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I
FOUNDED
JOURNAL IN 1892 AS THE JOURNAL OF THE UNITED STATES ARTILLERY
CONTENTS
COVER: Cburcb in Albuquerque, New ,\Iexico, Pbotograpb by New i\le;l:ico State Tourist Bureau.
THE LIFE AND DEATH OF THE 200TH COAST ARTILLERY (AA).
By Colonel Stepben M. Mellnik . 2
HE BEGINNING OF GUIDED MISSILE WIARF ARE. By Dr. Ernst H. Krause . 8
DEATH TAKES A SLEEPING CITY. By Lieutemlllt Colonel Dal,id B. Parker . 12 ~
THE LAUNCHING OF GUIDED MISSILES. By Dr. R. E. Gibson and Dr. A. KossiakofJ . 15
A STRONG AMERICA IS A PEACEFUL AMERICA. By General Jacob L. Del'ers . 21
TRAINING OF RADAR OPERATORS. By Lieutena lit Colollel Leonard M. Ormall . 22
BABY TAKES ITS FIRST STEP. B)' Major RalPh M. Rogers . 28
WHO'S WlHO IN THE ATOMIC RACE. B)' Stefan T. POSSOIl)' . 30
GUIDED MISSILE INSTRUCTION AT FORT BLISS. By Colonel '01m H. Madison . 33
WARHEADS FOR GERMAN ANTIAIRCRAFT G UlDED MISSILES. B)' n;r alter H. W' allace . 35
THE ARMY IN THE ARCTIC. B)' Major Hal D. Steward . 37
AMERICA CAN BE MADE BOMB RESISTANT. B)' Lieutenant Colonel William R. Kintner . 41
\X'AR DEPARTMENT SCHOOLS CHART . 44
ARMY SEEKS BILL TO REVISE PROMOTIONS . 45
AN INCIDENT ON SAIPAN. B)' Lieutenant Lawrence Sanders . 47
ABOUT OUR AUTHORS . 50
"FLAK." B)' Brigadier G. L. Appleton . 51
HE SOLDIER'S SOLDIER . 54
NSTRUMENTA TION FOR GUIDED .MISSILES. B)' Colonel Leslie E. Si1110n . 55
SEACOAST SERVICE TEST SECTION NOTES . 57
EWS AND COMMENT . 58
COAST ARTILLERY NE\X'SLETTERS . 64
COAST ARTILLERY ORDERS , , . 72
BOOKS AND MA1'lUALS . 75
A
PUBLICATION DATE: April I, 1947
bimonthly by the United States Coast Artillery Al'!'-ociation. Editorial and executive offices, 631 Penns)"h-ania Avenue, X.'V ..
n 4, D. C. Terms: $3.00 per )'ear. Foreil!n subscriptions. $4.00 per year. Single copies, 75c. Entered as second-class matter
~
non, D. C.; additional entry at Richmond. Ya., under the Act of ~Iarch 3, 18.9. Copyright, 194., by tbe Cnited States
ry Association.
giment a~.
.....**************************
-tc HISTORICAL BRIEF
-tc In the spring of 1940, the 111 th Cavalry of the New Mexico National
... Guard was converted into the 200th CA IAA) Regiment.
-tc As such, the Regiment entered federal service on 6 January 1941 and
-tc
On 7 April 1942 the two regiments were combined into a brigade,
-tc designated as the Philippine Provisional Coast Artillery Brigade IAAL
-tc The remnants of the Brigade surrendered to the Japanese with the
... Luzon Force on 9 April 1942 .
-tc
...
.................... ....
-tc
~ ~
th of the 200 th
erv
BY COLONEL STEPHEN M. MELLNIK , GSC
0:
~lcxico
~nJel Charles
Bli" un,iI 3 ,n u"y 1941.
G.
Brigadier
M.
to r
Peck G eneral Charle s G . Sage (left)
g aphed' Commandin
just b f g Officer of th ~ - and Colonel H
e1mi"gt"k, ,~~"~'''mft tmdi'ion o:neg~do, g'" P,i,on C,';.,;';o ~ming th": ~::~~ CAthe(AA), ;~;;:
. eglment assumed th unaertaking egm the long Journey
. on home. Mukd en
e defense of
4 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOUR:-\AL
much antiaircraft for its' proper protection. fazed Yen' attack was well synchronized with the low flying st
fe\\' people. least of all the 200th. Placed under operatiomil The men dished out whate\'er thev could but they took
control of the Far East Air Force at Clark Field, the 200th more, \ \'hen the smoke blew aw;,' from the m~zzles
was yirtuallv on its own from that time on. confirmed planes had been shot do~\'n but quite a bit~r
During the ten weeks of bedding down at Clark Field antiaircraft equipment had been punctured by bullet h
before the bombs began to drop. the 200th was able to un- That was just the beginning. That night. it was rea
pack its equipment. get set in position, and had e\'en that the City of ~ lanila had no antiaircraft protection
planned for some target practice. Headquarters USAFFE. antiaircraft machine-gun platoon had been sent from
established in July 1941. was frantically trying to mobilize. regidor to ~ lanila to protect the dock area). The regi
equip and train an Army with which to stop the inevitable sent 500 officers and men to 1\ lanila to uncrate some
invasion. Of necessity. it could furnish the 200th with little aircraft equipment which had just arrivcd. and to esta
direction and e\'en I~ss guidance. From the USAFFE point an antiaircraft defense of the 1\lanila area. Colonel H
of view. any organization which had its quota of officers, 1\ 1. Peck, Executive Officer of the 200th. was in com
men and equipment. was so far ahead of the Army being of this group.
organized, that it could well shift for itself until more im- Getting into 1\ lanila at 2100 on 8 December, the de
portant problems were solved. mem began to uncrate and assemble the antiaircraft eq
At about 0500 hours on 8 Dccember.l\lanila time (about ment found in the dock area. The strange blacked out
1000 on 7 December, Hawaii time). the Regiment was with nen'ous sentries shooting at cvcry \'chicle that m
alcrted. Previously preparcd gun positions were manned. at night, added to thc difficulties. Filipinos were hastil
and a period of waiting cnsucd. t\fter several hours of wait- cruited, guns were dug in and in twenty-four hours \
ing. with reports that cnemy planes were o\'er thc Island of ready to shoot. On the morning of 10 December \\'hen
Luzon. the all clear was givcn about 1130 hours. About two-motored Japanese bombers flew over 1\lanila, they
1230 hours. Japanese bombers and strafing planes madc met with a pattern of antiaircraft puffs that was more s
their appcarancc, and the war for the 200th was on. tacular than effectivc, as it was not immediately appa
The 200th was no match for the 300 Japanese planes that the plancs were flying ABOVE the cciling of I
which Hcw in from Formosa. Thc high altitude bombing powder train fuzes.
These prisoners of war cheer at their liberation from prison camp at Cabanatuan.
.IE LIFE A~D DEATH OF THE 200TH COAST .\RTILLEHY )
Left behind when retreating Japs left Manila, another grou p of men captured on Baman is liberated by U. S. Troops.
The trials and tribulations involved in trying to train founded by a desire On the part of every Filipino to become
lipinos as searchlight crew members will be appreciated a member of the antiaircraft unit. At the approach of enemy
anyone who has ever had a similar task. The Filipino's planes, every resident of i\ lanila who had a weapon prompt- .
blime disregard for a machine's limited servicing needs Iy began to shoot. That the planes were flying at altitudes in
d many a gray hair. However, to the Manila group of excess of 20,000 feet did not, apparently, discourage the
200th, this was merely preliminary training for the real volunteer enthusiasts. This type of firing forced antiaircraft
to come. gun crews into foxholes more often than did Jap bomps.
Or the Clark Ficld element, there was another person- Two weeks after the war began. the Japs started to make
Cut in the offing. About 50 self-propelled three-inch guns landings on Luzon, and their air efFort over Clark Field and
been unloaded in 1\ lanila about one week before the the i\ lanila area was intensified. Soon the main Jap landing
started. (The personnel to man the guns eventually was made at Linga)'en Gulf, and the decision was made to
eel in Australia.) On 9 December, the 200th was withdraw our forces into Bataan.
ered to send] 00 trucks and 200 men to man the self-pro- The parent 200th assumed the mission of covering the
!.eel guns. The original 200th was now down to ]] 00 retreat of the Northern Luzon Force into Bataan, while the
, \\'ith its mission to protect Clark Field still unchanged. Pro\'isional Manila Group, newly christened on ] 9 Decem-
Or the next two weeks, the 200th and the Manila "Pro- ber ]94] as the 5] 5th Coast Artillerv (1\A), assumed a
nal Regiment of the 200th" were very much harassed. similar mission for the South Luzon Force.
e organic regimental transportation had been reduced The successive withdrawals and deployments, to keep
100 trucks, and tlle balance had to serve two regiments pace with the retreating forces, was a nightmare. The
d of one. The personnel for one antiaircraft regiment skeletonized 200th, covering the retreat of three Infantry
been reduced by 200, and now had to man the equip- Divisions, stretched Napoleon's maxim on "Economy of
t of two regiments. Force" to its elastic limit. No greater Economy of Force
t Clark Field, the Japs were making doubly sure that could have been made. By judicious use of the 24 hours in
Far East Air Force remain ineffective. Daily bombing each day, and by dispensing with eating and sleeping, the
strafing met with only antiaircraft resistance. \\Thile 200th safelv convoved its three divisions into Bataan. "TIle
~\as satisfaction in shooting down Japanese planes, it impossible 'was ac~omplished yesterday!"
disheartening to watch the planes concentrating on The 5] 5th had a similar problem, though a bit more
positions and to know that no friendly planes were critical. The kev to the successful withdrawal of the South
able to challenge the Japs. In addition, it seemed point- Luzon Force la~' in the cluster of bridges at Calumpit. If
o Continue the defense of a field which had no operat- those bridges remained intact, the Force would get through
stallation. However. there was alwavs the chance that safely, as the Japs in the south and east were still some dis-
e reinforcements would arrive, and Clark Field was an tance away. \ Vithout the bridges howe\'cr, a long detour of
lent air base. about 100 miles was in prospect: the alternate choice being
e confusion in the ;\ lanila area was further con- to cross a 20-mile swamp.
6 THE CO:\ST ARTILLERY JOllR0:AL
The 51 5th arriyed at the Calumpit bridge alJ'a to find The combination of hunger and malaria reduced
that the .laps. too. realized the importance of the bridges in units to a state of apathy. There was little enthusiasm
the strategy of the withdrawal. For about fiye days there was the expeditions into the jungle which marked the unit
a bitter contest between .lap planes and the 5 I 5th. Due to ri\'al into Bataan. The complete lack of mail from
its accurate shooting and the confused situation facing .lap was a strong factor in lowering morale. There \Vel'
pilots in the large cluster of bridge targets available for movies. magazines or post exchanges: boredom, illness
bombing. t\\,o key bridges were left unharmed. and our hunger made this period a trying one. The front-line
troops came through. were in eyen worse shape. They had no time for hun
\ \lith the Infantry Divisions bedded down in Bataan. the foraging or han'esting rice fields. In addition they had
200th and 515th t~rned to the defense of the Cabcaben e\'er-present hazard of an aggressive enemy constantly
and Bataan airfields. \ Vhile our available air force of six ing our lines. The sole source of commercial cigarettes
P-40s was inconsequential by present standards, it was most the infrequent .lap casualty caught behind our lines.
\'ersatile. It performed bombing. photo, transport and pur- About 3 April 1942. the .lap had apparently rec'
suit missions. depending on the task to be done. As such, suflicient reinforcements with which to begin his d
it needed and got all the protection it deserved. To the e\'er- down the peninsula. An intense concentration of Jap
lasting credit of the alert air force personnel (with help from and artillery fire was placed on our front line and the
the 200th and 515th), not one of the six P-40s was even areas were under constant strafing and bombing attacks.
damaged by the numerous Jap raids on the two fields! complicate the problem, we were at the end of the dry
As the war progressed on the Bataan front, a "friendly" son, and Jap incendiary bombs literally burned out wh
.lap reconnaissance plane named "Photo Joe," began paying units. AFter t\\'o days of preparatory fire, the Japs c
\'isits over the Front lines. Photo Joe rarely dropped visiting menced their infantry and tank attacks. On 7 April
cards but always aFter his visit, Jap artillery shells would combined Infantry and tank effort broke through our Ii
blanket the areas which he had visited. To discourage I-Iuman beings could just stand so much and no more.
Photo Joe's visits, two batteries from each of the regiments On the same day, the administrative machinery
were ordered to the Forward areas 'to greet the plane on its USFIP finally formalized a situation which had existed
!lights. months-it organized the 200th and 515th into an antia
It would be gratiFying, but not accurate. to say that upon craFt brigade. Colonel Sage was given the command of t
the arrival of these batteries, Photo Joe's visits became less Brigade, while Colonel 1\ lemory H. Cain, the Executi
frequent. Napoleon's maxim of Economy of Force to the Officer of the 200th, assumed command of the 200th.
contrary notwithstanding, 37,000 yards of front was too life of the Brigade as an antiaircraft unit was short-Ii,
much for four antiaircraft artillery batteries to cover with \Vithin 24 hours, it was Forced to destroy its antiairc
100% effectiveness. However, the fire did force Photo Joe equipment and to organize as an infantry unit with t
to be more cautious in his approach, and kept him at much mission of defending the line south of Cabcaben airfield!
higher altitudes than he cared to be. As for the Infantry The 24-hour life span of the converted Brigade
units, the morale effect of an antiaircraFt battery taking chaos. Japanese Infantry units, paced by their tanks, w
positive action to discourage enemy planes from coming too pushing through the break in the line like water throu
close was tremendous. In the war on Bataan, virtually all a hole in a dam. Disorganized Filipino units were c1ogg'
planes were enemy, and an antiaircraFt unit was worth its the single road leading to 1\ larivales, while Japanese plan
weight in gold. added to the confusion by spraying the road with machin
The next three months saw the situation deteriorate gun fire. Human beings. weakened by hunger and disea
from bad to worse. \Vhile the Japanese air actions were spo- had but one thought-to get away from the slaughter.
radic in nature, the menace of malaria and dysentery was The Brigade stayed anchored to its infantry positi
always present. The limited amount of quinine was soon south of Cabcaben airfield while the Jap tanks plough
consumed, and the malaria rate continued to climb. Cases through the line, interested only in exploiting the break
in some units averaged 70% and there was no hope of re- through. As the Japanese Infantry arrived, the Briga
placements. Finally, malarial patients stopped going to the firmed up Forcing the Jap attackers to deploy. Over t
hospital, as they preferred to stay with their units, since noise of the planes and artillery came the sound of 0
the hospital had no medicine with which to work. The oc- ammunition dumps being blown up. It was the end! \Vitn,
casional shipment of quinine which came in via a private .in a Few hours, orders were received from the Force CaUl
civilian plane Which could fly to Cebu, was never enough mander to surrender to the nearest Japanese unit.
