Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
• Integral method
• Singularity function
• Method of superposition
• Castiglino’s theorem
Integral Method
My y 1 M
ε =− =− ⇒ =
EI r r EI
1 d 2 y / dx 2
=
[
r 1 + (dy / dx )2 ]3/ 2
d3y V
=
1 d y M 2 dx 3 EI
= = d4y q
r dx 2 EI =
dx 4 EI
M 2
EIy ( x) = x + C1 x + C2
2 M(x)-Internal moment at x!
1
Integral Method Example
A perpendicular force P acts at the end of a cantilevered beam
with length l, assume that the cross section is constant along the
beam and that the material is the same throughout, thus implying
that the area moment of inertia I and the modulus of elasticity E
are constant. Find the deformation for any x.
d2y M Px
= =−
dx 2 EI EI
x Px Px 2
y' = ∫ dx = − + c1
0 EI 2 EI
x Px
P 2 P 3
Px
y = ∫ + c1 dx = − + c1 x + c2
0 2 EI 6 EI
Pl 2 Pl 3
y' x =l = 0 ⇒ c2 =, y x =l = 0 ⇒ c1 = −
2 EI 3EI
Px 3 Pl 2 x Pl 3
y(x ) = − + −
6 EI 2 EI 3EI
Singularity Functions
2
Singularity Function Example
The shown bar is clamped into the
structure at A and is free at C. The
unit step distribution begins at the
free end. Find the deflection function
Distributed stress function
b
q( x ) = w0b x
−1 −2 0
− w0b a + x − w0 x − a
2
Twice integration gives
2
b 0 w x−a
M ( x ) = w0b x − w0b a + x − 0
1
2 2
2
d2y 1 b 0 w x−a
EI 2 = w0b x − w0b a + x − 0
dx 2 2
dy w0b 2 b 1 w0 3
EI = x − w0b a + x − x − a + c1
dx 2 2 6
w0b 3 w0b b 2 w 4
EIy = x − a + x − 0 x − a + c1 x + c2
6 2 2 24
Applying BCs get c1 and c2=0
w0 b 3 b b x−a
4
y= x − a + x2 −
EI 6 2 2 24
Method of Superposition
d2y d2
EI = EI ( y1 + y2 + y3 .. + yn )
dx 2 dx 2
3
Method of Superposition Example
R1 R2 yAB yBC
Table A-9-6
Fb / l Fa / l
Fbx 2
6 EIl
(
x + b2 − l 2 ) Fb(l − x ) 2
(x + a 2 − 2lx )
6 EIl
Table A-9-7
wl / 2 wl / 2
wx
24 EI
(
2lx 2 − x 3 − l 3 )
Total Fb(l − x ) 2
(Fb + wl ) / l (Fa + wl ) / l
Fbx 2
6 EIl
( )
x + b2 − l 2 +
wx
24 EI
(
2lx 2 − x 3 − l 3 ) 6 EIl
(
x + a 2 − 2lx + )
wx
24 EI
(
2lx 2 − x 3 − l 3 )
T i spring
Torsion i
Fl
y2 = x
kr
Bending of Beam
Fx 2
y3 = (x − 3l )
6 EI
Total deflection at x
F Fl Fx 2
ytotal = − − x+ (x − 3l )
kt k r 6 EI
4
Castigliano’s Theorem
Strain Energy
5
Strain Energy under Axial Load
σ P
du = εdx = dx = dx
E AE
T
dφ = γdx = ds
GJ
6
Strain Energy under Direct Shear
τ F
dγ = dx = dx
G GA
ds M M
dθ = = ds = ds
R EI EI
7
Strain Energy under Transverse Shear
CV 2l
Strain energy of U=
2 AG
transverse shear load L
CV 2l
U =∫ dx
0
2 AG
Strain Energy
Strain-Energy
Correction Factors
C
C
8
Application of Castigliano’s Theorem
1 P Q 1 P Q
P1 = + , P2 = −
2 sin θ cos θ 2 sin θ cos θ
P12l P 2l
U= + 2
2 A1 E1 2 A2 E2
∂U P l ∂P1 P l ∂P2
= 1 + 2
∂Q A1 E1 ∂Q 2 A2 E2 ∂Q
1 P1 l Pl
= − 2
2 cos θ A1 E1 A2 E2
Let Q=0
∂U lP 1 1
δ= = −
∂Q 2 sin 2θ A1 E1 A2 E2
9
Castigliano’s Theorem Example II
Determine the deflections of point A and B due to the force F applied at the
end of the step shaft. The second area moments for AB and BC are I1 and
2I1, respectively. 2
l
− (F + Q )x + Q
l/2
(− Fx )2 dx + l
2
U= ∫
0
2 EI1 ∫l / 2 2 E (2 I1 )
dx
l
l/2 l (F + Q )x − Q x
∂U F 2 2
δA = = ∫ x dx + ∫ dx
∂F 0
EI1 l/2
2 EI1
Fl 3 7(F + Q )l 3 3Ql 3
= + −
24 EI1 48 EI1 32 EI1
l2
∂U
l (F + Q )x 2 − F l x+Q
2 4 dx
∂Q l ∫/ 2
δB = =
2 EI1
7(F + Q )l 3 3Fl 3 Ql 3
= − +
48EI1 32 EI1 16 EI1
Let Q=0
3FL3 5 FL3
δA = ,δ B =
16 EI1 96 EI1
l (Qx + ph )
2
h P2 y2 h Q
2
l P
2
U =∫ dy + ∫ dy + ∫ dy + ∫ dx
0 2 EI 0 2 EI 0 2 EA 0 2 EA
∂U l (Qx + ph ) h Q Ql 3 phl 2 Ql 3
∂Q ∫0
δ= = xdy + ∫ dy = + + h
EI 0 EA 3EI 2 EI EI
Let Q=0
phl 2
δ=
2 EI
10