Lexington, KY 40546
Online at: www.uky.edu/KPN
Number 1257
ANNOUNCEMENTS
-IPM Training - March 2
CORN
-Early Season Fungicide Applications on Corn
VEGETABLES
-Insect Management in Cole Crops
ANNOUNCEMENTS
IPM Training – March 2
The 2011 IPM Training will be held on
Wednesday, March 2, at the UKREC in
Princeton. We will start at 8:45 am and end at
3:00 pm. Mr. Rick Shanklin, Warning
Coordination Meteorologist for the NOAA in
Paducah, will be speaking on weather trends.
Nutrient Management topics include Tissue
Sampling for Plant Micronutrients and Nutrient
Removal presented by Greg Schwab and Edwin
Ritchey. Pest related topics to be discussed are
Invasive Insects, Updates and New Pesticides,
and Bt Technologies presented by Ric Bessin
and Doug Johnson; Corn Nematodes and
Fungicide Resistant Frogeye by Don Hershman;
and Resistant Weeds in Grain Crops by Jim
Martin.
The program is approved for 2 General and 1
Specific Hour of pesticide CEUs for categories
1A, 10 and 12. Application has been made for
5.0 (2.0 PM, 1.0 CM, 1.0 NM and 1.0 PD) hours
of CEUs for Certified Crop Advisors.
This program is offered free of charge and lunch
will be provided. To view a copy of the meeting
program go to -
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/program.pdf .
February 8, 2011
SHADE TREES & ORNAMENTALS
-Rose Fungicides for Disease Management
HOUSEHOLD
-Cluster Flies Active Indoors
For more information about the meeting, contact
Patty Lucas at plucas@uky.edu or (270) 365-
7541 extension 218.
CORN
Early Season Fungicide Applications on Corn
By Paul Vincelli
With respect to fungicides on corn, research at
land grant universities typically supports two
conclusions, discussed below.
The most sensible use of fungicides is in fields
with the highest disease risk. Fungicides
sometimes improve crop productivity, and
sometimes not. Independent research pretty
commonly shows that the best predictor of
benefit is risk of foliar fungal diseases like gray
leaf spot. I’ve discussed this in numerous
articles previously, as have other university-
based corn pathologists.
If using a fungicide, the greatest benefit
usually comes from a single application at
tasseling (VT) through silking (R1). In the
past couple of years, there have been marketing
efforts promoting the use of fungicides on early-
stage corn (V4 to V8). The advantage of
applying fungicide this early is that it may be
tank-mixed with herbicide. This eliminates the
extra application cost of a fungicide application out of gas” by the disease really gets going.
at VT/R1. The problem with the early Furthermore, the data show that dual
applications is that, in general, they don’t applications may often be uneconomical.
provide as much benefit, compared to a VT/R1
application. Bottom line: The public research thus far
doesn’t provide a good reason to make an early
The following table provides selected example season application of fungicide to corn. If you
data from a trial much larger trial conducted by are considering using a fungicide,
Kiersten Wise, Purdue University (published in 1. Direct it to fields with greatest risk of
Plant Disease Management Reports, 4:FC092). gray leaf spot and other leaf diseases.
2. Apply it between tasseling and the
% Yield Test time when silks begin to turn brown.
Treatment Timinga foliage (bu/A) weight
damage (lb/bu)
from
disease
Untreated --- 18.4 212 59.7 VEGETABLES
Headline® V6 14.3 201 59.6
6 fl oz
Headline® VT 6.1 202 59.2 Insect Management in Cole Crops
6 fl oz By Ric Bessin
LSD (0.05) --- 2.9 NSb NS
a
V6 application applied with Roundup® herbicide. VT Insect management in cole crops can be
application included nonionic surfactant. challenging in that there are a relatively large
b
NS=no significant difference. number of insect pests and some of those pests
have become resistant to some of the commonly
Overall results for numerous university trials used insecticides. However, there are a large
throughout the Corn Belt in 2010 are presented number of new alternative insecticides that are
in the following table (summary data provided very effective against cole crops pests. One of
by Kiersten Wise). these new products also may be applied through
the drip tape or as a traditional foliar spray.
Average Average
Growth Number reduction yield
stage at of trial in diseasea increase
application entries (bu/A)b
V4-V8 28 1.2 3.5
R1 30 4.1 4.8
R2 13 0.1 1.2
V4-V8 plus 23 3.8 6.8
R1
a
Average difference in percent foliar damage, calculated as Figure 1. Imported cabbageworm.
% damage in treated minus % damage in untreated.
b
Average difference in yield, calculated as yield of treated Common insects attacking cole crops include
minus yield of untreated.
flea beetles, cabbage maggots, and caterpillar
It is very clear from these data that, if you must pests, but it is the caterpillar pests that cause us
use a fungicide, an early application is not as the most management difficulties. The
good a time to apply as VT/R1. Fungicide caterpillar pests include imported cabbageworm,
application in the V4-V8 window often results in diamondback moth larvae, cabbage loopers,
a loss of disease control, compared to fungicide cross-striped cabbageworm, yellow-stripped
application at VT/R1. This makes sense, armyworm, and beet armyworm. Imported
because diseases like gray leaf spot accelerate cabbageworm is one of the early arrivers of the
during grain fill, and a V6 application can “run spring and white butterflies in the field signal
it’s time to start scouting for the green velvety
caterpillars feeding on leaves. The other early
arriver in Kentucky is the diamondback moth
caterpillar, which despite its small size can be
one of the more difficult insects to manage. The
diamondback moth larvae only reaches 1/2inch
when full grown and is spindle shaped, being
widest in the middle. This pest has developed
resistance in some states to many of our older
classes of insecticides, including pyrethroid
insecticides. Cabbage looper is more of a fall
pest and is recognized by the reduced number of
prologs on the abdomen, so it moves with a
characteristic inchworm motion. Beet and
yellow-striped armyworms can be late summer
and fall pests as well and like the cabbage looper
have developed resistance to some of the older
insecticide classes.
Figure 3. Cabbage looper.
We also need to get uniform coverage of plants
with our sprays, and this is more difficult on
waxy cole crop leaves. So surfactants, wetting
agents and/or stickers, are needed to improve
spray characteristics. Many if not most of these
larvae are on the undersides of leaves, so sprays
need to be able to reach these surfaces. There is
one product, Coragen, that can be applied
through the drip lines that will move
systemically for caterpillar control. This makes
obtaining coverage easier and the product will
provide control for several weeks.

