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Pratik Nayak
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Indian Music & Dance
Presented by - Pratik Nayak

About Me
Seven Years Experience online & offline
teaching
BE Civil, M. Planning (CEPT University)
Cleared GPSC, Worked at Govt. of Gujarat
Pratik Nayak -Unacademy

Art & Culture
Culture
Visual Arts Performing Arts - Religion
- Architecture - Music - Bhakti- Sufi Movement
- Sculpture - Dance - Indian Philosophy
- Paintings - Theatre - Language & Literature
- Pottery - Puppetry - Cinema
- Handicrafts - Circus - Calendar
- Martial Arts - Fairs & Festivals
- Awards & Institutions
- Miscellaneous topics

CLASSIFICATION OF ART & CULTURE
Performing Art
Music
Dance Forms
Music
Types
Sources
Instruments
Name of Artist
Q. Chronological
Evolution- Music &
Dance
Q. Theoritical
Understanding of
Music
Q. Classification of
Music
Understanding History
Pre Historic India- Stone Age
(Origin to 10000 BCE)
Indus Valley Civilisation –

2500 BCE- 1600 BCE)
Aryans & Vedic Age

(1500 BCE-600 BCE)
Mahajanapda- Foreign Invasions

600 BCE-350 BCE
Buddhism & Jainism
Mauryan Age (325-185 BCE)
Post Mauryan India (200 BCE-300CE)
Gupta Age (320-550CE)
Post Gupta-(600-750 CE)

Harsha, Chalukya & Pallava
Early Medieval -
750-1000 CE- Kannauj Triangle,
1000-1200 CE- Rajput Period

Indian Music
soul of any culture
Origin→ Narada Muni
Heard the sound of Naad
introduced the art of music to earth
Naad Brahma
Origin→ Historical Sources

Bharatmuni→ Natyasastra
22 keys were recognised as shrutis or srutis
Vedic Period→ Sama Veda→ Gandharvaveda
Sangeet Ratnakara→ Sarangdeva

Treatise on Music

Indian Music
Indus Valley Civilisation- Instruments found
seven-holed flute and Ravanahatha
Seal from Harappa→ Harp instrument
musical instruments mainly made of bamboo, bone and

animal skins and bearing close resemblance to modern veena
and mridangam from excavations
at the Indus Valley sites

Vedic Age- Samaveda→ - Samaveda- the veda of music
Jaimini Brahmana speaks collectively of dance and music - All 7 notes- karhapriya finds mention
in Sama veda
Other beings belonging to the sphere between man and gods - ‘om’ the oldest sound– basis for
are the gandharvas, celestial musicians and inspirers of other notes
earthly musicians, singers and dancers.
Their female counterparts, the nymph-like apsarasas, the
dancers of the gods, may cause war in men.
Both gandharvas and apsaras as dwell in specific trees
Gandharvaveda→ upaveda of Samaveda
form of music called Samgana that involved chanting of the

verses set to musical patterns continued, giving rise to
various forms of music like Jatigan that used to narrate the
epics
Panini- 500 BCE-

Mentions about Music

Post Vedic→ Mahajanpada
Buddhism & Jainism
Story of Amrapali
Ganika
Āmrapālī, also known as "Ambapālika", "Ambapali", or

"Amra" was a celebrated nagarvadhu (royal courtesan) of the
republic of Vaishali
Buddha staying at her mango grove, Ambapali vana, which
she later donated to his order and wherein he preached the
famous Ambapalika Sutta
bestowed with the title of Vaishali Janpad Kalayani, given to

the most beautiful and talented girl of the kingdom for a period
of seven years. Amrapali had the right to choose her lovers,
but according to the aforementioned custom, she could not be
committed to any one man
Development of Taxila- Music & Dance taught as a

discipline

Mauryan Age→
Mention by Megasthenes
Dancers in court
Arthasastra→ taxation of dancer class
Ganika -Prostitute/courtesan
Gayana- Singer
Kuhaka- Juggler/clown
Nartaka- Dancer
Nata -Actor/actress
Sutamagadha- Bard/Praise singer
Turyakara- Trumpeter
Vadaka- Musician

Post Mauryan Age→

Post Mauryan Age→
Satvahana- Dance & Music
Bhaja Cave- Dancing image of women & table players
Kharvela- Hathi gupha
Sangam Age- Madhavi

Silpadikaram & Manimegglai
Music & dancing were intertwined with religious rites from
early times
courts were also enlivened by roving bands
of musicians followed by women who danced to the
accompani ment of music.
Viralis sometimes danced at night by torchlight

Mentioned in Natyashastra
Saka- Rudradaman
Fond of Music
Kanishka→ court asvaghosha, a multifaceted personality, Greaco–Buddhist sculptures :

was known as a poet, musician, scholar, and zealous string, wind and percussion instruments
Buddhist monk

Gupta Age & Post Gupta Age :

Gupta Age
- Kalidasa→ mentions about the Devadasi system
- Samudragupta playing Veena
- Vatsayana also mentions about Music & Dance
- Ajanta Cave Sculptures also shows evidence
Post Gupta Age

-Harshavardha- player of flute
Chalukyas- Badami Sculptures

- Saptmatrika
- Nataraj
-Pallava-
Mamandur Inscription-
Notes on vocal music

Early Medieval Era→

Rashtrakuta-
Patrons of Music & Dance
Evidences from the cave architecture
Chola
-Nataraj images
Temples became the nuclei of art & culture
-Chidambaram temple
- Emergence of Bharatnatyam as a part of temple tradition
Books Written during this Era→

Brihaddesi (written in the 9th century AD) by Matanga,
which defined the word 'Raga’;
Sangeeta Makaranda (written in the 11th

century AD) by Narada, which enumerated 93 Ragas and classified them
into masculine and feminine species;

Medieval History Theme
Early Medieval (1000-1200 CE)- Rajput
Kingdoms & Foreign Invasions
Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

Simultaneous History
Provincial Kingdoms – Vijayanagar,
Malwa, Gujarat, Bengal Starting of Modernism
Bhakti & Sufi Movement

Indo-Islamic Culture Entry of Europeans
(Modern topic)
Mughals (1526-1707) Later Mughals (1707-1857)
Marathas (1628-1680, 1707-1761)

British Conquest of
Political Fragmentation in 18th Century India
Rise of the Princely States

From 1000 Onwards- Regional States

During Medieval India→
Early Medieval India- Rajput Kingdoms
Evidence found of Music & Dance in the
Architecture
Yadavas- Deogir
King Simhana
Patron of Music & Dance
Court Artist-
Sangitaratnakara of Sarangadeva, an important work
on music, was written in his court
5 major styles of Singing→ shuddha', 'bhinna', 'ghodi',

'sadharani' and 'vesura
text is also known as Saptadhyayi as it is divided into
seven chapters Ganga Dynasty- Odissa
various aspects of music and musical instruments
while the last chapter deals with dance Temples at Puri, Konark- Jhanj Player
Evidence of Music and Dance
Commentaries- emerged as a centre for dance and music
Sangitasudhakara of Simhabhupala (1330) and the Oddisi Dance- as a part of Devadasi System
Kalanidhi of Kallinatha (1430).

Medieval India- Delhi Sultanate
new musical instruments, such as the rabab and sarangi
Role of Amir Khusrau→

introduced many new airs or ragas, such as ghora, sanam.
Might have invented Sitar (not much evidence)
Tabla also played during this period
Follower of Sufi Saint- Nizamuddin Auliya→ musical gatherings- Sama
Kaiqabad→ patronized artists in his court
Ragadarpan was translated into Persian during the reign of Firoz Tughluq
Raja Man Singh of Gwalior- patron of Music

Man Kautuhal→ new musical modes introduced
Sufi saint, Pir Bodhan- musician himself

Khanaq→ became the place for Sama→ Qawali
Bhakti Saints- Guru Nanak

Used to carry ektara with himself

Medieval India- Regional Kingdoms

Rajasthan- Rajput States

Rana Kumbha→ accomplished musician
Gujarat- Bahadur Shah

Patronised music & dance Haripala's "Sangeeta Sudhakara", written
Baiju Bawra- Court Artist in the 14th century A.D., the terms
Singer of Dhrupad Carnatic and Hindustani are found for the
Composed Bahadur Shahi first time
Malwa- Baz Bahadur advent of Purandaradasa, in the year

Also fond of Music & Dance 1484→ termed as "Carnatic Sangeeta
Pitamaha
Vijaynagar- Krishnadevraya
Patron of Music & Dance Swaramela-kalanidhi (written in the 16th
Evidence from Hampi century AD) by Ramamatya; and
Deccani Sultans Chaturdandi-prakssika (written in the

Bijapur- King Adil Shah 17th century AD) by Venkatamakhi
Kitab-ul-Navras
Emotions & Expressions

Medieval India- Mughals
Music…..
• Birth of a male child was celebrated with

musical entertainment by both Communities
• Dance & Music patronised

Akbar- Patronised Music

Court Artist→ Tansen
Part of Navratna
Trained under Guru Haridas
Gained supernatural abilities called nada siddha
Initially in the court of Raja Ram Baghela
Also performed in the court of Man Singh (Gwalior)
Later on called to the court of Akbar

Original Name- Ram Tanu Pandey
Also called as Tanna
was born dumb and was taken to the Sufi
saint Murshid Mohammed Ghouse Gwaliari.
Abul Fazl- wrote in Ain-i-Akbari
Raag Deepak- Raag Malhar
On reaching Gwalior, he visited the Sufi saint
Mian ki Malhar,
and found him in the company of Swami
Mian ki Todi and
Haridas.
Darbari Kanada
Followers→ Senia Gharan
The saint blew air into the mouth of the child
and Tanna began to speak.
Kalpadruma is a compliation of 300 of his dhrupads
that were in Gauhar Bani. Tansen composed in his
Tansen was the title given to him by Raja
favourite ragas — Multani, Bhairavi and Todi .
Vikramjit of Gwalior.
Competition between Tansen & Baiju Bawra
Akbar gave him the title Mian
Tansen is also known as the ‘Sangit Samrat’,

-Jahangir and Shah Jahan as well as many Mughal nobles followed

Music & dance in their courts
-Aurangzeb banished singing from his court, but not performance of musical
instruments.
himself was an accomplished veena player
Music in all forms continued to be patronised by Aurangzeb’s queens in the harem
and by the nobles
largest number of books of classical Indian music in Persian were written during
Aurangzeb’s reign

Later Mughals-
Muhammad Shah ‘Rangeela’
Fond of Music & Dance
Regional States-
1. Awadh
Nawab Wajid Ali Shah- fond of Music & Dance
Kathak Dance performed
2. Rajasthan- Jaipur
Maharaja Jai Singh fond of Music

Modern India-
Music Development in the National Movement
1. Swadeshi Movement
- Development of Folk Music
- Rabindra Sangeet
2. Gana Sangeet Development
3. Haveli Sangeet also emerged as part of Worshipping traditions

Q. Theory of Music ?
Theory of Music→
3 Pillars of Music
Swara Raga Taal

What is Swara ?
Origin→ recitation of the Vedas
Total 7 Swara
Sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni
Seven combined together→ forms sargam

Saptak or Sargam
Sa- Sadaja
Re- Rishabha
Ga- Gandharva
Ma- Madhyama
Pa- Pancham
Dha- Dhaivat
Ni- Nishada
Shruti→
Shruti is the smallest gradation
of pitch representing the quality of frequency.

What is Raga ?
Sanskrit word ‘Ranj
basis of the melody
distinct personality subject and the mood
Combination of notes/ swara/pitch→ Q. Raga→ speed of singing ?

Audav/Odava Raga→ 5 raga Vilambit (slow),
Sadhava Raga→ 6 raga Madhya (medium) and
Sampurna Raga→ 7 raga Drut (fast).
every raga should have the basic 5 notes
Can be categorised into 3 types

Shuddha Raag
Chhayalag Raag
Sankeerna Raag

What is Raga ?
Organisation of Swara→ Into the Raga
pitch, which represents swara (tones), and sruti (microtones).
Raga also produces rasa, the

emotional effects in the performer and listener
aims at eliciting emotional and psychological responses from

the listener
Raga is based upon some Thaat or Scale
timing of performing a raga depends upon its mood, and

accordingly it is performed at a particular time of the day,
night or a season

What is Raga ?
In the classical music→

Carnatic Music→ 72 melas or parent scales on which ragas
are based, (mentione by Venkatamakhi-17th Century CE)
lead to the six main ragas in the Hindustani music
Time, Season and Mood Specific
Each raga has a specific time

12 am to 12 pm→ poorva bhaaga→ poorva raga
(Sa, re, ga, ma).
12pm to 12 am→ Uttara bhaaga→ Uttara raga

(pa, dha, ni, sa )
Aalap→ starting- slow beginning

Mukhda→
Antara→
Taan→fast tempo
Alankar

six main ragas in the Hindustani music
Time, Season and Mood Specific

Other important terms→
Thaat→
Thaat is a system of classification of the ragas
Study by Pandit Bhatkhande
seven notes out of the 12 notes (7 Suddha

Swaras and 5 Vikrata Swaras)
10 thaats are:
Bilawal,
Khamaj,
Kafi,
Asavari,
Bhairavi,
Bhairav,
Kalyan,
Marwa,
Poorvi and
Todi

What is Tala?
groupings of beats are called Tala

independent of the music
the uniformity of the time span, is called the laya
forms the very basis or pulse of

music, because it renders rhythm to the music and brings out
the cyclic pattern of rhythm in the music
Thala moves in bars, and each beat in it is divided into the

smallest fraction
never soothing to the ears if a music does not follow a thala
Tempo of the music

3 to 108 types of tala
10 to 12 talas are actually used

Eg. dadra, kaharba, rupak, ektal, jhaptal, Teental and
Ada chautal

What is Tala?
association of thalas with moods (similar to Raga)
chatusram – devotional and happy times;
tisram – festivity;
khandam – anger or frustration;
misram – romantic and joyous; and
sangeernam – confusion
Carnatic music has a rigid thala structure

Classification of Music
Classical Music Folk Music Other Modern

-Hindustani - Sugam - Rock
-Carnatic - Rabindra - Jazz
- Gana - Pop
- Haveli - Trance

Hindustani Music ?
Origin from the classical Music

Separation and standardization from 15th Century CE
onwards
Sung in different styles

dhrupad, dhamar, hori, khayal, tappa, chaturang,
ragasagar, tarana, sargam and thumri

Hindustani Music→ Sub Styles developed
Dhrupad Dhammar Khayal Thumri Tarana Tappa

Dhrupad→the literal rendering of verse into music
Oldest form of Classical music- Dhruvapada & Prabandha
Origin from Sama Veda
Mentioned in Natyasastra
Patronised by Raja Mansingh, Akbar

Famous Artist→ Haridas, Tansen, Baiju Bawra
Instruments→ Tanpura, Pakhawaj
Gharana→
Dagar
Betiyah compositions were written in Sanskrit,
Talwandi they are usually written in Braj Bhasha, and
sometimes in Punjabi, Rajasthani, Bengali and
Urdu
Dhammar→
Similar to Dhrupad Four forms of Dhrupad singing
Dhammar taal used existed: Dagar Bani, Khandaar Bani, Nauhar Bani
Brij bhasha and Gauhar Bani

Khayal→
Means Idea/Imagination
Types→
Bada Khayal- Slow tempo
Chota Khayal- Fast tempo
Gharana→
Gwalior- VD Paluskar
Kairana- Ustad Abdul Wahid Khan , Bhimsen Joshi
Patiala- Gulam Ali, Begum Akhtar
Jaipur- Ustad Allaudin Khan
Agra- Haji Sujan Khan -Started by Amir Khusrau→ Ornamental/ Flowery lyrics
-Hussein Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur,
-‘Sadarang' Nyaamat Khan, a beenkaar in the Mughal
Languages→ Brajbhasha, Bhojpuri, Punjabi, Urdu, court of Muhammad Shah 'Rangila
Rajasthani, Marathi & ocassionally Sanskrit
Instruments→ Tanpura and tabla

Thumri→
Sung in woman voice
Devotional form→lives of Lord Krishna and Radha
Started during bhakti movement
Love and separation
eastern UP around Lucknow

patronised by Nawab Wajid Ali
musician Sadiq Ali Shah, it is a mix of romantic and erotic style of
singing and is known by “the lyric of
Indian classical music”.
Language→ Braj Bhasha, Khari Boli and Urdu
gharanas of thumri are known –

Benaras- Rasoolan Bai, Siddeshwari Devi and
Lucknow- Nawab Wajid Ali Shah and Rang Piya
Patiala- Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Begum Akhtar

