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  • Aptitude Formulae

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    Karthika Muthu
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    A rational number is one which can be expressed in the following format = > alb, where b deg and a and b are positive or negative integers. A number which is divisible only by itself and 1 is called a prime number. If a number has no factor equal to or less than its square root, then that number must be prime.

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    A rational number is one which can be expressed in the following format = > alb, where b deg and a and b are positive or negative integers. A number which is divisible only by itself and 1 is called a prime number. If a number has no factor equal to or less than its square root, then that number must be prime.

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    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    370 vues29 pages

    Aptitude Formulae

    Transféré par

    Karthika Muthu
    A rational number is one which can be expressed in the following format = > alb, where b deg and a and b are positive or negative integers. A number which is divisible only by itself and 1 is called a prime number. If a number has no factor equal to or less than its square root, then that number must be prime.

    Droits d'auteur :

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 29
    Book of Formulae |. Basic Identities 1-1. Laws of Arithmetic 1 2 3 4 5. a +b=b +a (Commutative law of addition). (a+b) + c= a + (b +0 (Associative law of addition). ab = ba (Commutative law of multiplication). (ab)c = a(bc) (Associative law of multiplication). (@ + d)c = ac + be (Distributive law of multiplication) Note that there is no distributive law of addition in number system. However, in set theory distributive law exists both for union and intersection of sets. Special Cases awewne a+0=0 +a =a (addition of zero). a-0 (subtraction of zero). 0-8 (subtraction from zero). a* 1 = 1*a =a (multiplication by unity). a + 1 =a division by unity). a + 2 = 1 (division of equal numbers). Vices 1 sa = 5 Givision of unity), where a # 0 a* 0=0*a = 0 (multiplication by zero). 0 + 2 = 0 (division of zero), 2 + 0 = undefined (division by zeros infinity or not defined). 1- 2. Absolute value of a Number 1 2 a, ifaz0 {al= | -a,ifa a/b, where b + Oand a & b are positive or negative integers. ‘Those numbers which are divisible only by themselves and 1 are called prime numbers. in other words, a number which has only two factors —> Tand itselfis called a prime number. e.g 2, 3, 5,7, etc. Ifa number has no factor equal to or less than its square root, then that number must be a prime number. ‘Two numbers are said to be co - prime if they do not have any factor in common other than 1 Anumber which has factors other than itself and 1 is called a composite number .e.9 9, 16, 25. 10. 1 isneither a composite number nor a prime number. 11. Aninfinite non recurring decimal number is known as an irrational number. These numbers cannot be expressed in the form of a proper fraction a/b where b = 0.0.9 V2, v5,1, etc. 12. Any root of a number which cannot be exactly found is called a surd. Essentially, all surds are irrational numbers. e.g. V3,¥5- 13. Surds of the formx + Jy, x- Jy are called binomial quadratic surds, where x + Jy &x- Jy are called conjugate surds, each being the conjugate of the other The sum and product of two binomial quadratic conjugate surds is always a rational number. 14. The set of rational and irrational numbers is known as real numbers. A real number can be represented by 2 point on a real line. (R). 15. The square root of a negative number does not exist in the real sense. Such numbers are called imaginary numbers. Such numbers are denoted by prefixing and suffixing “i” which is equal to J 16. _Anynumber which has both a real component and an imaginary component is known as a complex number. ‘The sum and product of a complex number and its conjugate is always a real number. Il - 1 Odd and Even Numbers ye wene ‘Any integer that is divisible by 2 is known as an even number. e.g -4, -2, 0,2, 4 ‘Any integer that is not divisible by 2 is known as an odd number. e.g -3, -11, 3, 17 ‘Addition or subtraction of any two odd numbers will aways result in an even number or zero. Addition or subtraction of any two even numbers will always result in an even number or zero. ‘Addition or subtraction of an odd from an even number results in an odd number. Page | 2 topgre.com | cracksat.com sara W. 12. 