VII. A.

Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb____________________________________

References:
1. AC 60-14 (Aviation Instructors Handbook)
2. AC 61-21 (Flight Training Handbook) pg. 71
3. FAA-S-8081-1 (Private Pilots Practical Test Standards) pg. 1-10
4. FAA-S-8081-2 (Commercial Pilots Practical Test Standards) pg. 1-17 / 2-18
5. POH (Pilots Operating Handbook)
6. FAA Approved Airplane Flight Manual

Objective To develop the students understanding of Normal and Crosswind Takeoffs and Climbs

Elements 1. Review of wind conditions.

2. Takeoff hazards.
3. Use of wing flaps.
4. Alignment with takeoff path.
5. Initial positioning of flight controls.
6. Power application.
7. Directional control during acceleration on the surface.
8. Crosswind control during acceleration on the surface.
9. Lift-off attitude and airspeed.
10. Climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (Vy).
11. Crosswind correction and track during climb.
12. Use of the checklist

Schedule 1. Discuss Objectives 03

2. Review Material 02
3. Development 20
4. Conclusion 05

Equipment 1. White Board / Markers

2. FTH
3. Private/Commercial PTS
4. POH

IP’s Actions 1. Discuss lesson objectives

2. Present Lecture
3. Ask and Answer Questions

SP’s Actions 1. Participate in discussion

2. Take notes
3. Ask and respond to questions

Completion Lesson complete when SP demonstrates an understanding of normal and crosswind takeoffs and
Standards climbs

Instructor’s Notes: Normal and Crosswind Takeoffs and Climb

INTRODUCTION:

VII. A. Normal and Cross-wind Takeoffs and Climb

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What? – A takeoff and departure climb involves the movement of the airplane from its starting position on the
runway to the point where a positive climb to a safe maneuvering altitude has been established.

Why?– Takeoff and climb is how we transition from the ground environment to the air environment demands pilot
use safety considerations to achieve orderly, efficient and safe transition.

OVERVIEW - This lesson will cover the basic elements pertaining to Normal and Crosswind Takeoffs and
Climbs, including:
1. Review of wind conditions.
2. Takeoff hazards.
3. Use of wing flaps.
4. Alignment with takeoff path.
5. Initial positioning of flight controls.
6. Power application.
7. Directional control during acceleration on the surface.
8. Crosswind control during acceleration on the surface.
9. Lift-off attitude and airspeed.
10. Climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (Vy).
11. Crosswind correction and track during climb.
12. Use of checklist.

DEVELOPMENT:

HOW ?
1.) GENERAL
A.) NORMAL TAKEOFF - One where plane is headed directly into wind or wind is very light.
B.) CROSSWIND TAKEOFF - One where plane is not headed directly into the wind.
C.) Vr- Speed at which rotation of airplane begins.
D.) Vy- Greatest gain in altitude for a given time (excess power-dealing with rate).
E.) Vx- Greatest gain in altitude for a given distance (excess thrust- no rate involved).
1. WEIGHT AND ALTITUDE will greatly affect climb performance (Vy and Vx converge at the
absolute ceiling; Vy < Vx>).
2.) REVIEW OF WIND CONDITIONS
A.) Always verify wind direction- (will affect crosswind correction during taxi and takeoff).
B.) We prefer takeoffs into the wind (windsock, bushes, and water, ATIS).
3.) TAKEOFF HAZARDS
A.) Always clear the runway before taxiing for T/O (make sure you have sufficient time to t/o before traffic
is a factor).
4.) WING FLAPS
A.) Follow procedures in POH for correct use.
5.) ALIGNMENT WITH TAKEOFF PATH
A.) Make sure plane is longitudinally aligned with runway prior to takeoff.
B.) Pick reference points to maintain alignment during takeoff.
6.) INITIAL POSITIONING OF FLIGHT CONTROLS
A.) Full deflection of ailerons into wind.
B.) Trim neutral.