Tappa→
in Persian literally means jump
18th century AD from the folk songs of camel drivers by
Shorey Mian or Ghulam Nabi of Multan
folk songs of the camel riders of North-West

rhythm plays a very important role
Quick turn of phrases
Varanasi and Gwalior emerged as major centres
Tarana→
rhythm plays a very crucial role
Sung in Fast tempo
As per artists discretion
Artist→ Pandit Rattan Mohan Sharma
Ragasagar
musical passages in different ragas
eight to 12 different ragas and the lyrics indicate the change
of the ragas

Dhammar-Hori→
based on the festival of Holi
Similar to Dhrupad
Taal is in Dhrupad taal
love pranks of Radha–Krishna
Chaturang,
means four colours, denotes
the four parts in the composition of a song:
Fast Khayal,
Tarana,
Sargam and
a "Paran" of Tabla or Pakhwaj

Carnatic Music→
Mentioned by Purandardasa- differentiated between the
Hindustani & Carnatic Music
Belonged to the Vijaynagar court
Venkatamakhi→Chaturdandi Prakasika
72 melakartas
Trinity of Carnatic Music→

Tyagaraja (1759–1847),
Muthuswami Dikshitar (1776–1827) and
Syam Sastri (1762–1827)
Govindacharya is known for expanding the melakarta system
emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music
music is kriti based and focuses more on the saahitya or the

lyric quality of the musical piece
3 pillars- remained the same- Swara-Raga-Taal

Carnatic Music→
Varnam: sung at the beginning of a recital

reveals the raga
Kriti- sung in 3 parts

Pallavi: first 1 or two lines
Anupallavi : second verse
Charana: The final (and longest) verse
Ragamalika: concluding part
Use of mridangam

Hindustani Music Carnatic Music
Origin
Influence
Variations
Substyles &
Gharana
Vocals or
Instruments
Raga
Timings
Others→

Other forms of Music→ Mixture of Classical + Folk Music
Sugam
Sangeet
Bhajan Kirtan Shabad Qawwali Abhanga Tevaram Bhatiali

Other Forms→
1. Sugam Sangeet
2. Rabindra Sangeet-
recreates the music produced by the Nobel Laureate
Rabindranath Tagore
Classical + Bengali folk music
2000 Rabindra Sangeet
3. Gana Sangeet→
sung in chorus or groups
Invoke patriotic feelings, social message
4. Haveli Music→ developed in Gujarat & Rajasthan

Pushtimarg sampradaya
Part of Bhakti tradition

Modern Music→

Instruments for Music: Natyasastra, there are four classes of musical instruments
Tamil word for instrument-Karuvi is found in Sangam literature
Classification of Instruments
Wind Instruments Membrane Chordophones- Idiophones-solid

-Shishir Vadya based String based instruments
- Awnaad Taat vadya Ghana vadya
Vadya

Sushir Vadya Wind Instruments/Aerophones
Flute
Saxophone
Pungi
Shehnai
Nadeshwaram

Mohuri
Congo
Awnad Vadya Membranophone

Drums
Pakhawaj Dhol
Tabla

Gattvadyam
Thavil
Taat Vadya -Chordophones
Santoor Veena
Piano
Harmonium

Kamaicha
Rabab
Gottuvadyam
Ravanhatha

Guitar
Tambura
Ravanhatha
Sitar
Ghana Vadya Ghungru
Idiophones
Jal Tarang

Folk Music- Match the following:
1. Baul- West Bengal
2. Henaze- Kashmir
Related to Kashmiri pandits
3. Pandvani- Chattisgarh
- Related to Mahabharata
- Bhima- main focus
- Artits→ Teejan bai
4. Alha & Pai - Madhyapradesh

Alha- related to chandela dynasty kings
Pai

Folk Music- Match the following:
5. Panihari- Rajasthan
6. Ovi- Maharashtra & Goa

Bhakti movement- Varkari
Saint Dhyaneshwar
7. Maand- Rajasthan
Folk style of music
8. Khongjom Parva- Manipur

Battle of Khonjom-1891
Manipur vs British

THANKS!

About Me
teaching

Art & Culture
Culture

Performing Art
Music
Dance Forms
Music
Types
Sources
Instruments
Name of Artist
Q. Chronological
Evolution- Music &
Dance
Q. Theoritical
Understanding of
Music
Q. Classification of
Music
Understanding History
Pre Historic India- Stone Age
(Origin to 10000 BCE)
Indus Valley Civilisation –

2500 BCE- 1600 BCE)
Aryans & Vedic Age

(1500 BCE-600 BCE)
Mahajanapda- Foreign Invasions

600 BCE-350 BCE
Buddhism & Jainism
Mauryan Age (325-185 BCE)
Post Mauryan India (200 BCE-300CE)
Gupta Age (320-550CE)
Post Gupta-(600-750 CE)

Harsha, Chalukya & Pallava
Early Medieval -
750-1000 CE- Kannauj Triangle,
1000-1200 CE- Rajput Period

Indian Music
soul of any culture
Origin→ Narada Muni
Heard the sound of Naad
introduced the art of music to earth
Naad Brahma
Origin→ Historical Sources

Bharatmuni→ Natyasastra
22 keys were recognised as shrutis or srutis
Vedic Period→ Sama Veda→ Gandharvaveda
Sangeet Ratnakara→ Sarangdeva

Treatise on Music

Indian Music
Indus Valley Civilisation- Instruments found
seven-holed flute and Ravanahatha
Seal from Harappa→ Harp instrument
musical instruments mainly made of bamboo, bone and

animal skins and bearing close resemblance to modern veena
and mridangam from excavations
at the Indus Valley sites

Vedic Age- Samaveda→ - Samaveda- the veda of music
Jaimini Brahmana speaks collectively of dance and music - All 7 notes- karhapriya finds mention
in Sama veda
Other beings belonging to the sphere between man and gods - ‘om’ the oldest sound– basis for
are the gandharvas, celestial musicians and inspirers of other notes
earthly musicians, singers and dancers.
Their female counterparts, the nymph-like apsarasas, the
dancers of the gods, may cause war in men.
Both gandharvas and apsaras as dwell in specific trees
Gandharvaveda→ upaveda of Samaveda
form of music called Samgana that involved chanting of the

verses set to musical patterns continued, giving rise to
various forms of music like Jatigan that used to narrate the
epics
Panini- 500 BCE-

Mentions about Music

Post Vedic→ Mahajanpada
Buddhism & Jainism
Story of Amrapali
Ganika
Āmrapālī, also known as "Ambapālika", "Ambapali", or

"Amra" was a celebrated nagarvadhu (royal courtesan) of the
republic of Vaishali
Buddha staying at her mango grove, Ambapali vana, which
she later donated to his order and wherein he preached the
famous Ambapalika Sutta
bestowed with the title of Vaishali Janpad Kalayani, given to

the most beautiful and talented girl of the kingdom for a period
of seven years. Amrapali had the right to choose her lovers,
but according to the aforementioned custom, she could not be
committed to any one man
Development of Taxila- Music & Dance taught as a

discipline

Mauryan Age→
Mention by Megasthenes
Dancers in court
Arthasastra→ taxation of dancer class
Ganika -Prostitute/courtesan
Gayana- Singer
Kuhaka- Juggler/clown
Nartaka- Dancer
Nata -Actor/actress
Sutamagadha- Bard/Praise singer
Turyakara- Trumpeter
Vadaka- Musician

Post Mauryan Age→

Post Mauryan Age→
Satvahana- Dance & Music
Bhaja Cave- Dancing image of women & table players
Kharvela- Hathi gupha
Sangam Age- Madhavi

Silpadikaram & Manimegglai
Music & dancing were intertwined with religious rites from
early times
courts were also enlivened by roving bands
of musicians followed by women who danced to the
accompani ment of music.
Viralis sometimes danced at night by torchlight

Mentioned in Natyashastra
Saka- Rudradaman
Fond of Music
Kanishka→ court asvaghosha, a multifaceted personality, Greaco–Buddhist sculptures :

was known as a poet, musician, scholar, and zealous string, wind and percussion instruments
Buddhist monk

Gupta Age & Post Gupta Age :

Gupta Age
- Kalidasa→ mentions about the Devadasi system
- Samudragupta playing Veena
- Vatsayana also mentions about Music & Dance
- Ajanta Cave Sculptures also shows evidence
Post Gupta Age

-Harshavardha- player of flute
Chalukyas- Badami Sculptures

- Saptmatrika
- Nataraj
-Pallava-
Mamandur Inscription-
Notes on vocal music

Early Medieval Era→

Rashtrakuta-
Patrons of Music & Dance
Evidences from the cave architecture
Chola
-Nataraj images
Temples became the nuclei of art & culture
-Chidambaram temple
- Emergence of Bharatnatyam as a part of temple tradition
Books Written during this Era→

Brihaddesi (written in the 9th century AD) by Matanga,
which defined the word 'Raga’;
Sangeeta Makaranda (written in the 11th

century AD) by Narada, which enumerated 93 Ragas and classified them
into masculine and feminine species;

Medieval History Theme
Early Medieval (1000-1200 CE)- Rajput
Kingdoms & Foreign Invasions
Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

Simultaneous History
Provincial Kingdoms – Vijayanagar,
Malwa, Gujarat, Bengal Starting of Modernism
Bhakti & Sufi Movement

Indo-Islamic Culture Entry of Europeans
(Modern topic)
Mughals (1526-1707) Later Mughals (1707-1857)
Marathas (1628-1680, 1707-1761)

British Conquest of
Political Fragmentation in 18th Century India
Rise of the Princely States

From 1000 Onwards- Regional States

During Medieval India→
Early Medieval India- Rajput Kingdoms
Evidence found of Music & Dance in the
Architecture
Yadavas- Deogir
King Simhana
Patron of Music & Dance
Court Artist-
Sangitaratnakara of Sarangadeva, an important work
on music, was written in his court
5 major styles of Singing→ shuddha', 'bhinna', 'ghodi',

'sadharani' and 'vesura
text is also known as Saptadhyayi as it is divided into
seven chapters Ganga Dynasty- Odissa
various aspects of music and musical instruments
while the last chapter deals with dance Temples at Puri, Konark- Jhanj Player
Evidence of Music and Dance
Commentaries- emerged as a centre for dance and music
Sangitasudhakara of Simhabhupala (1330) and the Oddisi Dance- as a part of Devadasi System
Kalanidhi of Kallinatha (1430).

new musical instruments, such as the rabab and sarangi
Role of Amir Khusrau→

introduced many new airs or ragas, such as ghora, sanam.
Might have invented Sitar (not much evidence)
Tabla also played during this period
Follower of Sufi Saint- Nizamuddin Auliya→ musical gatherings- Sama
Kaiqabad→ patronized artists in his court
Ragadarpan was translated into Persian during the reign of Firoz Tughluq
Raja Man Singh of Gwalior- patron of Music

Man Kautuhal→ new musical modes introduced
Sufi saint, Pir Bodhan- musician himself

Khanaq→ became the place for Sama→ Qawali
Bhakti Saints- Guru Nanak

Used to carry ektara with himself

Medieval India- Regional Kingdoms

Rajasthan- Rajput States

Rana Kumbha→ accomplished musician
Gujarat- Bahadur Shah

Patronised music & dance Haripala's "Sangeeta Sudhakara", written
Baiju Bawra- Court Artist in the 14th century A.D., the terms
Singer of Dhrupad Carnatic and Hindustani are found for the
Composed Bahadur Shahi first time
Malwa- Baz Bahadur advent of Purandaradasa, in the year

Also fond of Music & Dance 1484→ termed as "Carnatic Sangeeta
Pitamaha
Vijaynagar- Krishnadevraya
Patron of Music & Dance Swaramela-kalanidhi (written in the 16th
Evidence from Hampi century AD) by Ramamatya; and
Deccani Sultans Chaturdandi-prakssika (written in the

Bijapur- King Adil Shah 17th century AD) by Venkatamakhi
Kitab-ul-Navras
Emotions & Expressions

Music…..
• Birth of a male child was celebrated with

musical entertainment by both Communities
• Dance & Music patronised

Akbar- Patronised Music

Court Artist→ Tansen
Part of Navratna
Trained under Guru Haridas
Gained supernatural abilities called nada siddha
Initially in the court of Raja Ram Baghela
Also performed in the court of Man Singh (Gwalior)
Later on called to the court of Akbar

Original Name- Ram Tanu Pandey
Also called as Tanna
was born dumb and was taken to the Sufi
saint Murshid Mohammed Ghouse Gwaliari.
Abul Fazl- wrote in Ain-i-Akbari
Raag Deepak- Raag Malhar
On reaching Gwalior, he visited the Sufi saint
Mian ki Malhar,
and found him in the company of Swami
Mian ki Todi and
Haridas.
Darbari Kanada
Followers→ Senia Gharan
The saint blew air into the mouth of the child
and Tanna began to speak.
Kalpadruma is a compliation of 300 of his dhrupads
that were in Gauhar Bani. Tansen composed in his
Tansen was the title given to him by Raja
favourite ragas — Multani, Bhairavi and Todi .
Vikramjit of Gwalior.
Competition between Tansen & Baiju Bawra
Akbar gave him the title Mian
Tansen is also known as the ‘Sangit Samrat’,

-Jahangir and Shah Jahan as well as many Mughal nobles followed

Music & dance in their courts
-Aurangzeb banished singing from his court, but not performance of musical
instruments.
himself was an accomplished veena player
Music in all forms continued to be patronised by Aurangzeb’s queens in the harem
and by the nobles
largest number of books of classical Indian music in Persian were written during
Aurangzeb’s reign

Later Mughals-
Muhammad Shah ‘Rangeela’
Fond of Music & Dance
Regional States-
1. Awadh
Nawab Wajid Ali Shah- fond of Music & Dance
Kathak Dance performed
2. Rajasthan- Jaipur
Maharaja Jai Singh fond of Music

Modern India-
Music Development in the National Movement
1. Swadeshi Movement
- Development of Folk Music
- Rabindra Sangeet
2. Gana Sangeet Development
3. Haveli Sangeet also emerged as part of Worshipping traditions

Dance Forms
Types
Sources
Instruments
Name of Artist

Indian Dance Forms→
Classical Dances Vs. Folk Dances
Origin of Dance in India-

Bharatmuni- Natyasastra
Nataraj- Tandava
Total 8 classical dances are there
- Classical Vs. Folk Dance

Nataraj- Tandava
spiritual in origin
Tandava, the cosmic dance of Lord Shiva
creation, preservation, and destruction
dances of Kali
Krishna lila
Apsaras, the celestial courtesans of God Indra's court
Urvasi, Meneka, Rambha and Tilottama

Q. Indian Dance Forms→
Bharatmuni→ Natyashastra
Origin of Dance ?
Brahma, the creator and the first of the Hindu Trinity,
was asked to create a pass time by the gods
Brahma had created drama
pathya (words) from the Rigveda,

abhinaya (gesture) from the Yajurveda,
geet (music and chant) from Samaveda and
rasa (sentiment and emotional element) from
Atharvaveda to form the fifth Veda, Natyaveda
science and techniques of Indian drama, dance and

music
postures, the mudras, and their meanings, the kind of
emotions and their categorization, besides the kind of
attires, the stage, the ornaments and the audience

communication that brings out the innermost feelings

bring out emotions of the mind and soul and are extremely traditional
sensuous and the ananda (bliss)

Rasa (mood or flavour) as the cause of Ananda
dance forms are thus structured around the nine rasas or emotions
dance forms use the same hand gestures or hasta mudras for each of these
rasas

four strong traditions of the classical dance form:

shastra,
sculpture,
folk tradition and
ancient literature
line of "Gurus“→ dedicated their lives to perfecting the art

form and handing it down to the next generation
Guru–Shishya Parampara of teaching
students lived with their master as in a family, perfecting
their dance training
each dance form also draws inspiration from stories depicting the life, ethics and
beliefs of the Indian people
performed on a regular basis at temples before the

deity as a devotional exercise
gave rise to the Devadasis
Later on→ reached the royal courts

How dance is made up of → as per Nandikeshwar-Abhinaydarpana
Nritta Natya Nritya

Basic - Drama + Combination of all
dance emotions Mudras
steps Emotions etc.
Different
Emotions→
Bhaav/ Rasa
Total 9 rasa

Aspects of Dance → as per Natyashastra
Tandava Lasya
- rhythm and Feminine features
movement bhava, rasa and
- Strength abhinaya
- Male features

Different
Emotions→
Bhaav/ Rasa
Total 9 rasa
Bharatnatyam
Belongs to Tamilnadu got its name from sage Bharata who was
Sadir, Dasi attam and entrusted with the work of writing
Natyashastra following the instructions of
Thanjavur-Natyam
Lord Brahma
gurus nattuwanars and the temple dancers called devadasis
Bhaav
Raga
Taal
Natyam→ nritta
Mixture of Tandava & Lasya

complex set of footwork, abhinaya and fascinating body movements
Fire dance→
Knees always bent
Ganapati Vandana—a traditional opening prayer to Lord Ganesha,

