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4.1 Vectors in n-space ................................................................................................................... 2
4.2 Linear Transformations From Rn To Rm ................................................................................ 8
4.3 Properties Of Linear Transformation ................................................................................... 20
1
4.1 Vectors in n-space
DEFINITION
If n is a positive integer, then an order n-tuple is a sequence of n real numbers (a1 , a2 , . . . , an)
The set of all ordered n-tuples is called n-space and is denoted by Rn.
R1 - R set of real numbers
R2 - ordered pair (a1 , a2)
R3 - ordered triple (a1 , a2 , a3 )
Rn. - ordered n-tuple (a1 , a2 , . . . , an)
The symbol (a1 , a2 , . . . , an) has two different geometric interpretation that is as a point or a
vector.
DEFINITION
1. Two vectors u = (u1 , u2 , . . . , un) and v = (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn) in Rn. are equal if u1 = v1 , u2 =
v2 , . . . , un = vn .
If u = (u1 , u2 , . . . , un) in any vector in Rn then the negative (additive inverse) of u denoted by –u
–u = (–u1 , –u2 , . . . , –un)
The difference of vector in Rn is defined by u − v = u + (−v) = ( u1 − v1 , u2 − v2 ,... , un − vn )
−space
Properties of Vector Operations in n−
Properties of Vector in Rn
If u = (u1 , u2 , . . . , un) , v = (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn) and w = (w1 , w2 , . . . , wn) are vectors in Rn and k
and m are scalars then
(a) u+v=v+u
(b) (u + v) + w = u + (v + w)
(c) u+0=0+u
2
(d) u + (−u ) = 0 u – u = 0
(e) k( m u ) = ( k m ) u
(f) k (u + v) = ku + kv
(g) (k + m) u = ku + mu
(h) 1u=u
Example 1
Let u = (2 , −1, 3, 4 ) , v = ( 3, 2, 0, −4), w = ( 0, 1, 2, 3) , k = 2 and m = − 3 . Show that
(a) u+v=v+u
(b) (u + v) + w = u + (v + w)
(c) u+0=0+u
(d) u + (−u ) = 0 u – u = 0
(e) k( m u ) = ( k m ) u
(f) k (u + v) = ku + kv
(g) (k + m) u = ku + mu
(h) 1u=u
Solution
(a) u+v=v+u
u + v = (2 , −1, 3, 4 ) + ( 3, 2, 0, −4) = (5 , 1 , 3 , 0 )
v + u = ( 3, 2, 0, −4) + (2 , −1, 3, 4 ) = (5 , 1 , 3 , 0 )
(b) (u + v) + w = u + (v + w)
(u + v) + w = (5 , 1 , 3 , 0 ) + ( 0, 1, 2, 3) = (5 , 2 , 5 , 3 )
(d) u+0=0+u
(2 , −1, 3, 4 ) + ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0) = (2 , −1, 3, 4 )
( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0) + (2 , −1, 3, 4 ) = (2 , −1, 3, 4 )
3
(e) u + (−u ) = 0 u – u = 0
(2 , −1, 3, 4 ) + − (2 , −1, 3, 4 ) = ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0)
(f) k( m u ) = ( k m ) u
(2)(−3(2 , −1, 3, 4 )) = (2)(−6 , 3, −9 , −12 ) = (−12 , 6 , −18 , −24 )
(2)(−3) (2 , −1, 3, 4 ) = (−6) (2 , −1, 3, 4 ) = (−12 , 6 , −18 , −24 )
