Valori Normale

Michael Jakob
Normal Values
pocket
Börm
Bruckmeier
Publishing
normal_values_imprint.fm Page 3 Friday, August 23, 2002 1:41 PM
Preface to the First Edition

Everyone involved in medical/clinical work has undoubtedly been faced with the task
of assessing lab values, functional parameters, and measurement categories for
technical equipment, without having information on normal ranges at hand. As a
consequence, it has always been necessary to check with the lab in question and
make time-consuming searches through the appropriate literature. This problem
mainly affects our younger and less experienced colleagues. However, experienced
professionals also know that only a small part of the parameters are relevant to the
clinical routine, and many specialized values are forgotten as quickly as they are
learned. Careful evaluation of the many measurement parameters that are relevant
in differential diagnosis, particularly in internal medicine, should really occupy more
of a doctor’s time than a tedious search for normal values and ranges.
With this in mind, this sturdy little pocket-sized book is meant to be a helpful
companion in the clinical routine. In the interest of manageability, we have
purposely dispensed with detailed evaluation of the parameters given; on the other
hand, we have included parameters that are less likely to be defined, and must
therefore be looked up that much more frequently. In addition to the "classic" lab
values, we have included measurement categories for the most important function
tests and routine technological examination procedures, such as electrocardio-
graphic, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and pulmonary function parameters.
We must emphasize that normal values are not absolute values, but are dependent
on many factors, e.g. the reagents or equipment used, which can lead to varying
definitions of normal ranges, especially in the area of clinical chemistry. This guide is
based on the standard works of the medical literature. Thus we recommend a
comparison with your in-house laboratory’s normal values.
Advances in medicine, along with the evolution of lab tests and technical
diagnostics, will inevitably entail an increase in the number of parameters in use. I
hope that this guidebook, with its wide spectrum of normal values, will be of some
help in getting to necessary information more quickly, thus leaving more time for
the patient.
Michael Jakob, M.D. Hermosa Beach, July 2002

jakob@media4u.com
normal_values.fm Page 35 Monday, August 26, 2002 2:26 PM
Abbreviations 35
3. Clinical Chemistry
3.1. Abbreviations
(Specimen = S.)
AB arterial (whole-)blood
VB venous (whole-)blood
CB capillary blood
BS blood smear
CiB citrate blood
P Plasma
S Serum
L Liquor
SJ stomach juice
U Urine
Fe Feces
3.2. Clinical Chemical Values

Measurand S. Value (convent.) Value (SI unit) Conv. F
ACE see Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme d p.37
Acetoacetate P < 1.0 mg/dl < 100 µmol/ml 97.95
Acetone S < 2.0 mg/dl < 344 µmol/ml 172
Acetylcholine S < 1.0 nmol/l
receptor antibodies
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36 3. Clinical Chemistry

Adenosine P 5.0-25 nmol/l
monophosphate,
cyclic (cAMP)
Alanine S 0-23 U/l 0-0.38 µkat/l 0.01667
aminotransferase < 1 mo: < 32 U/l < 1 mo: < 0.53 µkat/l
(Glutamic-pyruvic < 1 y: < 36 U/l < 1 y: < 0.59 µkat/l
transaminase, GPT) < 16 y: < 21 U/l < 16 y: < 0.34 µkat/l
Albumin S 3.5-5.2 g/dl 33-55 g/l 10
Aldolase S 0-6 U/l 0-100 nkat/l 16.67
< 1 y. < 12.4 U/l 0-200 nkat/l
α1-antitrypsin S 85-200 mg/dl 0.8-2.0 g/l 0.01
α-fetoprotein S < 7 U/ml < 10 µg/l 1.43
Newborns:
< 100,000 U/ml < 140,000 µg/l
Pregnant women
depending on preg. wk.:
< 350 U/ml < 500 µg/l
α1-globulins see Protein fractions d p.54
α2-globulins see Protein fractions d p.54
α1-microglobulin S 19.9-50.3 mg/l
α2-microglobulin S m: 1.5-3.5 g/l
f: 1.8-4.2 g/l
Aluminum S < 30 µg/l
toxic: > 100 µg/l
Clinical Chemical Values 37