Figure 2. diamondback moth caterpillar.

Figure 4. Yellow-striped armyworm.
Managing pests of cole crops also means
managing insecticide resistance with these pests. It is also important to target the small stages of
Several of these pests have demonstrated the the larvae as they are easier to control and have
ability to develop resistance, so we do need to not been able to inflict much damage. So in
develop sustainable pest management strategies order to target small larvae, field need to be
with this in mind. We need to avoid overusing a scouted at least twice a week.
single class of insecticides with these pests, so it
is recommended that with each new generation
of a pest we switch to insecticides with different
modes of action. That means switching to a
different IRAC group. That also means not
applying an insecticide when it is not needed.
We don’t have an exact threshold for these pests,
but we have used action thresholds of 5 to 10%
infested plants (fresh market vs. processing) to Figure 5. Cross-striped cabbageworm.
make control decisions. This translates to an
average of 1 or more plants with a caterpillar Below is a table that summarizes the relative
pest out of 10 to 20 plants examined. efficacies of different insecticide against cole
crop pests. Premix insecticides have not been
included in the table. The greater the number of
pluses listed in the table, the better the relative
performance.
 SHADE TREES & ORNAMENTALS

Imported cabbageworm
Chemical class (IRAC)

Rose Fungicides for Disease Management

Diamondback moth
Example Product By John Hartman

Beet armyworm
Cabbage looper
Common name

Flea Beetle
In Kentucky, roses are susceptible to numerous
foliar diseases caused by fungi. Many of the
popular rose varieties growing under our warm,
1A carbaryl Sevin +++ + ++ + -
humid growing conditions are very susceptible
1B malathion Malathion ++ + ++ + - to fungal diseases. Heavy disease pressure often
chlorpyrifos Lorsban - + ++ + - results in loss of leaves and reduced flowering.
2A endosulfan Thionex + + ++ + + Depending on the season, black spot (Figure 6),
3 permethrin Pounce ++ ++ +++ + -
Cercospora leaf spot (Figure 7), downy mildew
zeta (Figure 8), powdery mildew (Figure 9), and
cypermethrin Mustang Max +++ ++ +++ + -
occasionally rust (Figure 10) and gray mold
cyfluthrin Baythroid ++ ++ +++ + - (Figure 11), can take their toll on roses.
lambda
cyhalothrin Warrior +++ ++ +++ + - Fortunately, there are many choices of
esfanvalerate Asana XL +++ ++ +++ + -
fungicides in addition to cultural practices for
gamma managing rose diseases.
cyhalothrin Proaxis +++ ++ +++ + -

