SMU

________________________
Sikkim Manipal
University
Semester – 2

Subject Code:
MB0018(Set 1)
Book ID : B0910

PRODUCTION &
OPERATIONS
MANAGEMENT

Submitted by :
Brijesh Salian
MBA Roll No.
540911618
1. Explain the various automated systems for transfer of materials in the
production plant? Illustrate your answer by considering an example of an
automobile showroom.

Answer:
Basically, automation system comes to reduce labour power and time in the production. Here
we can see the evolution systems with some examples. The goods required by society were
produced in small quantities by craftsman who would know the need of the community and
produced them by their own hands with simple tools. The apprentices or by another
craftsman, who would make them to meet the requests made.

The parts and components used to make these machines had to be replaced when they wore
making parts so that interchangeability was achieved made setting up standards and
specifications important for meeting

The craftsmen gave way to engineers, workers, superiors and inspectors. Division of labour
became necessary to achieve efficiencies and the jabs that became specialized. Competition
has necessitated improved quality, reduced sates and better services to the customer.

Automation systems cost huge sums of money and therefore a deep analysis of the various
factors has to be done. For services, automation usually means labour saving devices in
education, long distance learning technology helps in supplementing class room instruction.
The facilitating goods that are used are web site and videos.
Automation in the banking sector has resulted in ATMs which same the banks a huge amount
customer satisfaction. Automation is ideas when the service provided or the product
manufactured is highly standardized.

Some extent of automation can be designed even with customization i. e. product or service a
meant to produce or deliver low volume specific to a requirement. The advantage of
automation is it has low variability and will be more consistent on a repetitive basis

The machines have sensing and control devices that enable them to operate automobile. The
simplest of them called machine attachments replace human effort. They guide, locate, move
and achieve revise position by means of came, optical sensing. Load sensing mechanisms and
activate the controls to remove human intention.

Robots are higher in the order of automation as they perform a variety of tasks. They are
designed to move movements according to programmers written into the computer that inside
them.

With the help of automation, inspection of component can be done 100% ensures highest
quality identification and movement of materials are helped by bar codes which are read and
fed into the system far monitoring quantity, location, movement etc. They help the automated
systems to start information and provide information for effecting any changes necessary. To
make effective use of automated machines, we need to have the movement of materials from
and to different time as stores, automated, Automated storage and Retrieval systems- ASRS-
receive orders for materials from anywhere in the production area, collect materials in the
works times. Computers and information systems are used for placing orders for matters, give
commands adjust inventory records which show the location and quantity of materials
needed.

Automated guided vehicle systems- AGVS – are pallet trucks and unit load carriers follow
embedded guide wires or paint strips to destinations as programmed.
In an automobile showroom we can see all the work automatically with latest machine.
 2. State the important considerations for locating an automobile plant? Collect
information on layout planning of an automobile plant from various sources and
furnish the same.
Answer :
To locate an automobile company or plant many thing should be consider. For an automobile
plant automated flaw lines, automated assembly lines, flexible manufacturing systems, global
transition rapid prototyping. Building manufacturing flexibility things are necessity.

About the automated flow lines we can say it is a machine which is linked by a transfer
system which moves the parts by using handling machines which are also automated, we
have an automated flow line.

Human intervention ma is needed to verify that the operations ate taking place according to
standards. When these cab be achieved with the help of automation and the processes are
conducted with self regulation, we will have automated flow lines established.

In fixed automation or hard automation, where one component is manufactured using

services operations and machines it is possible to achieve this condition. We assume that
product life cycles are sufficiently stable to interest heavily on the automate flow lines to
achieve reduces cast per unit.

Product layouts ate designed so that the assembly tasks are performed in the sequence they
are designed at each station continuously. The finished item came out at the end of the line.

In automated assembly lines the moving pallets move the materials from station to station and
moving arms pick up parts, place them at specified place and system them by perusing,
riveting, & crewing or even welding. Sensors will keep track of there activities and move the
assembles to the next stage.

The machines are arranged in a sequence to perform operations according to the technical
requirements.
The tools are loaded, movements are effected, speeds controlled automatically without the
need for worker’s involvement.

The flexibility leads to better utilization of the equipments. It reduces the numbers of systems
and rids in reduction of investment as well as a space needed to install them. One of the
major cancers of modern manufacturing systems is to be able to respond to market
Demands which have uncertainties.

