Nationalism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search
This article is about the ideology. For other uses, see Nationalist (disambiguation).
"National unity" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Industrial
unionism or National unity government.

Part of a series on

Nationalism
Development[hide]

 Nationalism in the Middle Ages

 Anthem
 Colours
 Flag
 Flower
 Epic
 God
 Identity
 Language
 Music
 Myth
 Sport
 Symbol
 Treasure

Core values[hide]
 Autonomy
 National identity
 Self-determination
 Solidarity

Types[hide]
 African
 Alt-right
 Banal
 Blind
 Bourgeois
  Business
 Civic 
o Indian
o American
 Communist
 Conservative
 Democracy
 Constitutional patriotism
 Corporate
 Cultural
 Cyber-
 Ecological
 Economic
 Ethnic
 European
 Expansionist
 Integral
 Left-wing
 Liberal
 Mystic
 National-anarchist
 National Bolshevik
 National syndicalist
 Nazism
 Neo-
 New
 Pan-
 Plurinationalist
 Post-
 Racial 
o Arab
o Black
o Korean
o White
 Religious 
o Sikh
o Christian
o Hindu
 o Islamic
 Resource
 Revolutionary
 Right-wing
 Romantic
 Technological
 Territorial
 Transnationalism
 Ultranationalism

Organizations[hide]
List of nationalist organizations

Related concepts[hide]
 Anationalism
 Anti-nationalism
 Cosmopolitanism
 Diaspora politics
 Gender and nationalism
 Globalism
 Historiography and nationalism
 Internationalism
 Irredentism
 National indifference
 Revanchism
 Seasonal or cultural festival
 Trumpism

  Politics portal

 v
 t
 e

Part of the Politics series

Party politics

Political spectrum
 Left-wing

o Far-left
o Centre-left

Centre

o Centre-left
o Radical centre
o Centre-right

Right-wing

o Centre-right
o Far-right

Party platform

 Anarchist
 Communist
 Socialist
 Social-democratic
 Progressive
 Liberal
 Libertarian
 Republican
 Syncretic
 Democrat
 Populist
 Globalist
 Internationalist
 Environmentalist
 Green
 Third Way
 Conservative
 Royalist
 Monarchist
 Nationalist
 Statist
  Capitalist
 Fascist
 Imperialist

Party organization

 Cadre party
 Cartel party
 Catch-all party
 Entrepreneurial party
 Mass party

Party Leadership

 Party Leader
 Party Secretary
 Party Chair
 Party spokesperson

Party system

 Non-partisan
 One-party
 Dominant-party
 Two-party
 Multi-party

Coalition

 Ruling party
 Opposition party
 Hung parliament
 Confidence and supply
 Minority government
 Rainbow coalition
 Grand coalition
 Full coalition
 National unity government
 Majority government

Lists

 Ruling parties by country

  Political parties by region
 Political ideologies

Politics portal

 v
 t
 e

Nationalism is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a

particular nation (as in a group of people),[1] especially with the aim of gaining and
maintaining the nation's sovereignty (self-governance) over its homeland. Nationalism
holds that each nation should govern itself, free from outside interference (self-
determination), that a nation is a natural and ideal basis for a polity[2] and that the nation
is the only rightful source of political power (popular sovereignty).[1][3] It further aims to
build and maintain a single national identity, based on shared social characteristics
of culture, ethnicity, geographic location, language, politics (or
the government), religion, traditions and belief in a shared singular history,[4][5] and to
promote national unity or solidarity.[1] Nationalism seeks to preserve and foster a nation's
traditional cultures and cultural revivals have been associated with nationalist
movements.[6] It also encourages pride in national achievements and is closely linked
to patriotism.[7][8][page  needed] Nationalism is often combined with other ideologies such
as conservatism (national conservatism) or socialism (left-wing nationalism).[2]
Throughout history, people have had an attachment to their kin group and traditions,
territorial authorities and their homeland, but nationalism did not become a widely
recognized concept until the end of the 18th century. [9] There are three paradigms for
understanding the origins and basis of nationalism. Primordialism (perennialism)
proposes that there have always been nations and that nationalism is a natural
phenomenon. Ethnosymbolism explains nationalism as a dynamic, evolutionary
phenomenon and stresses the importance of symbols, myths and traditions in the
development of nations and nationalism. Modernization theory proposes that
nationalism is a recent social phenomenon that needs the socio-economic structures of
modern society to exist.[10]
There are various definitions of a "nation" which leads to different types of
nationalism. Ethnic nationalism defines the nation in terms of shared ethnicity, heritage
and culture while civic nationalism defines the nation in terms of shared citizenship,
values and institutions, and is linked to constitutional patriotism. The adoption of
national identity in terms of historical development has often been a response by
influential groups unsatisfied with traditional identities due to mismatch between their
defined social order and the experience of that social order by its members, resulting in
an anomie that nationalists seek to resolve.[11] This anomie results in a society
reinterpreting identity, retaining elements deemed acceptable and removing elements
deemed unacceptable, to create a unified community. [11] This development may be the
result of internal structural issues or the result of resentment by an existing group or
groups towards other communities, especially foreign powers that are (or are deemed to
 be) controlling them.[11] National symbols and flags, national anthems, national
languages, national myths and other symbols of national identity are highly important in
nationalism.[12][13][14][15]
In practice, nationalism can be seen as positive or negative depending on context and
individual outlook. Nationalism has been an important driver in independence
movements such as the Greek Revolution, the Irish Revolution, the Zionist movement
that created modern Israel and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[16]
[17]
 Conversely, radical nationalism combined with racial hatred was also a key factor
in the Holocaust perpetrated by Nazi Germany.[18] More recently, nationalism was an
important driver of the controversial annexation of Crimea by Russia.[19]