Alarippu- invocation of the Gods for the dance
Jatiswaram—a pure dance without meaning
Shabdam—an expressional dance with a small, delightful prelude
Varnam—the longest, most elaborate
Padam— expressive pieces that give the dancer full scope to demonstrate her talent
Tillana—the final item which is in the form of pure and abstract form
Bharatnatyam
Belongs to Tamilnadu
Temple Jewellery- Gajalu
music is of Carnatic style

instruments are thala, mridangam,
nagaswaram or flute,
violin and veena
Languages→ Sanskrit, Tamil and

Kannada
Famous personalities→
Tanjore Quartets
Rukminidevi Arundale
E. Krishna Iyer
Yamini Krishnamurthy
Sonal Mansingh
Indira Rehman
Queen of Bharatnatyam – Bala
Saraswathi

Kuchipudi
Theme of Dance:
Belongs to Andhrapradesh Jayadeva's Ashtapadi,
the Ramayana,
Artists→ known as Kusselavas, village to the Puranas,
village Krishna Leela
Tarangini or Tyagaraja's
Kuchipudi derives its name from the compositions
Andhra village of Kusselavapuri or Bhama Kalapam- Satyakama
Kuchelapuram
Dance also known as Ata Bhagavatham
Stories from Bhagvatpuran→ artists called

as Bhagvathalu – male artists- Brahman
conceptualized as a dance drama requiring

a set of character

Kuchipudi
Features-
Introduction with daaru
designed for each character to help
him or her reveal his or her identity
Shabdam-
Ashtapadi- dance from the stories
Dance + Drama
Vocal dialogues
Manduksabdam
Tarangam Instruments→ The mridangam, violin
Tala chitra Natyam
Famous artists→ Radha & Raja Reddy
Chinna Krishna Murthy, Yamini Krishnamurthy, Swapna
Sundari

Kuchipudi

Kathakali
5 Elements→
Belongs to Kerala Natyam (Acting),
originated in temples Nrithyam, the use of hand gestures "mudras
Nritham (Dance)
Katha + Kali Sangeetham (Music): Song/Vocal accompaniment
Victory of good over evil (Geetha), and instrumental accompaniment
(Vadyam)
Chutti: Painting or make up
Origin from folk dances→ Kudiyattam,
Theyyams, Mudiyattam and the martial arts of Kalaripayattu
Known as ballet of the east
-performed in open air on a stage covered with

coarse mats and lit only by a brass lamp
Starting→ Thundering of the drums, Chenda and Maddala
Mangalacharan→ invocation to the Gods and the main dance
Thodayam- pure dance
themes → Ramayana, Mahabharata, the Puranas or the Vedas

Kathakali
Belongs to Kerala
elaborate masks and costumes

jacket or “Kanchukam” and heavy ornamented head
gear or “Kireetam”
begins in the night, concludes with the arrival of dawn
-Minimum use of props

-Facial make up
-Facial expresssions→ Navrasa
-performed in evening- open air
Drums- chenda & madalla
Language→ chaste Sanskrit or Malayalam
VN Menon revived it
Artists→ Kalamandalam Murali,
Kalamandalam Gopi

Kathakali

Mohiniattam
Belongs to Kerala
Mohini- Beautiful lady

Attam- Dance
Related to Vishnu→ feminine form

- 1st Reference→ ‘Vyavaharamala’ composed by
Mazhamangalam Narayanan Namboodiri
-Dance of an Enchantress
-causes havoc and destruction to the wicked and great
delight and pleasure to the good
-synthesis of Kathakali, Bharatanatyam and a few folk dances
-
- theme of love and devotion to Lord Vishnu or Lord Krishna
Similar to Bharatnatyam→progressing through Cholkettu,
Jathiswaram, Varnam, Padam and Tillana

Mohiniattam
Belongs to Kerala
-Dance of an Enchantress
-Solo women dance→ later in groups
- skilled footwork, movements of the hands,
and facial expressions
-Lasya domination- smoothly and softly
movemvents
-Feminine features
-Graceful movements of hands & legs
White & Off-white costume

ornaments, ankle bells and garlands of
jasmine in the hair -Carnatic Music
-Swati Thirumal, the king of
Artist→ Sunanda Nair Travancore patronized it
Famous Artist:
-Krishna Panicker,
Madhavi Amma and
Chinnammu Amma

Mohiniattam

Oddisi
Belongs to Odissa
Archaeological Evidence- Hathigupha
Mentioned from Natyasastra

Odia Nritya
sculptures in temple→the Brahmeswara and

the dancing hall of the Sun Temple at Konark
Started as part of Maharis→ women dancers

Later on boys also joined→ Gotipua
Royal court→ Nartalai
similar to that of Bharatanatyam

Follows rules of Natyashastra
philosophy of its most popular deity, Lord Jagannath

uses the verses of the Sanskrit play Geet Govinda

Oddisi
Starting→Mangalacharan (elaborate prayer routine)
End→ Moksha
Features→
fusion of Lasya (femininity) and Tandava (masculinity)
Tribhanga posture
Chowk
Geometrical spiral pattern dance
Language→ Sanskrit or Oriya
Music→ Hindustani & some times Carnatic
Performed in Temples
Artists→
Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra
Sanjukta Panigrahi
Indira Rehman
Sonal Mansingh
Mallika Sarabhai

Oddisi

Manipuri
Belongs to Manipur
Shiva and Parvati→ origin

danced in the valleys of Manipur to the accompaniment of the
Gandharvas to the celestial light of Mani (jewel) from the
head of the Atishesha
Folk festival of Lai Haraoba

Later on under Bhakti influence→ Vaishnavite theme
emerged in the dance form
Focus→ Krishna
Lasya (feminine) aspects predominate

nritta, nritya and natya find themselves equally balanced
Sringar Rasa
Originally performed only in temples
Celebrates – Changing season, breeze, warmth of sun,
monsoon

Manipuri
Belongs to Manipuri
saint lyricists like Jayadeva, Vidyapati, Chandidas

or from Bhagavat Purana
Features→
Ras leela
Costume different from other dances
Potloi”, Lehenga is called “Kumin” with mirror work
woven into gorgeous designs and layered with a
transparent silk
kirtan form of singing accompanying dance
khol or mridangam, manjira and flute
Patronised by Rabindranath Tagore
Jhaveri sisters→ Darshana, Ranjana and Lalana,

Guru Bipin Singh,
Karta Maharaj is described as the 'Father of

Manipuri Ras

Manipuri

Kathak
Belongs to North India→ UP
Katha', which literally means 'story'.
Kathika’ or the story-tellers who recited verses from the epics,
with gestures and music
took the form of Kathakalakshepam and Harikatha in

southern India, and the
form of Kathak in the north
Initially at performed at village temples

drastic transition due to the influence of the Mughal
tradition
altered from a temple dance to a piece for
entertainment in the courts of kings
Persian influence on the dance form
Starting of the Gharana System

Kathak
Features
danced by both men and women
spontaneity, freedom from uniformity and the room for innovation-
improvisations
starts with the invocation to God

Theme→ Hindustani or Urdu language pertaining to Krishna Leela
legends from the Puranas or a love episode, are narrated and
interpreted through abhinaya, facial expressions and postures
Gatbhava→ Radha-Krishna through mime
Intricate Foot work

Jugalbandhi→ play between the dancer and the tabla player
Variations and Freedom for the Artist
Hindustani music
Kathak builds Lucknow Benares Jaipur
up on bhava, raga and thala Kalka Prasad, Sitara Devi, Roshan Kumari,
Shambhu Maharaj, Sunayana Mohan Rao
Jaipur, Lucknow and Benaras Lachchu Maharaj, Hazarilal, Kalyanpurkar
Achchan Maharaj, Uma Sharma,
Birju Maharaj Kumudini Lakhia

Kathak

Sattaria
Belongs to Assam→
Origin→ 15th Century CE

Bhakti Saint- Shankardeva
Vaishnava monasteries known as ‘Sattras’
Initially performed in group by male monks known as

‘Bhokots’
Ankiyanaat→ one act play

called ‘Bhaona’, and involves stories of Lord Krishna
accompaniment to the Ankiya Naat (a form
of Assamese one-act plays devised by him)
tradition developed and grew within the sattras, the dance

form came to be called Sattriya Nritya
performed in a highly ritualistic manner by male dancers
alone

Sattaria
Belongs to Assam→
Upper part of body – melody. Lower part – interpreting

rhythms
19th century, Sattriya Nritya emerged from the

sanctum of Assam's sattras
November 15, 2000→ Recognition as a classical dance
3 forms of Sattriya
The dances of Sutradhara,
The dances of Krishna or Rama,
The dances of Gopis of Vrindavana

Sattaria

Folk Dances
1. Chhau
Meaning → Shadow
Mask dance
Based in 3 states→ Odissa, Bengal and Jharkhand

Folk Dances
2. Ghoomar or Gangore
Belongs to Rajasthan
3. Kalbelia
women of the Kalbelia community
Dance with the been (snake charmers)
UNESCO- Intangible Heritage list
4. Jawra- harvest festival

Madhyapradesh
Basket of jawar on head
5. Gaur Maria-Chattisgarh
Tribal dance
Movements of bison

Folk Dances
6. Akalpa – Jharkhanda
Dedicated to Gajanand-Shiva
Group dance
7. Biraha- Bihar
Shows pain of women whose partners are away from
them
Perofmed by male artist→ women costume
8. Paika- Odissa
Paikarebellion

Folk Dances
9. Bihu-Assam
Harvesting festival
10. Thangta- Sikkim

Maritial Dance form
11. Rangma- Nagalanda

Bamboo Dance, War related
12. Singhi Chham- Sikkim

popular mask dance
Tribute to Kanchenjunga Khang-Chen Dzong Pa
13. Cheraw- Mizoram

Bamboo dance

Folk Dances
14. Kummi- Tamilnadu
Performed by women during Pongal
15. Mayilattam- Kerala & TN

Young girls dressed as peacocks
16. Burrakatha→ Andhrapradesh

Dance narration story
17. Padyani- Kerala

Martial Dance
Huge masks
18. Ottumkulal- Kerala

Poormans Kathakali

Folk Dances
19. Dumhal- Jammu & Kashmir
20. Garba- Gujarat
21. Gatka & Giddha- Punjab

Indian Theatre
Ancient Folk Modern Theatre

Sanskrit Theatre
Theatre

Theatre
Origin
Language
State based
Artist
Indian Theatre
Origin→ Mentioned in Bharatmuni’s Natyasastra
Type→ one act play to ten act play
a narrative art form, which encompassed a

concoction of music, dance and acting
Two types of Plays-

Lokdharmi- symbolizes comman man’s life
Natyadharmi- symbolizes narrative art, stylish etc.
Plays written in Ancient India- Sanskrit Theatre

Bhasa-
Shudraraka- Mrichkatikam
Kalidasa- Abhijnan Shakuntalam, Malvikagnimitram
Vishakhdataa- Mudrarakshahsa
Harsha- Ratanavali, Kadambari etc.
3 Characters-
Nayak
Nayika
Vidusaka
Sutradhar- Director
Indian Theatre
Folk theatre developed over a period of time
means for communicating faith to God
Can be classified in three types-

1. Ritual Theatre
2. Entertainment
3. South India

Indian Theatre
Ritual Theatre→ means for communicating faith to God

1. Anika Naat- Assam
One act play
Developed by Shankardeva
2. Kala
Realted with Vishnu
Dashavtar
3. Ramlila- UP
Before Dusshera
4. Bhuta- Karnataka
Worshiping ancestors
5. Ramman-Uttarakhand
Bhutiyal devta
UNESCO Intangible heritage list

Indian Theatre
Entertainment
1. Bhavai- Gujarat
Socio-cultural issues
Men dressed as women
2. Daskathia- Odissa
3. Kariliya- Himachal Pradesh

Open air theatre
4. Maach- Madhyapradesh
Use of doha
5. Nautanki- Uttarpradesh
Drama + Dance
Dialogue delivery- lyrical fashion

Indian Theatre
Entertainment
6. Powada- Maharshatra
Depicts heroic actions of Shivaji
7. Tamasha-Maharashtra
Folk theatre
Muisc form- lavani
8. Bhandpather- Jammu & Kashmir

Social message
Satirical form
9. Naqal- Punjab
Sattirical
Mimicry based performance

Indian Theatre
Entertainment
South India-
1. Yakshagana- Karnataka
Dance + Drama
Also popular in Maharashtra
2. Burrakatha- Andhrapradesh
3. Theyyam- Kerala
Head gear, Costume
4. Krishnatta- Kerala
Influence on Kathakali

Puppetry
Location based
Material based
Types
Dying art

Indian Puppetry
String Shadow Glove Rod

Puppets Puppets Puppets Puppets
Sources→
Indus Valley Civilisation
Silpadikaram→ Elango Adigal

Indian Puppetry
Indian Puppetry
String Puppets→
Kathputli Kundhei Gombayetta Bomalattam

Rajasthan odissa Karnataka Tamilnadu
- No legs -joints -variation in -rod+string
- Flexible puppet size -largest &
-status heaviest
based

Indian Puppetry
Shadow Puppets→
Ravanchaya Togalu Tholu

-Odissa Gombayetta Bomalatta
Karnataka Andhrapradesh
-similar to
Yakshagana

Indian Puppetry
Rod Puppets→ Glove Puppets→
Pavakothu
-Kerala
Yampuri Putul Naach-

-Bihar Bengal

Circus
No question
asked till now
Issues related
Governance🡪
Animal cruelty

Indian Circus
1st Indian Circus→ 1880
Vishnupant Chatre
The Great Indian Circus
toured extensively throughout the country as well as in
foreign shores such as Ceylon and South East Asia
2. Keeleri Kunhikannan
circus school at Chirakkara near Tellicherry
(Kerala)
Father of Indian Circus
Starting of Circus tradition in India

Grand Malabar Circus- Pariyali Kannan
Gemini Circus- Mera Naam Joker

Jumbo Circus- The pride of India
Q. Dying Art ?
Q. Animal Cruelty ?

THANKS!
Indian Philosophy & Religion

About Me
teaching

Art & Culture
Culture

Indian Philosophy ?
- Origin
- Why ?
- Significance
- Classification
- Founders
- Books

Goals of life
Artha Dharma Kama Moksha

How to Achieve Moksha ?
By Knowledge By Rituals Yoga- Meditation By Following Bhakti

Code of Conduct
Vedic
Literature
Shruti Smriti
Literature
Veda
Vedanga
Brahmana samhita Shad
Arayanka Darshana
Upanishad
Upaveda
Epics
Upanishads-
During the Vedic Age→

upa meaning ‘near’, ni
meaning ‘down’ and shad meaning ‘be seated
seated at the feet of the Guru to receive the teaching
exposition of the origin of the Universe,

the nature of Brahman and the jivatman,
the relation between mind and matter
reference point for all subsequent Indian philosophy

Upanishads-
During the Vedic Age→

The ritual is given a symbolic meaning, and knowledge of this meaning becomes more
important than the performance of the ritual itself.
This principle then becomes the starting point of Upanishadic speculation
idea of the inner and mental offering as

distinguished from the outer and formal sacrifice is an important element in
the transition from the Brahmanas to the Upanishads
two kinds of knowledge: the higher and the lower. The higher knowledge helps us to know the
imperishable Brahman, while the lower can be gathered from the four Vedas
as well as the six Vedangas (Limbs of Vedas).
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad presents the view that repeated death (mrityu)
Chandogya is the one in which Uddakala teaches his son, Svetaketu, the truth of the non-difference of the
individual soul from the Brahmana

Upanishads-
- Jabala Upanishad→ 4 stages of lie
(a) brahmacharin or student life,
(b) grihastha or life of the householder,
(c) vanaprastha or partial retirement and
(d) sannyasin (yati) or complete retirement (ascetic life).
expound the belief in the passage of human soul from life to life according to one’s conduct in the
previous life. The theory of karma evolved from the above belief
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad a passage speaks about the fortunes of the soul

and develops the doctrine of the transmigration of soul and, in close
connection with it, the doctrine of karma also

By 6th Century BCE-
Development of Buddhism & Jainism took place
Gave a new philosophy
Buddhism- Nirvana
Jainism- Attaining Kaivalya
Ajivikia- Fatelism
Hence, new philosophies took place

Leading to development different schools of Indian Philosophy

Indian Philosophy
Astik- Orthodox Nastik- Heterodox
Shad Darshans - Buddhism

- Jainisim
Believes in the Veda - Charvaka

Astik- Orthodox
Shad Darshans
- Samkhya
- Yoga
- Nyaya
- Vaisheshika
- Mimansa (Purva-Mimansa)
- Vedanta (Uttar-Mimansa)

Shad Darshana→
darsana, derived from drishti, literally
meaning a ‘seeing’ or ‘view point
accepted the authority of the Vedas
interpretations differ on various points