(g) k (u + v) = ku + kv
(2) (5 , 1 , 3 , 0 ) = ( 10 , 2 , 6 , 0 )
(2)(2 ,−1, 3, 4 ) + (2)( 3, 2, 0,−4) = ( 4 ,−2 , 6 , 8 ) + ( 6 , 4 , 0 ,−8 ) = ( 10 , 2 , 6 , 0 )
(h) (k + m) u = ku + mu
(2+(−3)) (2 ,−1, 3, 4 ) = (−1) (2 ,−1, 3, 4 ) = (−2 , 1, −3, −4 )
(2)(2 ,−1, 3, 4 ) + (−3) (2 ,−1, 3, 4 ) = ( 4 ,−2 , 6 , 8 ) + (−6 , 3, −9 , −12 )
= (−2 , 1, −3, −4 )
(i) 1u=u
(1)(2 ,−1, 3, 4 ) = (2 ,−1, 3, 4 )
Euclidean n-Space
Definition
If u = (u1 , u2 , . . . , un) and v = (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn ) are vectors in Rn , then the Euclidean inner
product u . v is defined by
u . v = u1 v1 + u2 v2 + . . . +un vn
Example 2
Let u = (2 , −1, 3, 4 ) , v = ( 3, 2, 0, −4) in R4. Find u . v
Solution
u . v = (2 , −1, 3, 4 ) . ( 3, 2, 0, −4) = (2 )(3) + (−1)(2) + (3)(0) + (4 )(−4) = −12
4
Properties of Euclidean Inner Product
(a) u.v=v.u
(b) (u + v) . w = u . w + v . w
(c) (ku) . v = k( v . u)
(d) v.v≥0
1
| | u || = ( u .u ) 2 = ( u 1 .u 1 ) + ( u 2 .u 2 ) ... + ( u n .u n )
2 2 2
= u 1 + u 2 ... + u n
d ( u , v ) = || u − v ||
= ( u1 − v1 ) 2 + ( u 2 − v 2 ) 2 ... + ( u n − v n ) 2
Example 3
Let u = (2 , −1, 3, 4 ) , v = ( 3, 2, 0, −4) in Rn . Find norm u and norm v and the distance
between u and v.
Solution
1
2 2 + (− 1 )
2
| | u || = ( u .u ) 2 = + 32 + 42 = 30
1
32 + 2 2 + 0 2 + (− 4 ) =
2
| | v || = ( v .v ) 2 = 29
d ( u , v ) = || u − v ||
= ( 2 − 3) 2 + ( − 1 − 2 ) 2 + (3 − 0 ) 2 + ( 4 − ( − 4 )) 2
= ( − 1) 2 + ( − 3) 2 + (3) 2 + (8 ) 2
= 83
5
− SCHWARZ INEQUALITY IN Rn
CAUCHY−
Definition
If u = (u1 , u2 , . . . , un) and v = (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn ) are vectors in Rn , then
| u . v | ≤ ||u|| ||v||
Properties of length in Rn
If u and v are vectors in Rn and k is any scalar, then
(a) || u|| ≥ 0
u v u+v
Properties of Distance in Rn
If u ,v and w are vectors in Rn and k is any scalar, then
(a) d (u,v) ≥ 0
(b) d (u,v) = 0 if and only if u = v
(c) d (u,v) = d (v, u)
(d) d (u,v) ≤ d (u,w) + d (w,v) (Triangle inequality)
6
Orthogonality
Definition
Vectors u and v in Rn are called orthogonal if u.v = 0
Example 4
Let u = (2 ,−1, 3, 4 ) , v = ( 3, 4,−2, 1).Determine whether vectors u and v in Rn are orthogonal.
Solution
u.v =(2)( 3)+ (−1)(4) + (3)(−2) + ( 4 )(1) = 0
Pythagorean Theorem in Rn
If u and v are orthogonal vectors in Rn with the Euclidean inner product, then
Example 5
Let u = (2 ,−1, 3, 4 ) , v = ( 3, 4,−2, 1). Find || u ||, || v || , u + v and || u + v ||.
Solution
1
2 2 + (− 1 )
2
| | u || = ( u .u ) 2 = + 32 + 42 = 30
1
3 2 + 4 2 + ( − 2 ) + 12 =
2
| | v || = ( v .v ) 2
= 30
u + v = (2 ,−1, 3, 4 ) + ( 3, 4,−2, 1) = ( 5 , 3 , 1 , 5 )
|| u + v || = 52 + 32 + 12 + 52 = 60
Try this.
