lxdfn b[li6

lxdfn b[li6
sf=lh=k|=sf=b=g+= #.)%(.)^) uf]=x'=sf=b=g+= !&.)^#.)^$
jif{ !^ . cÍ ^ . o'ufAb %!!( . ljqmd ;Djt\ @)&$ df3
k|sfzs M o; cÍdf
b]j]Gb|s'df/ 7fs'/ ;DkfbsLo
lgb]{zs d08n pkm Û ;f+:s[lts k|b"if0f ÛÛ @
ljrf/ ÷ lrGtg
8f= hudfg u'?ª
lxGb'Tj–b[li6df ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff – >L bQfq]o xf];an] #
sdn l/hfn a|Xdf08 lj:tf/s j}lbs j}1flgs –sdn l/hfn %
sNof0fs'df/ ltlD;gf o'jf, ;+:s[lt / :jfdL ljj]sfgGb – ljho ld> @@
k|bLk s'df/ /fO{ ÚJofs'n dfOnfÚ lxGb" wd{ ljsf;jfbL 5 – :jfdL ;Tob]j kl/j|fhs @%
/fs]z ld> jg:klt kl/ro
k|jGw lgb]{zs :jflbi6 / :jf:Yos/ sGbd"n – t?n ^
;'gLns'df/ cu|jfn dxfk'?if kl/ro
dfgjLo d"Nosf kf]ifs ;Gt /fds[i0f k/dx+; &
;Dkfbs of]u÷:jf:Yo
s]zjk|;fb clwsf/L d'b|faf6 :jf:Yonfe (
tLy{ kl/ro
pk ;Dkfbs ;fFv', zfnLgbL / df3:gfg – eujtL >]i7 !!
ljho ld> ;+3 lrGtg
;+3 k|fy{gfM bf];|f] Znf]ssf] efjfy{ !#
Joj:yfks uf} lj1fg
s[i0fk|;fb cfrfo{ uf}d"qaf6 lah'nL !$
lxGb" hLjg b[li6
sfof{no M lxGb" dfGotfsf j}1flgs cfwf/ !%
uf}/L3f6, sf7df8f}+, u|Gy kl/ro
kf]=a=g+= !!!$), s7 pklgifb\ M d[To'af6 cfTd1fg –cf]d …;f]˜xd\Ú !&
kmf]g $$*!@)$ kj{ ;Gbe{
;f+:s[lts ljljwtfn] ;lhPsf] df3] ;ª\qmflGt – e§ …ldngÚ !(
;HhfM afn k[i7
6r lqmP;g k|f=ln= syf– sd{sf] kmn @!
(*$!#*^@!* ;+:s[lt 1fg k|Zgf]Q/L
k'0o e"ld g]kfn @^
d"No jbt' ;+:s[td\ @&
;ef/÷kqklqsfaf6
Ps k|lt ?= $)÷– wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg] lu/f]x km]l/ ;lqmo @*
jflif{s ;b:otf ?= $))÷– wd{ kl/jt{gn] NofPsf] ljs[lt @*
;dfrf/÷ultljlw
n]v /rgfx? b]j3f6df ;DkGg eof] === @(
cfdfsf] dfof 5fqfjf;=== @(
k7fpgsf nflu ;Dks{ /fli6«o hghflt ljBfyL{ ;Dd]ng bfªdf ;DkGg #)
himal.dris•@gmail.com ;Dks{ ljefusf] /fli6«o k|lzIf0fju{ ;DkGg #!
;fdflhs ;~hfnaf6 #@
1
 lxdfn b[li6
;DkfbsLo
pkm Û ;f+:s[lts k|b"if0f ÛÛ
ev{/}sf] b[Zon] g]kfnLsf] lz/ lgx'l/Psf] 5 . uPsf] l8;]Da/ @% sf] lqm;d; 8] / hgj/L–! sf] gjjif{sf]
gfpFdf s]xL 7fpFdf pQfpnf] pGdfb b]lvof] . k'; dlxgfsf] lgi7'/L 708Ldf /fte/ af/lnFb} cfkm";Fu ePsf]
?lkofF l/TofpFb} Pp6f hdftn] rlt{snf g} b]vfP . g cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt g cfkm\gf] gofFjif{– lax] c?s;}sf] t/
kfunkg cfkm"df ;jf/ ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ emNsfpg] Pp6f pb"{ pvfg– …a]ufgL zfbL d]+ cAb'Nnf lbjfgfÚsf]
;fIffTsf/ g} lyof] of] . sf7df8f}Fsf] b/af/dfu{, 7d]nsf uNnL, gu/sf]6sf] 8fF8f, kf]v/fsf] n]s–;fO8 /
cg]sf}F xf]6ndf e'OFdf v'§f ahf/]/ x'g;Dd cfkm}nfO{ b'Mv lbP . ptf laxf/af6 e]8]6f/;Dd uf8Lsf] nsf]{
nfu]sf] lyof]…/] /S;L / rf]S6fdf /dfpg . cfkm\gf] ?lkofFn] csf{n] yf]k/]sf] ljs[ltnfO{ g} kf]:g lsg dg
nfu]sf] xf]nf <– ljrf/0fLo 5 .
sd{n] O;fO{ b]zx¿df k'¥ofPsf g]kfnLx¿n] t ToxfFsf] ;dfh;Fu xf]–df xf] ldnfO{ ;xefuL x'g' ;fdfGo
xf], To;f] ug'{ klg k5{ . o;} klg ljb]z k'u]sf g]kfnLx¿ cfkm\gf] wd{–;+:s[lt, efiff, e]z–e'iffnfO{ cufw
dof u5{g\ . cfkm\gf]kgdf tL emg} ddTj /fVb5g\ . pgLx¿n] a'em]sf 5g\ g]kfn rf8af8n] el/k"0f{ b]z
xf] . a? ljb]zL ko{6s klg oxfFsf] ;Kt/ª\uL hLjg z}nLnfO{ dxTj lbG5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ klg nf]Eofpg]
k4lt 5– x/]s dlxgdf ljleGg hfthfltsf] rf8, Ct'cg';f/sf] :jflbi6 / kf]ifs kl/sf/ Û cem ;'gdf
;'uGw em}F nfU5, ha ljleGg hft–hfltsf ;f+:s[lts kj{df ;a} g]kfnL /dfpFb} x'G5f}F . xfdLnfO{ uf}/jflGjt
t'Nofpg] cfkm\g} k/Dk/f;Fu hf]l8Psf g[Toz}nL / afhfx¿sf] klg k|r"/tf 5 . dgnfO{ xlif{t / k|km"lNnt
t'Nofpg] ;b\efjk"0f{ aGw'Tjsf] ljsf; ePsfn] g} xfdL …a;'w}j s'6'Dasd\Ú eGg] ;fdYo{ klg /fV5f}F . o:tf]
;f}Gbo{sf] vfgL xfd|f] ljljwtfk"0f{ ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f, ljljw :jfbn] k"0f{ kf]ifs vfB kbfy{ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg lsg
o'jf hdft ef}Ftfl/of] < –of] ljrf/0fLo 5 .
st} cfkm"nfO{ glrg]/ kf] xf] ls===< jf:tjdf lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 cfkm";Fu ePsf cToGt /fd|f s'/fx¿sf]
;Gb]z cfkm\gf b]zsf afnaflnsf, o'jf ;d"xnfO{ lbg g;Sg' g} b]zsf gLlt–lgdf{tfx¿sf] 7"nf] sdhf]/L
xf] . pgLx¿ t cfkm\gf] :jfy{l;4L lt/ nfu]sf 5g\ . c1fg egf}F jf c1fgtfsf] clego, pgLx¿df /x]sf]
xLgu|GyLsf sf/0f klZrdf ;Eotfsf] cfsif{0f g} k:sFb} 5g\ o'jf–;dfhdf . cfkm\gf]kgnfO{ tLnf~hnL
lbPsf tL ljwdL{sf bf;–k'qsf] cb"/bzL{tfsf] kl/0ffd klg xf] of] . ;d:of 7fn'x¿;Dd ;Lldt 5}g . lghL
ljBfnon] klg lqm;d;df ;fGtf Snf]hsf] klx/gdf gfgL–afa'x¿nfO{ k7fOlbg' xf]nf egL kqfrf/ u5{g\,
Tof] klg clu|d pkxf/;lxt . xfdL cleefjsn] klg lghL ljBfnosf o:tf cf8Da/nfO{ ;fy lbFb} x'G5f}F
/ afndl:tisdf ;fGtf Snf]hsf] pkxf/sf] cfsif{0fsf] e|d eg{ yfN5f}F . tL caf]wnfO{ nfU5, lzj/fqLdf
lzjn] pkxf/ lbFb}gg\, g t s[i0fhGdfi6dLdf s[i0f g} cfpF5g\ pkxf/ lbg . e|dsf] o:tf] v]tL ugf{n] s;sf]
lxt x'Fb} 5 < s] o;n] afnaflnsfsf] ljsf; x'Fb} 5 < s] o;n] s]xL gf}nf] lzIff lbFb} 5 < –ljrf/0fLo 5 .
ca Eofn]G6fOg 8]sf gfddf klg g]kfnL o'jfx¿nfO{ d'v{ agfOg] 5 . …k|]dsf lglDt Ps lbgÚ, of] e|d
v8f u/]/ Jofkf/ rDsfpg]n] klg ljs[ltsf] kf]ifs ag]/ of]ubfg lbg]5g\ . ldl8of–xfp;n] klg cfkm\gf]
cb"/bzL{tf l;4 ug]{5, o;nfO{ k|]d–kj{ egL prfn]/ . lzIf0f ;+:yfn] lgaGw k|ltof]lutf / ljljw sfo{qmd
g} /fV5g\ . Pp6f 7fn' lgDTofOG5 k'/:sf/ ljt/0f ug{ h;n] :yfgLo wd{ / ;+:s[lt df:g] aGr/f] pWofpg
/fd|f /]lt tof/ ug]{5 . s] logLx¿ >Ls[i0fsf] ljljwtfk"0f{ JolQmTjsf] -h;n] k|]dnfO{ elQm h:tf] ;'Gb/
/ cfTdf]4f/s tTjsf ?kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\_ kl/ro lbg slxNo} cl3 ;5{g\ < k|]dnfO{ pkf;gf 7fGg]
;+:s[ltnfO{ nTofpFb} k|]dnfO{ dfq sfd–jf;gfsf] ?kdf kl:sg] ljs[ltnfO{ psf:g lsg nfluk/]sf < –
dggLo 5 .

2
 lxdfn b[li6
lxGb'Tj–b[li6df ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff
of] ljifo Tolt gf}nf] xf]Og, t/ kl/k|]Io abln/xG5 .
xfdL cfkm\gf] -lxGb" :jo+;]js ;+3sf]_ k|fy{gfdf …k/d
j}ejÚ / k|lt1fdf …;jf{ª\uL0f pGgltÚsf s'/f ub{5f}F
h'g lxGb'Tjsf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff g} xf] . …j}ejÚ
t ;a}n] a'em]sf5g\ h;sf] cy{ xf] ef}ltstfn] o'St
pGglt, t/ …k/d j}ejÚsf] cy{ o;sf ;fy–;fy}
kf/dfly{s / cfWoflTdstfn] o'St pGglt xf], k|ult •
xf] . ;jf{ªu\ L0f pGglt oflg ;j{ cª\u -cfofd_– o;df
h8–r]tg ;a} cfpF5g\ . cfh ha lxGb'Tj–b[li6n]
ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffsf] xfdL ljrf/ ub{5f}F ta PsfTd •
dfgj bz{gsf] k|sfzdf h'g ljrf/ /flvG5 Tof] ;a}
o;df kfpF5f}F .
…ljsf;Ú of] zAb kl5Nnf] s]xL jif{b]lv clws
k|rngdf cfPsf] 5 . ljsf;sf] h'g cjwf/0ff jt{dfg
;dodf k|rlnt 5 Tof] s]xL bzsdf g} ;fdflhs Pj+
/fhgLlts rrf{sf] s]Gb| ag]sf] 5 . r'gfjL 3f]if0ff
kqdf klg of] s]jn xfd|f] b]zdf dfq geP/ cGo
b]zx¿df klg b]lvG5 . ljsf; / ;'zf;g oL /fHo
;Qfsf d'Vo nIosf ?kdf ;j{q rlr{t 5g\ .
ljsf;sf] d]?b08df cfly{s k|ult -economic
development) nfO{ k|d'v dflgPsf] 5 . o;sf]
dfkg kbfy{ Pj+ ;]jfx¿sf] pTkfbg / pkef]udf
j[l4åf/f ul/G5 h;nfO{ s'n 3/]n' pTkfbg -GDP_
elgG5 . xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 ls cfly{s k|ultnfO{
g} pGglt dfGgfn] JolQm / /fi6«sf ;Dd'v cg]s ;+s6
plePsf 5g\ . lognfO{ cfh a'‰g cfjZos 5 .
cfly{s k|ultsf sf/0f pTkGg ;+s6x¿–
• k|fs[lts ;+;fwgx¿sf] ljgfz M ljZjdf 7"nf]
;+s6sf ?kdf cfh of] b]lvPsf] 5 . :s"ndf
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k9fpFbfb]lv lnP/ cGt/f{li6«o
;+uf]li7x¿;Dd o; ljifodf rrf{ x'g] ub{5 .
• vfBfGg / s[lifdf cf3ft M xfdL h'g cGg
3
ljrf/÷lrGtg
– >L bQfq]o xf];an]
vfG5f}F, To;df ljif cfO;s]sf] 5 h;af6 sof}F
k|sf/sf /f]ux¿ b]vf kb}{5g\ . o;} k|sf/ s[lif
e"ld klg ljiffSt x'Fb} hfFb} 5 . o;sf] c;/
v]tLdf dfq geP/ To;df cfwfl/t hLjg /
;+:s[ltdf tyf ;fd'bflos hLjgdf klg ePsf]
5.
;dfhdf b' i k| e fj M clgolGqt cfly{ s
ljifdtfsf sf/0f ;fdflhs hLjg c:t–Jo:t
/ 5l/Psf] b]lvG5 .
;f+:s[lts Pj+ h}ljs ljljwtfdf cfqmd0f
M Ps?ktfsf] gsf/fTds ;f] r sf sf/0f
b'lgofdf cg]s :yfgLo k]o ;dfKt eP/ k]K;L,
sf]sfsf]nf cflb k|ultsf] dfkb08 aGb} uPsf
5g\, o:t} k]o lkpFbf cfhsf o'jf cfkm"nfO{
k| u ltzLn dfGb5g\ . cfh k] o kbfy{ s f]
ljljwtf ;dfKt x'Fb} u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;} k|sf/
dgf]/~hgsf] ljifodf klg 5 . v]ndf klg
o:t} b]Vg kfOG5 . ;+3df cfpgfn] w]/} k|sf/sf
v]n xfdL v]N5f}F t/ Jofks ;dfhsf] b[li6n]
v]nx¿df klg ljljwtf ;dfKt ePsf] 5 .
ldl8of / klZrdåf/f h'g v]nx¿sf] k|rf/
x'G5 ToxL v]n cfh k|d'v ePsf 5g\ . v]n
Pp6f 7"nf] lahg]; ag]sf] 5 . cfs"t wgsf]
o; Jofkf/sf sf/0f :yfgLo v]n gi6 ePsf
5g\ . cyf{t\ o;n] ;a} k|sf/sf] ljljwtfx¿
;dfKt kf/]sf] 5 .
ljZjdf ePsf ljljw ;j]{If0f Pj+ cWoogn] j}lZjs
kl/l:yltsf] cfsng u/]sf] 5 . To;sf] Ps emns
oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
8 kof{j/0fsf] gfz
a Excess fossil fuel consump!on – expected
scarcity by 2050 – -cTolws h}ljs OGwgsf]
 lxdfn b[li6
pkef]u– ;g\ @)%) ;Dddf cefj x'g]_ o;sf] k|efj kg]{5 .
cefj k|f/De eO;Sof] . a 38% of land area is used for agriculture,
a Natural gas and coal will be scarce and sea level rise by 2050 would reduce
commodity by 2080 and 2100. -;g\ @) minimum of 5% of land surface. -#*Ü
() / @!)) ;Dddf k|fs[lts Uof; / sf]Onf e"efu s[lifsf nflu pkof]udf cfPsf] 5,
b'n{e j:t' x'g]5g\_ h;dWo] ;g\ @)%) ;Dddf ;d'bL| ;tx a9\gfn]
a 25% increase in pandemic and epidemic slDtdf %Ü;Dd s[lif e"ld 36\g]5 .
communicable diseases in 10 years. a Every year 13 million hectares of forest
-cfufdL !) jif{df dxfdf/L / ;+qmfds /f]ux¿ is lost globally, adding to climate change
@%Ün] j[l4 x'g]_ of] cfpFbf lbgx¿df x'g] s'/f and global warming. -k|lt jif{ j}lZjs ?kdf
xf]Og a? o;sf] kl/0ffd t clxn] g} klg b]lvg !# ldlnog x]S6/ h+un kmF8fgL x'G5, h;n]
yfn]sf] 5 .
ubf{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g / e"d08nLo tfkqmddf
a Sea level rise due to polar ice melt would
j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 ._ of] a9\b} hfg]5 . cfh h'g
submerge hundreds of islands globally
by 2050 accoun!ng for more than 3.5
k|sf/sf] tsgLs, cfly{s k|ultsf] h'g af6f]
million refugees in India and Bangladesh. xfdLn] lnPsf 5f}F To;sf] of] b'ikl/0ffd xf] .
-w|'jLo lxpF klUngfn] ;d'b|L ;tx a9\g] 5, o; s'/fnfO{ lj1x¿ klg dfGg yfn]sf 5g\ .
h;n] ;g\ @)%) ;Dddf ;of}Fsf] ;+Vofdf a Nearly 17,000 species of biodiversity
låkx¿nfO{ 8'afpg] 5 kmn:j?k ef/t / are threatened on which more than 1.5
a+unfb]zdf dfq} #% nfv z/0ffyL{ x'g]5g\ . billion people are directly dependent for
a Ganga glacier melt – by 2050 would their livelihood. -h}ljs ljljwtfsf sl/a
impact more than 4 million people in !&,))) eGbf a9L k|hfltx¿ vt/fdf 5g\,
Gange!c delta. -u+uf lxdgbL klUngfn] h;dWo] !=% c/a dflg;x¿ ;f]em} cfkm\gf]
@)%) ;Dddf u+uf gbL If]qsf $) nfveGbf cfhLljsfsf nflu lge{/ 5g\ ._ of] Pp6f
a9L dflg;nfO{ k|efljt kfg]{5 ._ pgLx¿ eofgs lrq xf] .
3/af/lalxg geP klg pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf qmdzM===

o'jfsf] lrgf/L
……o'jf Tof] xf] h;sf] d'vd08n t]h:jL xf];\, z/L/df zlQm xf];\, dgdf pT;fx xf];\, ;b\a'l4
xf];\, ljj]s xf];\, Åbodf s?0ff xf];\, dft[e"ldk|lt k|]d xf];\, OlG›ox¿dfly ;+od xf];\, dg l:y/
xf];\, cfTdljZjf; b[9Þ xf];\, OR5fzlQm k|an xf];\, z"/jL/ xf];\, l;+x ;dfg lge{o xf];\, nIo
h;sf] pRr xf];\, ;To g} h;sf] O{Zj/ xf];\, ;a} s'Jo;gx¿af6 d'Qm xf];\, hLjgdf cg'zf;g
xf];\, dw'/ k|]ddo jf0fL xf];\, ;f/f ;+;f/nfO{ g} cfkm\gf] s'6'Da ;lDemg] xf];\, u'?hgx¿ k|lt
cfb/ xf];\, cleefjsx¿ k|lt >4f xf];\, u/Lax¿sf] ldq xf];\, ;]jfsf nflu ;bf tTk/ xf];\,
eujfg\ k|lt elQm–ljZjf; xf];\, g}lts hLjg xf];\ / rl/q z'4 xf];\ .ÚÚ

