Oct/nov 2018 (23)

1 (a) Aphids are small insects which feed directly on phloem sap.
The salivary glands of aphids have secretory cells that make and release a variety of proteins
that assist in feeding.
Fig. 1.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a small area of a salivary gland cell of an
aphid.

Fig. 1.1

Describe the role of Golgi bodies in secretory cells, such as the salivary gland cells of aphids.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) (i) Explain why secretory cells have large numbers of mitochondria.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Mitochondria are partly controlled by the nucleus, but can also function independently.
Suggest the features of mitochondria that allow them to function independently of the
nucleus.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Aphids are important vectors of plant viral diseases.

(i) Describe the structure of a typical virus.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Suggest how viruses are able to pass from one plant cell to the next without crossing
membranes.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 11]

Oct/nov 2017 (23)

1 Fig. 1.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a part of an animal cell.

Fig. 1.1
(a) Calculate the actual width of the organelle labelled A, as shown by line X–Y.
State the formula that you will use and show your working.
Give your answer in μm and to one decimal place.

............................. μm [3]
(b) (i) Name the organelle A and state its role in cells.

name .................................................................................................................................

role ....................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Name the cell structure labelled B and state one reason for your answer.
name .................................................................................................................................

reason ...............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 7]

Oct/nov 2017 (21)

5 Fig. 5.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of part of a cell.

Fig. 5.1

(a) (i) Name the organelle labelled X.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Put a tick (3) in the box beside the type, or types, of cell that contain this organelle.

[1]
(b) Use the scale bar to calculate the magnification of Fig. 5.1.
Write down the formula and use it to make your calculation. Show your working.
 magnification x ......................[3]

(c) The organelle in Fig. 5.1 is made from structures surrounded by a single membrane.
Name two organelles that are surrounded by double membranes.

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

Oct/ nov 2016 (22)

1 Match the description for each of statements A to E to a correct cell structure.

A Double membrane-bound organelle, absent in animal cells, that produces ATP.

...................................................................................................................................................

B Partially permeable membrane surrounding the large permanent vacuole of plant cells.

...................................................................................................................................................

C Formed from microtubules during mitosis.

...................................................................................................................................................

D Has peptidoglycan as one of its major components.

...................................................................................................................................................
E Site of assembly of 80S ribosomes.

...................................................................................................................................................
[5]
[Total: 5]

Oct/nov 2016 (21)

1 Fig. 1.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of part of an animal cell.

(a) Name the structures A, B and C.

A ................................................................................................................................................

B ................................................................................................................................................

C ............................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Name one structure, visible in Fig. 1.1, that would also be present in a prokaryotic cell.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Cells such as that in Fig. 1.1 can divide by mitosis.

Describe the role of centrioles in mitosis.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(d) Sodium ions cross cell surface membranes using facilitated diffusion or active transport.
Explain why sodium ions cross cell surface membranes by these mechanisms and not by
simple diffusion.

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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................

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...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 9]

Oct/nov 2015 (21)

1 Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of a mitochondrion.

Fig. 1.1
(a) State the function of mitochondria.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Name structure A.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Calculate the magnification of the image in Fig. 1.1.

Show your working.
magnification × ........................................................... [2]

(d) Explain why the light microscope could not be used to produce the image in Fig. 1.1.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) Scientists think that mitochondria were once prokaryotes. The evidence for this is that
mitochondria have features in common with prokaryotes.
State two features that mitochondria have in common with prokaryotes.

1. ..............................................................................................................................................

2. ..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]

Oct/nov 2015 (22)

1 A student compared an image of a plant cell with an image of an animal cell. Both images
were at the same magnification.
Parts (a) to (c) are four correct comparative statements about these images.
(a) Both cells contain large numbers of an organelle, bound by a double membrane. The inner
membrane of these organelles is folded. These organelles all have a similar structure but do
not always appear to have the same shape.
(i) State the name of the organelles described.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest one reason why the organelles described do not always seem to have the same
shape.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Both cells contain cell structures that are approximately 25 nm in diameter and are not bound
by a membrane.
(i) State the name of the cell structures described.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw a circle around the measurement that has the same value as 25 nm.

