Swaziland Learner Survey 2008

Hope Educational Foundation
Measuring the Effectiveness of iMatter Training

on Swaziland School Children
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
January 2008
Albert B. York & Associates, 16703 22nd Avenue SE, Bothell, WA 98012-6840, 425-367-9445
Measuring the Effectiveness of iMatter Training on Swaziland School Children
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1. Assess awareness and understanding of the facts about HIV/AIDS.
2. Measure feelings of self worth and the impact of current choices on future outcomes.
3. Analyze incidence of sexual abuse and perceptions of sexual abuse by adults toward
children.
4. Assess understanding of basic human rights for all men and women, HIV positive and
HIV negative.
5. Determine the perceived importance of choosing abstinence before marriage and

fidelity within marriage.
6. Measure recognition/understanding that multiple/concurrent sexual partnerships place

individuals personally at risk for HIV infection, and are primary drivers of the most
severe HIV/AIDS epidemics among both youth and adults.
7. Assess recognition/understanding that rape, sexual coercion, sex trafficking,

transactional sex, cross-generational sex, gender norms, and alcohol abuse increase
vulnerability to HIV.
8. Determine the likelihood of engaging in sexual types of behavior in the next six
months.
9. Develop a demographic and sexual behavior profile, including variables such as

gender, religion, frequency of church attendance, incidence of engaging in past and
current sexual behavior and number of sexual partners.
2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Initially, a questionnaire was developed by Albert B. York and Associates. It was pre-
tested by HEF staff to determine if the research tool was understandable for children.
Based on that feedback, the questionnaire was revised until the team was confident the
tool was appropriate for measuring the stated research objectives.
Six schools which have both upper and lower primary schools on campus were randomly
selected. Three schools were randomly selected from all participating schools that have
taught iMatter in Swaziland (Test Group). Three schools were also randomly selected
from all the schools that have not taught iMatter (Control Group).
To randomly select schools, each school was assigned a number which was written on a
slip of paper. The slips of paper were divided between those who have taught iMatter
(Test Group) and those who haven’t (Control Group). Each group of slips was put into a
jar. Each jar was shaken and then three schools were selected from each jar.
The schools that were randomly selected were as follows:
iMatter Schools (Test Group that received the iMatter HIV/AIDS prevention training.
Sample Size: 479)
Ø Mahlanya Primary School (Mahlanya)

Ø Zombodze Primary School (Zombodze)
Ø Elangeni Primary School (Elangeni)
Non iMatter Schools (Control Group that did not receive the iMatter HIV/AIDS
prevention training. Sample Size: 454)1
Ø Msunduza Infant Primary School (Mbabane)

Ø Embo Methodist Primary School (Siphocosini)
Ø LaMgabhi Primary School (Dlangeni)
The data collection was conducted in December 2007. Within each school, classrooms
were randomly selected to participate. Again, each classroom was assigned a number,
the slips of paper with these assignments were put in a jar, and the number of classrooms
needed in order to achieve a sufficient sample size were selected. The number of
classrooms chosen was dependent on the number of students in each classroom, because
every student in the classroom was surveyed. If a classroom was selected that was
1
Note that LaMgabi Primary School (Anglican) and Embo Methodist Primary School are both Christian
schools. All the other schools are public.
3
predominantly male or female, it was disqualified and another classroom with a more
even mix of genders was selected. Note that because of the time of year this was
conducted, all of the students in Grade 7 had completed their exams and were no longer
in school. Since all the students had progressed to the next grade, students that had just
completed Grade 3 and Grade 4 were surveyed as Grade 4 and 5 students (considered
Lower Primary), and students who had just completed Grades 5 and 6 were surveyed as
Grade 6 and 7 students, respectively (considered Upper Primary).
Every student in each class was asked to participate. This was not voluntary. They were
each given the questionnaire to read and complete independently. When finished, each
one put the questionnaire in an envelope, sealed it and turned it in. The name of the
school and grade was written on each envelope. Written instructions for data collectors
to read verbatim to the class, to ensure consistency, explained the survey and ensured
confidentiality. If the students had difficulty with reading English, then a data collector
read the questions out loud, without further explanation, and each student then answered
independently on his/her questionnaire. This was mostly done with children entering
Grade 4.
The following instructions were read to each class before taking the survey:
“Today we are going to take a survey about HIV/AIDS. The purpose of

the survey is to find out about your knowledge, opinions, attitudes and
feelings.
“Read each question closely and circle the answer that best fits how you
feel about it. Some of the questions are very personal, so don’t talk among
yourselves, or look at each other’s papers or compare your answers. Keep
your eyes on your paper only.
“Before you start, put the name of your school at the top.
“Do not put your name on it. This survey is confidential, which means
that no one’s names are going to be matched with his or her answers, so no
one will know who said what. No one here will see your answers, not
even the teachers. So you can be completely honest with your answers.
“When you are finished, put it into the envelope and seal it and turn it in to
me.
“Thank you!”
4
Questionnaire
A self-administered, written questionnaire of 35 questions for 4th graders and 42
questions for 5th to 7th graders was used. Due to the sensitive, mature nature of some of
the questions, children in Grade 4 received a shortened version of the questionnaire.
Data Processing
Upon completion of the survey, the questionnaires were mailed to the U.S. for data
processing by MR Data Corporation.
Significance Testing
Significance testing at the 5% level was conducted to measure differences in knowledge
and attitudes among the following groups:
1. Test Group and Control Group
2. Likelihood of Engaging in Sexual Behavior in the Next Six Months, using a 1 to 5

scale, with 1 meaning “I definitely will not,” 2 meaning “I likely will not,” 3 meaning
“I may or may not”, 4 meaning “I likely will” and 5 meaning “I definitely will.” The
ratings were grouped into the following categories:
• Likely (4 & 5 ratings)

• Neutral (3 rating)
• Unlikely (1 & 2 ratings)
3. Upper Primary (Grades 6 & 7) and Lower Primary (Grades 4 & 5)
4. Upper Primary: Test and Control Groups
5. Lower Primary: Test and Control Groups
Significant findings that are considered to be meaningful are reported in this Executive
Summary.
Maximum Standard Error

