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QW = KFLLCIAD DI ZHQD[[D
AD @C LKK DQ [HLT@CQHFI
Uèc`hsè pcr =
Dikcarè pcr =
f IOFXF MTIHFU
Lld EDI[LHAC Lfuic
f MDCI OCEHI LDIOCQC
f IAUH CLCIH
[X@ZCHI EDIMCLHI
f IDOTD BC@C WCKND@@D
5738-5757
WUD[DIQCQHFI ODIDUC@D AD @C LKK
AD[KUHWQHFI
Tid lcknhid è`dktrhqud ç kfurcit kfithiu dst kfisthtuèd =
cu stctfr = Td< Uh . Hd (`fh a'fnl) dt `d knclp stctfrhqud vcut Es< b
lfhis dxcktd ads jfrlu`ds ad kd pcrcorcpnd, kcr fi id thdit pcs kflptd
ads ifi-
`hiècrhtès quh sfit hlpfrtcitds dt, ad p`us, fi suppfsd qud `c
lcknhid kflpfrtd ads dirfu`dldits ad kflpdiscthfi/kfllutcthfi quh
rdiadit kd knclp hiaèpdiacit ads kfurcits rftfrhquds. Di jcht, fi jcht
pcssdr acis kds dirfu`dldits ad kflpdiscthfi/kfllutcthfi ui kfurcit
td` qu'h` krèd ui
knclp
kfurcit ciiu`cit `d knclp
pcsscit acis hiauht cu
`'dirfu`dldit ihvdcu ads
a'crlcturd kcr ec`chs.
`d knclpKdadkfurcit dst `d
kfllutcthfi
afht vcrhdr ad `c líld lcihîrd qud `d knclp hiauht.)
Cu rftfr = TThuu ,, vvvvjj 44 ϓ Th< D + Uh∟ Hh
A'cutrd pcrt fi c adux èqucthfis è`dktrflèkcihquds =
JFIKQHFIIDLDIQ DI LFQDTU
@frsqud `'fi vdut `c jchrd trcvch``dr, di cpp`hqucit ui kfup`d rèshstcit sur sfi
cxd, kd`c `c jrdhid afik D ahlhiud.
JFIKQHFIIDLDIQ DI ODIDUCQUHKD
[h uid sfurkd a'èidrohd lèkcihqud dsschd a'cuolditdr `c vhtdssd ad lcknhid, (`c
kncrod dst ditrcéicitd = cskdisdur pcr dxdlp`d), Ψ cuolditd afik {¶ D ¶
} D cuolditd.
Kflld {¶ T ¶ }T rdstd kfistcitd, `d prfauht {¶ U{ h }¶ H { h }} Uh∟ Hh advhdit
ièocthj dt cuolditd di vc`dur cesf`ud, afik {¶ H {h }¶ } Hh cuolditd, afik `d
kfup`d {¶ Q ¶}Q cuolditd `uh cussh dt `uttd kfitrd `'cuolditcthfi ad vhtdssd =
k'dst ui kfup`d
jrdhi.
@d shoid au kfurcit cycit kncioè, `d shoid ad `c puhsscikd kfisfllèd knciod
`uh cussh. @c lcknhid kfisflld uid puhsscikd ièocthvd, afik d``d jfuriht ad `c
puhsscikd cu khrkuht. D``d dst advdiud oèièrctrhkd.
Kds adux lfads ad jfikthfiidldit dxhstdit pfur `ds adux sdis ad rftcthfi ad `c
lcknhid. Kd``d-kh pfuvcit pcssdr scis ahskfithiuhtè a'ui sdis ad rftcthfi fu ad
kfup`d ç `'cutrd. Fi aht c`frs qu'd``d jfikthfiid acis `ds quctrd qucarcits au p`ci
kfup`d-vhtdssd.
LCKNHID C D^KHQCQHFI [HLW@D
K'dst `d kcs `d p`us jrèqudit = {¶ E{ s }¶ } Es dst kfistcit kcr h` dst krèè pcr
ads chlcits pdrlcidits fu ehdi dikfrd pcrkd qud {¶ H { d }¶ } Hd dst kfistcit
(dxkhtcthfi sèpcrèd c`hlditè di kfurcit kfithiu)
[h `'fi pfsd = {¶ E{ s }¶ b ' < B ¶ } Es∟b ‘ < B , `ds èqucthfis au pcrcorcpnd
prèkèadit advhdiidit =
- T < D + Uh∟ Hh
- D < B ∟ Ψ
- Q < B ∟ Hh
LFQDTU [DUHD
@'dxkhtcthfi sèrhd ètcit prhikhpc`dldit rèsdrvèd ç ads lftdurs, h` i'dst pcs
ncehtud` a'uth`hsdr `d tdrld ad lcknhid ç dxkhtcthfi sèrhd (dxkdpthfi jchtd acis
`ds systîlds jdrrfvhchrds).
Kd typd ad lftdur dst kcrcktèrhsè pcr `d jcht qud `d stctfr (hiauktdur) dst rckkfraè
di sèrhd cvdk `d rftfr (hiauht).
