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Contact and This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is designed for blended
Non-contact learning mode of instructional delivery with scheduled face to face or
Hours virtual sessions. The expected number of hours will be 54, including the
face to face or virtual meetings. A Learning Management System
(LMS), Quipper, will be used to facilitate your learning. Other sessions
may also be conducted through online communication channels such
as Facebook, Messenger, WhatsApp, Viber, E-mail, Line, Zoom,
Skype, or any other similar applications. You may also contact the
course coordinator through a mobile number or telephone.
Assessmen Submission of assessment tasks shall be on the 3 rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th
t Task week of the term. The assessment paper shall be attached with a cover
Submission page indicating the title of the assessment task (if the task is a
performance), the name of the course coordinator, date of submission,
and the name of the student. The document should be e-mailed to the
course coordinator. It is also expected that you already paid your tuition
and other fees before the submission of the assessment task.
If the assessment task is done in real-time through the features in the
Learning Management System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead
of time by the course coordinator.
Examinations
First to Third 30%
Final 30% = 60%
Class Participations
Quizzes 10%
Assignments 5%
Research/Requirements 15% Oral
Recitation 10% = 40%
Total = 100%
You can also meet the course coordinator in person through the
scheduled face to face sessions to raise your issues and concerns.
CC’s Voice: Hello prospective teacher! Welcome to this course GE3- The
Contemporary World
CO: Upon completion of the course, the Teacher Education students are expected to
understand the meaning of globalization, define globalization as a theory
and phenomenon and analyze the different interpretation and concept of
globalization.
Week 1: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
a. Analyze the different interpretations and concepts of globalization.
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of the Introduction
to the Contemporary World and to demonstrate ULOs will be operationally defined to
establish a common frame of reference as to how the texts work in your chosen field or
career. You will encounter these terms as we go through the study of curriculum. Please
refer to these definitions in case you will encounter difficulty in the in understanding
educational concepts.
• Contemporary World. The circumstances and ideas of the present age; "in
modern times like these" modern times, modern world, present times.
Please proceed immediately to the “Essential Knowledge” part since the first
lesson is also definition of essential terms.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first week of
the course, you need to fully understand the following essential knowledge that will be
laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are not limited to exclusively
refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books, research articles
and other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary,
search.proquest.com etc.
1. Definition of Globalization
1.a. It is the increasing interaction of people, states, or countries through the
growth of the international flow of money, ideas and culture. Thus,
globalization is primarily focused on economic process of integration that
has social and cultural aspects.
1.b. it is the interconnectedness of people and business across the world that
eventually lead to global, cultural, political, and economic integration.
1.c. it is the ability to move and communicate easily with others all over the
world in order to conduct business internationally.
1.d. it is the free movement of goods, services and people across the world
seamless and integrated manner.
In 1897, Charles Taze Russell (of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract
Society) coined a related term, corporate giants. This term refers to the
largely national trusts and other large enterprises of the time.
In the late 1970’s the word “globalization” was coined. In 2013, this
term was used to mean “borderless society” referring to international
migration.
In the early part of 1981, the term “globalization” had been used in
its economic sense. However, in the late half of the 1980’s Theodore Levitt
popularized the term “globalization” by bringing it into the mainstream
business audience.
3. Indicators of Globalization
The jet engine, the internet, e-banking, e-books, e-bike, the LRT,
MRT and other inventions of science and technology are attributable to the
spread of globalization. These are some of the modern offspring of
development in our infrastructure system. These improvements that people
enjoy today in this contemporary world have been major factors in
globalization which have generated further interdependence in economic
and cultural activities among nations.
4. Nature of Globalization
Globalization is a conglomerate of various multiple units located in
the different parts of the globe which are linked by common ownership.
The multiple limits draw on parts of the globe but all linked by common
ownership. Multiple units draw on a common pool of resources, such as
money, credit, information, patents, trade names and control systems. The
markets of the world. Human resources are highly diverse. Transactions
involving intellectual properties such as copyrights, patents, trademarks,
and process technologies are across the globe.
5. Dimensions of Globalization
The following are the dimensions of globalization:
7. Stages of Globalization
Stage 1: The first stage is the arm’s length service activity of an
essentially domestic company/institution which moves into new
market overseas by linking up with local dealers and
distributors.
Stage 2: In this stage, the company/institution takes over these activities
on its own.
Stage 3: In this stage, the domestic-based company institution begins to
carry out its own manufacturing marketing and sales in key
foreign markets.
Stage 4: In this stage, the company/institution moves to a full insider
position in these markets supported by a complete business
system including Research and Development (R&D) and
engineering. However, the headquarters mentality continues to
dominate.
Stage 5: In this stage, the company/institution moves towards a genuinely
global mode of operation. In this stage, global localization
happens, that is, the company/institution serves local customers
in markets around the globe responding to their needs. This
requires an organizational transition i.e the company must
denationalize its operational and create a system of values
shared by global managers.