At the 95% confidence level, a total sample size of 933 has a maximum standard error of
+\- 3.2%. A sample size of 479 for the Test Group has a maximum standard error of +\-
4.5%, and a total sample size of 454 for the Control Group has a maximum standard error
of +\- 4.6%.
5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS2
1. Both the Test and Control Groups exhibited a substantial lack of awareness about
many facts related to HIV transmission, particularly among Lower Primary students
(Upper Primary students tended to be more informed about most of the facts). While
the majority of the children in both the Control and Test groups are aware that HIV is
contagious, it can spread through having sex, and that they shouldn’t touch the blood
of someone with HIV, there remains a substantial level of confusion regarding other
facts of HIV transmission. These facts should be incorporated more fully into the
iMatter curriculum.
2.
3. iMatter has been very effective at teaching self-worth to children. The Test Group
reported significantly higher levels of feeling valuable than the Control Group,
particularly in Upper Primary. Feeling valuable as a person is correlated with
likelihood of having sex in the next six months, i.e. those who feel more valuable are
less likely to engage in sex and vice-versa.
4. While a substantial segment of children in both the Control and Test Groups do not
yet understand that their choices today will affect their future, there was an improved
understanding of this among the Test Group vs. the Control, indicating that iMatter
has been moderately effective at teaching this lesson. The Control Group reported a
significantly higher level of agreement with the statement, “The choices I make today
do not affect the future” compared to the Test Group. This is especially true in Lower
Primary. Similarly, while the Control Group rated the statement, “I am the same as
every person on earth,” significantly higher in agreement than the Test Group,
(especially so in Upper Primary), many children still do not see their uniqueness in
either group. These lessons should be reinforced in iMatter.
5. The majority of children in both groups reported they have not been sexually abused
by an adult. However, one out of four children in the Test Group and 12% of the
Control Group said they had or they did not know. In Lower Primary, significantly
more children in the Test Group have been abused than the Control Group. Being
abused is correlated to likelihood of having sex in the next six months, i.e.
significantly more of those who are likely to engage in sex have been sexually abused
and vice-versa.
6. iMatter should reinforce the teaching that being sexually abused is not the child’s
fault. The Test Group reported significantly higher levels of agreement with the
statement that it is a child’s fault when there is ‘bad touch.” A higher level of
2
Note, two out of three of the schools in the Control Group were Christian schools, while all of the Test
Group schools (where iMatter was taught) were public schools.
6
agreement with this idea is also correlated with being likely to engage in sexual
behavior in the next six months.
7. Similarly, iMatter should emphasize that it is not OK to have someone touch you
inappropriately, even if it’s enjoyable. The Test Group showed higher levels of
agreement with the statement that it does not matter if someone touches you
inappropriately, as long as it’s enjoyable, than the Control Group. This was
especially true in Upper Primary. Disagreement with this idea is correlated with
being unlikely to engage in sexual behavior in the next six months.
8. There remains a substantial amount of stigma toward people with HIV/AIDS among
both groups, especially among the Test Group. However, Upper Primary tended to
have less stigma than Lower Primary.
9. While the values of sexual abstinence until marriage and faithfulness in marriage
were rated as important or very important by the majority of children in both groups,
they were rated significantly higher by the Control Group than the Test Group, and
rated significantly higher by Upper Primary than Lower Primary.
10. iMatter has been effective at teaching children about HIV risk factors. When asked to
state their level of agreement or disagreement with a variety of statements regarding
HIV risk factors, a trend emerged. For many of the statements, the Test Group had
significantly higher average levels of agreement (and therefore knowledge) than the
Control Group, particularly so in Lower Primary. Exceptions were these statements:
“Having more than one sexual partner during the same month can put you at a higher
risk of contracting HIV/AIDS;” “Having more than one sexual partner during the
same month is a major factor in the spread of HIV/AIDS;” “Your chances of getting
HIV/AIDS are higher if you are raped (forced to have sex against your wishes);” and
“The chances of girls getting HIV/AIDS are higher when they are not allowed to
choose when to have sex.” This may indicate that there is more confusion
surrounding these messages, and therefore, they should be strengthened in iMatter.
11. While most children in both the Test and Control Groups indicated they were not
likely to have sex, or sexual touching, in the next six months, the Test Group had a
significantly higher likelihood than the Control Group. This may not be completely
their decision, since some of those who were likely said they were being abused.
Other reasons for being likely to engage in sexual behavior in the future were that
they wanted to be pregnant and have a child, or they enjoyed it. Those who were not
likely indicated they did not want to get HIV/AIDS, they were too young, they want
to be in school, they didn’t want to get pregnant, and their family would be very
angry with them (would beat them). Their fear of getting HIV/AIDS was a major
factor in their not wanting to engage in sexual behavior.
7
12. The majority of children stated they had never engaged in sexual behavior with
another person. However, in Lower Primary, significantly more of the Test Group
said they had vs. the Control Group, while in Upper Primary, significantly more of
the Control Group said they had. Past sexual experience is correlated with likelihood
of having sex in the next six months.
13. Overall, the average mean number of sexual partners is significantly higher for the
Control Group than the Test Group, and is higher among those who are highly likely
to engage in sexual behavior in the next six months vs. those are unlikely.
Furthermore, significantly more of those in Lower Primary have one sexual partner
(17%) vs. those in Upper Primary (10%).
14. On average, students from both the Test and Control Group attend church about once
a week, and 55% of the Control Group is classified as Christian vs. 44% of the Test
Group. Significantly more of the Test Group (5%) said they have no religion
compared to the Control Group (1%).
8
UNDERSTANDING OF THE FACTS OF HIV TRANSMISSION
The total sample was asked to give a True, False, or Do Not Know response to various
facts related to HIV transmission. The results are as follows:
HIV/AIDS is a disease that you get from someone else.

