Skeletal System

Skeleton Bones According to Shape

-a structure of bone that supports the body of a a. Long Bones

person or animal. b. Short Bones
c. Flat Bones
Two Divisions of Skeleton: d. Irregular Bones
 Axial Skeleton
-bones that form the longitudinal axix
of the body Structure of a Long Bone
 Appendicular Skeleton
-bones of the limbs and the girdle.  Gross Anatomy

Skeletal System includes: a. diaphysis - the shaft & composed of

a. Joints compact bone
b. Cartilages b. periosteum - covers & protects
c. Ligaments diaphysis
c. perforating fibers - secure the
periosteum to the underlying bone
d. epiphysis – the ends of the long bone
Functions of the Bones e. articular cartilage – covers epiphysis
f. epiphyseal line – thin line bony tissue
1. Support
on the epiphysis
2. Protection g. epiphyseal plate – causes the
lengthwise growth of the long bone
3. Movement h. yellow marrow (medullar cavity) –
storage area for adipose tissue
4. Storage i. bone markings – surfaces of the bones
 projections or processes (T)
5. Blood Cell Formation (Hematopoiesis)
-grow out from the bone
Surface
 depressions or cavities
Classifications of Bones -indentions in the bone

Two Basic Types of Bones.  Microscopic Anatomy

a. osteocytes - mature bone cells & found
a. Compact Bone in lacunae
b. lacuane – spaces or tiny cavities of the
-dense and looks smooth and homogenius
osteon
b. Spongy Bone c. lamellae – layers of the osteon
d. Haversian canals – canals where blood
-composed of needlelike pieces and lots of vessels ramify the bone
open space. e. canaliculi – a small canal which
coonects all the bone cells to supply
nutrients.
f. Haversian System or osteon
g. Volkmans ofr perforating canals
Bone Formation, Growth and
Remodeling
 Cartilage and Bones are the two
srongest body tissue
 In embryos, the skeleton is made of
hyaline cartilage
Ossification
- the process of bone formation
Two Phases of Ossification:
1. The hyaline cartilage model is completely
covered with bone matrix ( a bone collar )
by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts
2. The enclosed hyaline cartilage is digested
away, opening up a medullary cavity within
the newly formed bone.
Bones are Remodeled in Response to
Changes in Two Factors:
a. Calcium level in the blood
b. The pull of gravity and muscles on
skeleton.
Appositional Growth
-the process by which bones increase in
diameter
Osteoblasts
-bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts
-bone-destrying cells
Hypercalcemia
-the blood calcium level is high
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
-determines when or if bone is to be
broken down or formed in response to the
need for more or fewer calcium ions in the
blood.
Homeostatic Imbalance
Bone Fractures
-a broken bones
-treated by reduction (realignment of the
broken bone ends)
a. Closed fracture –bone breaks cleanly
and does not penetrate the skin
b. Open fracture – broken bone ends
penetrate the skin
Types of Fractures
1. Comminuted – bones breaks into
many fragments
2. Compression – bone is crushed
3. Depressed - broken bone portion is
pressed inward
4. Impacted – broken bone ends are
forced into each other
5. Spiral – broken bones are twisted
6. Greenstick – bone breaks incompletely
Stages of Healing Bone Fractures
a. A hematoma forms
b. The break is splinted by a fibrocartilage
callus
c. The bony callus forms
d. Bone remodeling occurs
Rickets
-a disease in children which bones fail to
culcify.
AXIAL SKELETON
Three Parts:
a. Skull
b. Vertebral Column
c. Bony Thorax
A. SKULL
 Cranium – encloses and protects
brain tissue
 Facial Bones – holds the eyes in an
anterior position ton allow the facial
muscles to move.
a. Cranium
Eight Large Flat Bones:
 Frontal Bone
-forms the forehead, eyebrows and
superior eye’s orbit
 Parietal Bone (Left & Right)
-forms the superior and lateral
craniums. They meet in the midline of
the skull at the sagittal sature and
coronal sature, where they meet the
frontal bone.
 Temporal Bone (Left & Right)
-lies inferior to the parietal bones; join
them at squamous satures.
Bone Markings:
 external acoustic meatus – a
canal that leads to the eardrum
& the middle ear. Route which
sounds enter.
 styloid process – a sharp
needlelike projection, inferior
to the EAM. Uses as attachment
point.
 zygomatic process – thin bridge
of bone that joints w/ the
cheekboneanteriorly.
 mastoid process – full of air
cavities; inferior to the EAM;
provides attachment site for
muscles of the neck; high-risk
spot for infections
 jagular foramen – allows the
passage of the jagular vein
 Occipital Bone
-most posterior bone of thye cranium;
forms the floor and back wall of thye
skull;joins the parietal bones anteriorly
at lamboid sature; at its base you will
find the foramen magnum.
Foramen magnum - sorrounds the
lower part of the brain and allows
the spinal cord to connect w/ the
brain.
 Sphenoid Bone
-butterfly shaped bone spans the width
of the skull
Sella turcica-a middleline small
depression in the sphenoid
Foramen ovale-a large oval opening
w/ the posterior end of the sella
turcica that allows the fibers of
cranial nerves to pass to the
chewing muscles of lower jaw
Two Openings:
a. Optic canal – allows the
optic nerves to pass the eye
b. Superior orbital fissure –
cranial nerves controling
eye movements pass
Sphenoid sinuses –central part of
sphenoid and riddled w/ air cavities.
 Ethmoid Bone
 -very irregular shaped & lies anterior to
the sphenoid; roof of the nasal cavity &
median walls of the orbits.
Cribriform plates- allows the nerves
fibers that carries olfactory receptors
of the nose to reach the brain.
Superior & Middle nasal conchae-
allows the turbelance of the airflow
through nasal passages.
b. Facial Bones
-composes 14 bones; 12 are paired; only
vomer and mandible are not.
 Maxillae – upper jaw
 Palatine bones –
 Zygomatic Bones – cheekbones
 Lacrimal Bones –
 Nasal Bones – bridge of the nose
 Vomer Bone – medial line of the nasal
cavity
 Inferior nasal septum –
 Mandible – lower jaw
c. The Hyoid Bone
-does not articulate w/ other bone; serves as
a movable base for the tongue.
d. Fetal Skull
-adult skull = 1/8th of the total body length
-newborn = 1/4th of the total body length
Fontanels – fibrous membranes connecting
the cranial bones
B. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
-composed of 26 irregular bones
Intervertebral discs – a pads of flexible
fibrocartilage that separates, cushions
vertabrae and absorbs shocks thats
allows its flexibility
Two Spinal Curvatures:
a.Primary Curvatures – curvatures in
thoracic & sacral regions
b.Secondary Curvatures – curvatures in
cervical and lumbar regions
Features of Vertebrae:
1. Body or centrum – disclike weight-
bearing part of the vertebra
2. Vertebral arch – forms laminae &
pedicles
3. Vertebral foramen – canal which
spianal cord passes
4. Transverse process – lateral
projections from vertebral arch
5. Spinous process – fused laminae
6. Spinous & Inferior articular process
– paired projections that allows a
vertebra to form joints w/ adjacent
vertebra
a. Cervical Vertebrae (C1 to C7)
-form thye neck region of the spine
First Two Vertebrae:
1. Atlas
–has no body; contains large
depressions that receive thye
occipital condyles of the skull;
allows us to nod.
2. Axis
-serves as pivot rotation of the atlas
& skull
b. Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 to T12)
-only vertebrae that ariculate w/ the ribs

c. Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 to L5)
-most stress on the vertebral column occurs
here; sturdiest of ‘em all; five vertebrae.
d. Sacrum
-formed by the fushion of five vertebrae
e. Coccyx
-formed from the fushion of the three tiny
irregularly shaped vertebrae; human tail bone
C. BONY THORAX
-True ribs, first 7 pairs of ribs attched
directly to the sternum by costal
cartilages
-False ribs, next 5 pairs not attched
directly to the sternum
-Floating ribs, the last 2 pairs of ribs
-Intercoastal spaces, filled w/ the
intercoastal muscles that aid in
breathing
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
-composed of 126 bones of the limbs & pictoral
& pelvic girdles.

-also called “thoracic cage”

A. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Consists of: Consists of:
a. Clavicle
a.Sternum
b. Scapula
b.Ribs
a. Clavicle
c.Thoracic Vertebrae
-collarbone; acts as a brace to hold the arm
away from the top of the thorax and help bone
a. Sternum dislocation

-flat bone; results from the fushion of b.Scapula

three bones: -shoulder blades; called wings; not directly

attached to the skeleton but loosely held in
 Manubrium
place by trunkmuscles.
 Body
 Xiphoid process Two Important Process Three Borders of Scapula

-Three Important Bony Landmarks: -acromion -Superior

-coracoid -Medial (Vertebral)
 Jagular notch -Lateral (Axillary)
 Sternal angle
 Xiphesternal joint
b. Ribs
-12 pairs of ribs
Factors why shoulder girdle are easy to ove:

 It attacheds to axial skeleton at only

one point-sternoclavicular joint
 Loose attachement of the scapula
 Shallow glenoid cavity & joints of the
shoulder is poorly reinforced of
ligaments.

B. Bones of Upper Limbs

a. arm

b. forearm

c. hand

a.