4
 lxdfn b[li6
a|Xdf08 lj:tf/s j}lbs j}1flgs
sdn l/hfn
sltko j}lbs b]jtf s]jn b]jtfdf dfq ;Lldt
5}gg\ . pgLx¿sf] gfd dGqbi6f Clifd08nLdf klg
cfPsf] 5 . cem ltgLdWo] slt t Oltxf; / k'/f0fsf
;d]t ljz]if pkfZo b]jdf k5{g\ . logdf ljz]ifu/L
a|Xdf, lji0f' / dx]Zj/ cufl8 b]lvPsf 5g\ . lji0f'sf]
gf/fo0f ;"Qm, k'?if ;"Qm cflb ;"Qm CUj]bdf cfPsf
5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL oh'j]{b / cj{j]bdf klg b]lvPsf
5g\ . To:t} cyj{j]bd} dx]Zj/sf] klg lzj–zDe'sf]
gfddf Psfw ;"Qm /x]sf 5g\ eg] a|XdfhLsf] gfddf
;of}F ;"Qm kfOPsf 5g\, h'g ;"Qmx¿ cfWoflTds
b[li6n] hlt dxŒjsf b]lvPsf 5g\ ef}lts b[li6n]
klg plQs} dxŒjsf kfOPsf 5g\ . o;f] t kf}/fl0fs
u|Gysfcg';f/ pgL -a|XdfhL_ rf/} j]bsf] ;|f]t
dflgPsf 5g\ . -k'/f0f+ ;j{zf:qf0ff k|yd a|Xd0ff
:d[td\ . cgGt/+ r jSq]Eof] j]bf:t:o ljlgu{tf M .
dT:ok'/f0f %# . #_ tyflk cyj{j]bn] eg] 7f]; ¿kd}
pgsf gfddf s]xL ;"Qm / dGq b]vfO{ lbPsf] 5 .
j}lbs ljåfgx¿sfcg';f/ cyj{j]bsf gf} zfvf
5g\ . -lzj/fh cfrfo{ sf}l08GGofog j}lbs wd{ d"n
¿kdf k[i7 !%%_ t/ xfn zf}gsLo zfvf -st}
zf}glszfvf / st} zf}gszfvf klg eGg] ul/Psf],
j}lbs ;flxTosf] :j¿k 8f= Clif/fd /]UdL k[i7 (#_
/ k}Kknfb zfvfsf] dfq cl:tTj /x]sf] 5 . ltgdf
klg xfn a9L k|rngdf /x]sf] eg] zf}gsLo zfvf
g} xf] . xfn cyj{j]b eg]/ h;nfO{ a'‰g] / a'emfpg]
ul/Psf] 5 Tof] eg]sf] klg oxL zf}gsL zfvf g} xf] .
o; zfvfdf @) j6f sf08 &%( j6f ;"Qm / %*$(
j6f dGq 5g\ . tLdWo] !)$ j6f ;"Qmsf ›i6f Clif
a|XdfhL dflgPsf 5g\, h;sf dGq;ª\Vof *#& j6f
dGq /x]sf 5g\ .
k|hfklt, k/dlktf cflb cg]s ljz]if0fn]
;';lHht a|XdfhLsf ;"Qm cyj{j]bsf] !) cf}F !@
cf}F, !$ cf}F, !% cf}F / !* cf}F tyf @) cf}F u/L 5
j6f sf08 afx]s c¿ ;a} sf08df 5l/P/ /x]sf 5G,
h;df Psb]lv #) j6f;Ddsf ;"Qm k5{g\ . ltgdf
;jf{lws sd !& cf}F sf08df 5g\ h;df Psj6f
dfq ;"Qm k5{g\ eg] ;jf{lws a9L !( cfF} sf08df
5
ljrf/÷lrGtg
pgsf ;"Qmdf sfdsf] s'/f klg
cfPsf 5g\ . k|zjsf] s'/f klg
cfPsf 5g\ . s[lif, jfl0fHo tyf
uf]/Iffsf] s'/f klg cfPsf 5g\ . 3/,
u[x:yL tyf cGg / cf}iflwsf] s'/f
klg cfPsf 5g\ . pGglt cEo'bosf]
s'/f klg cfPsf 5g\ . zq' ljho
tyf /f]u, ef]s, zf]s lgjf/0fsf] s'/f
klg cfPsf 5g\ .
5g\, h;df #) j6f ;"Qm k5{g\ . 1fg / lj1fgsf
cyfx dxf;fu/ dflgPsf a|XdfhLsf k|foM ;a} ;"Qm
;}4flGts b[li6n] hlt pRr sf]6Lsf dflgPsf 5g\
Jofjxfl/s b[li6n] klg plQs} dxŒjsf kfOPsf
5g\ . ljz]if u/L oL Clif hLjg / hut\l;t a9L
glhs b]lvG5g\ . pgsf ;"Qmdf hLjg klg 5 /
hut\ klg 5 . clg ltg} hut\nfO{ s;/L ;b'kof]u
u/L hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s kfg]{ eGg] lzIff / ;Gb]z klg
5.
Oltxf; / k'/f0fflb u|Gydf bof, dfof, d}qL,
s?0ff, zflGt, ;b\efj cflb ;a} lsl;dsf ;Gdfu{
k|bz{ssf ¿kdf b]lvPsf a|XdfhLn] cfˆgf ;"Qmdf
st} k|hgg k|lqmofnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ eg] st}
;[li6sf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f k|0ffnL af]w u/fpg] k|of;
u/]sf 5g\ .
;a}nfO{ yfxf ePs} s'/f xf] hLjg / hut\nfO{
;~rfng ug{ sfd klg rflxG5 . qmf]w klg rflxG5 .
clg s]xL xb;Dd nf]e / df]x klg rflxG5 . 3/, åf/,
v]tL, ls;fgL klg rflxG5 . Oi6ldq tyf 5/l5d]sL
klg rflxG5 . kz'k+IfL, sL6ktË klg rflxG5 .
cfuf], kfgL, xfjf, df6f], jg, jftfj/0f / jg:klt
klg rflxG5 . :jf:Yo, lzIff / ;~rf/ klg rflxG5 .
ljBf, a'l4, an / jLo{ klg rflxG5 . ;Dk"0f{ ;[li6
Ps csf]{df c8]sf] 5 . Psn] csf]{nfO{ agfPsf] 5
clg Psn] csf]{nfO{ c8\ofPsf] 5, lxF8fPsf] 5 /
rnfPsf] 5 . Ps csf]{k|lt Odfgbf/ geO{ ;+;f/df

g sf]xL x'g ;S5 g l6Sg g} ;S5 . ;[li6 klg
k/:k/ ;dGjoaf6} ;Dej ePsf] 5 / l:ylt /
k|no klg k/:k/ ;dGjoaf6} ;Dej x'Fb} cfPsf]
5 . j}lbs Clif a|XdfhLn] cfˆgf cyj{j]bLo
;"Qmdf log} kIfnfO{ s]nfpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ .
;du|df eGg'kbf{ pgsf ;"Qmdf sfdsf] s'/f
klg cfPsf 5g\ . k|zjsf] s'/f klg cfPsf
5g\ . s[lif, jfl0fHo tyf uf]/Iffsf] s'/f klg
cfPsf 5g\ . 3/, u[x:yL tyf cGg / cf}iflwsf]
s'/f klg cfPsf 5g\ . pGglt cEo'bosf] s'/f
klg cfPsf 5g\ . zq' ljho tyf /f]u, ef]s,
zf]s lgjf/0fsf] s'/f klg cfPsf 5g\ . Bfjf,
e"ld / ltgsf ljz]iftf;DaGwL s'/f klg cfPsf
5g\ . ltgsf ;+/If0f tyf ;b'kof]usf] s'/f klg
cfPsf 5g\ .
kf}/fl0fs u|Gydf pNn]v ePcg';f/
;[li6stf{;d]t dflgPsf a|XdfhLsf] hGd
j[tfGt klg Tolt g} ljlrqsf] 5 . pgL ;+;f/s}
clwi7fg x'g\ . r/fr/ hut\ pg}af6 ePsf 5g\
t/ pgL cfkm}F eg] s;}af6 klg ePsf 5}gg\ .
pgL cfkmF} ePsf x'g\ . To;}n] pgL :joDe"
x'g\ . cfkm}F ePsfnfO{ :joDe" elgG5 . pgsf
ljleGg gfddf Pp6f gfd :joDe" klg xf] .
pgL ;a}sf afa' t dflgG5g\ t/ cfˆgf eg]
afa' klg cfkm}F x'g\ cfdf klg cfkm}F x'g\ . pgn]
sNkflbdf z]ifzfoL gf/fo0fsf] gflesdnaf6
klxn] cfkm"nfO{ k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . clg ;[li6
k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fPsf 5g\ . o;sf] ;du|
JofVofg Jof;hLn] efujtdf u/]sf 5g\ .
pgsf] cfo';DaGwL j[tfGt klg Tolt
g} /f]rs 5 . pgsf] Ps lbgnfO{ Ps sNk
elgG5 . Ps sNk eg]sf] dfgj jif{sf] lx;fan]
rf/ ca{ #@ s/f]8 jif{sf] ;do xf] . sNkfGtdf
;+;f/sf] k|no x'G5 / pgL ;'Tg] u5{g\ . o;nfO{
g}ldlQs k|no elgG5 . Tolt g} kl/df0fsf]
pgsf] /flqdfg x'G5, h;nfO{ a|XdL lgzf
elgG5 . /ft k"/f ePkl5 k'gM csf]{ sNk
jf lbg z'? x'G5 / pgL k'gM ;[li6 k|lqmofdf
nfU5g\ . o; lx;fan] pgsf] k/dfo' ;o jif{sf]
dflgPsf] 5 . ;f] cjlw k"/f geP;Dd pgsf]
hfUg] / lgbfpg] qmd klg rln/xG5 / o;n]
;[li6 / ljgfznfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] sfd klg
ul//x]sf] x'G5 .
lxdfn b[li6
jg:klt kl/ro
:jflbi6 / :jf:Yos/ sGbd"n – t?n
t?n Ps lsl;dsf] sGbd"n xf] . hldg d'lg kmNg] of] ljz]if
sGbd"nnfO{ j|t–pkjf; clbdf kmnfxf/sf] ?kdf klg k|of]u
ul/G5 . ;fdGotof Pl;of, clk|msf, Nofl6g cd]/Lsf / cf]lzlgof
If]qdf kfOg] o; sGbd"nsf] af]qmf tf5\g g;Sg] s8f x'G5 t/
tftf] ePkl5 ;lhn} lg:sG5 . o;sf] /+u uf9f v}/f]b]lv xNsf
km';|f];Dd laleGg /+usf] x'G5 . o;sf] sGb &) ls=u|f= ;Dd
tf}nsf] / @=% ld=-* lkm6_ nfDafO;Dd a9\g ;S5 .
t?n k|foM h;f] lr;f] df};ddf, k';–df3sf] dlxgfdf pl;g]/
vfOG5 . o;afx]s t?nnfO{ t/sf/L / crf/sf] ?kdf klg
pkof]u ul/G5 . o;sf s'g}s'g} k|hfltnfO{ k|fs[lts ?kdf cyf{t
sfFr} klg vfg] ul/G5 . lgs} :jflbi6 sGbd'nsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
t?nn] xfd|f] :jf:Yodf kfg]{ kmfObfsf af/]df sd} dflg;nfO{
hfgsf/L 5 . jf:tjdf t?n s]jn t/sf/L dfq xf]Og,
Ps k|sf/sf] h8La'6L g} xf] . t?ndf kmfOa/, le6fldg–;L,
le6fldg–aL–^, le6fldg–aL–!, kmf]lns Pl;8 h:tf tTjsf
;fy} kf]6fl;od, cfO/g, SoflN;od, DofUg]l;od tyf kmf]:kmf]/;
h:tf vlgh kf]ifs tTjx? kof{Kt dfqfdf kfOG5 .
t?nsf] t/sf/L s;nfO{ kf] ld7f] gnfUnf / < t/sf/L agfP/
dfq ge} pl;g]/ dfq} klg vfOg] t?n df3] ;+qmflGtdf t
vfg}kg]{ sGbd'n xf] . lrlsT;sx¿sf cg';f/ sGbd'n :jf:Yosf
nflu kmfObfhgs 5 . To;}n] cfˆgf] ?rL cg';f/ h'g t?n
vfP klg x'G5 . vfg' cl3 ;/;kmfOdf eg] ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{
lrlsT;sx¿sf] ;'emfj 5 .
t?n ;]jgn] x'g] kmfObfx¿ M
– t?nsf] lgoldt ;]jgn] afy /f]u ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ lgs}
nfe ldNb5 .
– t?ndf x'g] PG6LclS;8]G6, le6fldg–;L tyf la6f
Sof/f]l6gn] z/L/df SofG;/ k|lt/f]wL tTjsf] ?kdf sfd
ub{5 .
– of] SofG;/sf] sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf /x]sf k|mL /]l8sN;;Fu
n8\b5 .
– t?n bd/f]uLsf nflu klg kmfObhgs x'G5 .
– t?n lgoldt ?kdf ;]jg ugf{n] slAhot tyf sf]n]:6«f]nsf
sf/0f x'g] ;d:ofaf6 klg /fxt ldNb5 .
– t?nsf] lgoldt ;]jgn] :d/0f Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'G5 eg]
cNhfOd/ /f]u -la;{g] /f]u, :d/0fzlQmsf] cefj_ af6
arfpF5 .
– t?ndf kfOg] cf]d]uf–y|Ln] /Qm;+rf/nfO{ lgoldt ug{'sf
;fy} wdgLx¿ aGb x'g] ;d:of x6fpF5 .
6
 lxdfn b[li6 dxfk'?if kl/ro

dfgjLo d"Nox¿sf kf]ifs ;Gt /fds[i0f k/dx+;

O{Zj/k|]d, ;Tolgi7f, eujb\elQm Pjd\ pRr
cfWoflTds cbz{x¿n] ;DkGg ;gftgL a|fXd0f
bDklQ lyP v"lb/fd r§f]kfWofo / rG›d0fL b]jL .
a+ufn k|fGtl:yt u|fd sfdf/k's/' df a:g] v"lb/fdnfO{
uof tLy{df x'Fbf :jKgdf eujfg\ ubfw/ gf/fo0fsf]
bz{g eof] . pxfFn] cfkm" ltgsf] 3/df cjtl/t x'g]
atfpg'eof] . To;kl5 ;g\ !*#^ km]a|'c/L !* sf
lbg rGb|dl0f b]jLn] Pp6f afnsnfO{ hGd lbOg\ .
>Lgf/fo0fsf] cg'sDkf 7fg]/ To; afnssf] gfd
ubfw/ /flvof] .
afns a9\b} uP / a9\b} lyof] pgsf] dw'/
Jojxf/sf] VoftL klg . logsf] afn;'ne ;/ntf /
dGqd'Uw kfg]{ d':sfgb]lv hf] sf]xL klg ;Ddf]lxt x'g
hfGYof] . a'afaf6 kfPsf] lj/fzt lyof] O{Zj/k|d
] . pgL
dw'/ s07n] ;/; sLt{g ufpFy] . ufpFsf >4fefj
;DkGg dftfx¿ lbg–lbg} s'g} g s'g} jxfgf agfP/
ehg–;+sLt{g sfo{qmd cfof]hgf uy]{, ubfw/nfO{
ufpg nfpFy] .
ubfw/sf] c;fwf/0f 36gfx¿n] kl/k" 0 f{
k|f/lDes hLjg hGd:ynLd} JotLt eof] . rf/ ;ª\sL0f{tfx¿b]lv pgL w]/} 6f8f lyP . cfˆgf] sfo{x¿df
jif{sf] 5Fbf pgnfO{ klxnf] ;dflwsf] cg'ej ePsf] nfuL/xGy] . ;tt\ k|of;kl5 klg /fds[i0fsf] dg
lyof] . lbglbg} pgsf] k|j[lQ Wofg / O{Zj/lrGtglt/ cWoog–cWofkgdf nfUg ;s]g . snsQfglhs}
a9\b} uof] . ;ft jif{sf] cNkfo'df g}+ ubfw/sf blIf0f]Zj/df /fgL /f;dl0fn] sfnLdftfsf] dlGb/
lz/b]lv lktfsf] afT;Nodo 5q5fofF p7\of] . lktfsf] lgdf{0f u/]sL lyOg\ . To; dlGb/sf] k"hf–cr{gfsf]
d[To'kl5 pgdf hLjg–hut\sf] k|k~raf6 ljd'v /xg] sfo{ pgsf cu|h /fds'df/nfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] .
efj 3lge"t x'Fb} uof] . k':tsLo ljBfdf s'g} ?lr ubfw/ klg k"hfsfo{df bfOsf ;xfos ag] .
lyPg . ufpFsf] k|fylds kf7zfnfd} pgsf] ljBfnoL Pp6f xNnf km}lnPsf] lyof] ls blIf0f]Zj/df
lzIff ;dfKt eof] t/ pgsf] cg's/0fLo rl/q, cfWoflTds ;fwgfsf sf/0f ubfw/sf] dfgl;s
snflgk'0ftf, dw'/ :j/, ck"j{ cfgGbdo cfWoflTds ;Gt'ng u'Dof] . pgL kfun eP . pgsL dftf /
cg'ej, cnf}lss JolQmTj, c;fwf/0f a'l4 tyf ;a} bfO /fd]Zj/n] pgsf] ljjfx u/fOlbg] lg0f{o u/] .
hflt / ;Dk|bfosf dflg;k|lt lgisfd k|]dsf sf/0f pgLx¿n] of] 7fg]sf lyP ls lax] u/]kl5 ubfw/sf]
pgL l5d]ssf ;d:t u|fdlgjf;Lx¿sf nflu k|z+;f dfgl;s ;Gt'ng 7Ls x'g5 ] . lax]kl5sf] lhÞDd]bfl/sf
/ elQmsf kfq ag]sf lyP . sf/0f pgsf] Wofg cfWoflTds ;fwgfaf6 x6\g]5 .
pgsf 7"nf bfO /fds'df/ r§f]kfWofo snsQfdf pgn] cfkm} g} cfdf tyf bfOnfO{ atfP ls pgsf
Pp6f kf7zfnfsf ;~rfns lyP . ltgn] ubfw/nfO{ nflu sGof ho/fdaf6L -sfdf/k's/' b]lv # ldn pQ/
k9fpg egL cfkm";Fu} sf]nsftf nu] . /fds[i0fsf] k"j{ lbzfdf_ df /fdrG› d'vÞhL{sf 3/df kfpg ;Sg'
cGtd{g cToGt lgZ5n, ;xh / ljgozLn lyof] . x'g]5 . !*%( df % jif{sL zf/bfdl0f d'vf]kfWofo /
7