90
81 80
80
70
60
50
Percent
Test
Control
40
30
20
14 14
10 7
5
0
TRUE FALSE DNK
Overall, the majority of the Test and Control Groups said true to this statement,
indicating a high level of understanding that HIV/AIDS is contagious.
Significant Differences
• Significantly more Upper Primary Students said true (84%) vs. Lower Primary
Students (77%), and significantly more Lower Primary Students said false (9%)
vs. Upper Primary Students (2%).
9
A person can be completely healed from HIV/AIDS.
70
62
60 59
50
40
Percent
Test
Control
30
25
20
20
17
16
10
0
TRUE FALSE DNK
More than one-half of the Test and Control Groups said false, with a substantial segment
of both groups stating true or they do not know, indicating more confusion about this
issue.
• Overall, significantly more of the Control Group said they do not know (25%) vs.
the Test Group (17%).
• Significantly more Upper Primary Students said false (71%) vs. Lower Primary
Students (53%), and significantly more Lower Primary Students said true (21%)
or do not know (26%) vs. Upper Primary Students (14% and 14%, respectively).
• Among Lower Primary Students, significantly more of the Control Group (31%)
said they do not know than the Test Group (21%).
10
You can get HIV by having sex with someone infected with HIV.
100
90
86
81
80
70
60
Percent
Test
50
Control
40
30
20
11
10 8 8
6
0
TRUE FALSE DNK
The majority of both the Test and Control Groups stated true, showing that most of the
students are aware that a person can get HIV by having sex with someone infected with
HIV.
• Overall, significantly more of the Control Group said true (86%) vs. the Test
Group (81%).
or do not know (12%) than Upper Primary Students (3% and 1%, respectively).
11
HIV can spread to babies before or during birth.
60
57
52
50
40
Percent
29 Test
30
Control
25
20 19
18
10
0
TRUE FALSE DNK
Slightly more than one-half of the Test and Control Groups stated true, with strong
segments indicating false or they do not know – again showing a high level of confusion
surrounding this issue.
• Overall, significantly more of the Test Group said false (29%) vs. the Control
Group (18%), and significantly more of the Control Group said they do not know
(25%) vs. the Test Group (19%).
Students (43%), and significantly more Lower Primary Students said they do not
know (32%) than Upper Primary Students (9%).
• Among the Lower Primary Students, significantly more of the Test Group said
false (29%) vs. the Control Group (21%), and significantly more of the Control
Group said they do not know (36%) than the Test Group (28%).
• Among the Upper Primary Students, significantly more of the Control Group said
true (75%) vs. the Test Group (63%), and significantly more of the Test Group
said false (29%) than the Control Group (15%).
12
HIV is not spread by sharing needles and syringes with someone who has HIV.
70
60 58
53
50
40 38
Percent
Test
Control
30
27
20
15
10 9
0
TRUE FALSE DNK
Just over one-half of the Control and Test Groups stated false, with only about one-third
of the Test Group and one-quarter of the Control Group saying true. This is another issue
on which many students lack knowledge in both groups.
• Overall, significantly more of the Test Group said true (38%) vs. the Control
or they do not know (20%) than Upper Primary Students (24% and 2%,
respectively).
true (43%) vs. the Control Group (34%), and significantly more of the Control
13
• Among the Upper Primary Students, significantly more of the Test Group said
Group said false (80%) than the Test Group (68%).
14
Babies cannot get HIV from breastfeeding.
60
52
50 48
40
37
Percent
30
30 Test
Control
20
17
14
10
0
TRUE FALSE DNK
Approximately one-half of the Test and Control Groups said false, with about one-third
saying true. Awareness on this issue should be raised among both groups.
• Overall, significantly more of the Test Group said true (37%) vs. the Control
Group (30%).
respectively).
• Among the Upper Primary Students, significantly more of the Test Group said
Group said false (73%) than the Test Group (61%).
15
HIV is spread by mosquitoes.
80
69
70
59
60
50
Percent
Test
40
Control
30
23
19
20 18
12
10
0
TRUE FALSE DNK
A substantial segment of both the Test and Control Groups (31% and 41%, respectively)
are not aware that HIV is not spread by mosquitoes.
Group (59%).
respectively).
false (61%) vs. the Control Group (47%), and significantly more of the Control
16
You cannot get HIV by hugging or shaking hands with someone who has it.
70
64
61
60
50
40
Percent
Test
32 Control
30
26
20
10
10
7
0
TRUE FALSE DNK
Close to two-thirds of the Test and Control Groups were aware that a person cannot get
HIV by hugging or shaking hands with someone who has it, with about one-third lacking
correct knowledge about this topic.
Students (55%), and significantly more Lower Primary Students said they do not
know (14%) than Upper Primary Students (1%).
17
You can get HIV by drinking from the same glass or using the same toilet as
someone who has HIV.
80
69
70
60
60
50
Percent
Test
40
Control
30
25
20
20
16
11
10
0
TRUE FALSE DNK
This issue also generates confusion among a substantial segment of the Test and Control
Groups, with approximately one-third of the Test Group and two-fifths of the Control
Group not understanding that they cannot get HIV by drinking from the same glass or
using the same toilet as someone who has HIV.
(16%) than the Test Group (11%).
respectively).
• Among the Lower Primary Students, significantly more of the Control Group said
true (35%) or they do not know (24%) vs. the Test Group (26% and 16%,
respectively), and significantly more of the Test Group said false (58%) than the
Control Group (41%).
18
You should never touch the blood of someone who has HIV.
100
89
90
80 78
70
60
Percent
Test
50
Control
40
30
20
15
10 7
6
4
0
TRUE FALSE DNK
The majority of both the Test and Control Groups were aware that they should never
touch the blood of someone who has HIV.
• Overall, significantly more of the Control Group said true (89%) vs. the Test
Group (78%), and significantly more of the Test Group said false (15%) than the
Test Group (6%).
respectively).
• Among the Lower Primary Students, significantly more of the Control Group said
true (84%) vs. the Test Group (68%), and significantly more of the Test Group
said false (21%) than the Control Group (9%).
19
SELF WORTH AND PERSONAL CHOICES
How do you feel about yourself as a person?
80
70
70
60
57
50
Percent
Test
40
Control
30
20
20
13
11
9
10 8
7
4
1
0
Very Useless Somewhat Useless Neutral Somewhat Valuable Very Valuable
The total sample was asked, “How do you feel about yourself as a person?” and asked to
circle the answer that tells how they feel about themselves, as follows:
1. I feel very useless

