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ABSTRACT
Table 1. Initial Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria The MeSH (Medical Subject Heading) database was
Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria
used to look for MeSH terms for ‘‘protrusion.’’
According to this search, the term ‘‘protru*’’ was added
Four premolars extracted Lateral cephalograms with lips
closed
to a combination of the following key words to find
Pretreatment and posttreatment Patients with crowding articles pertaining to the therapeutic procedure in
cephalometric x-ray with the question: extraction*, premolar*, bicuspid*, bimaxillary,
patient’s lip at rest biprotru*.
Findings on upper lip and lower lip Functional appliance therapy
retraction and nasolabial and
labiomental angle changes
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Cephalometric findings on soft Headgear therapy The following inclusion criteria were chosen by two
tissue changes Combined surgical treatment
Congenitally missing teeth (ex-
reviewers for initial selection of potential published
power calculation, nor did any investigation show between incisor retraction and lip retraction. These
control sample data. A summary of the sample size, studies, obviously, would be of help for the clinician
race, study design, and orthodontic technique for each who predicts soft tissue changes as a result of incisor
of these studies is presented in Table 3. retraction. This, in turn, would assist the clinician in
The study by Caplan et al14 indicated that a making extraction decisions and in determining the
significant retraction of the upper and lower lip amount of incisor retraction required to reduce lip
occurred with treatment, and the nasolabial angle procumbency.15
became more obtuse (Table 4). In the investigation However, conflicting results have been reported in
carried out by Tan et al6 a mean increase of 10.5 the literature. In fact, published studies on the amount
degrees was noted in the nasolabial angle. A reduction of profile improvement in patients treated with four
in lip protrusion (on average, 2.7 mm for upper lip and premolar extractions have presented results that vary
2 mm for lower lip) in relation to the E line was greatly. These contrasting findings and therefore the
recorded. The study by Lew 5 showed that the varying ratios of incisor retraction to lip retraction have
nasolabial angle became more obtuse, increasing been attributed to several factors, among these lack of
from 80.7 to 90.7 degrees, because of the reduction standardization regarding lip position during radiogra-
of upper lip protrusion. The lower lip retracted too by phy,5 no control of anchorage, variation in lip morphol-
3.8 mm on average (Table 4). The study by Bills et al13 ogy,11 and lip tonicity,34 but most of all to the fact that
showed that premolar extraction can be successful in studies were conducted on subjects who were still in
reducing soft tissue procumbency in patients with their growth phase.
bimaxillary protrusion. On average, the lower lip Given this, the practice of dentistry and orthodontics
retracted by 2.4 mm and the upper lip showed a 3 mm is now increasingly defined by an evidence-based
retraction. On the other hand, no particular change in the approach to treatment; relatively little has been
nasolabial angle was recorded (3.1 degrees). published to provide concrete evidence on the efficacy
The ratio between lip change and incisor retraction of incisor retraction in patients with bimaxillary protru-
ranged from 1:0.45 to 1.25 for the upper lip and from sion. Therefore, this review was carefully designed in
1:1.1.2 to 1:.6.2, but correlation coefficients in some the selection of included papers so as to reduce many
studies were very weak. of the variables that could adversely affect the results.
The authors recognize the difficulty inherent in doing
DISCUSSION such systematic reviews from the published dental
Bimaxillary protrusion is characterized by protrusive literature over the past 30 years, that is, relatively
teeth in both jaws and a greater, rather than average, recent changes to research design made according to
degree of lip prominence.2,4 The goals of orthodontic the evidence-based approach.
treatment for bimaxillary protrusion include the retrac- In fact, none of the four selected studies,5,6,13,14 which
tion and retroclination of maxillary and mandibular evaluated the effects of extraction of four premolars on
incisors to decrease soft tissue procumbency and the perioral soft tissue of bimaxillary protrusive
convexity,6,19,29,36 and extractions are often planned to patients, was a randomized clinical trial, but all were
create room for anterior teeth retraction. Several retrospective studies. No control sample was included
studies have been carried out with the aims of (1) in the studies.
forecasting the number of perioral soft tissue changes Of the initially selected investigations for this
that occur following premolar extractions in biprotru- systematic review, one third did not isolate the effects
sive patients, and (2) establishing a reliable ratio of treatment from growth in the evaluation of profile
changes. This was based on the rationale that it is also supported by high standard deviations reported
important to determine the combined effects of both, for upper and lower lips. Moreover, the inconsistency
because most orthodontic patients are growing.15 of some findings can be attributed to the use of
However, it should be understood that this assumption different statistical analyses.
can be true only when described changes are Even though it was not the aim of this study and data
observed during the posttreatment period until the collected from two of four studies demonstrated a clear
completion of growth. This will verify whether or not the relationship between incisor retraction and lip retrac-
amount of soft tissue change is maintained if a tion, it must be noted that means 1:1.4 of 1:1.2 were
nontreated control sample with the same malocclusion reported for lower lip/lower incisor retraction in these
is not included. Unfortunately, most of the studies on studies, while means of 1:2.2 and 1:1.75 were
this topic did not consider the above problems. We documented for upper lip/upper incisor retraction.
thus were obliged to exclude these studies from our Therefore, the wide variability claimed by each of the
profile is not expected following premolar extraction 18. Stoner MM, Lindquist JT. A cephalometric evaluation of 57
in biprotrusive patients. cases treated by Dr. C.H. Tweed. Angle Orthod. 1956;26:
68–98.
19. Keating PJ. The treatment of bimaxillary protrusion: a
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