@# jif{sf ubfw/sf] ljjfx ;DkGg eof] . ljjfxkl5
zf/bf ho/fdaf6Ld} al:yg\ / kl5 !* jif{sf] eP/
pgL klt /fds[i0fsf ;fy blIf0f]Zj/df a:g yflng\ .
sfnfGt/df bfO klg lat]kl5 dlGb/sf] ;Dk"0f{
lhDdf pgLdfly lyof] . o;} ;dodf pgn] tLy{ ofqf
klg u/] . lxGb" wd{ cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;Dk|bfosf]
;fwgf klg ug{ yfn], h'g afx| jif{ko{Gt rNof] .
blIf0f]Zj/df pgL ejtfl/0fL dftf sfnLsf
cf/fws eP . dftfsf] bz{gsf] pTs6 cleK;fnf]
pgL lgs} Jolyt /xGy] . slxn] glhs} u+uf gbLdf
k'u]/ cfkm\gf] Joyf nf]skfjgL u+ufnfO{ ;'gfpFy] .
slxn] 306f}F dftf sfnLsf] k|ltdf cufl8 pleP/
/f]O /xGy] . b]Vg]n] pgnfO{ ls t pRr ;fws eGg]
uy]{ ls kfun . Ps lbg pgnfO{ bz{gsf] OR5fn]
olt c;Xo j]bgf lbof] ls dftfsf] k|ltdf ;Dd'v
eP/ ;f]w], æx] ejtfl/0fL Û tkfO{ lrGdoL x'g'x'G5 of
d[0doL < tkfO{ ;fIfft\ b]jL x'g'x'G5 jf kfiff0f k|ltdf
< d s;sf] ;]jf ub}{ 5' <Æ o;/L ;f]Wb} ljXjn ePsf
pgn] dlGb/df em'0ofPsf] v8\u b]v] . cfh bz{g geP
ToxL v8\un] cfkm"nfO{ l;Wofpg] elg cfkm\g} ub{gdf
k|xf/ ug{ dfq s] nfu]sf lyP, dftf ejtfl/0fLsf]
lbJo bz{g pgn] kfP . To;kl5 t pgn] ug]{ k"hf
cfkm}df ;fwgf aGof] . cgj/t ;fwgf ub}{ dftfsf]
s[kfn] lognfO{ k/d lbJo 1fg k|fKt eof] .
;fwfgfsf ljljw cfofdx¿nfO{ pgn] ckgfP .
;Rrf lh1f;' rfx] h'g ;'s} ;Dk|bfosf] xf];\, olb
O{Zj/ bz{gsf] pTs6 clenfiff 5 eg] ;a} ;Dk|bfosf
dfu{ Pp6} uGtJolt/ hfG5g\ eGg] cg'e"ltn] k|bLKt
eP . blIf0f]Zj/df cfPsf tf]tfk'/L afafaf6 ;GGof;
u|x0f u/L ubfw/af6 …/fds[i0f k/dx+;Ú ag] . pgsf]
;fwgfsf k|ToIfbzL{ pgsf ;xfos /fvfn cflb lyP .
pgsf lk|o lzio g/]Gb|n] Ps kN6 pgnfO{ ;f]3]
ædxfzo Û s] tkfO{+n] O{Zj/nfO{ b]Vg' efsf] 5 <Æ
dxfg\ ;fws /fds[i0fn] pQ/ lbP æxf] b]Vof 5', h;/L
ltdLnfO{ b]Vb}5', 7Ls To;} k|sf/, t/ Tof] eGbf w]/}
:ki6tfsf ;fy b]v]sf] 5' .Æ ;fFrf] lh1f;'nfO{ :jo+sf]
cg'e"ltb]lv O{Zj/sf cl:tTjsf] ljZjf; lbnfpFy] .
ltg} g/]Gb|nfO{ pgsf] hLjg sfo{sf] lbzf b]vfpg]
sfo{ /fds[i0f k/dx+;n] u/] . pgsf] s[kfk"0f{ :kz{n]
g/]Gb| ljj]sfgGb ag]– dfgtfsf] cf/fws ljj]sfgGb .
8
lxdfn b[li6
/fds[i0fsf] Wo]o lyof] k/dfTdfnfO{ ljZjsf]
dftf–lktf l;4 ug'{ . :qLTjsf] cbz{nfO{ hubDafsf]
kbdf k|ltli7t u/]/ pgn] zf/bf b]jLnfO{ klg …iff]8zL
b]jLÚsf ?kdf k'Hg] ub{y] . o; ljnfl;tfsf] o'udf
klg ef}lts]t/ cfWoflTds ljjfxsf] ;Totf pgn]
k|dfl0ft u/] . s'df/L zf/bf b]jLn] klg kljqtf,
;tLTj / huGdft[Tjsf] cfbz{ :yflkt ul/g\ . pgL
klg /fds[i0fnfO{ dfgjL?kdf hubLZj/ dfg]/ pgsf]
;]jf uly{g\ . ;+;f/df o:tf] cfWoflTds ljjfxsf]
pbfx/0f cGo st} kfOFb}g .
/fds[i0fsf k/dlk|o lzio ljj]sfgGb s]xL
;do lxdfnosf s'g} PsfGt :yfgdf tk:of ug{
rfxGy] . oxL cf1f lng ha tL u'?sf glhs uP
ta /fds[i0fn] eGg'eof]– æjT; xfd|f] glhssf
If]qsf dflg; ef]s–Kof;n] t8lk/x]sf 5g\ . rf/}lt/
c1fgsf] cGwsf/ 5fPsf] 5 . oxfF dflg; ?Fb–} s/fpFb}
5g\ / ltdL lxdfnosf] s'g} u'kmfdf ;dflwsf]
cfgGbdf lgdUg x'g rfxG5f} < s] ltd|f] cfTdfn] of]
:jLsfg]{5 <Æ o;af6 k|]l/t :jfdL ljj]sfgGb bl/›
gf/fo0fsf] ;]jfdf nfu] .
/fds[i0f dxfg of]uL, pRrsf]l6sf ;fws
clg ljrf/s lyP . ;]jf kynfO{ O{Zj/Lo ky dfGg],
cg]stfdf Pstfsf] bz{g ug]{ pgL dfgjtfsf
k'hf/L lyP . unfdf SofG;/ ePsf sf/0f pgL ynf
k/] . ljj]sfgGb cflb lzio ;w}F pgsf] ;]jfdf /t
/xGy] . Ps lbg ljj]sfgGbn] eg]– æsfnL dftf;Fu
/f]u d'lQmsf nflu tkfO{+ lsg k|fy{gf ug'{ x'Gg <Æ
k/dx+;n] eg]– æo; tgdf dftfsf] clwsf/ 5, d s]
eg"F, pgL h] ug]{l5g\ d]/f nflu c;n g}+ ug]{l5g\ .Æ
o:tf pRrsf]6Lsf ;fwssf] ef}lts sfof !%
cu:t, !**^df %) jif{sf] cfo'df k~rtTjdf ljnLg
eof] . pgsf] dfgjtfsf] kf]ifs lzIffnfO{ cfTd;ft\
ub}{ …cfTdgf] df]Iffy{+ hub\lxtfo rÚ eGg] Wo]ojfSosf
;fy :jfdL ljj]sfgGbn] /fds[i0f ldzgsf] :yfkgf
u/]/ dfgjtfsf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t u/] .
 lxdfn b[li6 of]u÷:jf:Yo

d'b|faf6 :jf:Yonfe

– >Lj4{g
%= z"Go d'b|f
ljlw M dWdf cf}FnLnfO{ df]8]/ To;sf] 6'Kkf] a'9L
cf}FnLsf] km]bdf k'¥ofpg] / To;nfO{ a'9L cf}FnLn]
g} bjfpg] . afFsL tLg cf}FnfnfO{ ;Lwf /fVg' k5{ .
-x]g'{;\ lrq_
WoftJo M cfsfzsf] cy{ x'G5 v'nfkg, lj:tf/ Pj+
Wjlg -sound_ . z"Go -zero_ o;sf] ljk/Lt xf] .
cjlw M nueu $% ldg]6 lgTo .
nfe M
a z/L/sf] s'g} klg cª\udf emDemdfpg] of
;+1flxgtf -lgbfpg]_ x'g] eP of] d'b|f ugf{n]
x6\5 . o:tf] cj:yf ToxLF x'G5 hxfF /Stsf]
;~rf/ sd ePsf] 5 . z"Go d'bf| /Stsf] ;~rf/
a9fpgdf ;xfotf ub{5 .
a sfgdf Ps k|sf/sf] cfjfh -;Gg, ;Gg ug]{_
cfpF5 eg] o; d'b|fåf/f nfe x'G5 . a hf] aRrf cTolws lh2L 5g\ , Ps 7fpF
a sfg b'Vg]df klg of] d'b|faf6 nfe x'G5 . @–# l:y/ eP/ a:g ;Sb} g g\ cyf{ t \ r~rn
ldg]6 ubf{ g} nfe x'G5 . -hyperac•ve_ x'G5g\, ltgdf Psfu|tf sd
a aRrfx¿nfO{ emfk8 xfg]sfn] jf 7f]lSsP/ olb x'G5, pgLx¿sf] cfsfz tTj a9]sf] x'G5 .
sfg b'Vg] ePsf] 5 jf ;'lGgPsf] 5 eg] klg pgLx¿nfO{ z"Go d'b|fsf] cEof; u/fpg' kb{5
o; d'b|faf6 nfe x'G5 . ;fy} k[YjL d'b|f klg lsgeg] pgLx¿df k[YjL
a sfgsf] alx/f]kg, sfgaf6 lka aUg], sfgdf tTj klg sd x'G5 .
hd]sf] kmf]xf]/ h:tf ;d:ofdf klg of] d'b|f a xjfO ofqf ubf{ sfgx¿df bafj a9\b5 . sfgdf
nfesf/L x'G5 . skf; nufpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf klg
a of] d'b|f ugf{n] unfsf] /f]u b"/ x'G5, cfjfh z"Go d'b|f nfesf/L 5 .
;kmf x'G5 / yfO/fO8;Fu ;DalGwt /f]u klg
b"/ x'G5 . ^= ;"o{ d'b|f
a luhf alnof x'G5g\, kfol/of 7Ls x'G5 . ljlw M of] d'b|f cgfldsfsf] zLif{ -6'Kkf]_nfO{ a'9L
a x[bo /f]udf klg nfe x'G5 . cf}FnLsf] km]bdf 6fF;]/, a'9L cf}FnLn] bafpFbf aG5 .

9

z]if tLg cf}Fnfx¿ ;Lwf /xG5g\ . -x]g'{;\ lrq_
WoftJo M k[YjL d'b|fsf] ljk/Lt of] d'b|f ;"o{sf] u'0fx¿
xfd|f] z/L/df a9fpg] x'G5 tyf k[YjL tTjnfO{
36fpF5 .
cjlw M !%–!% ldg]6, lbgdf b'O{ k6s .
;fjwfgL M o; d'b|fnfO{ ;fdfGotof s]jn !% ldg]6
g} ug'{kb{5 . lxF8–8'n ubf{ of] d'b|f gug'{ . udL{sf
lbgdf o; d'bf| sf] cEof; w]/} ug'x{ bF' g} . b'an
{ , sdhf]/
JolQmn] of] d'b|f gug'{xf]nf . pRr /Qmrfk ePsfn]
klg of] d'b|f sd dfqfdf ug'{kb{5 .
nfe M
a h:tf] o; d'b|fsf] gfd 5, o; d'b|fn] xfdLnfO{
;"o{sf] udL{ lbG5 . pmhf{ klg lbG5 . xfdLnfO{
lxdfn b[li6
km'lt{nf] klg agfpF5 .
a hf] JolQmnfO{ lr;f]n] lgs} b'Mv lbG5, h;nfO{
?3f–vf]sLn] lgs} ;tfpF5, xft–v'§f lr;f]
/xG5, pgLx?nfO{ o; d'b|faf6 nfe x'G5 .
a ;"o{d'b|fn] df]6f]kg, ef/Lkg, :y"ntf ;dfKt
x'G5 . tf}n sd x'G5 .
a dw'dx] sf /f]uLsf nflu klg of] d'bf| w]/} pkof]uL
5 . of] d'b|fn] z/L/df a9]sf] zSv/nfO{
hnfOlbG5 . o; d'b|fn] df]6fkf sd ug]{ x'gfn]
dw'd]x, sAh OToflb 7Ls x'G5 . /utdf o"l/of
klg sd x'G5 . sn]hf]sf ;a} /f]u b"/ x'G5g\ .
a o; d'b|fn] clUg tTj a9\5, z/L/df udL{ k}bf
x'gfn] skm, bd, c:ydf, ?3f–vf]sL, lgdf]lgof,
Ifo/f]u, ;fOg; cflb /f]udf klg nfe x'G5 .
a ;"o{ d'b|f ugf{n] %–!) ldg]6df g} ;"o{:j/
-bflxg] gfl;sf_ rNg yfNb5 h;n] lr;f];Fu
;DalGwt ;a} /f]ux?df nfe ldN5 .
a o; d'b|fn] cgfldsf cf}FnLåf/f a'l9 cf}FnLsf]
d"nl:yt yfO/fO8 u|lGysf] s]Gb| laGb'df bafj
kgf{n] yfO/fO8sf /f]ux? klg b"/ x'G5g\ . o;n]
klg df]6f]kgf x'gaf6 /f]Sb5 .
a ;"o{ d'b|f ugf{n] g]q Hof]lt a9\5 / cfFvfsf]
km"nf] klg x6\b5 .
a z/L/sf] kfrg lqmof 7Ls x'G5 / sn]:6«fn ] klg
sd x'G5 .
a tLj| 6fpsf] b'vfOdf o;n] t'?Gt} nfe lbG5 .
a ;"o{ d'b|fn] dfgl;s tgfj klg b"/ x'G5 .

.. ;'efliftd\ ..
hGd:yfg+ dxifL{0ff+ tkM :yfg r of]lugfd\ .
g hub\ jGBtf+ /fi6«+ ej]t\ ;+3an+ ljgf ..
rfx] dxlif{x?sf] hGde"ld xf];\ of of]uLx?sf] tkf]e"ld xf];\ t/ h'g /fi6«sf lgjf;Ldf ;+u7gsf] an
5}g Tof] b]z ;+;f/df c?sf] nflu jGbgLo x'Fb}g .

10
 llxdfn
xdfn bb[[lii66
;f“v', zfnLgbL / df3:gfg
k|fs[lts, ;fF:s[lts / wfld{s w/f]x¿n] kl/k"0f{ b]z
xf] g]kfn . kfOnf–kfOnfdf tLy{ 5g\, hgljZjf;sf
ljljw kf6f cWoogsf nflu 5l/Psf 5g\ . dxTjk"0f{
5g\ t/ sltko ck|sflzt 5g\ . oxfF x/]s 7fpFsf]
k|s[lt hlt dgdf]xs 5 To:t} x/]s 7fpFsf] ;+:s[ltn]
klg Pp6f g Pp6f ljz]iftf af]ss
] f] kfOG5 . /fhwfgL
sf7df8f}+af6 glhs -emGg} !* lsnf]ld6/_ /x]sf]
/ ;a} s'/fdf Pp6f 5'§} klxrfg af]s]sf] ;fFv' If]q
11
tLy{ kl/ro
– eujtL >]i7
klg o:t} ljz]iftfn] o'Qm tLy{ If]q xf] . z+v/fk'/
gu/kflnsf cGtu{t /x]sf] ;fFv' k|fs[lts ?kdf t
;'Gb/ 5 g} ;fF:s[lts / wfld{s ?kdf klg ljz]iftfn]
o'Qm /x]sf] 5 .
kljq zfnLgbLsf] lsgf/df cjl:yt ;fF v ' s f]
;f}Gbo{n] cgflbsfnb]lv g} g]kfnLx¿sf] 3/–3/df
kf}if z'Sn k"l0fdf{b]lv df3 z'Sn k"l0fdf{;Dd kl9g]
kf}/fl0fs wd{uG| y :sGb k'/f0fdf cfwfl/t >L:j:yfgL

j|tsyfdf pNn]v ePsf] nfj0ob]z -nfj0osf] cy{
;'Gb/ x'G5_ oxL xf] eGg] cfwf/ klg lbPsf] 5 . of]
gu/ k|frLg jf:t'snfsf] cg'kd pbfx/0fsf ?kdf
cBflk plePsf] 5 -@)&@sf] e"sDkn] sltko efu
Ifltu|:t eP klg_ .
;fFv' g]jf/L k/Dk/f, /Llt ePsf] Pp6f gd"gf a:tL
xf] . ToxfFsf k|foM 7fpFx¿sf] gfds/0f klg g]jf/L
efiffd} ul/Psf] 5 . To; 7fpFdf g]jf/L ;+:s[ltsf]
;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ePsf] b]Vg kfOG5 . P]ltxfl;s
k'/fgf] a:tLsf ?kdf /x]sf] ;fFv' ahf/df wfld{s
dxTjsf rf/ 9f]sfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn efiffdf
gfds/0f ul/Psf tL 9f]sfx¿sf] cf–cfˆg} ljz]iftf
/x]sf 5g\ . ;fFvd' f gofF b'bxL leq\ofpg …ef} 9f]sfÚsf]
k|of]u x'G5 eg] r]nLa]6LnfO{ ljjfx u/]/ k7fpFbf
…;fFunÚ 9f]sfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . To:t} ah|of]lugL
dfOsf] hfqfdf -w'FNnf_ …BFÚ 9f]sfaf6 NofOG5 eg]
;fFv'df d[To' ePsfx¿nfO{ clGtd ;+:sf/sf nflu
…l;Ú 9f]sfaf6 nluG5 . o;/L ;fFv'sf rf/ 9f]sfx¿n]
ToxfFsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ hLjGt /fv]sf] 5 . d"lt{snf /
sfi7snfsf] cg'kd pbfx/0f t ToxfFsf P]ltxfl;s
dxTjsf dlGb/x¿df dfq geP/ ;fFv'sf 3/sf
‰ofn–9f]sfx¿df klg b]Vg ;lsG5 .
wfld{s ?kdf k|l;4 zfnL gbL ;fFv'd} 5 . dl0fz}n
kj{t -xfn dl0fr'8_ pb\ud :yn /x]sf] zfnL gbL
:jR5–lgd{n hnwf/fsf ;fy ;'Gb/ xl/ofnLaLr
k|jfxdfg 5 . oxfF kf}if z'Sn k"l0f{dfb]lv df3 z'Sn
k"l0f{df, Ps dlxgf;Dd dfwjgf/fo0f d]nf klg
nfUb5 . o; d]nf cGtu{t g} kb{5 >L :j:yfgL
b]jLsf] cf/fwgf ;lxtsf] Ps dlxg] j|t klg .
g]kfnsf ljleGg e"efuaf6 cfPsf eQmhg cfˆgf]
dgf]sf+Iff k"/f ug]{ x]t'n] of] j|t a:g] u5{g\ . xft
uf]8fsf] gª sf6L z'4 eO{ Ps 5fs clngf] vfP/
lgTo dWofXgsfndf eujfg\ dfwjgf/fo0fsf] k"hf
cf/fwgf u/L >L :j:yfgL k/d]Zj/Lsf] j|t a:g]
k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 . o; :j:yfgL j|tsf] klg ljlzi6
12
lxdfn b[li6
dxTj 5 . :j:yfgL b]jLsf] zflAbs cy{ cfkm" a;]sf]
:yfgsf] b]jL eGg] a'lemG5 . cfkm" a;]sf] :yfgsL
b]jLsf] k"hf ug{' g} :j:yfgL k"hf xf] . pQ/fo0fkl5sf]
;do Wofg, of]u, ;fwgfsf nflu pko'Qm ePsfn]
:j:yfg cyf{t\ cfˆgf] cfTdfdf ;Dks{sf] cEof;
ug{'nfO{ :j:yfgL elgPsf] ljZjf; klg 5 . o;sf
nflu kf}if z'Sn k"l0f{dfb]lv df3 z'Sn k"l0f{df;Ddsf]
;do /fd|f] dflgG5 . o;} klg df3 dlxgfdf :gfg,
bfgsf] cfkm\g} dxTj 5, To;df klg zfnLgbLdf
uP/ :gfg ug'{sf] pRr ljz]iftf /x]sf] hg–dfGotf
5 . kljq zfnLgbLsf] kfgLn] g'xfPdf z/L/df ePsf
ljleGg /f]u gi6 eO{ /f]u lgsf] x'g'sf ;fy} zf/Ll/s
tyf dfgl;s ¿kdf tGb'?:t x'g] hgljZjf; klg 5 .
zfnL gbLdf b]jtf :gfg ug]{ :yfgdf ;ftj6f s'08
/x]sf] hgljZjf; /x]sf] 5 . ;f] s'08af6 b"w;d]t
aUg] / ;KtdLsf] lbg :ju{sf cK;/f;d]t :gfg ug{
cfpg] u5{g\ eGg] hgljZjf; xfn;Dd /lxcfPsf] 5 .
zfnL gbLaf6 pQ/tkm{ ah|of]lugL, v8\uof]uLgLsf]
k|Voft dlGb/ /x]sf] 5 .
o; kljq :yndf af;'sL gfusf] ;Ëd:yn, :j:yfgL
dlGb/, gj/fh, rG›fjtL, 8f] n ] dfwjgf/fo0f
dlGb/, dfwjgf/fo0fsf] j|taGw, cZjd]3 o1:yn,
eLd;]g dlGb/ h:tf wfld{s / kf}/fl0fs dxTjsf
:yn klg /x]sf 5g\ . ;fFv'af6 ! lsnf]ld6/sf]
b"/Ldf k~rnIdL dlGb/, # lsnf]ld6/sf] b'/Ldf
ah|of]lugL, $ lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf rfFu'gf/fo0f, *
lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf gu/sf]6 / @* lsnf]ld6/sf]
b"/Ldf d]n~rLnufotsf cfsif{s :yfg /x]sf 5g\ .
;fFv' glhs} OG›fo0fL dlGb/, ;tLb]jL dlGb/;d]t
/x]sf] 5 .
s;/L k'Ug ;lsG5 <
sf7df8f}F ;x/af6 sl/a !* lsnf]ld6/ k"jf]{Q/df
/x]sf] x'gfn] ;fFv–' zfnLgbL hfgnfO{ ;x/af6 lgoldt
;fwgx¿ pknAw /x]sf x'G5g\ .
 lxdfn b[li6 ;+3 lrGtg

