Scaled Selection Combining for SSK in Decode and
Forward Cooperative Relaying
Abstract—We consider a decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative
relaying system where a source (S) and a single relay (R) use
space shift keying (SSK) modulation for information transmission
to the destination (D). Using the Euclidean distance between the
SSK constellation points in the SD and RD links as the selection
metric, selection combining (SC) can be used at D. Instead of
SC, in order to take into account the average performance of
SRD and SD links in the selection, scaled selection combining
(SSC) is performed at D such that the selection metric in RD
link is scaled by a factor α. The error performance of SSK DF
SSC cooperative relaying is analyzed in this work. We derive
the end-to-end symbol error probability (SEP) expression of the
system in closed-form for binary SSK modulation and verify
the results with simulation. Further we infer that SSK DF SSC
system performs better than SSK system without cooperative
relaying and SC in SSK DF cooperative relaying.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Spatial modulation (SM) has garnered a slew of research
interest in the recent years due to its ability to provide
low complex transceiver structure. SM transmits an M-ary
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM) or M-Phase Shift
Keying (MPSK) constellation by activating one of Nt antennas
at the transmitter, where the index of activated antenna con-
veys another layer of information. Since only one transmitter
antenna is activated at a time, SM requires only a single
radio frequency (RF) chain at the transmitter [1]. Due to
this, SM avoids inter channel interference and inter antenna
synchronization. A variant of SM called space shift keying
(SSK) uses only the index of the transmitted antenna for
information transmission.
Extensive works on the performance analysis of SSK and
SM under cooperative communication to improve the reliabil-
ity are done using amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-
forward (DF) protocols [2]–[20]. The bit error rate (BER) per-
formance of SSK with a single antenna AF relay and no direct
link between source (S) and destination (D) under uncorrelated
and correlated Rayleigh fading channel are studied in [2],
[3], respectively. Further, the BER performance of SSK with
multiple single antenna AF relays by considering source-to-
destination (SD) link is analyzed in [4]. The performance of an
AF relay between source and destination which works based
on two-way relaying under Nakagami-m fading channel with
pragmatic detector for low complexity and optimum power
allocation is analyzed in [5]. In [6], the BER performance of
SSK with multiple single antenna AF relays and opportunistic
relaying is studied. Opportunistic relaying uses only the best
relay to forward the SSK symbol to destination. The BER
performance of SSK with two relay selection schemes namely
best relay and partial relay selection are proposed in [7]. In
best relay selection, the relay that reduces the error probability
is considered and the relay with best link from source is
chosen in partial relay selection method. Further, the BER
performance of SSK in multi-hop multi-branch cooperative
network with AF relaying is reported in [8], [9].
The BER performance analysis of SM with DF protocol
based multi-antenna relay employed in a cooperative scenario
without a direct SD link is reported in [12]. The error perfor-
mance of SSK and SM with multiple genie aided relays in DF
cooperative relaying is analyzed in [4], [13], where only the
relays that decode the SSK symbol successfully forward the
information to the destination. A novel approach of translating
the mode of modulation at the relay called detect and forward
(DeF) is described in [14], where SM is used at the source, and
MPSK/MQAM symbols are used at the relay to forward the
information. In [14], three models of DeF named hierarchical,
partial and hybrid DeF are reported based on the information
forwarded by the relay.
In [15], incremental relaying is employed at the relay in
which relay forwards the SSK symbol only if the Euclidean
distance between the SSK constellation points of the SD
link is less than a threshold and selection combining (SC) is
performed at the destination based on the Euclidean distance
between the SSK constellation points of the SD link and
relay-to-destination (RD) link. Further, the BER of SSK in
a multicast network with two relays between the source and
multiple destinations is analyzed in [16] by employing SC to
choose the best relay and combined detection from source and
best relay at the destination. The performance of SSK in DF
cooperative relaying with threshold-based best relay selection
and SC between the best relay and source is performed in [17].
In [18], [19], the BER performance of SSK in multi-hop multi-
branch cooperative relaying with DF protocol employed at
the relays is analyzed. The path selection in multi-hop multi-
branch cooperative relaying without SD link for SSK and its
symbol error probability (SEP) performance is analyzed in [9].
Against this background, we consider a DF cooperative
system with binary SSK at the source and the relay. The
destination selects the signal from either the relay or the
destination based on a selection combining method using the
Euclidean distance among the SSK constellation points in the
SD and RD links as a selection metric in [15], [17]. In order to
take into account the impact of average performance of source-
to-relay (SR) and RD links during the selection combining
process at the destination, the selection metric of the RD link is
scaled by a deterministic scaling factor (inspired by [21]) that
accounts for the performance of source-to-relay-to-destination link is received. The received signal vectors r SD , r SR and r RD
(SRD) link. This scheme is called cooperative DF relaying are of the dimensions Nd × 1, Nr × 1 and Nd × 1, respectively.
with scaled selection combining (SSC) for SSK (referred as The entries of the channel matrices H, G, F and AWGN
SSK DF SSC, henceforth). The main contributions of this vectors η SD , η SR , η RD are modeled as zero-mean complex
paper are: Gaussian random variables with unit variance.
• A SC scheme that takes into account the performance of At the end of second slot, D has information from SD link
both SR and RD links by introducing a scaling factor in as well as SRD link. Thus D performs symbol detection based
the selection combining process is proposed. on SSC given as
• The end-to-end performance of the proposed system is √
2
arg min
r − ρSD h i
if γSD ≥ αγRD ,