fenpropathrin Danitol ++ + +++ + -

bifenthrin Brigade +++ + +++ + -

Admire/Provad
4A imidacloprid o +++ - - - -

acetamiprid Assail ++ - - - -
Platinum/Actar
thiamethoxam a +++ - - - -

chlothianadin Belay +++ - - - -

dinotefuran Venom +++ - - - -

5 spinetoram Radiant - ++ +++ ++ ++

emamectin
6 benzoate Proclaim - +++ +++ +++ +++

11 Bt Dipel - ++ +++ + +

15 novaluron Rimon - ++ +++ + +++ Figure 6. Rose black spot (Diplocarpon rosae).
methoxyfenozid
18 e Intrepid - +++ +++ + +++ This is the most commonly seen fungal disease
of rose in Kentucky.
22 Indoxacarb Avaunt + +++ +++ ++ +++

28 rynaxypyr Coragen - +++ +++ +++ +++

28 flubendiamide Synapse - +++ +++ +++ +++

Figure 7. Rose Cercospora leaf

spot (Cercospora rosicola) is
often mistaken for black spot.
 Figure 11. Rose gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) may
cuase spotting on rose petals and can also decay
senescing plant parts, producing visible gray mold
Figure 8. Rose downy mildew
during humid periods.
(Peronospora sparsa) has been
observed during cool, moist growing
seasons.
The lists of fungicides presented here are those
registered for rose disease management. There
may be additional fungicides not listed here,
available for roses, but labeled for use generally
on ornamentals. Specific diseases labeled for
the listed fungicide are indicated in bold with the
following abbreviations – BS = black spot, CS =
Cercospora leaf spot, PM = powdery mildew, R
= rust, DM = downy mildew, and GM = gray
mold. Rose fungicide choices may include the
following:

Protectant broad-spectrum fungicides with

ingredients such as:
Figure 9. Rose powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca chlorothalonil BS, (Daconil Ultrex, Daconil
pannosa) is easily recognized and fungal signs CS Weather Stik, Echo 720
may be found on leaves, flower buds, and Turf and Ornamental, Echo
stems. ZN Turf and Ornamental,
Ensign 720, Ensign 82.5%,
Prokoz Mainsail 6.0F,
Prokoz Mainsail WDG)
mancozeb BS, (Dithane-75DF Rainshield,
CS, Fore 80WP Rainshield,
R Penncozeb 75DF T&O)
maneb BS, (Maneb 75DF, Maneb
CS, 80WP, Maneb 80WP
R Fungicide)
captan BS (Captan 50 Wettable
Powder, Captan 50W,
Captec 4L)
ziram BS, (Ziram 76DF)
PM
ferbam BS, (Ferbam Granuflo)
R
Figure 10. Rose rust (Phragmidium sp.) is
recognized by the bright orange-red spore-bearing
pustules of the fungus found on infected plant
parts.
 R,
DM
Systemic fungicides and systemic/protectant copper BS, (Badge SC)
mixtures with ingredients such as: hydroxide + PM
thiophanate- BS, (3336F, NuFarm T- copper
methyl CS, R Methyl SPC 4.5F) oxychloride
thiophanate- BS, (Spectro 90 WDG)
methyl + CS,
chlorothalonil PM, R Phosphonate/phosphite-based fungicides
propiconazole BS, (Banner Maxx, Banner fosetyl-Al DM (Aliette WDG,
PM, R Maxx II, Fitness, Flanker WDG)
Procon-Z, Prokoz phosphorous acid, DM (Phostrol)
Fathom 14.3 MEC, mono- and dibasic
Propensity 1.3ME, sodium, potassium,
Propiconizole E-Pro) and ammonium salts
fenarimol PM (Rubigan A.S.) potassium phosphite DM (Fosphite Fungicide,
metaconazole PM, R (Tourney) Rampart)
myclobutanil BS, (Eagle 20EW, Eagle potassium phosphate DM (Phorcephite)
PM, R 40WP, Prokoz Hoist) + potassium
myclobutanil + BS, (Prokoz Clevis) phosphite
mancozeb CS,
PM, R
triadimefon PM (Bayleton 50 Biological control materials with ingredients
T&OWSP, Bayleton such as:
FLO) Bacillus subtilis BS, CS, (Cease)
azoxystrobin BS, (Heritage) strain QST 713 PM,
PM, R, DM
DM extract of BS, PM, (Regalia, Regalia
trifloxystrobin BS, (Compass Fungicide, Reynoutria R Caution)
PM, R, Compass 0 50WDG) sachalinensis
DM