2. I feel somewhat useless
3. I don't feel valuable or useless
4. I feel that I am somewhat valuable
5. I feel that I am very valuable
The majority of the Test Group (70%) indicated they feel very valuable, while the
Control Group was more segmented in their responses, and only 57% felt very valuable.
20
• Overall, the average mean rating for the Test Group was significantly higher than
the Control Group (4.3 vs. 4.0, respectively). Significantly more of the Control
Group said they feel very useless (13%) or neutral (20%) vs. the Test Group (7%
and 11%, respectively), and significantly more of the Test Group said they feel
very valuable (70%) than the Control Group (57%).
• Significantly more of those who are unlikely to engage in sexual behavior in the
next six months indicated they feel very valuable (69%) vs. those who are neutral
(53%) or likely (51%) to engage in sexual behavior. Significantly more of those
who are likely to engage in sexual behavior in the next six months are neutral in
how they feel about their value (21%) vs. those who are unlikely to engage in
sexual behavior (12%). Additionally, the average mean rating of value among
those who are unlikely to have sex is the next six months is significantly higher
than those who are likely to have sex (4.2 vs. 3.8).
• Significantly more of those in Lower Primary feel either very useless (12%) or
very valuable (66%) compared to those in Upper Primary (6% and 60%,
respectively), and significantly more of those in Upper Primary feel neutral about
their value (23%) vs. those in Lower Primary (10%).
• In Upper Primary, significantly more of the Control Group feel very useless
(11%) or neutral (33%) about their value vs. the Test Group (1% and 13%,
respectively). Significantly more of the Test Group feels very valuable (73%) vs.
the Control Group (46%). Furthermore, in Upper Primary, the average mean
rating of value is significantly higher for the Test Group than the Control Group
(4.5 vs. 3.8).
21
For the following two statements, the total sample was asked to circle the answer that
tells how they feel about each sentence. The answers were:
1. I strongly disagree
2. I disagree
3. I neither agree nor disagree
4. I agree
5. I strongly agree
The choices I make today do not affect the future.
40
35
35
30
27
25
23
22 22
21
Percent
Test
20
Control
16
15 14
10
10 9
0
Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree
More than one-half (58%) of the Control Group agreed or strongly agreed with this
statement compared to 49% of the Test Group. Likewise, 35% of the Test Group
disagreed or strongly disagreed compared to 31% of the Control Group.
• Overall, the average mean rating for the Control Group was significantly higher in
agreement than the Test Group (3.4 vs. 3.1, respectively). Significantly more of
the Control Group said they strongly agree (35%) vs. the Test Group (22%).
22
• In Lower Primary, significantly more of the Control Group said they strongly
agree (46%) than the Test Group (17%). Furthermore, the average mean for the
Control Group was significantly higher in agreement than the Test Group (3.5 vs.
2.9)
23
I am the same as every other person on earth.
40
35 34
30
25
25 24
21
Percent
Test
20 19 19
Control
16 16
15 14
12
10
0
Both Groups were highly segmented in their responses, indicating a high level of
variability, with about one-half of both groups agreeing or strongly agreeing with this
statement and 23% of the Control Group and 32% of the Test Group disagreeing or
strongly disagreeing.
• Significantly more of the Control Group said they strongly agree (34%) vs. the
Test Group (25%).
• In Upper Primary, significantly more of the Control Group said they strongly
agree (34%) than the Test Group (14%). Furthermore, the average mean for the
Control Group was significantly higher in agreement than the Test Group (3.5 vs.
3.1)
24
INCIDENCE OF, AND PERCEPTIONS OF, SEXUAL ABUSE
Have you ever experienced unwanted sexual touching from an adult?

