followed. However higher density cultivation with spacing of 1.5 x
1.5 m./ha enhances the returns to the farmer and is recommended.
Planting Method
The seedlings are planted in pits of 60x60x60 cm. size. In the summer months the pits are dug about a
fortnight before planting. The pits are filled with top soil along with 20 kg. of farmyard manure., 1 kg. neem
cake and 1 kg.bone meal. Tall and vigorous varieties are planted at greater spacing while medium and dwarf
ones at closer spacing.
Nutrition
Papaya plant needs heavy doses of manures and fertilizers. Apart from the basal dose of manures @ 10
kg./plant) applied in the pits, 200-250 g. each of N, P2O5 and K2O are recommended for getting
high yield. Application of 200 g. N is optimum for fruit yield but papain yield increases with increase
in Nupto 300 g.
Micronutrients
Micro-nutrients viz. ZnSO4 (0.5%) and H2 BO3 (0.1%) are sprayed in order to increase growth and yield
characters.
Irrigation
The irrigation schedule is fixed on the basis of soil type and weather conditions of the region. Protective
irrigation is provided in the first year of planting. During the second year, irrigation is provided at fortnight
interval in winter and at an interval of 10 days in summer. Basin system of irrigation is mostly followed.
In areas having low rainfall, sprinkler or drip system can be adopted.
Intercultural Operations
Deep hoeing is recommended during the first year to check weed growth. Weeding should be done on
regular basis especially around the plants. Application of Fluchloralin or Alachlorin or Butachlorine (2.0
g./ha.) as pre-emergence herbicide two months after transplanting can effectively control the weeds for a
period of four months. Earthing up is done before or after the onset of monsoon to avoid water-logging and
also to help the plants to stand erect.
Inter-cropping
Intercropping leguminous crops after non-leguminous ones, shallow rooted crops after deep rooted ones are
beneficial. No intercrops are taken after the onset of flowering stage.
Diseases
The main diseases reported are powdery mildew (Oidium caricae), anthracnose (Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides), damping off and stem rot. Application of wettable sulphur (1 g./l.) carbendazim/
thiophanate methyl (1 g./l.) and Kavach/Mancozeb (2 g./l.) has been found to be effective in controlling the
diseases
The economic life of papaya plant is only 3 to 4 years. The yield varies widely according to variety, soil,
climate and management of the orchard. The yield of 75-100 tonnes /ha. is obtained in a season from a
papaya orchard depending on spacing and cultural practices.
Storage
Fruits are highly perishable in nature. They can be stored for a period of 1-3 weeks at a temperature of
10-130 C and 85-90% relative humidity.
Packing
Bamboo baskets with banana leaves as lining material are used for carrying the produce fromfarm tolocal
market.
Transportation
Road transport by trucks/lorries is the most convenient mode of transport due to easy approachfrom orchards
to the market.
Marketing
The farmers usually dispose off their produce to the wholesalers and middlemen at the farm gate.
ECONOMICS OF A ONE ACRE MODEL
(Amount in Rs.)
*Cost of newly purchased land will be limited to one-tenth of the total project cost
The major components of the model are:
Land Development: (Rs.4.0 thousand): This is the labour cost of shaping anddressing the land site.
Fencing (Rs.20.0 thousand): It is necessary to guard the orchard by barbed wire fencing to safeguard the
valuable produce from animals and prevent poaching. This is part cost of fencing taken in first year.
Irrigation Infra-structure (Rs.45 thousand): For effective working with drip irrigation system, it is necessary
to install a bore well with diesel/electric pumpset and motor. This is part cost of tube-well.
Drip Irrigation & Fertigation System (Rs.25 thousand): This is average cost of one acre drip system for
papaya inclusive of the cost of fertigation equipment. The actual cost will vary depending on location, plant
population and plot geometry.
Building and Storage (Rs.5.0 thousand): A one acre orchard would require minimally a labour shed.
Labour cost has been put at an average of Rs.70 per man-day. The actual cost will vary from location to
location depending upon minimum wage levels or prevailing wage levels for skilled and unskilled labour.
Returns from the Project: The yield from the plantation is estimated at 30 tonnes (per acre) the 2nd year and
3rd Year 25 tonnes each .