Contents

 1Terminology
 2History
o 2.119th century
o 2.220th century
o 2.321st century
 3Political science
 4Sociology
o 4.1Primordialist evolutionary interpretation
o 4.2Marxist interpretations
 5Types
o 5.1Anti-colonial nationalism
o 5.2Civic nationalism and liberal nationalism
o 5.3Creole nationalism
o 5.4Ethnic nationalism
o 5.5Economic nationalism
o 5.6Gendered and muscular nationalism
o 5.7Integral nationalism, irredentism and pan-nationalism
o 5.8Left-wing nationalism
o 5.9National-anarchism
o 5.10Nativist nationalism
o 5.11Racial nationalism
o 5.12Religious nationalism
o 5.13Territorial nationalism
o 5.14Sports nationalism
 6Criticism
 7See also
 8Notes
 9References
 10Further reading
 11External links

Terminology[edit]
Title page from the second edition (Amsterdam 1631) of De jure belli ac pacis

The terminological use of "nations", "sovereignty" and associated concepts was

significantly refined with the writing by Hugo Grotius of De jure belli ac pacis in the early
17th century. Living in the times of the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the
Netherlands and the Thirty Years' War between Catholic and Protestant European
nations (Catholic France being in the otherwise Protestant camp), it is not surprising
that Grotius was deeply concerned with matters of conflicts between nations in the
context of oppositions stemming from religious differences. The word nation was also
usefully applied before 1800 in Europe to refer to the inhabitants of a country as well as
to collective identities that could include shared history, law, language, political rights,
religion and traditions, in a sense more akin to the modern conception. [20]
Nationalism as derived from the noun designating 'nations' is a newer word; in English
the term dates from 1844, although the concept is older. [21] It became important in the
19th century.[22] The term increasingly became negative in its connotations after
1914. Glenda Sluga notes that "The twentieth century, a time of profound
disillusionment with nationalism, was also the great age of globalism."[23]

History[edit]
Further information: Nationalist historiography
A postcard from 1916 showing national personifications of some of the Allies of World War I, each holding a
national flag

American philosopher and historian Hans Kohn wrote in 1944 that nationalism emerged

in the 17th century.[24] Other sources variously place the beginning in the 18th century
during revolts of American states against Spain or with the French Revolution. The
consensus is that nationalism as a concept was firmly established by the 19th century. [25]
[26][27]

In Britons, Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (Yale University Press, 1992), Linda

Colley explores how the role of nationalism emerged about 1700 and developed in
Britain reaching full form in the 1830s. Typically historians of nationalism in Europe
begin with the French Revolution (1789), not only for its impact on French
nationalism but even more for its impact on Germans and Italians and on European
intellectuals.[28] The template of nationalism, as a method for mobilising public opinion
around a new state based on popular sovereignty, went back further than 1789:
philosophers such as Rousseau and Voltaire, whose ideas influenced the French
Revolution, had themselves been influenced or encouraged by the example of earlier
constitutionalist liberation movements, notably the Corsican Republic (1755–68)
and American Revolution (1765–83).[29]
Due to the Industrial Revolution, there was an emergence of an integrated, nation-
encompassing economy and a national public sphere, where the British people began
to identify with the country at large, rather than the smaller units of their province, town
or family. The early emergence of a popular patriotic nationalism took place in the mid-
18th century, and was actively promoted by the British government and by the writers
and intellectuals of the time.[30] National symbols, anthems, myths, flags and narratives
were assiduously constructed by nationalists and widely adopted. The Union Jack was
adopted in 1801 as the national one.[31] Thomas Arne composed the patriotic song "Rule,
Britannia!" in 1740,[32] and the cartoonist John Arbuthnot invented the character of John
Bull as the personification of the English national spirit in 1712. [33]
The political convulsions of the late 18th century associated with
the American and French revolutions massively augmented the widespread appeal of
patriotic nationalism.[34][35]
The Prussian scholar Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) originated the term in 1772
in his "Treatise on the Origin of Language" stressing the role of a common language. [36]
[37]
 He attached exceptional importance to the concepts of nationality and of patriotism  –
"he that has lost his patriotic spirit has lost himself and the whole world about himself",
whilst teaching that "in a certain sense every human perfection is national". [38]