Monistic
Dualistic
Atheistic
Part of religion-god worshiping

Many darshans are of atheist perspective
accept the doctrine of rebirth yet not accept that a

single deity created the world
actual or supposed founders- not much facts available

specific Sutra attributed to the supposed founder

Samkhya Darshan Q. Fundamental Question→
Q. Formation of Universe/World ?
‘enumeration’ Q. Does god exist ?
system of dualistic realism Q. Road to Moksha ?
Founder/proponent→ sage Kapila
Book→ Samkhyakarika of lsvara Krishna
Fundamental Question→ ?
world we see around us really exists
Samkhya- Universe Creation

Based on 2 entities
1. Purusha- soul
2. Prakriti – matter/entity
divine agency is not essential for the creation of the
world as the world owes its creation and evolution
more to the nature or Prakriti than to God

Samkhya Darshan
Q. Purusha (the spiritual principle)
many purushas, all of them eternal, unchanging,
Q. Prakriti→ single, all-pervasive, complex passive, and conscious witnesses
substance which evolves in the world into
countless different shapes
eternal and unchanging, but also active and

Q. Relationship between Purusha & Prakriti ?
unconscious
- Universe/World
- Created by 2 entities→ Purusha & Prakriti
three gunas or qualities—
- passive observer watching a dancer
sattva (goodness),
rajas (energy or
passion), and
tamas (darkness or inertia).
Q. How to achieve Liberation / Moksha ?
Each guna→ antagonistic to the others Purusha realizing its distinction from prakriti
coexist, cohere and cooperate
How→ By Acquiring Knowledge

Samkhya Darshan
Q. How to achieve Liberation / Moksha ?

person can attain salvation through the
necessity of God is not felt for
acquisition of real knowledge
epistemological clarity about the
interrelationship between higher Self,
How→ By Acquiring Knowledge
individual self, and the universe
Pratyaksha: Perception
Anumana: Inference
Shabda: Hearing
scientific system of inquiry

self-knowledge that leads to liberation
and not any exterior influence or agent

Yoga Darshana Q. Fundamental Question→
Founded by Patanjali Q. Does god exist ?
Book- Yogasutra Q. Road to Moksha ?
many similarities to Samkhya

Believes→ the universe creation is based on the synthesis of
Purusha & Prakriti
‘Samkhyva is knowledge, Yoga is practice
Also believes in the Universal Soul

individual souls emerge from the Universal Soul
Q. Path to Salvation ?
salvation by combining meditation and physical application of
yogic techniques
techniques lead to the release of the Purusha

from the Prakriti and would eventually lead to salvation

Q. Fundamental Question→
Yoga Darshana Q. Formation of Universe/World ?
Q. Does god exist ?
Q. Path to Salvation ? Q. Road to Moksha ?
By doing Yoga-
1. Raj Yoga- classical yoga, Astangika
2. Hath Yoga- flawless body, body should not be the hurdle
energy flowing through energy
Astangika Yoga- 8 levels- controlling breath & doing physical
channels and concentrated in
exercises
chakras
Yama- Practicing self-control By doing yoga→ the chakras get
Niyama -Observation of the rules governing one’s life enlightened
Asana- adoption of a comfortable position (asana),
Pranayama- technique of breath control (pranayama),
Pratyahara -Choosing an object
Dharna -Fixing the mind (over the chosen object) Q. Does god exists ?
Dhyana Concentrating on the (above-mentioned) chosen
If one believes in the existence of
object
Samadhi - merging of the mind and the object that god as a guide, mentor and teacher
leads to the final dissolution of the self It can lead to early salvation

Nyaya Darshana
known as School of Analysis

system of logical realism
founded by the sage Gotama/nickname Aksapada
Q. Does god exist ?
Q. Road to Moksha ?
the existence of ideas. beliefs, visions, and emotions are all
dependent on a mind, since without a mind to ‘think them’
they would not exist
Q. What about other objects ?

animals, plants, rivers. mountains, houses, monuments, etc., not
being dependent on our minds, exist whether or not we know or ‘think
them’
life, death and salvation to be like mysteries that can be solved

through logical and analytical thinking
Q. Application of Logical Thinking ?

Q. Does god exist ?
Nyaya Darshana Q. Road to Moksha ?
Example of logical analysis ?

Steps given in the Nyaya Sutra
(1) the proposition
(2) the cause,
(3) the exemplification
(4) the recapitulation of the cause
(5) the conclusion
(a) There is fire on the hill;

(b) We can say this because there is smoke there;
(c) Where there is smoke, there is fire;
(d) There is smoke, which is associated with fire, on the hill;
(e) Therefore, there is fire on the hill

Nyaya Darshana Q. Formation of Universe/World ?
Q. Does god exist ?
Q. Road to Salvation ? Q. Road to Moksha ?
Real knowledge’ can only accrue salvation
But how to get knowledge ?
Believe in the Pramana -
Pratyaksh pramana
obtaining knowledge is pratyaksha pramana (knowledge
obtained through the five senses).
anumana (inference, through which we can obtain true knowledge)
shabda pramana (a statement of an expert)

Vaishesikha Darshan Q. Fundamental Question→
Propounded by the Sage Kanada Q. Does god exist ?
believes in the physicality of the Universe Q. Road to Moksha ?
to investigate the particularities of the pluralities of things that exist in the world
seven fundamental categories (padarthas) of things that exist—substance, quality, action,

universality, particularity, a relation of inherence, and absence or negation
The basis of the Universe- 5 elements

five main elements: fire, air, water, earth & the sky
pluralistic realism
everything in the world (except soul,consciousness, time, space and mind) is composed of various
combinations
of atoms
Hence
Developed the atomic theory, i.e. all material objects are made of atoms→ considered eternal and
indestructible
atoms join together in different combinations to

produce the various things we see in the world around us

Mimansa Q. Fundamental Question→
Q. Does god exist ?
means ‘critical examination’ or ‘solution of a problem by reflection’ Q. Road to Moksha ?
Reasoning is the basis
Also called as Purva Mimansa
attributed to Jaimini, followers→ Sabar Swami and Kumarila Bhatta
egards the Veda as eternal and unchanging

Wolrd existed and is without beginning or end
one has to attain religious merit, acquire heaven and salvation,

they would have to fulfill all the duties which are prescribed by the Vedas
How to get salvation ?

recommends the performance of yagya (Vedic sacrifices), which needed the
services of the priests and legitimised the social distance between the different
varnas
Q. How come yagya & reasoning goes hand in hand ?

necessary to understand the justification and reasoning
behind Vedic ritual

Vedanta- Uttar Mimansa Q. Fundamental Question→
Brahmaputra of Badarayana compiled Q. Does god exist ?
brahman and atman are eternal and indestructible Q. Road to Moksha ?
Brahman has created the world
world is Maya (illusion) and there is only one reality, Brahman
Similar to Samkhya? How ?

self or the atman (soul) → brahman
Q. Road to salvation ?
emphasis on brahmagyan, and relies on the Upanishads
person acquires the knowledge of the self, he acquires the
knowledge of brahman and thus attains salvation
theory of karma- deeds done in the previous life matters
Over a period of time→ new branches of Vedanta emerged

Vedanta- Uttar Mimansa
sub-branches of Vedanta
Advaitavada Vishistadvaita Dvaita Dvaita-Advaita Shuddh Advaita

- Nimbrakacharya -
- Given by - Ramanuj - Madhavacharya Vallabhacharya
Shankaracharya
Q. Does god exist ?
Q. Road to Moksha ?

Advaitavada Q. Formation of Universe/World ?
Given by Saint Shankaracharya Q. Does god exist ?
Believes in Absolute Monism Q. Road to Moksha ?
Non-Dualist philosophy
2 entities→ Brahman & Atman
Brahman (God) has created the world-

Q. Who is Brahman ? The analogy of Snake & Rope
brahman to be without any attributes and
brahman → pure consciousness, eternal and unchanging
atman is completely identical with brahman
Q. Road to Salvation ?
knowledge or jnana to be the chief means of salvation
Why not able to get salvation ?

atman experiences a false sense of plurality and individuality under the influence of
the delusive power of maya.
ignorance → reason- not able to differentiate between conventional reality for

absolute reality

Vishista-Advaitavada Q. Formation of Universe/World ?
Qualified Monism Q. Does god exist ?
Given by Ramanujacharya- 12th Century CE Q. Road to Moksha ?
Combination of Vaishnavism with Monism

Believed Vishnu to be the Brahman
saguna Brahman(possesses attributes)
Q. Road to Salvation ? The analogy of Red Rose

road to salvation lies in practising devotion or loving faith Sea & Sea Waves
Q. What is the relationship between the Brahman & Atman ?

is similar to relationship of a red rose and redness
Atman & Brahman looks different at times- in 2 distinct entities

But they are inseparable
Hence- Vishista Advaita

Dvaitavada Q. Does god exist ?
Given by Madhavacharya Q. Road to Moksha ?
commentaries on the Brahmasutra and Upanishads
Q. Universal entitiy ?
God to be completely different from the individual soul and The analogy of Red Rose
the world Sea & Sea Waves
Entities in the form of Tattava→ Tattvavada
Q. Road to Salvation ?
individual soul has many defects
relationship between God and the soul can best be

described as a relationship between the master and
servant

Heterodox Philosophy
Nastik Darshan- denies the authority of the vedas
1.Buddhism
Q. Does god exist ?
Q. Road to Moksha ?
2. Jainism

Heterodox Philosophy→ Nastik Darshan
3. Charvaka
Also known as Lokayatavada
Q. Does god exist ?
Q. Road to Moksha ?
Initially given by the Brihaspati
Book- Brihaspatisutra
Propounded by Charvaka
Q. What is lokayatavada ?
derived from common people and it underlines the importance of intimate contact
with the world (loka).
Q. Does god exists ?

lack of belief in the other world
direct perception as the surest method to prove the truth of anything
Charvaka→joyful living and is opposed to the quest for spiritual salvation
4 tatvas are believed→ earth, water, fire, and air + (sky-not believed)
existence /reality of only those things which could be experienced

by human senses and organs
Brahmanas manufactured rituals for acquiring dakshina (gifts)

Other Belief Systems that Developed &
Progressed in Ancient India ?
Brahmanism-
Development of Bhagavatism
Vaishnavism
Shaivism
Shaktism
Other form of Belief/Worship ?
- Origin lies in Ancient India
- Multiple cults emerged as part of belief/faith
- no faith in the mechanical system of worship
- Out of the Astik & Nastik Darshana
- idea of a supreme God conceived as Vishnu, Siva, Sakti

or some other form
grace (prasada) alone, and this could be attamed only by
bhakti
Origin of Bhagvatism → Vaishnavism, Shaivism,

Shaktism

Bhagvatism - ?
origin to the Upanishadic stream of thought
stress upon the idea of a supreme God, God of gods,

called Hari,
emphasised the necessity of worshipping Him with

devotion,
in preference to older methods of sacrifices and rituals
repudiation of the slaughter of animals, and the inefficacy

of sacrificial worship
The supreme Lord Hari is to be worshipped with devotion
Forms of Bhagvatism- Application→

Vasudev Krishna

Bhagvatism - ? Q. References to Krishna ?
Vasudev Krishna - Chandogya Upanishads

philosophical teachings in the Bhagavad Gita - Ghat Jataka
Chhandogya Upanishad refers to sage Krishna - Panini’s Ashtadhyayi
- Patanjali- Mahabhasya
Emphasis on a combined pursuit of bhakti,
karma andjnana margas to achieve moksha
- Archelogical Sources→
Intially worshipped in different forms - Mathura school of art
- Coins of the kushans
Later on merged with the Brahminism - Inscriptions of the caves→ satvahana
Garuda was the recognised vehicle of Narayana- - Syrian Sources→ Vasudev worship prevalent in
Vishnu, these two deities Armenia
being ultimately regarded as one - Heliodorous- Besnagar Pillar – worshipper of
Bhagvatism

Brhaminism- Vaishnavism, Saivism and Saktism
Origin in later vedic period

aggregation of innumerable religious beliefs, of cults, of
customs and of rituals.
deva, derived from the root word div meaning

‘to shine’ or ‘to be radiant’
Gods & Godesses mentioned in the Vedic Religion
Indra
Vishnu
Rudra-Mahesh
Other female goddess
In the later time→ became the basis for different

sects

Vaishnavism
closely connected with that of Bhagavatism Q. Cults of Vaishnavism ?
origins in the pre-Gupta period

capture and absorb Bhagavatism during the Gupta
period
Vishnu element in it with emphasis on the doctrine of

incarnations
Worshipped in many forms

solar characteristics;
a popular deified hero,
Vasudeva

Q. Cults of Vaishnavism ?
Vikhanasa Alvars
Bhagavata Pancharatra
- Teachings by Atri, Marici,
Bhrigu and Kasyapa adoration for Vishnu, and their
based on Systemisation
Bhagvad Gita done by Saint songs in Tamil
- Part of the Krishna Naldivyaprabandhaman
Shandilya
Yajurveda
Bhagvat Purana
Vishnu Purana Periyalavar
- Dashavatar worshippers Daughter Andal
- Influential sect- Vaishnava Acharyas or

- priests in-charge of Teachers
Vishnu temples -Ramanuj
- Venkatesvara temples at -Madhavacharya
Tirupati and Kanchi -Nimbraka

Shaivism
Siva- auspicious
Mahakal, Mahayogi, Dakshinamurthi, Nataraj
origin in the very ancient past
worship of Pasupati Mahadeva- proto shiva
Vedic religion→ Rudra worshipping
Patanjali- Mahabhasya Saivism flourished under the Gupta-Vakataka

Talks about follower of Shaivism- Siva Bhagwata dynasty
By Pallava period- the Naynar cult emerged
Form of Worship ?
worshipped in the form of the phallus (linga),
The source of manifestation and life, which inevitably
contains the seeds of disintegration and death Q. Cults of Shaivism ?
(yoni) represents Siva’s sakti, the personification of his

cosmic energy

Q. Cults of Shaivism ?
Nayanars Pasupata Doctrine Shuddh-Shaiva

Kapalika & Kalmukha
(Adiyars) - Founder Lakulisa
Aghoris Agamamtas
thevaram
- Tamil poetry Kanphata-Gorakhpanthi Kashmiri Shaivism
- Saint Appar Virshaiva
Shaiva Acharyas
-Agamta- Aghora
Shivacharya
-Suddha-Shrikant
Shivacharya
-Virasaiva-Basavacharya

Kapalika & Kalmukha
-tantric cults 10 to 13th Century CE
-flourished in Karnataka
Kapalika- Skull bearers

magical practices, and attaining the ‘perfections’ (siddhis).
social and religious conventions were deliberately flouted

triple staff, pot, and a small staff with a skull-shaped top (khatvanja).
Ate meat, drank intoxicants, and practised ritual sexual union as a means of
achieving consubstantiality with Siva
Kalmukha
drank from cups fashioned from human skull as a
reminder of man’s ephemeral nature, and smeared their bodies with the ashes
of cremated corpses
took the ‘Great Vow’ (mahavrata)

Human sacrifices and wine were offered to Bhairava

Aghori
Tantric movement, now extinct
successors of the Kapalika cult.
pure (suddha) and the dirty (malin).

successors of the Kapalika cult
No religious or caste distinctions
No image worship
Cannibalism, animal sacrifices
and other cruel rites were practiced
wandering life of vagabonds

guru was accompanied by a dog

Kanphata Yogis or Gorakhnathis
Gorakhnath, a native of eastern Bengal

Pasupata teachings with those of Tantrism and Yoga
characterised by their split ears (kan ‘ear’, phata ‘split’)
attain eternal union with Siva by means of Yogic techniques

teaching is universal and hence opposed to caste distinctions
Dead→ samadhi
Kanphata Yogis officiate in temples dedicated to Bhairava, Sakti or Devi, and Siva

DEVOTIONAL PATHS TO THE DIVINE
Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis
Who were they ?

A number of religious groups that emerged during this period criticised the
ritual and other aspects of conventional religion and the social order, using
simple, logical arguments.
Among them were the Nathpanthis, Siddhacharas and Yogis.
Features
They advocated renunciation of the world.
To them the path to salvation lay in meditation on the formless Ultimate

Reality and the realisation of oneness with it.
To achieve this they advocated intense training of the mind and body
through practices like yogasanas, breathing exercises and meditation.
These groups became particularly popular among “low” castes.
Their criticism of conventional religion created the ground for devotional

religion to become a popular force in northern India.