15. 16. Il yews 10. n. 12. 13 ascenteducation.com | 4gmat.com | Book of Formulae ‘Addition or subtraction of an even from an odd number results in an odd number. Multiplication of two odd numbers will result in an odd number. Multiplication of two even numbers will result in an even number. Multiplication of an odd number by an even number or vice versa will result in an even number. Division of an odd number by an even number will never be a whole number. The quotient can be either odd or even, But the remainder will always be odd. ‘The quotient of dividing an odd number by another odd number can be odd or even. If the quotient is even, then a remainder will necessarily exist. ‘The quotient of dividing an even number by an odd number can be odd or even. If the quotient is odd, then the remainder will necessarily exist. Ifa remainder exists, it will be odd if the quotient is odd and it will be even if the quotient is even. The quotient of dividing an even number by another even number can be odd or even. Ifa remainder exist, itwill always be even irrespective of the quotient. ‘An odd number raised to an odd or an even power is always odd. ‘An even number raised to an odd or an even power is always even, - 2. Test of Divisibility By 2 - Anumber is divisible by 2 when its units place is 0 or divisible by 2 By 3 - Anumber is divisible by 3 when the sum of the digits of the given number is divisible by 3. By 4- A number is divisible by 4 when the last two digits of the number are 0s or are divisible by 4. By 5 - Anumber is divisible by 5, if its units digit is 5 or 0. By 6- Anumber is divisible by 6, ifitis divisible by both 2 and by 3. i.e the number should be an even number and the sum of its digits should be divisible by 3. By 7 ~ To check divisiblity by 7, we use 5 as a check multiplier. We multiply the unit digit of the number by ‘our check multiplier then we add this answer to the number after removing the units digit. If this answer is evenly divisible by 7, then the whole number is evenly divisible by 7. Alternatively, if a number is more than 3 digits, say something like abcdef, then to find if this number is divisible by 7, find out the difference (def - abc). Ifthe value of the difference is either 0 or divisible by 7, then. the original number abcdefis divisible by 7. By 8 - Anumberis divisible by 8, ifthe last three digits of the number are Os or are divisible by 8. As 1000s divisible by8 By 9 - A number is divisible by 9, if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. By 11 - Anumber is divisible by 11, if the difference between the sum of the odd digits and the sum of the ‘even digits of the number is either 0 or a multiple of 11 By 12- A number is divisible by 12, if itis divisible both by 3 and by 4. i, the sum of the digits should be divisible by 3 and the last two digits should be divisible by 4. By 13 - The method is similar to that of 7. Only that the check multiplier in this case is 4. By 17- The method is similar to that of 7 or 13. The check multiplier for 17 is 12. By 19- The method is similar to that of 7 or 13 or 17. The check multiplier is 2. Page | 3 Book of Formulae | 14, By25-Anumberis divisible by 25 if the last two digits of the number are divisible by 25 or the last two digits are. 15, By 75- Anumberis divisible by 75, ifitis both divisible by 3 and by 25. i.e the sum of the digits should be divisible by 3 and the last two digits should be divisible by 25. 16. By 125 - Anumber is divisible by 125, ifits last three right hand digits are divisible by 125 or the last three digits are Os. 17. _fpisa prime number, then for any whole number w, we-wis divisible by p. e.g. 4?-4 = 60 anditis divisible by 3. 