 i ∈ {1,2} SD

analyzed in closed form for binary SSK. 
ˆid =

• The analysis is verified by simulation results. Further, √
2 (5)
min
r RD − ρRD f i
if γSD < αγRD .


 arg


the performance of SSK DF SSC is compared with other  i ∈ {1,2}
schemes to highlight its benefits.
where α is a deterministic scaling factor which can be varied
The organization of the paper is as follows: In Section II, to take into account the impact of SRD link and we define
we describe the system model of the SSK DF SSC. Further,
we derive the end-to-end SEP of the proposed system in γSD , kh 1 − h 2 k 2 , (6)
Section III. The numerical results of the proposed system and γRD , k f 1 − f 2 k .
2
(7)
its discussion are provided in Section IV. Finally, the paper is
concluded in Section V. III. P ERFORMANCE A NALYSIS
II. S YSTEM M ODEL In this section, we derive the end-to-end SEP of the pro-
posed system for binary SSK modulation. The end-to-end SEP
We consider a cooperative system with a half duplex DF of the system can be defined as the sum of the SEPs in the
protocol based relay R with SD link and a cooperative SRD SD and SRD link given as
link. We assume the source S and relay R use binary SSK
modulation. Relay and destination has Nr and Nd receive PeT ot al = PeS D + PeS R D , (8)
antennas, respectively. The Rayleigh fading channel of the SD
where PeS D and PeS R D represent the SEP in the SD and SRD
and RD links are modeled by Nd × 2 complex matrices H and
links, respectively.
F, respectively. The fading channel of SR link is modeled

Probability of Error in the SD link PeS D : For binary SSK
by Nr × 2 complex matrix G. The information bits to be
modulation, the PEP of the SD link conditioned on channel
transmitted is mapped to the transmit antenna index of S and
matrix H can be written as [22]
R. In this cooperative scenario, the signal transmission at the r !
system level is performed in two slots. In the first slot, S ρSD kh 1 − h 2 k 2
transmits the information through SSK symbol to D and R. Pe (kh 1 − h 2 k) = Q . (9)
2
The signal received at D and R from S are denoted as
√ By utilizing the alternate integral expression for Q-function
r SD = ρSD h i + η SD , (1)
√ and using (6) in (9) gives
r SR = ρSR g i + η SR . (2)
∫π/2 !
In (1) and (2), ρSD and ρSR represent the average signal- 1 ρSD γSD
Pe (γSD ) = exp − dθ. (10)
to-noise ratio (SNR) in the SD and SR links, respectively. π 4 sin2 θ
0
The vectors h i and g i denote the ith column of H and G,
respectively signify the activation of ith transmit antenna at S. The SEP in the SD link based on SSC criteria can be written
The additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) added at D and as
R are represented as η SD and η SR . Before the second slot, ∫∞ γ∫
S D /α

