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cystic fibrosis acatalasis, hunting tons chorea, tay sachs disease, lisch nyhan syndrome, sickle cell
anemia, mitral stenosis, hunter’s syndrome, haemophilia, several forms of muscular dystrophy etc. In
addition, many common disorders like cancer, hypertension, atherosclerosis and mental illness seem
The term gene therapy can be defined as introduction of a normal functional gene into cells, which
contain the defective allele of concerned gene with the objective of correcting a genetic disorder or an
a) Identification of the gene that plays the key role in the development of a genetic disorder.
The genetic material may be transferred directly into cells within a patient, which is referred as in vivo
gene therapy or else cells may be removed from the patient and the genetic material inserted into
them, which is referred as invitro gene therapy. Apart from the two methods mentioned above there is
one more method that is ex-vivo gene therapy in which genetic material is inserted into the cells just
b) Cancers: – uncontrolled and enormous cell division and cell proliferation as a result of activation of
d) Immune system disorders: – includes allergies, inflammation and also autoimmune diseases in
a) Incase of germ line gene therapy germ cells that is sperms or eggs are modified by the introduction
of functional genes, which are ordinarily integrated into their genomes. Therefore the change due to
therapy is heritable and passed onto the later generations. This approach, heretically, is highly
effective in counteracting the genetic disorders. However this option is not consider, at least for the
present for application in human beings for a variety of technical and ethical reasons.
b) In the case of somatic cell gene therapy the gene is introduced only in somatic cells, especially of
those tissues in which expression of the concerned gene is critical for health. Expression of the
introduced gene relieves symptoms of the disorder, but this effect is not heritable, as it does not
involve the germ line. It is the only feasible option, and clinical trials have already started mostly for
It is done by simple addition of functional alleles has been used to treat several inherited disorders
caused by genetic deficiency of a gene product. It is also involved in transfer to cells of genes
encoding toxic compounds (suicide genes) or prodrugs (reagents which confer sensitivity to
subsequent treatment with a drug). It has been particularly applied to autosomal recessive disorders
where even modest expression levels of an introduced gene may make a substantial difference.
Artificial cell killing and immune system assisted cell killing have been popular in the treatment of
a) Direct cell killing: – it is possible if the inserted genes are expressed to produce a lethal toxin
b) Indirect cell killing: – It uses immunostimulatory genes to provoke or enhance an immune response
The repair of a genetic defect to restore a functional allele, is the exception, technical difficulties have
It is suitable for treating infectious diseases and some cancers. If disease cells display a novel gene
product or inappropriate expression of a gene a variety of different systems can be used specifically to
block the expression of a single gene at the DNA, RNA or Protein levels.
Gene therapy is not in use because of many drawbacks. Germ line therapy is a more difficult issue.
The problem is that the techniques used for germ line correction of inherited disease are exactly the
same techniques that could be used for germ line manipulation of other inherited characteristics.
Indeed, the development of this technique with animals has not been prompted by any desire to cure
genetic diseases, the aims being to improve farm animals for example by making genetic changes that
result in low fat content. This type of manipulation, where the genetic constitution of an organism is
changed in a directed, heritable fashion, is clearly unacceptable with humans at present technical
problems mean that human germ line manipulation would be extremely difficult. Before these
problems are solved we should ensure that the desire to do good should not raise the possibility of
1) Tom strachan and Andrew P. Read, Human Molecular Genetics, Second edition.