;+3 k|fy{gf M bf];|f] Znf]ssf] efjfy{

utfª\saf6 cufl8===
zlQm
cflwef}lts tyf cfWoflTds b'O{ k|sf/sf zlQm
x'G5g\ . tLdWo] s'g}sf] klg cefj ePdf zlQm ck"0f{
x'G5 . O{Zj/Lo sfo{sf nflu xfdLnfO{ b'j} k|sf/sf]
zlQm rflxG5 / Tof] klg æljZj:o chøof+Æ ;du|
ljZj ;+ul7t eP/ klg h;nfO{ hLTg g;sf];\,
o:tf] zlQm xfdL k/dfTdf;Fu dfUb5f}F . æljZj:o
chøof+Æ o; ljz]if0fåf/f xfdL of] ;"lrt ug{ rfxG5f}F
ls k/dfTdfaf6 k|fKt ePsf] zlQmsf] ;xof]un] xfdL
ljZjnfO{ cGo aa{/ /fi6«x¿n] em}F s'lNrg rfxGgf}F,
a? ;+;f/sf] ;du| aa{/ zlQmx¿ ;+ul7t eP/ klg
xfdLnfO{ lhTg rfxG5g\ eg] pgLx¿ xfdLnfO{ lhTg
g;s'g\ . æ geo b]t sfx"F sf] g eo hfgt cfkÆ
o; jfSodf k/dk"hgLo cfB ;/;+3rfnshL cfkm\gf]
cfsf+Iff 3/L–3/L JoQm ug'{ x'GYof] . Tof] cfsf+Iff
dfgf}F zlQmsf] æchøof+ r ljZj:oÆ o; ljz]if0fn] ch]o, t/ zLnåf/f jGB x'g rfxG5f}F . kfzjL zlQmn]
JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . ljZjnfO{ lhTg] b'MzLn dflg; slxNo} klg ljZjjGB
x'bF g} g\, / kfzjL zlQmn] k/fe"t x'gx] ¿ ;'zLn ePklg
;'zLnd\ ljZjjGB dflgFb}gg\ .
lxGb" ;+:s[ltsf cfbz{e"t /fdfo0f–dxfef/t
OToflb u|Gyx¿df zLnsf] dlxdf cg]s syfx¿åf/f >'td\
j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . æzLn+ k/+ e"if0fd\Æ of] ;'efliftn] …>'td\Ú cyf{t\ 1fg . 1fgsf] :j?k uLtfdf
zLnsf] >]i7tf bzf{Psf] 5 . -cWofo !#, Znf]s & b]lv !!_ ;lj:tf/ lbOPsf]
sfof, jfrf, dgn] s'g} klg k|f0fLsf k|lt cz'e 5 . t/ oxfF To; 1fgsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5}g . æot\
ljrf/ g/fVg' / cfkm";Fu h]h] 5, Tof] oyfzlQm :jo+ :jLs[t+ s06sfsL0f{dfu{+ ;'ud\ sf/o]t\Æ h'g
c?nfO{ afF8]/ ef]u ug'{ of] c;n zLn dflgG5 . xfdLn] cfkm\g} k|/] 0ffn] -eo, k|nf]eg, of csf{sf] k|oTg
o:tf] s'g} sd{, h;n] c?sf] lxtdf afwf kb{5, cyjf OToflb sf/0fn] xf]Og_ :jLs[t u/]sf] s06sk"0f{–
h'g sfo{ ugf{n] :jo+nfO{ klg nHhfsf] cg'ej x'G5, ;+s6k"0f{–Wo]odfu{nfO{ ;'ud ul/lbg';\, o; k|sf/sf]
o:tf s[To k|oTgk"j{s 6fg'{k5{ tyf cfkm\gf rf/}lt/ cfWoflTds tyf Jofjxfl/s 1fg xfdL k/dfTdf;Fu
/xg] ;Hhgx¿nfO{ h'g ;Gtf]ifbfos x'G5 To:tf] ofrgf ub{5f}F .
sd{ k|oTgk"j{s ul//xg', ;+If]kdf oxL g} zLnsf] o; ljz]if0f–jfSodf cfkm\gf] Wo]odfu{sf] :j?k
kl/efiff xf] . klg ;'vdo 5}g, sfF8fn] el/Psf] 5, o;sf] r]tfjgL
æhub\ o]g gd|+ ej]t\Æ– …h;n] hut\ gd| xf];\Ú lbOPsf] 5 . Wo]odfu{nfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ eo, k|nf]eg
– of] ljz]if0f–jfSo ;DalGwt 5 . k|fy{gfdf zlQm tyf h:tf afXo sf/0fn] geP/, :jo+ k|/] 0ffn] g} ug'{ kb{5,
zLnsf nflu k|o'Qm ljz]if0fx¿nfO{ Ps ;fy ljrf/ o;sf] r]tfjgL …:jo+–:jLs[t+Ú zAbåf/f lbOPsf] 5 .
ugf{n] of] :ki6 x'G5 ls xfdL zlQmåf/f ljZjnfO{ qmdzM===
13
 uf]–lj1fg lxdfn b[li6

uf}d"qaf6 lah'nL

uf}d"qaf6 :jf:y nfe x'g] s'/f

t ;j{ljlbt} 5 . :yfgLo ufO{sf]
ux'Ftaf6 kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L
v]tLdf x'g] nfe af/] klg clwsf+z
hfgsf/ g} 5g\ . t/, uf}d"qaf6
Aof6/Lsf] dfWodåf/f lah'nLsf]
ljsNksf ?kdf pmhf{ klg lgsfNg
;lsG5 eGg] s'/f klg k|dfl0ft
ePsf] 5 . $)) u|fd uf}d"qsf]
Aof6/Laf6 # jf6sf] aNa $))
306f;Dd afNg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f
k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . !@ ef]N6sf] …
uf]–Hof]lt Aof6/LÚn] df]afOn klg
rfh{ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ sfgk'/
-pQ/k|b]z, ef/t_sf] uf}zfnfdf
agfOPsf] xf] . o;nfO{ lah'nLaf6
rfh{ ug]{ cfjZostf kb}{g . sfgk'/ uf}zfnfsf ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf sof}F sfof{nox¿df o;sf] pkof]u
dxfdGqL k'¿iff]Qd tf]ifgLjfnsf] k|of;n] of] ;a} z'? u/]sf] 5 .
;Dej ePsf] xf] . tf]ifgLjfnsf cg';f/ of] lah'nLsf] sfgk'/s} csf{ o'jf j}1flgs ;efaxfb'/ l;+xn]
j}slNks ;fwg aGg ;S5 . tf]ifgLjfnn] 7f]s'jf u/] klg o:t} k|of]uåf/f uf}–d"qn] aNg] NofDk -alQ_
lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ . j}1flgs ;efaxfb'/ l;+xn]
ls lah'nLn] rfh{ x'g] Aof6/L %–^ 306f;Dd dfq
To;sf] k|bz{g ub}{ eg] ls j}1flgsx¿n] uf}d"qn]
sfd ub{5g\, hals uf}–Hof]lt Aof6/L $)) u|fd
aNg] Hof]lt NofDk agfP/ lah'nLsf] 3f]/ cefjdf
uf}–d"qn] $)) 306f;Dd rNb5 . pHofnf] km}nfpgdf gofF lbzf lbPsf 5g\ .
dWok|b]z phf{ ljsf; lgudn] o; o; NofDkdf :yfgLo b]zL ufO{sf] d"qn] g}
Aof6/LnfO{ k/LIf0fsf nflu ef]kfnsf] /fhLj ufGwL k|sfz k}bf ug{ ;lsG5 . Ps k6s rfh{ ePkl5 $))
ljZjljBfnodf k7fPsf] lyof] . k/LIf0fdf $)) 306f;Dd k|sfz lbg] pgn] 7f]s'jf u/]sf 5g\ . o;
306fdf dfq # k|ltzt ef]N6 sd ePsf] kfOPsf] NofDkaf6 df]afOn klg rfh{ ug{ ;lsG5 . NofDk
lyof] . o;n] !@ 306f;Dd df]afOn rfh{ u/]/ klg l8:rfh{ ePkl5 To;df k'gM uf]–d"q xfn]/ /Lrfh{
x]l/of] . tf]ifgLjfn cg';f/ o; uf}–Hof]lt Aof6/Lsf] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L uf}d"qsf] gjLg rdTsf/lt/
d"No #%)) ef/tLo ¿lkofF x'g cfpF5 . pt/fv08 cfhsf j}1flgssf] klg Wofgfslif{t ePsf] 5 .

14
 lxdfn b[li6
lxGb" dfGotfsf j}1flgs cfwf/
k|Zg– c+ubfgaf/] s] eG5 zf:q / lj1fg <
pQ/ M Pp6f k| Z g p7] s f] lyof] , ls /Qmbfg
lzlj/x¿df /Qmbfg ug'{ O:nfdsf] lx;fan] ;xL
xf] of unt < o;sf] hjfadf pgLx¿sf] egfO 5
ls cfkm\gf] z/L/sf] c+ux¿sf :jfdL xfdL xf]Ogf}F,
h;n] c+ux¿sf] dgdfgL pkof]u ug{ ;sf];\, o;}n]
/Qmbfg of c+ubfg ug'{ cj}w xf] . ===/ o;/L O:nfddf
c+ubfgsf] t s'/} 5f]8Þf}F /QmbfgnfO{ klg x/fd cyf{t\
kfk dflgPsf] 5 .
AIIMS sf] Ps l/kf]6{ cg';f/ kl5Nnf] # jif{df
lbNnLdf #( o:tf JolQmnfO{ c+ubfg ul/Psf] lyof]
hf] d'l:nd lyP t/, c+u lbg] @#! bftfdWo] Pshgf
klg d'l:nd lyPg . aLaL;Lsf] Ps l/kf]6{ cg';f/
ef/tdf dfq geP/ k"/f ljZjdf …O:nflds 8f]g/Ú
kfpg c;Dej 5 .
tYofª\s x]g]{ xf] eg] ef/tdf k|To]s jif{ nueu (%
nfv dflg;x¿sf] d[To' x'G5 / tLdWo] nueu Ps
nfv dflg; o:tf x'G5g\ hf] c+ubfgsf nflu ;Ifd
x'G5g\ . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ef/td} k|ltlbg #)) hgf
leGgf–leGg} c+ux¿df ;d:of cfpgfn] k|f0f TofUb}
x'G5g\ . o;sf] cy{ of] xf] ls Ps jif{df Ps nfveGbf
a9L d[To' c+udf v/faL cfpgfn] x'G5 . 8fS6/x¿n]
atfP cg';f/ d[To'kl5 c+ubfg u/]/ Pp6f JolQmn]
%) hgfsf] hLjg arfpg ;Sb5 .
lj1fgsf] b[li6df c+ubfg ;a}eGbf 7"nf] sd{ xf], hasL
O:nfd, O;fO{ ;d'bfodf o;nfO{ cwd{ dflgPsf] 5 .
;gftg wd{ sf] egfO s] 5 t c+ubfgsf ljifodf,
x]/f}F –
!= >Ldb\eujb\uLtf cg';f/ –
jf;f+l; hL0ff{lg oyf ljxfo
gjflg u[X0fflt g/f]˜k/fl0f .
tyf z/L/fl0f ljxfo hL0ff{lg
cGoflg ;+oflt gjflg b]xL ..
15
lxGb" hLjg b[li6
cyf{t\ – h;/L dg'io k'/fgf j:qx¿ Tofu]/ csf]{
gofF j:q wf/0f ub{5, To;} u/L hLjfTdf k'/fgf] b]x
Tofu]/ gofF z/L/ k|fKt ub{5 . o;sf] cy{ of] xf] ls
z/L/sf] cfTdf;Fu s'g} ;/f]sf/ 5}g . hLjfTdf gofF
z/L/nfO{ ha wf/0f ub{5 ta g t p;nfO{ p;sf]
k'/fgf] z/L/;Fu s'g} ;/f]sf/ x'G5 g To;sf] k|efj
g} . cyf{t\ c+u bfg ugf{n] gofF z/L/df -csf]{ hGddf_
k'/fgf] z/L/sf] s'g} k|efj kb}{g .
@= j}lbs zf:qx¿df ePsf] Pp6f syfg';f/ dxlif{
blwlrn] ;+;f/sf] lxtsf nflu cfkm\gf] cl:yx¿
bfg lbg'ePsf] lyof] . b]j lzNkL ljZjsdf{n] tL
xf8x¿af6 OG›sf nflu jh| gfd u/]sf] c:q lgdf{0f
u/]sf lyP . cyf{t\ k/f]ksf/sf nflu c+ubfg ug'{
unt xf]Og a? >]i7 sd{ elgPsf] 5 .
#= s0f{n] cfkm\gf] Tjrfsf], /fhf lzljn] cfkm\gf]
df;'sf], hLd"tjfxgn] cfkm\gf] hLjg tyf bwLlrn]
cfkm\gf cl:yx¿ bfg u/]sf lyP . ooflt k'q
k'?sf] bfgzLntf huljVoft g} 5 . cyf{t\ zf:q /
k'/f0fx¿df sof}F o:tf pbfx/0f pknAw 5g\ h;n]
c+u bfgnfO{ dxfbfg eg]sf 5g\ . c+u bfgdf s'g}
bf]if 5}g, a? dxfk'0o 5 . k/nf]sdf pQd :yfg /
cfufdL hGddf pQd s'n k|fKt x'G5 .
oL t eP kf}/fl0fs s'/f . s]xL k|frLg j}lbs ;dosf]
pbfx/0f x]/f}F hf] lglZrt g} wd{sf] ljifodf cfhsf
wdf{rfo{x¿eGbf cu|l0f lyP . s] To; sfndf
c+uk|Tof/f]k0f x'GYof] < x]/f}F–
CUj]b cg';f/ –
/f]ux¿sf] ;djflosf/0f -bf]if_ tyf lgldQ sf/0f
-lqmld_ / bf]if k|oTgk"j{s lrlsT;fsf] :ki6 ;+s]t
x'g\ / c+u k|Tof/f]k0fsf] klg –
;fs+ oId k|kt rfif]0f lslsbLljgf ..
;fs+ jft:o ;fs+ gZo lgxfsof .. -C= !)–!&_
o;afx]s cyj{j]bdf sof}F :yfgdf o;sf] pNn]v

kfOG5 .
j]bx¿df ?›, clUg, j?0f, OG›, d?t\ cflb b}j eLif0f
elgPsf] 5, t/ logdf ;jf{lws k|l;l4 clZjgL
s'df/x¿sf] 5 hf] …b]jfgf+ leifhf}Ú -b]jtfx¿sf j}B_
sf ¿kdf :jLs[t 5g\ .
CUj]bdf logsf] h'g rdTsf/ jl0f{t 5 To;n]
cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 ls To; sfndf c+uk|Tof/f]k0fsf]
l:ylt pGgt lyof] . clZjgLs'df/ cf/f]Uo, bL3f{o'
zlQm, k|hf, jg:klt tyf ;d[l4 zlQmsf k|bftf
dflgPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] pkrf/ ;DaGwL rdTsf/sf]
j0f{g CUj]bdf lj:tf/k"j{s ul/Psf] 5 .
clZjgLåf/f c+u–k|Tof/f]k0fsf] ;ki6 pNn]v kfOgfn]
of] l;4 ub{5 ls c+u bfg s'g} klg k|sf/n] unt
xf]Og g t o;sf] s'g} b'ik|efj g} kb{5 .
Surgical Procedures sf] af/]df ha ;+;f/
s]xL hfGb}g lyof], ta klg j}lbs Clif ;'>'t zNo
lrlsT;f ug]{ ub{y] . !@)) O=k"=df g} pgn] !*$
cWofo ePsf] …;'>'t ;+lxtfÚ n]v]sf lyP .
cfo'j]{bdf h8ÞL–a"l6x¿af6 Anesthesia klg
agfOGYof] . zfnSo zf:qdf c+u k|Tof/f]k0fsf]
pNn]v o; s'/fsf] k'li6 ub{5 ls To; ;do klg
c+u k|Tof/f]k0fnfO{ Pp6f /fd|f] sd{ dflgGYof] h;sf
nflu s'g} lgif]w lyPg .
r/s ;+lxtf tyf ;'>'t ;+lxtfdf jl0f{t Oltxf;
Pj+ cfo'j]{bsf] cjt/0fsf] qmddf c+u k|Tof/f]k0f
;h{/L u/]/ c+ux¿ ;Rofpg] s'/f sof}F k6s pNn]v
ePsf] 5 h;n] o; s'/flt/ lgb]{z ub{5 ls ;gftg
wd{df k/f]ksf/eGbf 7"nf] s'g} k'0o 5}g / o;sf
lxdfn b[li6
nflu O{Zj/n] klg cg'dlt lbG5g\ . c+u bfg u/]/
s;}sf] hLjgdf v';L el/lbg' h:tf] k/f]ksf/ c?
s] x'g ;S5 / Û
lgisif{ – ;gftg ;+:s[ltdf st} klg c+ubfgsf
nflu lgif]w ul/Psf] 5}g . Pp6f klg pbfx/0f o:tf]
kfOFb}g h'g c+ubfgsf nflu lgif]w ug]{ xf];\ . a?
dg':d[ltdf wg, uf}, e"ldafx]s z/L/ bfg ug]{ lgb]{z
klg lbOPsf] 5 . j]bx¿df k/f]ksf/sf nflu z/L/
bfg -c+ubfg_ sf] cg'dlt lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm
;a} zf:qx¿n] klg cg'dlt lbPsf] 5 .
ljz]if– b'O{ k|sf/sf c+ubfg x'G5g\ . Pp6f x'G5
c+ubfg / csf]{ tGt' -l6:o"_ bfg . of] c+ubfg cGtu{t
g} cfpF5 . d[uf}nf, sn]hf], kmf]S;f], cfGb|f, d'6',
cUGofzo cflb ;a} cfGtl/s c+ux¿sf] bfg c+ubfg
x'G5g\ . tGt' bfg cGtu{t d'VotM cf+vfx¿, xf8 /
Tjrfsf] bfg cfpF5g\ . clwsf+z c+ubfg ta x'G5g\,
ha dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] x'G5 t/ s]xL c+u / tGt'
JolQm lhpFbf] x'Fb} klg bfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
d[To'kl5 xfd|f] z/L/ hnfOG5 . slt c;n x'Fbf] xf]
ls d/]kl5 oL c+ux¿ s;}nfO{ hLjgbfg lbg ;s"g .
olb wfld{s cGwljZjf;n] tkfO{FnfO{ o;f] ug{af6
/f]S5 eg] dxfg\ Clif blwlrnfO{ ;Demg'xf];\ h;n]
;dfhsf] enf]sf nflu cfkm\gf xf8x¿ ;d]t bfg
ug'{ ePsf] lyof] +. pxfF h:tf] wd{1n] olb o:tf] ug{
ldN5 eg] xfdL cfd dflg;nfO{ 8/fpg] cfjZostf
g} 5}g . cl3 a9\g';\ / v'n]/ c+ubfg ug'{;\, o;n]
s;}nfO{ gofF hLjg ldNg]5 .

vKt8 afaf eGg'x'G5–

æ7"nf] xif{sf] s'/f s] 5 eg] xfd|f Clif–d'lgx?sf] ljBfsf] cg';/0f klZrdL
dflg;x¿åf/f a8f tLj|tfsf ;fy eO/x]5 . ctM xfdLx?n] klg 3f]/ lgb||faf6
lapFem]/ cfˆgf k"j{hx¿åf/f ;Dkflbt ljBfnfO{ k'gM ljsl;t ug{'kb{5, h;af6 xfd|f]
;jf{ËL0f pGglt x'g ;sf];\ .Æ

16
 lxdfn b[li6
s7 pklgifb\ M d[To'af6 cfTd1fg
d'Vo pklgifb\x¿dWo]sf] Ps
xf] s7 pklgifb\ . of] ;jf{lws k|l;4
pklgifb\x¿dWo] klg Ps xf] .
j}lbs jfª\dosf] Pp6f ;'Gb/td
s[lt xf] of], h'g z'Sn oh'j]{bLo
zfvf cGtu{tsf] dflgG5 . j}lbs
sfnsf Clifx¿sf] clåtLo 1fgsf]
Pp6f pTs[i6 pbfx/0f xf] of]
pklgifb\ . ;+:s[tdf n]lvPsf] o;
u|GynfO{ ljZjsf ljleGg efiffdf
cg'jfb ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] cWoogn] ljZjsf
ljlzi6 ljåfg\x¿nfO{ klg rlst t'NofPsf] tYo km]nf
k5{ . c+u|]hLdf cg'jfb ul/g'cl3 o; pklgifb\nfO{
!&cf}F ztfAbLdf kmf/;Ldf cg'jfb ul/Psf] lyof] .
s7f]klgifb\df d[To'sf b]jtf od / Clif afns
glrs]tfsf] ;Djfb ?kn] a|XdljBfsf] ljzb j0f{g
ul/Psf] 5 . To:tf] u"9 /x:osf] s'/f j0f{g u/] klg
o;sf] z}nL eg] ;lhn} a'‰g ;lsg], ;/n / ;'af]w
5 . cGo pklgifb\x¿df em}F hxfF tTj1fgsf] uDeL/
ljj]rg 5, ToxLF glrs]tfsf] rl/q kf7sx¿sf lglDt
cg'kd cfbz{ :yflkt u/]sf] kfOG5 . ha pgsf a'af
jfh>j;\n] ljZjlht o1sf] ;ª\sNk u/]/ To;df
;j{:j bfg lbFb} x'G5g\ ta cfkm\gf 5f]/fsf] ddTjsf
sf/0f b"w lbg], :j:y ufO{x¿ p;}sf] pkof]usf
nflu /fVb} x'G5g\ . a'9f, c:j:y eO;s]sf, b"w
glbg] ufO{ dfq bfgdf lbFb} u/]sf] b]v]/ kfFr jif]{
jfns glrs]tfnfO{ nfU5– …o;n] a'afsf] ;ª\sNk
cw'/f] /xg] 5 . pxfFsf] sNof0f x'Fb}g . df]xsf] aGwg
r'F8fNg vf]Hg]n] o;/L df]xdf afFlwg' plrt x'Fb}g .Ú
pgsf] lkt[elQmn] pgnfO{ emSemSofpF5 . pgL hfG5g\
a'af;dIf / afn;'ne rfkNosf ;fy eG5g\– ætt
s:d} df+ bf:ol; <Æ– a'af, dnfO{ s;nfO{ bfgdf
lbg'x'G5 < pgsf] of] k|Zg plrt g} lyof] . ljZjlht\
o1df ;j{:j -cfkm\gf] ;a}yf]s_ bfgdf lbg' kg]{ x'G5 .
17
u|Gy kl/ro
– cf]d …;f]˜xd\Ú
o:tf ;Tk'qsf] bfg gul/ Tof] s;/L
k"0f{ xf];\ < ;j{:j bfg t ta dfq
;fy{s x'G5 ha …cfkm\gf]Ú eGg] s]xL
g/xf];\ . 5f]/fk|ltsf] df]xn] a'afsf] o1
;fy{s gx'g] b]v]/ Tof] df]xaf6 a'afnfO{
p4f/ ug{sf nflu pgn] of] k|Zg Ps
k6s xf]Og 3/L3/L ;f]w] .
o;/L w]/} k6s ;f]lwFbf a'afnfO{
emsf]{ nfU5 . ælktfsf] df]xsf] aGwg
sf6\g olt g} pT;'s 5 eg] ;'g\– d
tFnfO{ odnfO{ bfg ub}{ 5' ÛÆ l/;sf] cfj]udf eg]sf
lyP jfh>j;\n] t/ glrs]tfnfO{ a'afsf] ;ª\sNk
;fy{s t'Nofpg' lyof] . pm uof] ofdnf]s klg . ToxfF
od/fh lyPgg\ . tLg lbg;Dd lg/fxf/ /x]/ klv{of]
Tof] ;fgf] afnsn] . odnfO{ ;dlk{t lyof] z/L/,
odsf] cf1flagf s;/L To;nfO{ kf]if0f lbg] Û tLg
lbgkl5 od/fh cfP . p;sf] ;a} j[tfGt a'em] .
cltlysf] ckdfg ePsf] 7fg] . cfkm\gf] cg'kl:yltsf
nflu Ifdf dfUb} tLg lbgsf] pkjf;sf nflu To;
a|fXd0f afnsnfO{ tLgj6f j/bfg lbg] eP odn] .
glrs]tfn] tLgj6f j/bfg dfUof] . o;sf]
qmdsf] klg Pp6f cb\e"t /x:o 5 . klxnf] j/bfg
lyof] …lkt[kfl/tf]ifÚ . a'afsf] o1sf] /Iffsf nflu pgL
odsf] åf/;Dd cfPsf lyP . o; sf/0f a'af :jefjtM
lvGg x'g'x'GYof] . o;y{ p;n] klxnL a'afnfO{ zflGt
ldnf];\ egL j/ dfUof] . of] oyfy{ g} xf] ls xfd|f
sf/0fn] s;}nfO{ v]b ePsf] 5, xfgL cyjf si6 ePsf]
5 eg] pgLx¿sf] czflGt jf si6 lgj[Q geP;Dd
xfdL klg zflGt cg'ej ug{ ;Sb}gf}F . glrs]tfn]
klxnf] j/bfg dfu]– æx] d[To'b]j Û ha d oxfFaf6
kmls{P/ 3/ k'U5', ta d]/f a'afn] l/; Tofu]/, zfGt
lrQ eO, d;Fu k|]dk"j{s Jojxf/ ug'{xf];\ / cfkm\gf]
z]if cfo'df pxfFnfO{ s'g} lrGtfn] glk/f]nf];\ .Æ
nf}lss zflGtkl5 kf/nf}lss pGgltsf] OR5f