8. Merits of Globalization
8.1 Global competition and imports keep a lid on prices such that
inflation is less likely to derail economic growth.
8.2 An open economy spur fast innovation with fresh ideas from
abroad.
8.3 Export jobs often pay more than other jobs.
8.4 Unfettered capital flow keeps interest rates low.
8.5 Living standards go up faster.
8.6 Productivity grows more quickly when countries produce goods
and services in which they are of comparative advantage.
8.7 Countries liberalize their visa rules and procedures so as to
permit the full flow of people from country to country.
8.8 It results in freeing up the unproductive sector to investment and
the productive sector to export related activities resulting in a win-
win situation for the world economy.
9. Demerits of Globalization
9.1 Several people lose their jobs when companies import cheap
labor or materials or shift production abroad.
9.2 Workers face pay cut demands from employers who often
threatens to export jobs.
9.3 Unregulated globalization can cause serious problems to poor
and developing countries in term of labor force, wages, benefits,
job, termination, and others.
9.4 High foreign stake on industries where it is not necessarily
needed could affect the economic growth of domestic enterprise.
9.5 Sovereignty of a country and company/ institution may be at
stake.
12. Competition
Even if you want to avoid the globalization movement, you often
have no choice but to compete. The influx of foreign competitors in the US
limits the number of companies in some industries that can succeed
domestically. In the same way, if your competitors expand globally, you
have to consider following suit. Any money other companies make in
foreign markets, they products and services domestically.
Self Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson:
Ariola, M (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila: Unlimited Books Library
Services & Publishing Inc.
Claudio, L & Abinales, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City: C&E
Publishing Inc.
Let’s Check!
Activity 1. Now that you know the most essential terms in the study of The
Contemporary World. Let us try to check your understanding of these terms. In the
space provided, write the term/s being asked in the following statements:
Charles Taze Russel 5. He coined a related term, corporate giants and this term refers
to the largely national trusts and other large enterprises of the time.
Globalization 6. It is the free movement of goods, services and people across the world
in a seamless and integrated manner.
The internet 9. It revolutionized the business arena because it created a whole new
virtual marketplace that expands beyond physical and geographical boundaries.
The Theory of Comparative Advantages10. This theory states that countries that are
good of producing particular good are better off exporting it to countries that are less
efficient at producing that good.
Words to Know!
Activity 1. Define the following terms according to your understanding.
form of universal integration emerging from the compatibility of the world sees,
thoughts, and other viewpoints of culture. It can move and communicate easily among
others and all over the world to conduct business and trade internationally. Without
globalization there’s a big possible that one place has no progress. One of the impacts
making our global travel easier so that there has a rapid growth in air travel,
empowering more noteworthy development of individuals and products over the globe.
2.Contemporary is the things that are occurring in the present it also described things
is influence in modern time. For instance, all the contemporary issues the world is
facing right now made some drastic changes like this pandemic, as a way to
survive we've reluctantly let go of our old normal and now settling into what
1. The concept of globalization has only recently been widely accepted and adapted-
words like global, globality, globalization, globalism as well as the concepts of global
market, global ecology, global citizen, it’s more truly unknown up to the very end of 20 th
century.
whole due to the creation of global institutional structures and global cultural forms like a
free market (economic unification of the world with uniform patterns of production and
humankind, such as equality, human rights protection, rule of law, peace and security,
and moral integration of the world based on humanistic values instead of nation state
particularism.
interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of the
studying globalization we can know what is happening in our society like the demand
in business and industry to hire people who can work with people of other nations
and cultures and it need can travel independently internationally to promote their
business or in industry.
contemporary world?
because there is more opportunity from other countries especially, business and by
the help of technology advancement like mobile phone, telephone, airplane, people
can communicate easily and can exchange, transport goods and services around the
world in a less complicated way not like before. Globalization also offers assistance
globalization very important concept especially for the student who will understand
and appreciate because of the demand in business and industry to hire people who
can work with people of other nations and cultures if they need to travel
Brush Up!
Activity 3. Reflection Figure: Below is a reflection figure that looks like a human figure.
Determine what you have learned (the knowledge that serves as your foundation to
Things I have learned
stand and keep); the things you have realized and appreciated (attitude towards
(knowledge)
learning) and the things that you discovered (skills that you will cherish in life). Fill in
each part the reflection figure.