Prototyping is a process by which a new product is developed in small number so as to

determine the suitability of the materials, study the various methods of manufactured, type of
machinery required and develop techniques to over come problems that my be encountered
when full scale manufacture is undertaken.

Prototypes do meet the specification of the component that enters a product and performance
can be measured on these.

It helps in con be reforming the design and any shortcomings can be rectified at low cost.

Flexibility has three dimensions in the manufacturing field. They are variety, volume and
time. There demands will have to be satisfied. In that sense they become constraints which
restrict the maximization of productivity. Every business will have to meet the market
demands of its various products in variety volumes of different time.

Flexibility is also needed to be able to develop new products or make improvements in the
products fast enough to cater to shifting marker needs.

Manufacturing systems have flexibility built into them to enable organization meet global
demand. You have understood how the latest trends in manufacturing when implemented
help firms to stay a head in business.
3. Who are the players in a project management? What are the various roles and
responsibilities of the players in a project management?
Answer :
Project management is the practice of controlling the use of resources, such as cost, time
manpower, hardware and software involved in a project. That starts with a problem statement
and end with delivery of a complete product.

Here we will see the participants of project management:

In the project management players individual and organizations both are involved-
that is actively involved in the project whose interests may be affected by the outcome of the
project.

Exert influence over the project and its results players or also called “stake holders’’ of the
project
Project manager- the individual responsible for managing the project.
Customer- the individual or organization that will use the product- the end result of the
project.
Performing organization- the enterprise whose employees are mast directly involved in doing
the work of the project.
Sponsors- the individual or group within or external to the performing organization that funds
the project.

Now, we will define the role and responsibilities of project management. Here are some roles
and responsibilities:

There are number of projects which an organization works on. It is not possible for one
individual to manage all the projects.

There is a team of mangers who manage the projects. There may be different teams working
an different projects. An experienced project manager and this team may manage more than
one project at a time. The project team is responsible for ensuring that the project upon
completion shall deliver the gain in the business for which it is intended for.

-the project team has to properly co-ordinate with each other working on different aspects of
the project.

-the team members are responsible for the completion of the project as per the plans of the
project.

Characteristics of project mindset: - some of the characteristics of project mindset are the
following –

Time - it is possible to improve the pace of the project by reducing the time frame of the
process. The mindset is normally to work in a comfort made by stretching the time limits.

Responsiveness – it refers to quickness of response of an individual. The vibrancy and livens

of an individual or an organization are proportional to its capability of evolving process and
structure for superior responsiveness time constant.

Information sharing – information is owner information is the matter key to today’s business.
Information sharing is the characteristic of the project mindset today.

Process – project mindset lays emphasis on flexible process. The major difference in a
process and a system is in its capabilities of providing flexibility to different situational
encounters. Flexible process possesses greater capabilities of adaptability.

Structured planning – structure planning based a project management life cycle enables one
to easily and conveniently work according to the plan.
4. What are the various steps in project monitoring and controlling a project?
Answer :
Any project aimed at delivering a product or a service has to go through phases in a planned
manner in order to meet the requirements. It only by careful monitoring of the project
progress. It required establishing control factors to keep the project on the track of progress.
The results of any stage in a project, depends on the inputs to that stage. It is therefore
necessary to control all the inputs and the corresponding outputs from a stage. A project
management may use certain standard trolls to keep the project on track. The project
manager and the team members should be fully aware of the techniques and methods to
rectify the factors influencing delay of the project and its product. The methodology of
PERT (programmer Evolution Review Technique) and CPM (critical path method) may be
used to analyze the project. In the PERT method one car find out the variance and use the
variance to analyze the various probabilistic estimates pertaining to the project. Using the
CPM one can estimate the start time and the finish time for every event of the project in its
WBS (work Breakdown Structure).

The analysis charts can be used to monitor, control, track and execute a project. Typical
PERT/ CPM exercise of a project are worked out at the end of this sub unit- 9.2. The
various steps involved in monitoring and controlling a project from start to end are as
follows-

1. Preliminary work- the team members understand the project plans, project stage
schedule, progress controls, tracking the dules. Summary of the members have to
understand the tolerances in any change and maintain a change control log. They must
realize the need and importance of quality for which they have to follow strictly quality
agendas. They must understand the stage status reposes, stage and reports, stage end
approval reports.