[1]

(c) There are strands of cytoplasm passing through channels in the cell wall of the plant cell.
These are not visible in the animal cell.
(i) State the name of the cell structures described.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain one advantage to the plant cell of having these structures.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Fig. 1.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of part of an epithelial cell from the small
intestine of a mammal.
Fig. 1.1
Name the cell structures labelled X in Fig. 1.1 and state their function.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]

Oct/nov 2013(21)

4 Cholesterol is synthesised in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in liver cells by a

series of enzyme-catalysed reactions.
Within the SER, molecules of cholesterol and triglycerides are surrounded by proteins and
phospholipids to form lipoproteins. These lipoprotein particles enter the Golgi apparatus
where they are packaged into vesicles and pass to the blood.
Fig. 4.1 is an electron micrograph of part of a liver cell showing lipoprotein particles within
the Golgi apparatus.
(a) Name structure T in Fig. 4.1 and state its role in liver cells.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) (i) Suggest why cholesterol is packaged into lipoproteins before release from liver
cells into the blood.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Explain why cells of the body need to be supplied with cholesterol.
.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Cholesterol is also packaged into vesicles by the SER and then secreted from the cell
into small fluid-filled spaces between the liver cells. These spaces form ducts that drain
into the gall bladder to form bile.
Suggest how cholesterol is secreted into ducts, such as the duct in Fig. 4.1.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) State one function of the Golgi apparatus other than the packaging of substances into
vesicles for transport.

.........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]

Oct/nov.2013 (22)
4 Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that is the cause of many different infectious diseases.
(a) Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of S. aureus.
(i) Cell structures, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula (ER), Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes and chloroplasts are found only in eukaryotic cells. These are not
present in Fig. 4.1.
With reference to Fig. 4.1, describe other features that support the fact that
S. aureus is a prokaryote.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) State the main difference in the composition of the plant cell wall compared to the
bacterial cell wall.

plant cell wall ............................................................................................................

bacterial cell wall .................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Bacterial cells behave in a similar way to plant cells when immersed in solutions of
different water potential.
Suggest and explain what would happen to bacteria placed in a solution with a water
potential more negative than their cell contents.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) Some strains of S. aureus have become resistant to one or more of the antibiotics used
to treat infections.
The mechanisms of antibiotic resistance involve proteins, for example:
• enzymes to breakdown antibiotics
• membrane proteins that inactivate antibiotics
• membrane proteins that pump out antibiotics.
Explain why antibiotic resistance arises as a result of mutation.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]

Oct/nov 2012 (21)

1 Fig. 1.1 is a drawing made from an electron micrograph of a mammalian liver cell.
(a) Complete the table by naming the structures B to G and stating one function of each.
The first one (A) has been completed for you.
 [6]

(b) As shown in Fig. 1.1, liver cells contain many storage granules of glycogen.
Describe the molecular structure of glycogen and explain how this structure makes it
suitable for storage.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 10]

Oct/nov.2012 (22)
1 Fig. 1.1 is a labelled diagram of a leaf palisade mesophyll cell, as seen with a high quality
light microscope.
Fig. 1.1
An electron micrograph of the same leaf mesophyll cell at the same magnification would
show more detail than is shown in Fig. 1.1.
(a) Explain why, at the same magnification, an electron micrograph is able to provide more
detail than a light micrograph.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Describe three additional features that could be seen on an electron micrograph of the
leaf mesophyll cell that are not seen in Fig. 1.1.

1. .....................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

2. .....................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

3. .....................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [3]
 (c) The length of the labelled chloroplast in Fig. 1.1 is 5.0 m. Calculate the magnification of
the cell shown in Fig. 1.1.
Show your working.

magnification × ................................................. [2]

(d) In Fig. 1.1, starch granules are visible within the chloroplasts. Starch is the most common
storage compound of plants. It is composed of amylopectin and amylose.
(i) Describe the structural differences between amylopectin and amylose.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) State one role of magnesium ions within chloroplasts.