100
90 87
80
75
70
60
Percent
Test
50
Control
40
30
20
15
10
10 7
5
0
Yes No Don't Know
The majority of both the Test and Control Groups said no, although one-quarter (one out
of four children) of the Test Group said yes or they do not know.
• Significantly more of the Control Group said no (87%) vs. the Test Group (75%),
and significantly more of the Test Group said they do not know (15%) than the
Control Group (5%).
• Significantly more of those who are likely to engage in sexual behavior in the
next six months said yes (20%) or they do not know (23%) than those who are
unlikely (7% and 9%, respectively). Significantly more of those who are unlikely
to engage in sexual behavior said no (84%) vs. those who are likely (57%).
• In Lower Primary, significantly more of the Test Group said yes (11%) or do not
know (19%) than the Control Group (4% and 4%, respectively). Significantly
more of the Control Group said no (92%) than the Test Group (70%).
25
For the following two statements, the total sample was asked to circle the answer that
tells how they feel about each sentence. The answers were:
2. I disagree
4. I agree
5. I strongly agree
If an adult touches a child's private parts and does bad touch, it is the child's fault.
50
45
45
40
35
33
30
30
Percent
Test
25
Control
20
20 19
15
15 14
10
10 9
7
0
The majority (75%) of the Control Group disagreed or strongly disagreed, while the Test
Group’s responses were more segmented, and only 53% disagreed or strongly disagreed.
• Overall, the average mean rating for the Test Group was significantly higher in
agreement than the Control Group (2.6 vs. 2.0). Significantly more of the Control
Group said they strongly disagree (45%) or disagree (30%) vs. the Test Group
(33% and 20%, respectively). Significantly more of the Test Group rated it as
26
neutral (14%), agree (19%) or strongly agree (15%) vs. the Control Group (9%,
10% and 7%, respectively).
• The average mean rating for those who are likely to engage in sexual behavior in
next six months was significantly higher in agreement than those who are unlikely
(2.7 vs. 2.3). Significantly more of those who are unlikely said they strongly
disagree (42%) vs. those who are likely (21%) or neutral (31%).
• In Lower Primary, significantly more of the Control Group said they strongly
disagree (44%) or disagree (31%) vs. the Test Group (35% and 20%,
respectively), and significantly more of the Test Group said they agree (19%) or
strongly agree (14%) than the Control Group (10% and 6%, respectively). The
average mean rating for the Test Group was significantly higher in agreement
than the Control Group (2.6 vs. 2.0).
disagree (47%) vs. the Test Group (30%), and significantly more of the Test
Group said they agree (19%) or strongly agree (16%) vs. the Control Group (9%
and 7%, respectively). The average mean rating was significantly higher in
agreement for the Test Group than the Control Group (2.7 vs. 2.0).
27
It does not matter if someone touches your private parts, as long as you enjoy it.
50
45
43
40
35
33
30 29
28
Percent
Test
25
Control
20
18
15
13
12
10 9 9
6
5
0
While almost three-quarters (72%) of the Control Group tended to disagree or strongly
disagree with this statement, only 61% of the Test Group strongly disagree or disagree,
indicating a lack of knowledge and understanding on this issue among a substantial
segment of children. 3
Group said they strongly disagree (43%) vs. the Test Group (33%).
next six months said they strongly disagree (40%) vs. those who are likely (24%).
• The average mean rating for Upper Primary was significantly higher in agreement
than Lower Primary (2.3 vs. 2.1). Significantly more of those in Lower Primary
said they disagree (40%) than Upper Primary (24%).
3
Grade 4 students were not asked this question.
28
• In Upper Primary, the average mean rating was significantly higher in agreement
for the Test Group than the Control Group (2.5 vs. 2.1). Significantly more of the
Control Group said they strongly disagree (46%) vs. Test Group (32%).
29
STIGMA TOWARD THOSE WITH HIV/AIDS
Again, for the following four statements, the total sample was asked to circle the answer
that tells how they feel about each sentence. The answers were:
2. I disagree
4. I agree
5. I strongly agree
If someone has HIV/AIDS, you should not be their friend.
40
38
35
30
26
25 24 24
21
Percent
Test
20
Control
16
15 14
13 13
10
10
0
About one-half of the Test Group and two-thirds of the Control Group disagreed or
strongly disagreed with this statement, while about one-third of the Test Group and
one-quarter of the Control Group agreed. These findings indicate a lack of
understanding about stigma issues among both groups.
30
Group said they strongly disagree (38%) vs. the Test Group (24%).
• The average mean rating for the Lower Primary was significantly higher in
agreement than the Upper Primary (2.8 vs. 2.2). Significantly more of those in
Upper Primary said they strongly disagree (38%) or disagree (29%) vs. the Lower
Primary (25% and 22%, respectively), and significantly more of those in Lower
Primary said they agree (20%) or strongly agree (16%) than Upper Primary (10%
and 10%, respectively).
• In Lower Primary, the average mean rating was significantly higher in agreement
Control Group said they strongly disagree (31%) vs. the Test Group (18%).
31
People with HIV/AIDS should live separately from people who do not have
HIV/AIDS.
40
36
35
30
25 24
23
Percent
20 20 Test
20 19
18 Control
17
15 14
10 9
0
There was no clear consensus by the Test Group on this statement, while the Control
Group tended to strongly disagree or disagree.
Group said they strongly disagree (36%) vs. the Test Group (18%), and
significantly more of the Test Group said they agree (20%) or strongly agree
(24%) vs. the Control Group (9% and 17%, respectively).
• The average mean rating for the Lower Primary was significantly higher in
agreement than the Upper Primary (3.1 vs. 2.4). Significantly more of those in
Upper Primary said they strongly disagree (34%) or disagree (27%) vs. the Lower
Primary (22% and 17%, respectively), and significantly more of those in Lower
Primary said they strongly agree (28%) than Upper Primary (10%).
• In Lower Primary, the average mean rating was significantly higher in agreement
32
Control Group said they strongly disagree (27%) or disagree (22%) vs. the Test
Group (17% and 15%, respectively) and significantly more of the Test Group said
they agree (21%) or strongly agree (34%) vs. the Control Group (11% and 22%).
33
If a person has HIV/AIDS, you should be kind to them.
40
35
35
32
30
28
25
23
Percent
20 Test
20
Control
16
15
15
12
10
10 9
0
A substantial segment of both groups disagreed or strongly disagreed with this statement,
while 63% of the Control Group and 55% of the Test Group agreed or strongly agreed.
• The average mean rating for the Upper Primary was significantly higher in
agreement than the Lower Primary (3.6 vs. 3.4). Significantly more of those in
Upper Primary said they agree (33%) vs. these in Lower Primary (20%).
for the Control Group than the Test Group (3.8 vs. 3.4). Significantly more of the
Control Group said they strongly agree (41%) vs. the Test Group (24%), and
significantly more of the Test Group (22%) said they disagree than the Control
Group (8%).
34
A child with HIV/AIDS should be allowed to go to school with other children.
40
37
35
32
30
30
28
25
Percent
Test
20
Control
15
15 14
13
12 12
10
0
Among both groups, most respondents understood that children with HIV/AIDS should
be allowed to go to school, although about one-quarter of both groups disagreed or
strongly disagreed.
35
IMPORTANCE OF SEXUAL ABSTINENCE OR MARITAL FIDELITY
The total sample was asked the following statements related to sexual abstinence until
marriage or faithfulness in marriage. They were asked to choose their answer from the
following:
1. Not important at all