R detects the information transmitted by S using maximum PeS D = Pe (γSD ) fγS D ,γR D (γSD , γRD )dγRD dγSD ,
likelihood principle as
γS D =0 γ R D =0
√
iˆ = arg min kr SR − ρSR g i k 2 ,

(3) (11)
i ∈ {1,2}
where fγS D ,γR D (γSD , γRD ) is the joint PDF of γSD and γRD .
where k · k is the Frobenius norm operator. During the second The random variables γSD and γRD both follows gamma
slot, the symbol detected by R is forwarded to D, and the distribution with shape and scale parameters {Nd , 2} and are
signal received at D is represented as independent. Hence the PDF fγX D (γXD ) where X ∈ {S, R}
√
r RD = ρRD f iˆ + η RD . (4) can be written as
 
γX D
In (4), ρRD is the average SNR, f iˆ, iˆ ∈ {1, 2} is the ith
ˆ column (N d −1)
γXD exp − 2
vector of Nd ×2 channel matrix F. The Nd dimensional vector fγX D (γXD ) = . (12)
η RD represent the AWGN added at D when signal from RD 2 Nd (Nd − 1)!
Substituting the PDFs fγS D (γSD ) and fγR D (γRD ) in (11) gives In (17), PeS R and Pe R D refer to the SEP in the SR and RD
links, respectively. The probability of error in the SRD link
∫∞ γ∫
S D /α
occurs with the SSC criteria that γSD < αγRD .
PeS D = Pe (γSD ) fγS D (γSD ) The PEP of the SR link conditioned on channel matrix G can
γS D =0 γ R D =0 be written similar to (9) as
× fγR D (γRD ) dγRD dγSD . (13) r !
ρSR k g 1 − g 2 k 2
Pe (k g 1 − g 2 k) = Q . (18)
Integrating (13) over the random variable γRD using [23, Eq. 2
(3.351.1)] yields
  The SEP in the SR link based on the SSC criteria can be
π
! γ (Nd −1) exp − γS D written as
∫ 2 ∫∞
1 ρSD γSD SD 2
∫∞ ∫∞ ∫∞
PeS D = exp −
π 4 sin2 θ 2 Nd (Nd − 1)! PeS R = Pe (γSR )
0 γS D =0
γS R =0 γS D =0 γ R D =γS D /α
NÕd −1
!!
(γSD /α)k1 γSD × fγS R ,γS D ,γR D (γSR , γSD , γRD ) dγRD dγSD dγSR ,
× 1− exp − dγSD dθ.
k =0
2k1 k1 ! 2α (19)
1
(14)
where γSR = kg 1 − g 2 k 2 . Since the random variables γSD , γSR
Further on simplifying (14) using [23, Eq. (3.351.3)] results and γRD are independent, the SEP in the SR link after
in substituting the PDFs of the random variable γSD , γSR and
∫π/2" ! −Nd N −1 γRD can be written as
1 ρSD Õ d
(Nd + k1 − 1)! π
PeS D = 1+ − ∫ 2 ∫∞ ∫∞ ∫∞ !
π 2 sin θ
2
k1 =0
α k1 (Nd − 1)! k 1 ! 1 ρSR γSR
0 PeS R = exp −
 −(Nd +k1 ) # π 4 sin2 θ
ρSD

1 0 γS R =0 γS D =0 γ R D =γS D /α
× 1+ + dθ. (15)
α 2 sin2 θ
   
(Nr −1) γS R (N d −1) γR D
© γSR exp − 2 γ exp − 2 ª
® ­ RD
ª ©
­ ®
The closed-form expression of the finite single integral expres- ×­­
N
® ­
N
®
sion (15) can be obtained using [24, Eq. (5A.4a)] as ­ 2 (Nr − 1)!
r ®
®­
­ 2 (Nd − 1)!
d ®
®
! k2 « ¬ « ¬
NÕ d −1 
2k 2 1 − µ21 (ρSD )
   