18. P+ yh = Oc+ yer 2 y + xy? ... + YM) when n is odd. Therefore, when n is odd, x°+ y"is divisible by x + y. 19, xt y= (c+ ye = 907 y +... +") when nis even. Therefore, when n is even, x*- y*is divisible by x 20. (K- yx" + 2°? Ly +... +" )for both odd and even n. Therefore, x°- "is divisible by x- y. Il - 3 Properties of a perfect square 1 No perfect square ends with 2,3,7 & 8. 2. Noperfect square ends with an odd number of zeroes. 3. The perfect square consisting of (n-1) or ‘n’ digits will have r/2 digits in its root, ‘n’ being an even positive integer. 4. ‘The square of a number other than unity is either a multiple of 4 or exceeds a multiple of 4 by 1 Il - 4 Fibonacci Series The numbers which follow the following series are known as Fibonacci numbers. 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,.... Any term after the third term of the series is obtained by adding the sum of the preceding two numbers. In genemaliora Fbonaccinum ber, The sum of the first n terms is X,,.-X, (X,.,) differs from the product of X, and X,,, by 1. e.g. 5°=(3*8) +1 OY + HEX, For any four consecutive Fibonacci numbers A, B,C, D, C2- B= A*D. Awne Il - 5 Properties of cube roots 1. Ifthe cube of a number ends in 1, 4, 5, 6, 9 & 0 then its cube root also ends in 1, 4, 5, 6, 9 & 0 respectively. 2. If the cube of a number ends in 2 & 8 then its cube root will end in 8 & 2 respectively. 3. Ifthe cube of a number ends in 3 & 7,then its cube root will end in 7 & 3 respectively. Page | 4 topgre.com | cracksat.com | 800k of Formulae lll. Fractions & Percentage _atm 1. B= Bamsms0(the principal property of fraction). 2. +E =22° (addition of fractions having the same denominator. a_c_ac , , 3, bb “p- (Subtraction of fractions having the same denominator). ad + be cy i 4. 3+ =" 55 7 (Addition of fractions with different denominators) 5, 2-5=25-2° Guptracton of factions with ferent denominators) y VY ae ac , 6. bd {bq (Multiplication of fractions). a c_ad 7 7. bed ‘bc Division of fractions) ; ac _ LMofaandc 8. The Least Common Multiple (LCM) of two fractions ¢ and 5 = Gcpofband d’ SCD is the greatest ‘common divisor. ¢ _ GCDofaand 9. The GCD of two fractions > and $ = teMotband 10. The product of two fractions > and § = product of the LCM and GCD of and 5S. a 11. f-1-< & <1 and not equal to0, then itis known as a proper fraction, a a i 12. if <-1 orf > 1, then itis known as an improper fraction. a . ate. a gas 2 ; 13. If isa proper fraction and is > 0, then ==> Fand=°—* <= for any positive c. a ate as gare a zis is> Bte Banga t,o it 14, 1 isan improper fraction and is > 0, then p= & for any positive. Ill - 1 Per Cent 1. p%of anumber “a” is equal to <7, (Finding the percent of a given number) 27100 2. If p% ofan unknown number xis a, then x = (Finding a number from a given percentage). 3. Thepercent ratio of a and bis £ * 100% (Finding the % ratio of two numbers). ascenteducation.com | 4gmat.com Page | 5 Book of Formulae | Ill - 1.1 Equivalent Percentages of some commonly used Fractions Fra Eqvt% Fraction Equt % ——_—Fraction Eqvt % 1 4 1 ; 50% 3 80% 4 9.09% i 33.33% § 120% 3 8.33% 3 5 a 2 66.67% : 16.67% < 6.67% 3 : é : is ; 4 1 1 $ 133.3% 3 14.28% € 6.25% 1 1 1 ; 25% i 125% s 5% 3 3 1 3 75% z 37.5% = 4% 5 5 1 z 125% 3 62.5% y 3.33% 1 7 1 .t 20% z 87.5% s 2.50% 2 1 1 2 40% 3 11.11% s 2% 3 2 1 2 ow 3 22.22% $ 1.33% III - 1.2 Some Important Results 1. IFBis 25% more than A, then Ais 20% less than B. 2. If Bis 20% more than A, then Ais 16.67% less than B. 3. 181s 10% more than A then Ais 97" % less than 8 4. 1f818332.% more than A, then Ais 25% less than 8. If Bis 50% more than A, then Ais 33°5% less than 8, FB is 100% more than A, then A is 50% less than B. ay Hf B is 200% more than A, then A is662% {ess than B. 8. If Bis 300% more than A, then A is 75% less than B. Page | 6 topgre.com | cracksat.com | Book of Formulae IV. Profit & Loss SELLING PRICE - COST PRICE 2. COST PRICE - SELLING PRICE 3 _ Prat 99 Cost Price Loss = x00 4 Sloss = Cost Price 5. Iftwo items re sold each at Rs. X, one at again of p% and the other ata loss of p%, then the two transactions Po P have resulted in an overall los of +55 % ; j 20° 100° —p? 7. Ifthe cost price of two items are x, and one s soldat a profit of p%and the other ata loss of p%, then the two ‘ransactions have resulted in no gain or no loss. 6. _ Theabsolute value of the loss = Rs. V. Proportions 1. If BS .then ad = be. (The principal property of a proportion). alc a_bd db 2. E=S,then 2= Gig =S:5=> (Transposition of the terms of a proportion). V - 1 Continued Proportion 1, If three terms, a, band care in continued proportion, then they are also said to be in geometric proportion. alb where r is known as the common ratio. 