Agamamtas or Saiva Siddhantas
founder was Aghora Sivacharya
south Indian system of pluralistic realism

Developed partly from the songs of the early Saiva saints
And also from the Nayanars
Siddhanta Sastras
Appar, Tirujnana-Sambandhar and Sundaramurti
flourishes mostly in Tamil-speaking

areas including northern Ceylon

Kashmiri Saivism
earliest teacher was Vasugupta who lived in the 9th century

Pratyahhijna school
monistic system, also called the Trika (‘three-fold’) system

expounded in Kashmir by Abhinava Gupta (993-1015 AD)
influenced by Samkhya, Advaita Vedanta & Pancharatra doctrines
Suddhasaivas or Sivadvaita
expounded by Srikanta
teaching is based on the Vedantasara
Supreme Siva (Para-Siva) is identified with Brahman

Liberation is attained by deep meditation on Siva

Virasaivas
devotional cult, also called the Lingayat cult
Form of qualified non-dualism, Visishtadvaita
concentration on the linga as the only true symbol

of divinity
Book→ Sunyasampadane
Term Lingayat not mentioned
Propounder→ Basavacharya
At the age of 16→ left home
went to the pilgrimage town of Sangama
Started reforms→ overcome caste distinctions
and to fight the ban on the remarriage of widows
Later on→ became minister King Bijjala at Kalyani
converted a number of Jainas to his cult

Virasaivas
Basavacharya→ teachings
Vachana literature
linga is presented to each devotee at

No belief in rebirth initiation for daily worship
all men are temples, and hence they may worship container round the neck or held in the
Siva directly hand
without the aid of priests,
No ritual sacrifices,
No fasts or pilgrimages
later inaugurated their own priests called jangamas
Not allowed/prohibited ?
pride, dishonesty,
meanness, animal sacrifices,
eating meat and drinking intoxicants, astrology,
child marriage,
Cremation- Why ?
a person is buried→ directly the soul is unified
with Shiva

Shakti Cult
Centred on the worship of the
supreme goddess Sakti as the feminisation of
‘Ultimate Reality’ (Brahman).
Origin→ Earth Cult’,

the earth being conceived as a religious form
which developed into the notion of
the earth as the ‘Great Mother
Mother Goddess- Indus Valley Civilisation

Rig Veda the goddess ‘Vac’
Part of Yakshini Worship
By the Gupta Period- Temple Architecture

worship of Durga-Kali
Sakti is portrayed with Siva as his consort, her

aspect is beneficent and she is called Parvati

THANKS!
Religions in India

Religion
Hinduism Buddhism Sikhism Islam Zorastrianism Christianity

- Sufism
Bhagvatism Jainism Judaism
Vaishnavism
Shaivism
Shaktism

Zoroastrianism worship fire but also consider air, water and
earth to be sacred elements.
Founded by Zarathustra
around 6-7 BCE elieve that dead matter is a corrupting
element to everything
Contemporary of Buddha
Hence dead bodies kept in open spaces-
Philosophy ? Dakhma for the vultures
Conflict between good & evil
Towers of Silence
believe in one eternal god whose name is
Ahura Mazda
spirit of malice and bad

behaviour called Angra Mainyu
Book→ Zend Avesta
Q. How the Parsis came to India ?

Zoroastrianism
Parsis in India
Came to India around 9-10th Century CE
Perscuted by the Islamic invasions
Settled in the western coast

Gujarat- South Gujarat- Navsari,
Ahmedabad
Maharashtra – Mumbai
Goa – small community
Form of Worship ?
Holy book→ zend avesta
17 songs- gathas & chants- Athuna
Vairyo
In India- 3 sects emerged

Shahenshai- legacy with Sassanid King
Kadmi- oldest sect, followed Persian
calender
Fasli- traditional calender of Parsi

Judaism
oldest religions Abraham was the ancestor of all Jews

predates Christianity and Islam
Son Isaac and
believe in Yahweh or the one true God who grandson Jacob- also called Israel
was instituted by Abraham
God sent Moses to the Earth and gave
religious book – Torah him the Ten Commandments or the
Part of the old testament Sefer Torah at the Mt. Sinai
believe in the day of judgment How Isareli’s should live
pious to the heaven and the evil would be Jacob had 12 children who
relegated to hell became the ancestors of the 12 tribes
Later on→ 3 sects emerged

Orthodox
Conservative
Reformists
Q. How the Jewish came to India

Judaism Q. World War 2 ?
Jewish Connection with India
Q. How the Jewish came to India Polish jew children were given shelter by
Total 5 communities are there→ the Maharaja of Navanagar
1. Malayalam-speaking Cochinis and Jamnagari Jews
2. Marathi-speaking Bene Israel.
3. Baghdadi Jews who came from West

Asia as traders and settled mainly around
Mumbai, Pune and Kolkata
4. Bnei Menashe or the Manipuri Jews

Part of the 10 lost tribes
Children of Menasseh’ or those who
believe in Jesus Christ.
5. Bene Ephraim
Telegu speaking community
Converted to Judaism in 1980s

Christianity
founded by Jesus Christ in Jerusalem existence of one God who created the Universe
prosecution and resurrection after three days sends messengers or messiah(s)

when necessary
after Jesus left earth, God’s presence was retained
on Earth in the form of the Holy ghost or Holy spirit Who was Jesus Christ ?
One of the Messengers
Holy Trinity: the father (God), the son

(Jesus) and the Holy ghost
religion of the Roman Empire

Vatican became the main centre
Book- Holy Bible

Collection from Old Testament & New Writings of the
Pope
Baptism
Eucharist or
breaking bread and wine with God

Christianity
founded by Jesus Christ in Jerusalem existence of one God who created the Universe
prosecution and resurrection after three days sends messengers or messiah(s)

when necessary
after Jesus left earth, God’s presence was retained
on Earth in the form of the Holy ghost or Holy spirit Who was Jesus Christ ?
One of the Messengers
Holy Trinity: the father (God), the son

(Jesus) and the Holy ghost Q. How the Christianity came to India ?
religion of the Roman Empire

Vatican became the main centre
Book- Holy Bible

Collection from Old Testament & New Writings of the
Pope
Baptism
Eucharist or
breaking bread and wine with God

Q. Christianity in India ?
Ancient India- during parthians
St. Thomas came to India
Buried in South India
1. Medieval India
Advent of the Portuguese
Good relations with the Mughals
Large scale conversion started - Goa
St. Francis Xavier became the Archbishop
2. Modern Period
Entry of East India Company
Small scale conversion
By 1813 Charter Act-
Entry of Christian Missionaries
English education- convent schools
Establishing medical camps
Charity work
YMCA
Missionaries of Charity

THANKS!
Bhakti Movement

About Me
teaching

Art & Culture
Culture

Bhakti Movement-

Goals of life
Artha Dharma Kama Moksha

How to Achieve Moksha ?
By Knowledge By Rituals Yoga- Meditation By Following Bhakti

Code of Conduct
– Dharma marg

Bhakti Movement-
Origin- What is Reasons Types-Classification Phases Bhakti

Bhakti ? Tradition &
Saints

Bhakti Movement
Bhakti Devotion
Passionate love for the Divine.
6th Cen. BCE

- Buddhism
- Jainism
6th Cen. CE Worship of Vishnu, krishna (folk god)
Todays Bhakti Origin @ South India

- 7th-12th Cen. CE
- Religious equality
- Social Participation
Alvaas Vishnu - Disregarded authority of Rituals

Nayanars Shaivite - Personal devotion to god is imp.
- Moksha can be achieved by simple devotion

Dharma Marg
Gyana Marg
Bhakti Marg

Q. Factors leading to the Early Bhakti Movement ? Initially
in South India ?
Reaction to the orthodoxy and Rigidity in the Society
- Caste System had already emerged by 7th Century CE
onwards
- Inclusiveness emerged in the ideas given by the Bhakti
Saints- women, artists, cultivators, untouchables
- Simplified way of worshipping- gained popularity
- Stagnation and decline of Buddhism & Jainism
- Therefore emergence of new thoughts based on devotion
- Political patronage given by the kings- Pallava & Chola
Dynasty
- Eg. Naynars- Shavism- flourished in the Chola period
- Chola kings→ temples given land grants

Q. Features of the Early Bhakti Movement ?
gods of the bhakti →

Considered as incarnations of great gods
had a ‘territory’→ territorial radiation of regional gods

- Saints emerged from lower
a region in which their influence was particularly strong and with whose castes
traditions they were intimately related - Non ritualistic religion
- Open to all No Gender,
Power was most concentrated at their site (kshetra) or seat - No Caste discrimination
- Spreading in local vernacular
hierarchy of gods→ kul devta- grama devta- rashtra devta languages.
Patronage to the Alvars and Naynars ?

Between the tenth and twelfth centuries the Chola and Pandya kings built
elaborate temples around many of the shrines visited by the saint-poets,
strengthening the links between the bhakti tradition and temple worship.
This was also the time when their poems were compiled.
religious biographies of the Alvars and Nayanars were also composed.

A New Kind of Bhakti in South India – Nayanars and Alvars
The seventh to ninth centuries saw the emergence of new religious

movements,
the Nayanars (saints devoted to Shiva)

and Alvars (saints devoted to Vishnu)
who came from all castes including those considered “untouchable”
like the Pulaiyar and the Panars.
Characteristics ?
They were sharply critical of the Buddhists and Jainas and
preached ardent love of Shiva or Vishnu as the path to salvation.
They drew upon the ideals of love and heroism as found in the
Sangam literature (the earliest example of Tamil literature, composed
during the early centuries of the Common Era) and blended them
with the values of bhakti.
The Nayanars and Alvars went from place to place composing

exquisite poems in praise of the deities enshrined in the villages they
visited, and set them to music.
Early Bhakti Movement→ South India ?
1. The Alvars
Devotion to Lord Vishnu
Started in 6th Century CE
Penning of songs and poems in service and love of the God
Travel from place to place
Singing hymns in praise of lord Vishnu
Initially 12 saints- belonging to different backgrounds
Most Important-
There were 12 Alvars, who came from equally divergent backgrounds,
the best known being Periyalvar,
his daughter Andal,
Tondaradippodi Alvar and Nammalvar.
Their songs were compiled in the Divya Prabandham.
Literature- Nal Divya Prabandham- also known as Tamil Veda

There were 63 Nayanars, who
belonged to different caste
backgrounds such as
Early Bhakti Movement→ South India ? potters,
“untouchable” workers,
2. The Nayanars peasants,
- Devotee of Lord Shiva hunters,
soldiers,
- Form of worship similar to Alvars Brahmanas and chiefs.
- Singins hymns, music dedicated to Shiva
- Kept on travelling from place to place The devotee and the Lord
- Famous Saints- This is a composition of Manikkavasagar:

Appar, Into my vile body of flesh
Sambandar, You came, as though it were a temple of gold,
Sundarar and And soothed me wholly and saved me,
Manikkavasagar. O Lord of Grace, O Gem most Pure,
Sorrow and birth and death and illusion
- Karikkal Ammaiyar- female shiva devotee You took from me, and set me free.
O Bliss! O Light! I have taken refuge in You,
Music Compositions→ Thevaram & Thiruvackam And never can I be parted from You.
Got patronage from the Chola kings ?

Temples – Tanjore, Chidambaram How does the poet describe his relationship
Bronze Sculptures with the deity?

Early Bhakti Movement→ South India ?
Parallel to this Movement
Indian Philosophical System was also changing

Gave rise to different Philosophers
Emergence of Shankarcharya-
8-9th Century Ce
His teachings became the basis for further development

Synthesis of different philosophies took place over a period of time
Virshaiva Movement by Basavacharya also emerged during this period
By 12th Century- his teachings were further developed by Ramanujacharya

Leading to the development of Vaishnavite Bhakti Tradition

Teachings of Shankarachara ?
soul as embodied in a living being (jiva) is tied to the cycle of

rebirths (samsara) because it believes that this world is real although it is Shankaracharya
only an illusion (maya). Born at Kaladi in Malabar
monism (Kevala Advaita or
due to ignorance (ajnana or avidya) which prevents the soul from realising its Absolute Non-dualism).
identity with the divine spirit
Travelled throughout India
right knowledge (jnana) leads to the realisation of this identity and to
salvation (moksha) from the cycle of rebirths Four Maths established→
Badrinath (in the Himalayas),
Gave the scope for popular Hinduism by allowing for a ‘lower truth’ Dwaraka (Gujarat),
Puri (Orissa) and
everyone could find his own level in this magnificent synthesis of ‘lower’ and Sringeri (Karnataka).
‘higher’ truths
commentary on the Brahmasutras, passed away at Kedarnath in the

Upanishads & Gita Himalayas at the age of 32 only
Gita Sara
Vivek Chaudamani
Bhaja Govindam Strota
Uapadesh Shastri

Basavanna’s Virashaivism
The connection between the

Tamil bhakti movement and temple worship. Virashaiva vachanas
These are vachanas or sayings attributed
This in turn led to a reaction that is best represented in to Basavanna:
The rich,
the Virashaiva movement initiated by Basavanna and Will make temples for Shiva.
his companions like Allama Prabhu and What shall I,
Akkamahadevi. A poor man,
Do?
Origin? My legs are pillars,
This movement began in Karnataka in the mid-twelfth The body the shrine,
century. The head a cupola
Of gold.
Features? Listen, O Lord of the meeting rivers,
The Virashaivas argued strongly for the equality of all Things standing shall fall,
human beings and against Brahmanical ideas about But the moving ever shall stay.
caste and the treatment of women.
What is the temple that Basavanna is
They were also against all forms of ritual and idol offering to God?
worship.

Phase-II
Later Bhakti Movement
Emerged in North India

Bhakti Movement
Features: N. India
Tantric Cult.
Yogis Nath Panthis

@ Gorakhnath
12th Cen. CE Lingayt / Vir Shaiva movement (Founder Basava)
Now
From South North India.
(12th-17th Cen CE)
Features
Different From South India
- In hence of the spread of Islam
- Monotheism
- Equality & brotherhood of Man
- Refection of Rituals & class division
- Sufi teachings shaped thoughts of bhakti saints. (Ranananda, Kabir, Nanak)
- siddhas (Sittars) of TN (Sangam Age) Constust against Bhakti
Yoga, right conduct
monotheism - Developed Varman (Martial arts) 1st to develop naadi paarthal
Shaivite (Pulse Reading)
Sadhna Libenation Used for medical treatment
Tapasya pranayana
Accupressure points
Bhakti Movement
Q. Reasons for rise of B.M?
- Reaction
Feudal Brahmanical
oppression dominance
- Socio- Economic changes in 14th CE

- Demand for luxuries.
- Groups with low status Turned to Bhakti Equality
- Message from Bhakti Saints.

Bhakti Movement
Q. Classification
Nirguna Sriguna
- God without attributes - God with attributes Form

- No form Nirankar - Idol wonship
- Belief in one supreme god - personal god relationship
- Belied in Guru - polytheistic (Wind of)
- Monotheism - Tulsidas Upheld caste System
- Rejected varnashrama, brahmans
- Saints awane of each other
- No idol worship
Common
- Singular devotion, personal relation
- No rituals
- Use of vernacular language.

Was Bhakti Movement an outcome of the Islamic influence ?

Q. Relationship between the Bhakti movement & Q. Relationship between the Bhakti movement &
Islam- Sufism ? Islam- Sufism ?
- Historians→ Bhakti has deep impact from Islam - Origin of Personal god
- Can be traced back to ancient times
- The body of the movement is Hindu, but the - Alvars & Nayanars emerged even before Islam
soul is Islamic became popular in India
- Following the path of Guru - Sufi’s arrived in 12 century CE onwards
- Dedication to god & Guru - Only some philosophy of Bhakti tradition
- Guru will be the key to emancipation believes in Nirguna god
- Traditionally Bhakti revolves around Saguna
- Islam→ Prophet Mohammed form Bhakti
- Fraternity of followers
- Discarding the Caste system, social customs - Guru-Shishya tradition
- Worshipping god without attributes - Right from the times of Upanishads –
- Hence many historians are of the opinion that - (yasya deve tatha guru)
the Bhakti’s growth took place because of
Islamic influence - Caste/Varna System- questions already raised
before- Buddhism- Alvars etc.
- Conclusion ??? - Fraternity- ancient literature→ vasudhev
Kautumbukam

Important Bhakti Saints ?

Q. Bhakti Saints Bhakti Movement
1. Sankaracharya
- 9th Cen CE, Hindu Revivalist

- Bonn @ Kaladi (Kerala)
- Advaita (Monism) Nirgunabrahman (God without Attributes)
- Reality of world is Brahman = Reality denied

“ Brahma Satyam, Jagat Mithyanu” Brahmatra Naparaha
(The Absolute spirit is the reality, the would of appearance is Maya)
Eg. Of Snake & Rope.
- Gyan Marg
- Upani Shad, Veda etc.
- Sankaracharya Wrote Commentary on Gita, Brahmashtra upani shad.
Books
- Upadesh Shastri - Bhaja Govindany stotra
- Vivek Chndamani
- Established Mathas at Sringiri, Dwarka, Puri, Badrinath
Bhakti Movement
Q. How to achieve Moksha?
2. Ramanuja
Bhakti types Shaj Madurai
- 1017 or 12th Cen. CE Born @ Sriperumbubur
- Learn vedas at Kanchi, later on discussions with Guru didn’t left him
satisfied
- Another guru yamunacharya came to know about Ramanuja
- Was invited at Shrirangam to meet Yamunacharya
- Appointed as the next chief of shrirangam
- Upscaled the naldivyaprabandham→ considered as the 5th veda (in tamil)
- Wrote a book→ Sri Bhasya→ Opposed Mayavada of Sankaracharya
- Toured all over the country
- Later on chola kings harassed him (Shaivite kings) Shankaracharya
- Propounded→ Vishista Advaitavada (Qualified Monism) God without attributes
- God with Attributes Nirakar
- What we see is real & not illusions (As per Sank) Brahma is the only reality
- God ? Would + Brahman Rest is maya & mithya
- 2 real entities→ But not Separate Knowledge will lead to salvation
- Would is not Separate from Brahman
- Would is formed out of Brahman.

