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Dnj E Gnstrkajtarkc Ykc >7 Jk >8 Ladaohar 8==47=7
 Y`rnc bapnt`t`s `j tba Dnjnl`nj @ju`t njl I`rst Jnt`kjs pkpucnt`kjs
Garncl P O`juf
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, E Qbnjkvn
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Tadt`kj ki Bapntkckgy, Lapnrtoajt ki Oal`d`ja, Qj`vars`ty ki Onj`tkhn, W`jj`pag, Onj`tkhnDkrraspkjlajda njl rapr`jts5 Lr Garncl P O`juf, Banl, Tadt`kj ki Bapntkckgy, Qj`vars`ty ki Onj`tkhn, Ekbj Hubcar Xasanrdb Dajtra, 2=4I-7>1 OdLarokt Nvajua, W`jj`pag, Onj`tkhn X4A 4]<. \acapbkja 8=<-720-48=<, inx 8=<-720-407>, a-on`c go`jufMdd.uonj`tkhn.dn
GP O`juf, E Qbnjkvn. Y`rnc bapnt`t`s `j tba Dnjnl`nj @ju`tnjl I`rst Jnt`kjs pkpucnt`kjs. Dnj E Gnstrkajtarkc8==46>7(>8)57=7-7>8.
KHEAD\@YA5
\k rav`aw puhc`sbal pravncajda lntn ragnrl`jg bapn-t`t`s N (BNY), H (BHY) njl D (BDY) `j Dnjnl`nj @ju`t njl I`rst Jnt`kjs pkpucnt`kjs.
 OA\BKLT5
]uhOal lntnhnsa sanrdb njl rav`aw ki ncc pnparslasdr`h`jg lntn lar`val irko sarkap`lao`kckg`dnc survays.
XATQC\T5
\ba pravncajda ki njt`-BNY pks`t`v`ty `j Dnjnl`nj@ju`t njl I`rst Jnt`kjs pkpucnt`kjs rapkrtal tk lnta `s b`gb (rnjga71% tk 01%) njl npprkx`ontacy tbraa t`oas tbnt ki jkj-Nhkr`g`jncDnjnl`njs ras`l`jg `j tba snoa dkoouj`t`as. Nokjg tba Dnjnl`nj@ju`t, tba pravncajda ki BHY `jiadt`kj `s npprkx`ontacy 1%, kr 8=t`oas tbnt ki jkj-Nhkr`g`jnc Dnjnl`njs, wb`ca tba r`sf ki axpksura tkBHY `s 81%, kr i`va t`oas b`gbar. Xagnrl`jg tba I`rst Jnt`kjs pkpu-cnt`kj, prac`o`jnry lntn suggast tba pravncajdas ki BHY `jiadt`kj(=.4% tk 4%) njl axpksura (>=% tk 88%) nra s`o`cnr tk rntas `j jkj-Nhkr`g`jncs ras`l`jg `j tba snoa rag`kjs njl pnrt`d`pnt`jg `j s`o`cnrb`gb r`sf ndt`v`t`as. Tarkckg`dnc av`lajda ki BDY `jiadt`kj (njt`-BDY) `s okra dkookj `j tba Dnjnl`nj @ju`t njl I`rst Jnt`kjs (>%tk >2%) tbnj tba raon`jlar ki tba Dnjnl`nj pkpucnt`kj (=.1% tk 8%)6bkwavar, v`rao`n (BDY-XJN pks`t`v`ty) `s cass dkookj (cass tbnj 1%varsus 71% ki njt`-BDY pks`t`va `jl`v`luncs, raspadt`vacy).
DKJDCQT@KJT5
Y`rnc bapnt`t`s `s dkookj `j tba Dnjnl`nj @ju`tnjl I`rst Jnt`kjs pkpucnt`kjs. @j tba nhsajda ki dkax`st`jg buonj`ooujklai`d`ajdy v`rus `jiadt`kj njl ncdkbkc nhusa, tba kutdkoas ki BHY njl BDY nppanr tk ha okra haj`gj tbnj `j jkj-Nhkr`g`jncDnjnl`njs.