1
exp − γS2D

(N d −1)
PeS D = 1 − µ1 (ρSD ) © γSD

ª
2 k2 =0
k2 4 ­ ®
 × ­­ ® dγRD dγSD dγSR dθ. (20)
 2 Nd (Nd − 1)! ®
NÕ d −1
(Nd + k1 − 1)!  α  Nd +k1
­ ®
−
k !(Nd − 1)!α k1 1 + α
« ¬
k1 =0 1 On integrating (20) over the random variable γRD and γSD
+k1 −1 
! k3  
 N dÕ
2k

1 − µ22 (ρSD , α)   results in
3
× 1 − µ2 (ρSD , α)  ,
 

 
k3 =0
k3 4 
 π
∫ 2 ∫∞ ! © γ (Nr −1) exp − γS R ª
ρSR γSR ­­ SR
 
2
  1
PeS R =
®
(16) exp − ®
π 4 sin θ ­
2 ­ 2 Nr (N − 1)!
r
®
0 γS R =0
®
where µ1 (ρSD ) = ρρS SDD+2 and µ2 (ρSD , α) = αρSαρ
q q
SD
D +2(α+1)
. « ¬
× P(A1 )dγSR dθ, (21)


Probability of Error in the SRD link PeS R D : For binary SSK
modulation, an error occurs in DF cooperative relaying in the
where A1 is the event of choosing the SRD link for SSK
SRD link in two cases. Case I: When there is an error in the
symbol detection at the destination. In (21), P(A1 ) refers to
SR link and no error in the RD link. Case II: When there is no
the probability of choosing SRD link which is given by
error in the SR link and an error in the RD link. Case III: In
NÕd −1 α N d +k1
(Nd + k 1 − 1)! 1+α


this case, there is an error in both SR and RD links. Since the
modulation considered is binary SSK, two consecutive errors P(A1 ) = . (22)
k =0
(Nd − 1)!k1 !α k1
at R and D will result in error free transmission. Because of 1

this, Case III is not considered in analysis. Based on the two Further, on integrating (21) over the random variable γSR
cases of error events, the SEP in the SRD link can be written using [23, Eq. (3.351.3)] gives
as π
∫2 
sin2 θ

PeS R D = PeS R (1 − Pe R D ) + (1 − PeS R )Pe R D 1
PeS R = P(A1 )dθ. (23)
π sin2 θ + ρSR /2
= PeS R + Pe R D − 2PeS R Pe R D . (17) 0
The closed-form expression for the finite single integral ex-
pression (23) can be obtained using [24, Eq. (5A.4a)] as
! k2 
r −1
2k2 1 − µ21 (ρSR ) 
 NÕ  
1
 
PeS R = 1 − µ1 (ρSR )
 
P(A1 ).
2 k2 =0
k2 4 

 
(24)
Similar to (20), the error probability in the RD link based on
SSC criteria can be written as
π
∫ 2 ∫∞ αγ ∫ RD !
1 ρRD γRD
Pe R D = exp − (γSD γRD )(Nd −1)
π 4 sin2 θ
0 γ R D =0 γS D =0
 
exp − (γS D +γ 2
RD )

× 2N dγSD dγRD dθ. (25)

2 d ((Nd − 1)!)2
On integrating (25) over the random variables γSD and γRD
gives
Fig. 1. SEP performance of SSK DF SSC cooperative relaying with Nt = 2,
π Nr = 2, 1, N d = 2, 1 and scaling factor α = 0.1 for ρS D = ρ R D = ρS R .
∫2 (   Nd d −1
NÕ
1 2 sin2 θ α k1 (Nd + k 1 − 1)!
Pe R D = −
π ρRD + 2 sin2 θ k1 =0
k 1 !(Nd − 1)!
0
 Nd +k1 )
2 sin2 θ

× dθ. (26)
ρRD + (α + 1)2 sin2 θ
Integrating (26) using [24, Eq. (5A.4a)] gives the closed-form
expression for the SEP in the RD link as
! k1
NÕd −1 
2k 1 1 − µ21 (ρRD )
 
1

Pe R D = 1 − µ1 (ρRD )

2 k1 =0
k1 4

NÕ d −1  Nd +k2
α k2 (Nd + k2 − 1)!