Ramanujacharya
Shankaracharya
- Vishista Advaitavada (Qualified Monism)
God without attributes
- God with Attributes
Nirakar
- What we see is real & not illusions (As per
Brahma is the only reality
Sank)
Rest is maya & mithya
- God ? Would + Brahman
Knowledge will lead to salvation
- 2 real entities→ But not Separate
- World is not Separate from Brahman
Q. Why Ramanuja opposed his philosophy ?
- World is formed out of Brahman
- Shankaracharya unified atma & brahman
- World is not independent, neither is
- No idea of saguna god & images
illusion
- Only understood by the knowledgeable
- Individual (Atman)→ ultimate goal is to
class
reach Brahman
- Difficult for common man
- Hence, individual has to do Bhakti
- Common man→ looking for simplified way
- Knowledge & Yoga are necessary, but
- Hence Ramanuja→ gave the idea of
Bhakti is atmost important
personal god
- Listens to common man, saves him/her,
- Hence gave the Saguna Brahman in the
surrending to the god easy
Vedantic philosophy
- Gave path to Bhakti
- Vaishnavism also wanted to relate with
- Brahman→ Personal god with omni scient
the Upanishads
qualifies.

Bhakti Movement
- 2. Ramanuja
- Q. What is vishista Advaita / Qualified Monism

- Brahman & Atman are inseparable→
- Analogy of Sea & Waves
- Analogy of Clay & Clay pots, gold & gold Jewellery, Spider & Web
- Similar to dvaitavad→ man has higher status, nearer to god
(Dualism)
- Brahman→ Considered to be Vishnu (All his qualifiers)

:. Srivaishnava Sect.
-followed the teachings of Alvar within the Math
Open for all, no discriminations
Women, Shudras also turned towards Vaishnavism
Q. Moksha
- Prabati Marga Self Surrender to God path of Vaishnavism.
Book
- Sri Bhasya
- Gita Bhasya
- Vedantsara
Bhakti Movement
3. Nimbraka
- Contemperory of Ramanujam
- Dvaita Advaita
Bheda Abheda
Brahman→ Transforms itself into the soul of world
Real & Distinct From Brahman

- Bhed Abheda→ World & Brahman are real
- World →Part of Brahman
Analogy:
Sun & Sun beam → Can’t Separate Sunbeam From sun.
Wind & Wind Force→ can be felt in different forms
- Worshipper of krishna & Radha (first one to start)

- Bhakti will lead to salvation
- Founded → Sanak Sampradaya

4 Madhavachary Bhakti Movement
- 1200 CE, 13th cen. CE @ Belgaum- Kannada Region Q. Teachings of Madhavacharya ?

- Left house at the age of 11 - There is difference between five entities
- Learned veda, went to Himalayas - Brahman & Atman
- Toured all over the country - Brahman & Physical object
- Wrote 37 books - Atman & Objec
- Opposed Advaitvad - Atman & Atman
- Object & Object
Dvaitavad - 2 types of Entities→

- Independent
- Dependent
Jivatma Parmatma - Brahman is Independent

(World) (Brahman) - Atman is dependent
- All is run by Vishnu
- 2 diff. entities
- Ultimate goal of life is take to reach Vishnu
- Not related to each other
- Serve Vishnu in the form of prayer and worship
Vishnu→ Created world, world is inferior, world duty
to pray & Worship
Founded → Brahma Sampradaya.

Bhakti Movement
5. Vallabhacharya
- 15th CE, Born @ Champaran/ Benaras lived

- Learned veda at Benares
- Gave his philosophy of Shuddhadvaita , toured all India
- Court of Krishnadevraya
- Philosophy→ Shudh advaita (Pure Monism)

World→ Real→Part of Brahman
Brahman→ Real
Two sides of a coin

Heads→Brahman
Talks→ World.
- Part of Vishista Advaita.

World→ Brahman / Both exists
- Non Difference
- Both in Separated
- Pushtimarga Philosophy
- Founder Rudra Sampradaya
- Surdas (Blind)→ Disciple of Vallabhcharya
Popularised Krishna Cult in N. India

Bhakti Movement
5. Vallabhacharya
- Wrote multiple books

- Anubhashaya
- Purvamimansasarika 6. Vidyapati
- Gayatribhasya
- 14th Cen CE
- Passed away in 1531- age of 52 - Maithali Poet.→ Shiva
- Sons continued the legacy
→ “Ugna” word used.
- Q. Teachings → ?
- Brahman is pure & advaita
- There is no difference between atman & brahman
- Eg. Spark coming from Fire
- Feature- can live in the worldly life & continue bhakti

- Also surrendering yourself to the god
- Sri Krishna
- Simplified way of Bhakti

Bhakti Movement in Maharashtra

The Saints of Maharashtra

Origion
From the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries
Maharashtra saw a great number of saint-poets,
whose songs in simple Marathi continue to inspire
people.
Names ?
The most important among them were
Janeshwar,
Namdev,
Eknath and
Tukaram as well as
women like Sakkubai and the family of Chokhamela,

who belonged to the “untouchable” Mahar caste.

The Saints of Maharashtra
Features
This regional tradition of bhakti focused on the

Vitthala (a form of Vishnu) temple in Pandharpur,
as well as on the notion of a personal god residing in the

hearts of all people.
These saint-poets rejected all forms of ritualism, outward

display of piety and social differences based on birth.
In fact they even rejected the idea of renunciation and

preferred to live with their families,
earning their livelihood like any other person,
while humbly serving fellow human beings in need.
A new humanist idea emerged as they insisted that bhakti

lay in sharing other’s pain.

Bhakti Movement
Q. Bhakti Movement In Maharashtra?
- Centred around Vithoba, Vitthal Krishna (Pandhanpur)

:. Pandharpur Movement
- Socio- Cultural Regeneration in MH.
- Marathi Literature
- Pol-uni.
- Status Of Women
- Caste Barriers X
- Inspiration from Bhagvata Purana & Shiva Nath Parthis
Bhakti
Varakari Dharakari
Vitthala Rama
- Emotinal - Rational
- Theoretical - Practical
- Jhaneswar/ Jhandev
- Namdeva
- Tukaram
Bhakti Movement
1. Jhaneswara / Jhandev
- 13th Cen CE.

- Commentony @ Bhagvat Gita Jhanesari
Through
- God Bhakti
2. Namdeva (1270-1350)
- Varakari Self.
- North Rembered As Nirguna Saint (But in MH Vitthal-God)
- One of five revered Gurus
- Dadu - Hardas
- Kabir - Kavidas
- His Abhanga (Marathi folk included into Music) Guru Granth Sachin
- Companions
- Kanho Patra (Dancing girl)
- Sena (Barber)
- Savata (Gardenen)
- Chokhmela (Untouchable)
- Janbai (Maid)
- Gora (Pottor)
- Narhari (Gold Smith)
- Jhanes War (Brahmin)
Bhakti Movement
3. Eknath
- Varkari @ 16th Cen CE

- Marathi Lit Bridge between old (Namdev etc.) & New (Tukaram, ramdas)
- Introduced new form of Marathi religious song “Bharood”
- Narrative Compositions
- Family life
4. Tukaram
- 17th Cen. CE, Sudra by Birth

- Varakari Vishnu
- Known for Doha (Avangas) “Kirtans”
- Devotional Peotry
- Community Worship
- Contemporary of Shivaji Maratha Nationalism Paramartha
5. Ramadasa
- Born @ 1608 CE
- Spiritual guide of Shivaji
- Wrote Dasabadha

Questioning the social order
This is an abhang (Marathi devotional hymn) of Sant Tukaram:
He who identifies with the battered and the beaten Mark him as a saint For
God is with him
He holds Every forsaken man Close to his heart He treats A slave As his own
son
Says Tuka I won’t be tired to repeat again Such a man Is God In person.
Here is an abhang composed by Chokhamela’s son:

You made us low caste, Why don’t you face that fact, Great Lord? Our whole
life – left-over food to eat. You should be ashamed of this. You have eaten in
our home. How can you deny it? Chokha’s (son) Karmamela asks Why did you
give me life?

Bhakti Movement
Q. Non Sectarian Bhakti Movement.
- Not linked with any particular religious creed.

- Refected caste
- Condemened Polytheism
- No Idol Worship
- Fundamental Unity of All religious Ramananda, Kabir, Nanak
1. Ramananda
- 15th Cen CE born @ Allahbad

- Followed of Ramanuja, later founded own self.
- Preached in Hindi
- Looked upon Ram & Sita Cult in N.India
- Followers are called Ramanandis.
- Bhakti Gyan & Karma marga
Philosophy
Liberal Orthodox
- Kabir - Tulsidas
- Namah - Nabhdas
Bhakti Movement
2. Kabir:
- 15th Cen. CE
- Born @ Benanos, Weavers Family adopted him
- Denounced Idolatory & Rituary
- Equality of Man
- Devotion to God Salvation
- Teachings Hindu + Muslim Harmony
- Followers Kabir Panthis

Raidas, Nanak, Dhanna
Composition → “Bijak”
In search of the True Lord
Here is a composition of Kabir:

O Allah-Ram present in all living beings Have mercy on your servants, O Lord! Why
bump your head on the ground, Why bathe your body in water? You kill and you call
yourself “humble” But your vices you conceal.
Twenty-four times the Brahmana keeps the ekadasi fast While the Qazi observes the
Ramzan Tell me why does he set aside the eleven months To seek spiritual fruit in the
twelfth?
Hari dwells in the East, they say And Allah resides in the West, Search for him in your
heart, in the heart of your heart; There he dwells, Rahim-Ram.
A Closer Look: Kabir
Kabir, who probably lived in the fifteenth-sixteenth centuries, was

one of the most influential saints.
He was brought up in a family of Muslim julahas or weavers settled in

or near the city of Benares (Varanasi).
We have little reliable information about his life.
We get to know of his ideas from a vast collection of verses called

sakhis and pads said to have been composed by him and sung by
wandering bhajan singers.
Some of these were later collected and preserved in the Guru Granth
Sahib, Panch Vani and Bijak.
Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete, indeed vehement,

rejection of the major religious traditions.

A Closer Look: Kabir
His teachings openly ridiculed all forms of external worship of

both Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam, the pre-eminence of
the priestly classes and the caste system.
The language of his poetry was a form of spoken Hindi widely

understood by ordinary people.
He also sometimes used cryptic language, which is difficult to

follow.
Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God and preached that

the only path to salvation was through bhakti or devotion.
Kabir drew his followers from among both Hindus and

Muslims.

Bhakti Movement
4. Dadu Dayal (1544-1603 CE) (Gujarat)
- Nirguna Saint
- Spent life @ Rajasthan.
- Dadu Bro. Dayal
Compassionate One
- Followers Dadupanthis
Ashram Thambas
- Akbal was a follower
Q. Vaishnavite Movement N.India
- Worship of Rama & Krishna (Incarnations of Vishnu)

Ram Cult Tulsidas
Ramcharitamanos
Krishna Cult RadhaVallabhi Self.
- Harivamsa (1585 CE)
- Vallabhacharya
- Surdas
- Mirabai(D/L of Rana Sanga)
Bhakti Movement
Q. Bhakti in Bengal In henced By
- Bhagvat Purana
- Nathpanthi Traditions
th
- Jayadeva (12 Cen. CE)
(Radha - Krishna)
- Chaitanya Mahaprabhu @ Bengal

- 16th CE - Krishna Cult - Reformer
- Popularised Sankirtan (Group devotional songs with dancing)
- Universal brotherhood
- Worked / Emphaty towards poor & weak….

Bhakti Movement
Q. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
Q. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu→ Philosophy
Born, Navadwip @ Bengal, 1485 CE
- Achintya Bhedabhed
- 16th CE - Krishna Cult - Reformer
- Param tatva→ Krishna
- integration of the strict dualist (dvaita) theology
- Popularised Sankirtan (Group devotional songs
of Madhvacharya and the qualified monism
with dancing)
(vishishtadvaita) of Ramanuja
- Dhun of Harekrishna-Harekrishna
- Gave mantra of Haribol, toured all over India
- Eg. Honeybee and Honey
- Dedicated himself to Krishna madhurya bhakti
- Very different form of bhakti- hence no
instituionalisation took place
- Neither any major books were written, except 10
shlokas were written
- His teachings were codified by his disciples
- Universal brotherhood
- Worked / Emphaty towards poor & weak….
- Denounced the practices of the external worship
going in Bengal- Kali Puja
- Sacrificing of Animals

Q. Other Prominent Bhakti Saints- Locations
- Narsinh Mehta (Guj)

- Radha Krishna
, “They are Vaishnavas who understand the pain of others”.
- Vaishnav Jantoh …
- Saint Tyagraja (1767-1847 CE)

- Composer of carnatic music - Telugu Lang.
- Land ram Praised
- Composed→ Panchratra Kritis

Bhakti Movement
Q. Women in Bhakti Movement?
1. Bhakti poetry Tamiliar Language

women faled problems Highlighted in poetry
2. Role of Bhakti Saints No Gender, Caste barnier.
:. - Many Women came out of obliviion

- Rejected traditional women’s roles & Societal norms. (Left Husband, Homes, ….)
- Some remained with family life
- 6th – 13th Cen. More Women Participation Later made domination
1. Akkamahadevi 12th Cen CE @ Karnataka

- Shina Followers
2. Janabai 13th Cen CE @ MH Sudra

Family
- Women @ Household
- 300 poems written

Bhakti Movement
Mirabai - Belonged to Rajput Family (D/L of Rana Sangha)
- Poetry Vision of lord Krishna

- Denoted of Krishna
- Krishna in pursuit of Mira
- Struggle within Family
- Husband tried to will her
- Left Family pilgrimage to find real Husband “Krishna” Place located to krishna
- Being Woman Not accepted by Saints @ Vrindavan

- Mirabai Inpressed them with Bhakti Accepted
- Bahinaba / Bahina 17th Cen CE

- From MH
- Abhanga Folk Song Working life of Women @ Fields

Mirabai was a Rajput princess married into the Beyond the Rana’s palace
royal family of Mewar in the sixteenth
century. This is a song composed by Mirabai:
Ranaji, I have left your norms of shame, and false decorum of
Mirabai became a disciple of Ravidas, a saint the princely life. I have left your town.
from a caste considered “untouchable”. And yet Rana why have you kept up enmity against me? Rana
you gave me a cup of poison. I drank it laughing. Rana I will not
She was devoted to Krishna and composed be destroyed by you. And yet Rana why have you kept up enmity
innumerable bhajans expressing her intense against me?
devotion.
?
Her songs also openly challenged the norms of Why do you think Mirabai left the Rana’s palace?
the “upper” castes and became popular with the
masses in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Bhakti Movement
Q. Impact of Bhakti Movement?
- Impetus to regional Languages

- Hindi, Mara, Kannada, Bengali, Guj.
- Status Improved Lower Caste women

- Simple religion Life of Charity Service to fellow humans
- Unity & Brotherhood Hindu + Muslims
Sufi + Bhakti
- Emergence of Urdu.
- Interaction & Synthesis.

THANKS!
Indo-Islamic Culture
Sufi Movement

History
In the early 7th century AD in

Prophet Mohammed's present-day Saudi Arabia, the
Caliphate conquered the Prophet Mohammed founded Islam
Middle East
Origin and Growth of Islam
Meaning→ ‘submission’
Abdullah and Amina→ got married

Son Mohammed
Raised up by the uncle, Abu Talib
Married a widow- Khadija
Location- Mecca
intersection of busy commercial routes
Got the message from Allah

the messenger of Allah
Started preaching the message
Didn’t liked by the wealthy class of people from mecca
Migrated to Medina, 24 September 622 CE
Starting point of Hijri calendar

Later on date changed→ July16, 622
Pratik Nayak for Unacademy

Few persons emigrated with Mohammed to Medina

They were called as Muhajir
Few welcomed them, they were called as Ansars
630 CE→ returned to Mecca with his followers
Passed away in 632 CE
Q. Post Death – What next ??