For distribution to a regiment. After the surrender, the inFamous "Death !\ larch" w:
Food likewise became a serious problem. By February. followed bv three and one half veal'S of incarceration i
the ration was limited to one-halF a pound of rice per man Japanese p'risoner of \Var Camps~
per day, with a can of sardines split t\\'o ways for dessert. It is difficult to assess the contribution of such a unit as
Soon, even the sardines ran out. Huntinu o for monkevs, . the original 200th without becoming sentimental. In terms
iguanas and carabao became a necessity rather than a sport. 01' 86 .lap planes shot down or so many Japs killed. there is l}
In a short time, these edible animals became scarce. and small degree of cold statistical comFort.
snake hunting next became popular. Rice fields, abandoned I met man v. men of the unit, durinu 0 the war and in Jap
bv the natives at the outbreak of war, were taken over bv nese prison camps. Few men on Bataan will ever forget th
the units and han'ested. The areas were combed For edibl~ unfailing good humor of the boys from ,'\fe\\' 7\ lexico, tl\e'
fruits and vegetables. willingness to help out. and their cheerful acceptance
THE LIFE A:"D DEATH OF THE 200TH COAST ARTILLERY 7
ible situations. had the good fortune to know the 200th. will always re-
C.oloneI. now Brigadier General Sage, who took 1800 member their patience under adverse conditions, their un-
\\ ;>'Iexico men to the Philippines, and brought back complaining care of each other. and the ine\'itable guitars
t 1000. can look back with pride on the performance which played a requiem to those who died.
the 200th at Clark Field and Bataan. His was the General \ Vainwright, in paying his tribute to the 200th.
iginal responsibility for the fonnation and training of the said in December 1945:
"ts; to him should go the credit for its performance. "On December 7, 1941, when the Japanese unexpectedly
Colonel Peck can also look back \~ith pride, and perhaps attacked the Philippine Islands the first point bombed was
~ with some amusement. at the difficult days in i'lanila Fort Stotsenberg. The 200th Coast Artillery (AA) assigned
en he had two weeks in which to organize an antiair- to defend this Fort, was the first unit in the Philippines
ft regiment with untrained Filipinos. Yet the efforts of under General of the Army Douglas 1\lacArthur to go into
5 unit prevented the Japs from making a shambles of action and fire at the enemy, also the first one to go into
lmila in those earlv davs of the war. action defending our flag in the Pacific."
To Colonel Cain, 'wh;m I knew best, I take off my hat The quotation is a masterpiece of understatement.
tribute. \ "ith him will go the prayers of the men of The old 200th died at Bataan but its memorv and deed,
e 200th who were with him at Camp O'Donnell, Caba- live on, and from these recollections, a new 200th will un-
tuan and Davao. Colonel Cain, giving his can of sardines doubtedly be born. It is hoped that those men now in hos-
he first can he had in months) to a dying member of the pitals and others since released will recover sufficiently to
th, is something none of us will ever forget. The prayer form a nucleus for this new unit to keep alive and foster
:eetings he held at a time when all hope seemed lost is the traditions they established.
other memory which will stay with all those who know It is expected that it will be designated the 200th I\A1\
Group and it is hoped that the members will wear with
Let us not e\'er forget the 800 men of the 200th who lie pride and distinction the Distinguished Unit Citation with
l!Tiedon Luzon. Bataan and the various Japanese Prisoner two clusters which were so gallantly earned by the old
War camps. To those who came through alive; those who 200th.
embers of the 200th released from Japanese prison camps enjoy a luncheon during a stopover on Oahu en route to the
United States in September 1945.
The Beginning Of Guide
Missile Warfare
By Dr. Ernst H. Krause
It was August, I~.B. i\ British convoy was steaming typcs of radio control systems for our own use with a view
through the Bay of Biscay on the alert for enemy submarines to developing systems which could not be easily jammed IX
and planes. And then it happened! The observers of the interfered with. A natural consequence of this work \
ship sa\\" what appearcd to be a small dive bomber come the de\'elopment of methods for testing the vulnerabili
out of a turn and head directly for the ship at an apparently of radio control equipment to jamming of various typl.'S.
incredible speed. The specd of the "plane" as well as the This led to speculation on what we might do to counteract
small targct which it presented proved to be too big an order the use of radio controlled dcvices bv the Germans. Thti
for what antiaircraft guns could be brought to bear on it in they were working on such devices w;s almost certain. Bu
timc. The ship was hit. how could we build jamming equipment to counteract.
This incident marked the beginning of the long awaited completely unknown radio control system?
and much dreaded guided missile warfare. Although de- There was first of all the question of the frequency of t~
vices which might be classed as guided missiles had been radio signals likely to be used to transmit the controlling
used previously, they were primarily makeshift wcapons signals to the bomb. Anyone of thousands of channeh
used in isolated instances. Here for the first time in the his- might conceivably be used. The region of frequencies used
tory of warfarc were uscd, as we shall see later, several for commercial broadcasting represented but a minute por-
guided missiles which were designed for the job and were tion of the possible range of frcquencies. In fact, it wa~
being produced in large enough quantity to be potentially more probable that the limitless expanse of the shorter wa\c
Icthal to the extent of having a serious eITect on the course lengths oITered better possibilities for this use.
of the war. But for an intensive electronic countermeasure To find such a needle "in this ethereal haystack" \\3'
campaign by the Allies and certain design errors (from a made even more difficult by the fact that most of the time it
countermeasure point of view) by the Germans, this might wouldn't even be there for thc signals were transmitted only
well have been the case. The actions which followed the whenever the bomb was in Hight and possibly only during(
first German attack are, I believe, representative of what 'part of the Right time. It was impossible to expect that'
will take place in one type of future guided missile warfare. while we turned the dial on an extended range receiver we
Although the discussion which follows shows that the would happen to be tuned to the transmission just at the
guided missile counteoneasure job is a difficult one, it also moment it was on. Undoubtedly we would be listening to
shows that it is not always an impossible one. some other portion of the spectrum. ,
The news of the attack in the Bay of Biscay, as well as But even if we found such a signal which was controlling
scveral more which followed, soon spread among the ships a bomb, we had to be able to tune a high powered jammin!!'
which plied the Southern and Southwestern European "transmitter to exactly the same frecluency. It was a difficult
waters. It bred terror in the hearts of seamen who entered enough problem to build a high power radio transmitter
the Bav of Biscav or the Southern i\lediterranean. The which covers a frequency of I to 10 mcgacycles but the
averag~ seaman \;'as willing to take his chances with a sub- problem of building one to cover thc range of a hundred
marine or airplane attack, for against these there were well times greater or more was absolutely staggering. ~
proven defenses which gave him at least a fair chance of The idea was hit upon that perhaps the best way to attack
survival. But what defense was there against such a mon- this problem was to use the psychology of the old Indian
strous thing as a radio-controlled bomb? tracker who apparently could track a man over solid stone
It was obvious that fast action on the part of the Allied oround. The secret of his success lav in the fact that when'
o -
Navies was imperative. For, not only did this weapon have e\'er he had no tracks to follow he would ask himself the
great potentialities against our ships but it was also the sort question, "Now what would I do in a similar circumstance
of thing which undermined the morale of the men who if I were being pursued?" Using this method of attack. we
fight the ships. asked ourselves what we mioht o
have done if a vear
-
or tW
Such an incident had been anticipated about six months ago we had ;)Cen asked to freeze the design on a simple rad~
before by a group working on guided missiles at the Naval control svstem. The vear or two mentioned here was.
Hesearch Laboratorv. \ Ve had been \mrking on various course. tile amount o(time that would have been necessa
THE BEGl:'\~L'\G OF GUIDED ;\llSSILE \\'ARF,\HE 9
The German HS 293, a radio-controlled gliding missile with Jet Propulsion Booster Unit suspended below.
l> put the equipment into volume production and train the then set your jamming transmitter to exattly the same fre-
necessary groups to use it after a practical design had been cluency as his to interfere with his control. If you still had
decided upon. On this basis and also on the basis of what time, you could fool the bomb by transmitting false control
1!ittlewe knew about the Germans' activity in various por- information to it to throw it off its course. Unless the first
IOns of the radio spectrum, we decided that their first equip- three parts of this could be accomplished in 30 seconds or
ent would likely utilize a frequency somewhere between less, the jamming would likely be too late!-
15 and 50 megacycles. This narrowed the problem down "\lith such a restriction in time as this, it was, of course,
r enough that a practical solution was possible. impossible to use any standard type of receiver for sweeping
The next question to be answered was how the enemy through the band by twisting the dial. To accomplish this
uld be likely to use the radio signal to control the bomb. detection process rapidly, we had to develop a series of
e felt it most probable that they would use a simple form broad band receivers in which a motor would tunc the dial
amplitude or frequency modulation of tones which could rapidly over and over. The signals thus received on any fre-
interpreted in electrical apparatus in the missile as com- quency would appear as pips (or vertical marks) on a hori-
nds to turn, climb or dive, the simplest maneuvers re- zontalline on a cathode ray tube. The position on the line
ired of a flying guided missile. would indicate the place ~n the dial \~.here the "station"
In line with these basic decisions, we proceeded to build could be received. t\ combination of broad band and con-
mm"ing transmitters for preliminary tests under laboratory \'entional receivers pro\'ed an effective and rapiel means of
ditions which were capable of emitting high power finding a frequency to a high degree of accuracy. Other
nals over this relatively broad range of frequencies. But modifications allowed the same recei\'ers to be used to adjust
est' transmitters differed from the usual broadcast trans- the frequency of the jamming transmitter accurately to that
'tters in that thev sacrificed the abilitv to stav at the same of the enemy control signal.
ce on the dial' (same frequency) for the' ability to be As far as the transmitters were concerned. it was impos-
quickly to the frequency at which they were needed to sible to get high speed tuning in any of the existing high
Bect the faHino bomb. For there would be much to accom- ,powered transmitters because most of them utilized at least
"h in those 30 seconds or so that sudden death was three or four different adjustments for tunin2 because of
ding toward you. First, you had to find and identify the certain requirements such as, stability, long life, etc. \Ve
lJa] out of the thousands likeh' to be on the air; then YOU decided that only a single dial tuning arrangement could
to find how he was using 'his radio signal to control; be tolerated. To attain this, we reached the conclusion that
10 THE COAST AHTILLERY )OllR:'\AL Marcl1-A
we could Forego some of the requirements such as st5bility. the German equipment. 1 hey reSisted their natural a
Because of the pressure of so many war born problems. iety to jam in order to obtain data on the commands used
this countermeasure \\'ork had proceeded rather slowly on a steer the missile. As a matter of fact. they \\'ere success~
low priority. However. at the time of the German attack in making phonograph records of the (adio signal 1'1'
in the Bay of Biscav we had a\'ailable one broad band search several of the bombs. After these records had been ma
recei\'er. ~ne moch;lation analyzer. and one 50-watt jamming they turned on their jamming transmitters, and there Wl'tf!
transmitter. all of lahoratory experimental construction, indications in this first attack that the jammino transmitt~
besides the other necessary recei\'ers. functioned successfully. Since previous ex~rience wi
\ Vi thin 30 days after d;e first attack. the Chief of Naval the bombs had shown that quite a few of them went out «I
Operations and the Bureau of Ships arranged to put at the control for unknown reasons. it was difficult to establish
Laboratory's disposal two destroyer escorts (DE) to be fitted aO\', ~
given one was forced out of control bva J'ammino0 siQI]
. b
I
with equipment to detect and record the signals of the so- One of the ships in the convoy was hit, but fortunately the
far-unknown German radio-controlled bomb. 1\ leanwhile, DE's escaped any damage. On returning to port, tile
other attacks had taken place and an enterprising radio recordings were flown back to the Naval Research L1boru
operator on one of the ships attacked had intercepted what tory to be analyzed. 1\ lean while we had been building, On
he thought was the control frequency at 20 megacycles. very high priority, two new transmitters with an output r1
1\ later analysis proved that he had indeed intercepted the one kilowatt each. These were flown to the i\ lediterranean
signal, but because of the peculiar behavior of his receiver and installed in the DE's.
had obtained a frequency which was about one-half the true The analysis of the recording brought out the essential
frequency. Fortunately, we stuck to our original guess of points of the German system of controlling the bomb. It
the frequency and equipped the ships with jamming equip- was, as we had suspected, an amplitude modulated system
ment covering the wider range between 15 and 50 mega- but it involvcd a method of operation which wc had nO(
cycles. The ships were brought into the \Vashington Navy anticipated. However, we were able to determine that the
Yard and after a period of about two weeks of night-and- modulation with which we had equipped the transmitters
day activity they were ready to sail with the best equipment was able to upset the operation of the system if the trans.
we had available at the time. The most difficult problem at mittel'S were properly tuned. Essentially, the German S)5-
the last minute proved to be furnishing antennas which tem of control was that the transmitter was modulated with
would cover such a broad band of frequencies efficiently. either of a pair of tones. \Vhcn one of the pair was trans-
Simultaneous with the fitting of the ships was the task mitted, the bomb steered to the left and when the other
of training Navy personnel to understand and operate the was "heard" by the apparatus, it caused it to turn to the
equipment. These men had the tremendous task of using right. These tones were sent alternately, about ten times a
equipment (which had been designed to be coddled in second. Thus the apparatus was in a constant dither, firsl
laboratory experiments) under full battle conditions. There being commanded to go one way and then the other. If
had been none of the refinements that go into fini~hed both of the commands were on for equal times, the bomb
equipment for the fleet to make operation easier, For this went straight. But if one was Icss insistent and the other
apparatus was truly in the earliest stages of development. more, it would turn in the direction of the stronger signal,
On September 30, 1943, these ships set sail For the r.ledi- the amount of the turn depending on the difference in in.
terranean. The job of these crews certainly was not 3 sistence of the command. Another similar pair of tones
pleasant one, in view 01' all 01' the reports that kept coming controllcd the angle at which thc bomb was to glide. I
in about hits on more and more of our ships and the high whether steeper or to a longer range. This allowed all of
Percentaoeo of hits with these bombs, but it was certainly , the control needed for a bomb of the type they were using.
an interesting one in that the problem reduced itself to one By the time the Normandy invasion was in preparation.
of matching wits with the enemy on the subject of elec- most of the aspects of the German system were known. The
tronics. Both the crews and we were a bit dubious about final details were obtained when several of the so-called
how successful a process this would be, but we were cer- HS293 glider-type bombs were captured after hitting a ship l
tainly... 0
ooino0 to make everv~ effort to beat the enemy at his,I
and failing to explode. These were pieced together first in
own game.