Find ||u + v ||2 and || u ||2 + || v ||2. Is ||u + v ||2 = || u ||2 + || v ||2 ?
7
Notation for Vectors in Rn
u1
u
Vector u = (u1 , u2 , . . . , un) in Rn also can be written as u = 2
⋮
u n
A Matrix Formula for the Dot Product
Example 6
1 −2
2 3
Let u =
and v =
. Find u .v and v T u.
−3 1
4 0
Solution
1
2
v T u = [− 2 3 1 0 ] = [( 1 ) ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) ( 3 ) + ( 3 ) ( 1 ) + ( 4 ) ( 0 ) ] = [1 ]
−3
4
A vector in Rm A vector in Rn
Functions from Rn to R
description
f (x) f(x) = x2 R R
f (x , y) f(x , y) = x2 + y2 R2 R
f (x, y, z) f(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2 R3 R
f (x1, x2, . . ., xn) f(x1, x2, . . ., xn) = x12+ x22+ . . .+ xn2 Rn R
8
Functions from Rn to Rm
note
map f: Rn Rm n>m
n<m
Rm f Rn n=m
Notes:
* Transformation is for Rn Rm
* Operator is for Rn Rn
These m equations assign a unique point (w1, w2, . . ., wn) in Rm to each point (x1, x2, . . ., xn)
in Rn . And thus define a transformation from Rn to Rm . If we denote this transformation by T,
then T : Rn Rm
Example 7
Find the standard matrix T for the linear transformation defined by the equation
w1 = 7x1 + 2x2 − 8x3
w2 = − x2 + 5x3
w3 = 4x1 + 7x2 − x3
then calculate T ( 1,−2, 3)
Solution
7 2 −8
The standard matrix T = 0 −1 5 and
4 7 −1
7 2 −8 1 −21
−1 5 −2 = 17
T ( 1,−2, 3) = 0
4 7 −1 3 −13
9
Example 8
Find the standard matrix for the linear transformation defined by the formula
2 −1
The standard matrix T = 1 1
1 −1
0 0 1
0
1 0 0
0
0 0 1 0
The standard matrix T =
0 1 0 0
1 0 −1 0
3 −2 4
The standard matrix T =
5 0 −1
T A (x) = A x
column matrix
[ TA ] = A
10
Zero transformation : T 0 (x) = 0. x = 0 Zero vector
Zero matrix
Reflection Operators
Consider T : R2 R2 maps each vector into its symmetric , image some line
1 0 −1 0 0 1
[ T ]x = , [ T ]y = , [ T ] x=y =
0 −1 0 1 1 0
Example 9
Use matrix multiplication to find the reflection of (−1, 2) about the x−axis, y−axis and line x=y.
Solution
reflection of (−1, 2) about the x− axis
1 0 −1 −1
[ T ] x (−1, 2)=
0 −1 2 = −2 = (−1, −2)
−1 0 −1 1
[ T ] y (−1, 2) = = = (1, 2)
0 1 2 2
reflection of (−1, 2) about the line x=y
0 1 −1 2
[ T ] x=y (−1, 2) = 1 0 2 = −1 = (2, −1)
Consider T : R3 R3 maps each vector into its symmetric, image some plane.
1 0 0 1 0 0 −1 0 0
[ T ] xy = 0 1 0 , [ T ] xz = 0 −1 0 , [ T ] yz = 0 1 0
0 0 −1 0 0 1 0 0 1
11
Example 10
Use matrix multiplication to find the reflection of (2,− 5,3) about the xy−plane, xz−plane and
yz−plane.