Ammonia P m: 25-94 µg/l 15-55 µmol/l 0.587
f: 19-82 µg/l 11-48 µmol/l
vB Newborns (mature):
45-109 µg/dl 27-63 µmol/l
Premature infants:
31-211 µg/dl 19-123 µmol/l
1st-6th month:
22-94 µg/dl 13-55 µmol/l
Amylase S 60-180 U/l 0.8-3.2 mkat/l 0.01667
total amylase vB m: 102-358 U/l (Note: different methods
f: 150-468 U/l + different norm. values)
pancreatic amylase vB m: 19-161 U/l

f: 55-219 U/l
salivary amylase vB m: 38-257 U/l
f: 44-235 U/l
ratio vB m: 0.11-2.5
pancreatic / salivary f: 0.24-3.5
ANA see Antinuclear antibodies d p.37
Angiotensin-con- S 8-52 U/l 0.13-0.87 µkat/l 0.163
verting enzyme (ACE)
Anions S 155 mmol/l
Anion gap S 8-16 mmol/l
Antihyaluronidase S < 128 U/l
titer
Antimitochondrial S neg.: titer <1:20
antibodies pos.: titer > 1:20
Antinuclear S neg.: titer <1:20
antibodies (ANA) pos.: titer ≥ 1:160
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Antistaphylolysin S < 2.0 IU/l
titer
Antistreptolysin titer S < 200 IU/l
Apolipoprotein, A-I S > 95 mg/dl
Apolipoprotein, B < 111 mg/dl
Ascorbic acid (Vit. C) S 0.4-1.0 mg/dl 56,78
vB 0.7-2.0 mg/dl
Aspartate S 0-19 U/l 0-0.31 µkat/l 0.01667
aminotransferase < 1 mo.: < 38 U/l < 1 mo.: < 0.63 µkat/l
(Glutamic-oxalo- < 1 y: < 27 U/l < 1 y: < 0.45 µkat/l
acetic transaminase, < 16 y: < 22 U/l < 16 y: < 0.37 µkat/l
GOT)
Base (total) S 145-155 mval/l 145-155 mmol/l 1
Base excess aB -3.4-2.3 mval/l -3.4-2.3 mmol/l 1
β-carotene S 90-350 µg/l
β-hydroxybutyric P < 3 mg/dl < 300 µmol/l 96.05
acid
β-globulins see Protein fractions d p.54
β2-microglobulin S 1.1-2.4 mg/l
Bicarbonate, actual aB 20-26 mval/l 20-26 mmol/l 1
Bicarb., standard- 21-27 mval/l 21-17 mmol/l
Bile acids S < 6 µmol/l