By the time the ships arrived in the r.lediterranean, the
approximate location of the air base from which the r.lother
planes took off was fairly well known. It was also known
that the Germans were reserving the use of these new
bombs for especially valuable targets. Therefore, they
would not necessarily attack a convoy unless it was a large
and important one. These known facts aided in the assign-
ment of the two DE's to coO\'o\'S on which they were sure to
suffer an attack. On one or'the first trips, 'the Germans
turned out in force. They seemed to pick for their targets
PR06A.BL! LOCAtIO. Of' SELf-DJt!TROTua
the specially equipped intercept ships, although they prob- CHARGE II COIiTkOL CCIlPA.Jn'IID'T
A Strong America
Is a Peaceful America
By Lieutenant Colonel
Dauid B. Parker, C.f.
Excerpts from SOme {lItllre historiaJl's Jlotebook:
It took nearly a week to get all the living out of New Not for a whole year was New York City officially de-
York, No one will ever know how manv died from causes clared fit for repopulation by its survivors.
other than radiation, how manv drowned in the rivers, how The points to remember about this hypothetical attack
many were killed in subways' by contact with third rails, are as follows;
how many were shot as looters. Some shut themselves up First-No detail in the account you have just read is
safe from radiation in a steel bank vault, only to perish for dependent on the future progress of atomic science. The
lack of water and air. Others who stuck it out as long as bomb as it is t~, the bomb as dropped on Japan and
they could in sub-basements picked up fatal doses when tested at Bikini, can do the damage I have described to the
hunger forced them above the ground. people and the city of New York.
On March 6 a small party of bold scientists, Geiger Second-!'vlost of the military men who have worked with
cpunters in hand, threaded its way back through the in- the bomb doubt whether any e'ffective defense can be devel-
visible maze of death to retrieve precious documents. Gradu- oped against a bomb used in this imaginary, but quile
allv, as radioactivitv on the citv's walks and pavements and practical way.
stairways and tabI'e tops dec~yed, more such raids were Third-Until international control becomes a reality. our
organized, some of them in lead-lined army tanks. A few only safeguard is ceaseless vigilance, and the protection of
attempts were made to drain off water in plumbing systems. our leadership in atomic research and development.
but the task was given up as hopeless, and when the weather Fourth, and most important-\Ve must do everything in
turned cold again a million pipelines froze and burst. our power, to effect international control of atomic energy.
It was not easy to find volunteers for such expeditions, The men who have worked with the bomb feel that the
even when under the protection of Geiger counters. The United States plan, as presented to the United Nations by
gamma ray effects were cumulative, and made repeated Bernard AI. Baruch, is the best answer to the problem.
e Launching Of
Guided Missiles
By Dr. R. E. Gibson and Dr. 7\. Kossiakoff
Moon Rockef
By Constantin Paul lent
A question is often asked: \\That will be the chances for of the rocket at landing can be reduced by firing the rockel
a rocket ship to reach the Moon without being hit by motors in reverse and the rocket can be made to land upon
meteorites? Another question: How a rocket will land upon a pick. The landing pick must be quite large and massive
the surface of the 1\ 1oon?
1 in construction so that when the rocket hits the surface cI.
To answer question No.1, one must take in considera- the Moon, at reduced speed, it will inbed itself in ~
tion that in comparison with the size of the earth and the ground and hold the rocket in an upright position. I
size of the rocket, the meteors falling on the earth have a Once the landing has been effected, the next problem
better chance to hit the planet because of its tremendous will be to leave the rocket for the sake of exploration of ~
size, while the rocket offers such a small hitting surface. Moon's surface. This is not an easl problem to solve C()ll~'
The chances that a rocket will be hit bv..meteorites is likelv sidering the changes of temperature and other unkno~
to be 100,000 to one or even less. factors upon the Moon. It has been estimated that facJl1&
Question No. 2 is much harder to answer. the sun the temperature might be as high as plus 230 ~~
An important factor to be considered is the necessity of grees Centigrade, and in the shade as much as minus 2711'1
landing the rocket ship in an upright position. The speed degrees Absolute. Inasmuch as there is no atmosphere u
the Moon to help absorb excessive ultraviolet radiation,
*This extract from Mr. Lent's original article which appeared in his rays will be very dangerous to anyone venturing on
magazine, Rockel-Jet Flying, is reproduced here because it brings out a 1\loon without protective equipment such as space suits
point not covered by G. Edward Pendray's article, "Next Stop the Moon,"
published in the January-February JOUR:-;A~ shields.
A Strong America Is A
Peaceful America
Celebration of Army Week during wartime had a special significance, for during
wartime the whole of America was acutely conscious of the Army's importance and
indispensability, proud of its accomplishments and secure behind its might.
But this peacetime observance, our second since winning the war, is even more
significant than its wartime celebration. Having won the war, we must win the peace,
and the theme of Army Week 1947-"A Strong America is a Peaceful America"-is a
most powerful reminder of how we may best win the peace.
~-~~~ ... ~ ~~$J"r-:,:""»,,: 7' - ....... _- ...
It would be well if we could be reminded more often than "'once.a '.year that a
strong America is a peaceful America, for it seems that, as always after a war, the
warnings in the world news in our daily papers are little heeded.
America was militarily weak in 1917, and Germany thought she could defeat us.
America was militarily weak in 1941, and Japan thought we could be defeated:-FOr~
tunately, in both wars, we had some allies capable of withstanding the enemy until
we could make ready. In any future war, we would not have that advantage, for it
is probable that we would be attacked first of all.
America must, therefore, remain strong, to insure the peace we have won so ardu-
ously. To remain strong, she need not maintain an unduly large Army. A compara-
tively small Regular Army, backed by a National Guard and by an Organized Reserve
Corps, is all th~t is needed, all that has been needed.
But all of these components of our Army must be given the means and support
necessary to achieve the degree of strength which is essential, and to maintain that
strength. To abandon our Army again, in this age, would be more than shortsighted:
it would be foolhardy.
General, USA
Commanding, Army Ground Forces
Training of Radar Operator
By Lieutenant Colonel leonard M. Orman, Coast Artillery Corps
The amount' of reliable data that can be obtained from Long experience in observing a radar indicator enables
any radar is dependent to a great extent on the proficiency the operator to notice many minute variations in the echo
of the operator. It is admittedly difficult to operate a radar that are not apparent to a less skilled man. By noting th~
with a high degree of effectiveness under all conditions, small variations, the operator is often able to estimate the
Therefore, the operators must combine high native intel- size and type of the target. In one case, a very alert operatar
ligence, good visual acuity, manual dexterity and great was often able to tell not only the approximate number r:l
concentration with an intense interest in the work if radar planes in a group, but the type of plane, by observation rl
is to be used to maximum benefit. To become proficient, only the radar indicator. Such a performance is extraord~
the operator must practice continually. nan', but it illustrates the excellent results that can be ob.
The more the operator is able to understand about his tai~ed by close observation coupled with wide experience.
radar equipment and about the tactical situation in which An unskilled operator can see only range and azimuth
it is used, the more useful will be his performance. [vi any and that perhaps erratically; a skilled man sees in each pip
peculiar results have been obtained with radar that have much information beyond the normal range and azimuth
been humorously attributed to phantoms, pixies, gremlins, measurements.
and the like for want of a reasonable explanation. If the In general, a skilled operator can detect a target at a
operator understands fully the limitations of his radar he greater range than an unskilled operator. This ability re-
will often be able to recognize the false character of many sults from very close observation of the scope and a "feeling
types of phantom contacts, for the appearance of echoes that are lost in the "grass" to
The British \'X'aafs shown here illustrate the fact that Great Britain trained and lIsed thousands from the \'X'omen's Auxiliarv
Forces to be operators of radar equipment. In many instances women make better operators than men since they seem (0 bea~
up better on work which tends to be monotonous.
TRAI~ING OF RADAR OPERATORS 23
ntrained eye.
II operators should be schooled in: SIGNAL TO TYPICAL ECHO
Theorv of radar. NOISE PATTERN STRENGH
2' Capab'ilities and limitations of radar to include the RATIO
effect of weather on the particular set or sets with
which they are to work.
3. IFF. I to I Intermittent echo
4. Operational techniques. or less barely perceptible
5. Pipology. ~
6. Countermeasures, and defense against countermeas-
ures.
No attempt should be made to have operators under- 2 to I
Jildall of the electrical circuits that exist within a radar. Weak
" is the function of the repairman and repairs to a set ~ echo
his responsibility. Operators should be taught to keep
sds off if the set needs repairs.
The balance of this article will be confined to operational
4 to I Good
iques since pipology and defense against counter-
sures are considered broad enough to deserve separate echo
~
tment and the other subjects have been covered pre-
uslv in this series.
JL
l}~en the general instruction has been concluded, the
8 to I Strong
mtor should be introduced to the set which he is to
rate. Correct step-by-step procedure in turning on and
, calibrating, tuning and operating each set should be
JL
onstrated. The various uses of the set should be ex-
ined. \\lays to recognize improper operation and inferior 16 to I Very strong or
Form:mce should be described, along with suggestions
or greater Saturating echo
correcting these faults. Finally, results to be expected
m his set should be given so that the efficiency of similar
ars may be compared, and steps taken to correct per- The above sketch shows the variation in pattern in relation to
fmallce when it is not up to standard. the ratio between the signal and "noise."
<
a
.. Operating experience will determine the correct oain
setting for different amounts of sea return. Antenna ~ota-
.
'0
COlli positioll.
A
of target travel, to make sure that any splitting of attack
groups may be noted.
1\ len assigned to search radars should be rotated every
thirt\, minutes. Periods of continuous obsen'ance of PPI
scop~s longer than this are injurious to the eyes.
the pointer: left, low, lift; meaning if the left pip is low, It is possible to follow projectiles in Hight and to observe
lift or elevate the antenna. the splash thrown up \\.hen they hit the water. You can
Some pointers think of the left pip on their scope as an also see shells from the enemy coming toward you on the
indication of the position angle of the antenna. If the left screen. Since the splash lasts for only three to five seconds,
pip is low in relation to the right pip, the antenna is pointed considerable training is required before the operator can
below 'the target. If the left pip is high, the antenna is range accurately on the point of impact. Large shells throw
pointed above the target. more water up in the air than small shells. Therefore, the
\Vhen you train or point toward the lower pip, and it gets splashes produced by heavy guns can be detected at a greater
lower rather than higher, it indicates that you have a range than those from light guns. In general, the maximum
minor lobe contact. The target actually is 15° or 20° to the range at which splashes can be detected compares well with
left or right of this. the maximum effective range of the guns producing the
Sometimes the trainer will be able to match up two pips, splashes. High-explosive shells give better splashes than
but no pips will show on the elevation scope. This can armor piercing or sand loaded shells.
also be caused bv minor lobes, and the trainer should train • Projectiles that fall ver)' close to the target may appear
back and forth ~ntilthe pointer and the trainer both can to be a hit because of the limitations in resolution inherent
see two pips. in radar. Therefore, the absence of splash echoes is not an
In order to realize the full accuracy possible with fire- absolute indication of a hit although the shells are followed
control radar, the operators must practice making precise toward the target on the radar. In general, projectiles that
measurements of range, and elevation azimuth. Since azi- fall short are easier to detect than those that fall beyond the
muth and elevation accuracy often depend on matching target, because the range resolution of the radar coupled
pip heights, extensive practice in this operation is necessary with the extent of the target in range combine to produce
to develop the operator's judgement to the point where a dead space beyond the target.
reliable azimuths and elevations can be determined within Rapid fire may produce a sort of enlarged grass in the
the rated accuracy of the equipment. Accurate pip match- area of the splashes because of the continuous fall of pro
ing is difficult and cannot be done well by inexperienced jectiles. \Vith salvo fire, however, each projectile produces
personnel. a single fuzzy echo of short duration. Therefore, salvo firel
The two greatest responsibilities of the range operator is much easier to spot by radar than rapid fire. 1
are: (I) to keep the pip in the notch, and never let it Because the separation in range between targets required
saturate (Ratten on top due to too much receiver sensitivity). for range resolution is usually much less than that required
The pip must be kept in the center of the notch so that the for azimuth resolution, spotting in range by radar is more
pip appears even on the pointer's and trainer's scopes. If the effective than spotting by deRection. Unless the azimuth
pip saturates on the range scope, it will saturate on the resolution of the radar is ver)' good, the operator will not be
trainer's and pointer's scopes, thus preventing them from able to detect shell splashes that are at the correct rang~
knowing which way to train or elevate. (2) He must know but off in deRection.
the position of all controls so well that he can make adjust- Antiaircraft bursts produce radar echoes much less ef.
ments to the scope without groping for the knob or taking - - fectively than splashes in the water. The ec.ho is retum
his eyes from the scope. partly from the metal fragments scattered through the bu
1947 TRAINING OF RADAR OPERATORS 27
and partly from the hot ionized gases that are the prOduct than the noise add to the noise to make the grass higher or
of the explosion. As the gases expand, they cool; when the snow brighter. By noting the small change in the ap-
the gases cool, they lose their ionization. Since the explo- pearance of the trace caused by this addition, a good opera-
sion very quickly scatters the metal fragments over a wide tor is enabled to discern very weak echoes. However, these
area, and because the gases expand very quickly, an anti- echoes, which are equal to or less than the noise voltage,
aircraft burst does not reflect radar pulses for more than a cannot be seen if the noise itself does not show.
secondor two. A properly trained operator will measure ranges always
Within the short time that the echo is visible it is very in exactly the same way so that his personal error is small
difficult to determine the range, azimuth and altitude of an and constant. As a result, the range and azimuth data
antiaircraft burst relative to the plane at which the shell was obtained by a good operator will be more consistent and
bred. A range spot can sometimes be determined satis- more reliable than that obtained by an unskilled operator.