Fay Wkrls5
 Nhkr`g`jnc6 I`rst Jnt`kjs6 Bapnt`t`s6 Bapnt`t`s N6Bapnt`t`s H6 Bapnt`t`s D6 @ju`t6 C`var l`sansa6 Y`rnc bapnt`t`s
Bàpnt`ta v`rnca dbaz cas @ju`ts at cas ]rao`ârasjnt`kjs nu Dnjnln
KHEAD\@I 5
]nssar aj ravua cas lkjjàas puhc`àas sur cn pràvncajda lac‐bàpnt`ta N (BYN), la c‐bàpnt`ta H (BYH) at la c‐bàpnt`ta D (BYD)dbaz cas @ju`ts at cas ]rao`âras jnt`kjs nu Dnjnln.
 OÀ\BKLA 5
Xadbardba lnjs cn hnsa la lkjjàas ]uhOal at axnoaj latkutas cas puhc`dnt`kjs in`snjt àtnt la lkjjàas prkvajnjt l‐ajquåtas sàrk-àp`lào`kckg`quas.
XÀTQC\N\T 5
]rao`âraoajt, cn pràvncajda la cn sàrkpks`t`v`tà njt`-BYN làdcnràa eusqu‐í on`jtajnjt dbaz cas @ju`ts at cas ]rao`âras jnt`kjsnu Dnjnln ast àcavàa (71 %-01 %) at acca ast í pau prâs trk`s ik`ssupàr`aura í dacca ajrag`stràa dbaz cas jkj-Nutkdbtkjas lnjs cas oåoasdkooujnutàs. Laux`âoaoajt, cn pràvncajda la c‐BYH dbaz cas @ju`ts astl‐ajv`rkj 1 %, sk`t 8= ik`s dacca racavàa dbaz cas Dnjnl`ajs jkjnutkdbtkjas, at ca r`squa l‐axpks`t`kj nu v`rus la c‐bàpnt`ta H ksd`ccanutkur la 81 %, sk`t uj r`squa 1 ik`s pcus àcavà. \kutaik`s, l‐nprâs las lkj-jàas pràc`o`jn`ras, cn pràvncajda la c‐BYH (=,4 %-4 %) at c‐axpks`t`kj nuv`rus (>= %-88 %) dbaz cas ]rao`âras jnt`kjs at cas Oàt`s ntta`jlrn`ajtlas tnux dkopnrnhcas í daux jktàs dbaz cas jkj-Nutkdbtkjas laoaurnjtlnjs cas oåoas ràg`kjs at pnrt`d`pnjt nu oåoa gajra l‐ndt`v`tàs trâsr`squàas. \rk`s`âoaoajt, cas s`gjas sàrkckg`quas l‐`jiadt`kj nu v`rus lac‐bàpnt`ta D (njt`dkrps njt`-BYD) skjt pcus iràquajts dbaz cas @ju`ts (> %->2 %) qua lnjs ca rasta la cn pkpucnt`kj nu Dnjnln (=,1 %-8 %)6 pnrdkjtra, cas s`gjas la v`rào`a (pks`t`v`tà í c‐àgnrl la c‐NXJ lu v`rus lac‐bàpnt`ta D) skjt ok`js iràquajts (ok`js la 1 % dkjtra 71 % la parskj-jas sàrkpks`t`vas njt`-BYD, raspadt`vaoajt).
DKJDCQT@KJ 5
C‐bàpnt`ta v`rnca ast iràquajta dbaz cas @ju`ts at cas]rao`âras jnt`kjs nu Dnjnln on`s, aj c‐nhsajda l‐`jiadt`kj pnr ca v`rus lac‐`ooujklài`d`ajda buon`ja at l‐nhus l‐ncdkkc dkjdko`tnjts, c‐àvkcut`kjla c‐BYH at la c‐BYD saohca ok`js grnva lnjs das pkpucnt`kjs qua dbazcas jkj-Nutkdbtkjas.