x'G5 . olt;Dd ls ha kf/nf}lss ;'vsf] OR5f
k|an x'G5, ta P]lxs ;'vsf] s'g} k/jfx /xFb}g .
o;}n] glrs]tfn] bf];|f] j/bfg dfu]– æx] d[To'b]j Û
tkfO{F dnfO{ :ju{sf] ;fwg To; …clUg lj1fgÚ k|bfg
ug'{xf];\, h;åf/f :ju{nf]snfO{ k|fKt ePsf k'?ifn]
klg cd/Tj k|fKt ub{5g\ .Æ o;df pgnfO{ :ju{sf]
sfdgf lyof] eGg] 7fGg' x'Fb}g . pgL :ju{sf] ;'v
rfxFb}g lyP eGg] s'/f syfdf cufl8 :ki6 x'G5 .
klxnf] j/bfg kfl/jfl/s sNof0fsf nflu lyof] eg]
bf];|f] dfgjdfqsf] sNof0fsf nflu lyof] . odn]
ætyf:t'Æ elglbP .
glrs] t fnfO{ pkb] z lbF b } eg] – æx]
glrs]tf Û o; …clUgljBfÚnfO{ Psfu| dgn] ;'g .
:ju{nf]s k|fKt u/fpg] of] ljBf cToGt uf]kgLo 5 .Æ
To;kl5 od/fhn] glrs]tfnfO{ o1 ug{sf nflu
j]bL lgdf{0f ljlw, o1 ug]{ ljlw, tyf dGqx¿sf]
pkb]z lbP/ cGTodf glrs]tfsf] k/LIff lngsf nflu
od/fhn] cfkm"n] atfPsf] o1ljlwsf] ljj/0f ;f]w] .
afns glrs]tfn] cIf/zM To; ljlwnfO{
bf]xf]¥ofO lbP . To;nfO{ ;'g]/ od/fh afnssf]
:d/0fzlQm / k| l tefnfO{ b] v ] s / lgs} k| ; Gg
eP . pgn] æof] …clUgljBfÚ cfhb]lv ltd|} gfdn] …
glrs]tflUgÚ -n'Kt g x'g] ljBf_sf ?kdf hflgg] 5,Æ
elg yk j/bfg lbP .
t];|f] j/ pgsf] tLj| lh1f;f / cfTdbz{gsf]
cgj/t lkkf;fn] k|]l/t lyof] . pgn] dfu]– æx]
d[To'b]j Û dg'iosf] d[To'kl5 cfTdfsf] cl:tTj /xG5,
o:tf] 1flghgaf6 ;'g]sf] 5', t/ s]xLsf] dfGotf 5
ls d[To'kl5 cfTdfsf] cl:tTj /xFb}g . dnfO{ o;
;Gb]xaf6 d'Qm ub}{ eGg'xf];\ ls d[To'kZrft cfTdfsf]
s] x'G5 <Æ
glrs]tfsf] t];f| ] j/bfg ;'g/] od/fhn] p;nfO{
a'emfpg] k|of; u/] ls of] ljifo cToGt uf]kgLo 5Þ+ .
odn] eg], æo;sf] ;f6f] a? ;d:t ljZjsf] ;Dkbf
/ ;fd|fHo klg lbg ;S5', t/ of] g ;f]w ls d[To'kl5
cfTdfsf] s] x'G5 . of] hfGg / a'‰g cToGt ;xh
5}g .Æ t/ glrs]tf s'g} klg k|sf/n] od/fhsf]
k|nf]egdf k/]g / cfkm"n] dfu]sf] j/bfg g} lbg'k5{
18
lxdfn b[li6
eg]/ cl8u /Xof] .
od/fhn] glrs]tfsf] x7 b]v/] eg]– æx] glrs]tf
Û …cfTd sNof0fÚ / …;f+;fl/s ef]Uo kbfy{x¿Úsf dfu{
leGg–leGg} 5g\ . oL b'j} dfu{ dg'iosf ;Dd'v
pkl:yt x'G5g\, t/ a'l4dfg JolQm b'j}nfO{ /fd|/L
a'em]/ tLdWo] Pp6f cfkm\gf nflu rog ub{5g\ . hf]
c1fgL x'G5g\, pgLx¿ ef]u–ljnf;sf] dfu{ /f]H5g\
/ hf] 1fgL x'G5g\, ltgn] sNof0fsf] dfu{ /f]H5g\ .Æ
ælk|o glrs]tf ÛÆ eGb} odfrfo{n] glrs]tfnfO{
a|XdljBfsf] pkb]z lbG5g\ . æ>]i7 cfTd1fg hfGg]
;'cj;/ w]/} sl7gfOkl5 k|fKt x'G5 . o;nfO{ z'is
ts{–ljts{n] a'‰g ;lsFb}g .Æ
…çÚ g} Tof] k/dkb xf] . …çÚ g} cIf/a|Xd xf] .
eGb} a|Xdljifos pkb]z lbG5g\ h'g o; pklgifb\sf]
klxnf] cWofodf 5 . bf];f| ] cWofodf k/d]Zj/ k|flKtdf
x'g] afwfx¿, ltgsf] lgjf/0f / Åbodf ltgsf]
l:yltsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . k/dfTdfsf] ;j{Jofkstf
/ ;+;f/–¿kL pN6f] kLkn j[Ifsf] ljj]rg, of]u–;fwgf,
O{Zj/– ljZjf; / df]Ifflbsf] j0f{g 5 . cGTodf
a|XdljBfsf] k|efjn] glrs]tfnfO{ a|Xd–k|flKt ePsf]
pNn]v 5 .
o; pklgifb\sf] sltko zAbtM / st} cy{
g} klg eujb\uLtfdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . h:t}
cfTdfsf] cd/Tjsf] 3f]if0f–
…g hfot] ld|ot] jf ljklZrGgfo+
s'tlZrGg ae"j slZrt\ .
chf] lgToM zfZjtf]˜o+ k'/f0ff]+
g xGot] xGodfg] z/L/] ..
k|l;4 c+u|]hL ;flxTosf/ P8ljg cfg{N8n]
…b l;qm]6 ckm 8]yÚ elg o;nfO{ 5Gbf]a4 tj/n]
c+u|hLdf k|sflzt u/]sf lyP eg] /fNkm jfN8f]
Od;{gn] cfkm\gf] lgaGw …Odf]6f{ln6LÚsf] ;dfkgdf
o; pklgifb\df cfPsf] glrs]tf / od ;Djfbsf]
syfnfO{ g} cfwf/sf ?kdf lnPsf] pNn]v u/]sf5g\ .
syf 5 klg cgf}7f] g} . o;df jl0f{t syfsf k|d'v
kfq glrs]tfnfO{ ;+;f/s} klxnf] lh1f;' eg]sf 5g\
O{zf kmfp08]zgsf ;b\u'? hUuL af;'b]jn] .
 lxdfn b[li6
;f+:s[lts ljljwtfn] ;lhPsf] df3] ;ª\qmflGt
hf8f]sf] ;dosf] Gofgf] rf8 xf] df3] ;ª\qmflGt .
df3] ;ª\qmflGt, ds/ ;ª\qmflGt, df3L cflb gfdn]
lrlgg] o; kj{df g]kfne/L ljleGg kljq gbL, ;fu/
tyf lqj]0fLdf :gfg u/L dlGb/df k"hfcfhfsf ;fy}
l3p, rfs', ltnsf] n8\8' / t?n vfO{ dgfOG5 .
o; kj{df b]j3f6, a/fxIf]q, l/8L, kgf}tL, bf]nfn3f6,
sGsfO{ tyf ef/tsf] k|ofu / uËf;fu/ nufotsf
gbL / 3f6df :gfg, bfg, >f4 cflb ug]{sf] 7"nf]
eL8 nfU5 .
Hof]ltif zf:qfg';f/ ;f}/df;sf] lx;fan] df3]
;ª\qmflGtb]lv ;"o{ wg' /flzaf6 ds/ /flzdf k|j]z
ug]{ x'gfn] o;nfO{ Úds/ ;ª\qmflGtÚ elgPsf] xf] .
;fdfGotof ;"o{n] ;a} /flznfO{ k|efljt u/] klg
;"o{sf] ss{6 /flz -;fpg] ;ª\qmflGt_ / ds/ /flz
-df3] ;ª\qmflGt_ k|j]z wfld{s b[li6n] dXTjk"0f{
dflgG5 . of] lbgb]lv ;"o{ blIf0fL uf]nfw{af6 pQ/L
uf]nfw{ tkm{ k|j]z ug]{ ePsf]n] lbg nfdf] / /ft
5f]6f] x'Fb} hfG5 .
;gftg ;+:sf/df ltnsf] ljz]if dxTj 5, rfx]
xf]dhfk ug{nfO{ r?sf] ?kdf xf];\ of k"hf ubf{ clg
bfg ubf{ xf];\ of s'g} lkt[sd{ clg z'esfo{, ltn
ckl/xfo{ 5 . cfhsf] lbg ltnsf] ;]jgsf nflu
k|l;4 5, ltnnfO{ e'6/] clg ;Vv/df d'5/] agfOPsf
n8\8' cfhsf] ljz]if kl/sf/ xf], To;}sf/0fn] klg
df3] ;qmflGtnfO{ …ltn'jf ;qmflGtÚ klg elgG5 .
wfld{s b[li6n] dfq xf]Og, j}1flgs ta/af6 klg df3]
;ª\qmflGtnfO{ plQs} dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf] 5 . j}1flgs
b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{ o; kj{df k/Dk/f / ;+:sf/ hLjGt
t'Nofpg ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{af6 dflg;sf] ;/;kmfO
x'g], df};dcg'¿ksf kf]ifs lrhaLh vfOg] tyf
lg/f]uL eOg] x'gfn] of] ;sf/fTds b]lvG5 .
ef}uf]lns, hftLo / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf /x]sf]
g]kfndf Ps} lbg kg]{ / Pp6} gfdsf] kj{nfO{ klg
19
kj{ ;Gbe{
– e§ …ldngÚ
leGgleGg e]u / ;d'bfodf leGgleGg 9+un] dgfpg]
k|rng 5 . xfd|f] b]zsf a]Unfa]Un} 7fpFdf a;f]af;
ug]{ leGgleGg hghflt;Fu /x]sf] o; kj{sf] ;DaGw
/ To;n] ;~rf/ ug]{ …Pstf / ;b\efjsf] ;Gb]zÚnfO{
xfdL ;a}n] cfTd;ft ug{ ;s] o; kj{sf] ;fy{stf
b]lvG5 .
df3] ;ª\ q mflGt, ltn' j f ;ª\ q mflGt, ds/
;ª\qmflGt of df3L h:tf gfd;Fu} ef}uf]lns / hftLo
ljif]ztfn] klg ljljwtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 o; kj{nfO{ .
;f+:s[lts ljljwtf / dgfOg] kj{sf] Pstf, oxL t
o; kj{sf] ;f}Gbo{ xf] .
g]kfnsf] ;d:t e"efu, lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df
a;f]af; ug]{ 5]qL, afx'g, /fO{, du/ , lnDa', g]jf/,
u'?ª, du/ cflb ;a} hghfltn] df3] ;ª\qmflGtnfO{
cfcfˆgf k/Dk/f, leGgleGg ljz]iftf / k|s[ltn]
dgfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
yf? ;d'bfodf …df3LÚ
o; kj{nfO{ yf? ;d'bfon] df3L eg]/ dgfpF5g\
/ gofF jif{ dfGg] u5{g\ . df3LnfO{ yf¿x¿sf] df}lns
;+:s[ltn] el/Psf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kj{sf] ¿kdf
lnOG5 . of] kj{ df3L kj{sf ¿kdf a8f] pT;fxsf
;fy dgfOG5 . o; ;d'bfodf df;sf] bfn / rfdn
 lxdfn b[li6
ld;fOPsf] lvr8L -df3L_ vfg] rng 5 . df3Ldf / eujtL b'j}nfO{ ;Ddfg / >4fsf ;fy k"hfcfhf
ufOg] uLtnfO{ …wdf/Ú elgG5 . df3Ldf gflrg] u/L eujtLnfO{ l;Gb"/, r'/f / ltnsf] n8\8' r9fpg]
ljz]if …d3f}6fÚ gfr cl3kl5 klg nf]slk|o g} 5 . ul/G5 eg] eujfgnfO{ ld7fO{, kmnkm"n / ltnsf] n•'
df3] ;ª\qmflGtsf] lbg laxfg ghLs}sf] vf]nfgfnfdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf r9fO{ lvr8Lsf] ef]u nufOG5 . o;
g'xfpg hfg] rng 5 . o;nfO{ …df3 nxfgÚ eGg] kj{df lvr8L vfg clgjfo{ ePsfn] o;nfO{ lvr8L
ul/G5 . g'xfO;s]kl5 3/df cfO{ bfn, rfdn, g"g kj{ klg elgG5 . o; kj{df gjljjflxt b'nxfsf]
5f]P/ cfkm"eGbf 7"nfnfO{ 9f]u u/L cfzLjf{b lnOG5 . 3/af6 b'nxLsf] dfOtdf ltn jf lrp/fsf] sf];]nL
df3sf] bf];|f] lbg lvr8L agfO{ vfg] rng /x]sf] 5 . / hf8f]df nufpg] n'uf k7fO lbg] k/Dk/f klg 5 .
of] lbgnfO{ …lvr/xjfÚ elgG5 . o; k|yfnfO{ d}lynLdf h8fp/ elgG5 . w]/}h;f]
g]jf/ ;d'bfodf …£o"rfs' ;FNx'Ú ldlynfjf;L o;} lbgb]lv df3 :gfg ;'¿ u5{g,\ cyf{t\
g] j f/ ;d' b fodf ljz] i f lsl;dsf] Pp6f df3 dlxgfe/ Psflaxfg} g'xfP/ l3plvr8L vfG5g\ .
vfBj:t'sf] gfdaf6 o; kj{sf] gfds/0f ul/Psf] du/ ;d'bfodf df£of–;]Nx{];
5 . g]jf/x¿ o; kj{nfO{ …£o"rfs' ;FNx'Ú eGb5g . df3] ;ª\qmflGt kj{ g]kfnsf du/ hfltsf] klg
o; lbg pgLx¿ rfs'df ltn ld;fP/ n8\8' agfO{ k|d'v rf8 xf] . df3] ;ª\qmflGtnfO{ du/x?sf] /fli6«o
vfg] / bfg lbg] sfd ub{5g\ . laxfg} p7]/ :gfg kj{sf ?kdf dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 . du/ ;d'bfodf of]
u/L 3/sf] ;Dk"0f{ efu ;/;kmfO ug]{, b]jL b]jtfsf] kj{ tLg lbg;Dd dgfOG5 .
k"hf ug]{, rf]vf]lgtf] u/L ljleGg kl/sf/x¿ tof/ o; lbg …tf/f] xfGg] v]nÚ v]lnG5 . o; kj{df
kfb{5g\ / 3/kl/jf/sf ;Dk"0f{ dflg; hDdf eP/ du/x?n] w'dwfdsf ;fy r]nLa]6L / lkt[x?sf] tLg
ld7fld7f kl/sf/sf] :jfbdf /dfpF5g\ . o;} lbg lbg;Dd k"hf ub{5g\ . jg t?n lagf du/x?sf]
eQmk'/ lhNnfsf] 6f}d9L 6f]ndf ltndfwj gf/fo0fsf] ;ª\qmflGt cw'/f] x'g] ePsfn] pgLx? ;ª\qmflGt cl3
dlGb/df d]nf nfUg] / bLkÍ/ a'4sf] k"hf x'g] ub{5 . g} h+unaf6 jg t?n vg]/ Nofpg] / ;ª\qmflGtsf]
d}lynL ;+:s[ltdf …ltnf ;ª\qmflGtÚ cl3Nnf] /ft jg t?n ksfpF5g\ . 3/sf k'?ifx?n]
o; kj{nfO{ t/fO{sf lhNnfx¿df d}lynLn] wg'ifsfF8n] tf/f] xfGb} kj{df /f}gstf yK5g\ .
ltnf ;ª\qmflGt kj{sf ¿kdf dgfpF5g\ . o; kj{df pgLx?n] sf7sf] ˆNofsdf c+uf/n] uf]nf] lrGx sf]/L
kl/jf/sf cu|h / cfdf–afa'n] cfˆgf ;GtltnfO{ lg;fgf nufpFb} tf/f] xfG5g\ . tf/f]sf] lg;fgf nufpg]
;Vv/ / ltn v'jfO{ pgLx¿af6 a'9];sfndf ;]jf JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgsf ;fy ltt]kftL nufP/ sfFwdf
ug{'kg]{ arg lng] u5{g\ . t/fO{df o; lbg lvr8L, af]s]/ ufpF 3'dfOG5 / vfg lbOG5 . du/ ;d'bfon]
ltn / lrp/fsf n8\8n ' ufotsf kl/sf/ agfP/ vfg] d'Vo ?kdf w'dwfdsf] ;fy dgfpg] of] kj{nfO{
ul/G5 . oL kl/sf/ k"hfkf7 u/L ;j{k|yd 3/sf df£of–;]Nx{]; klg elgG5 .
b]jb]jLnfO{ r9fOG5 . ldlynf~rndf eQmhgn] ls/ft ;d'bfosf] sSkm]Sjf tªgfd
df3] ;ª\qmflGtsf lbg laxfg} rf]vf] eO{ k|;Gg df3 ! ut]nfO{ ls/ftL /fO{, ofSvf, lnDa"
d'›fdf eujtL dlGb/sf k|j]zåf/ tyf cf–cfˆgf] ;'gjf/nufotsf hfthfltn] ljz]if w"dwfdsf ;fy
3/–cfFugdf sdnsf] km"nh:t} lrq agfO{ >[Ëf/ dgfpg] sSkm]Sjf tªgfd eg]/ dgfpg] u5{g\ . o;
u5{g\ . sltko wdf{jnDaLn] laxfg g'xfP/ eujtLsf] lbg jg t?n, 3/ t?n, ;v/v08, km"nt?n cflb
pkf;gf ug]{ / sltkon] eujtLsf] k|ltdf;fd' t]n, vfg] ul/G5 . cGo t?nsf] t'ngfdf jg t?n eg]
rfdn, ;Vv/ cflb r9fP/ cfkm"eGbf sfG5f] dflg;sf] ls/ftLx?sf] dGw'd;Fu hf]l8Psf] kfOG5 . cflbd
xftdf lbg] rng 5 . wfld{s dfGotfcg';f/ eujfg sfndf dg'ion] cGgjfnL gx'Fbf oxL jg t?n ;]jg
20
 lxdfn b[li6
u/L k|f0f /Iff u/]sf] eGg] lsj+bGtL /x]sf] kfOG5 .
laxfg rfF8} p7]/ g'xfOw'jfO{ u/]/ cfkm"n] g'xfPsf] wf/f /
cfkm"n] klg lgwf/df jg t?nsf] 6Lsf nufpg] ul/G5 .
kfFry/ / t]x|y'dsf] ;Ëd:yn tdf]/ gbLdf sSkm]Sjf
tªgfddf ljz]if pT;j cfof]hgf ul/G5 .
d'Gw'ddf jl0f{t cfVofgcg';f/ k|s[ltdf cfpg]
df};d -x]dGt Ct'_ kl/jt{g;Fu} gofF km"n km'Ng],
kfn'jf nfUg] ;+s]tsf] v'l;ofnLdf lnDa" ;d'bfon]
k/fk"j{sfnb]lv df3] ;+qmflGtsf] lbgnfO{ sSkm]Sjf
tªgfdsf ¿kdf dgfpFb} cfPsf] lj1x¿ atfpF5g\ .
ls/ft ;+jtsf] jif{ kl/jt{g df3] ;+qmflGtaf6} x'g]
ePsfn] o;nfO{ gofF jif{sf] klxnf] lbgsf] klg dfGg
yflnPsf] 5 .
;'b"/klZrddf r]nL Tof/
;'b"/klZrdsf kxf8L ;d'bfon] df3 dlxgfdf
r]nLa]6L -5f]/L_ nfO{ sf]z]nL lbg] ub{5g\ . 8f]6L If]qdf
o; kj{nfO{ r]nL Tof/ -5f]/L ltxf/_ klg eGg] ul/G5 .
df3 dlxgfdf ljjflxt tyf cljjflxtnfO{ 5f]/LnfO{
t?n, ltnsf] n•', rfs' tyf l;bf bfg ugf{n] k"0o kfOg]
wfld{s dfGotf 5 . ljjflxt 5f]/LnfO{ dfOt af]nfO{ jf
pgs} 3/df uP/ xl/of] kftn] a]/]sf] kf]6nL -sf]z]nL_
lbOG5 . k'; dlxgfdf tLy{ hfg] / ;qmflGtsf] lbg -df3
! ut]_ ljxfg} p7L glhs} /x]sf kljq gbL, tfnx? /
Tof] klg geP 3/}df :gfg u/L kljq tLy{:ynx?df
k"hf–cr{gf;d]t ug]{ ul/G5 . ;'b"/klZrdsf kxf8L
lhNnf 8f]6L, 88]Nw'/f nfuotsf lhNnfdf of] k|rng
/x]sf] 5 .
rlr{t df3] ;ª\qmflGt d]nf ¿¿ If]q l/8Ldf tLg
lbg;Dd nfU5 . w]/} eQmhgsf] pkl:ylt /xg] pQm d]nf
h]7L, dfOnL / sfG5L ;ª\qmflGtsf ¿kdf tLg lbg nfUg]
u/]sf] xf] . d]nfsf] klxnf] lbg laxfg}b]lv sfnLu08sL
gbLdf :gfg u/L Ålifs]z dlGb/df k"hfcr{gf ug]{sf]
3'Or
F f] nfU5 . o:t} b]ze/Lsf ljleGg gbL, tfn cflbdf
:gfg / glhs}sf] b]jfno÷tLy{df k"hf–cr{gf ub}{ …Pstf
/ ;b\efjsf of] kj{ dgfpg] ul/G5 .
-n]vs hghflt sNof0f cf>d g]kfnsf /fli6«o
;+u7g ;lrj x'g'x'G5_
21
afn k[i7
syf– sd{sf] kmn
Ps lbg Ps /fhfn] cfˆgf tLg dGqLx?nfO{
b/af/df af]nfP / eg], ætkfO{Fx¿nfO{ Ps–Psj6f
emf]nf lbOg]5 . Tof] lnP/ au}Frfdf hfg'xf];\ /
ToxfFaf6 /fd|f]–/fd|f] kmn hDdf u/]/ Nofpg'xf];\ .Æ
cfb]z lyof] . tL tLg} dGqL a]Unf–a]Un} au}+rfdf
uP .
Pp6f dGqLn] ;f]Rof] sL /fhfsf] nflu /fd|f]–/fd|f]
kmn hDdf u5{' h'g /fhfnfO{ dg k/f];\ . o:tf]
ljrf/ u/]/ p;n] 5fgL–5fgL /fd|f kmnn] cfˆgf]
emf]nf e¥of] .
bf]>f] dGqLn] ;f]Rof]– /fhfn] cflv/ Tof] kmn vfg]
xf]Og, w]/} d]x]gt lsg ug{' . clg p;n] /fd|f]–g/fd|f]
h:tf];'s} kmn xfn]/ km6fkm6 cfˆgf] emf]nf eg{
yfNof] .
t]>f] dGqLn] ;do lsg v]/ kmfNg', /fhfn] xfdLn]
e/]sf] y}nf] x]g]{ t xf]Ogg\ . eg]/ emf/–kftn] cfˆgf]
emf]nf e¥of] . To;kl5 tL dGqLx? /fhfnfO{ e]6\g
b/af/df uP . b/af/df /fhfn] s;n] s:tf] kmn
NofPsf] 5 eg]/ x]bf{ klg gx]/L cfˆgf ;}lgsx¿nfO{
cfb]z lbP– æoL tLg} dGqLx¿nfO{ tLg dlxgfsf]
nflu h]ndf aGb u/ Û logLx¿nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf]
vfg] s'/f glbg' h]ndf ÛÛÆ
tLg} hgf dGqL 5Ss k/] . /fhfsf] cfb]z lyof] .
pgLx¿nfO{ h]ndf xflnof] . ToxfF pgLx¿;Fu cf–
cfˆgf] emf]nfdf e/]sf] afx]s c¿ s]xL
lyPg . pgLx¿nfO{ ef]hg–kfgL glbg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] lyof] . h'g dGqLn] /fd|f]–/fd|f] kmn 5fg]/
/fv]sf] lyof], p;n] ToxL kmn vfP/ ;do cf/fd;Fu
latfof] . h'g dGqLn] nfk/jfxL u/]/ kmn 5fg]sf]
lyof], p;n] s]xL lbg t cf/fdn] vfFb} a:of], t/
kl5 ;8Þ]–un]sf] kmn vfgfn] la/dL eP/ w]/} ufx|f]
eof] . h'g dGqLn] clt g} nfk/jfxLn] kmnsf ;f6f]
emf/–kftn] cfkm\gf] emf]nf e/]sf] lyof], pm ef]sn]
h]nd} dg]{ l:yltdf k'Uof] .
ca ljrf/ u/f}F, xfdLnfO{ ;do lbFbf s:tf] sd{ ug'{
plrt x'G5 < lsgls k/LIff t cjZo x'G5 .
 ljrf/÷lrGtg
o'jf, ;+:s[lt / :jfdL ljj]sfgGb
– ljho ld>
o'jf zlQm b]z / ;dfhsf] d]?b08 xf] . o'jf
b]zsf jt{dfg x'g\ eg] o'jf g} e"tsfn / eljio
hf]8\g] ;]t' klg x'g\ . o'jf b]z, ;dfh / ;+:s[ltn]
bzf{pg] hLjg d"Nox¿sf hLjGt k|tLs klg x'g\ .
o'jf uxg pmhf{ / pRr dxTjsf+Iffx¿n] el/Psf
x'G5g\ . tL :jlKgn x'G5g\ . cfFvfdf eljiosf]
OG›wg'ifL :jKg ;hfPsf x'G5g\ . Pp6f ;kgf
x'G5 dgdf ls ;dfhnfO{ cem ;'Gb/, ;d[4 /
j}ejzfnL agfpg ;s"F . Tof] o'jf g} x'G5 h;n] b]z
/ ;dfhnfO{ gofF lzv/;Dd lnP/ hfg ;S5 . s'g}
klg /fi6«sf] lgdf{0fdf ;jf{lws of]ubfg o'jfx¿sf]
g} t x'g] ub{5 . s'g} klg b]zn] ljsf;sf] kydf
cu|;/ x'g] ;fdYo{ ta dfq /fVg ;S5, ha To;;Fu
:jlKgn / sd{7 o'jfsf] kmf}h xf];\ .
t/ b[Zo oxL g} dfq 5}g . cr]n s] b]lvFb}5
eg] o'jfdf gsf/fTdstfn] hGd lnO/x]sf] 5 .
pgLx¿df w}o{sf] cefj 5 . x/]s j:t', h;sf]
rfxgf u5{g\ o'jf, clt zL3| g} k|fKt ul/xfNg
22
lxdfn b[li6
pxfFsf] of] b[9 lgi7f lyof]– æd
t?0fx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{sf nflu g}
hlGdPsf] x"F . d logLx¿nfO{ b'b{dgLo
t/+ux¿ em}F rf/} lbzfdf k7fpg
rfxG5', h;n] pgLx¿ tn–tn
kfl/Psf / kbblntx¿sf] 9f]sf;Dd
;'v–;'ljwf, g}ltstf, wd{ / lzIffnfO{
k'¥ofpg ;s'g\ .Æ
rfxG5g\ . hLjgdf cl3 a9\gsf nflu sl7g
kl/>dsf] ;f6f] 5f]6f] j}slNks dfu{ -z6{s6_ vf]Hg
yfN5g\ . ef]u–ljnf; / cfw'lgstfsf] lemlnldnLn]
pgLx¿nfO{ k|efljt ug{ yfn]sf] 5 . pRr kb, wg–
;DklQ / P]Zjo{sf] hLjg pgLx¿sf] cfbz{ ag]sf]
5 . o;sf nflu pgLx¿ cfkm\gf]kg, cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt
/ b]z;Dd la;{g tof/ 5g\ -wd{kl/jt{g / knfog
pbfx/0f x'g\_ . hLjgdf ;d[l4sf] nIonfO{ k|fKt ug{
;s];Ddsf] k|of; t u5{g\ t/ ha c;kmn x'G5g\,
clg pgLx¿df lg/fzf;Fu} l/;, cfj]u, emsf]{kgf /
 lxdfn b[li6
lbSs dfGg] cj:yf cfpF5 . slxn] t tL dfgl;s lyof] . pxfFsf] of] b[9Þ lgi7f lyof]– æd t?0fx¿nfO{
tgfjsf] lzsf/ klg aGg hfG5g\ . cj;fbn] u|:t ;+ul7t ug{sf nflu g} hlGdPsf] x"F . d logLx¿nfO{
o'jf g t cfkm\gf] lxtdf s]xL ug{ ;S5, g ;dfh b'b{dgLo t/+ux¿ em}F rf/} lbzfdf k7fpg rfxG5',
/ /fi6«sf nflu g} . h;n] pgLx¿ tn–tn kfl/Psf / kbblntx¿sf]
o'jf zlQm xf] . o; pT;fx / pmhf{n] kl/k"0f{ 9f]sf;Dd ;'v–;'ljwf, g}ltstf, wd{ / lzIffnfO{
zlQmnfO{ olb ;b'kof]u ug'{ 5 eg], pgLx¿sf] k'¥ofpg ;s'g\ .Æ
gsf/fTdstfnfO{ ;sf/fTdstfdf kl/jlt{t ug'{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]g]{ xf] eg] ljZjdfem
k5{ . ha Pp6f ;sf/fTds pmhf{n] el/Psf] o'jfsf] g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] jL/ uf]/vf, lgle{s / :jfledfgL
sNkgf ul/G5 h;n] JolQmTj ljsf;sf ;y} ;dfh eGg] h'g 5lj lyof], Tof] Oltxf; eO;s]sf] 5 .
/ ;+:s[ltsf] pTyfgsf nflu klg cfXjfg u/]sf] g]kfnLx¿n] cfkm\gf] …:jÚ cyf{t\ cfkm\gf]kg, cfkm\gf]
5, hf] jt{dfg o'jf k':tfsf lglDt k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltnfO{ ltnf~hln lbO;s]sf 5g\ .
aGg ;s]sf] 5, ta cfFvfdf emNemnL eP/ cfpF5 o;y{ pgLx¿nfO{ k|nf]egdf kfg{ ;xh} ;lsG5 eGg]
Pp6f ;fy{s tl:j/ :jfdL ljj]sfgGbsf] . xf], :jfdL efj …j}lZjsÚ eO;s]sf] 5 . k/tGqtf geg] s] eGg'
ljj]sfgGbaf6 g} lng ;S5f}F xfdL o'jfx¿n] k|]/0ff– o;nfO{ < wd{ / ;+:s[ltdf k|xf/ ugf{n] g} s'g} klg
cfkm" aGg] / b]z agfpg] . pxfF eGg' x'GYof] - "Be ;dfhdf ljv08g Nofpg ;lsG5 eGg] dfgl;stf
and Make" – ag / agfpm . k'/fgf ;fd|fHojfbLx¿df cem} klg /x]sf] 5 . ===/
:jfdL ljj]sfgGb cfw'lgs o'usf Ps dxfg o;df klg ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f, …o'jfzlQmÚ hf]
lrGts, bfz{lgs, o'jf ;GGof;L, o'jf k':tfsf nflu lzlIft 5, an;DkGg 5 p;nfO{ ljb]zdf tfGg ;s]
k|]/0ff;|f]t / Ps cfbz{ JolQmTjsf wgL x'g'x'GYof] . g]kfn Pp6f hh{/ j[4f>d / lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb|eGbf
ljj]sfgGb gfd g} x]/f}F, of] b'O{ zAbsf] d]naf6 ag]sf] a9L s]xL klg /xg] 5}g eGg] s'/f klg pgLx¿n]
5 . ljj]s±cfgGb . ljj]s ;+:s[t d"naf6 ag]sf] /fd|/L a'em]sf 5g\ . sbflrt\ pgLx¿s} k|of; xf]
zAb xf] h;sf] cy{ x'G5 a'l4sf] plrt–cg'lrt g]kfn o'jfsf nflu ;lhnf] / /jflkmnf] /f]huf/L lbg
5'6\ofpg] ;fdYo{ / cfgGbsf] zlAbs cy{ x'G5– g;Sg] d'n's ePsf] . pgLx¿s} lgb]{zdf g]kfnsf]
v';L . hLjgnfO{ cfgGbn] kl/k"0f{ agfpg' 5 eg] pRr lzlIft o'jf klg cd]l/sf, o"/f]k jf cGo
ljj]s–a'l4sf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg' k5{ eGg] ;fy{s d'n'sdf lgDg:t/sf] /f]huf/Ldf nfu]sf] 5 . :jb]zL
;Gb]z t pxfFsf] gfdn] g} lbFb} 5 . k|ltef ljb]zdf rlDsg' t /fd|} xf], t/ Tof] k|ltef
æp7, hfu / ta;Dd g/f]lsof} ha;Dd olb pt} cl8\sof] eg] :jb]z cFWof/f] /xG5 . …k|ltef
nIo k|fKt gxf];\Æ sf] ;Gb]z k|jflxt ug]{ ;dfh knfogÚ h;nfO{ c+u|]hLdf a|]g–8«]g -Brain-Drain_
;'wf/s o'uk'?if :jfdL ljj]sfgGbsf] hGd ds/ elgG5, klg Pp6f dxfdf/L g} ePsf] 5 . sfd
;ª\qmflGtsf] k'lgt lbgdf ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] hGd h:tf] ;'s} eP klg ;DdfggLo g} x'G5, t/ cfkm\gf]
To; sfnv08df ePsf] lyof] h'ga]nf lxGb" ;dfh b]z / ;+:s[ltsf] ;DdfgnfO{ g} wSsf k'Ug] u/L
/ ;+:s[ltnfO{ …k/flhtx¿sf] ;+:s[ltÚ elgGYof] . hgtfsf] s/n] kf]lift g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
pQ/fo0fsf] klxnf] lbg hlGdPsf oL dxfg\ JolQmn] pRr cxf]bfdf /x]sf] JolQm klg olb ljb]zL a}Fssf]
lxGb" ;+:s[ltnfO{ ljZjsf lglDt jGbgLo agfpg] ;]jfsf nflu hfg /x/ kfN5 eg] oxfF c? s;}n]
dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg' ePsf] lyof] . #( jif{ % dlxgf /f]k]sf] …s';+:sf/Úsf] nx/f gemfFluPsf] eGg ;lsGg .
@@ lbgsf] cNkcfo'df g} o:tf] k/fqmd b]vfpg' dfgj ;G;fwg g} Pp6f ljsl;t /fi6«sf] hu
eof] ls ;f/f ljZj :tlDet /Xof] . cfkm\gf] hLjg, xf] . Tof] hun] cfkm\gf] ;f+:s[lts h/f lal;{P, cfkm\gf}
k|]/0ff, ljrf/, ;flxTo tyf st{[Tjn] :jfdLhLn] d"Nojfg / j}1flgs wd{ / hLjg k4lt lal;{P s'g}
;w}F …o'jfzlQmÚnfO{ g} kl/eflift Pj+ k|]l/t ug'{ePsf] c?n] cfP/ To; hunfO{ ;d"n pvfNg slt klg
23