Solution
1 0 0 2 2
[ T ] xy (2,− 5,3) = 0 1 0 −5 = −5 = (2, −5, −3)
0 0 −1 3 −3
1 0 0 2 2
[ T ] xz (2,− 5,3) = 0 −1 0 −5 = 5 = (2,5,3)
0 0 1 3 3
−1 0 0 2 −2
[ T ] yz (2,− 5,3) = 0 1 0 −5 = −5 = (−2, −5,3)
0 0 1 3 3
Projection Operators
Consider T : R2 R2 that maps each vector into its orthogonal projection on a line through
the origin.
1 0 0 0
[ T ]x = , [ T ]y = ,
0 0 0 1
Consider T : R3 R3 that maps each vector into its orthogonal projection on a plane through
the origin.
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
[ T ] xy = 0 1 0 , [ T ] xz = 0 0 0 , [ T ] yz = 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
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Example 11
Use matrix multiplication to find the orthogonal projection of (−2, 1, 3) on the xy−plane,
xz−plane and yz−plane.
Solution
orthogonal projection on the xy−plane
1 0 0 −2 −2
[ T ] xy (−2, 1, 3) = 0 1 0 1 = 1 = ( −2,1, 0)
0 0 0 3 0
1 0 0 −2 −2
[ T ] xz (−2, 1, 3) = 0 0 0 1 = 0 = ( −2, 0,3)
0 0 1 3 3
0 0 0 −2 0
[ T ] yz(−2, 1, 3) = 0 1 0 1 = 1 = (0,1,3)
0 0 1 3 3
Rotation Operators
y (x, y) x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
r
θ x
13
rotate at θ w1 = r cos ( α + θ )
y (w1, w2) w2 = r sin ( α + θ )
cos θ − sin θ
[T]=
cos θ
(x, y)
sin θ
θ
α
x
Example 12
Use matrix multiplication to find the image of the vector (1, 3, −4) when it is rotated through an
angle of
a) 30o about the x−axis
b) −30o about the y−axis
c) 90o about the z−axis
14
Solution
(a) 30o about the x-axis
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 1
(1, 3, − 4) = 0 − sin 30 ° 3 = 0
3 1
[T ] x cos 30 ° − 3
2 2
0 sin 30 ° cos 30 ° − 4 − 4
0 1 3
2 2
1
3 3 3 3 3
= + 2 = 1, + 2, − 2 3
2 2 2
3
− 2 3
2
3 1 3
0 − +2
2 2 1 2
= 0 1 0 3 = 3
1 3 −4 1 − 2 3
− − 2 0 2 2
3 1
= + 2, 3, − 2 3
2 2
15
(c) 90o about the z−axis
0 −1 0 1 −3
= 1 0 0 3 = 1 = ( −3, 1, − 4)
0 0 1 −4 −4
Dilation Operator
If k is a nonnegative scalar, then the operator T(x) = kx on R2 or R3 is called a dilation with
factor k if k ≥ 1
(x, y) w (kx, ky)
Equations on R2 : w1 = kx k 0
w2 = ky 0 k
for k ≥1
Equations on R3 : w1 = kx k 0 0
w2 = ky 0 k 0
w3 = kz
0 0 k
for k ≥1
Example 13
Use matrix multiplication to find the dilation of (−2, 1, 3) with factor k = 3
Solution
3 0 0 −2 −6
T ( − 2,1, 3) = 0 3 0 1 = 3 = ( − 6, 3, 9)
0 0 3 3 9
16
Contraction Operator
If k is a nonnegative scalar, then the operator T(x) = kx on R2 or R3 is called a contraction
with factor k if 0 ≤ k ≤ 1
(x, y) w (kx, ky)
x
Equations on R2 : w1 = kx
k 0