VII. A. Normal and Cross-wind Takeoffs and Climb

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7.) POWER APPLICATION
A.) Set mixture and propeller to POH recommendations.
B.) Smooth application of power.
1. Too fast.
a) lose directional control
b) engine surge and backfire
2. Too slow.
a) use excessive runway
C.) Use POH power setting.
D.) Monitor engine instruments and listen for roughness.
1. Do not liftoff unless all is normal.
8.) DIRECTIONAL CONTROL DURING ACCELERATION ON THE SURFACE
A.) Use necessary rudder pressure
1. Keep airplane aligned with correct use of rudder
2. Torque effect will be strong during power application.
9.) CROSSWIND CONTROL TECHNIQUE
A.) Full deflection of ailerons into wind.
1. As speed increases slowly roll out so as to maintain wings level and alignment on takeoff.
2. Ailerons become more effective with increased airflow due to speed.
10.) LIFTOFF ATTITUDE AND AIRSPEED
A.) As airplane accelerates:
1. Verify a/s is alive
2. Check engine instruments
a) If either is not normal abort
B.) Slowly rotate at Vr
C.) As you rotate allow plane to fly itself off the ground
D.) Explain dangers of rotating to quickly or abruptly
1. Exceeding critical AOA
2. passenger comfort
3. Increase torque effects.
E.) Maintain back pressure
1. After rotation nose may want to settle
F.) in gusty conditions add margin of safety
11.) CLIMB ATTITUDE, POWER SETTING AND AIRSPEED
A.) At liftoff we rotate to Vy attitude and hold it.
B.) At positive rate we retract gear.
C.) Adjust pitch as necessary to maintain Vy
D.) Smoothly retract flaps when specified.
E.) At specified altitude establish cruise climb.
1. Reduced pitch attitude increases visibility over the nose.
F.) Always follow noise abatement procedures
1. (found in A/FD)
12.) CROSSWIND CORRECTION AND TRACK DURING CLIMB
A.) Hold sufficient aileron into wind
1. As speed increases downwind wing will rise and rotation made on one wheel, otherwise side
skipping
B.) If strong crosswind rotate at higher airspeed
1. Provides more positive control
C.) Establish proper crab into wind
1. Wings level crab

D.) Maintain ground track over extended runway centerline.

1. Necessary rudder
E.) Always coordinated
13.) USE OF CHECKLIST
A.) Properly use checklist

VII. A. Normal and Cross-wind Takeoffs and Climb

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COMMON ERRORS
1.) Improper positioning of flight controls and wing flaps.
A.) In crosswind full aileron
B.) Flaps as recommended
2.) Improper power application.
A.) Smoothly apply power
1. too fast surging, backfire, torque effect
2. too slowly wastes runway
3.) Inappropriate removal of hand from throttle during takeoff roll and climb
A.) Hand is always on throttle unless raising wing flaps or trim.
4.) Poor directional control
A.) Smooth, prompt use of rudder
Counteract torque effect
B.) Over correction will cause meandering
C.) Rudder controls plane on the ground not aileron
5.) Improper use of ailerons
A.) As speed increases ailerons more effective and thus must be reduced.
B.) Maintain enough to keep upwind wing rising
1. avoid skipping
6.) Improper pitch attitude during lift-off
A.) Excessive back pressure = excessive pitch
1. delays takeoff
2. forcing airplane into air can result in immediate stall
B.) Too little back pressure- plane will settle back onto ground.
C.) Improper trim
7.) Failure to establish and maintain proper climb configuration and airspeed
A.) Use recommended POH settings
B.) Small pitch changes to control airspeed
8.) Drift during climb
A.) Outside visual references to maintain directional control.
B.) Avoid obstacles and other aircraft
C.) Maintain proper crab
1. wings level and enough right rudder

VII. A. Normal and Cross-wind Takeoffs and Climb

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 CONCLUSION

OVERVIEW
Discuss Elements, to include:
1. Review of wind conditions.
2. Takeoff hazards.
3. Use of wing flaps.
4. Alignment with takeoff path.
5. Initial positioning of flight controls.
6. Power application.
7. Directional control during acceleration on the surface.
8. Crosswind control during acceleration on the surface.
9. Lift-off attitude and airspeed.
10. Climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (Vy).
11. Crosswind correction and track during climb.
12. Use of checklist.

PRIVATE PTS
1. Maintain Vy, +10/- 5 Kts during climb.
2. Retract the landing gear and flaps after a positive rate of climb is established.

COMMERCIAL PTS
1. Maintain Vy, +/- 5 Kts during climb.
2. Retract the landing gear and flaps after a positive rate of climb is established.

COMPLETION STANDARDS:
Pilot has demonstrated knowledge of Normal and Crosswind Takeoffs and Climbs through discussion with and
oral quizzing from the CFI.

VII. A. Normal and Cross-wind Takeoffs and Climb

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