.................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 10]

Oct/nov 2012 (23)

1 Fig. 1.1 shows electron micrographs of some eukaryotic cell organelles.
For each of the organelles A, B, C and D, shown in Fig. 1.1, state the name and function of
each.

A name ..................................................................................................................................

function ................................................................................................................................

B name ..................................................................................................................................

function ................................................................................................................................

C name ..................................................................................................................................

function ................................................................................................................................

D name ..................................................................................................................................

function ............................................................................................................................. [8]

[Total: 8]

Oct/nov 2011 (23)

Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of three cells of the same species of bacterium,
Erwinia carotovora.

(a) Calculate the magnification of the electron micrograph in Fig. 1.1.

Show your working and give your answer to the nearest 10 000.

magnification × ................................................. [2]

(b) Name three structures, present in animal cells, which are not present in the cells shown
in Fig. 1.1.

1. .....................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

2. .....................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

3. .....................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) E. carotovora is a rod-shaped bacterium.
Explain why two of the bacterial cells in Fig. 1.1 do not appear rod-shaped.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) E. carotovora causes a disease in carrot and potato plants.

The bacteria release an enzyme called pectinase which hydrolyses the polysaccharide
pectin. Pectin helps plant cells to attach to each other.
(i) Name the type of chemical bond which will be hydrolysed by pectinase.

............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Suggest what effect this disease will have on vegetables, such as carrots and
potatoes.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]

Oct/nov 2009 (22)

Candida albicans is a yeast-like fungus that lives in human lungs. It is the causative agent of
one of the opportunistic infections that may develop during AIDS.
C. albicans is eukaryotic. Fig. 5.1 shows its structure.
(a) (i) Name H to L.

H ...............................................................................................................................

J ...............................................................................................................................

K ...............................................................................................................................

L ........................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) State two ways in which the structure of a prokaryotic cell differs from that shown
in Fig. 5.1.

1 ...............................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) C. albicans uses a transport protein, TMP1, to absorb sugar molecules from the inside
of the mouth. TMP1 is encoded by a gene within the nucleus and is produced when
sugars are present in the surroundings.
Explain how the structures within the cell shown in Fig. 5.1, are involved with the
production of functioning TMP1.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 10]

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May/June 2018 (22)

1. 1 Fig. 1.1 is a drawing of a photomicrograph of a spongy mesophyll cell from a leaf.

Fig. 1.1
(a) On Fig. 1.1, add a label line and the correct letter for each of the three cell structures listed.
• nucleolus = N
• tonoplast = T
• chloroplast = C
[3]

(b) The drawing in Fig. 1.1 is 2000 times larger than the actual size of the cell.
Describe the steps you would follow to determine the actual diameter of the cell in
micrometres (μm), at X —Y.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) The drawing in Fig. 1.1 was made using the high power objective lens of a light microscope.
Some of the structures in Fig. 1.1 confirm that the cell is eukaryotic.
An electron micrograph of the same cell would reveal additional cell structures that are found
in eukaryotes and not in prokaryotes.
List two examples of these additional cell structures.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) Some of the water that moves out of the xylem within the leaves takes an apoplastic
pathway
to the spongy mesophyll cells. There is a film of water on the external surfaces of these cells.
This allows the intercellular air spaces to become saturated with water vapour.

(i) State, in terms of water movement from the xylem to the spongy mesophyll cells in the
leaf, what is meant by the apoplastic pathway.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Outline the properties of water that contribute to the apoplastic movement of water to the
spongy mesophyll cells and to the movement of water into the intercellular air spaces.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(iii) Describe what happens to the water vapour in the intercellular air spaces during the day
and explain why this happens.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 15]

May/june 2018 (21)

1. 1 Fig. 1.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a cell from the root of thale cress,
Arabidopsis thaliana.
 Fig. 1.1

(a) (i) The structures labelled A and B on Fig. 1.1 are sections of two mitochondria.
Suggest why A and B are different shapes.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) The structure labelled D on Fig. 1.1 is a mitochondrion about to divide.