Bilirubin, total S 0.3-1.0 mg/dl 5.1-17 µmol/l 17.10
Newborns:
24 h: < 4.0 mg/dl < 68.4 µmol/l
24-48 h: < 9.0 mg/dl < 153.9 µmol/l
Up to 5th day:
< 13.5 mg/dl < 230.85 µmol/l
Bilirubin, direct S 0.1-0.3 mg/dl 1.7-5.1 µmol/l 17.10
Bilirubin, indirect S 0.2-0.7 mg/dl 3.4-12 µmol/l 17.10
Blood gases, arterial aB
pCO2 aB 35-45 mmHg 4.7-6.0 kPa 0.13333
pO2 aB 70-100 mmHg 9.3-13-3 kPa 0.13333
pH-value aB 7.35-7.45
actual bicarbonate aB 20-26 mval/l 20-26 mmol/l 1
standard bicarbonate aB 21-27 mval/l 21-27 mmol/l 1
base excess aB -3.4-2.3 mval/l -3.4-2.3 mmol/l 1
O2 saturation aB > 95%
O2 content (Ca, O2) aB 19-21 ml/dl 8.43-9.43 mmol/l 0.44
CO2 content (Ca, CO2) aB 49-54 ml/dl 22-24 mmol/l 0.44
Blood gases, pCO2 aB Umbilical artery: 0.13333
(child. and newborns) 35-80 mmHg 4.7-10-7 kPa
Umbilical vein:
30-57 mmHg 4.0-7.6 kPa
Newborns 1st day:
29-61 mmHg 4.0-8.0 kPa
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Blood gases, pO2 Umbilical artery: 0.13333
(child. and newborns) 0-22 mmHg 0-2.9 kPa
Umbilical vein:
16-35 mmHg 2.2-4.7 kPa
Newborns 1st day:
70-85 mmHg 9.3-11.4 kPa
Blood gases, Umbilical artery:
pH-value (child. and 7.09-7.40
newborns) Umbilical vein:
7.15-7.45
Newborns 1st day:
7.20-7.41
standard bicarbonate Umbilical vein: 1
(child. and 11.8-21.4 mval/l 11.8-21.4 mmol/l
newborns) Newborns 1st day:
18.6-22-6 mval/l 18.6-22-6 mmol/l
Blood gases, venous
pCO2 38-54 mmHg 5.0-7.2 kPa 0.13333
pO2 36-44 mmHg 4.8-5.9 kPa 0.13333
pH-value 7.26-7.46
actual bicarbonate 22-28 mval/l 22-28 mmol/l 1
standard bicarbonate 19-24 mval/l 19-24 mmol/l 1
base excess -2-5 mval/l -2-5 mmol/l 1
O2 saturation 60-85%
Brucella antibodies S < 1:50
Calciferol (Vit. D3) P
25(OH)D (calcifediol) 8-80 ng/ml 20-200 nmol/l 2.469
1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol) 16-65 pg/ml 40-160 pmol/l 2.469
Calcium, ionized S 2.2-2.8 mval/l 1.1-1.4 mmol/l 0.5
Calcium, total 4.5-6.5 mval/l 1.25-2.75 mmol/l 0.5

cAMP see Adenosine monophosphate, cyclic d p.36
Candida antibodies S < 1:320
Carbohydrate S "cut off"
deficient transferrin m: < 20 U/l
(CDT) f: < 26 U/L
Carotenoids S 50-300 µg/dl 0.9-5.6 µmol/l 0.0186
Cations S 155 mmol/l
CDT see Carbohydrate deficient transferrin
d p.41
Ceruloplasmin S 20-60 mg/dl 0.2-0.6 g/l 0.01
Chloride S 98-106 mval/l 98-106 mmol/l 1
Cholesterol, total S No risk of 0.02586
atherosclerosis:
< 200 mg/dl < 5.2 mmol/l
Questionable risk:
200-239 mg/dl 5.2-6.2 mmol/l
High risk:
> 240 mg/dl > 6.2 mmol/l
With coronary heart
disease: < 180 mg/dl < 4.6 mmol/l
Cholesterol, fract. S
LDL-cholesterol No risk of 0.02586
atherosclerosis:
< 130 mg/dl < 3.36 mmol/l
Questionable risk:
130-159 mg/dl 3.4-4.1 mmol/l
High risk:
> 160 mg/dl > 4.1 mmol/l
Secondary prophylaxis
in coronary heart
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Cholesterol, fract.
(cont.)
HDL-cholesterol No risk of 0.02586
atherosclerosis:
> 55 mg/dl > 1.4 mmol/l
questionable risk:
55-35 mg/dl 1.4-0.9 mmol/l
high risk:
< 35 mg/dl < 0.9 mmol/l
LDL/HDL Quotient No risk of
atherosclerosis: < 3
Increased risk: > 4
in coronary heart
disease: < 2.5
Cholinesterase S 3000-8000 U/l
Chrome S 0.5-9.0 µg/l
Circulating immune S < 0.01 g/l
complexes
(Ag-unspecific)
Citrate S 1.7-3.0 mg/dl 88-156 µmol/l 52
CK see Creatine(phospho)kinase d p.44
Cobalt S < 0.5 µg/l 8,5 nmol/l 16,968
Cold agglutinins vB titer < 1:16