1
−
k2 =0
k 2 !(Nd − 1)! α+1
+k3 −1 
! k3  
N dÕ
1 − µ23 (ρRD , α)  
 
2k 3
× 1 − µ3 (ρRD , α)  .
 

 k3 =0
k3 4 

 
(27)

In (27), µ3 (ρRD , α) = ρ R Dρ+2(α+1)

q
RD
. On substituting (24), (27)
in (16) and (17) and subsequently using (16) and (17) in (8)
gives the closed-form expression for the end-to-end SEP of
the proposed system for two transmit antennas.
IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
The simulation and numerical results of the proposed sys-
tem are given in this section. We use the notation SSK-
DF-SSC(Nt , Nr , Nd , α) in the plots to denote the SSK DF
cooperative relaying with SSC using Nt transmit antennas at
the source and relay, Nr receive antennas at the relay, Nd
receive antennas at the destination and scaling factor α in the
scaled selection combining. In Fig. 1, we plot the simulation
and numerical SEP of the proposed system for various Nr and
Nd with constant scaling factor α = 0.1. Further we consider
ρSD = ρRD = ρSR in Fig. 1. It can be observed from the SEP
curve that the numerical results derived in Section III match
Fig. 2. SEP performacne of SSK DF SSC cooperative relaying with Nt = 2,
Nr = N d = 2 and various values of scaling factor α = 2, 1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1 for
ρS D = ρ R D = ρS R .
exactly with the simulation results which validate the analysis
performed.
In Fig. 2, the impact of scaling factor on the error perfor-
mance of the proposed system is shown, where the simulation
results are plotted for different scaling factor α such as
2, 1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1 and Nt = Nr = Nd = 2 is considered. From
Fig. 2, it is evident that the error performance of the system
enhances with the decrease in scaling factor which can be
observed from the plots of α = 2, 1, 0.5 in the higher SNR
region. Further, it is observed that the error performance of
the system for scaling factor α = 0.1 is worse than the scaling
factor α = 0.2 at low SNR. But at the high SNR region, scaling
factor α = 0.1 performs better than the scaling factor α = 0.2.
 Fig. 3. SEP of SSK DF SSC versus α for Nr = N d = 2, ρS R = ρ R D .
Fig. 4. Performance comparison of the SSK DF SSC cooperative relaying
with SSK system without cooperative relaying and SSK DF SC. ρS D =
ρ R D = ρS R is considered.
This improvement in the error performance of the system at
low α value at high SNR region is due to the utilization of
SD link rather than the SRD link at the destination for SSK
symbol detection. When the value of α is large, the SRD link 10-1

is frequently chosen at D and this contributes more error when

ρSR and ρRD are comparable to ρSD .
10-2
Fig. 3 is plotted to study the impact of α on the SEP of
the SSK DF SSC system using (8). In the plot, ρRD = ρSR
is considered for different values of ρSD . As we observe 10-3
from Fig. 3, the SEP performance improves as ρSR and ρRD
SEP

increases. When ρSR = ρRD = 5 dB, the minimum value of

SEP for ρSD = 5, 10 and 15 dB are obtained at α = 0.4, 0.1 10-4

and 0.03, respectively. Similarly for ρSR = ρRD = 15 dB, the SSK-DF-SSC(2,1,3,0.2)

minimal values of SEP are achieved at α = 9, 1 and 0.2 for SSK-DF-SSC(2,3,1,0.2)

ρSD = 5, 10 and 15 dB, respectively. From this we infer that 10-5

SSK-DF-SSC(2,6,2,0.2)
SSK-DF-SSC(2,2,2,0.2)
when ρSD increases for a given ρSR = ρRD = c, minimal SSK-DF-SSC(2,1,1,0.2)

SEP is obtained at smaller values of α, i.e., SD link performs

better and it is chosen often. On the contrary, when ρSR and 10-6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

