Chapter12: Temperature and Heat

COMMON TEMPERATURE SCALES

LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF A SOLID
*The increase in any one dimension of a solid is called linear expansion.
*The change in length is directly proportional to the change in temperature : ∆L ≈ ∆T
*The length of an object changes when its temperature changes:

VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION

The volume of an object changes when its temperature changes:

HEAT AND INTERNAL ENERGY

Heat is energy that flows from a higher- temperature object to a lower- temperature object
because of a difference in temperatures.
SI Unit of Heat: joule (J)
The heat that flows from hot to cold originates in the internal energy of the hot substance.

Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity

Specific Heat Capacity: is the heat that must be supplied or removed to change the
temperature of a substance.

The amount of heat needed to cause a temperature change depends on the mass of the
object, size of the temperature change, and the substance of which an object is made

Common Unit for Specific Heat Capacity: J/(kg·Co)

Heat Units other than Joule

Kilocalorie
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by one Celcius degree
c = 1.0 kcal/(kg.C°)

British Thermal Unit (Btu)

Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one Fahrenheit
degree.
Joule
There is a relationship between energy in work and energy in heat.
1kcal = 4186 joules or 1 cal = 4.186 joules
Also known as mechanical equivalent of heat

HEAT AND PHASE CHANGE : LATENT HEAT

*Phase changes require large amounts of energy compared to the energy needed for
 temperature changes.
*Energy used to cause a phase change does not cause a temperature change.
*The amount of energy required is proportional to the number of molecules in the object and to
the forces acting between molecules.

LATENT HEAT
*Latent Heat: is the heat supplied or removed in changing the phase of a mass (m) of a
substance
*SI Units of Latent Heat: J/kg
*Latent heat of fusion (Lf): change between solid and liquid phases
*Latent heat of vaporization (Lv): change between liquid and gas phases
*Latent heat of sublimation (Ls): change between solid and gas phases

Chapter 13: The Transfer of Heat

CONVECTION
Convection is the process in which heat is carried from one place to another by the bulk
movement of a fluid.

CONDUCTION
*Conduction is the process whereby heat is transferred directly through a material, with any
bulk motion of the material playing no role in the transfer.
*Movement of heat by atomic collisions; transfer of heat through stationary matter by physical
contact
*Materials that conduct heat well are called thermal conductors, and those that conduct heat
poorly are called thermal insulators.

RADIATION
*Radiation is the process in which energy is transferred by means of electromagnetic waves.
*A material that is a good absorber is also a good emitter.
*A material that absorbs completely is called a perfect blackbody.

DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC USES OF HEAT

*Thermography: indication of blood supply
*Decreased: deficiency in blood flow to a specific region (clotting, stroke)
*Increased: malignant tumor
*Heat pads: relaxation of muscles and increased blood flow
*Infrared radiation: premature or newborn babies
*Microwave or radio diathermy (controlled to affect only intended area)
*Ultrasound diathermy (energy carried by the sound can be converted as thermal energy)
*Therapeutic Uses of Cold: lowered temperatures as local anesthetic
*Ice packs
*Cryosurgery (treatment of warts, tumors, Parkinson’s)

CLINICAL APPLICATION: THERMOMETERS

*A thermometer is used in health care to measure and monitor body temperature.
*Repeated measurements of temperature are useful to detect deviations from normal levels
and also useful in monitoring the effectiveness of current medications or other
treatments.
*Thermometers are usually made of a thin glass tube containing a liquid.
*The temperature is measured by observing how far up the tube the liquid rises. Different
liquids have different nonlinear expansions.