for 0 ≤ k ≤ 1
0 k
w2 = ky
Equations on R3 : w1 = kx
k 0 0
w2 = ky 0 k 0
w3 = kz for 0 ≤ k ≤ 1
0 0 k
Example 14
Use matrix multiplication to find the dilation of (−2, 1, 3) with factor k = ½
Solution
½ 0 0 −2 −1
T ( − 2,1, 3) = 0 ½ 0 1 = 1 = ( − 1, 1 , 3 )
2 2 2
0 0 ½ 3 3
2
TA TB
Rn Rk Rm
T B oT A
17
This is called composition of T B with T A denoted by T B o T A defined as
(T B o T A)(x) = T B (T A(x))
= T BA(x)
= [T B ][ T A] product
or (T B o T A)(x) = T B (T A(x))
= B [ A(x) ]
= BA(x)
Rn T1 T2 T3 Rm
Rk Rt
Composition T 3 o T 2 o T 1 : Rn Rm
Standard matrices
[T 3 o T 2 o T 1] = [T 3][T 2][T 1] = T CBA
Example 15
Find the standard matrix for the stated composition of linear operators on R2
(a) A rotation of 60o , followed by an orthogonal projection on the x−axis, then followed by a
reflection about the line y = x
(b) A rotation of 15o , followed by a rotation of 105o then followed by a rotation of 60o
(c) A dilation with factor k = 2, followed by a rotation of 45o, then followed by a reflection
about the y−axis.
18
Solution
1 − 3
cos 60° − sin 60° 2
2
(a) [ T1 ] = sin 60° cos 60° =
3 1
2 2
1 0
[ T ]2 =
0 0
0 1
[ T ]3 = 1 0
1 − 3
0 1 1 0 0 0
T = [T 3 o T 2 o T 1] = 2 2 =
1 − 3
1 0 0 0 3 1
2
2
2 2
cos15° − sin15°
(b) [ T1 ] =
sin15° cos15°
cos105° − sin105°
[ T2 ] =
sin105° cos105°
cos180° − sin180° −1 0
T = [T 3 o T 2 o T 1] =
sin180 ° cos180 ° = 0 −1
19
2 0
(c) [ T1 ] =
0 2
1 1
−
cos 45° − sin 45° 2 2
[ T2 ] = =
sin 45° cos 45° 1 1
2 2
−1 0
[ T3 ] =
0 1
1 2 2
1 −
−1 0 −
2 2 0 2 2
=
2
T = [T 3 o T 2 o T 1] = 0
0 1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
20
Example 16
Prove A is one – one transformation
1 3
−
− sin 60 1 1 3 3
0 0
cos 60 2 2
det( A) = = = − − =1
sin 600 2 2 2 2
0
cos 60 3 1
2 2
By equivalent statement
TA (TA (x)) = AA −1 x = I x = x
TA (TA (x)) = A −1 Ax = I x = x
TA oTA = T1 TA
TA oTA = T1 x w
TA
−1 −1
Also [T ] =[T ]
Example 17
cos θ − sin θ
T =
sin θ cos θ
Therefore
21
Example 18
Determine whether the linear operator T : R2 R2 defined by the equation is one-to-one; if so,
find the standard matrix for inverse operator, and find T −1(w1 , w2 )
(a) w1 = x1 + 2x2 (b) w1 = 4x1 − 6x2
w2 = − x1 + x2 w2 = −2x1 + 3x2
Solution
1 2 −1
1 1 −2
T= 3 1 1
(a) and T =
−1 1
1 1 −2 w1 31 − 3 2
w 2w
=
3 1 1 w2 w31 + w32
T −1(w1 , w2 ) =
4 −6 −1
(b) T= and T does not exist because det(T) = 12 − 12 = 0
−2 3
A transformation T : Rn Rm is linear if and only if the following relationships hold for all
vectors u and v in Rn and for every scalar c.