Explain the importance of the division of mitochondria for the cell shown in Fig. 1.1 and
for cells in the root tips of thale cress.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Within a cell, substances move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The area labelled C
in Fig. 1.1 shows an area where this communication occurs.
Make a large, labelled drawing of area C to show where this communication occurs.
 [2]

(c) Outline the functions of the nucleus in non-dividing cells, such as the cell in Fig. 1.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 9]

May/June 2017 (23)

2. Fig. 2.1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a cell from a leaf.

(a) Use the scale bar to calculate the magnification of the image in Fig. 2.1.
Write down the formula that you will use and show your working.

magnification × .........................................................[3]

(b) Name structure X and state one function of this structure.

name .........................................................................................................................................
function .....................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Name two structures, visible in the cell in Fig. 2.1, that contain DNA.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................................................[2]

(d) Plant cells can be infected with viruses.

Fig. 2.2 shows the key features of a plant virus.
 Fig. 2.2
Identify the structures labelled A and B in Fig. 2.2.
A ...............................................................................................................................................
B ...........................................................................................................................................[2]

May/june 2017 (21)

1. 1 (a) Each of the statements A to D describes a structure found in eukaryotic cells.

Identify the structure that is described in each statement.
A An organelle that contains 70S ribosomes.
...........................................................................................................................................
B A thread-like structure composed of DNA and histone proteins.
...........................................................................................................................................
C The organelle that modifies and packages proteins for secretion.
...........................................................................................................................................
D The structure that synthesises rRNA and combines it with proteins.
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) Prokaryotes and plant cells have cell walls.
Outline the composition of the cell wall of a prokaryote and the composition of the cell wall of
a plant cell to show how they differ.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 6]

May/june 2015 (23)

5 Fig. 5.1 is a light micrograph of some unicellular photosynthetic organisms called Chlamydomonas.
Fig. 5.1

(a) Chlamydomonas moves through water. Explain why the light microscope rather than the electron
microscope is used to observe the movement of Chlamydomonas.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Chlamydomonas live in water and obtain minerals, such as magnesium ions, from the water.

(i) State one role of magnesium ions in photosynthetic organisms.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State two properties of water which make it possible for organisms such as Chlamydomonas to live in
water.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Explain why multicellular organisms require transport systems while unicellular organisms, such as
Chlamydomonas, do not.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

(d) Some plants, such as the banana plant, Musa acuminata, produce fruit. The banana fruit has a high
content of carbohydrate. Describe how sugars are transported in phloem sieve tubes from source to sink
in plants such as M. acuminata.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[5]

[Total: 14]

May/june 2014 (21)

1 Vibrio cholerae is a prokaryotic organism. Fig. 1.1 shows the structure of a cell of V. cholerae.

Fig. 1.1

(a) Calculate the magnification of Fig. 1.1.

Show your working and give your answer to the nearest whole number.

magnification × ..................... [2]

(b) Locate the structures in Fig. 1.1 that apply to each of the features shown in Table 1.1. Complete
Table 1.1 by writing the appropriate letter and the name of the structure. You must only give one letter
in each case. You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all. The first answer has been
completed for you.

Table 1.1

[4]

(c) State three structural features that are present in a mesophyll cell in a leaf that are not present in a
prokaryotic cell such as that of V. cholerae.

1. .............................................................................................................................................

2. .............................................................................................................................................

3. .............................................................................................................................................

[3]

(d) Describe how V. cholerae is transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person.

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) It is important to know how pathogens are transmitted in order to develop effective control
methods.
Explain how this knowledge is used to control the spread of V. cholerae in the human population.

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 14]

may/june 2013…23

1 Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of a transverse section of palisade mesophyll tissue in the
leaf of the flowering plant, Zinnia elegans.
Fig. 1.1

(a) Name the features labelled A, B and C.