"factorily;however, the time is so short that it is unlikely that The skill and dexterity developed by constant practice en-
reliable azimuth and altitude spots can be obtained unless able a good operator to measure a range and azimuth
the operators are exceptionally alert and well trained. quickly. Not only is it desirable that each operator be
trained to measure ranges in precisely the same manner on
MANIPULATION OF CONTROLS
each target, but it is also very desirable that all radar opera-
For detection of targets at maximum range, the grass tors be trained in exactly the same operating procedures.
must show on the A scope and the "snow" on the PPI.
CoNCLUSION
However, the tendency of many operators is to cut receiver
gain to a low level in order to obtain an indicator presenta- No equipment is better than the man who operates it.
tion which is sharp, and which shows strong contrast be- Without an operator, a radar set is merely a large box of
tween signals and background noise. This is a dangerous radio tubes. With a well-trained, alert, interested operator
practice. Large signals may continue to show up well on a radar set can become the most important equipment for
indicators, but the ability of the operator to detect small determining information, in the hands of troops.
signals can be greatly reduced. It is necessary that small Obviously, the techniques presented here will change
targets, such as periscopes, and airplanes, be detected at as equipment and tactics change. In some instances it may
the greatest possible range. be not only practical but advisable to follow another course
There is no way to eliminate receiver noise entirely. It is of action. Resourcefulness based on knowledge and sound
alwayspresent in sets which are operating properly, but it judgment should always be the goal and will invariably pay
maynot show if the receiver gain is too low. Signals smaller dividends.
The date was 24 February 1947; the time was 1415 The "\ VAC Corpora!"' is a liquid-fuel, experimen13
hours. \\'atchers at \ Vhite' Sands Ordnance Proving high-altitude sounding rocket developed by the Californ
Ground, in the shadow of the Organ i\ lountains in New Institute of Technology. under the cognizance of the Ord:
f\lexico, were gazing intently to the east where a slim nance Department. Though many times smaller than the
steellaunchino o tower rose above the desert sands. Suddenlv, V-2, the "\VAC Corporal" has already proved itself capable
the tower, at a distance of about seven miles from the camp. of carrying out its mission of taking radiosonde equipment
was enveloped in a cloud of smoke, dust. and Bame. A mis- aloft to measure atmospheric conditions in the regi.on above
sile trailinoo a bright oranoe
0
Bame left the tower and streaked 100,000 feet.
up, up, and ever up until it was lost in space to even th<; r.luch of the data obtained bv the use of this missile mtl,
sharpest eyed observer. prove helpful in civilian endea'vors. Greater knowledge rl
All this took place in a matter of seconds. An All-Amer.;- upper atmosphere weather could result in benefits to
can missile, the "\VAC Corporal," had been successfully weather sensitive enterprises such as farming. air transpor-
fired by a crew from the Army Ground Forces 1st AAA tation and shipping.
Guided Missile Battalion. This was a real "Red-letter" day Ability to fire this missile did not come easily to the hi
for the battalion. Baby had taken its first toddling step .. AAA Guided Missile Battalion, nor did it come without an
For the battalion was an infant. Acti\'ated in October, expenditure of much time and energy. Through the \\'hoIl~
1945 it had assisted Ordnance personnel in firing about fine cooperation of offici?ls at the California Institute of
20 German A-4 (V-2) rockets, but the firing of the "\VAC Technology, and especially of Dr. Louis G. Dunn of the
Corporal" was particularly a coming-of-age event in that Jet Propulsion Laboratory. military crews were sent to the
the functions of servicing and launching were carried out laboratories and test pits, and there, under the expert tute-
exclusively by battalion personnel. lage of civilian engineers, gained knowledge and experience
in all of the various functions connected with servicing and
"\X'AC Corporal" ready to go into launcher.
launching the missile. Finally, after many weeks of work.
the crews, together with the small group of advisory tech-
nicians, returned to \Vhite Sands Provi~g Ground for the
shoot of 24 February ..
The organization' of the 1st AAA Guided l\lissile Bat-
talion is unique in that it is branch immaterial with respect
to battery grade officers and enlisted men. All the ground
arms and several of the services are represented. Field grade 1
officers are assigned on the basis of educational background
and branch representation: Artillery. Infantry, and I
Armored Force.
Lieutenant Colonel George F. Pindar, CAC, Command-
I
ing Officer of the battalion, is responsible for a variety of
tasks. \iVithin the framework of the Pro\'ing Ground and
supervised by Ordnance personnel, soldier mechanics and'
electricians assist civilian engineers in missile assembly.
Soldier machinists and sheet metal workers make minor re-
pairs and fabricate small parts. A soldier ground ere\\'
handles transporting, erecting, fueling, orienting, and test-
ing. And an instrument group assist personnel of the Bal-
listics Research Laboratory of Aberdeen Proving Ground,
in manning radars, plotting boards, timing equipment.
doppler transmitters, theodolites. and electrical precision I
cameras.
For these jobs, intelligent and hard working personnel ,
are required. Career men are desired because of the classi-
fied nature of some of the work. The skills required of bat-
talion personnel range in complexity from radar repairman
to jeep driver.
The 1st AAA Guided r.lissile Battalion is assigned to
L.':J
The invention of the atomic bomb has modified the eco- uranium are concentrated in North America and Africa.
nomic geography of military power. No country can hope \-Vithin the British Empire, uranium is also found in
to maintain itself in a conRict fought 'with atomic weapons Cornwall as well as in southern and western Australia. The
unless it possesses the elements necessary to manufacture largest European deposit is at Joachimsthal or Jachimov, on
these new implements of war in sufficient quantity and the Czech-German border. Norway, Bulgaria, Sweden
superior quality. Three major elements are required for (Karelia), Finland, Germany (Saxony) and Italy (Pi~
the production of atomic arms: radioactive raw materials, a mom) have small amounts of the valuable element, which
large output of electric power, and a big, efficient and tech- is also found at three points in Japan and in the state ofi
nologically progressive industry. Minas Geraes, Brazil.
The uranium resources of the Soviet Union are uncer-
ATOMIC RAw MATERIALS tain. It is assumed that there are no important deposits in
Atomic bombs are produced today from uranium and European Russia. Some uranium has been discovered in
thorium. Although uranium is present in most granitic the Urals. Mendelyeevite, an uranium-bearing mineral, is
rocks and appears in more than 120 minerals, it can be found near Lake Baikal, Siberia. The richest known Soviet
mined only at very few places. Thorium is three times more deposit is in Turkestan, in the Tyuya Muyun Mountains
plentiful, but it is mined at even fewer points than uranium. near Ferghana. None of the Russian deposits seem to be
Important deposits of both elements may still be discovered. really rich, yet since large parts of the granitic formations in
Yet during the search for radium, most large uranium de- Russia are as yet poorly explored, Russia may actually pos-
posits seem to have been located-at least outside Asia. Both sess greater reserves of 1.!ranium than would appear today.
elements are extremely rare. (They are, in fact, so rare that Some European deposits are situated close to the Russian
they can hardly ever become a major source of industrial frontier.
power.)
THORIUM DEPOSITS
The energy available in one pound of uranium is equiva-
lent to that gained by the combustion of 1,000 tons of coal. Thorium is extracted from monazite sands. The state of
Yet roughly 750,000 tons of uranium would have to. be Travancore on the Malabar coast in British India, together
mined every year if coal were to be replaced as the pnme with Ceylon, supplies almost 80 per cent of the world's
source of power in the world. The total amount of recover- needs. The rest comes from Bahia, Brazil, and from the
able uranium is probably far less than 750,000 tons. To be Dutch East Indies. Monazite sands are in Florida and in
sure, there is enough uranium available to destroy the both Carolinas. Additional British Empire resources are at
world's large cities. Yet if uranium and thorium are exten- Villeneuve, Quebec, in New South Wales and in England
sively used for civilian and defensive purposes, the use of proper. Thorium is also produced in small quantities in
uranium bombs on a mass scale might be precluded by the Colombia, Southern Norway and Finland. Russia has by
exhaustion of the raw material. no means inconsiderable resources of monazite, particularly
in the gold-bearing regions in the Urals and in the Ilmen
URANIUM DEPOSITS
range; monazite has also been reported from Siberia.
Before 1922, the carnotite mines in Colorado and Utah
were the main producers of uranium (and radium). In ELECTRIC POWER
that year rich deposits of uranium were discovered in the Extensive use of atomic weapons is impossible without
Belgian Congo near Elisabethville, department of Katanga. the large-scale production of plutonium. It has not been
In 1930, the world's largest layers of uranium were located revealed how much plutonium is used per bomb, although
near the Great Bear Lake, Canada. A fourth major deposit it is known that the amount is by no means small. The
is on the French island of Madagascar. production of this element requires a great amount of elec-
Canada has secondary deposits of uranium near the lakes trical energy. In the first experiment in atomic fission in
Athabasca and Common and near Port Hope, Ontario. In 1939, 15 times more electric energy was required than was
the United States, uranium is found in smaller quantities released. Power is still needed in extremely great quantities.
in California, Wyoming, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, According to the report by Dr. H. D. Smyth of Princeton
Texas and North Carolina. In the African region, uranium University the production of one kilogram of plutonium a
is also available in the Transvaal and in the Uruguru Moun- day would require a plant capable of delivering between
tains. Although it is at present not possible to calculate 500,000 and 1,500,000 kilowatts. In fact, plutonium output
exactly the magnitude of these various deposits, it is prob- was already in 1945 "very large," according to the Smyth
able that between two-thirds and three-fourths of the globe's report.
*Reprinted, courtesy of Marine Corps Gazette. Besides plutonium, atomic bombs can be made of U-235
1947 WHO'S WHO IN THE ATOMIC RACE? 31
which must be separated from the more common LJ-238. of a dozen power stations on the rivers Volga, Kama and
This separation requires large amounts of electric power by aka. One of these-to be situated on the big bend of the
whatever method is chosen. Although a large part of the Volga near Kuibyshev-shall become the largest in the
separation work went on at a site where power produced by world and develop 3.4 million kw. Another large station is
TVA couId be used, one "of the largest ... steam power planned in the neighborhood of Kaluga. The ultimate out-
plants ... ever built" was there constructed. put envisaged by Russia is questionable.
It may be then assumed that, to make an appreciable
ELECTRIFICATION
number of atomic bombs, one million kilowatts of installed
power plant producing 8,000 million kilowatt hours of To what degree can the power plant of the various coun-
energy per year must be set aside. As a comparison, the tries be enlarged? For the production of 8,000 million kwh
total installed power plant of the entire world in 1924 was of energy, about ten million tons of coal per year must be
estimated at 53 million kw. At present, only three countries consumed. This seems little in terms of American output.
-the United States, Germany and Russia-produce more England, too, could set aside such a quantity. Also Ger-
than 30,000 million kwh per year, an output that would many could mine more coal than she did before her collapse.
seem to be the minimum requirement for a substantial Coal production in Russia is comparatively small and con-
fabrication of atomic bombs. Since Russian power stations tinuously lags behind plans. The Soviet Union has very
utilize more than 60 per cent of their capacity, while Britain large deposits of excellent coal. Although most of it is
exploits only 22 per cent, England sho~.1ldbe included into located in out-of-the-way Siberia, difficulties will be over-
the group of the chief producers of electricity. come as soon as the transport system has been substantially
While Germany can no longer be counted as a unit, improved. At present, Russia moreover has access to the
France, Belgium and Holland, including the parts of Ger- coal in Silesia. France is so deficient in coal that even if
many occupied by France, could together attain a produc- she retains the Saar region and federates herself economi-
tion of 30,000 million kwh per year. Yet only the United cally with Belgium, she would be unable to base the pro-
States actually turns out enough power to embark upon a duction of atomic weapons on coal.
large mass production of atomic weapons at the present Large-scale increases in the world's electric plant will
time. probably be based on water power. Although the initial
A nation's total power output indicates its capacity to costs of hydroelectric plants are higher than those of steam
manufacture atomic bombs. Yet without very large indi- plants, they offer considerable advantages from the military
vidual power stations production would become even more point of view: once in operation they require neither man-
complicated than it actually is and power requirements power, nor raw materials or transportation.
would increase on account of losses by long-range transmis- What are the hydroelectric reserves of the various
sion. The startling fact is, however, that in the whole world countries?
there are not more than 29 power stations with a capacity
INDUSTRIAL POTENTIALS
of more than 500,000 kw. Of these, 25 are in the United
States and Canada; two are in Germany and two in Russia. "Just as the automobile replaced the horse and made
There are only eight power plants with a capacity larger work for millions of Americans, the atomic explosive will
than one million kw; all of them are in the United States require the services of millions of men if we are compelled
and Canada. to employ them in fighting our battles." (General Marshall.)
The manufacture of atomic bombs requires huge and
POTENTIAL WATER POWER IN HP
numerous industrial installations. Moreover, these weapons
Africa-274,000,OOO can be used with impunity only by the side which has
Belgian Congo & Ruanda-Urundi-130,000,000 secured command in the air, is able to fill the skies with
French Equatorial Africa-50,000,000 numerous heavy bombers, fighters, long-range rockets and
Asia (without Russia)-84,OOO,000 rocket interceptors, and which also protects its own industry
India-39,OOO,000 and population against atomic reprisal. It seems, therefore,
China including Manchuria-23,OOO,000 obvious that only the countries with the biggest industrial
Soviet Union-78,000,000 output will be able to make and employ atomic weapons.