2. Not important
3. Neither important nor unimportant
4. Important
5. Very important
How important is waiting to have sex until you are married?
70
63
60
50
50
40
Percent
Test
Control
30
20
17
16
13
10 10
10 9
8
5
0
Not important at all Not important Neutral Important Very important
About two-thirds of the Test Group and three-quarters of the Control Group said it was
important or very important.
36
• The average mean rating for the Control Group was significantly higher in
importance than the Test Group (3.9 vs. 3.7). Significantly more of the Control
Group (63%) said it was very important vs. the Test Group (50%).
• The average mean rating for Upper Primary was significantly higher in
importance than the Lower Primary (4.1 vs. 3.6). Significantly more of those in
Lower Primary said it was not important at all (20%) or not important (11%) vs.
those in Upper Primary (13% and 6%, respectively), and significantly more of
those in Upper Primary said it was very important (64%) vs. those in Lower
Primary (50%).
• In Upper Primary, the average mean rating was significantly higher in importance
Control Group said it was very important (73%) vs. the Test Group (56%).
37
How important is it to have sex with only your husband or wife and no one else?
70
60 58
50
50
40
Percent
Test
Control
30
20
20
17
13
12
10 9 9
8
5
0
Not important at all Not important Neutral Important Very important
Similar responses were given for this statement as well, with approximately two-thirds of
the Test Group and three-quarters of the Control Group indicating it was important or
very important.
• The average mean rating for the Control Group was significantly higher in
importance than the Test Group (4.1 vs. 3.8). Significantly more of the Control
Group (58%) said it was very important vs. the Test Group (50%), and
significantly more of the Test Group said it was not important at all (13%) vs. the
Control Group (8%).
• The average mean rating for those who are unlikely to have sex in the next six
months was significantly higher in importance than for those who are likely (4.0
vs. 3.6). Significantly more of those who are unlikely said it was very important
(55%) vs. those who are likely to have sex (42%).
• The average mean rating for Upper Primary was significantly higher in
importance than the Lower Primary (4.2 vs. 3.8). Significantly more of those in
Lower Primary said it was not important at all (14%) vs. those in Upper Primary
38
(6%), and significantly more of those in Upper Primary said it was very important
(60%) vs. those in Lower Primary (49%).
• In Lower Primary, the average mean rating was significantly higher in importance
Test Group said it was not important at all (19%) vs. Test Group (9%).
39
UNDERSTANDING OF HIV TRANSMISSION RISK FACTORS
For all of the following statements related to HIV transmission risk factors, the
respondents were asked to circle the answer that tells how they feel about each sentence.
The ratings were:
2. I disagree
4. I agree
5. I strongly agree
Having more than one sexual partner during the same month can put you at a
higher risk of contracting HIV/AIDS.
35
31
30
25 24
22
20
20 19 19
18
Percent
17 Test
16 Control
15
12
10
0
Only about one-half of the Test and Control Group agreed or strongly agreed with this
statement, indicating a lack of awareness among half the children about this risk factor.4
4
40
• Significantly more of the Control Group (31%) said they strongly agree vs. the
Test Group (22%).
• Significantly more of those in Lower Primary said they disagree (28%) vs. those
in Upper Primary (16%), and significantly more of those in Upper Primary said
they agree (24%) vs. those in Lower Primary (16%).
agree (34%) vs. the Test Group (21%).
41
Your chances of getting HIV/AIDS are higher if you are raped (forced to have sex
against your wishes).
35
30 29
28
27
26
25 24
20
Percent
17 Test
16 Control
15
12
11
10
10
0
There is a lot of misunderstanding about this risk factor, as well, among both groups, with
one-half of the Test Group and about two-fifths of the Control Group saying they
strongly disagree, disagree or are neutral in their feelings about it.5
• Significantly more of the Test Group (28%) said they disagree vs. the Control
Group (16%).
than Lower Primary (3.4 vs. 3.1). Significantly more of those in Upper Primary
said they strongly agree (30%) vs. those in Lower Primary (20%).
• In Lower Primary, significantly more of those in the Control Group said they
strongly disagree (23%) vs. those in the Test Group (11%).
5
42
• In Upper Primary, the average mean rating for the Control Group was
significantly higher in agreement than the Test Group (3.5 vs. 3.2). Significantly
more of the Test Group said they disagree (27%) than the Control Group (13%).
43
Your chances of getting HIV/AIDS are higher if you go to the city to earn money as
a prostitute.
35
30
30
25
25
23
21
20 20
20 19
Percent
17 Test
Control
15
13
12
10
0
Responses were highly variable among the Control Group regarding this risk factor.
Fifty-one percent of the Test Group agreed or strongly agreed with this statement vs. 40%
of the Control Group.6
• The average mean rating for the Test Group was significantly higher in agreement
than the Control Group (3.3 vs. 2.9). Significantly more of the Control Group
said they strongly disagree (25%) vs. the Test Group (17%), and significantly
more of the Test Group said they strongly agree (30%) than the Control Group
(20%).
• The average mean rating for those who are unlikely to engage in sexual behavior
in the next six months was significantly higher in agreement than those who are
likely (3.2 vs. 2.6). Significantly more of those who are likely to engage in sexual
behavior said they strongly disagree (34%) vs. those who are unlikely (18%).
6
44
• In Lower Primary, the average mean rating for the Test Group is significantly
higher in agreement than the Control Group (3.4 vs. 2.7). Significantly more of
those in the Test Group said they strongly agree (31%) vs. those in the Control
Group (12%).
45
Your chances of getting HIV/AIDS are higher if you have sex to get gifts.
35
33
31
30
25
22
20 20
20
18 18
Percent
Test
16 Control
15
12
10
10
0
Overall, the Test Group tended to show more agreement and the Control Group tended to
show more disagreement with this statement, with 55% of the Test Group agreeing or
strongly agreeing, and 49% of the Control Group disagreeing or strongly disagreeing.
more of the Test Group said they strongly agree (33%) than the Control Group
(20%).
said they strongly disagree (29%) vs. Upper Primary (19%), and significantly
more of those in Upper Primary said they agree (29%) vs. those in Lower Primary
(15%).
• In Lower Primary, the average mean rating for the Test Group was significantly
46
Group (15%), and significantly more of the Control Group said they strongly
disagree (39%) vs. the Test Group (19%).
47
Your chances of getting HIV/AIDS are higher if you have sex with adults who are
much older.
40
35 34
30 29
26
25
Percent
Test
20 19
18 Control
17 17 17
15
13
10 9
0
The Control Group was extremely segmented in their responses, with 26% strongly
disagreeing and 29% also strongly agreeing. Approximately one-half of both groups
indicated they agree or strongly agree with this statement.
said they strongly disagree (26%) vs. the Test Group (17%).
next six months said they strongly agree (32%) vs. those who are likely (20%).
more of those in Upper Primary said they agree (22%) vs. those in Lower Primary
(16%).
48
Group (22%), and significantly more of the Control Group said they strongly
49
The chances of girls getting HIV/AIDS are higher when they are not allowed to
choose when to have sex.
30
25
25 24
23 23
20
20 19
18
17
16
Percent
Test
15 14 Control
10
0
Overall, among both groups, responses were highly segmented, indicating a clear lack of
understanding about this risk factor among a substantial segment of both the Test and
Control Groups.
• Significantly more of the Control Group said they strongly disagree (25%) vs. the
Test Group (19%).
more in Upper Primary (18%) are neutral vs. those in Lower Primary (12%).
Group (18%).
50
Your chances of getting HIV/AIDS are higher if you make sexual choices when you
are drunk.
40
35
35
30
27
25 24
22
Percent
Test
20 19
Control
17
15
15 14
13 13
10
0
The Control Group was extremely segmented in their responses, with 24% strongly
disagreeing and 27% strongly agreeing. Approximately one-half of both groups agree or
strongly agree with this statement, and about one-third disagree or strongly disagree.
more of the Test Group said they strongly agree (35%) vs. the Control Group
(27%).
said they strongly disagree (24%) vs. Upper Primary (14%).
51
Group (20%), and significantly more in the Control Group said they strongly
• In Upper Primary, significantly more of the Test Group said they disagree (22%)
vs. the Test Group (14%).
52
Your chances of getting HIV/AIDS are higher if you are paid to have sex with
someone.
40
35
35
30
26
25
25 24
21
Percent
Test
20 19
Control
17
16
15
10
10 9
0
Again, the Control Group was highly variable in their responses, with 26% strongly
disagreeing and 25% strongly agreeing. More than one-half, 54%, of the Test Group
agree or strongly agree vs. 41% of the Control Group. Likewise, 50% of the Control
Group disagree or strongly disagree vs. 38% of the Test Group.
said they disagree (24%) vs. the Test Group (17%), and significantly more of the
Test Group said they strongly agree (35%) vs. the Control Group (25%).
said they strongly disagree (30%) or disagree (23%) vs. Upper Primary (13% and
16%, respectively), and significantly more in Upper Primary said they agree
(24%) or strongly agree (37%) vs. Lower Primary (12% and 25%, respectively).
53
disagree (36%) or disagree (28%) vs. the Test Group (25% and 18%,
respectively).
54
Your chances of getting HIV/AIDS are higher if you are pressured by someone to
have sex.
30
28 28
25
25
23
20
20
16 16
Percent
15 15 Test
15
Control
13
10
0
Forty-four percent of the Control Group disagreed or strongly disagreed with this
statement, while 53% of the Test Group agreed or strongly agreed.
more of the Test Group said they agree (25%) vs. the Control Group (20%).
more in Upper Primary said they agree (30%) vs. the Lower Primary (17%).
55
disagree (37%) vs. the Test Group (17%, respectively).
56
Having more than one sexual partner during the same month is a major factor in
the spread of HIV/AIDS.
35
30
30
27
26
25
23
20
18 18
Percent
17 17 Test
Control
15
13
12
10
0
Responses were broad based by both groups. About one-half of the Test and Control
Groups agree or strongly agree with this statement, although a substantial segment of
both groups (35% of Test Group and 40% of the Control Group), disagree or strongly
disagree, indicating the lack of sufficient awareness about this issue among children.
• Significantly more of the Control Group said they strongly disagree (27%) vs. the
Test Group (18%), and significantly more of the Test Group indicated they were
neutral (17%) vs. the Control Group (12%).
next six months said they strongly agree (29%) vs. those who are likely (17%).
said they strongly disagree (28%) vs. Upper Primary (15%).
57
disagree (34%) vs. the Test Group (21%, respectively).
• In Upper Primary, significantly more of the Test Group said they disagree (21%)
vs. the Test Group (12%).
58
LIKELIHOOD OF ENGAGING IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN THE FUTURE
How likely are you to have sex or any kind of sexual touching within the next 6
months with another person?
80
69
70
60 58
50
Percent
Test
40
Control
30
20
16
15
13
11
10
6
5 5
2
0
Definitely Will Not Likely Will Not Neutral Likely Will Definitely Will
More than one-half of the Test Group and over two-thirds of the Control Group said they
definitely will not, with 11% of the Test Group and 7% of the Control Group indicating
they likely will or definitely will have sex, or sexual touching, in the next six months.
• While low overall, the average mean rating was significantly higher in likelihood
of having sex in the next six months for the Test Group than the Control Group
(1.8 vs. 1.6). Significantly more of the Control Group said they definitely will not
(69%) vs. the Test Group (58%), and significantly more of the Test Group said
they definitely will (5%) vs. the Control Group (2%).
• Significantly more of those in Upper Primary were neutral – “I may or may not” –
at 17% vs. Lower Primary (11%).
59
• In Lower Primary, significantly more of those in the Control Group said they
definitely will not (73%) vs. the Test Group (57%). Significantly more in the Test
Group said they likely will not (18%), likely will (7%) and definitely will (6%)
vs. the Control Group (11%, 7% and 3%, respectively).
What are your reasons for that?