2. In this case, b is called the mean proportional to a and c, and c is called the third proportional to aand b. 3. The square of the mean proportional to two given numbers is equal to the product of the numbers. bmate ascenteducation.com | gmat.com Page | 7 Book of Formulae | VI. Identities of Abridged Multiplication (a-bya + b)= (a+ b)=a' + 2ab +b* {a-b) =2'-2ab +b. (@ +b)’ =a'+ Zable +b) +b* (a-b) 3ab(a - b)-b’. a’ -b'= (a-b)(a’ + ab +b). a’ +b’ =(@ + b\(a'-ab +b). Nawewne VII. Indices a,n & N. (Finding a power with a natural exponent), 2. . 3. 1, where a # 0. 4, a" =—-,a#0,n > 0. Finding a power with a negative exponent). 5. a>0,m eZ,n € N (Finding a power with a fractional exponent). 6 axa’ za", (Multiplication of powers with the same base). a" +a =a™,a20 (Division of powers with the same base), aby" = a" * b* ~ if # 0 (The power of a fraction). VII - 1 Properties of Arithmetic Square Roots 1 2. (Wai) = aifa > 0 (The basic property of a square root) 3. Jab=Ja*vb ifa > 0 and b > 0 (Extracting a root of a product). 4 E 2B ga > oandb > 0 tracting a root ofa fration. . pt yg faz Oandb> ing a root of a fra Page | 8 topgre.com | cracksat.com | Book of Formulae Vill. Arithmetic & Geometric Progressions VIII - 1 Arithmetic Progression (A.P) 1. a= a +(n-1)*d, wherea isthe n® term of the AP, a, isthe first term, dis the common difference, (Formula to find the n® term of an A.P). nt ay zB ena 2A+b= 685m, whores isthe sum ofthe frstn temsof the AP Formulate find thesum of the first n terms of an AP). 3. _ Ifthe common differences positive, then the progression is an increasing sequence. 4, lfthe common difference is negative, then the progression is a decreasing sequence. 5. Ifthe common difference is 0, then the progression is constant, (o+1) \ 6. Sum of first natural numbers = “3. ea 7. Sumof the squares of first n natural number 8. Sumofthe cubes of first n natural numbers = ( + VIII - 2. Geometric Progression (GP) 1. a,=a,*r",a#0,r #0 Wherea is then term of the G.P.a is the first term and ris the common ratio. (Formula to find the n®term of a G.P). iy 5-24 al eet ad where is the sum of the first n terms of the G.P and where r #1 3. fa > Oandr > 1, then the progression isan increasing sequence. 4, fa > Oand 0 1, then the progression is a decreasing sequence. 6. fa O and b > Ois Jab. ase 2 Ifa given number is spit into additive two parts, then the product of the two parts will be the highest when they re equal. Ex. if 100 is spit into two parts, the product of the two parts will bethe highest when they are equal ie. when each partis equal to 50. Ifa given numbers splitinto two positive multiplicative parts, then the sum of the two parts willbe the least when the two parts are the square roots of the number. Ex. If 100 is spit into two, the sum will be least when the two partsare 10 each, whichis the square root of 100. For anyother value the sum willbe higher than this value. 2 ab Ifa > 0 and b > 0 (Comparing an arithmetic mean and a geometric mean). IX. Quadratic Equations 12, 13. 14, ax + bx+¢=0,a # 0 (Quadratic equation of a general form), D = b-4ac (The discriminant of a quadratic equation). ‘The roots of the above quadratic equation are 2: 9D ang =P za) Let ar and f be the roots of the above quadratic equation. If D > 0, then the roots are real and unequal. The c = > and the product of the roots a= = sum of the roots «r+, IfD isa perfect square, then the roots are rational and unequal => IfD = 0, then the roots are real and equal and is equal to Re IfD <0, then the roots are complexand unequal. Ifa, b and cof the quadratic equation are rational, then the roots are conjugates to each other. Ex. If a = p + qi, then 2 = pai. IfD > 0, then ax + bx + c= a{x-ax- A). Ifc =a, then the roots are reciprocal. Ib = 0, then the roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. fone of the roots of the quadratic equation with rational coefficients be irrational, the other roots must be the =p+yq. then 6 =p-Jq If @, 8 arethe roots of a quadratic equation, then the quadratic equation is x? — (a+ Ax +a irrational conjugate. If . c a Ifthe roots of a quadratic equations are of opposite sign, then its product © will be negative. ‘The difference between the two roots of a quadratic equation is equal to 2 Page | 10 topgre.com | cracksat.com Book of Formulae X. Logarithms 1, a= ban be represented in logarithmic form as log_b = x (Definition of a logarithm). 2. toga =xmeans that 10° = . 3. 10? = a(The basic logarithmic identity). 4. log (ab) = log 2 + log b, a > 0, b > 0 (Logarithm of product). 5. loot = log a - log b, a > 0,b > 0. 6. toga’ = n(log a) (Logarithm of a power). 7. log y im (change of base rule) aa 8 log Y= jogx XI. Simple and Compound Interest “” 1. Simple interest = 3 me PNR where Pis the amount invested or borrowed, Nis the time in years and Rs the annual interest rate expressed as a percentage per annum. 2, A= P+ Si, where Ais the amount payable or receivable at the end of period T, Ps the principal and Stis the simple interest. on RY , : ; 3B AS of 7 is) where Ais the amount receivable on compound interest basis, Pis the principal invested, R is the annual rate of interest expressed as a percentage and nis the number of years for which the sum has been invested, 4, Cl=A-P. where C.listhe compound interest, Ais the amount receivable with interest and Pis the principal invested. 5. Interest rate on installment plans 24*1"100 = NR) where R is the interest, | is the installment, N is the number of installments, Fis the principal left during the first installment and Lis the last installment. 6. Equated Installment A R X= + 100 ) 100, where X is the equated installment, A is the amount borrowed, R is the rate of TO0+R interest and nis the number of years. 7. Thumb rule on doubling of investment based on compound interest. Rule of 72 - The time taken to double one’s investment can be obtained by dividing 72 by the interest rate. Rule of 69 - This is a more refined rule and the time taken to double one's investment is obtained by using the 69 . formula. Time taken = 0.35 +. as ascenteducation.com | 4gmat.com Page | 11 Book of Formulae | XII. Speed, Time & Distance 1. Distance Traveled = Speed * Time Distance Traveled 2. Speed = Distance Traveled 3. Time = hed 2ab 4, Theaverage speed, if equal distances are covered at “a” krvVnr and “b” krvhris = 5. __ Iftwo bodies are moving in the same direction at a speed of “a” and “b" respectively, then their relative speed is |a-b] 6. __ Iftwo bodies are moving in opposite directions ata speed of “a” and "b” respectively, then their relative speed isa+b 7. Two objects A and B moving along a circular path in the same direction, having started simultaneously and from the same point traveling at speeds of a and b will meet again when the faster object has gained one full Circle over the slower abject. i.e. when the relative speed |a- b| completes one full round. The two objects will again meet at the starting point at a time which is the LCM of the time taken for each of the objects individually to complete one round. XII - 1 Important Distance and Time conversions to remember 11km = 1000 meters 1 meter = 100 ems 1 hour = 60 min 1 min = 60 sec "1000 Verve = 723600 1 mile = 1760 yards Tyard = 3 feet 1*1760 _ 22 1 mile = 5280 feet ‘1 mph = 75699 7 gg verdssec 15280 _ 22 3600 ~ 15 fe mph Note: 1 mile = 1.609 km = 1609 meters, For calculation purposes, one can approximate the value of a mile to 1600 meters, XIII. Set Theory 1. Theset which does not contain any element is known as an empty set or a null set. 2. Ifevery point of a set A belongs to B, then Ais contained or included in B and is @ subject of B, while Bis known as the superset of A. This is represented as A < BorB > A. 3. Two Sets are identical if they contain exactly the same points, and is then denoted as A = 8. Another way to represent