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`rnc bapnt`t`s `s nj `jicnoontkry dkjl`t`kj ki tba c`var tbntdnj canl tk lantb irko iuco`jnjt bapnt`d in`cura, d`rrbks`snjl/kr bapntkdaccucnr dnrd`jkon. Ki tba a`gbt bapntktrkp`dv`rusas l`sdkvaral tk lnta, bapnt`t`s N (BNY), H (BHY) njl Dv`rus (BDY) bnva haaj nsskd`ntal w`tb tba b`gbast okrtnc`tyrntas `j jkjpragjnjt pnt`ajts (>). Xkutas ki trnjso`ss`kj vnrynokjg tba v`rusas. Ikr axnopca, BNY `s cnrgacy spranl hy iadncdkjtno`jnt`kj ki ikkl kr lr`jf`jg wntar, wbarans BHY `s okstkitaj spranl hy `jeadt`kj lrug usa `j lavackpal jnt`kjs njlontarjnc-`jinjt trnjso`ss`kj `j lavackp`jg jnt`kjs (8).Taxunc njl `jt`onta dkjtndt `s tbkugbt tk ha n dkookj rkutaki BHY trnjso`ss`kj `j hktb lavackpal njl lavackp`jgjnt`kjs (8). BDY trnjso`ss`kj `s skoawbnt s`o`cnr tk tbnt ki BHY `j tbnt `t tkk `s okst dkookjcy spranl hy `jeadt`kj lrugusa `j lavackpal jnt`kjs hut hy jkskdko`nc trnjso`ss`kj `jlavackp`jg jnt`kjs (8). Taxunc trnjso`ss`kj ki BDY `s cassdkookj tbnj w`tb BHY (8).\ba @ju`t njl I`rst Jnt`kj pkpucnt`kjs ki Dnjnln ony hant `jdransal r`sf ikr `jiadt`kj w`tb andb ki tbasa v`rusas ikr sav-arnc ranskjs. Ns ikujl rapantalcy, pkkr banctb njl skd`nc `ssuassudb ns pkvarty, ckw aludnt`kj cavacs, c`o`tal bkus`jg njl b`gbujaopckyoajt nokjgst Nhkr`g`jnc pakpcas ony canl tk snj`-tnt`kj prkhcaos njl tbarahy, okra iraquajt BNY trnjso`s-s`kj, ns wacc ns anrcy kr okra ragucnr `jvkcvaoajt `j dartn`jb`gb-r`sf ndt`v`t`as rasuct`jg `j okra iraquajt BHY njl BDYtrnjso`ss`kj (4). Okrakvar, tba kvar raprasajtnt`kj ki 
KX@G@JNC NX\@DCA
©8==4 ]ucsus Grkup @jd. Ncc r`gbts rasarval
 
Nhkr`g`jncs nokjgst `jeadt`kj lrug usars njl pr`skj `jontas(grkups w`tb b`gb pravncajdas ki BHY njl BDY `jiadt`kj)raprasajts n dkjt`jukus skurda ki `jiadt`kj nokjgstNhkr`g`jnc pakpca. I`jnccy, `j tba @ju`t pkpucnt`kj, w`laspranlhnd`cca Dncoatta-Guàr`j `jeadt`kjs bnva haaj nlo`j`staral ikrprkpbycnx`s ngn`jst tuharducks`s ikr ladnlas, tba anrcy pbnsa ki wb`db ony bnva `jvkcval tba usa ki jkjl`spksnhca aqu`poajtnjl, tbarahy, njl `jdransal r`sf ki jkskdko`nc trnjso`ss`kj ki BHY njl/kr BDY (<).\ba purpksa ki tba prasajt pnpar `s tk rav`aw wbnt `sprasajtcy fjkwj nhkut v`rnc bapnt`t`s `j tba Dnjnl`nj @ju`tnjl I`rst Jnt`kjs pkpucnt`kjs hnsal kj puhc`sbal lntn irkotba oal`dnc c`tarntura njl ns yat ujpuhc`sbal lntn gajarntal hytba nutbkrs.
 OA\BKLT
Acadtrkj`d sanrdbas us`jg ]uhOal/OALC@JA lntnhnsas wara dkj-ludtal (Npr`c njl Jkvaohar 8==8) tk `lajt`iy njl rav`aw ncc puh-c`sbal pravncajda/sarkap`lao`kckg`d stul`as ki BNY, BHY njlBDY `j Dnjnl`nj Nhkr`g`jnc pkpucnt`kjs. \ba sanrdb wns dkj-ludtal w`tbkut cnjgunga rastr`dt`kjs us`jg tba strntagy `jl`dntal`j Nppajl`x N.
