Lect 1 Intro, legal background and refresh topics

Lect 2 main frame n biz form (sounds not v impt)

main frame – refer to diff parties involved in lect notes

Lect 3 Equity financing

Methods of raising capital

–Types of corporate finance
- 2 types: equity and debt
–Equity & debt
–Private & public funding
–Capital markets
- capital mkt = securities mkt (slide 12) not same as money mkt (ST fin instrument)
Equity Financing
–Main legislation
- Securities & Futures Act, Companies Act
–Regulatory authorities
- MAS, SGX, Securities Industry Council
–Listing requirements: prospectus
–Disclosure requirements
–Continuing disclosure policies
- timely disclosure of price sensitive info
- disclosure of substantial shareholdings
–Rules against fraud, insider trading etc
Lect 4 Debt financing (dev & investment from pov of lender i.e party who loan)
- Key parties & RS between
- borrower and lender
- Lender and parent company
- borrower and purchaser/tenants
- borrow, lender and contractor, professional consultants, archi etc (dev cases)
- Lender’s concerns as reflected in diff key security doc
(THINK about - bank loans for company borrowers for purchase and/or construction & dev of
existing/new property)
- Types of debt financing
- Bilateral debt financing: loan/credit facility provided by a single lender to a borrower (or
associated borrower
- Multi lender debt financing: loan between multiple lenders and the borrower
Lect 5 & 6 purchase & mortgage of real estate (option to complete_
- Contracts for purchase of land
- Types of property transfers & sales

- sale, gift, settlement, transmission, mortgage

- Legal requirements & capacity

- Preliminary investigations before contract

- Process from contract to completion

– Searches

– Loanfinancing

– Mortgages, CPF charges

– Land Titles Act: registration & indefeasibility

– Stamp duty*
- After completion
Lect 7 Housing & commercial RE dev
- borrower as developer
- regulations of property development
- types of approvals and planning permission
- development charges
- building control
- control & licensing of housing development
- housing developer rules
- project account rules
- sale of commercial and other properties
- anti money laundering rules
- stamp duty

Lect 8 Credit & security – charges, liens, guarantees etc

- Adv of debt vs equity financing
- private vs public debt financing
- regulatory framework & legislation
- classification of security
- proprietary eg. mortgage & charge
- possessory eg. pledge & lien
- personal eg. guarantee
- types of securities
- mortgage, charges – fixed & floating, debentures, (pledge, lien, guarantee)
Lect 9 Insolvency
Insolvency, Restructuring and Dissolution Act 2018: An Act to amend and consolidate the written
laws relating to the making and approval of a compromise or an arrangement with the creditors of a
company or an individual, receivership, corporate insolvency and winding up, individual insolvency
and bankruptcy, and the public administration of insolvency, to provide for the regulation of
insolvency practitioners, to provide for connected matters, to repeal the Bankruptcy Act (Chapter 20
of the 2009 Revised Edition) and to make consequential and related amendments to certain other
Acts.
Individual insolvency: Bankruptcy
–Role of the Official Assignee

–Bankruptcy process & its effects

–Distribution of bankrupt’s estate

–Potential legal issues

–Changes under the new Omnibus Act

Corporate insolvency
–Role of the Official Receiver

–Liquidation& Winding Up

–Types of Winding Up

–Role of Liquidators

–Distribution of assets

Lect 10 Business trusts, REIT, others

summary:
company is good for growing, active businesses
trust is good as a family wealth management device
BT may be a more sophisticated device, but more to do with wealth management than wealth
creating
leading to the Q: do REITs have the best of both worlds?
BT REIT
1. diff objective Focused on business Primarily passive investment
operations as well as vehicles focusing on passive
expanding operations income
2. gearing aka leverage No limit – this would clearly 35% for non-rated REITs and
(Basically, the lower this ratio help in their objective to 60% for rated REIT.
is, the lesser leveraged expand their business
(Borrow lesser $) the entity is operations
– leading to a more
conservative capital structure)