this is: A = B if and only if A < BorB c A. Page | 12 topgre.com | cracksat.com | Book of Formulae XIII - 1 Operations with Sets 1. The union of two sets A and B (A U 8) is the set of points which belongs to at least one of them. 2. Theintersection of two sets A and B (A 8) is the set of points which belongs to both of them, 3. Sets obey commutative law of union and intersection ie.A'U B=BU A,andAM B=BOA 4. Sets obey associative law of union and intersection ie (AU B)UC=AU BU Oand(AN B)NC=AN BOO. 5. Sets obey distributive law of union and intersection (WUBI AC=AN OU BA Oand (AN B)UC=AUQN BUD. XIII - 2, De Morgan’s Laws 1 DML-1 AU =A 2 DML-2, An y=KUe XIV. Permutation & Combination . tp a ot 1. Permutation of things taken ‘r atatime"P = (—;y (Includes arrangement) 2. Combination of ‘n’ things taken ‘r’ at a time"C = (includes only selection) © See ctrl > r y “Ga | ¢ The total number of combinations of n distinct things taken none or some or all at a time = 2" 5. 6 7. The total number of combinations of n things, r taken at a time, where p things always occur = "*C.,, 8. The total number of combinations of n things, r taken at a time, where p things will never occur = "*C,. al 9. The number of ways of dividing n things into various groups each having p, g,ritems = Fieger] 10. Thenumber of ways of dividing n distinct things into r distinct grou 11. Gircular permutation of n things = (n-1)!. 12, Adeck of cards has 52 cards. There are four suits and each suit has 13 cards. 13. The total number of possible outcomes from a single throw of a perfectdiceis6. 14. When ‘n’ dice are thrown simultaneously, there will be a total of 6" outcomes. 15. The possible outcomes of a single toss of a fair coin is 2 -[H, Tl. 16. When ‘n’ coins are tossed simultaneoulsy, there will be 2" outcomes. The outcome of each toss is independent of the other. r ascenteducation.com | 4gmat.com Page | 13 Book of Formulae | XV. For: Basic Definitions, Theorems and mulae of Geometry & Mensuration XV- 10. " 12 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18, XV awn Page 1 Line, Line Segments and The angle Between Lines Aline segment i a set consisting of two different points and all the points between them. broken (polygonal) lineis a union of segments such that the end of each segment (except the last one) is the beginning of the next segment and the adjacent segments do not lie on the same straight line. A broken line is longer than the distance between its ends. A broken line is said to be closed if the end of its last segment is the beginning of the first. Anangleis a figure formed by two different rays with a common origin and a part ofthe plane bounded by them. bisector of an angles a ray which begins at the vertex of the angle and divides the angle into two. Adjacent angles are two angles whose union is straight angle and whose intersection is a rays.The sum of adjacent angles is 180°, Vertical angles are two angles which are symmetric about their common vertex, or two angles (smaller than a straight angle)the sides of one of which are the rays lying opposite the sides of the other angle. Vertical angles are congruent. ‘Two straight lines which belong to the same plane are said to be parallel if they have no pointsin common or ifthe lines do not coincide. Not more than one straight line parallel to the given straight line can be drawn through a given point of a plane( axiom of parallelism). Not more than one straight line can be drawn through a given point of the plane at right angles to a given straight line If two straight line are perpendicular to the same straight line, then they are parallel. The product of the slopes of two perpendicular linesis Centro - symmetric straight lines are parallel {fs0me two corresponding angles (or two alternate angles) formed by the intersection of two straight ines by a third straight line are congruent, then these straight lines are parallel Segment of two parallel straight linesincluded between two parallel straight lines are congruent. ‘The set of points of a plane which are equidistant from the end points of a segment is the perpendicular bisector of that segment. ‘The set of points of an angle which are equidistant from its sides is the bisector of that angle. 