Complement S
total hemolytic 19.5-60.0 U/ml
complement (CH50)
C1q 13-32 mg/dl
C1r 2.5-3.8 mg/dl
C1s 2.5-3.8 mg/dl
C2 2.2-3.4 mg/dl
C3 90-180 mg/dl 0.9-1.8 g/l 0.01
C4 10-40 mg/dl 0.1-0.4 g/l 0.01
C5 5.1-7-7 mg/dl
C6 4.8-6.4 mg/dl
C7 4.9-7.0 mg/dl
C8 4.3-6.3 mg/dl
C9 4.7-6.9 mg/dl
C1 esterase inhibitor 16-33 mg/dl
CO2 content aB 49-54 ml/dl 22-24 mmol/l 0.44
CO2 partial pressure aB 35-45 mmHg 4.7-6.0 kPa 0.13333
Copper S 70-140 µg/dl 11-22 µmol/l 0.1574
C-reactive protein S < 5 mg/l
(CRP) Newborns: < 15 mg/l
Infants: < 10 mg/l
Small child.: < 8 mg/l
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Creatine S 0.1-0.7 mg/dl 7.6-53 µmol/l 76.3
Creatinine S Total: < 1.36 mg/dl < 120 µmol/l 88.4
m: 0.84-1.36 mg/dl
f: 0.66-1.17 mg/dl
< 1 y: 0.3-1.1 mg/dl
1-6 y: 0.2-0.5 mg/dl
7-14 y: 0.3-0.8 mg/dl
15-16 y: 0.5-1.1 mg/dl
Creatine S m: 25-90 U/l 0.42-1.50 µkat/l 0.1574
(phospho)kinase (CK) f: 10-70 U/l 0.17-1.17 µkat/l
Isoenzymes
CK-BB (brain) 0%
CK-MB (myocard) < 10 U/l (3-6% of the total CK)
Suspected myocardial infarction:
> 6% of the total CK
CK-MM (skeletal 97-100%
muscle)
CRP see C-reactive protein d p.43
Cryofibrinogen vB < 60 mg/l
Cryoglobulins vB < 80 mg/l or
< 1% of immunoglobulins
δ-aminolaevulic acid S 15-23 µg/dl 1.1-1.7 µmol/l 0.073
DNA, double-stranded S < 5 mg/l
DNA antibodies
(ds-DNA-Ab)
DNA, single-stranded S 0-20% bonding
DNA antibodies
(ss-DNA-Ab)