2. Project progress- The members must keep a track of the project progress and
communication the same to other related members of the project. They must monitor and
control project progress, through the use of regular check points, quality charts. Statistical
tables, control the quality factors which are likely to deviate from expected values as any
deviation may result in change to the stage she duel.

3. Stage control- The manager must establish a project check paint cycle. For this suitable
stage version control procedure may be followed.

4. Resources- Plan the resources required for various stage of the project. Brief both the
project team and the key resources about the objectives of every stage, planned activities,
products, organization. Metrics and project controls.

5. Quality control- This is very important in any project: Quality control is possible if the
project member’s follow-Schedule quality review, Agenda for quality review, conduct
quality review and follow up.

6. Progress control- It is the main part at assessment-Progress control assesses- monitor

performance, update schedule, update casts, Re-plan stage schedule, conduct team status
review etc. Along with we create status report, create flash reports, project status reports
etc.

7. Approvals - lastly, project sage reviews and the decisions taken and actions planned need
to be approved by the top management. The goals of such review are to improve quality by
finding defects and to improve productivity by finding defects in a cost effective manner.
The group review progress includes several stage like planning, preparation and overview,
a group review meeting and rework recommendation and follow-up.

Monitoring and Controlling cycle

5. Explain the necessity and objectives of SCM?
Answers :
SCM is the abbreviation of supply chain Management. It is considered by many express
worldwide as the ultimate solution towards efficient enterprise management.

Now, we explain the necessity and objectives of SCM-

SCM is required by and enterprise as a tow to enhance management effectiveness with a

following organizational objective:

Reduction of inventory
Enactment in functional effectiveness of existing systems like ERP, Accounting. Software
and Documentation like financial reports statements ISO 9000 Documents etc.

Enhancement of participation level and empowerment level

Effective integration of multiple systems like ERP, communication systems, documentation

system and secure, Design R&D systems etc.

Better utilization of resources- men, material, equipment and money.

Optimization of money flow cycle within the organization as well as to and from external
agencies.

Enhancement of value of products, operations and services and consequently,

enhancements of profitability.

Enhancement of satisfaction level of customer and clients, supporting institutions, statutory

control agencies, supporting institutions, statutory control agencies, suppliers and vendors,
employees and executives.

Enhancement of flexibility in the organization to help in easy implementation of schemes

involving modernization, expansion and divestment, merges and acquisitions.

Enhancement of coverage and accuracy of management information systems.

With the objectives of SCM its implementation are required. Implementation is in the form
of various functional blocks of an organization interpenetrated through which a smooth
flow of the product development is possible.

A relatively new SCM option involves web based software with a browser interface.
Several electronic marketplaces for buying and selling goods and materials.
6. What are the steps involved in SCM implementation?
Answer :
There is many steps which involved in SCM implementation are- Business Process, sales
and marketing. Logistics, costing, demand planning, trade- off analysis, environmental
requirement, process stability, integrated supply, supplier management, product design,
suppiers, customers, material specifications, etc.

Some important aspect of SCM-

The level of competition existing in the market and the impact of competitive forces on the
product development.

Designing and working on a strategic logic for better growth through value invention.
Working out new value curve in the product development along with necessary break point.

Using it to analyses markets and the economies in product design. Tine, customer, quality
of product and the concept of survival of fittest.

Steps of SCM principals:

Group customer by need: Effective SCM groups, customer by tietinct service meeds those
particular segment.

Customize the logistics networks: In designing their logistics network, companies need to
focus on the service requirement and profit potential of the customer segments identified.

Listen to signals of market demand and plan accordingly- sales and operations planners
must monitor the entire supply chain to detect early warning signals of changing customer
demand and needs.

Differentiate the product closer to the customer-companies today no longer can afford to
stock pile inventory to compensate for possible forecasting errors, instead, they need to
postpone product differentiation in the manufacturing. Process closer to actual customer
demand.

Strategically manage the source of supply-by working closely with their key suppliers to
reduce the overall casts of owning materials and services; SCM maximizes profit margins
both for themselves, and their supplies.

Develop a supply chain wide technology strategy- as one of the cornerstones of successful
SCM information technology must be able to support multiple levels of decision making.

Adopt channel spanning performance measures- Excellent supply performance

measurement systems do more than just monitor internal functions. They apply
performance criteria that embrace bathe service and financial metrics, including as such as
each accounts true profitability.