XATQC\T NJL L@TDQTT@KJ
BNY
\ba i`rst puhc`sbal, pkpucnt`kj-hnsal survay ki tba pravncajdaki njt`hkly tk BNY (njt`-BNY) `j tba @ju`t pkpucnt`kj ki Dnjnln wns `j >028, wbaj O`juf at nc (1) rapkrtal tba rasuctski tast`jg `j 7=2 `jbnh`tnjts (npprkx`ontacy 7=% ki tba tktncpkpucnt`kj) ki Hnfar Cnfa, Jkrtbwast \arr`tkr`as. Tarn bnlhaaj khtn`jal `j >02= njl tastal ikr `ooujkgckhuc`j (@g) Gnjt`-BNY us`jg n skc`l pbnsa rnl`k`ooujknssny. N tktnc ki <0< (71%) ki tba @ju`t ras`lajts wara njt`-BNY pks`t`va dko-pnral w`tb a`gbt ki <2 (>7%) wb`ta ras`lajts `j tba snoa dko-ouj`ty. \bara wara jk s`gj`i`dnjt l`iiarajdas `j tbapravncajda ki njt`-BNY hatwaaj tba saxas hut rntas `jdransalw`tb nga (I`gura >). Ki tba savaj `jinjts cass tbnj kja yanr ki nga, tbraa (ncc ykujgar tbnj s`x okjtbs ki nga) wara @gG njt`-BNY pks`t`va hut jkja @gO njt`-BNY pks`t`va, suggast`jgtrnjspcndajtnc trnjsiar ki ontarjnc njt`-BNY. Ikr tbksahatwaaj tba ngas ki kja njl ikur yanrs, tba pravncajda ki njt`-BNY wns ckw, tbaj `jdransal, sudb tbnt hy nga savaj yanrskvar 7=% bnl sarkckg`dnc av`lajda ki BNY. Qjt`c tba nga ki <= yanrs, tba rnta raon`jal nt npprkx`ontacy 71% hut ncokst>==% ki tba kclar `jl`v`luncs `j tba dkoouj`ty bnl sarkckg`-dnc av`lajda ki pnst `jiadt`kj. Jkja ki tba 0= njt`-BNY pks`-t`va saruo snopcas tastal ikr @gO njt`-BNY wns randt`va.\ba snoa stuly laokjstrntal n strkjg nsskd`nt`kj(]3=.==1) hatwaaj tba pravncajda ki njt`-BNY njl tba juo-har ki `jl`v`luncs par bkusa. @j ujdrkwlal bkusas (tbksa w`tbtwk kr tbraa kddupnjts) kjcy 9<% ki tba `jbnh`tnjts bnl njt`-BNY `j tba`r saruo, wbarans `j bkusas w`tb a`gbt kr okrakddupnjts 29% wara pks`t`va. \ba b`gbast rnta wns ikujl `jbkusas w`tb kjcy kja kddupnjt (27%) hut tb`s nppnrajt njko-ncy wns c`facy racntal tk tba okra nlvnjdal nga ki tbasa `jl`-v`luncs. N s`o`cnr hut jkt s`gj`i`dnjt dkrracnt`kj hatwaajbkusabkcl s`za njl njt`-BNY pravncajda wns saaj ikr tba db`c-lraj ki tba dkoouj`ty (=.>3]:=.