Afik `d líld kfurcit trcvdrsd `d rftfr dt `d stctfr = Hh< Hd < H dt `c tdishfi
a‘c`hlditcthfi T <Th + Td
Es< Bd∟ H
Acis `d lftdur snuit, `d stctfr dst kåe`è di pcrc``î`d cvdk `d rftfr. @c tdishfi
cux efrids au rftfr dst `c líld qud kd``d cux efrids au stctfr, afik =
- Th <Td<T
- Es< bd∟ Hd < B ∟T
- D< B ∟T ∟Ψ
CZCIQCOD[ DQ HIKFIZDIHDIQ[
@'cvcitcod prhikhpc` ads lcknhids ç kfurcit kfithiu rèshad acis `dur cacptcthfi
shlp`d cux lfydis pdrldttcit ad rèo`dr fu ad jchrd vcrhdr `dur vhtdssd, `dur
kf u p ` d d t ` d u r s d i s a d r f t c t h f i = ` d s v c
a hr d k t ç ` c sf u r k d a ' èi d r o h d = e c t t d r hd s
rh t d u r s a d v h td s s d , v f h rd ` dur rckkfradldit @d prhikhpc`
a 'c k k u l u ` c t d u r , p h ` d s , d tk .
prfe`îld ad kds lcknhids vhdit ad `c `hchsfi ditrd `ds ec`chs, fu
« kncrefis ² dt `d kf``dktdur rftcthj. Chish qud `d kf``dktdur `uh-líld kflld
hiahquè p`us ncut dt `c kflp`dxhtè ad sc rèc`hscthfi. Ad p`us h` jcut shoic`dr qud =
W`us `c vhtdssd ad rftcthfi dst è`dvèd, p`us `c prdsshfi ads ec`chs afht
cuolditdr pfur rdstdr di kfitckt cvdk `d kf``dktdur afik p`us `d jrfttdldit
dst hlpfrtcit 2
Cux vhtdssds è`dvèds `ds ec`chs afhvdit afik ítrd rdlp`ckès
trîs rèou`hîrdldit 2
`d kf``dktdur hlpfscit ads rupturds ad kfitckt prfvfqud ads crks,
quh usdit rcphadldit `d kfllutctdur dt oèiîrdit ads pcrcshtds acis `d
khrkuht a'c`hlditcthfi, chish qud pcr rcyfiidldit è`dktrflcoièthqud.
Ti cutrd prfe`îld `hlhtd `ds vhtdssds a'uth`hscthfi è`dvèds ad kds lftdurs `frsqud
`d rftfr dst efehiè, k'dst `d pnèiflîid ad « aèjrdttcod ², `c jfrkd kditrhjuod
jhihsscit pcr kcssdr `ds `hdis cssurcit `c tdiud ads disdle`ds ad sphrds (`d
jrdttcod).
@c tdlpèrcturd dst `hlhtèd cu ihvdcu au kf``dktdur pcr `'c``hcod uth`hsè pfur ercsdr
`ds kfiauktdurs au rftfr cux `clds au kf``dktdur. Ti c``hcod ç ecsd a'crodit afht
ítrd uth`hsè `frsqud `c tdlpèrcturd ad jfikthfiidldit aèpcssd `c tdlpèrcturd ad
jushfi ad `'c``hcod k`csshqud ç ecsd a'ètchi.
Ti kdrtchi iflerd ad kds hikfivèihdits fit pcrthd``dldit ètè rèsf`us pcr ads
rèc`hscthfis ad lftdurs scis jdr cu rftfr, kflld `ds lftdurs « ahsquds ² fu `ds
lftdurs « k`fknds ², quh iècilfhis pfssîadit tfumfurs ads ec`chs.
@ds hikfivèihdits kh-adssus fit ètè rcahkc`dldit è`hlhiès oråkd ç `c tdknif`fohd
au lftdur scis ec`chs (cussh aèifllè lftdur erusn`dss, fu
hlprfprdldit
« lftdur ç kfurcit kfithiu scis ec`chs ²), quh dst uid lcknhid
syiknrfid cutfph`ftèd.
KFLLCIAD DI ZHQD[[D AD @C LKK
Kfllciadr uid lcknhid ç kfurcit kfithiu rdvhdit ç rèou`dr di pdrlcidikd sc
vhtdssd pfur qu‘d``d sfht kfistcitd tfut cu `fio au prfkèaè cu qud``d `c lcknhid
dst sfulhsd.
@c rèou`cthfi di vhtdssd d `c LKK kflpfrtd ui Nckndur quh sd
kflpfrtd kflld ui clp`hjhkctdur ad Ochi, adux rèou`ctdurs di kcskcad quh c
pfur eut ad kfllciadr `c vhtdssd pcr `c efuk`d dxtèrhdurd dt `d kfurcit
pcr `c efuk`d hitèrhdurd dt kd`c sd pcssd pcr kflpcrchsfis ads
tdishfis(kfurcits) ad rèjèrdikd dt ads hlcods tdishfis fu kfurcits. H` di rdssfrt
qud `d prhikhpd ad `c kfllciad di vhtdssd sd jcht pcr uid rèou`cthfi di kcskcad.
Cvdk U∟ρ d
α < r o f Of
[HLT@CQHFI AD @C LKK
Ifus c``fis h``ustrdr kdttd kfllciad di vhtdssd vu p`us ncut pcr `c shlu`cthfi
sfus Lct`ce [hlu`hib.
[ystîld ad `c LKK sfus [hlu`hib
Hitèorcthfi a‘ui sfus systîld pfur jchrd ditrdr `ds pcrclîtrds ç kfitrñ`dr aurcit
`‘cssdrvhssdldit.