Children who were likely to engage in sexual behavior indicated they were being abused
by a family member, they wanted to get pregnant to have a child, or they enjoyed it.
Those who were not likely indicated they did not want to get HIV/AIDS, they were too
young, they want to be in school, they did not want to get pregnant, and their family
would be very angry with them (would beat them). Their fear of getting HIV/AIDS was a
major factor in their not wanting to engage in sexual behavior.
60
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR PROFILE
Have you ever engaged in sexual behavior with another person, including any type
of sexual touching?
90
81
80
72
70
60
50
Percent
Test
Control
40
30
20
16
14
12
10
5
0
Yes No DNK
The majority of both the Test and Control Groups indicated they have never engaged in
sexual behavior with another person, although 28% of the Test Group indicated they had
or they did not know vs. 19% of the Control Group.
• Significantly more of the Control Group said no (81%) vs. the Test Group (72%),
and significantly more of the Test Group said they do not know (12%) vs. the
Control Group (5%).
• Significantly more of those who are likely to engage in sexual behavior in the
next six months said yes (32%) or do not know (18%) than those who are unlikely
(12% and 7%, respectively), and significantly more of those who are unlikely to
engage in sexual behavior in the next six months said no (81%) vs. those who are
likely (50%).
• In Lower Primary, significantly more of those in the Control Group said no (86%)
vs. the Test Group (68%). Significantly more in the Test Group said yes (20%),
or they do not know (12%) vs. the Control Group (9% and 5%, respectively).
61
• In Upper Primary, significantly more of those in the Control Group said yes
(20%) vs. the Test Group (10%). Significantly more in the Test Group said they
do not know (14%) vs. the Control Group (6%).
62
If yes, do you currently engage in sexual type behavior with another person,
including any type of sexual touching?
60
56
50
47
40
34
Percent
Test
30
Control
26
20 19 19
10
0
Yes No DNK
Among those who indicated they had ever engaged in sexual behavior with another
person (16% of the Test Group and 14% of the Control Group), more than one-half of the
Test Group said they do not currently engage in this behavior, while 47% of the Control
Group said they did.7
• Overall, significantly more of the Control Group said yes (47%) vs. the Test
Group (19%).
• In Upper Primary, significantly more of those in the Control Group said yes
7
Grade 4 students were not asked this question. Among those who indicated they had ever engaged in
sexual behavior, 62.5% of the Test Group and 11.6% of the Control Group did not answer this question.
Due to the very low sample size of respondents on this question, these findings should be considered more
qualitative vs. quantitative in nature.
63
How many sexual partners do you currently have?