I have
learned
how
important
globalizatio
n in our
lives and in
contempor
ary world
Things I have
discovered is
communication skills
is very important to
socialize from other Things I have
country to spread discovered (skills)
ideas, beliefs
tradition and that’s
what we called
globalization
Week 2: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to
Metalanguage
In this section, understand the economy in the global scale, the political
component of globalization and define the terms of roles of civil society and non-
governmental organizations. Demonstrate ULOs will be operationally defined to
establish a common frame of reference as to how the texts work in your chosen field or
career. You will encounter these terms as we go through the study of curriculum. Please
refer to these definitions in case you will encounter difficulty in the understanding of
educational concepts.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the 2 nd week of
the course, you need to fully understand the following essential knowledge that will be
laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are not limited to exclusively
refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books, research articles
and other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary,
search.proquest.com etc.
24. The Global Financial Crisis and the Challenge to Neoliberalism Russia’s case
was just one example of how the “shock therapy” of neoliberalism did not
lead to the ideal outcomes predicted by economist who believed in
perfectly free markets. The greatest recent radiation of this thinking was
the recent global financial crisis of 2008-2009.
Neoliberalism came under significant strain during the global
financial crisis of 2007-2008 when the world experienced the greatest
economic down turn since the Great Depression. The crisis can be traced
back to the 1980’s when the United States systematically removed various
banking and investment restrictions.
The scaling back of regulations continued until the 2000’s paving
the way for brewing crisis. In their attempt to promote the free market,
government authorities failed to regulate bad investments occurring in the
US housing market. Taking advantage of “cheap housing loans”,
Americans began building houses that were beyond their financial
capacities.
To mitigate the risk of these loans, banks that were lending
houseowners’ money pooled these mortgage payments and sold them as
“mortgage-backed securities” (MBSs). One MBS would be a combination
of multiple mortgages that they assumed would pay a steady rate.
Since there was no such surplus money circulating, the demand for
MBSs increased as investors clamored for more investment opportunities.
In their haste to issue these loans, however, the banks became less
discriminating. They began extending loans and individuals with dubious
credit records- people who were unlikely to pay their loans back. These
high-risk mortgages became known as sub-prime mortgages.
Financial experts wrongly assumed that, even if many of the
borrowers were individuals and families who would struggle to pay, a
majority would not default. Moreover, banks thought that since there were
so many mortgages in just one MBS, a few failures would not ruin the
entirety of the investment.
Banks also assumed that housing prices would continue to
increase. Therefore, even if homeowners defaulted on their loans, these
banks could simply reacquire the homes and sell them at a higher price,
turning profit.
Sometime in 2007, however, home prices stopped increasing as
supply caught up with demand. Moreover, it slowly became apparent the
families could not pay off their loans. This realization the rapid reselling of
MBSs, as banks and investors tried to get rid of their bad investments.
This dangerous cycle reached a tipping point in September 2008, when
major investment banks like Lehman Brothers collapsed, thereby depleting
major investments.
The crisis spread beyond the United States since many investors
were foreign governments, corporations, and individuals. The loss of their
money spread like wildfire back to their countries.
These series of interconnections allowed for a global multiplier
effect that sent ripples across the world. For example, Iceland’s banks
heavily depended on foreign capital, so so when the crisis hit them, they
failed to refinance their loans. As a result of this credit crunch, three of
Iceland’s top commercial banks defaulted. From 2007 to 2008, Iceland’s
debt increased more than seven-fold.
Until now, countries like Spain and Greece are heavily indebted
(almost like Third World countries), and debt relief has come at a high
price. Greece, in particular, has been forced by Germany and the IMF to
cut back on its social and public spending. Affecting services like
pensions, health care, and various forms of social security, these cuts
have been felt most acutely by the poor. Moreover, the reduction in
government spending has slowed down growth and ensured high levels of
unemployment.
The United States recovered relatively quickly thanks to a large
Keynesian-style stimulus package that President Barack Obama pushed
for in his first months in office. The same cannot be said for many other
countries. In Europe, the continuing economic crisis has sparked a political
upheaval. Recently, far-right parties like Marine Le Pen’s Front National in
France have risen to prominence by unfairly blaming immigrants for their
woes, claiming that they steal jobs and leech off welfare. These
movements blend popular resentment with utter hatred and racism. We
will discuss their rise further in the final lesson.
26. Conclusion
International economic integration is a central tenet of globalization. In
fact, it is so crucial to the process that many writers and commentators
confuse this integration for the entirety of globalization. As a reminder,
economics is just one window into the phenomenon of globalization; it is
not the entire thing.
Nevertheless, much of globalization is anchored on changes in the economy.
Global culture, for example, is facilitated by trade. Filipinos would not be
aware of American Culture if not for the trade that allows locals to watch
American movies, listen to American music, and consume American
products. The globalization of politics is likewise largely contingent on
trade relations. These days, many events of foreign affairs are conducted
to cement trading relations between and among states.
Given the stakes involved in economic globalization, it is perennially
important to ask how this system can be made more just. Although some
elements of global free trade can be scaled back, policies cannot do away
with it as a whole. International policymakers, therefore, should strive to
think of ways to make trading deals fairer. Governments must also
continue to devise ways of cushioning the most damaging effects of
economic globalization, while ensuring that its benefits accrue for
everyone.