Siberia-64,000,000 Since the industrially strongest nation can produce more
European Russia-14,OOO,OOO atomic bombs and more means of protection than any other
North America-77,OOO,OOO country, it should henceforth enjoy a premium of strength
U. S. A-33,500,OOO greater than that enjoyed by it in previous industrial wars.
Canada-25,500,OOO
INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY
South Anzerica-74,OOO,OOO
Brazil-36,OOO,OOO Efficiency and productivity cannot be expressed in quan-
Europe (without Russia)-60,000,000 titative terms. Many people think that, once the secret of
Norwav-16,OOO,OOO the atomic bomb has been pierced, other nations will be
France::"-6,OOO,000 able to produce that weapon. The loss of the American
Spain- 5,700,000 s£.'ienti{ic monopoly of the atomic bomb is ultimately un-
Italy-5,400,OOO avoidable, yet not every country will be able to manufacture
Sweden-4,OOO,OOO , atomic bombs.
Russia's third Five Year Plan envisaged the construction Efficiency and productivity of industry become fairly ob-
32 THE 00&1 ARTIll..ERY JOURNAL March-April
,'ious if a nation's production record is examined. -An in- ing system requires a sheath "that would protect uranium
dustry which never pioneered, made few contributions to from water corrosion, would keep fission products out of the
technological progress, boasts of no or very few major inven- water, would transmit heat from the uranium to the water,
tions and which does not enjoy the services of first-class and would not absorb too many neutrons."
scientific and creative personn~( is very unlikely to pioneer Can similar-almost superhuman-problems be solved by
on an important scale within the foreseeable future, or even industries \"hich heretofore only occasionally manufactured
to imitate the fabrication of complicated products. complicated and revolutionary equipment and which re-
There are no secrets in automobiles, but the overwhelm- ceive the bulk of their precision tools from abroad? The
ing majority of cars are built in North America. Mass pro- history of industrial production indicates that such an
duction plants in England, Germany, France and Italy are achievement is most unlikely.
partly American-owned and equipped with American ma-
INVENTIVENESS
chinery. While England and Germany specialized in high-
quality automobiles, the United States made trucks for al- Yet suppose that rapid industrial progress will enable
most the entire world. other countries to catch up with the production of the
Russian cars were built with American patents and with atomic bomb. Will the United States and Great Britain be
American tools. Russia contributed no important improve- able to retain their lead in the development of atomic weap-
ment to automobile engineering, and had to import great ons and to produce them in a superior quality?
numbers of cars, trucks, and even tractors, the very basis of Will the Great Powers embark upon competition for the
her mechanized agriculture. (For that matter, Dnieprestroi control of Africa's uranium deposits and hydroelectric p0-
was built by an American firm and much of the machinery tential? Will they compete for the uranium deposits and
was imported from the United States.) Russia's industry the power plant of Central Europe and Scandinavia? These
as a whole still depends upon the importation of machinery are the major problems of tomorrow's international politics.
and tools from' leading industrial countries.
CONCLUSIONS
The industrial preponderance of Western Europe and
North America is gradually broken with respect to com- In terms of industrial efgciency, only the United States
modities of more or less easy and standardized manufacture. and Great Britain can be considered as capable of making
Yet it is more pronounced than ever with respect to products atomic weapons within the near future, even if the secret
of complicated design requiring precision work on a large cannot be maintained. The industrieS situated between
scale. the Ruhr and the Loire are efficient enough to take up
Only the United States and Great Britain were able to atomic production, although they would have to import
turn out satisfactory heavy bombers. They had an unchal- their raw materials from overseas. Yet in the absence of
lenged monopoly in bombsight and radar equipment. No economic and political federation, atomic production in
other country was ever able to build efficient aircraft carriers Western Europe may be ruled out as unlikely. On the basis
and to equip them with aircraft as effective as land-based of the historical record, it would be very surprising if Rus-
planes. High octane gasoline, although invented by a Rus- sian industry could engage in atomic competition.
sian, was produced largely in the United States, Great Brit- The only region which possesses all the elements needed
ain and Germany and had to be imported during the war for atomic production is the United States and Canada.
into Russia. Other examples could be quoted ad limitum. The continent of North America is thus the geographic
Germany alone was able throughout history to compete center of atomic power. Little is in view to indicate that
technologically and industrially with England and America. within the next decades that center will be removed to
Even if technological secrets are revealed, the know-how other areas. The invention of the atomic bomb has, so it
of production will not be transferred to other countries. seems, enhanced the strength of the already potentially and
Numerous Anglo-Saxon "secret weapons" were known to actually strongest military power-the United States. If
all belligerents, but few were successfully imitated. The moreover the United States and Great Britain pool their
production of atomic bombs is unquestionably the most intellectual resources, as they did so successfully during the
difficult industrial task ever performed. For example, ura- war, an almost permanent and crushing superiority in
nium must be purified to a degree far exceeding the purity atomic production will be assured for democracy. This is,
of materials needed in laboratories. An impurity in granite perhaps, the most solid reason for the hope that, this time,
of one part in 50,000 is considered undesirable. The cool- peace may be of a more durable quality.
A STRONG AMERICA
IS A PEACEFUL AMERICA
rGuided Missiles Instruction
At Fort Bliss
By Colonel John H. Madison, Coast Artillery Corps
As an exemplification of the progressive attitude of the planning and implementation of the instructional program.
Army Ground Force Schools, a course devoted exclusively Captain George U. Ford, Jr.. CAC, fonnedy a member'
to the study of guided missiles was initiated last September of the 1st AAI\ Guided Missile Battalion, was assigned to
at the Antiaircraft and Guided ivlissiles Branch of the the Guided 1\lissile Department as a specialist in servicing
\rtillery School, at Fort Bliss, Texas (then the Antiaircraft and launching of the German A-4 (V-2) rocket.
\rtille~' School). The course was established in recogni- Material on which instruction is based is obtained from
tion of the requirement that the student must be informed standard engineering texts, technical reports of German
of the development of new weapons, the technical char- development and from the technical reports prepared by the
acteristics of such weapons and their effect upon tactical various agencies cooperating in the developntent of guided
doctrine. missiles. This material is being consolidated into manu-
The mission of the Guided 1\lissile Department (as pre- scripts which will become texts for later courses.
scribed bv Army Ground Forces) is: Anny Ground Forces Board Number 4 has established a
(l) To teadl in detail the tactics and techniques of 1\luseum of Guided Missiles at Fort Bliss, containing a
guided missiles and to qualify officers as competent com- number of ll. S. developed guided missiles. The museum
manders for all guided missile units of AmlY Ground Forces. serves as a source of training aids. In addition, component.
(2) To train selected enlisted men as leaders of guided parts of guiding systems and power plants are being assem-
missileunits. as guided missile technicians and as instructors bled in the laboratories of the Guided Missile Department
in guided missile units of the Regular AmlY, the National for demonstration and study. These facilities are aug-!
Guard, the Organized Reserve Corps and the Reserve Of- mented by those available to the Department at \Vhite,
ficersTraining Corps. Sands Proving Ground.
(3) To serve as an agency of the Army Ground Forces
in the development and perfection of guided missile tactics
and technique.
In anticipation of the establishment of a Guided Missile
Department in the School, a subcourse covering guided mis-
siles was conducted in the Research and Analysis Depart-
ment for eight students during the spring of 1946.
Lieutenant Colonel Lawrence \V. Bvers, CAC, was a
member of this student group, and, as a ;esult of his studies
in the Research and Analysis Department, was selected for
the position of Director of the Guided Missile Department.
As such, he became responsible for the preparation of the
program of instruction and for the solution of many for-
midable problems incident to the establishment of instruc-
tion in this new field. His success in putting this course on
an efficient operational basis, notwithstanding the lack of
precedent in conducting a course in guided missiles, dearth
of suitable instructional material and lack of trained in-
Structors, is attested by the high level of instruction being
offered, and bv the enthusiastic response the students have
given to the c~urse presented. -
Colonel Byers has been assisted by Capt. William D.
Sydnor, Jr., CAC, in the preparation and presentation of
the program of instruction. Capt. Sydnor was the instructor
for the eight students selected for the first subcourse on
uided missiles. Due to his excellent technical education
Lieutenanr Colonel Lawrence \X'. Byers, Director of the
n mechanical engineering, and experience gained in this Guided Missile Department, AA & GM Branch, The
ignment, Capt. Sydnor has contributed materially to the Artillery School.
34 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL March-April
The Guided Missile course, being presented to thirty About tWo months are allotted in this year's course fOJ
students this school year, is designed to familiarize ground study of selected guided missile research and development
force officers with the history of jet-propulsion, the funda- projects. This will be in the nature of "on the job training,"
mental physical laws on which the design and construction in which the students will learn by participation. Part of
of guided missiles are based and the associated subjects of the students will go to Johns Hopkins University while the
guidance and control. From these studies, conclusions are remainder will go to the Ordnance Research and Devel-
drawn as to the most probable development of guided mis- opment Sub-Office at the California Institute of T echnol-
siles and high velocity weapons in the immediate future. ogy.
Then, augmenting their own wartime experience with this The last month of the course will be devoted to the prepa-
background, students are encouraged to propose tactical doc- ration of a thesis upon some phase of the guided missile
trines or theories for the employment of these weapons and problem, preferably dealing with tactical employment. Stu-
to consider defensive measures which offer the best likeli- dents now in attendance in the Guided Missile Course will
hood of success. upon completion, be qualified for:
In view of the highly technical nature of the subject mat- 0) Assignment as instructors in Army Ground Force
ter, current enrollment in the offic(!rs' course is limited to Schools.
officers having an engineering degree. Students are selected (2) Assignment to AGF test boards.
on a branch immaterial basis. The first three months of the (3) Duty with the M Guided Missile Battalions.
nine-months course are devoted to a review of mathematics (4) Assignment as liaison officers on guided missile de-
and the physical sciences and to a study and review of velopment projects.
electronics. This is followed by a period of instruction in (5) Dissemination of guided missile information in
guided missiles including such subjects as free Hight, aero- major unit commands.
dynamics, stabilization, guidance and propulsion. German In addition to the nine-months officers' guided missile
developments to the close of World War II, and develop- course, the Department is now presenting orientation sub-
ments in this country, and elsewhere, are studied and courses in guided missiles for students in the Branch Basic
appraised. Course, the Branch Advanced_.Course, the Associate Basic
A period of one month is devoted to the study of the Course, the Research and Analysis Course and the Master
technique of servicing and launching guided missiles, under Gunners Course. These subcourses vary in length from two
the supervision of the 1st AM Guided Missile Battalion at days to two weeks.
the White Sands Proving Ground, New Mexico. While Plans for the coming year contemplate the introduction of
there, the students will witness the servicing, testing and a thirteen-week associate officers' guided missile course and
launching of German A-4 (V-2) rockets, and U. S. weapons enlisted men's courses including Guided Missile Radar,
developed by the Army Ordnance and Civilian Agencies Guided Missile Electrician, Guided Missile Gyroscope
charged with the development of guided missiles. Technician and Guided Missile Fuel Technician.
German guided missile warheads were designed to be wing design of striking similarity to the Me. 163, and
employed with two general types of missiles: A, those mis- weighed about 3960 lbs. Reports from various sources
siles employed as antiaircraft weapons; and B, those em- sometimes describe the warhead as weighing 660 and at
.ployed for ground-ta-ground or air-ta-ground purposes. other times 1100 Ibs. Apparently it was thought possible
Upon approaching the problem of designing warheads without constructional alteration of. the shell to have the
for use against aircraft it is apparent that the task is far Enzian Hy with either weight. The alteration in loading
more difficult than that involved in the design of warheads was to be compensated for by transfer of components within
for missiles intended for ground-ta-ground or air-ta-ground the missile. The warhead was to be of steel or plastic
use. First of all it is necessary to determine how much blast wood.
or fragmentation is necessary to destroy an enemy airplane. Three general types of l100-lb warheads were projected
Mter this is done, it is then necessary to determine whether for model E-4, the production design, Enzian. The type
or not the required blast or fragmentation can be obtained which seems to have been most favored by the engineers
from warheads of various types and shapes. and local Hak officers was built up of a metal shell or con-
The first of these problems is naturally attacked from two tainer 1:y2mm thick. The shell was lined with cylindrical
directions: pellets cast of mild steel 20mm by 30mm long, containing
A. Tests in which aircraft are exposed to bomb or pro- an incendiary core! The explosive used in the resulting
jectile fragments, and cavity contained a booster charge and fuze in the forward
B. Studies based on Hak damage to aircraft. end on the longitudinal axis.
Harassed as they were by Allied bombers, the Germans The second type of warhead incorporated 550 small
gave considerable thought to antiaircraft missiles, and war- rockets driven by gunpowder. The rockets were mounted
heads were designed for approximately eight such missiles. in the warhead to fire forward in a 30° cone from a maxi-
With all this interest in antiaircraft weapons, it is there- mum range of 300 meters. Their effective range, however,
fore quite surprising to find that apparently very little work was 550 meters but at that range the Germans considered
was done by the Germans in determining the vulnerability each rocket capable of destroying a bomber.
of aircraft. The third type of warhead was straight explosive, depend-
During 1942 some experiments were carried out by the ent only on concussion to destroy the target.
Germans against captured B-17's. Various bare charges of The Rheintochter I (Rhine Daughter) was a ground-
H.E. were exploded statically inside, on, and at various dis- launched, subsonic, radia-controlled antiaircraft rocket de-
tances from the aircraft skin, and the damage assessed. From signed for use against bomber formations. (Weight about
these experiments it was possible to arrive at a figure for the 3850Ibs.)
weight of charge required to produce certain destruction for Since the rear section of this missile was filled with the
rarious positions of detonation relative to the aircraft. The propellant charge and the fOTV\:ard section with control gear,
results were expressed in the form of "lethality" contours. the warhead had to be located in the midsection of the
One or two other tests are known to have been made but missile. It consisted of a chamber 1500mm in length and
a thorough search of existing reports shows that in general was filled with 330 Ibs of high explosive. An acoustic
the decision to adopt a given type of warhead was reached proximity fuze was under development, but so far as known
bv the hit-and-miss method. German documents are still was not incorporated in any of the experimental missiles.
u~der examination and it is possible that more data will A similar missile, the Rheintochter III, also was to carry
become available. At the present time, however, the writer the warhead in the midsection. At various times it w;s
does not know of any extensive tests for blast effect and proposed to use solid, cast explosive, depending upon the
'none at all where the fragment effect of warheads or shells blast effect, while at other times thought was given to using
bursting at different distances from aircraft was examined. a charge of incendiary pellets weighing 60 grams each.