Who will be the successor ?
Divided in 2 groups-
1. muhajirs and ansars of Medina→ not appointed anyone as
successor- Hence they elected Abu Bakr as the leader
starting of Sunni Sect
2. Others→ son-in-law Ali as his heir

Shias (Partisans)

Schism and fight for Successor
Prophet Mohammed died in 7th century AD
Dispute over who should succeed him in ruling

the vast Caliphate
Some wanted to elect a successor, while some Shia Sunni

argued power should go by divine birthright to
Mohammed's son-in-law, Ali
The Battle of Karbala, 680 AD
Dispute became a civil war

Ali Killed in iraq near Kufa
20 years later- Ali’s son hussein travelled with his followers from mecca to karbala, where
a battle took place and he was kiied
For Shia Muslims main Pilgrimage- Kufa and Karbala
Prophet Mohammed died in 7th century AD
Dispute over who should succeed
him in ruling the vast Caliphate
Some wanted to elect a successor,

while some argued power should go
by divine birthright to Mohammed's
son-in-law, Ali Shia Sunni
Dispute became a civil war The Battle of Karbala, 680 AD
Ali Killed in iraq near Kufa
20 years later- Ali’s son hussein travelled with his followers
from mecca to karbala, where a battle took place and he was
kiied
For Shia Muslims main Pilgrimage- Kufa and Karbala
Abu Bakr (632–34)
Conquered Byzantine
Umar al-Khattab (634–44) territories of Syria, Palestine
Got assassinated and Egypt and the Sasanid
countries of Iran and Iraq
Rashidun Usman (644–56)
Initially peaceful, but later on
Civil war broke out
Ali (656–61) Muawiya, the governor of

Syria did the revolt against ali
Muawiya became Caliph Ummayid Dynasty → Arab conquest of Sindh (712CE)

Battle of Karbala (661-749 CE)
680 CE
Overthrown by the-
Abbasids (749–1258),

Islam and Sufism
Sufis were Muslim mystics. They rejected outward religiosity and emphasised
love and devotion to God and compassion towards all fellow human beings.
Islam propagated strict monotheism or submission to one God.
It also rejected idol worship and considerably simplified rituals of worship into
collective prayers.
At the same time Muslim scholars developed a holy law called Shariat.
The Sufis often rejected the elaborate rituals and codes of behaviour demanded
by Muslim religious scholars.
They sought union with God much as a lover seeks his beloved with a disregard
for the world.
Like the saint-poets, the Sufis too composed poems expressing their
feelings, and a rich literature in prose, including anecdotes and fables,
developed around them.
Hospice
Among the great Sufis of Central Asia were Ghazzali, Rumi and House of rest
Sadi. for travellers,
especially one
Like the Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis, the Sufis too believed that
kept by a religious
the heart can be trained to look at the world in a different way.
order.
They developed elaborate methods of training using zikr (chanting of
a name or sacred formula), contemplation, sama (singing), raqs
(dancing), discussion of parables, breath control, etc. under the
guidance of a master or pir.
Thus emerged the silsilas, a genealogy of Sufi teachers, each

following a slightly different method (tariqa) of instruction and ritual
practice.
A large number of Sufis from Central Asia settled in Hindustan from

the eleventh century onwards.
This process was strengthened with the establishment of the Delhi

Sultanate (Chapter 3), when several major Sufi centres developed all
over the subcontinent.
1. Sufism
Word derived from “Souf”
Muslims Ascetics wore Wool (Arabic) Sufi (person) also means “Purity”
- Sufi, Wali, Darvesh, Fakir (words for Muslim saints)
- Attempted to achieve development of their intuitive faculties through ascentic exercises, contemplation, renunciation & self-denial.
- Relationship of love between god & man ideas – Ruh (Soul)
Qurbat (Divine Proximity)
Hulul (Infusion of the divine spirit)
Isha (Divine love)
Fana (Self Annihiliation)
Q. Basis of Sufism
- Love of God Love of Humanity

Service to Humanity
- Lays Stress on Inner Purity Meditation, Good actions repentance for sins (Tauba) performance of prayers & pilgrimages
- Tasting, charity, suppression of passions by ascetic practices.
Origin 8th Century CE Iran Initial Sufis

- Rabia
11th Cen. CE Growth - Al-adawiya
12th Cen. CE Organised them selves in Silsilas
Pir
Be Shara Ba Shara
- Not followed Shariat - Followed Shariat
Murid
Silsila
- Chisti
Place Khanqah (Hospice)
- Saharwadi
- Qudiriyah
- Nashaqbandi
Led By
- Shikh
Murid (Disciple)
- Pir
- Murshid (Teacher)
Qawali
- In Course of Time Dargah (Tumb/shrine)

Ziyarat Pilgrimage to the tombs of sufi
The Chishti silsila was among the most influential orders.
It had a long line of teachers like Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti of Ajmer,

Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki of Delhi, Baba Farid of Punjab, Khwaja
Nizamuddin Auliya of Delhi and Bandanawaz Gisudaraz of
Gulbarga.
The Sufi masters held their assemblies in their khanqahs or hospices.
Devotees of all descriptions including members of the royalty and

nobility, and ordinary people flocked to these khanqahs.
They discussed spiritual matters, sought the blessings of the saints in

solving their worldly problems, or simply attended the music and
dance sessions.
Often people attributed Sufi masters with miraculous powers that

could relieve others of their illnesses and troubles.
The tomb or dargah of a Sufi saint became a place of pilgrimage to

which thousands of people of all faiths thronged.
1. Chisti Silsila
- Founded by Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti
1206 in India (From Herat Afghanistan)
- Highest form of devotion to god.

- redress the misery of people
- Fullfilling the need of the helpless
- feed the hungry
- Died in 1235 CE
Grave visited by M.B.T (1325-50)
- Mosque & Dargah erected by Mahmud Khalji in 15th Century
- Supported by Akbar
- Simple life, Humility, Selfless devotion to god
- Renunciation of woldly life Control of Senses
Spiritual life
- Tolerance other faith, open for all.
- Not taking pant in state politics.
Chisti Disciples
Delhi
- Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kahi (1221 CE)?
- Baba Farinddin Gunj-i-Shakar (Haryana Hansi)
- Nizamuddin Anliya (14th Cen. CE)
Disciple [Conflict with Mubarak Khalji & Ghiasuddin Bin Tughlaq]
- Nasiruddin Chirag-i-Dehlavi
Deccan
- Shaikh Buhrannddin Gharib [13th Cen. CE]

- Muhammad Banda Nawaz
2. Saharwadi Silsilah
Founded by Shihabuddin Saharwadi (Baghdad)

India Bahanddin Zakariya (Punjab & Sindu)
Features:
- Grants form sultans accepted, took pant in politics

3
- Sufi Property, knowledge & Hal [Mystical enligntenment] not believed in excessive austerity or self mortification.
Attribute
- External forms of Worship

3. Nashqbandi Silsila
Founded by Khwaja Bahauddin Nashqbandi
Shikh Baqi Biuah Shaikh Amad Sir Hindi
- Babur used to follow
Features:
- Observence of Shariat.
- No Sama, No Ziyarat (tumb 9123)
- No open for all
- Criticized Akbars policy
- God Chisti
Relation of Slave & Master God
Relation of lover & beloved
Man Man
4. Qadri Silsila
- Shaikh Abdul Qadir (Punjab)
Miyan Mir
Features:
- Concept of Wahadat ul Wajnd Unity of Being (God & His Creation are one & Similar)
- Dismissed on orthodox elements
Q. Impact of Sufism
- Influence on medieval Bhakti Saints. (Q ?)

Communities of Hindu & Muslims Came together (Pilgrimage)
- Roots Urban & rural areas
Social, political & Cultural Influence on masses.
Challenged- on orthodoxy, false hood, hypocrisy
- Message for peace & Harmony, brotherhood & Solidarity
Finding the Lord
Jalaluddin Rumi was a great thirteenth-century Sufi poet from Iran who wrote in
Persian. Here is an excerpt from his work:
He was not on the Cross of the Christians. I went to the Hindu temples. In none of
them was there any sign. He was not on the heights or in the lowlands … I went to
the Kaaba of Mecca. He was not there. I asked about him from Avicenna
the philosopher. He was beyond the range of Avicenna … I looked into my heart. In
that, his place, I saw him. He was in no other place.
THANKS!
Sikhism

Sikh State EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY POLITICAL FORMATIONS

Sikh State EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY POLITICAL FORMATIONS

Guru Nanak (1469-1539)
first Sikh Guru and founder of the Sikhism

Nirguna Bhakti Saint
born @ Talwandi (Nankana Sahib)→ Khatri family
father was an accountant, learned Persian at young age
Came into contact with the saints
inclined towards mysticism
Started preaching the name of stanam
Toured all over the country & far away places like Iran, Arab regions etc
opposed to all distinctions of caste
preached the unity of god

condemned the formalism and ritualism
Eg. bathing in holy rivers
Going for ziyarat
emphasis on the purity of character and conduct

concepts of justice, righteousness, and liberty

Guru Nanak (1469-1539) 3 teachings→

Leading charismatic
5 principles→ personality (the Guru),
sach (truth), ideology (Shabad), and
halal (lawful earning), organisation (Sangat)
khair (wishing well of others),
niyat (right intention), and
service to the lord.
No theory of incarnation
Faith in one true lord
Service to humanity
Service to god
Social reforms continued by his disciples

Shisya- apabrahmsa term- Sikh
Hence name Sikhi
Guru Angad appointed as the next disciple

Guru Angad (1539-1552)
Felt that people are not following the conduct

Hence to popularise the ideas, initiated new
ideas
1. Gurumukhi-Script
2. Compiled the life & teachings of Guru Nanak
3. Started langar system
hence establishment of Social Institutions

Gurumukhi was easy to understand for
common people
Langar- service to humanity
Also shows tolerance
tradition of Mall Akhara for physical as well

as spiritual development

Guru Amardas (c.1552–74 CE)
Was appointed as the Guru after death of Guru

Angad
Controversy took place→
Son of Guru Nanak- Shrichand→ Udasi sect
Later on Amardas was able to continue as the Guru

reformed the Langar
Established 22 centres
Tried to abolish Sati, Purdah System
Established Govindval village
Soninlaw- Ramdas appointed as the 4th Guru
Guru Ramdas (c.1574–81 CE)

Coordial relations with Akbar
Established the city of Amritsar
Served the poor & needy
His son Arjandev became the next Guru

Guru Arjun Dev (c.1581–1606 CE)

Poet, philosopher, understood the political situation
Gave the saintly image

Completed the Harmandir Sahib
Compiled the teachings of Guru- Adi Granth Sahib
Included teachings of other Bhakti-Sufi Saints
22 centres- started collecting taxes

Trading with central asia, horse trade
Expansion of sikhi ideology
Came into conflict with Jahangir

Gave patronage to his son Khusrau
Hence Jahangir ordered to kill Guru Arjundev
Outcome- spiritiual aspect of Sikhism

Turned into a political & military force

Guru Har Govind (c.1606–1644 CE)

Son of Arjun dev, Longest tenure
Now fighting against the Mughals
Keeping 2 swords/knife→ Piri & Miri
etablished the Akal Takht, and

fortified Amritsar.
defeated a Mughal army at Sangrama

Headquarters at Kartarpur
His son Guru Har Rai became the 7th Guru
Guru Har Rai (1664-1661 CE)

More of a thinker and spiritual Guru
His followers include Dara Sikoh
Helped him against the battle- Aurangzeb
Later on persecuted by Aurangzeb

Guru Har Kishan (c.1661–1664 CE)

Beacme guru after coming into conflict with his
brother Rama Raya
Shortest of the tenure- 4 years
Passed away due to illness- small pox
Uncle Tegh Bahadur became the next Guru
Guru Tegh Bahadur (1665-1675 CE)

Title of Saccha Badshah
Sikhism spread in the North east
Aurangzeb’s interference in Punjab

Taxation & religious intolerance
Arrested by Aurangzeb’s army

Revolted against Aurangzeb
Forced to convert in Islam
But rejected→ hence killed by Aurangzeb
Son Guru Gobindsingh became the next guru at

the age of 14 years

Guru Gobind Singh (1675-1708 CE)

born in Patna and organised the Sikhs as
community at warriors and called them Khalsa in
c.1699 CE
Established unity among the Sikhs

double-edged
sword, wearing uncut hair,
carrying arms, and adopting the
epithet Singh
Fought against Aurangzeb
Wrote Jafarnama
1708- toured south India
Passed away when a pathan attacked
Stopped the Guru system
Legacy continued by his disciple→ Banda

Bahadur

THANKS!
UNESCO Intangible Heritage Sites

About Me
teaching

UNESCO – Heritage list
1. Intangible Heritage
2. Tangible Heritage
What is Intangible Heritage ?

includes traditions or living expressions inherited
from ancestors and passed on to our descendants,
such as oral traditions,
performing arts,
social practices,
rituals,
festive events,
knowledge and practices concerning nature and the
universe or
the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts
List of Intangible Heritage

1. Koodiyattam (Sanskrit theatre)- 2008

Kerala – dance drama
synthesis of Sanskrit classicism and reflects the

local traditions
abhinaya (eye expression) and hasta abhinaya (the
language of gestures)
single act may take days to perform and a complete

performance may last up to 40 days.
performed in theatres called Kuttampalams, which

are located in Hindu temples

2. Ramlila- 2008
Uttar Prades- Dashera
Started since medieval era
Rama’s play”, is a performance of then Ramayana epic

song, narration, recital and dialogue
festival of Dussehra,
based on the Ramacharitmanas

3. Vedic Chanting- 2008

Oldest unbroken oral tradition
Part of Shruti literature

3,500 years ago
vedic language, which is derived from classical Sanskrit
Rigveda
Sama veda
Yajur veda
Atharvaveda
Important locations
Maharashtra
Kerala and Karnataka (southern India) and
Orissa (eastern India)
4. Ramman- 2009
Garwhal-Uttarakhand
Ritual theatre
Celebration→ April,
Locations→ the twin villages of Saloor-Dungra in the state of
Uttarakhand
honour of the tutelary god, Bhumiyal Devta
recitation of a version of the epic of Rama and various

legends, and the performance of songs and masked dances
youth and the elders perform,

the Brahmans lead the prayers and perform the rituals
the Bhandaris – representing locals of the Kshatriya caste –
are alone entitled to wear one of the most sacred masks

5.Mudiyetu- 2009
Kerala- Ritual theatre
ritual dance drama from Kerala

battle between the goddess Kali and the demon Darika
time→ After harvesting the summer crops
serves as an important cultural site for transmission of

traditional values, ethics, moral codes and aesthetic norms of
the community to the next generation,

6.Kalbelia-2010
Rajasthan- Serpent
professional snake handlers

former occupation in music and dance
women in flowing black skirts dance and swirl
Men- khanjari & poongi instruments
traditional tattoo designs, jewellery and garments

richly embroidered with small mirrors
dances are performed during Holi

7. Chhau – 2010
3 States- Oddissa, West Bengal, Jharkhand
Mask dance
enacts episodes from epics including the Mahabharata and

Ramayana, local folklore
spring festival Chaitra Parva
dance is performed at night in an open space to traditional

and folk melodies, played on the reed
pipes mohuri and shehnai

8. Buddhist chanting-2012
Ladakh- Monastery
monasteries and villages of the Ladakh region
Mahayana and Vajrayana – and there are four major sects,

namely Nyngma, Kagyud, Shakya and Geluk
for the spiritual and moral well-being of the people, for

purification and peace of mind, to appease the wrath of evil
spirits or to invoke the blessing of various Buddhas,
Bodhisattvas, deities and rinpoches
monks wear special costumes and make hand

gestures (mudras)

9. Sankirtana-2013
Maipur- Vaishnavite tradition
Vaishnava people of the Manipur
practices centre on the temple, where performers narrate the

lives and deeds of Krishna through song and dance
two main social functions: it brings people together on festive

occasions throughout the year, acting as a cohesive force
within Manipur’s Vaishnava community

10. Thathera- 2014

Punjab- Metal art
traditional technique of manufacturing brass and copper

utensils in Punjab
craft of the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru
believed to be beneficial for health
Designs are made by skilfully hammering a series of tiny

dents into the heated metal
process of manufacturing is transmitted orally from father to
son
defines their family and kinship structure, work ethic and
status within the social hierarchy of the town.