an rflxFb}g . o:t} ePsf] t xf]Og g]kfndf < b]z
agf];\ eGg] sfdgf t u5f}{F t/ cj;/ ldn] knfog
x'gaf6 klg klG5Ggf}F . clg s;/L gelTsof];\ t hu
/fi6«sf] < clg s;sf xftdf 5f]8\g] of] b]z < xfd|f]
/fli6«otfsf] hu, xfd|f] hLjg k4ltaf6 g} ljd'v
agfpg] vfsf t klZrdn] plxNo} sf]/]sf] /x]5 . xfdL
caf]w afns em}F, cr]t em}F lg/Gt/ To; vfsfn]
b]vfPsf] vf8ndf emb}{ uof}F . æ;du| ;dfhsf] ;]js
ag]/ k|To]s lxGb"n] cfkm\gf] pTyfg ug'{ k5{ / o;/L
g} ;dfhsf] pTyfgsf] sfo{ ul/g' k5{, s'g} ljb]zL
k|efjsf] ;xf/f glnOsg .Æ xfdLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg]
of] egfO ltg} of]4f ;GGof;Lsf] xf] .
cfkm\gf o'jf ;GGof;L ldqx¿nfO{ hfkfgaf6
n]Vg' ePsf] Pp6f kqdf :jfdL ljj]sfgGbn]
eGg'ePsf] lyof], æcfpm, dg'io ag . ckm\gf]
c+ws"kaf6 aflx/ lg:s . x]/, cGo b]z s;/L cl3
a9\b}5g\ .Æ xf] xfdLn] x]g{ cfjZos 5 ljsf; s;/L
ul/G5 eGg] s'/f . xfdLn] a'‰g h?/L 5 pGgltsf]
ky lgdf{0f ug]{ tl/sf . b'O{ k6s c0f'ad v;flnPsf]
hfkfg / ul/aaf6 ;d[4 aGg k'u]sf] blIf0f sf]l/of
ls+abGtL xf]Ogg\ .
:jfdL ljj]sfgGbsf] bz{g Pj+ pxfFsf] hLjg
o'jfx¿sf nflu k|]/0ffsf] d'xfg g} ag]sf] 5 .
pxfFsf] x'Fsf/ lyof], æd]/f] ljZjf; o'jf zlQmdfly
5 . logLx¿af6} o:tf sfo{stf{ lg:sg] 5g\, h;n]
cfkm\gf] k/fqmdåf/f ljZjnfO{ g} kl/jlt{t ug]{5g\ .Æ
kl/jt{g ug'{ 5}g xfdLn] ljZjnfO{ . kl/jt{g ug'{
5 t s]jn cfkm"nfO{ . oxL kl/jt{gn] ;dfhdf
klg ;sf/fTds k|jfx eg]{ 5, h;n] g]kfnnfO{ x]g]{
ljZjsf] b[li6sf]0fd} kl/jt{g cfpg]5 . xfdL ul/a
5}gf}F . ul/aL xfd|f] of]hgfsf/x¿sf] e|d xf] . xfdL
;DkGg 5f}F . xfdLn] ;G;fwgsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ hfGg'
k5{ . cfkm"nfO{ glrg];Dd csf{sf] tfndf gfRb} x'G5f}F .
cfkm"nfO{ lrg]/ zlQmzfnL aGg' xfd|f] cfkm\g} stJo
xf] . pxfF eGg'x'GYof] æd rfxG5' ls ltd|f] df+;k]lzx¿
9'ª\uf h:t} alnof xf]pg\ / ltd|f] lbdfudf lah'nL
h:t} rlDsg] ljrf/ cfpg\ .Æ :jfdL ljj]sfgGbn]
cfkm\gf] hLjg / ljrf/df cfw'lgstfnfO{ ;d'lrt
:yfg lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
ljj]sfgGb k'/ftgjfbL x'g'x'Gglyof] . pxfF
24
lxdfn b[li6
cfw'lgstfsf] kIfw/ x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] egfO 5,
æh'g k|frLg cWoflTds zlQm / ;+:s[ltsf] ltdL
uj{ ub{5f}, To;nfO{ cfkm"df km]l/ hufpm . xLgtfsf]
efjgfnfO{ Tofu / cfw'lgs ljZj;Fu, To;sf] 1fg–
lj1fg;Fu hf]l8Þof} .Æ pxfF o'jsx¿nfO{ cfXjfg ub}{
eGg'x'GYof], æltdLx¿ o'js em}F sfd u/ . ;dfhnfO{
hfu[t u/ . To;nfO{ cfTdzlQm b]pm . To;nfO{
cfw'lgs agfpm . ta dfq xfd|f] ;dfh :jtGq x'g]5
/ ;fdflhs Joj:yf klg ;'b[9 x'g]5 .Æ jf:tjdf
pxfF o'jf / ;+:s[ltnfO{ hf]8\g] s8L x'g'x'GYof] .
xfd|+f] e|dnfO{ lrg]{ pxfFsf] plQmnfO{ klg
xfdLn] cfTd;ft\ ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . pxfF eGg'x'G5–
æklZrdL ;+:s[lt cfw'lgs 5, xfd|f] 5}g eGg] Psy/L
wf/0ff 5, of] unt xf] . xfdL k'/ftg eP/ klg lgTo
gf}nf] 5f}F . o;sf] x]Ssf x'g'kb{5 o'jfx¿df .Æ
æh;nfO{ cfkm"df ljZjf; 5}g pm gfl:ts
xf] .Æ xfdLn] cfkm\gf] Ifdtfx¿sf] k/LIff g} gu/L
ltgnfO{ ;Lldt ul/lbPsf 5f}F . xfdL of] 7fg]/
lxF8\b} x'G5f}F ls xfdL olt dfq ug{ ;S5f}F, ha ls
xfd|f Ifdtfx¿ c;Ld 5g\ . olb o'jfn] cfF6 u/]
p;sf nflu s] c;Dej 5 < xfdL s]xL ;fwf/0f
JolQmx¿sf] c;fwf/0f pknlAwn] g} rlst x'G5f}F /
ltgsf] k|z+;f klg u5f}{F, t/ s] xfdL tLaf6 k|]/0ff
k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gf}F < xfdL leq of] cfTdljZjf; lsg
hfUb}g ls xfdL klg o:t} s]xL ug{ ;S5f}F eg]/ Û
===/ ;'b"/klZrdL /fi6« cd]l/sfsf] l;sfuf];Dd
k'u]/ xfd|} ;+:s[ltsf] ;+v 3f]if ug]{ pxfFsf] hLjg /
bz{g ef/tsf hgdfg;leq dfq ;Lldt lyof] eGg'
xfd|f] ;+s'lrt wf/0ff x'g]5 . olb ;dfhdf kl/jt{g
Nofpg' 5 eg] …åGånfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/ lsgeg]
Oltxf; åGåsf] k'g/fj[lQ dfq xf]Ú eGg] bz{gnfO{
;xh} :jLsf/]/ lxF8\g ;Sg] …e]8f]Ú aGg ;S5f}F eg]
lgdf{0ffTds, ;sf/fTds / ljj]so'Qm bz{gnfO{
cfTd;ft\ ub}{ dfgj aGg lsg tTk/ gx'g] < s] oL
ljrf/ xfd|} ;f+:s[\lts jfª\dosf dfgjLo efiffdf
cg'jfb xf]Ogg\, h;n] eg]sf] 5– æplQi7t, hfu|t,
k|fKo j/flGgaf]wt ÛÛÆ <
 lxdfn b[li6
lxGb" wd{ ljsf;jfbL 5
hd{gLsf] aln{gdf Pshgf Odfd;Fu d]/f]
s'/fsfgL x'Fbf lxGb" wd{af/] pgsf] gsf/fTds
l6Kk0fL lyof] . k|foM lxGb"wd{sf lj/f]wLx¿df lxGb"
wd{sf] …pbf/tf Pj+ ljzfntfÚ a'‰g ;Sg] Ifdtf
gx'gfsf sf/0f of] wd{df 7"nf] q'l6 b]Vy] . o; wd{sf
lj/f]wLx¿ …lxGb" wd{ Ps tdfzf xf]Ú eGb5g\ .
lsg < tL lj/f]wL eGb5g\— …hf] O{Zj/nfO{ dfGb}g,
Tof] klg lxGb" xf], hf] d"lt{k"hf u5{ pm klg lxGb" xf],
hf] d"lt{k"hf ub}{g pm klg lxGb" xf], hf] lkknsf] k"hf
u5{ pm klg lxGb" xf], hf] xfQLsf] h:tf] ;"F8 ePsf
u0f]zsf] k"hf u5{ Tof] klg lxGb" xf] .Ú tL lj/f]wLx¿sf]
cf/f]k 5— …lxGb" wd{ lvr8L h:tf] 5 . o;df s'g}
lglZrt l;4fGt 5}g, ;a} ljrf/sf dflg;x¿ o;
wd{df c6fpg ;Qm5g\ .Ú lxGb" wd{sf lj/f]wLx¿ oxL
;aeGbf 7"nf] bf]if o; wd{df b]Vb5g\ lsgeg] O;fO{
tyf d';ndfg dhxj -;Dk|bfo_;Fu afFlwPsf 5g\,
ltgLx¿df nlrnf]kg 5}g . To;}sf/0f ltgLx¿nfO{
lxGb" wd{df ePsf] pTs[i6 ljz]iftf vl6\sG5, oxL
ljz]iftf lxGb" wd{sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] q'l6—sdhf]/L
7fGb5g\ tL lj/f]wL zlQmx¿ .
k/Gt' jf:tljs s'/f t lxGb" wd{ ;fDk|bflos
5}g / of] wd{ c¿ h:tf] s]jn ;+u7gsf] nflu dfq
ag]sf] 5}g . of] wd{ t ;Tosf] vf]h, 1fgsf] j[l4 tyf
O{Zj/;Fu ;fIffTsf/ ug{sf nflu ljsl;t ePsf] xf] .
xh/t O;fd;Lxn] ha cfˆgf] b] z sf
dflg;x¿nfO{ /f]dg ;fd|fHo cGtu{t bf;tfdf 8'Ag}
nfu]sf] b]v]sf lyP, cg'ej ub}{ lyP ta Tolta]nf
pgn] cfˆgf dflg;sf] pTyfgsf nflu gjLg ;+u7g
lgdf{0f ug{ b[9 eP . o;} u/L xh/t d'xDdb ;flxan]
c/aLx¿sf] ;+u7g ug{sf] nflu s8f dhxjL lgod
agfP tyf Ps hah{:t kf]lnl6sn d]lzgsf] hu
lgdf{0f u/] . b'lgofel/sf ;a} dhxj cf–cfˆgf
;dosf qmflGtsf/Lx¿, ;'wf/sx¿, u'?x¿ tyf
dxfk'?ifx¿sf] kl/>dsf] kl/0ffd xf] . To;}n]
pgLx¿ gfdaf6} k|l;4 5g\ . vf;–vf; /fhgLlts
25
ljrf/÷lrGtg
– :jfdL ;Tob]j kl/j|fhs
Pj+ ;fdflhs kl/l:yltdf ltgLx¿sf] hGd ePsf]
lyof] . To;} sf/0f pgLx¿sf k|jt{sn] sl7g—s8f
lgodåf/f cfˆgf] lziox¿nfO{ afFlwlbP tfls pgLx¿
cfˆgf cfrfo{x¿sf ;fdflhs cyjf /fhgLlts
p2]Zo k"/f u¿g\ .
lxGb" wd{ o:tf] s'g} kl/l:yltdf pTkGg ePg .
of] dflg;sf] nfvf}+ jif{sf] cg'ejsf] kl/0ffd lyof] .
of] wd{ s'g} JolQm–ljz]ifdfly cjnlDat ePg, lge{/
/x]g, g s'g} k}uDa/sf] …ONxfdÚsf] df]xtfh /Xof] .
o;}sf/0f ;Dk|bfosf] s8f lgoddf afFlwPsfx¿
wd{sf] o; k|sf/sf] pbf/tf tyf ljzfntf a'‰g
;Qm}gg\ . ;To–1fgsf] vf]hL u/L hf] cgGt kydf
hfg rfxG5g\ tyf h;n] O{Zj/sf] cb\e"t /rgf
;DaGwdf 1fg ug{ rfxG5g\ , hfGg rfxG5g\
ltgLx¿n] ;Dk|bfo¿kL s8f lgod lsg agfpFy] / <
1fgsf] dfu{ aGb gxf];\ tyf k|To]s ;Toaf/] lh1f;'
lagf s'g} c8\rg cfˆgf] cg'ej¿kL 1fg ;+;f/nfO{
lbg ;lsof];\ egL pbf/ lgodnfO{ ckgfP/ cfˆgf]
ljsf; rfxG5g\ .
cToGt b'Mvsf] s'/f s] 5 eg] ;fdflhs /
/fhgLlts sfd ug]{x¿n] cfˆgf] :jfy{sf nflu O{Zj/
Pj+ 1fgsf] 7]Ssf lng cu|;/ ePsf 5g\ . hgtfsf]
cGwljZjf;sf] kmfObf p7fO{ tL 7]s]bf/x¿n] cfˆgf]
;+u7g ;'b[9 agfP klg ;To–1fg tyf O{Zj/bz{gsf]
9f]sf aGb ul/lbP . O;fO{ Pj+ d';ndfg s'g} gofF
1fg, O{Zj/;DaGwL s'g} gofF vf]h, ef}lts kbfy{x¿sf]
s'g} gofF rdTsf/ ;+;f/nfO{ lbg ;Qm}gg\ . tL s]jn
cfˆgf] …ONxfdLÚ k':tsx¿sf] k6s–k6s /6 nufpg
dfq ;S5g\ . h;/L lsnfdf afFlwPsf] hgfj/ To;}sf]
jl/kl/ 3'ld/xG5g\ To;}u/L ;fDk|bflos dflg;x¿
klg cfˆgf] …ONxfdLÚ lsnfdf afFlwPsf 5g\ / To;} u/L
;Lldt 3]/fdf 3'Db5g\ . logLx¿sf 7"nf df}nfgfx¿
gofF /f]zgLsf] d'tflas cfotx¿sf] cg'jfb ug]{
k|of; ub{5g\ t/ Joy{ Û lsgeg] logLx¿sf lj/f]wLx¿
hf] c/aLsf lbUuh x'g\ tL cfotx¿sf] leGb} cy{