ρRD are increased for a given ρSD , minimal value of SEP is SNR(dB)

obtained for larger values of α which implies that SRD link
provides better performance than SD link.
The error performance of the proposed system is compared
with SSK system without cooperative relaying and SSK DF
SC [25] in Fig. 4. In all the systems, Nt = 2, Nd = 2 is
considered. For SSK DF SC, Nr = 2 is considered at R. From
the figure, it is clear that the error performance of the proposed
system is better than SSK without cooperative relaying and
SSK DF SC systems [25] as the SNR increases. It has to be
noted that SSK DF SC is a special case of SSK DF SSC when
α = 1. From Fig. 2 it can be inferred that when ρSR and ρRD
are comparable to ρSD , the error performance of SSK DF
SSC reduces as α increases. This inference can be used to the
benefit of the system by taking into consideration the values
of ρSR , ρRD and ρSD in setting the value of α in SSK DF
SSC by proportionately increasing α with increasing ρSR and
ρRD , i.e., if the average SNR of SR and RD links are better
Fig. 5. Theoretical SEP of SSK DF SSC cooperative relaying with Nt = 2,
α = 0.2 and various values of Nr and N d for ρS D = ρ R D = ρS R .
than that of SD link, preference is to be given to SRD link by
increasing α in order to reduce the SEP.
In Fig. 5, the theoretical SEP of SSK DF SSC cooperative
relaying with Nt = 2, α = 0.2 and various values of Nr
and Nd is plotted. From this figure it is noticed that the
error performance of SSK-DF-SSC(2, 1, 3, 0.2) is better than
SSK-DF-SSC(2, 2, 2, 0.2), SSK-DF-SSC(2, 3, 1, 0.2) and SSK-
DF-SSC(2, 6, 2, 0.2) at low SNR and the error performance
of SSK-DF-SSC(2, 1, 3, 0.2) is worse than the others at high
SNR, which is mainly due to the number of receive antennas
at the relay Nr = 1. From this it is evident that the number
of receive antennas at the relay Nr has a great impact on the
error performance of the system, which can be observed from
the deviation of SEP performance at high SNR region when
Nr < Nd . From Fig. 5, the diversity order of the system can
be found at high SNR using empirical analysis [26]. In SSK-
DF-SSC(2, 1, 3, 0.2), the SEPs of the system at SNR = 20 dB
and 24 dB are 0.0001749 and 0.00007, respectively. Hence,
the diversity order of the system is obtained as
10 log10 (0.0001749/0.00007)
dDF−SSC = = 0.99 ≈ 1. (28)
24 − 20
From (28), the diversity order of the system for Nr <
Nd is found to be Nr . Similarly, the SEPs of SSK-DF-
SSC(2, 3, 1, 0.2) are 0.0003501 and 0.0000591 at SNR = 20 dB
and 24 dB, which provides the diversity order as 2Nd . Thus
the diversity order of the SSK in DF SSC cooperative relaying
system is empirically found as min{Nr , 2Nd }. From this, we
infer that the number of receiver antennas at R greatly impact
the performance of the system. We also infer that it will be
redundant to have receiver antennas greater than Nr /2 at D as
this will only increase its complexity without any performance
improvement in terms of diversity order.
V. C ONCLUSION
In this paper we proposed the system model of SSK DF
SSC, a DF cooperative relaying scheme for SSK modula-
tion where the selection metric of RD link is scaled and
compared to that of SD link for selection combining at the
destination. The selection metric of each link is based on the
Euclidean distance between the SSK constellation points of
the considered link. The scaling factor is used to consider the
effect of average performances of the SD and SRD links. We
derived the end-to-end SEP of the proposed system in closed-
form for binary SSK modulation. The analysis is validated
with simulation results. From the results, we found that the
end-to-end performance improves when the scaling factor is
changed according to the average performance of SD and
SRD links. In the one hand, we found that when the average
SNR of SD link is fixed and that of SRD link is increased,
larger scaling factor provide better performance. On the other
hand, we found that when the average SNR of SD link is
increased keeping SRD link unchanged, smaller scaling factor
improve the performance. Also, it was found empirically from
simulation results that the number of receiver antennas at the
relay greatly influence the end-to-end performance. Further,
we found that the error performance of SSK DF SSC is better
than the SSK system without cooperative relaying as well as
SSK DF SC cooperative relaying system.
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