Miscellaneous fungicides with ingredients such

Inorganic materials including copper-based as:
broad-spectrum fungicides with ingredients such polyoxin D zinc salt PM, (AffirmWDG)
as: DM
Sulfur BS, (Kumulus DF Fungicide- potassium salts of PM (M-Pede)
PM Acaricide, Sulfur 90W Drexel) fatty acids
potassium BS, (Milstop) PM (Kaligreen) corn oil, cottonseed PM (Mildew Cure)
bicarbonate PM, oil, garlic oil
GM Dimethomorph DM (Stature DM)
copper BS, (Champ DP Dry Prill, Champ
hydroxide CS, Formula 2 Dry Flowable,
No endorsement of named products is intended,
PM, Kentan DF)
DM,
nor is criticism implied of similar products that
GM are not mentioned. Read the label before
copper BS, (C-O-C-S WDG) applying any pesticide.
oxychloride R
sulfate
copper BS (Copper-Count-N)
ammonium
complex
copper BS, (Cueva)
octanoate PM,
 HOUSEHOLD
Cluster Flies Active Indoors
By Ric Bessin
Cluster
fly is a
collective
name
given to
several
species
that
spend the
winter as
adults in
Figure 12. Face flies - one of the cluster fly sheltered
group. places,
including inside homes and structures. They
tend to accumulate in wall voids, attics, and
rooms with southern or western exposures. One
or more of the group may be involved. While
cluster flies are an annoyance, they do not breed
indoors, and do not cause any damage. The flies
will become active on warm days, crawling and
flying to windows in an attempt to go outside
before it is time.
The face fly is the most common cluster fly
species in structures near pastured cattle. The
larvae develop only in fresh cattle manure.
During the summer, the adults feed on the
mucous secretions from the eyes and faces of
cattle and horses. They leave animals in the fall
to move to wintering sites, often in white or light
colored buildings. Face flies return to cattle in
late spring and remain near them during the
summer.
Blue or green bottle flies have shiny dark blue to
green metallic bodies and make a loud
“buzzing” sound as they fly. They will come to
shelters in the fall but can be around most any
time of year if there is accessible garbage, pet
waste, or an animal carcass in which they can
breed. They live in urban and rural areas.
Infestations during the summer usually
disappear after a few days.
Cluster fly is the recognized common name for a
sluggish gray fly with short golden “hairs” on its
body. The larvae of this insect develop as
parasites in earthworms. They occur in urban
and rural areas.
Managing Cluster flies
Unfortunately, there is no way to eliminate
breeding sites of face flies and cluster flies but it
may be possible to identify and remove sources
of blue or green bottle flies.
Exclusion is an important part of keeping cluster
flies from entering structures but it is impossible
to eliminate or seal every possible opening that
they may use. Some flies may find their way in
after even the most conscientious pest-proofing
efforts.
Cluster flies tend to be sluggish so many can be
swatted or sucked up using a shop vac. Flies
killed in attics and wall voids by indoor
treatments can be attacked by scavengers such as
carpet beetles.
Often cluster flies will congregate in large
numbers on outside walls before they enter
structures. A number of products are available
to homeowners for application to outside walls
for control of accidental invaders such as cluster
flies, boxelder bugs, etc. Common active
ingredients in these products include: cyfluthrin,
cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin,
or permethrin. Results are best if flies are
contacted directly by the spray. There will be
some lasting effect against flies landing on
treated surfaces but the residue will be degraded
by sunlight and weathering. Several
applications may be needed because the flies
move to shelter over a period of time rather than
all at once. These
applications may leave visible residues on
treated areas. Cluster flies do not move about
much so fly paper, fly strips, and bug
electrocuters generally have limited effect on fly
numbers.
Note: Trade names are used to simplify the
information presented in this newsletter. No
endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is
intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products
that are not named.