Diff b/w BT and REIT (seedly): It's easy to get confused with a REIT and a Business Trust as
both are listed on the SGX as "trusts". Despite both a REIT and a Business Trust owning the
same type of asset, there are multiple differences. The main difference between the two is
that a REIT is involved in real etate whereas a Business Trust is not restricted to real estate
and can operate in any field. Some other differences include management
structure, gearing limit and dividend distribution.
In terms of management structure, a REIT involves two separate entities (manager who runs
operation, and trustee who owns the asset) while a business trust is managed by the same
entity that owns the assets and manages them. The management structure comes into
importance when unitholders request for a change in management. In a REIT, unitholders
can remove the manager of the REIT with more than 50% of "yes" vote however, a business
trust require a 75% "yes" vote.
The gearing ratio for REIT is limited to 35% but a business trust does not have a borrowing
limit. This ratio is an indicator of the level of leverage of the REIT or business trust hence,
business trusts may be riskier as there is no hard limits on how much they can borrow.
Lastly, REITs and business trusts differ in the policies regarding the level of dividends. REITs
are required to distribute at least 90% of their taxable income through dividends annually.
This ensures a regular stream of income for REITs investors. Conversely, business trusts do
not have to adhere to a minimum level of payout.
A possible follow-up question would be "which of the two should I invest in?"
The first step to choosing between a REIT and a business trust would be to determine your
investment objectives. For a passive income, investing in REITs would be appropriate.
Whereas if you're looking to be engaged in the business operations,
a business trust could potentially provide defensive returns through regular income
distributions and high payout ratios.

1) type of assets they are able to hold

REITs themselves are, as the name suggests, only able to contain assets in the property
market. For example, Capitaland Mall Trusts lists of assets include multiple retail shopping
malls such as Tampines Mall, JCube and Plaza Singapura eg., and these income generating
properties are what provide the cash flow and thus dividends to investors of the Trust.
However, Business Trusts are not restricted to only being able to hold onto property assets,
they can basically be any type of Business such as Ships Leasing (First Ship Lease Trust) and
Network Connectivity (NetLink NBN Trusts). Hence, this allows for a form of flexibility as
Business Trust allow for the Trust structure to operate outside of just the real estate market.
More examples of Business trusts can be found here -- http://www.mas.gov.sg/regulations-
and-financial-stability/regulations-guidance-and-licensing/business-trusts/list-of-registered-
business-trusts.aspx
2) Management Structure
Within these Trusts, there will be a Trustee (someone who holds onto the assets in name for
the benefit of another) and a Manager (who runs the operations). Business Trust combines
these 2 roles into 1, hence a Trustee-Manager runs these operations, while holding onto
the assets, whilst for REITs, they seperate these 2 roles into seperate entities. As a result,
governance within the Business Trust and a REIT will have differences, where REITs require a
smaller proportion of independent directors within it's board of directors and requirement
for votes to pass. Such governance differences may mean nothing much to a small retail
investor, who may be more fixated on just the performance of the REIT/Business Trust, but
for larger stakeholders who wish to make drastic changes within, it may mean alot!
3) Dividend/Capital Gain Distribution Requirements
REITs have rather stringent requirements, where 90% of their taxable income has to be
distributed as dividends within the year. This affords REITs very attractive tax exemption
incentives. Hence, you can almost be sure that REITs will be able to provide a substantial
dividend payout. according to Yahoo finance, REITS such as Ascendas Real Estate
Investment Trust has a 5 year average of 6.43%
(https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/quote/A17U.SI/key-statistics?p=A17U.SI) , which are
substantially higher than say, a bank's dividend, such as DBS's (3.40%).
However, Business Trusts do not have such requirements, and hence do not have obligation
to payout dividends if dividends are not declared. You could have no payouts this year, and
next year payouts could be 10%!
TLDR: In essence, REITS are somewhat a "subset" per say of Business Trusts, but with
different governance structures, greater stringent requirements for tax exemption
incentives that leads to their high, consistent divident payout, whereas Business Trust do
not require, nor are obliged, to do so. Business Trusts are Trusts structures that also can
hold multiple asset classes outside of real estate, while REITs only can have Real Estate
assets.