Elastase P 60-110 ng/ml
Electrophoresis S see Protein fractions d p.54
Fatty acids, total S 190-420 mg/dl 7.0-15.5 mmol/l 0.037
Fatty acids, free < 18 mg/dl < 0.67 mmol/l
Ferritin S m: 15-400 ng/ml 15-400 µg/l
f: 10-200 ng/ml 10-200 µg/l
< 1 mo.: 150-600 ng/ml
2-3 mo.: 37-223 mg/ml
4-5 mo.: 19-142 ng/ml
0.5-15 y.: 7-140 ng/ml
Fluoride vB < 0.05 mg/dl 0.027 mmol/l 0.53
Folic acid S 3.6-15 ng/ml 8.2-24 nmol/l 2.266
Fructosamine S 205-285 µmol/l
< 1 y.: 92-292 mmol/l
2-3 y.: 69-345 mmol/l
4-6 y.: 102-285 mmol/l
Fructose S 1-6 mg/dl 55.5-333 µmol/l 55.5
Galactose vB Adults: 0 < 1.1 mmol/l 0.055
Children: < 20 mg/dl
γ-glutamyl S m: < 28 U/l
transferase f: < 18 U/l
(γ-GT) < 1 mo.: < 163 U/l
1-12 mo.: < 91 U/l
1-16 y.: < 17 U/l
γ-globulins see Protein fractions d p.54
Gastrin S 40-200 pg/ml 40-200 ng/l 1
Globulins, total S 2.0-3.0 g/dl (40-50%)
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Glucose (fasting) cB Adults: 0.05551
70-100 mg/dl 3.9-5.5 mmol/l
Path. OGTT:
100-120 mg/dl 5.5-6.7 mmol/l
Diab.: > 120 mg/dl > 6.7 mmol/l
Newborns:
38-64 mg/dl 2.1-3.6 mmol/l
Infants < 1 wk.:
44-76 mg/dl 2.4-4.2 mmol/l
1 h. value after Adults:
OGTT (75 g glucose) 70-160 mg/dl 3.9-8.9 mmol/l
Path. oGTT:
160-220 mg/dl 8.9-12.2 mmol/l
2 h. value after Adults: < 140 mg/dl < 7.8 mmol/l
OGTT (75 g glucose) Path. OGTT:
140-200 mg/dl 7.8-11.1 mmol/l
Glucose-6-phosphate ciB 120-240 mU/billion 5-15 U/g Hb
dehydrogenase erythrocytes
Glutamate S m: < 4 U/l
dehydrogenase f: < 3 U/l
(GLDH) < 1 mo.: < 6.6 U/l
1-6 mo.: < 4.3 U/l
7-12 mo.: < 3.5 U/l
1-16 y.: < 3.2 U/l
Glutamic-oxaloacetic see Aspartate aminotransferase d p.38
transaminase (GOT)
Glutamic-pyruvic see Alanine aminotransferase d p.36
transaminase (GPT)

Glutathione vB 24-37 mg/dl 0.77-1.18 mmol/l 0.032
Glycerol (free) P 0.29-1.27 mg/dl 0.032-0.187 mmol/l 0.12
Gold S < 10 µg/dl < 0.51 µmol/l 0.051
GOT see Aspartate aminotransferase d p.38
GPT see Alanine aminotransferase d p.36
Haptoglobin S 50-220 mg/dl 0.5-2.2 g/l 0.01
HBDH see Hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase d p.47
Hemoglobin (Hb) vB m: 14-18 g/dl m: 140-180 g/l 10
f: 12-16 g/dl f: 120-160 g/l
Hemoglobin Fractions
HbA Adults: 97%
Newborns: 20%
HbA0 Adults: 90%
HbA1 5-8%
HbA2 Adults: 1.3-3.5%
Newborns: 0.5%
HbF Adults: < 2%
Newborns: 80%
Hemopexin S 50-115 mg/dl
Hydroxybutyric S Adults: < 140 U/l
dehydrogenase < 1 mo.: < 515 U/l
(HBDH) 1-6 mo.: < 310 U/l
7-12 mo.: < 276 U/l
1-2 y.: < 222 U/l
3-16 y.: < 175 U/l
quotient LDH/HBDH 1.38-1.64
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Immunoglobulins S
IgA 90-325 mg/dl 0.9-3.2 g/l 0.01
< 1 mo.: 0-2 mg/dl
1-6 mo.: 3-82 mg/dl
7-24 mo.: 14-108 mg/dl
3-12 y.: 23-270 mg/dl
13-16 y.: 81-232 mg/dl
IgD 0-8 mg/dl 0-0.08 g/l 0.01
IgE < 0.025 mg/dl < 0.00025 g/l 0.01
(< 150 U/l)
IgG 800-1500 mg/dl 8-15 g/l 0.01
< 1 mo.:
700-1480 mg/dl
1-6 mo.:
300-1000 mg/dl
0.5-2 y.:
500-1200 mg/dl
3-12y.: 500-1650 mg/dl
13-16 y.:
700-1550 mg/dl
IgM 45-150 mg/dl 0.45-1.5 g/l 0.01
< 1 mo.: 5-30 mg/dl
1-6 mo.: 15-109 mg/dl
7-24 mo.: 43-239 mg/dl
3-12 y.: 50-260 mg/dl
13-16 y.: 45-240 mg/dl
IgG/albumin quotient S 0.3-0.6