2. Triangles Atriangleis a polygon which has three sides. For any triangle - No side can be greater than the sum of the other two sides. Abisector ofa triangleis the bisector of an angle of the triangle drawn from a vertexto the opposite side. ‘Amedian of a triangleis a segment which connects vertex of the triangle with the midpoint of the opposite side ‘An altitude ofa triangle isa segment of the perpendicular drawn from a vertex to the opposite side. Inanisosceles triangle(a) the base angles are congruent (b) an altitude draw froma vertexisa bisectorand a median at the same time. [14 ‘topgre.com | cracksat.com 10. " 12 13, 14. 15. 16. V7. 18, 19, 20, 21 2. 23, 24, 25, 26. 27. 28. 29. 30, 31 32. XV- | Book of Formulze Ifthree sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of the other triangle, then the trianglesare congruent. Ifa side and two adjacent angles of one triangle are congruent toa side and two adjacent angles of another ‘riangle then the triangles are congruent. {two sides and the angle between them of one triangle are congruent to two sides and the angle between ‘them of another triangle , then the two triangles are said to be congruent. ‘The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°. Each angle of an equilateral triangle is 60°. Inan equilateral triangle, the perpendicular from any of the vertices bisects the opposite side and results in the formation of 30 - 60 - 90 triangle. Any triangle where one of the angles measures 90’ is called a right triangle. The leg of a right triangle opposite an angle of 30° is equal to half of the hypotenuse. The side opposite to the angle measuring 60is ¥3/ * hypotenuse ‘The square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of its legs. Perpendicular dropped from the vertex containing the right angle to the hypotenuse divides the triangle into ‘two 30 - 60 - 90 triangles. A triangle is said to be an isosceles triangle if two of the three angles are of the same measure. Isosceles Rt. Triangles are Rt. Triangles where the other two angles are equal i.e. both measure 45 degrees 2x =z. Area = a *x*x. ‘An angle adjacent to an interior angle of a triangle is known asits exterior angle. An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two angles of the triangle which arenot adjacent tot. ‘An exterior angle of a triangle is larger than each of the angles of the triangle which are not adjacent to it. The sum of the interior angles of a convex polygon with ‘n’ sides is 180*(n - 2). ‘The sum of the exterior angles of a convex polygon, taken one at each vertex, is 360”. Alerger angle lies opposite the larger side of the triangle. Alarger side lies opposite the larger angle of the triangle. If we lay off several congruent segments along one side of an angle and draw through them parallel straight lines which cut the other side of the angle, then they will intercept congruent segments on it. ‘A median of triangles a segment which connects the mid points of two sides ofthe triangle. A median of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is equal to a half of the length of that side. Parallel straight lines which cut the sides of an angle intercept proportional segments on them. {f three sides of one triangle are proportional to three sides of the other, then the triangles are similar(SSS rule). If two sides of one triangle are proportional to two sides of the other triangle and the angles between these sides are congruent, then the triangles are similar.(SAS rule). If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of another triangle then the triangles are similar. ‘The square of a side of a triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides minus the doubled product of those sides by the cosine of the angle between them. The sides of the triangle are proportional to the sines of the opposite angles. 