80
70
70 68
60
50
Percent
Test
40
Control
30
20
14
13
10
9
10
4
3 3 3
2
1
0
None 1 2 3 4+ Other/DNK
The majority of the Test and Control Groups said they do not have any sexual partners.8
• Overall, the average mean number of sexual partners is significantly higher for
the Control Group than the Test Group (1.0 vs. .3).
• The average mean number of sexual partners is higher among those who are
highly likely to engage in sexual behavior in the next six months vs. those are
unlikely (3.5 vs. .6). Significantly more of those who are unlikely to engage in
sexual behavior in the next six months said they have no partners (69%) vs. those
who are likely (45%).
• Significantly more of those in Lower Primary have one sexual partner (17%) vs.
those in Upper Primary (10%).
8
64
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Gender
Test Group Control Group

Male 43% 46%
Female 57% 54%
Grade

Grade 4 40% 35%
Grade 5 18% 22%
Grade 6 24% 22%
Grade 7 19% 22%
Frequency of Attending Place of Worship

None/Never 6% 3%
1-6 Times/Year 16% 12%
7-12 Times/Year 7% 8%
13-51 Times/Year 21% 13%
Once a Week 36% 50%
More than Once a 14% 15%
Week
Average Mean 51.6 52.3
Times/Year
• Significantly more of the Control Group (50%) attend once a week than the Test
Group (36%), and significantly more of the Test Group (21%) attend 13-51 times
a year than the Control Group (13%).
• The average mean attendance per year is significantly higher for those in Upper
Primary (60.8) vs. those in Lower Primary (45.1).
65
Religion

Christian 44% 55%
Zionist 26% 26%
Catholic 8% 6%
Muslim 4% 5%
Traditional African 4% 3%
Religion
Other 9% 4%
None 5% 1%
• Significantly more of the Test Group said none (5%) than the Control Group
(1%).
• Significantly more of the Control Group (55%) said Christian than the Test Group
(44%).
66

Swaziland Learner Survey 2008

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Swaziland Learner Survey 2008

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Hope Educational Foundation

Measuring the Effectiveness of iMatter Training

1. Assess awareness and understanding of the facts about HIV/AIDS.

5. Determine the perceived importance of choosing abstinence before marriage and

6. Measure recognition/understanding that multiple/concurrent sexual partnerships place

7. Assess recognition/understanding that rape, sexual coercion, sex trafficking,

9. Develop a demographic and sexual behavior profile, including variables such as

The schools that were randomly selected were as follows:

Ø Mahlanya Primary School (Mahlanya)

Ø Msunduza Infant Primary School (Mbabane)

“Today we are going to take a survey about HIV/AIDS. The purpose of

1. Test Group and Control Group

2. Likelihood of Engaging in Sexual Behavior in the Next Six Months, using a 1 to 5

• Likely (4 & 5 ratings)

3. Upper Primary (Grades 6 & 7) and Lower Primary (Grades 4 & 5)

4. Upper Primary: Test and Control Groups

5. Lower Primary: Test and Control Groups

Maximum Standard Error

UNDERSTANDING OF THE FACTS OF HIV TRANSMISSION

HIV/AIDS is a disease that you get from someone else.

A person can be completely healed from HIV/AIDS.

HIV can spread to babies before or during birth.

Babies cannot get HIV from breastfeeding.

HIV is spread by mosquitoes.

SELF WORTH AND PERSONAL CHOICES

How do you feel about yourself as a person?

1. I feel very useless

The choices I make today do not affect the future.

I am the same as every other person on earth.

INCIDENCE OF, AND PERCEPTIONS OF, SEXUAL ABUSE

Have you ever experienced unwanted sexual touching from an adult?

STIGMA TOWARD THOSE WITH HIV/AIDS

If someone has HIV/AIDS, you should not be their friend.

If a person has HIV/AIDS, you should be kind to them.

A child with HIV/AIDS should be allowed to go to school with other children.

IMPORTANCE OF SEXUAL ABSTINENCE OR MARITAL FIDELITY

1. Not important at all

How important is waiting to have sex until you are married?

UNDERSTANDING OF HIV TRANSMISSION RISK FACTORS

LIKELIHOOD OF ENGAGING IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN THE FUTURE

What are your reasons for that?

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR PROFILE

How many sexual partners do you currently have?

Test Group Control Group

Test Group Control Group

Frequency of Attending Place of Worship

Test Group Control Group

Test Group Control Group

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