A .....................................................................................................................................

B .....................................................................................................................................

C .....................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) Calculate the width of the vacuole across the line X-Y.
Show your working and give your answer to the nearest micrometre (m).

answer .......................................... m [2]

May/june 2012….21

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a drawing made from an electron micrograph of two adjacent cells in a leaf.

(a) Structures A and B are both visible using the light microscope, but the internal detail of
these organelles shown in Fig. 2.1 is only visible using the electron microscope.
Explain why the internal details of structures A and B are only visible when using the
electron microscope and not when using the light microscope.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) Name in full the structures labelled C, D and E.

C ......................................................................................................................................

D ......................................................................................................................................
E ................................................................................................................................ [3]

(c) State one role of vacuoles in plant cells.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Structures F and G have very different permeability properties.

Explain how the composition of structures F and G determines the permeability
properties of these structures.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [4]

(e) Fig. 2.1 shows two plasmodesmata connecting the adjacent cells.
Describe the roles of plasmodesmata in transport in plants.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 14]

May/june 2010…23
Fig. 1.1 shows part of an animal cell viewed with an electron microscope.

(a) Name the structures A to C.

A .....................................................................................................................................

B .....................................................................................................................................

C .................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) (i) State the function of structure C.

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Explain why structure C cannot be seen using a light microscope.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Suggest one disadvantage of the electron microscope compared to the light microscope
for the study of cells.
.........................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Calculate the magnification of the image in Fig. 1.1.

Show your working and give your answer to the nearest whole number.

Answer = ...................................[2]
[Total: 9]

May/june 2010….22

Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of an electron micrograph of a plant cell.

Fig. 1.2 is a diagram of an electron micrograph of an animal cell.
Both diagrams are incomplete.
(a) Explain how Fig. 1.1 can be identified as a plant cell.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Some organelles are missing from Figs 1.1 and 1.2. Information about these organelles
is shown in the shaded boxes in Table 1.1.
Complete the empty boxes in Table 1.1 by adding the correct information below each
column heading.
May/june 2009….22

Many of the cells in the pancreas produce enzymes. Golgi bodies in the cells produce
secretory vesicles full of enzymes which are released at the cell surface by exocytosis.
Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of an enzyme-producing cell from the pancreas. The diagram is not
complete.
(a) (i) Complete Fig. 1.1 by drawing in the following:
-a Golgi body forming secretory vesicles
-a secretory vesicle releasing its contents by exocytosis in the region labelled X
[3]
(ii) Calculate the actual diameter of the nucleus of the pancreatic cell. Show your
working and express your answer to the nearest micrometre.

Answer = .....................................μm [2]

Fig. 1.2 is a drawing of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae the causative agent of cholera.
(b) State three structural features of V. cholerae, that are not found in animal cells.

1. .....................................................................................................................................

2. .....................................................................................................................................

3. ................................................................................................................................. [3]

May/june 2008

Fig. 2.1 is an electron micrograph of part of an animal cell. A centriole is labelled.

(a) Name the structures labelled A to C.

A .....................................................................................................................................

B .....................................................................................................................................

C ................................................................................................................................ [3]

(b) Describe the roles of centrioles in animal cells.

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(c) Explain why it is possible to see the internal membranes of a cell in electron micrographs,
such as Fig. 2.1, but it is not possible to see them when using the light microscope.

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(d) A student investigated the effect of temperature on beetroot tissue. Beetroot cells contain
a dark red pigment known as betalain, which is stored inside their vacuoles.
The student
• cut the beetroot tissue into cubes of the same size
• washed the cubes thoroughly in distilled water
• placed the same number of cubes into distilled water at seven different temperatures.
After 30 minutes, samples of the water were removed and placed in a colorimeter to
measure the transmission of light. The lower the percentage transmission the more
betalain is present in the water.
The results are shown in Fig. 2.2.
Using the information in Fig. 2.2,
(i) describe the student's results;

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(ii) explain the effect of increasing temperature on the beetroot tissue.

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[Total: 15]