3 Circle A circumference isa set of all points of a plane which are at a given distance from a given point lying in that plane. ‘Aircleisa set ofall points of a plane the distance from each of which toa fixed point of the plane doesnot exceed a given distance If two chords of circle are congruent, then the arcs which they subtend are also congruent. ascenteducation.com | 4gmat.com Page | 15 Book of Formulae | " 12, 13, ‘Chords of equal lengths are equidistant from the centre of the circle, and conversely chords that are equidis ‘rom the centre are equal in length Of two non congruent chords of a circle the longer one lies closer to the centre. The set of all the vertices of the right triangles with a specified hypotenuse is a circle whose diameter is hypotenuse. An inscribed angle is equal to a half of the angular measure of the arc which subtends it. The straight line which is perpendicular to the diameter of a circle and passes through its endpoint isa tanc to that cirde. ‘tangent to a circles perpendicular to the diameter which passes through the point of tangency. Acircle can be circumscribed about any triangle and that circle is unique. The centre of the circleis the p of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle. A circle can be inscribed in any triangle and that circle is unique. The centre of the circle is the poir intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the triangle. The area of a triangles equal to a half of the product of the base by the altitude. The area of the triangle is equal toa ha ofthe product of its two sides by the sine of the angle between th XV - 4 Polygons 17. 18. 19, 20. 2 22, 23. 24, parallelogram isa quadrilateral whose opposite sides are pair wise parallel The mid point of a diagonal of a parallelogram is ts center of symmetry. The opposite sides and oppc angles ofa parallelogram are pair wise congruent. The sum of the angles which are adjacent to one side of a parallelogram is 180°. ifthe opposite sides of quadrilateral are pair wise congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent and parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelograrr The area of a parallelogram is equal to the product of its base by the altitude. rectangle isa parallelogram whose all angles are right angles. ‘The perpendicular bisector of a side of a rectangles its axis of symmetry. The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent. ‘Arhombusis.a parallelogram whose all sides are congruent. The straight line which contains a diagonal of a rhombus sits axis of symmetry. The diagonals of a rhombus are mutually perpendicular and divide the angles of the rhombus into two, square is a rectangle whose all sides are congruent. trapezoid is a quadrilateral whose two sides are parallel and the other two are non parallel. The median of a trapezoid is a segment which connects the midpoints of the non parallel sides of the trapez ‘The median of a trapezoid is parallel to the bases and its length is equal to a half of the sum of the lengtt thebases. The area of trapezoid is equal to the product ofa half of the sum of its bases by the altitude. The ratio of the perimeters of similar polygons is equal to the ratio of similitude. The ratio of the areas of similar polygons is equal to the square of the ratio of similitude, The sum of the opposite angles of an inscribed quadrilateral is 180°. The sums of the lengths of the opposite sides of a circumscribed quadrilateral are equal Aregular polygon isa polygon whose all sides are congruent and all the angles are congruent. Acircle can be inscribed in any regular polygon. The area of a regular polygon is equal toa half of the product of its perimeter by the radius of the inscri cirde. Page | 16 topare.com | crackset. XV-5 Geometry & Mensuration Formulae Book of Formulae S.No Name Formula 1 Distance between two points Pix, y.), Q%,y,) lo, +U.-v 2 Co-ordinates ofthe point that divides a line segments Phx, ¥), Qtx, y,)in the ratio m:n mx, +X my, +1) mn" men 3 Slope m, of a line whose angle of inclination is 6. If 9 isacute, mis +ve and if @ is obtuse, mis -ve. M=tang 4 ‘Slopem, of a line whose coordinates are m Gy) Oo) 5 ‘Standard equation of a straight line whose slope is yom +c mand y intercept is. 6 Equation of a straight line whose coordinates are Gy) Gy) 7 TTiangle inequality - the lengths of the sides of the a

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