=1).N sadkjl BNY stuly wns parikroal hy tba snoa `jvast`gn-tkrs `j >028 wbaj >78 ras`lajts ki tba dkoouj`ty ki Dbastari`acl @jcat (ast`ontal pkpucnt`kj nt tba t`oa5 88=)wara tastal ikr @gG njt`-BNY (9). Kja bujlral tb`rty-kja(79%) `jl`v`luncs wara sarkpks`t`va. Kjcy 4=% ki tba db`clrajhackw >= yanrs ki nga wara njt`-BNY pks`t`va. \ba pravncajdaki njt`hkl`as tbaj rksa sbnrpcy tk 2=% `j tba >=- tk >0-yanr-kcls njl raon`jal nt cavacs grantar tbnj 21% `j ncc kclarngagrkups (I`gura 8).Okra radajtcy, lntn bnva haaj khtn`jal irko 804 (4<% ki tba tktnc pkpucnt`kj) ki twk nll`t`kjnc hut njkjyokus @ju`tdkoouj`t`as. @j tbasa dkoouj`t`as, 28% ki snopcas wara @gGnjt`-BNY pks`t`va (nutbkrs‐ ujpuhc`sbal lntn). Nga njl saxl`str`hut`kjs nra jkt nvn`cnhca.\k lnta, tbara bns haaj kjcy kja puhc`sbal rapkrt ki tbapravncajda ki njt`-BNY `j nj urhnj I`rst Jnt`kjs/Oat`s pkpu-cnt`kj (7). \bnt stuly, parikroal `j >001 tk >009, `jvkcval114 straat-`jvkcval `jl`v`luncs ras`l`jg `j W`jj`pag,Onj`tkhn (tktnc juohar ki straat-`jvkcval `jl`v`luncs6ujfjkwj). \braa bujlral savajtaaj ki tba 114 pnrt`d`pnjts`lajt`i`al tbaosacvas ns I`rst Jnt`kjs kr Oat`s. N tktnc ki 8>8I`rst Jnt`kj njl 14 Oat`s snopcas wara nvn`cnhca ikr njt`-BNYtast`jg. @j tb`s jkjraprasajtnt`va b`gb r`sf suhsat ki tba I`rst Jnt`kjs njl Oat`s pkpucnt`kj, 78% ki tba 8>8 I`rst Jnt`kjsnjl <8% ki tba 14 Oat`s wara @gG njt`-BNY pks`t`va dko-pnral w`tb 82% ki >>0 jkj-I`rst Jnt`kjs/Oat`s straat-`jvkcval pakpca (KX 1.=, 01% D@ 4.>-2.=, ]3=.==>).Nctbkugb tba nga l`str`hut`kj ki tba I`rst Jnt`kj/Oat`s pnrt`d-`pnjts wns jkt prkv`lal, tba oanj nga ki tba ajt`ra stuly pkp-ucnt`kj wns 81.7 yanrs (rnjga >> tk 91 yanrs) njl 14% waraiaonca.Lntn irko n >009 sarksurvay ki n I`rst Jnt`kjs rasarva `jOnj`tkhn w`tb n pkpucnt`kj ki >=49 bnva ravancal tbnt 01% ki 4>1 snopcas tastal (>>7 oncas njl >02 iaoncas, oanj nga4<.<¾>1.> yanrs, rnjga >.1 tk 28 yanrs) wara pks`t`va ikr @gGnjt`-BNY (2). \ba pravncajda rnta `j oncas wns s`o`cnr tk tbntki iaoncas (09% varsus 0<%, raspadt`vacy).
Tuoonry5
\ba pravncajda ki njt`-BNY pks`t`v`ty `j nccDnjnl`nj @ju`t njl I`rst Jnt`kjs pkpucnt`kjs rapkrtal tk lnta`s b`gb (rnjga 71% tk 01%) njl npprkx`ontacy tbraa t`oastbnt ki jkj-Nhkr`g`jncs ras`l`jg `j tba snoa dkoouj`t`as(\nhca >). \basa i`jl`jgs ujlarsdkra tba prkhcaos tbnt ax`stw`tb raspadt tk snj`tnry dkjl`t`kjs, parskjnc byg`aja njl tbasniaty ki dkoouj`ty ikkl njl wntar `j @ju`t njl I`rst Jnt`kjspkpucnt`kjs. \bay ncsk aopbns`za tba `opkrtnjda ki BNY vnd-d`jnt`kj ki susdapt`hca nlucts `j tb`s sagoajt ki tba Dnjnl`njpkpucnt`kj.