It is important, therefore, in reading the following brief The X-4 was an air-ta-air guided missile to be carried
descriptions of warheads which the Germans contemplated aloft and launched from fast fighter aircraft against un-
using, to note that the size, shape, and type of explosive escorted bombers. (An interesting point about this missile
proposed is not necessarily the best possible for antiaircraft was that control would be by means of electrical impulses
work and was not based to anv extent on vulnerability tests. transmitted through a pair of fine insulated wires from the
The Enzian (Gentian, a' Hower) was conceived as a parent aircraft.) It is believed that this missile was never
ground-to-air flak weapon. Its secondary purpose was that used operationally. As first conceived, it was expected that
of an air-to-air weapon. It has been described as a flying a 44-lb cast steel warhead would enclose the explosive.
36 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL March-April
However, possibly due to the shortage of steel. in Germany However available information indicates that the warhead
at the beginning of 1945, consideration was given to the was to weigh approximately 33 lbs.
use of an uncased moulded plastic type of warhead which The \Vasserfall was a supersonic, radio-controlled rocket
was to be attached to the missile by wood screws. In addi- similar to the V-2, and designed to be launched vertically
tion, some reports describe a warhe~d consisting of a central from the ground at airplanes flying at 60,000 feet, 560 miles
explosh-e of cylindrical form surrounded by a quantity of per hour, and at a distance of 30 miles from the missile's
cylindrical bodies (up to 4(0) containing phosphorus in- launching point. It was never used operationally. Reports
cendiary material. These were to be driven into the wing differ as to the type of warhead to be employed. According
tanks of the attacked aircraft like shrapnel, by the force of to some, about 670 lbs of explosive were to be used. About
the explosion. 220 to 330 lbs would be concentrated in the nose. The
The Hs 298 was designed primarily as an air-to-air remainder would be distributed throughout the body much
weapon to be carried underneath the wing and fuselage of in the form of prima cord. According to others, however,
fast bombers or fighters equipped with special launching the weight of explosive was 550 lbs distributed to obtain
rails. The missile was never used operationally. maximum fragmentation with minimum excess metal.
A 106-lb thin case blast effect warhead was planned. Consideration was given both to a proximity fuze and
The explosive was to be poured in a molten state into the detonation to be accomplished by remote control from the
body section, where the propulsion unit was housed, and ground.
was to be protected by a small amount of insulation from Although not a guided missile in the ordinary sense of
the heat of the propelling charge. It was expected that both the word, the German Natter should be included in this
a proximity and point detonation type fuze would be used. discussion of warheads. It was a small, piloted rocket-
The Hs 117 series (better known as the Schmetterling propelled interceptor, planned for attack on bombers but
or Butterfly) was a rocket-propelled, radio-controlled missile was not used operationally. The warhead (armament)
for _use against bomber formations. Some versions were consisted of a honeycomb type of apparatus holding either
designed for ground-to-air and some for air-to-air use. It is 24 or 4-8 electrically fired rockets. Consideration was also
not believed to have been used operationally. Considerable given to installing two 30mm guns or perhaps a battery of
divergence of opinion existed on the effectiveness of frag- barrels from the same_gun, each with only one shell. In
mentation or incendiary pellet filling as against blast effect theory, the missile was to be guided automatically until just
only, but apparently in August, 1944, a blast effect warhead before reaching the target, when the pilot would take over
weighing 55 Ibs \\'as selected. and fire one burst. Mter the attack, the pilot would be
The MF-5 was one of a series of U-Boat-to-Air missiles throvm dear of the plane by an automatic ejection device,
developed under the code name of Nussknacker (Nut- descending to earth by parachute. At the same time the
cracker). No test models for this round were completed. rear end of the plane would also descend by parachute.
The theory followed by some antiairborne defensive com- cussions of every detail of the defensive plans. There should
manders in World War II of always attacking every air- be frequent war games in which hypothetical situations are
borne landing at once with all means available is not sound. presented for solution to various individual commanders
The main force may attack later but initially in most cases and staff members in every echelon of the defending force.
the reconnaissance or security force should make everv man In this manner all become familiar with the plans as well as
and weapon count in locati~g and determining the ';"eight the thinking and probable actions of subordinate com-
of the attacking force. The attacking force can then be
manders in carrying out the plans.
handled as the next higher commander considers appropri-
All plans must be kept up to date. Rapid strides are
ate to the accomplishment of his mission.
But the defensive plans themselves are worth little unless being made in the development of airborne equipment
they are rehearsed. Realistic rehearsals of the passive and and the capabilities of airborne units are improving month-
active defensive plans must follow their preparation. These ly. Hence to be of any value plans must be revised and re-
rehearsals constitute the training of the defending forces. hearsed frequently.-MA]oR GENERALJAMESM. GAVINin
They are supplemented by conference and theoretical dis- The Infantry Journal.
The Arm!j In The Arctic
By Major Hal D. Steward, Cavalry
Opinions 'as to the practicability of armor under con- Clothing is too bulky for tank crewmen, especially for the
ditions found in the Arctic regions of the Far North dif- driver. Tracks and bogey wheels become frozen and immov-
fered among the army officers interviewed on a ~ent 10,- able after 10 hours of exposure in the extreme cold. These
OOQ-mileair tour of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands that are just a few of the difficulties being encountered by
took this writer to Task Forces "Frigid" and 'Williwaw" armored men attached to Task Force Frigid.
and the Alaskan DepartI11ent Headquarters. A tank that will operate in the extreme cold areas, ac-
Major Myron Johnson, tank test officer at Task Force cording to Captain Sheets, should have the following re-
Frigid, and Captain George J. Sheets, Commanding Officer quirements: 1. lubricants that will not freeze; 2. greases
of Company B, 66th Tank Battalion, the outfit that is test- that will not freeze; 3. a better grade of gas with a lower
ing all armored equipment for the task force, both say that Hash point; 4. a battery that will take a charge at extremely
with improvements and modifications on present American low temperatures; 5. a heater in the tank that can be ad-
tanks they can be made successful in the extreme cold justed to whatever temperature is desired; 6. clothing that
weather areas. is less bulky for the crew members; 7. all seals made of ma-
At task Force Williwaw on Adak Island in the Aleutians, terial that will stand the cold down to minus 70 degrees or
Major J. H. Cronin, chief of armor test section, states that lower; and 8. the M-26 needs a heavier engine. In addition,
tanks have been found unsatisfactory because they quickly tank crewmen must be extremely skilled in the performance
beIlydown in the soft Aleutian tundra. of their duties.
Tanks are not the only pieces of military equipment that Maintenance units are hard to move in the severe cold
are being found in need of modifications for efficient use in weather e~perienced in the Far North. The present authori-
the Arctic regions. It has been discovered that equipment, zation of mechanics in a tank company is too inadequate
especially vehicles, begin to fail at 40 degrees below zero. for efficient maintenance. It should be increased at least
Sixty degrees below zero seems to be, from Task Force three times. Organizational spare parts should be increased
Frigid tests and observations, the breaking point for soldiers for more unit assemblies. The unit assemblies should be
in standing the severe cold. After a temperature of minus winterized at the factory where they are manufactured.
60 degrees is reached, they lose efficiency with increasing It is the opinion of Captain Sheets that each tank operat-
pace.According to Colonel Kane, Frigid commander, a man ing in extreme cold areas should be equipped with a wana-
loseshis efficiency at the rate of two per cent for every de- gan on sledges that the vehicle can pull. The wanagan
gree under zero. This means, that at minus 50 degrees and should be about 10 feet long, eight feet high and eight
below, a man needs assistance in taking care of himself. feet wide. Inside the wanagan v.!ould be folding cots, a
Upon arriving in the extreme cold areas of Alaska, soldiers heater, a table, and stowage cabinets. This would provide
must go through a mental conditioning to erase the fear of shelter for the crew. During an actual engagement, the
cold. This, according to Colonel Kane, is important. wanagan would be disconnected. After the combat action
One tank officer assigned to Frigid spent six hours in a ended, one tank could pull all the wanagans of the unit
tank at sub-zero temperatures and he said his efficiency at to the next selected position.
the end of the period was nil. In the Arctic, no person has Most tankmen assigned to Frigid desire a ration on the
yet been able to stay in a tank for more than six hours. A order of the C or E ration that would have a pleasing flavor.
person cannot remain in an M-4 Tank (Sherman-medium) They also believe that it is absolutely necessary to have an
for more than about 10 minutes in sub-zero weather with- organic unit with each company to thaw out and prepare
Out beginning to freeze. On one test when the outside tem- the food. It now takes 40 minutes to thaw out the meat
perature was only seven degrees below zero, the tempera- component of C or E rations. Insulated containers to protect
ture inside the M-4 was comparable to minus 42 degrees the food from the cold should be provided. When exposed
because of the wind chill factor. to the Arctic cold, food freezes solid before a soldier can
Task Force Frigid is charged with testing equipment and eat it.
clothing in the extreme cold, while Task Force Williwaw Frigid officers estimate that they spend 90 per cent of
has the different job of testing equipment and clothing in their time fighting the elements.
the wet-cold weather. Ladd Field at Fairbanks, where Task Ice fog created by gun blasts makes it impossible for
iForce Frigid is located, and Adak Island in the Aleutians, the gunner to observe his fire from a tank turret. At the
home of Task Force Williwaw, are considered to be ideal present time a tank crewman must observe the tank's fire
for these important tests. : from about 20 yards to the Hank.
Most gun turrets freeze at about minus 35 degrees. Am- Electrically heated suits for the tank crew, such as the
lrJunition is difficult to handle inside a tank in the extreme Air Forces now has, may be the answer to combat cold as far
I
~ld. Human Hesh will-bum if held too long on metal. as armored personnel a;e concerned.
38 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
There is much disagreement among Frigid offic~s as to lowed to decline in this manner is "en' rare.
whether armored vehicles could operate effecti,'ely over 'The tests of weapons and equipm~nt we are conductint
the terrain found in Arctic regions. l\ lany maintain that the at Task Force Frigid will prove a challenge to America,
lack of road networks and deep snow would limit the mo- industry," says 1\ lajor 1\ lilton Price, plans and training 0ffi-
bility of armor to a great extent. Others take the stand that cer' of the task force. He was explaining that much of the
the ground is hard and flat enough to operate without net- standard army equipment is being obsen'ed when in use in
works of roads. But. all agree that the tanks must first be Arctic weather. "The equipment is beginning to fail uS,
modified so that they can operate mechanically before tests Much of it cannot be used in the Arctic. But if industrv
on mobilitv and maneuverability are conducted in the can supply the kind of equipment we need, we can supplv
t\rctic ... the kind of men who can use it. The men here are not fail-
No satisfactory method of evacuating casualties in the ing."
extreme cold areas has yet been discovered. If a wounded A strong "buddy system" is in force at Frigid whereby
man was allowed to lie in the Arctic cold for more than a men pair off and watch out for each ot~er. They watch one
few minutes he would in an probability freeze to death. another's faces for signs of freezing. They never venture.
Some means of evacuating casualties instantly must be dis- away from camp alone.
covered. V/ardrobe of the average soldie,r serving with Frigid OUt-
\Vhile in Alaska this writer observed on 24 January doors is: long woolen undenvear (over which you pull on
1947, the first tactical maneuver of all combined units of two pairs of trousers); light woolen socks, two pairs of
Task Force Frigid. heavy ski socks, a pair of felt socks and pair of mukluks
It was clearly emphasized in the tactical problem that (knee-high canvas boots); a woolen shirt or two, a sweater
time factors in assembling squads, platoons, and higher and finally a heavy pile parka (coat with hood); two pairs
units are different than any place else in the world. The of gloves and a heavy fur-lined cap to protect your face and
problem was worked out according to schedule but much head.
slower than it would have been in a temperate zone. Circumstances (many beyond the control of Task Force
Tanks in the tactical problem traveled at only four miles Frigid) have prevented the unit from getting the neces-
per hour; ordinarily they travel at about 20 miles per hour sary equipment to carry out its program successfully. The ~
under favorable conditions. recent shipping strike on the \Vest Coast did much to hold I
Frigid has a policy that men are taken in fron; the field up supplies to Frigid. Some of its equipment is still held up
when their body temperature drops to 96 degrees from ex- somewhere along the line. The task force is scheduled to
posure to the severe cold. A few had to be sent in during leave Fairbanks sometime in May, and because much of
the tactical problem that lasted three hours. The Germans the equipment hasn't reached it, many cold weather tests
have recorded body temperatures of 80 degrees of men still may be left uncompleted,
Some Frigid officers are of the opinion that the Quarter-
a However, recoven'•. when body temperatures are al-
livino.
This unimposing row of tents serves as field headquarters of Task Force Frigid when it is maneuvering on the bar-
ren wastes of the Arctic.
Si~n"l Co"", l'hnto
THE ARMY 11'\THE ARCTIC 39
master Corps should have a clothing alteratioh unit at- been de\'ised for service in the field on Adak. This is also
rached to the task force so as to make the necessary adjust- true at Frigid. Tentage and shelter in the opinion of \Villi-
ments on winter clothing as recommendations are made waw officers will probably need to be completely rede-
and proven. signed.
"I can't imagine mo\'ing masses of troops across this l\ledical evacuation presents a problem in the Aleutians
country by land," is the statement of ~Iajor General as it does at Frigid. The present methods used on Adak are
Howard A. Craig, Alaskan Department commander, who unsatisfactory because they require too much personnel and
believes that airborne troops only could be successful. time. A method is being worked out whereby a \\Teasel can
This same opinion is shared by Colonel Kane, Frigid be used as an ambulance.
commander. There is no difficulty in water purification on Adak.
Only about two per cent of Adak, where temperatures Forward aid stations as yet have no satisfactory shelter.
seldom fall below freezing, according to Colonel A. M. \Vork is being done, however, on an evacuation sleeping
Gurney, Commander of U. S. troops on Adak, is usable for bag designed to keep a casualty warm. Electrically heated
military installations. The remainder is a wasteland of mud, blankets are also being experimented with.
marsh, rocks and rugged mountains. Colonel Joseph D. Raney, commander of \Villiwaw,
~lovement over terrain is the big job confronting Task stated in an interview, "Adak is ideal terrain for cavalry
Force \Villiwaw on Adak Island. This task force is having operations, especially in the use of pack animals."
little difficulty with the firing of its weapons. but keeping The \\Tilliwaw commander had requested that a pack
(roops warm and dry is a problem it has not yet solved. animal unit be assigned to the task force but the request
It is not possible to move such artillery pieces as (he 155- was turned down because of lack of time. The task force
mm rille ("Long Tom") off the roads because they become is slated to leave Adak sometime in March or April.
bogged down in the mud immediately. This is being solved The Arctic today presents problems to the American
by dragging the large guns on sledges across the mud and Army that it has never experienced in its battle history.