Iodine (protein bound) P 3.0-7.6 µg/dl 236-598 nmol/l 0.0127
Iron m: 50-150 µg/dl 9-27 µmol/l 0.1791
f: 40-140 µg/dl 7-25 µmol/l
2 wk.: 63-201 mg/dl
6 mo.: 28-135 mg/dl
12 mo.: 35-155 mg/dl
2-12 y.: 22-135 mg/dl
Iron-binding capacity S 250-370 µg/dl 45-66 µmol/l 0.1791
Ketone bodies (total) S 0.5-1.5 mg/dl 5-15 g/l 10
Lactate P 5-15 mg/dl 0.6-1.7 mmol/l 0.111
Lactate S Adults: 120-240 U/l
dehydrogenase < 1 mo.: 150-7855 U/l
(LDH) 1-6 mo.: 160-437 U/l
7-12 mo.: 145-365 U/l
1-2 y.: 86-305 U/l
3-16 y.: 100-290 U/l
LDH isoenzymes Aagarose electrophoresis:
fraction 1 15-23% (~68-135 U/l; mostly myocard,
(HBDH) erythrocytes)
fraction 2 30-39% (mostly myocard, erythrocytes)
fraction 3 20-25%
fraction 4 8-15%
fraction 5 9-14% (liver, skeletal muscle)
Lead vB < 20 µg/dl < 1.0 µmol/l 0.04826
Leucine vB Newborns:
< 4.0 mg/dl
Leucine S 6-35 U/l
aminopeptidase
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Leukocyte see Alkaline leukocyte phosphatase d p.50
phosphatase,
alkaline
Lipase (turbidimetric) S < 190 U/l
Lipids S
Cholesterol, total S No risk of 0.0259
atherosclerosis:
< 200 mg/dl < 5.2 mmol/l
Questionable risk:
200-239 mg/dl 5.2-6.2 mmol/l
High risk:
> 240 mg/dl > 6.2 mmol/l
in coronary heart
disease:
< 180 mg/dl < 4.5 mmol/l
Cholesterol, fract. S No risk of 0.0259
HDL cholesterol atherosclerosis:
> 55 mg/dl > 1.40 mmol/l
Questionable risk:
55-35 mg/dl 1.4-0.9 mmol/l
High risk:
< 35 mg/dl < 0.9 mmol/l
LDL cholesterol S No risk of
atherosclerosis:
< 130 mg/dl < 3.4 mmol/l
Questionable risk:
130-159 mg/dl 3.4-4.1 mmol/l
High risk:
> 160 mg/dl > 4.1 mmol/l
in coronary heart

Valori Normale

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Michael Jakob

Preface to the First Edition

Michael Jakob, M.D. Hermosa Beach, July 2002

3.2. Clinical Chemical Values

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Measurand S. Value (convent.) Value (SI unit) Conv. F

Clinical Chemical Values 37

Measurand S. Value (convent.) Value (SI unit) Conv. F

pancreatic amylase vB m: 19-161 U/l

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Measurand S. Value (convent.) Value (SI unit) Conv. F

Clinical Chemical Values 39

Measurand S. Value (convent.) Value (SI unit) Conv. F

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Clinical Chemical Values 41

Measurand S. Value (convent.) Value (SI unit) Conv. F

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Clinical Chemical Values 43

Measurand S. Value (convent.) Value (SI unit) Conv. F

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Clinical Chemical Values 45

Measurand S. Value (convent.) Value (SI unit) Conv. F

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Clinical Chemical Values 47

Measurand S. Value (convent.) Value (SI unit) Conv. F

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Clinical Chemical Values 49

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