ub{5g\ . kl/0ffd:j¿k emu8f lbglbg} al9/x]sf] 5 .
lxGb" wd{sf lj/f]wLx¿ ljleGg cf/f]k nufpF5g\ .
tL eG5g\ , lxGb" wd{df ljleGgtf 5, o; wd{nfO{
dfGg]x¿df Ps dt x'g ;Q}mg To;}n] ltgLx¿df
Pstf klg x'Fb}g . ;RrfO t Pp6} x'G5, km]l/ To;df
ljleGgtf s;/L <
o:tf k|Zgdf lxGb" wd{sf] pQ/ 5— h'g cgflb
;To 5 Tof] ljleGgtfdf JoQm eP klg Pp6} g}
5 . lsgeg] lxGb" wd{n] ljleGgtfdf Pstf :yflkt
u5{ . ljrf/ leGg–leGg eP klg To;df ;f}Gbo{ 5 .
Ps} k|sf/sf] km"n, Ps} k|sf/sf] kmn, au}+rf Tolt
zf]efodfg x'Fb}g hlt ljleGg k|sf/sf km"n–kmnn]
;lhPsf] au}+rf zf]efodfg x'G5 . slkn, s0ffb,
uf}td, kt~hln tyf Jof; pRr sf]l6sf lrGtgzLn
ljåfg\ lyP . tL dxlif{x¿sf ljrf/ klg cfk;df
leGg lyP . pxfFx¿n] s'g} ;+u7g agfpg' ePg,
s]jn ldlnh'nL 1fgsf] uf]i7L ub{y], cfˆgf] 1fg cem
;+:s[lt 1fg k|Zgf]Q/L
k'0o e"ld g]kfn
!= g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L s'g b]jtfsf] cfs[lt
aGg] ub{5g\ <
– e}/j
@ slno'usf] k|tLs dflgg] d"lt{ s'g xf] <
– lj¿kfIf
#= g]jf/ hfltsf dflg;x¿ uf];fOFs'08nfO{ s]
eGb5g\ <
– zLn'tLy{
$= sfns'6 ljif ;]jgkl5 To;sf] bfx d]6g\ eujfg\
lzj sxfF hfg'ePsf] lyof] <
– /;'jf lhNnfsf] uf];fOFs'08
%= cflbk|ofu eg]/ s'g tLy{:ynnfO{ lrlgG5 <
– b]j3f6 -xl/x/ If]q_
^= g]kfndf xfn;Dd pknAw clen]vx¿df k|of]u
ePsf lnlkx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] lnlk s'g
dflgG5 <
– a|fx\dL lnlk
26
lxdfn b[li6
kl/is[t ub{y], km}nfpFy] . lxGb" wd{sf] v'nf pb\3f]if
5 — cfˆgf] dl:tisnfO{ 1fg cg';Gwfgsf] lglDt ;bf
v'nf /fv, cfˆgf] leq k|sfz cfpg b]pm tyf cfˆgf]
;fdflhs lgod pNn‹g gu/L cfrf/–;+lxtfnfO{
s8f ¿kdf ckgfpm, ;'b9[ ;fdflhs Joj:yf :yfkgf
u/ . lxGb" wd{n] xfdLnfO{ oxL l;sfpF5, o;} x'g'k5{ .
xfdLnfO{ O{Zj/sf] cgGt 1fgnfO{ s'g} k':tsdf aGb
ug]{ s'g} clwsf/ 5}g . lsgeg] o:tf] ug{' c;Dejsf
;fy} cJojxfl/s klg 5 . s'g} ljåfg\ cfrfo{n] n]vs ] f]
u|Gysf] cy{nfO{ ljs[t kf/L dgdfgL cy{ nufpgfn]
cGtMs/0f ckljq aGb5 / b'lift dg'iosf] rl/qsf]
c+u aGb5 .
lxGb" wd{dfly o:tf ljz]if0fnfO{ /fd|/L a'em]/
cfb/ ug{'k5{ / ;fDk|bflos ;ª\s'lrt ;Ldfdf gk/L
ljBfyL{ em}F ljgoL–efjn] ;bf 1fg–;~ro ug{'
a'l4dfgL x'g]5 .
&= z[ËL Clifsf] tkf]e"ld sxfF kb{5 <
– /];'Ëf, u'NdL lhNnf
*= j}hgfy dlGb/ sxfF kb{5 <
– ;fFkm]au/ gu/kflnsf, c5fd lhNnf
(= dxlif{ kfl0flgsf] tkf]e"ld sxfF kb{5 <
– k0f]gf -c3f{vfFrL_
!)= uh]Gb| df]Ifwfd sxfF cjl:yt 5 <
– gjnk/f;L, lqj]0fL
!!= slknj:t' lhNnfsf] gfd Pshgf Clifsf]
gfdaf6 /x]sf] ljZjf; 5, tL Clifsf] gfd s]
xf]<
– slkn d'lg
!@= dxlif{ Jof;sf] u'kmf tgx"Fsf] bdf}nLdf 5 eg]
dxlif{ jlzi7sf] cf>d g]kfnsf] sxfF kb{5 <
– tgx"Fsf] b]j3f6
 lxdfn b[li6

abt' ;+:s[td\
s;sf] nflu s'g j:t' lg/y{s x'G5 <
d'lg/fe/0f]g ls+ s/f]lt < ds{6f] gfl/s]n]g ls+ s/f]lt < sfsf] /Tgdfnof ls+ s/f]lt < jfg/L xf/jNnof
ls+ s/f]lt < jl0fs v8\u]g ls+ s/f]lt < lbuDa/M k6\6's"n]g ls+ s/f]lt < c;tL zLn]g ls+ s/f]lt < Jof3|f]
hLjbofof ls+ s/f]lt < tyf lgef{UohLjM ;b'kb]z]g ls+ s/f]lt <
d'lg cfe/0f]g ls+ s/f]lt < – d'lgnfO{ cfe/0fsf] s] sfd <
ds{6f] gfl/s]n]g ls+ s/f]lt < – afFb/nfO{ gl/jn s] sfd <
sfsf] /Tgdfnof ls+ s/f]lt < – sfunfO{ /Tgdfnf s] sfd <
jfg/L xf/jNnof ls+ s/f]lt < – afFbgL{nfO{ xf/ s] sfd <
jl0fs v8\u]g ls+ s/f]lt < – Jofkf/LnfO{ v8\u s] sfd <
lbuDa/M k6\6's"n]g ls+ s/f]lt < – lbuDa/nfO{ /];dL vf:6f] s] sfd <
c;tL zLn]g ls+ s/f]lt < – Joflerfl/0fLnfO{ zLn s] sfd <
Jof3|f] hLjbof ls+ s/f]lt < – af3nfO{ hLjbof s] sfd <
tyf lgef{UohLjM ;b'kb]z]g ls+ s/f]lt < tyf efUoxLg hLjnfO{ /fd|f pkb]z s] sfd <
kb kl/ro
k'lNnª\u zAb – d'lg, ds{6, gl/s]n, sfs, xf/, jl0fs, v8\u,
lbuDa/, Jof3|, hLj, ;b'kb]z .
:qLlnª\u zAb – dfnf, jfg/L, jNnL, c;tL, bof .
gk'+;slnª\u zAb – cfe/0f, k6\6s"n, zLn .
cJoo – lsd\ .
lqmof – s/f]lt .

:jfdL ljj]sfgGb eGg'x'G5– æa|Xdf08df h]hlt zlQmx¿ /x]sf 5g\ tL ;a} klxn]b]lv g} xfdLdf
ljBdfg zlQmx¿ x'g\ . xfdL cfˆg} xftn] cfˆgf cfFvf 5f]k]/ s:tf] cGwsf/ Û egL s/fpF5f}F .
xfdL cfkm" cfˆg} ljrf/sf pkh xf}+ . To;}n] ;w}+ c;n ljrf/dfq dgdf Nofpg] u/f}F . zAbx¿
eg]sf uf}0f x'g\ . ljrf/x¿ ;an x'G5g\ / 6f9f6f9f;Dd k'Ub5g\ . ha s'g} ljrf/n] xfdLdf
bx|f];Fu h/f uf8\b5 ToxL g} jf:tjdf xfd|f] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s cj:yfåf/f k|s6 x'gk'Ub5 .
xfdLn] h] /f]k]sf x'G5f}F, ToxL g} kmn k|fKt ub{5f}F . cfˆgf] efUosf] lgdf{tf xfdL cfkm}+ g} xf}F .
o;sf] bf]if cyjf >]o c¿ s;}nfO{ 5}g . ltdLn] cfkm"eGbf aflx/ uP/ s;}af6 ;xof]u kfpg
;Sb}gf} . ltdL g} ;+;f/sf] ;[li6stf{ xf} . /]zdsL/fn] em}+ ltdLn] klg cfkm" jl/kl/ tGt'x¿sf]
lgdf{0f u5f}{ . cfˆgf] tGt' cfkm}F r'F8fpm / ;'Gb/ k'tnL em}F Pp6f :jtGq cfTdfsf] ¿kdf k|s6
xf]pm . Tolt ePkl5 dfq ltdLdf ;Tosf] ;fIffTsf/ x'g]5 . ;ª\If]kdf eGg'kbf{ — o;sf] d"n
cfzo ltdL g} b]jTj xf} eGg] xf] . k|To]s dg'iosf] z/L/¿kL dlGb/df O{Zj/n] jf; ub{5g\ .Æ