,,,,asteland. All troops will need a long period of training in cold
Small arms need more lubrication in the Aleutians than weather operations (at least three months) before being
they do in temperate zones. Too much clothing is necessary sent to the Far North for duty. It is the opinion of Frigid
to keep the men warm and dry. No adequate shelter has and \Villiwaw officers and men that a soldier could not
Two Task Force \X'illiwaw tanks are shown bogged down in the tundra found on Adak Island in the Aleutians. Such
terrain as this has slowed down task force operations.
Signal Corps Photo
40 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOUR:\AL
r unit goes for a whole week withom havino a fire thev COIl-
sider it a record . .::0_
••••••
,~ '-....
Signal Corps Photo
tion facilities (other than air and water) Alaska may be Con-
sidered an island. The Alcan Highway provides the only
eXlstmg through land communication with the Conti-
nental United States. This hiohway o • will require consider-
able improvement and extensive continuing maintenance if
[ask l'orce !-rIgId has developed speCIally constructed used as a supply route.
ice bridges for moving large vei-!icles over ice and snow. Colonel Frank A. Bogart, director of logistics lor the
Here a 1\1-26 tank rolls across Tanana Creek near Fair-
banks, Alaska, without difficulty. Alaskan Department, indicated to this writer that the Alcan
Highway is p:imarily of value as a means for emergenc)'
move directly into a severe cold weather area and be ex- supply. Runnmg from Edmonton, Canada, to Fairbanks,
: pected to ~rfofln efficiently in actual combat witho~t Alaska, through hundreds of miles of muskeg which is en-
proper training. tirelv uninhabited, it is now in daily use , even in the re-
,/ ~.
j
~merica Can Be Made
Bomb Resistant
By Lieutenant Colonel 'William R. Kintner, Infantry
l£ there is a next war, and the use of atom bombs has not surprise atomic warfare? Because matchbox Japanese cities
outlawed by an ironclad international agreement, will were pulverized by the bomb, must our own cities meet a
ricans make the next Strategic Bombing Survey? Or, similar fate? Are we hypnotized by the saying that there is
d. will foreign scientists stumble over the rubble of no defense against the atomic bomb? Although means may
it, ~ew York and Chicago to check the results of the never be found to pre\'ent the atomic bomb from doing tre-
pons they helped to fashion? Americans have 'not yet mendous damage, 'we can prevent the damage from knock-
Brelv faced these unpleasant questions. The idea of ing us out. Just as the lightning rod was eventually found
ic 'war is so dre~dful that most of us would rather not to tame destructive bolts from the sky, means can be found
k of wars at all. But can we put it off so easily? to reduce the damage which aton{ic bombs may inflict.
Characteristically, people tend to see themselves in Common sense warns us to find these means and to start
crs. \ Ve Americans dislike war. Because atomic war on the road to survival.
'es with it implications of mass destruction of human The many plans that have been presented as possible de-
and our cities, we fall back on the comforting belief fensive measures against atomic attack have been found to
t other people, and especially the rulers of other people, be impracticable either by consideration of their exorbitant
equally reluctant to engage in atomic strife. But are cost or the ruinous effect their execution would have on the
? 1\ lay not the American belief correspond more to Americ~n way of life. Suggested defenses would require
hful thinking than to the realities of the modern world? the complete regimentation of American society, and thus
e American hatred of war is the Rower of our Christian our values of individual freedom would have to be sur-
th which maintains that the life and inherent rights of rendered to totalitarian control before the first bomb was
1 human being arc priceless. Yet this belief is shared dropped. For this obvious reason schemes to place the na-
only a comparatively small portion of the globe's popu- tion underground or in caves, or to substitute "ribbon" cities
n. Not more than a third of the world's people pay in place of our current towns, must be dismissed.
lip service to Christianity; the remainder follow creeds These plans, however, are not the only alternatives. Less
religion or of materialism which give scant regard to in- drastic measures will provide an important degree of de-
Idual aspirations. fense against the bomb if we first learn to appreciate and
Am'one who has traveled in or studied Asia knows the intelligently use the great gift of space that God has given
\;alue placed on human life by the Orientals. Cen- America. Space can be enlisted as our first line of defense.
'es of Tartar rule have impressed a similar attitude upon By reversing the unproductive and potentially disastrous
people living in the vast stretches of Eurasia. }-Iuman piling up of people, industry and communication facilities
is cheap wherever religious fatalism or godless ma- we can make our people less vulnerable to death from the
lism reigns. Rulers in such regions may not hesitate to sky and at the same time give all of them sun to see, air to
ifice millions of their own subjects to win what they breathe and land to live upon. America can be made bomb
e to be necessary objectives. resistant through gradual alteration of our cities and through
We cannot escape from this reality of the modern world. careful direction of new industrial and private construction.
li\'e in a world separated by fundamentally distinct A bomb resistant America will be able to absorb the first
. \Ve cannot overlook the possibility of war as long as deadly atomic blows and still be able to fight back. j\ 10re-
and attitudes which make war feasible persist. Under over, gradual alteration in the spacial structure of the
circumstances should Americans li\'e in a fool's para- LInited States, while fulfilling the essentially negative
? Until our idea of the free individual is everywhere needs of atomic defense, will also bring many other addi-
phant or respected there will be no genuine peace. tional benefits. To understand this double possibility one
ilthat happy day comes we must prepare ourselves for must look back at the historical formation of our modern
cities.
hhough such a war would not be of our own choosing, ;\ lodern industrial cities are stepchildren of the industrial
~ic of recent history indicates that we will be among revolution. No one planned their birth, their growth or
rst Victims of the st~ggle. In order to win such a war, their development. \\Then machine fabrication replaced
Or humanit,,'s sake, we must be able to withstand the home production, workers gradually moved to the vicinity
hatterinO'o blows e\'en if the)' are deli\'ered b\'. atomic of the factories which housed the machines. Because the
, \Vhat are we doinO' .:>
now to cushion the shock of worker had to live alonO'side his facton', the economv of
.:> ••
42 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOUR~AL March-
mass production led to the growth of densely populated make blast wa\'es ricochet off structures rather than s
cities. The conditions leading to this growth persisted ing them to pieces, can weaken the hammer-effect of
throughout the nineteenth century. The modem city. cre- bomb. The bomb's incendiary role can be minimized
ated by these and other forces, has its good points and its using only non-inflammable or fire resistant materials in
bad. Its bad points center around the fact that large areas in future construction. Although protection against at
our cities do not constitute attractive places in which to radiation is still in the pioneer stage. and presents the gr
H\'e. Yet the economic justification for this state of affairs est problem, are we to believe such protection impossible?
ended when the automobile was popularized sufficiently to It has been suggested that a type of lead base paint migh
provide the majority of Americans with a convenient, cheap deaden buildings to ray penetration.
means of transportation. The automobile has eliminated There is no reason wh" all new construction in Our .
the need for overcrowded cities, because it is now both prac- cal industrial areas should not embody all feasible safegua
tical and economical for a worker to live five, ten or twentv against atomic damage. Some measures can be taken'
miles from his place of employment. Because of this fact, mediately. For example, wood could be eliminated as
the present generation of Americans have already started to building material in critical industrial areas. and this esse
reverse the living pattern of the nineteenth century. Proof, tial resource saved for other important uses. Such prohi .
that the trend toward community decentralization grows tion would improve our bomb resistance, while permitti
stronger all the time, can be found by noting that the den- our forests to recuperate from ruinous depletion. Reinforc
sity of population in our cities decreases while their adjoin- concrete would likely become the basic building mate'
ing suburbs grow by leaps and bounds. Nor is this a short of factories and, to a lesser extent, of private dwellings.
term movement. Health", attractive, efficient factories are \Vestern European countries, long short of lumber, ha\
being built miles from' nowhere. Such dispersion pays. pioneered in the use of concrete for attractive dwellings.
Management benefits from cheaper land and lower taxes; The adoption of a few basic design principles would go
the worker profits from a chance to live a normal healthy long way toward making new buildings bomb resistan
life which our old industrial pattern often denied him. To begin with, roofs should be made sufficiently sturdy I
Intelligent direction of this inevitable trend can make withstand near hits. Fl!..llprotection against direct atomi
America bomb resistant within a generation. bomb hits will no doubt remain impossible, but by th
Haphazard dispersion has often left behind depressed same token the chances of a direct hit will always be low
areas which form cancers in the structure of our industrial Building partitions must also serve as fire stops and bla
cities. r,,1 unicipal officials, faced with increased social re- dampers as well as for their normal purpose. No born
sponsibility and decreased taxes, have been fighting the resistant structure will have more than one or two stori
effect of dispersion rather than attempting to understand This fact suggests the possibility of covering the roofs wit
its cause. Yet there is a way out. The adoption of a three- thick dirt topping, which, when planted, would make t
way dispersion program for defense will make American factory blend harmoniously with the surrounding country
cities a better place in which to live and simultaneously side and thus decrease the chances of a direct hit. Ean
improve the defense characteristics of our industrial system. roof covering would also provide a high degree of heat an
Decentralization coupled with the elimination of depressed ray insulation against the bomb. \Vindow panes should
urban areas can be accomplished without hamstringing our made of shatterproof, heat resistant glass, while the windO\~
economy. As a third step, we must reguire that all new should be protected by properly designed balle walls. Ne.,
construction be as bomb resistant as human ingenuity can factories will be air-conditioned. Adeguate protection cI
make it, a measure, incidentallv, which will aid in the con- the air intake will enable the entire installation to beco
servation of our dwindling na~ural resources and decrease an effective, radiation free shelter for personnel.
the astronomical tribute we yearly pay to fire. Additional protection for the individual city dweller'
A marked degree of safety against atomic attack can be also possible. By making the first floor base of sturdy. r
built into individual buildings once we analyze the atom inforced concrete the family cellar could become an effecti,'
bomb's performance. The atom bomb destroys- in three air raid shelter in more than name. The incendiary dange
ways. Its battering ram blast force flattens weakly designed could be reduced by making home furnishings fir~proo( 1
structures. The terrific heat generated by the explosion acts at least fire resistant.
as an incendiary spark to all inflammable buildings and \Ve must do more, however, than make individual struc
material. Lastly, the bomb releases guantities of radio- tures bomb resistant. Our goal must be a dispersed America
active particles which kill or seriously harm human beings. capable of withstanding and recovering from the shock of
Factories, office buildings and private homes can be re- surprise atomic attack. Dispersion can make the cost of a
designed to check each of these forces released by atomic atomic attack prohibitive in terms of damage accomplish
explosion. It is significant that the concrete communications After an atomic attack, a bomb resistant America must
center of Hiroshima, one of the few modem structures in able to maintain an adeguate supply of food and weapon
that ill-fated city, survived the bombing relatively intact. possess an effective, living population; and enjoy the use
True, its insides were gutted, and its doors and windows uninterrupted communications. This goal cannot be reach
were blown out of place, but not even the least attempt had without a few inconveniences. Our pioneer ancesto
been made to prepare this structure to withstand its momen- could put up with the inconveniences of a stockade in or~
tous test. Yet sensible alterations in building design can to sUf\'ive. Is our own sUf\'ivalless important? Our sUf\'i.'
reduce atomic damage to controllable proportions. will depend on the effort we make. and the vision we bn
More substantial construction, and design which will to municipal planning.
1947 AMERlCA CAN BE MADE BOMB RESISTANT 43
Many vital questions arise in considering redesign plans Successful dispersion must be accompanied by an in-
for our cities. What industries will have to be removed or vulnerable transportation system and an assured supply of
placed in the city's outer area? What key industries or in- electrical power. Transportation bottlenecks in peace will
stallations will have to go underground? Incidentally, the sound our death knell in war. Greater use of water trans-
practical Swedes have already launched a program of under- portation for heavy material should be encouraged as rivers
ground installations for vital production. Surprisingly or canals are difficult to bomb out. Rather than building
enough, the cost of such plants h~s only been about fifteen new bridges across rivers in critical areas, the capital should
per cent higher than above ground construction, a factor be expended for bomb resistant tunnels. A tunnel has been
which may be further reduced by lower heating and suggested for the proposed additional San Francisco Bay
maintenance costs. crossing on the grounds that it would be less vulnerable
Our present cities must be reshaped to meet the defense than a bridge in time of war. The problem of assuring an
and social needs of our age. The principles on which de- adequate power supply can be solved by making power
fensive design should be based have become evident installations virtually impregnable, and establishing a na-
through analysis of the lessons learned in the air raids on tionwide, duplicate grid for the distribution of electric
British, German and Japanese cities. The key to city current.
security is space. Space increases the attacker's bomb dam- The War Department has done some study on the prob-
age cost, provides fire wave barriers, and prevents the clog- lem of bomb defense, its initiative prompted by concern that
ging of essential communication. Necessary space can be no other agency of government had begun to explore the
gained by the elimination of slum areas and other marginal, question. But the task does not belong to the War Depart-
antiquated construction. Building laws should prohibit any ment alone; indeed, its role in regard to dispersion will be
future overcrowding. Industrial plants must be separated almost altogether advisory. The entire federal machinery,
from residential districts by wide cleared areas. Land the various states, and municipal governments working in
devoted to parks and other recreation grounds should equal cooperative partnership with private industry must get this
the space covered by buildings. Broad main arteries, at least defense ball rolling. Some laws wiII doubtless have to be
a hundred yards wide, should crisscross the built up area. passed to accelerate dispersion by providing tax adjustments
Such main arteries should never come to a dead end or or other types of federal aid where excessive economic hard-
intersect at circles unless alternate routing is provided. ship results. But the job of making our homeland safe will
Railroad freight yards and depot facilities should be placed be accomplished only if the American people want it done,
as far from the center of the city as possible. To gain these and to adequately meet the atomic challenge, we will have
objectives, city planners might set up population density to add the survival motive to the profit motive.
scalesfor various types of metropolitan areas along the lines Successful national defense will require more than spa-
of existing zoning restrictions devised for other purposes. cial rearrangements. America must possess an organization
A dependable water supply will likely always remain the capable of minimizing panic when disaster strikes from the
bestprotection against fire. During the recent war the Brit- air. Because we were spared bombardment, our recent
ish built unsightly, makeshift static-water pools all over attempt at Civil Defense was amateurish, yet it is axiomatic
their important cities. Why not disperse a greatly increased that a society ready to withstand an air attack has a 'much
number of attractive community swimming pools around better chance of surviving with light losses than one that is
OUrOwn cities which will also serve the same fire fighting caught off guard. Intensive study must be made of the air
purpose? American youth would certainly favor such a plan. raid defense measures employed by other nations and espe-
Traffic jams and the lack of adequate parking facilities cially by the much bombed Germans. Britain's foresight in
havebecome a growing handicap to our modern cities. The continuing her civil defense organization intact deserves
wide arteries of bomb resistant cities would end traffic imitation. We should establish a sound civil defense sys-
jams. Underground parking garages, designed for instant tem adapted to our needs. The National Guard might well
conversion to bomb shelters in time of war, would solve accept the coordination and execution of home defense as
future parking problems. San Francisco has already con- its most vital mission. For, as General Spaatz remarked
structed parking facilities along these lines. about a potential enemy, "If he should have his way the
The incidental benefits of creating a bomb resistant city Arsenal of Democracy would become the prime theater of
~y well repay the cost. Slum areas, breeding places of war. "
cnme and political corruption, wiII be abolished, as they We cannot remain complacent to such a statement. The
S?ouldbe, regardless of the atom bomb. Unhealthy conges- world-v.ride battle of ideas continues. It may end in the
~on of people will be eliminated, while increased recrea- battle of bombs. We are not ready for such a test now.
tlonal acreage will add great pleasure to urban existence. Can we afford to remain unprepared?