Self Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson:
Ariola, M (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services &
Publishing Inc.
Claudio, L & Abinales, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City: C&E
Publishing
Inc.
Let’s Check!
Activity 1. Now you already understand of globalization of world economics. Let us try
to check your understanding. In the space provided, write the term/s being asked in the
following statements:
___________ 1. This period was the emerging eras of nations-states and the formation
of more central governments.
___________ 2. It deals with the natural order and movement of trade.
___________3. This term refers to the international exchange of goods and services
that is expressed in monetary units of money.
___________4. He used the economic turmoil to challenge the consensus around
Keynes’s ideas.
___________ 5. This theory views government to have participation in deciding which
countries to alter the amount, composition and direction of goods.
Let’s Analyze
Activity 2. Discuss and explain the following.
1. How do economic forces facilitate the deepening of globalization?
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3. Compare and contrast the assumption of the original Bretton Woods system with
those of the Washington Consensus.
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Brush Up!
Activity 1. Reflection Figure: Below is a reflection figure that looks like a human figure.
Determine what you have learned (the knowledge that serves as your foundation to
stand and keep); the things you have realized and appreciated (attitude towards
learning) and the things that you discovered (skills that you will cherish in life). Fill in
each part the reflection figure.
Things I have
learned
(knowledge)
Things I have
discovered
(skills)
Week 3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to
Metalanguage
In this section, understand the history of global politics as well as the difference
between internationalism and globalization and know the definition of state and nation.
Demonstrate ULOs will be operationally defined to establish a common frame of
reference as to how the texts work in your chosen field or career. You will encounter
these terms as we go through the study of curriculum. Please refer to these definitions
in case you will encounter difficulty in the in understanding educational concepts.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the 3rd week of
the course, you need to fully understand the following essential knowledge that will be
laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are not limited to exclusively
refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books, research articles
and other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary,
search.proquest.com etc.
29. What then is the difference between nation and state? In layman’s term, state
refers to a country and its government, i.e., the government of the
Philippines. A state has four attributes. First, it exercises authority over a
specific population, called its citizen. Second, it governs a specific territory.
Third, a state has a structure of government that crafts various rules that
people (society) follow. Fourth and the most crucial, the state has
sovereignty over its territory. Sovereignty here refers to internal and
external authority. Internally, no individuals or groups can operate in a
given national territory by ignoring the state. This means that groups like
churches, civil society organizations, corporations and other entities have
to follow the laws of the state where they establish their parishes, offices,
or headquarters. Externally, sovereignty means that a state’s policies and
procedures are independent of the interventions of other states. Russia or
China, for example, cannot pass laws for the Philippines and vice versa.
31. Internationalism
The Westphalian and Concert systems divided the world into
separate, sovereign entities. Since the existence of this interstate system,
there have been attempts to transcend it. Some, like Bonaparte, directly
challenged the system by infringing on other states’ sovereign, while
others sought to imagine other systems of governance that go beyond, but
do not necessarily challenge, sovereignty. Still, others imagine a system of
heightened interaction between various sovereign states, particularly the
desire for greater cooperation and unity among states and peoples. This
desire is called internationalism.
Despite its failure, the League gave birth to some of the more
taskspecific international organizations that are still around until today, the
most popular of which are the World Health Organizations (WHO) and the
International Labour Organization (ILO). More importantly, it would serve
as the blueprint for future forms of international cooperation. In this
respect, despite its organizations dissolution, the League of Nations’
principle survived World War II.
32. Conclusion
This lesson examined the roots of the international system. In tracing
these roots, a short history of internationalism is but one window into the
broader phenomenon of globalization. Nevertheless, it is a very crucial
aspect of globalization since global interactions are heightened by the
increased interdependence of states. This increased interdependence
manifests itself not just through state-to-state relations. Increasing,
international relations are also facilitated by international organizations
that promote global norms and policies. The most prominent example of
this organization, of course, is the United Nations.
Self Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson:
Ariola, M (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services &
Publishing Inc.
Claudio, L & Abinales, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City: C&E
Publishing
Inc.
Let’s Check!
Activity 1. Now you already understand of international relations. Let us try to check
your understanding. In the space provided, write the term/s being asked in the following
statements:
__________ 1. It served as the central body of directing Communist parties all over the
world.
___________ 2. It is a system of heightened interaction between various sovereign
states, particularly the desire for greater cooperation and unity among states and
peoples.
___________ 3. A British philosopher who coined the word “international law” in 1780.
___________ 4. It means that a state’s policies and procedures are independent of the
interventions of other states.
__________ 5.
__________ 6
__________ 7. Four attributes of the state.
__________ 8.
Let’s Analyze
Activity 2. Define the following terms according to your understanding.
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3. International law
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