Example 19
Determine whether T : R2 R2 is a linear transformation
a) T (x, y) = ( x + 2y , x – y )
b) T (x, y) = ( x + 2 , y )
Solution
(a) T ( x, y ) = ( x + 2 y , x − y ) and Let u = ( x1 , y1 ) and v = ( x2 , y2 )
T (u + v) = T (( x1 , y1 ) + ( x2 , y2 ))
= T ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
= ( ( x1 + x2 ) + 2 ( y1 + y2 ) , ( x1 + x2 ) − ( y1 + y2 ) )
= ( x1 + 2 y1 + x2 + 2 y2 , x1 − y1 + x2 − y2 )
22
T (u ) + T (v) = T ( x1 , y1 ) + T ( x2 , y2 )
= ( x1 + 2 y1 , x1 − y1 ) + ( x2 + 2 y2 , x2 − y2 )
= ( x1 + 2 y1 + x2 + 2 y2 , x1 − y1 + x2 − y2 )
= T (u + v)
T (cu ) = T (c( x1 , y1 ))
= T (cx1 , cy1 )
= ( cx1 + 2cy1 , cx1 − cy1 )
cT (u ) = cT ( x1 , y1 )
= c ( x1 + 2 y1 , x1 − y1 )
= ( cx1 + 2cy1 , cx1 − cy1 )
= T (cu )
T (u + v) = T (( x1 , y1 ) + ( x2 , y2 ))
= T ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
= ( ( x1 + x2 ) + 2, ( y1 + y2 ) )
= ( x1 + x2 + 2 , y1 + y2 )
T (u ) + T (v) = T ( x1 , y1 ) + T ( x2 , y2 )
= ( x1 + 2, y1 ) + ( x2 + 2, y2 )
= ( x1 + x2 + 4 , y1 + y2 )
≠ T (u + v)
Thus , T is not a linear transformation
23
Example 20
Determine whether T : R3 R3 is a linear transformation
a) T (x, y, z) = ( x + 2y –z , y +3z)
b) T (x, y, z) = ( x – 2z + 1 , y + z)
Solution
(a) T ( x, y ) = ( x + 2 y − z , y + 3 z ) and Let u = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and v = ( x2 , y2 , z2 )
T (u + v) = T (( x1 , y1 , z1 ) + ( x2 , y2 , z2 ))
= T ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 + z2 )
= ( ( x1 + x2 ) + 2 ( y1 + y2 ) − ( z1 + z2 ) , ( y1 + y2 ) + 3 ( z1 + z2 ) )
= ( x1 + 2 y1 − z1 + x2 + 2 y2 − z2 , y1 + 3 z1 + y2 + 3 z2 )
T (u ) + T (v) = T ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) + T ( x2 , y2 , z2 )
= ( x1 + 2 y1 − z1 , y1 + 3 z1 ) + ( x2 + 2 y2 − z2 , y2 + 3 z2 )
= ( x1 + 2 y1 − z1 + x2 + 2 y2 − z2 , y1 + 3 z1 + y2 + 3 z2 )
= T (u + v)
T (cu ) = T (c( x1 , y1 , z1 ))
= T (cx1 , cy1 , cz1 )
= ( cx1 + 2cy1 − cz1 , cy1 + 3cz1 )
cT (u ) = cT ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
= c ( x1 + 2 y1 − z1 , y1 + 3 z1 )
= ( cx1 + 2cy1 − cz1 , cy1 + 3cz1 )
= T (cu )
24
(b) T ( x, y, z) = ( x − 2 z + 1 , y + z ) and let u = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and v = ( x2 , y2 , z2 )
T (u + v) = T (( x1 , y1 , z1 ) + ( x2 , y2 , z2 ))
= T ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 + z2 )
= ( ( x1 + x2 ) − 2( z1 + z2 ) + 1 , (y1 + y2 ) + (z1 + z2 ) )
= ( x1 + x2 − 2 z1 − 2 z2 + 1 , y1 + y2 + z1 + z2 )
= ( x1 − 2 z1 + x2 − 2 z2 + 1 , y1 + z1 + y2 + z2 )
T (u ) + T (v) = T ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) + T ( x2 , y2 , z2 )
= ( x1 − 2 z1 + 1 , y1 + z1 ) + ( x2 − 2 z2 + 1 , y2 + z2 )
= ( x1 + x2 − 2 z1 − 2 z2 + 2 , y1 + y2 + z1 + z2 )
≠ T (u + v)
and let A be the matrix whose successive column vectors are T (e 1) + T (e 2) +. . . + T (e n) that is
A = [T (e 1) | T (e 2) | . . . |T (e n)]