11. Navroz-2016
Parsi New year
March 21
Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of),

Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey,
Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan
gathering around ‘the Table’, decorated with objects that

symbolize purity, brightness, livelihood and wealth, to enjoy a
special meal with loved ones

12.Yoga- 2016
transmitted using the Guru-Shishya model (master-pupil) with

yoga gurus as the main custodians of associated knowledge
and skills
poses, meditation, controlled breathing, word chanting and

other techniques designed to help individuals build self-
realization, ease any suffering

13. Kumbh Mela-2017

largest peaceful congregation of pilgrims on earth, during
which participants bathe or take a dip in a sacred river.
Locations→
Allahabad, Prayagraj
Haridwar,
Ujjain and
Nasik every four years by rotation
Event includes
science of astronomy, astrology, spirituality, ritualistic
traditions, and social and cultural customs and practices,
making it extremely rich in knowledge
ancient religious manuscripts, oral traditions, historical

travelogues

THANKS!
Indian Calendar

About Me
teaching

Q. What is Calendar ?
Q. Significance ?
Q. Types/Classifications
Q. Religion based
Q. Concept of Yuga

Q. What is Calendar & its significance ?
system of organizing days for social, religious,

commercial or administrative purposes
Giving names to periods of time, typically day, week, month, and

year
list of planned events
Q. How to set up the dates ?

Q. On what basis ?

Q. Concept of the Yuga
Yuga refers to an epoch or era with a

four age-cycle
Satya Yuga or Krta Yuga equals 17,28,000 years

Treta Yuga equals 12,96,000 years
Dvapara Yuga equals 8,64,000 years
Kali Yuga equals 4,32, 000 years
presently running Yuga is Kali Yuga, which started at 3102 BCE
four Yugas constitute one Mahayuga

one Mahayuga and equals 4.32 million human years
1,000 Mahayugas in one day of Brahma or

4.32 billion human years


four age-cycle
Satya Yuga or Krta Yuga

equals 17,28,000 years
golden Yuga
age of truth and perfection as there existed one religion
all men were saintly
no agriculture or mining
everyone was happy
No religious sects
Treta Yuga
Virtue diminished
Rise of emporers→ Wars became frequent
Oceans and desert formed
Agriculture started


four age-cycle
Dvapara Yuga
Tamasic qualities among society
Diseases became rampant
Human infighting
Life span reduced
Kali Yuga
age of darkness and ignorance
Society→ sinners and lack virtue
Life span reduces

Q. Calendar Origin ?

Q. What is Calendar & its significance ?
system of organizing days for social, religious,

commercial or administrative purposes
Giving names to periods of time, typically day, week, month, and

year
list of planned events
Q. How to set up the dates ?

Q. On what basis ?

Q. How the calendrers are set up ?
based on astronomical years, which follows the movement of

celestial bodies
Solar system
Lunar system
Luni-Solar system
Position of Earth & Sun-Moon

Q. Calendar System→ Solar System
-Solar Year
time taken by the Earth while
revolving in its orbit around the Sun
going through a point

of the ecliptic, i.e. solstice or equinox
365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds
Divided into 12 months
5 hours 48 minutes and 46 seconds→ after every 4 years

Added as a single day
Hence the concept of leap year
But why in February we add the extra day ?

-Solar Year
12 Months- related to Zodiac Signs
Mesha (Aries);
Vrishabham (Taurus);
Mithuna, the pairs (Gemini);
Karka, the crab (Cancer);
Simha, the lion (Leo);
Kanya, the maiden(Virgo);
Tula, the scales (Libra);
Vrischika, the scorpion (Scorpio);
Dhanus, the bow (Sagittarius);
Makara, the sea monster (Capricorn);
Kumbha, the water pot (Aquarius);
Mina, the fish (Pisces).

-Solar Year- Hindu Calendar

12 Months- related to Zodiac Signs
solar year is divided into two halves
Uttarayana - First six months

Makara Sankranti to Karka
Sankranti ,i.e. from Paush (January) to Ashadh
(June)
Considered as the God’s Day
Dakshinayana – the last six months from July

to December is the God’s night
For God- Uttarayana & Dakshinayana

represents completing cycle of Day & Nigh

Q. Lunar Calendar

Q. Calendar System→ Lunar System
-Lunar Year
consists of 12 months or lunations
Each month as measured by the period falling between two

successive full moons or new moons
lunar month varies from 29.26 to 29.80 days
Total days in a year → period of 354 days
How to adjust with the solar year ?

intercalary month is introduced every 2.5 years
Concept of adhik maas
Adjustment of 11 days

Q. Calendar System→ -What is Adhik Masa ?
Traditionally→ The Motion of Sun ?
motion of the Sun not being uniform,
the time by which the Sun passes through different rashis is not
always the same. This entry of the Sun into a zodiac sign is
called a Sankraman or Sankranti, which occurs every month.
There are 12 such sankramans during a year.
the Sun does not pass through any of the rashis during one
of the lunar months, and consecutive two moon days come
between the two – one sankranti and another, when the Adhik
Masa is introduced.
Adhik Masa is that month during which there is no sankranti.
Conversely, the month during which there are two surya-

sankrantis is called Kshaya Masa, i.e. the month which is
deleted or dropped

-Lunar Year
consists of 12 months or lunations
Each month as measured by the period falling between two

successive full moons or new moons

-Lunar Year
ends either with new-moon (amavasya)
or full-moon (Purnima)
commencement of the month under lunar system
Amasanta or Purnimanta, i.e. they commence

either with the bright fortnight (Bright-half) or with the dark
fortnight (dark-half)

Q. How the months are divided ?
divided into Pakshas
Shukla Paksha (the bright half)

starts with the day following the new moon
Krishna Paksha (the dark half)

with the day following the full moon
Q. What is titihi ?
duration of a tithi or the lunar day is shorter than the divasa
23 hours and 37 minutes
Tithi is further divided

Ghatika- 1 divasa = 24 hours = 60 ghatikas
One ghatika= 60 Pala= 24 minutes
One Pala= 60 Vipala= 24 seconds

Q. Concept of Panchang ?
Panchanga or the Hindu Calendar takes into account panch, i.e.
five angas or limbs,
year,
month,
paksha,
tithi and
ghatika or
tithi,
vaara,
nakshatra,
yoga and
karana.

Q. Nakshatras ?
twelve places or ecliptic or rashis through which

the Sun passes during a year are named after
group of stars called Nakshatras
28 nakshatras or constellations
unequal in size do not have the same number of
stars
Each rashi consists of two to three nakshatras

Q. Calendar System→ Luni-Solar System
-Luni-Solar Year
calculated by the solar cycle and the months by the lunar
divisions as in the Hindu calendars
adjustment between the two being brought

about by intercalation and suppression of days and months

Q. Types of Calendar

Q. Calendar System→
Ancient India
1. Vikram Samvat
2. Saka Samvat
Parsi Calendar
Islamic Calendar
Gregorian Calendar

Q. Calendar System→ Ancient India
Vikram Samavat
Origin- 57 BCE
Who Started ?
established by King Vikramaditya of Ujjain
victory over the Saka rulers
originally instituted by the Malawa Ganarajya and

hence known as Malawa Gana era
named after Chandragupta Vikramaditya when
he conquered Malwa around 400 CE
lunar calendar
first day→ new moon
First→ month of Chaitra (March-April as per
Gregorian)
Concept of Adhik Masa

every 3 years and every 5 years→ 13 months

Saka Samvat-
Origin- 78 CE
Who Started ?
initiated by King Shalivahan
Shalivahan was Saka himself or
conquered Sakas
both solar and lunar

Lunar months and solar year
Starting date-
22nd March every year
21 March (only in leap year)
year with a fixed number of days in
each month
names of months in both

calendars are the same
number of days in a saka year is 365

official- National Calendar of India
March 22, 1957
1 Chaitra 1879

Question UPSC Pre 1997
The Badami rock inscription of Pulakesin I is dated in the Saka year 465. If
the same were to be dated in Vikrama Samvat, the year would be:
(a) 601
(b) 300
(c) 330
(d) 407
Pratik Nayak for Unacademy-PNLIVE

Parsi Calendar
commenced from 632 A.D.
Shahenshai
Shenshai calendar, a year consists of 12 months, or mahs, 30
days/month
In the 12th Month extra 5 days are added
Later on merged with the Gregorian calendar
Navroz celebrations, (Extra month added every 120 years)
Jamshid e Navroz
Nav' means ‘new’ and ‘roz’ means ‘day’. The pastoral element is
apparent in this festival. The day corresponds to equinox and is
celebrated on 21st March.
King Jamshid is credited with bringing to the world practical
knowledge in the field of sciences, arts and crafts, medicine, wine
and agriculture.
Kadmi
Kadmi new year or the Pateti, which falls on
August 31st

Q. Calendar System→ Islamic Calendar
Arabic origin Muharram – first month, during which any business or travel
termed as Amulfil is prohibited.
changed to Hijri Safar – good for travel, business and fighting.
commemorate his hijrat, Rabi-al-Awwal – commencement of the spring.
from Mecca to Madina Rabi-ath-thani – indicates end of the spring.
52nd year of his life in 622 CE Jumada-al-ula – commencement of the cold season.
Jumada-al-akhirah – conclusion of the cold season.
zero year- 622 CE Rajab – to make preparation to fence the fields.
Lunar calendar- 12 Months, 354 days Shaban – the month of harvesting.
day commences with a sunset Ramadan – ninth month with excessive heat when people
keep fasts for purification of soul.
1st, 7th, 11th and 12th- sacred months Shawwal – a month to go out for hunting.
months are completely lunar Dhu – al – Qadah – month to get the camels ready for travel.
Dhu – al – Hijjah – last month, dedicated to pilgrimage.
Difference between the solar year and the lunar
year is not adjusted under hijri calendar
it falls short of one year every 33 years

Q. Calendar System→ Gregorian Calendar
birthday of the founder of Christianity, Jesus
Christ
solar year
first day of January
365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds
extra hours could not be included

adding one day every four years to the month of
February

THANKS!
Martial Arts

About Me
teaching

Q. What is Martial Arts ?
Arts associated with the waging of war

Bodhidharma
Transmission of Chan Buddhism
Ancient origin- Lived in Shaolin Monastery
Origin of Kungfu from this place
Kalaripayat:transmitted to China in 5th century BC by a sage
called Bodhidharma
Siddhas (Sittars)
Varman - a martial art for selfdefence
and a medical treatment at the same time
Different states have this art forms

1. Kalariyapattu – Kerala
Origin around 4th Century
Kalari, a Malayalam word,
a specific type of school/gymnasium/training hall
Related to Parsurama
Features:
mock duels (armed and unarmed combat) and physical
exercises
No musical drums
Foot work
kicks, strikes and weapon-based practice
‘S’ shaped stick
sword fight
bare-handed fight
Metal weapons

2. Silambam- Tamilnadu
Lord Murugan (in Tamil mythology)

and sage Agastya are credited with the creation of Silambam
staff fencing,
Patronised by Pandya, Chola and Chera
Mentioned in Silappadikaram
bamboo staff popular trading item for foreigners
Features :
four different kinds of staves used in this art

torch silambam’, has lighted balls of cloth at one end
sonorous swishing sound Costumes:
Nonelastic- staff that gives clattering sounds langots of different colors, turbans, sleeveless
vests, canvas shoes, and chest guard and use
Swift movements of the foot, use of both hands to wield wickerwork shields
staff, use of thrust, cut, chop and sweep
It also includes unarmed component

Unarmed Component of Silambam
Kuttu Varisai- Tamilnadu

Mentioned in Sangama literature
unarmed
Dravidian martial art
footwork through starching, yoga, gymnastics and breathing
exercises
Grappling, striking and locking
Varma Kalai
traditional art of vital points
component of traditional massage, alternative medicine,
traditional yoga and martial arts
(Varmam) vital points→ are manipulated to heal or cause harm
healing application called Vaidhiya Murai is a part of used Siddha

Medicine
strikes are targeted at the nerves, veins, tendons, soft tissues
or ligaments, organs and bone joints
Practised by Agastya

3. Thang-ta
Armed martial art

Origin→ 17th Century CE
Meitei fought against the British
Thang- Sword
Ta- Swear
Sarit Sarak- unarmed art form that uses

hand-to-hand combat
thang-ta and sarit sarak are together called

Huyen Langlon

4. Cheibi Gad-ga- Manipur
ancient martial arts

fighting using a sword and a shield
‘Cheibi’ → stick
modified to a stick encased in soft leather
circle of 7 metre diameter- fight within the circle

5. Pari-khanda- Bihar
created by Rajputs
fighting using sword and shield.
‘Pari’ means shield
‘khanda’ to sword
Steps used in the Chhau Dance
6. Thoda- Himachal Pradesh – Kullu Valley

martial arts, sport and culture
Performed during Baisakhi
skill of archery
dated back to Mahabharata, the times when bows and arrows
were used in the epic battle, in the valleys of Kullu and Manali.
Features-
Wooden Bows and arrows
Fight between 2 teams
Pashis and Saathis
Aiming

7. Gatka – Punjab
weapon based martial art form

Sanskrit word ‘Gadha’, which means mace
weapons, including stick, Kirpan, Talwar and Kataar

Performed during celebrations
8. Mardani Khel- Maharashtra

Performed in Kolhapur
skills of weaponry, especially swords, swift movements
and use of low stances
Origin from Maratha Warriors

Multiple weapons used

9. Inbuan Wrestling- Mizoram
1750 A.D. in Dungtlang village
Performed in circles
kicking and knee bending
lifting the opponent off their feet
catching of the belt (worn around their waist)
10. Musti Yuddha- Varanasi

unarmed martial art form resembling boxing
physical, mental and spiritual
kicks, punches, knee and elbow strikes
Jambuvanti
Hanumanti,
Bhimaseni
Jarasandhi

Malla Yuddha
found in the Ramayana
wrestling match between the vanara King Bali and Ravana
Mahabharata epic- restling match between Bhima and

Jarasandha.
Balarama and Krishna.
Siddhartha Gautama himself was said to be an expert wrestler,

archer and sword-fighter
wrestling styles such as naban and is the ancestor of kusti.

grappling, joint-breaking, punching, biting, choking and pressure
point striking
Manasollasa of the Chalukya king Someswara III (1124–1138)

king Krishna Deva Raya

Sqay
Persian word for ‘Knowledge of war.’
similar to Kalaripayattu
Ancient origin→
Kashmiri King Dharyadev trained his fighters
Flourished between→ 1325 A.D to 1819 A.D

known as ‘Shamsherizen.’

Kathi Samu- Andhrapradesh
Kathi basically means sword
mastered by the royal armies of Andhra Pradesh.
Paika Akhadha
padatika meaning infantry.
"Akhada" or akhara refers to a training hall
"warrior gymnasium" or "warrior school"
combination of dance and combat
Bandesh
collection or martial techniques mainly used to disarm and defeat
an armed opponent without taking his life
empty-handed combat technique
law enforcing authorities practiced the various techniques
Hindu belief in the sanctity of human life, Bandesh techniques
make the use of weapons without killing

Malla Khambh -
Origin @ Maharashtra
Balambhattdada Deodhar is known as founder
3 types of Mallakham
Fixed Mallakhamb
Hanging Mallakhamb
Rope Mallakhamb

Insu Knawr
Mizoram
Played only by men
game is played within a circle
Aim→ to push the opponent out of the circle within three to five
rounds

Saldu
indigenous game that is played among the Nicobarese tribe
Played on a vacant land.
similarities with that of Kabaddi

THANKS!

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Pratik Nayak

Art & Culture

For Subscription- Use Referral Code PNLIVE

Presented by - Pratik Nayak

BE Civil, M. Planning (CEPT University)

Cleared GPSC, Worked at Govt. of Gujarat

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Pratik Nayak -Unacademy

Indus Valley Civilisation –

Aryans & Vedic Age

Mahajanapda- Foreign Invasions

Mauryan Age (325-185 BCE)

Post Mauryan India (200 BCE-300CE)

Gupta Age (320-550CE)

Post Gupta-(600-750 CE)

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Origin→ Historical Sources

Vedic Period→ Sama Veda→ Gandharvaveda

Sangeet Ratnakara→ Sarangdeva

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musical instruments mainly made of bamboo, bone and

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Gandharvaveda→ upaveda of Samaveda

form of music called Samgana that involved chanting of the

Panini- 500 BCE-

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Āmrapālī, also known as "Ambapālika", "Ambapali", or

bestowed with the title of Vaishali Janpad Kalayani, given to

Development of Taxila- Music & Dance taught as a

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Sangam Age- Madhavi

Viralis sometimes danced at night by torchlight

Kanishka→ court asvaghosha, a multifaceted personality, Greaco–Buddhist sculptures :

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Post Gupta Age

Chalukyas- Badami Sculptures

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Books Written during this Era→

Sangeeta Makaranda (written in the 11th

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Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

Bhakti & Sufi Movement

Marathas (1628-1680, 1707-1761)

Rise of the Princely States

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5 major styles of Singing→ shuddha', 'bhinna', 'ghodi',

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Role of Amir Khusrau→

Kaiqabad→ patronized artists in his court

Raja Man Singh of Gwalior- patron of Music

Sufi saint, Pir Bodhan- musician himself

Bhakti Saints- Guru Nanak

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Rajasthan- Rajput States

Gujarat- Bahadur Shah

Malwa- Baz Bahadur advent of Purandaradasa, in the year

Deccani Sultans Chaturdandi-prakssika (written in the