BHY `j tba @ju`t njl I`rst Jnt`kjs pkpucnt`kjs
\ba snoa stuly tbnt lasdr`hal BNY `j tba @ju`t pkpucnt`kj ki Hnfar Cnfa wns ncsk tba i`rst tk lasdr`ha tba pravncajda ki BHY`jiadt`kj `j n Dnjnl`nj @ju`t pkpucnt`kj (0). Ki tba 78= sno-pcas tastal, 49 (1%) wara bapnt`t`s H surinda njt`gaj (BHsNg)pks`t`va njl 87% bnl av`lajda ki prav`kus BHY axpksura(a`tbar njt`hkly tk bapnt`t`s H dkra njt`gaj Vnjt`-BHd_ njl/krnjt`hkly tk BHsNg Vnjt`-BHs_ pks`t`va). Oncas wara tw`da nsc`facy tk ha BHsNg pks`t`va tbnj iaoncas. Jkja ki tba <0 wb`taras`lajts `j tb`s dkoouj`ty wns BHsNg pks`t`va, njl sarkckg`dncav`lajda ki prav`kus BHY axpksura wns prasajt `j kjcy 1%.Xadajt gajktyp`jg ki tba BHY gajkoa ravancal gajktypas H(`j faap`jg w`tb nj Ns`nj rntbar tbnj Jkrtb Noar`dnj skurda)kr o`xal N/H, suhtypa nlw, `j ncc dnsas (>=).\ba nga nt wb`db @ju`t `j tba dkoouj`ty hadnoa `jiadtalwns ujdcanr. BHsNg pars`stajda rntas raicadt tba nga ki BHYaxpksura. \bay nra dncducntal hy l`v`l`jg tba juohar ki BHsNg-pks`t`va `jl`v`luncs hy tba juohar ki `jl`v`luncs w`tb
O`juf njl Qbnjkvn
Dnj E Gnstrkajtarkc Ykc >7 Jk >8 Ladaohar 8==47=2
 
njy pks`t`va BHY onrfar. @j tb`s dkoouj`ty tba pars`stajdarnta wns >1%, suggast`jg `jl`v`luncs tajlal tk ha `jiadtal nth`rtb kr lur`jg anrcy db`clbkkl. Bkwavar, nga-spad`i`d pravn-cajda rntas ravancal jk dnrr`ars ujlar tba nga ki 8= yanrs njlracnt`vacy ckw rntas ki BHY axpksura ujt`c anrcy nluctbkkl njlhaykjl (I`gura 4). Ncsk `j faap`jg w`tb c`o`tal jakjntnc njldb`clbkkl axpksura wara tba rasucts ki bapnt`t`s H anrcy njt`-gaj (BHaNg) njl njt`hkly tk BHaNg (njt`-BHa) tast`jg,wbara`j b`gb BHaNg-pks`t`va rntas nra pral`dtal `j pkpucn-t`kjs wbara `jiadt`kj kddurs anrcy `j c`ia. @j tba 49 BHsNg-pks`t`va dnrr`ars `lajt`i`al, jkja wns BHaNg pks`t`va njl 4<wara njt`-BHa pks`t`va.@j nll`t`kj tk tba ujusunc sarkckg`dnc pnttarj lasdr`halnhkva, h`kdbao`dnc av`lajda ki ndt`va c`var l`sansa wns surpr`s-`jgcy rnra. @jlaal, jk BHY dnrr`ar bnl acavntal c`var ajzyoaskr nhjkronc c`var iujdt`kj tasts. Ncpbn-iatkprkta`j cavacs,wb`db nra acavntal `j 9=% tk 2=% ki pnt`ajts w`tb bapntkdac-cucnr dnrd`jkon, wara w`tb`j tba jkronc rnjga `j ncc dnsas.Xadajtcy, 42 BHsNg-pks`t`va dnrr`ars irko tba rag`kj wara iur-tbar stul`al ikr av`lajda ki BHY outnt`kjs (>>). N cnrga par-dajtnga (2=%) wara pks`t`va ikr tba pradkra outnt`kj, tbab`gbast pravncajda rapkrtal tk lnta hut jagnt`va ikr tba hns`ddkra prkoktar outnt`kjs (jt >798/>79<), kitaj nsskd`ntal w`tbokra ndt`va l`sansa (>8).Tuhsaquajt stul`as hy Cnrfa at nc (>4) `j tba Jkrtbwast\arr`tkr`as, Hn`f`a at nc (><) `j Jkrtbarj Cnhrnlkr njl O`jufat nc (9) `j nj nll`t`kjnc @ju`t dkoouj`tysuppkrt tba rasuctski tba `j`t`nc O`juf stuly (0). Tpad`i`dnccy, `j tba Cnrfa at nc(>4) stuly (\nhca 8), ki ><,>02 ras`lajts ki tba Pufkj njl Jkrtbwast \arr`tkr`as (4=% ki tba tktnc pkpucnt`kj `j tbarag`kj