x1
x
If x = 2 is any vector in Rn , then the product Ax is a linear combination of
⋮ the column vectors of A with coefficient from x
x n
25
then
x1
x
Ax = [T (e1) | T (e2 ) | . . . | T (en )] 2
⋮
xn
= T (e1 ) x1 + T (e 2 ) x2 + . . . + T (en ) xn
= T (e 1x1 ) + T (e 2x2 ) + . . . + T (enxn )
= T (e 1x1 +e 2x2 + . . . + e nxn )
= T (x)
Theorem
If T : Rn Rm is a linear transformation, and e 1 , e 2 , . . ., e n are the standard basis vectors for
Rn, then the standard matrix for T is [T ] = [T (e 1) |T (e 2)|. . .|T (e n)]
Example 21
Find the standard matrix for the linear operator from the image of the standard basis vectors
a) the reflection operators on R2 about x − axis.
b) the reflection operators on R3 about yz − plane.
c) the rotation operator on R3 about z − axis.
Solution
(a) the reflection operators on R2 about x − axis
1 1 0 0
T = , T =
0 0 1 −1
1 0
[T ] =
0 −1
26
(b) the reflection operators on R3 about yz − plane.
−1 0 0
[T ] = 0 1 0
0 0 1
1 cos θ 0 − sin θ 0 0
T 0 = sin θ , T 1 = cos θ , T 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 1 1
cos θ − sin θ 0
[T ] = sin θ cos θ 0
0 0 1
Example 22
Find the standard matrix for T : R3 R3 from the images of the standard basis vectors.
a) T : R3 R3 reflects a vector about the xz – plane and then contracts the vector by a
factor 1/5
b) T : R3 R3 reflects a vector about the xy – plane, then reflects that vector about the
xz –plane and then reflects that vector about yz-plane.
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Solution
(a) T : R3 R3 reflects a vector about the xz – plane and then contracts the vector by a
factor 1/5
1 1 0 0 0 0
T1 0 = 0 , T1 1 = −1 , T1 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0
[T1 ] = 0 −1 0
0 0 1
1
0
1 5 0 0 0
T2 0 = 0 T2 1 = T2 0 = 0
1
, ,
5
0 0 0 0 1 1
5
1
5 0 0
1
[T2 ] = 0 0
5
0 1
0
5
1 1
5 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 5
0 0 0 = 0
1 1
[T ] = [T2 • T1 ] = 0
−1
− 0
5 5
0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0
5 5
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(b) T : R3 R3 reflects a vector about the xy – plane, then reflects that vector about the xz –
plane and then reflects that vector about yz-plane.
1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0
T1 0 = , T1 1 = , T1 0 =
0 0 0 0 1 − 1
1 0 0
[T1 ] = 0 1 0
0 0 − 1
1 1 0 0 0 0
0 − 1 0
T2 0 = , T2 1 = , T2 0 =
0 0 1
0 0 1
1 0 0
[T2 ] = 0 − 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
[T ] = [T2 • T1 ] = 0 −1 0 0 1 0 = 0 −1 0
0 0 1 0 0 −1 0 0 −1
(a) A is invertible
(b) The Ax = 0 has only trivial solution
(c) The reduced row-echelon form of A is In
(d) A is expressible as a product of elementary matrices
(e) Ax = b is consistent for every nx1 matrix b
(f) Ax = b has exactly one solution
(g) det(A) ≠ 0
(h) The range of TA is Rn
(i) TA is one-to-one
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