Pathophysiology

CATARACT

RISK FACTORS

AGING Associated Ocular SYSTEMIC DISEASE

-Loss of lens Condition -Diabetis mellitus PHYSICAL FACTORS TOXIC FACTOR
transparency -Retinitis -Down Syndrome -Dehydration -Corticosteroids
-Clumping and -Myopia -Renal Disorders -Blunt Trauma -Alkaline chemical eye
aggregation of -Retinal Detachment -Musculoskeletal Disorders -UV Radiation in burns
Lens Protein -Infection(Herpes Zoster, Sunlight and X-ray -Cigarette smoking
-Accumulation Uveitis) -Calcium, copper,
of yellow to iron,Gold deposits in
brown pigment the lens
of lens protein
-↓ Oxygen
Uptake

-↑Na and
Calcium
-↓Levels of
Vit.C, PRotein
 DISEASE PROCESS

Cells in the ↑Water

As it progresses, whole
Lens Content in
lens will be affected
Degenerate the cells
s

Obstruction Cellular debris escapes

Macrophages
in the through degenerated
phagocytize debris
Aqueous capsule in Aqueous
Humor Humor.

Nursing
Nursing Interventions:
Interventions:
Stay
Stay on
on the
the unaffected
unaffected site
site when
when conversing.
conversing.
Signs and Symptoms: Use
Use reading
reading material with enlarge print, when
-↓ Visual Acuity -Color Blindness reading.
reading.
-Reading difficulty - Blurred vision Reducing
Reducing glare with appropriate lighting.
-Nightblindness Orient
Orient the
the client
client with
with his
his environment
environment and
and assist
assist in
in
-Optical Aberration such as Spots or Halos climbing
climbing stairs
stairs // walking.
walking.
↑
↑ intake
intake of
of Vitamin
Vitamin C,C, beta-carotene,
beta-carotene, Vit.E.
Vit.E.
Medical
Medical Interventions:
Interventions:
Surgery-Definitive
Surgery-Definitive treatment
treatment
ECCE with Use
Use of
of corrective
corrective eyeglasses,
eyeglasses, and
and contact
contact lenses.
lenses.
IOL, OS Use of Mydriatics
Use of Mydriatics

Possible Complication if Unsuccessful:

Blindness
↑ICP
INFECTION
 Drug Analysis

DRUG MECHANISM OF INDICATION SIDE EFFECTS DOSAGE NURSING

ACTION IMPLICATION

MEFENAMIC Inhibition of >This medication  Anorexia 500 mg 1 cap TID >Instruct the client to
ACID prostaglandin relieves pain and  Nausea and limit alcohol intake as
synthesis, inhibition reduces Vomiting it may intensify the
of hypothalamic heat inflammation.  Diarrhea drowsiness effect of
regulator center.  Dizziness this medication.
>The medication  Drowsiness
belongs to a class of  Skin rashes >It is recommended to
drugs called take prescribed doses
nonsteroidal anti- together with food or
inflammatory drugs, milk to prevent GI
upset.

>Instruct the client not

to drive or engage in
potentially hazardous
activities until
response to drug is
known. It may cause
dizziness and
drowsiness.
 DRUG MECHANISM OF INDICATION SIDE EFFECTS DOSAGE NURSING
ACTION IMPLICATION

CIPROFLOXACIN  Broad-spectrum Use to prevent and  Stomach 500 mg 1 cap >Tell your doctor or
antibiotic that is treat bacterial in upset BID pharmacist if you
active against fection.  loss of are allergic to it; or
both Gram-positive  appetite to other quinolone
and Gram-negative   diarrhea antibiotics such
bacteria. It functions  nausea as levofloxacin; or if
by inhibiting DNA  headache you have any other
gyrase, a type  vision allergies. This drug
II topoisomerase, changes may make you dizzy
and topoisomerase dizziness  or light-headed;
IV, enzymes >Use caution
necessary to engaging in
separate bacterial activities requiring
DNA, thereby alertness such as
inhibiting cell driving or using
division. machinery.
>Limit alcoholic
beverages.
>This medication
may make you more
sensitive to the sun.
Avoid prolonged sun
exposure, tanning
booths or sunlamps.
>Use a sunscreen
and wear protective
clothing when
outdoors.