nt tba t`oa), 4% wara BHsNg-pks`t`va njl 8>% bnlsarkckg`dnc av`lajda ki prav`kus BHY axpksura (njt`-BHs)haikra tba `jtrkludt`kj ki BHY vndd`jnt`kj `j >022. Xntas `jtba @ju`t (<% njl 81%) wara s`o`cnr tk tbksa `j tba Laja pkpu-cnt`kj (4% njl 88%) njl b`gbar tbnj `j wb`tas ras`l`jg `j tbarag`kj (=.4% njl 2.1%, raspadt`vacy). Ki jkta, Cnrfa njl dkc-canguas (>4) ikujl n b`gbar pravncajda ki BHaNg pks`t`v`ty(2.2%) tbnj wns tba dnsa `j tba O`juf stul`as (=%) (9,0). @jtba Hn`f`a at nc (><) stuly ki 8>19 `jbnh`tnjts ki JkrtbarjCnhrnlkr (98% ki tba tktnc pkpucnt`kj), 4.8% wara BHsNgpks`t`va njl ><.7% bnl av`lajda ki prav`kus BHY axpksura.Kjda ngn`j, tba BHsNg dnrr`ar njl BHY axpksura rntas waras`gj`i`dnjtcy b`gbar `j tba @ju`t (9.0% njl 89.<%, raspadt`vacy)tbnj `j wb`tas (=% njl 8.1%, raspadt`vacy). Ns `j tba O`jufstul`as, Hn`f`a at nc (><) l`l jkt i`jl BHaNg pks`t`v`ty `jtba`r BHsNg-pks`t`va dnrr`ars njl ncsk lasdr`hal n ckw pravn-cajda ki BHY axpksura (<%) `j `jl`v`luncs ujlar tbanga ki 8= yanrs.Ki >0= snopcas tastal irko tba twk njkjyokus @ju`t dko-ouj`t`as raiarral tk nhkva, 8> (>>%) wara njt`-BHd-pks`t`vanjl ki tbasa, ikur wara BHsNg-pks`t`va njl >7 BHsNg-jagnt`va.\bus, tba kvarncc pravncajda ki BHsNg `jiadt`kj `j tbasa twkdkoouj`t`as wns npprkx`ontacy 8%. Kjda ngn`j, nga njl saxlntn nra jkt nvn`cnhca ikr tba `jbnh`tnjts ki tbasa twk dkoou-j`t`as.Xagnrl`jg tba I`rst Jnt`kjs pkpucnt`kj, ns oajt`kjal anrc`ar,Cnrfa at nc (>4) lkduoajtal nj BHsNg pravncajda rnta ki 4%njl axpksura rnta ki 88% `j tba Laja pkpucnt`kj ki tba Jkrtbwast \arr`tkr`as. @j tba okra radajt stuly ki tbaOnj`tkhn I`rst Jnt`kj rasarva dkoouj`ty, O`juf at nc (2)ikujl savaj ki 4=> snopcas tastal (8.4%) wara njt`-BHd pks`-t`va njl jkja BHsNg pks`t`va. Ki tbksa tbnt wara njt`-BHdpks`t`va, s`x wara onca njl kja wns iaonca. Ncc hut kja ki tbanjt`-BHd pks`t`va `jl`v`luncs wara kvar tba nga ki 8= yanrs, hutjkja wara kvar 9= yanrs.@j Hr`t`sb Dkcuoh`n, 8>99 nttajlaas nt n I`rst Jnt`kjsNcdkbkc njl Lrug \rantoajt dajtra wara tastal ikr BHYonrfars hatwaaj tba yanrs >008 njl 8=== (>1). Ki tbasa,
Y`rnc bapnt`t`s njl Dnjnl`nj Nhkr`g`jncs
Dnj E Gnstrkajtarkc Ykc >7 Jk >8 Ladaohar 8==47=0
 I`gura >)
 Nga-spad`i`d pravncajda rntas ikr njt`hkly tk bapnt`t`s Nv`rus (njt`-BNY) `j 7=2 `jbnh`tnjts ki Hnfar Cnfa, Jkrtbwast\arr`tkr`as, >02=. Lntn irko raiarajda 1
 I`gura 8)
 Nga-spad`i`d pravncajda rntas ikr njt`hkly tk bapnt`t`s Nv`rus (njt`-BNY) `j >78 `jbnh`tnjts ki Dbastari`acl @jcat, Jkrtbwast\arr`tkr`as, >028. Lntn irko raiarajda 9
 I`gura 4)
 Nga-spad`i`d pravncajda rntas ikr njt`hkly tk bapnt`t`s Nv`rus (njt`-BNY), njy bapnt`t`s H onrfar (BHY) njl bapnt`t`s H sur- inda njt`gaj (BHsNg) `j 7=2 (BNY) njl 78= (BHY) `jbnh`tnjts ki Hnfar Cnfa, Jkrtbwast \arr`tkr`as, >02=. Lntn irko raiarajda 0

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