27
;ef/÷kqklqsfaf6
wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg] lu/f]x km]l/ ;lqmo
s}nfnL . wgu9Ldf wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg] lu/f]x
km]l/ ;lqmo ePsf] 5 . O;fO{ wd{sf k|rf/sx¿ wd{
kl/jt{g u/fpg k|rf/ ;fdu|L;lxt 3/3/ k'lu/x]sf
5g\ . plgx¿n] cGo wd{ dfGg]x¿nfO{ laleGg k|nf]eg
b]vfP/ lqmlZrog wdf{anDaL aGg k|]l/t ul//x]sf
:yfgLo jfl;Gbfn] atfPsf 5g\ . wd{ k|rf/sx¿
3/3/df k|rf/ ;fdu|L ;lxt cfP/ wd{ kl/jt{gsf
nflu cfu|x ug]{ u/]sf] tf/fgu/sf k|sfz/fh e§n]
atfpg'eof] . cGo wd{sf v/fa s'/fx¿ af/] lel8of],
krf{ nufot ;fdu|L b]vfP/ lqml:rog aGg cfu|x
ug]{ u/]sf] pxfFn] atfpg'eof] . lqml:rog wd{sf
k|rf/sx¿n] wgu9Ldf cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf
au{nfO{ lgzfgf agfPsf 5g\ .
oxfFsf yf? blnt nufot lakGg a:tLdf k'u]/
lqml:rog ag] /sd kfO{g], ljleGg /f]ux¿ lgsf] x'g]
nufotsf cfZjf;g afF8/] wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg] sfo{
wd{ kl/jt{gn] NofPsf] ljs[lt
)^# sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf g]kfn wd{lg/k]If
/fHo 3f]lift ePkl5 clxn] ufpFufpFdf wd{ kl/jt{gsf]
nx/ rn]sf] 5 . ul/a, alxis[t / lk5l8Psf
;d'bfodf wd{ kl/jt{g w]/} x'g yfn]sf] 5 / o;sf]
k|d'v cfsif{0f cfly{s xf] . ;a} wdf{jnDaL :jtGq
x'g'kg]{ / cfcfˆgf] wd{cg';f/ cfr/0f ug{'kg]{ xf] t/
wd{ kl/jt{gsf sf/0f dw];L ;dfhdf ljs[lt / JofKt
5 . t/fO{–dw];df lxGb' wdf{jnDaL clwstd ;+Vofdf
lyP, t/ wd{ kl/jt{gn] ubf{ of] ;+Vof lbgfg'lbg 36\b}
uPsf] 5 . d7dlGb/df dflg; sd hfg yfn]sf 5g\ .
klxnf ci6ofd, Psfx / gjfx h:tf wfld{s cg'bfg
ufpFufpFdf x'g] uy],{ t/ cr]n of] ;a} nf]kf]Gd'v 5g\ .
k"hfkf7sf] k/Dk/f gf; x'g yfn]sf] 5. dflg; wdfwd
df+;fxf/L x'g yfn]sf 5g\ / alnk|yfsf] laulauL ;xh}
x]g{ ;lsG5 dw];L ;dfhdf. df;' / dlb/fsf] k|of]u
28
lxdfn b[li6
eO/x]sf] xf] . o;/L wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpb} lx8\gx] ¿nfO{
kqm]/ sf/jfxL ug{ :yfgLo jfl;Gbfn] dfu u/]sf
5g\ . wd{ k|rf/sx¿ v'n]ofd wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg
lxFl8/x]klg :yfgLo k|zf;gn] s;}nfO{ /f]s6f]s
gu/]sf] eGb} :yfgLon] u'gf;f] ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .
utjif{ tf/fgu/sf eQm/fh hf] z Lsf]
3/df k|x/Ln] 5fkf xfg]kl5 3/d} cgfyfno vf]n]/
afnafnLsfnfO{ lqml:rog agfO{/x]sf] / pgsf]
vftfdf lqm:rLog wd{ k|rf/sf nflu lab]zaf6 7"nf]
/sd cfpg] u/]sf] v'n]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 wgu9L
cf;kf;df hjh{:tL wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg] sfd s]xL
sd ePklg kl5Nnf s]xL lbgotf eg] of] qmd lgs}
a9]sf] 5 . g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fi6« eP klg k|nf]eg
lbP/ eg] s;}sf] wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg' b08gLo
ck/fw xf] .
;fef/ M uf]/vfkq, @)&$ k'; @(
Pj+ k|rng k|r'/ dfqfdf x'g yfn]sf] 5 . ;dfhdf
o;sf] g/fd|f] k|efj kg{ yfn]sf] 5. xTof / lx+;f
dfq xf]Og, ckx/0f, rGbfcft+s / anfTsf/sf 36gf
lbgfg'lbg a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
hgsk'/h:tf] wfld{s ;x/df j]Zofj[lQsf 36gf
x'g' b'Mvb xf] . wfld{s :ynsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jb{\wglt/
s;}sf] Wofg hfg g;s]s} sf/0f wfld{s lqmofsnfk
/ ultljlwdf x|f; cfpg yfn]sf] 5 . ufpFsf
d7dlGb/ klxnfklxnf ehgsLt{gsf] cf >o:yn
x'Gy], t/ oL wfld{s :yndf clxn] ;Ggf6f 5fPsf]
5 . laxfg–a]n'sL cf/tL, k|ft ;GWof k"hg ul/GYof],
t/ clxn] o:tf] s]xL 5}g .
;fef/ M -cGgk"0f{ kf]:6df –@)&$ k'; #) ut]
k|sflzt k|f= 8f= /fdbofn /fs]zsf] n]vaf6 p4[t_
 lxdfn b[li6
b]j3f6df ;DkGg eof] /fli6«o af}l4s k|d'v ju{
lx=b[= ;dfrf/bftfaf6
lrtjg . lxGb" :jo+;]js ;+3 g]kfnsf /fli6«o
af}l4s k|d'v ju{ lrtjgsf] b]j3f6df ;DkGg ePsf]
5.
tLg lbg] ju{sf] pb\3f6g ;+3sf dfggLo
;+3rfns x]dzdf{ cfrfo{n] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . klxnf]
;qdf ;+3sf /fli6«o k|rf/s j]b k|sfzHo"n] ;dfhsf
nflu cfjZos kg]{ k"0f{ JolQmTj lgdf{0fdf af}l4s
sfo{qmdsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /xg] atfpg' eof] . :j:y
Pj+ :ki6 ljrf/ Pj+ dgl:ylt ePdfq plrt /fi6«
lrGtg x'g] pxfFsf] egfO lyof] . Ps 306fsf] zfvfdf
x'g] af}l4s sfo{qmdsf nflu cfjZos ci6ljGb'af/]
klg pxfFn] rrf{ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
cfdfsf] dfof 5fqfjf;sf] jflif{s pT;j ;DkGg
lx=b[= ;dfrf/bftfaf6
sf7df8f}F . hghflt sNof0f cf>d g]kfnåf/f
;~rflnt cfdfsf] dfof 5fqfjf;sf] jflif{s pT;j
sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . sf7df8f}F ;Defuåf/f
cfof]hgf ul/Psf] Ps laz]if sfo{qmdsf ;fy aflifs{
pT;j dgfOPsf] lyof] .
sdnkf]v/Ll:yt cu|jfn ejgdf cfof]lht
sfo{qmddf ef/tsf] rlr{t wf/fjflxs 6]ln>[+vnf
dxfef/tdf o'lwli7/sf] e"ldsfdf lgjf{x u/]sf
snfsf/ tyf ef/tLo lkmNd ;+:yfgsf cWoIf uh]G›
rf}xfgn] afnaflnsfnfO{ hLjgdf cufl8 a9\gsf
nflu k|]/0ff lbg'eof] . pxfFn] ;fg} pd]/b]lvsf] ;+3if{n]
eljiodf dflg; ;kmn x'g] ljrf/ JoQm ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . pxfFn] g]kfn / ef/tdf ljleGg nf]e /
k|nf]egdf kf/]/ wd{ kl/jt{g ug]{ ;d"x ;lqmo /x]sf]
atfpFb} wd{ kl/jt{g ug{' dxfkfk ePsf] ts{ k|:t't
ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
;+:yfsf] kl/ro lbFb} hghflt sNof0f cf>d
g]kfnsf dxf;lrj k|]d y'n'ªn] hghflt ;dfhsf]
;jf{ËL0f ljsf;sf nflu sfo{/t sNof0f cf>dsf
ljljw cfofdx?dWo] cfdfsf] dfof 5fqfjf;
Pp6f cfofd /x] s f] atfpgeof] . ljz] i fu/L
hghflt ;dfhsf ljkGg, / cefjdf lk/f]lnPsf
29
;dfrf/÷ultljlw
ju{sf] Ps ;qdf /fi6«Lo :jo+;]js ;+3sf
k"jL{ pQ/ k|b]z If]qsf If]q af}l4s lzIf0f k|d'v
ldlyn] z gf/fo0fHo" n ] ci6ljGb' , oyf– rrf{ ,
cd[tjrg, af]wsyf, k|]/s k|;ª\u, ;dfrf/ ;ldIff,
af}l4s, hLjgL, cEof; Pj+ efjfy{nfO{ Wofg lbOg'
kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] . af}l4s sfo{qmdsf nflu
uLt–k'l:tsf, zfvf–k'l:tsf h:tf cfjZos d'lb|t
;fdu|Lsf] dxTjaf/] klg pxfFn] k|sfz kfg'{ eof] .
ju{ s f] ;dfkg ;qdf ;+ 3 sf ;x–/fli6« o
k|rf/s /]ljt s'df/sf] pb\af]wg /x]sf] lyof] .
ju{df b]ze/Laf6 ## hgf sfo{stf{sf] ;xeflutf
/x]sf] ;+3sf /fli6«o af}l4s k|d'v s]zj sf]O/fnfn]
atfpg'eof] .
afnaflnsfnfO{ cf>o / lgMz'Ns lzIffsf ;fy} cfˆgf]
;+:sf/ klg k|bfg ug]{, / j[xQ/ ;fdhsf] Ps cËsf
?kdf ljsl;t agfpg] k|s[ltsf sfo{qmd 5fqfjf;
dfkm{t\ x'g] u/]sf] pxfFn] atfpg'eof] . xfn b]zsf
ljleGg !) j6f lhNnfx?df cfdfsf] dfof 5fqfjf;
;~rfng eO/x]sf] tyf 5fqfjf;df @%) eGbf a9L
afnaflnsfn] cf>o lnO/x]sf] pxfFn] hgfpg' eof] .
hghfltsf] ;+:s[lt Pj+ k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0f ug]{
pb]Zon] ljkGg ju{sf, c;xfo tyf e"sDk k|efljt
afnaflnsfsf] nflu cfdfsf] dfof 5fqfjf; :yfkgf
ul/Psf] kz'klt lzIff k|rf/ k|;f/ ;ldltsf sf]iffWoIf
k|bLk uf]onn] sfo{qmddf hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . o;
k|sf/sf] ;]jfsf] sfo{nfO{ ;dy{ / ;DkGg ;dfhn]
cfjZostf cg';f/sf] ;fy–;xof]u lbg'kg]{df pxfFn]
hf]/ lbg' eof] .
pQm cj;/df 5fqfjf;sf ljBfyL{x¿n] ljleGg
;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdx? ;d]t k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
sfo{qmddf ljlzi6 cltly, k"j{ k|x/L dxflg/LIfs
„'jaxfb'/ k|wfgn] pTs[i6 ljBfyL{x?nfO{ dfofsf]
lrgf] k|bfg u/]sf lyP . sfo{qmd k+sh hfnfgsf]
pb\3f]if0fdf / :jftL cu|jfnsf] cWoIftfdf ;~rfng
ePsf] lyof] .
ultljlw ;dfrf/ lxdfn b[li6

/fli6«o hghflt ljBfyL{ ;Dd]ng

bfªdf ;DkGg
bfª . k|fl1s ljBfyL{ kl/ifb\, g]kfnnsf] cfof]hgfdf ;Dd]ngdf P;=kL= b'uf{ l;+xn] ljBfyL{x¿n] /fli6«o
k|yd /fli6«o hghflt ljBfyL{ ;Dd]ng eJo ¿kdf ;'/Iffdf ljgfabL{ k|x/L em}F dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng'
;DkGg ePsf] 5 . hghflt If]qsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] kg]{ / To;sf nflu o'jfx¿ ;Ifd, lzlIft / d]xgtL
g]t[Tj JolQmTj ljsf;sf] ;fy} plgx¿df ;du| x'g'kg]{ atfpg' ePsf] lyof] .
/fli6«o rl/qsf] lgdf{0f ug{] p2]Zon] pQm ;Dd]ng ;Dd]ngnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ gf} ;b:oLo ;~rfng
@)&$ kf}if @! / @@ ut] bfË lhNnfsf] 3f]/fxLdf ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . ;~rfng ;ldltsf
ePsf] xf] . k|d'v u'NdLaf6 anaxfb'/ cfn] du/, sfo{qmd
ljBfyL{ kl/ifbsf /fli6«o cWoIf 8f=/fdhL uf}tdaf6 k|d'v bfªaf6 tLy{/fh rf}w/L, ;x sfo{qmd k|d'v
pb\3f6g ePsf] ;Dd]ngnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ljBfyL{ tgx'Faf6 k|;Gg tfdfË, lgoGqs ;f]gL rf}w/L, ;x
kl/ifb\sf /fli6«o ;+u7g ;lrj gf/fo0fk|;fb 9sfnn] sfo{qmd k|dv ' l;Gw'nLaf6 ;+lutf >]i7, ;x lgoGqs
hghflt ljBfyL{ ;Dd]ng klxnf] k6s cfof]hgf uf]/vfaf6 s]zj u'¿Ë, bfËaf6 l/df nfdf, af/faf6
ul/Psf] / /fli6«otfnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ ul/Psf] Zofd nfdf / k|sfz a'9fyf]sLsf] ;xsfo{ /x]sf]
atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . o; b[li6n] ;Dd]ng P]ltxfl;s lyof] . tLg lbg;Dd ;~rfng ePsf] pQm ;Dd]ngsf]
ePsf] pxfFsf] egfO lyof] . Joj:yf k|d'vdf 3f]/fxL gu/ ;lrj /f]zg 3tL{
du/ /x]sf lyP sfo{qmddf ;dfh;]jL tyf yf¿
;Dd]ngsf] pb\3f6g ;df/f]xdf bfËsf k|d'v lhNnf
sNof0fsfl/0fL ;efsf ;efklt t]haxfb'/ rf}w/LnfO{
clwsf/L >L uh]Gb|axfb'/ >]i7, lhNnf k|x/L k|d'v
;Ddfg klg ul/Psf] lyof] .
>L b'uf{ l;+x, ljBfyL{ kl/ifb\sf /fli6«o dxf;lrj
/d]z s8]n, clvn ef/lto ljBfyL{ kl/ifb\sf /fli6«o sfo{qmdsf] ;dfkg ;qdf ljBfyL{ kl/ifb\sf /fli6«o
hghflt k|dv ' >L k|km'n cfsfGt nufotsf] pkl:ylt dxf;lrj /d] z s8] n n] !& ;b:oLo /fli6« o
/x]sf] lyof] . hghflt 6f]nLsf] 3f]if0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . 6f]nLdf
;lzsnf /fO{–wgs'6f, ;fu/ /fhj+zL–lj/f6gu/,
k|:tfljs ;qdf k|Wofks z/b zdf{n] b]ze/af6 Zofd tfdfË–af/f, ;ljgf tfdfË–jL/u~h, ;ljgf
cfPsf k|ltgLlwx¿nfO{ :jfut ug{' ePsf] lyof] . tfdfË–sf7df8f}F, ;+lutf >]i7–l;Gw'nL, 1flgdfof
b'O{ lbg;Dd ;~rfng ePsf] ;Dd]ngdf ljxfg ^ u'¿Ë–wflbË, s]zj u'¿Ë–uf]/vf, k|;Gg tfdfË–tgx',F
ah]bl] v /flt !) ah] ;Dd ljleGg zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s t]h]Gb| 3lt{du/–sf:sL, lj/fh d'lvof–c3f{vfFrL,
/ af}l4s ljsf;sf] ;fy} ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ anaxfb'/ cfn]du/–u'NdL, /f]zg 3lt{–bfË, tLy{/fh
;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . rf}w/L–bfË, ;f]g' rf}w/L–bfË, l/df nfdf–t'nl;k'/
sfo{qmddf g]kfnsf] hghfltsf] cj:yf ;d:of / bfË, 5]lhs tfdfË–h'Dnf /xg'ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L
;dfwfg ljifodf hghflt sNof0f cf>dsf /fli6«o hghflt ;d'bfoaf/] ljz]if cWoog u/L eljiodf
dxf;lrj k|]d y'n'Ë / 5fq ljrf/ klqsf ;Dkfbs cg';Gwfgd"ns k':ts k|sfzg u/L cfd gful/
df]xg >]i7n] ljifo /fVg' ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L s;dIf pgLx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"dL, ;+:s[lt
30
 lxdfn b[li6 ultljlw ;dfrf/

/ hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] k|b]z;M cWoog ug]{ P]ltxfl;s e"ldsf v]Ng] ljZjf; JoQm ug'{eof] .
of]hgfsf] klg 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ;Dd]ngdf hghflt ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;Dd]ngdf
;dfkg ;df/f]xnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{} ljBfyL{ kl/ifb\sf u}/ hghflt ljBfyL{x¿n] cflTdotf / efjgf;lxt
/fli6«o ;+u7g ;lrj gf/fo0f k|;fb 9sfnn] hghflt Joj:yfkgdf nfUg' ;DejtM g]kfnsf] Oltxf;d}
;Dd] n gn] g] k fnsf] hghflt g] k fnsf ;a} clj:d/0fLo If0f ePsf] pxfFn] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] .
hfthfltx¿df efjgfTds PstfnfO{ alnof] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;kmn agfpg :yfgLo 3f]/fxL af;L,
agfpg], hghfltx¿sf] cfTd;Dfg a9fpg], hghflt ljBfnox¿, Joj;foL, ;fdflhs JolQmTj, sd{rf/L,
;d'bfosf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;+:sfl/t / plgx¿nfO{ ;'/IffsdL{, kqsf/ ;a}sf] pNn]VogLo ;xof]u /x]sf]
cf/If0fsf] e/df x}g k|lt:kwf{df cufl8 cfpg ljBfyL{ kl/ifb\n] hgfPsf] 5 .

;Dks{ ljefusf] /fli6«o k|lzIf0fju{ ;DkGg

lx=b[= ;dfrf/bftfaf6
sf7df8f}F . lxGb" :jo+;]js ;+3, g]kfn ;Dks{
ljefusf] /fli6«o k|lzIf0fju{ k'; dlxgfsf] @!, @@ /
@# ut] ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . sf7df8f}Fsf] uf}/L3f6l:yt
s]zjwfddf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] ju{sf] k|yd ;qdf
lxGb" :jo+;]js ;+3 g]kfnsf dfggLo /fli6«o
;+3rfns x]dzdf{ cfrfo{, /fli6«o k|rf/s j]b k|sfz,
/fli6«o ;Dks{ k|dv ' /fh]z dNn Pj+ /fi6L«o :jo+;j] s
;+3 ef/tsf dfggLo If]q k|rf/s lzj gf/fo0fHo"n]
;+o'Qm ¿kdf bLk k|Hjng u/L pb\3f6g ug'{ eof]] .
tLglbg] k|lzIf0f ju{df pko{'Qm kbflwsf/L
;lxt ;x–/fli6«o k|rf/s /]ljt s'df/sf] k"/} ;do
;flgWo Pj+ dfu{bz{g k|fKt /x]sf] lyof] . k|lzIf0f
ju{df s'n !! j6f ;q ;~rfng ePsf lyP .
!% lhNnfaf6 @* ;+Vofsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf]
ju{sf] klxnf] ;qdf pb\3f6g dGtJo tyf ju{sf]
k|:tfjgf ;lxt ;+3sf] p2]Zo / kl/ro x]dzdf{
cfrfo{n] /fVg' ePsf] lyof] . ;+3sf] sfo{k4lt tyf
;Dks{ ljefusf] p2]Zo / sfo{sf] hfgsf/L Pj+ rrf{
/fi6«Lo :jo+;]js ;+3 ef/tsf dfggLo If]q k|rf/s
lzj gf/fo0fn] rnfpg' ePsf] lyof] . ;+3sf] /Llt–
gLlt / k/Dk/fsf] hfgsf/L lxGb" :jo+;]js ;+3sf
/fli6«o k|rf/s j]b k|sfzn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] eg] ;3+
sfo{åf/f x'g] ÷ cfpg] kl/0ffdsf] ljifosf] rrf{ ;+3sf
;x–/fli6«o k|rf/s /]ljt s'df/n] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
;Dks{ ;"lr / j[Q ljj/0fsf] hfgsf/L lng'sf
;fy} d'Vo dfu{ ;Dks{, ;j]{If0f, rolgt÷ k|d'v s]Gb|,
>]0fL;x a}7s ljz]if JolQm Pj+ ;+:yf;+u ;Dks{ cflb
pQm ljifox¿sf] rrf{ b'O{ ;qdf /fli6«o ;x–;Dks{
k|d'v bLks s'df/n] rnfpg' ePsf] lyof] . o;sf
;fy;fy} k|lzIf0fsf] dxTj, ;Dks{sf] tl/sf / If]q
cflb ljifosf] rrf{ /fli6«o ;Dks{ k|dv' /fh]z dNnn]
rnfpg' ePsf] lyof] . ju{sf] Pp6f ;qdf ;Defu;x
a}7s klg ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . ;+3sf cfufdL
sfo{qmdx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbg'sf ;fy} k|lzIf0f ju{df
p7fg ul/Psf s]xL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ;lxt
rrf{ j]b k|sfzhL / bLks s'df/hLn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf
;~rfng ug'{eof] .
pQm tLg lbg] /fli6«o k|lzIf0f ju{sf] ;dfkg
;qdf dfggLo /fli6«o ;+3rfns x]dzfdf{ cfrfo{Ho"n]
s]xL sfo{stf{x¿sf] bfloTj 3f]if0ff u/] kZrft\
;dfkg af}l4s /]ljt s'df/hLn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
;dfkg ;qdf lkmNd P08 6]lnljhg O{lG:6Ro'6 ckm
Ol08of, k"0f]sf cWoIf, jl/i7 snfsf/ uh]Gb|
rf}xfgsf] klg ul/dfdo pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

31
 lxdfn b[li6

32