~ ~ ~ 1
ARTILLERY SCHOOL ARMORED SCHOOL INFANTRY SCHOOL SCHOOLS OF THE
100% FT. SILL. OKLA FT. KNOX. KY FT. BENNING GA. TECHNICAL SERVICES 0-1
8.M.-22 WKS B.M.-22 WKS B.M.-22 WKS 8.M.-22 WKS
TECHNICAL SCHOOLS
•
- ADVANCED
8.M.-37 WKS
(SELECTED)
-1-
COMMAND AND STAFF COLLEGE
FT. LEAVENWORTH. KAN.
----~-----------------
1. SCHOOL OF PERSONNEL 7-15
2. SCI;lOOLOF MILITARY INTELLIGENCE.
3. SCHOOL OF COMBINED ARMS.
l INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE
NATIONAL WAR COLLEGE
OF THE ARMED FORCES
SELECTED
._-----~----------
WASHINGTON. DC.
NATIONAl. PLAHNING AND STRATEGY
-------------------
NATIONAL
WASHINGTON. DC.
PLANHIHG AND STRATEGY
10 MONTHS 10 MONTHS
,
ELIGlBIUTY DETE_D BY
Of' SECT. tWO.
PfIlJYIS«lHS CEl!1lI5
DATED 25 JUlIE 1946 AS
AMMEMDEO BY SECT I W.0. CIR. 1946 "EM.
AlII) W '0. CIR. .378 25 DEll 1946
This chart supersedes the one published in the May-June issue of last year and represents the latest information available on the
War Department School Program.
ARMY SEEKS BILL TO
REVISE PROMOTIONS
The War Department today announced proposed legis- or more years' total service would be retired, and major
lation at the present session of Congress which would revise generals with a similar time in grade and 35 years' service
the Army promotion system to place it on an "incentive would likewise go into retirement.
basis"and insure the advancement of officers of the highest This forced attrition would create vacancies for lieuten-
caliber to positions of leadership in the postwar Army. ant colonels and colonels to advance.
Principal feature of the bill, as announced by Brigadier If the grade distribution in the grades below colonel in
General John E. Dahlquist, Chairman of the Promotion the Regular Army become seriously unbalanced, making
Planning Committee in the War Department Personnel forced attrition desirable, the Secretary of War, according
andAdministration Division, would be the creation of selec- to the bill, mav direct that selection boards consider the
tion boards which would pass on the qualifi01tions of all qualifications of up to 120 senior officers in a grade in order
officersbefore promotion to grades higher than first lieuten- to fill each 100 vacancies in the next higher grade. The
ant. maximum forced attrition possible under this system would
To insure a simple conversion when President Truman's be 11 per cent of any group considered for promotion. It
unification plan is enacted into law, the present Army pro- is not anticipated that much forced attrition will be required
motion list would be divided into two parts, one for officers for many years to come.
of the Air Corps and the other for officers of other com- To compensate officers for their services if they are re-
ponents of the present promotion list .• leased before becoming eligible for retirement benefits un-
The present system of commissioning an officer in a der the law, a system of severance pay would be established.
specific arm or service and promoting him solely on the This would be a cash settlement proportionate to the officer's
basis of years service completed would be eliminated. In- length of service; two months' active duty pay per year of
stead, officers presently commissioned in services other than service, with a limitation of two years' pay as maximum
'Air Corps, the Medical services, Chaplains and WAC severance benefit.
would be commissioned as "officers, Regular Army of the With the elimination of commissions in arms and serv-
United States," and would be assigned within the Army as ices, the bill would wipe out the present distinction between
requirements and the officer's capabilities dictate. general officers of the line and generals of the staff, drawing
Required time in grade before eligibility for promotion chiefs of technical and administrative services from the best
has been established would be reduced under the plan. qualified general officers or colonels. The plan would not
Instead of automatic promotion to captain after 10 years, eliminate arms and services, but would give these sub-
major after 17 and lieutenant colonel after 23, as under divisions of the Army an opportunity to draw their person-
the present promotion law, consideration for promotion of nel from the entire Army promotion list.
officerswho complete respectively 7, 14, and 21 years' serv- The bill which is to be known as "The Officer Personnel
ice would be mandatory. Filling the vacancies created by Act of 1947" also contains provision for the temporary ap-
expansion of the Regular Army vvill make possible earlier pointment and promotion of officers in the Army of the
promotion for some time to come. United States. Section 17 of the bill pertains to this matter,
Although second lieutenants would advance to first and reproduced herewith are extracts from that section:
lieutenant automatically after three years' service, no first
ARMY OFFlCERS- TEMPORARY GRADES-TEMPORARY Ap-
lieutenant \\'ould be promoted to captain after seven years
POINTMENT OF OFFICERS IN 'TIlE ARMY OF 'TIlE
until he had been recommended by a selection board. How-
UNITED STATES-ACTIVE DuTY OF RESERVE
ever, officers considered for promotion must be the senior
COMPONENT OFFICERS
officersin the grade being considered.
To eliminate officers whose records do not qualify them SEe. 17. (a) Whenever the number of Regular Army
for promotion, the bill provides for a "pass-over" system by officers holding office under permanent appointments in
which officers in grades of first lieutenant, captain and the grades of major general and brigadier general is less than
major would be retired or released from service after his the number authorized in these grades and whenever the
iuniors had been promoted 'over him on two occasions. number of Regular Army officers of any promotion list,
Because the vacancies in the higher grades of full c01o- holding office under permanent appointments in the grades
'Ileland general officer are limited, a system of "forced attri- of colonel, lieutenant colonel, major, captain and first
tion" would be applied to guarantee a turnover of approxi- lieutenant, respectively, is less than the number authorized
mately 20 per cent annually in those grades. Colonels and in these grades in such promotion list, the additional num-
brigadier generals with five years' service in grade and 30 ber authorized in these several grades may be filled by the
46 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL March-A
temporary appoinunent of qualified officers under the pro- (e) In time of emergency declared by the President, 0('
visions of subsection (c) of this section. by the Congress, and in time of war, the President is au-
(b) \Vhenever under authorization from time to time thorized to appoint qualified persons (including persons
made by the Congress the total number of officers sef\'ing who held no Regular Army or resef\'e status) as temporary
on active duty (Regular Army officers and all officers of the officers in the Army of the United States in any of the
Army of the United States or any component thereof or- several commissioned grades, and persons so appointed may
dered into active militarv sef\'ice for extended Federal sef\'- be ordered into the active military sef\'ice of the United
ice in excess of 30 days) exceeds the authorized active com- States to sef\'e therein for such periods of time as the Presi-
missioned strength of the Regular Army, the Secretary of dent may prescribe. The appointment of a temporary offi-
\Var shall determine the requirements in each of the several cer, if not sooner vacated, shall continue during the emer-
commissioned grades based upon the total number of offi- gency or war in which the appoinunent was made and for
cers so sef\'ing on acth'e duty and the tasks being perfonned six months thereafter.
by the Army and such requirements in each of such grades (0 All temporary appointments herein mentioned (offi-
may be filled by the temporary appointment of qualified cers of the Regular Army, the National Guard of the
officers under the provisions of subsection (c) of this sec- United States, and the Officers' Reserve Corps temporarily
tion. appointed in grades different from those held in their re-
(c) To the extent authorized in subsections (a) and (b) spective components, and, persons holding no Regular
of this section, Regular Army officers and officers of each of Army or resef\'e commission appointed as temporary offi-
the reserve components of the Army of the United States cers) shall be made in the Army of the United States, and
serving on active Federal duty, may be promoted to and such appointments shall not contain any reference to any
appointed in higher temporary grades in the Army of the other appointment held or not held in any component of the
United States without affecting appointments and grades Army of the United States. All temporary appointments
held in their respective components. Such temporary ap- herein mentioned may be vacated at any time by the Presi-
pointments shall be made on a fair and equitable basis, dent. Temporary appointments in grades below that of
regard being gi~en to seI?iority, age and selection based brigadier general shall be made by the President alone, and
upon ability and efficiency' under regulations prescribed in general officer grades by a'fld with the advice and consent '
by the Secretary of \Var. The President, may, in his dis- of the Senate.
cretion, from time to time, in accordance with the needs of (g) All officers temporarily appointed in any grade in
the sef\,ice, adjust dates of rank in temporary grades. the Army of the United States shall, while serving in such
(d) To the extent provided from time to time by appro- grade on active duty in the service of the United States,
priations for this purpose, any officer of any resef\'e com- receive the same pay and allowances as authorized for per-
ponent of the Army of the United States, may, with his sons of corresponding grade and length of service holding
own consent, be ordered to active Federal duty for such permanent appointment in that grade in the Regular Army.
length of time as the President may prescribe. The Presi- (h) Each temporary officer and each reserve officer of
dent may at any time relieve from active duty any reserve any resef\'e component, serving on active Federal duty in
officer who is serving on active duty. Any officer of any any commissioned grade, permanent or temporary (herein
reserve component ordered into or serving on active duty referred to as "active duty' grade"), shall be entitled, while
may, with his own consent, be temporarily appointed in a so servino, to the same rights, privileges and benefits as no\\
grade in the Army of the United States, either higher or o
or hereafter provided by law for an officer of the 0fficers.'
lower than the grade held by him in such resef\'e com- Reserve Corps of the same length of service holding ap-
ponent, and such temporary appointment shall not affect pointment in the Officers' Resef\'e Corps in a grade the
the appointment and grade held by him in his reserve same as such "active duty grade" and sef\,ing on active duty
component, in the grade held in the Officers' Resef\'e Corps.
Changes of Address
Since the last issue of the JOURNAL was
mailed out, over 100 copies were returned be-
cause addresses were not up to date.
A battalion advanced so that a company might attack so polished stock, an eye upon the steady sight, a finger wait-
i,at a platoon might assault, and it came out as they ing on the trigger? Their flesh cringes before the expected
ned. The Platoon assaulted and won. Then the line of smack of the sniper's bullet.
[tIerolled past them. Fresh troops in unstained dungarees The Platoon watches breathlessly. No shots yet. Are the
Hyan. Pop. and Drake lead air again and move over "~Iurderer." Drake sa\'S coldlY.
the rise into the cane. "~ Iurderer?" Ih-an la~ohs. "that's
,
we all. brother. Aint we all."
"
Hyan is point, cradling his automatic weapon in his
anns. He's a big man, red-faced, tough. Drake, silent. light- Drake's lips are tight. Byan has ne\'er seen a man's f
footed, slim, is on his right. Pop, too old for this kind of so coldlv furious.
work, follows slowly, dragging his feet. Drak~ looks at him. "I never killed a man like that." he
Byan takes a breath to yell a warning, but it's too late. A savs softl". "I never will."
grenade sails at them. and they Rap. Hyan trips off a burst -"Shall' \\'e go?" Ryan says, bowing politely. "After you,
as he falls. The grenade bursts near them, then two more nw dear fellow."
ahead of them. and the\' know the enemv .has destroved 'They move away into the cane fields. They top a slight
himself again. " ' , rise, and a n"lilebeyond the fields are high cliffs, scarred and
Ryan and Drake drag themselves to their feet, but Pop shattered. The dead, theirs and ours, swollen and puffed,
is down, his right aml a red. ropy mass. He looks up ac- rest in the fields, their placid faces turned to the sun.
cusingly at them. "\Ve better wait," Byan says. "1\laybe the Captain can
"So," he savs. get a tank up here. Those cliffs look bad. 1\lucho caves."
'Take it ea;y, pop," Byan says, kneeling by him. "They're Drake nods agreement. They go back to the Platoon.
right behind us. They'll have you out in no time at all." "All right," the Captain says. ''l'lI try to get one. You
"V 1 ea I1, " 1)op says. men stay here. LaFarge, take over. Put three men out front.
"You're out of it, old-timer," Drake says. 'The war's Drake, \'ou come with me."
over. " The Captain' and Drake walk back to the road bevond
"Sure," Pop says. the jungle. '
Drake and Byan push ahead. The sun is hot and bloated "I-lot," the Captain says.
in the sky. The cane fields are a hell of heat and dust. The Drake nods.
cane is breast-high, clinging. Dust sifts into their eyes, "Should be relieving us soon," the Captain says. "It's not
cakes their throats, chokes their nostrils, itches down under . I11. "
ng
their sweat-stained jackets. "No, it isn't," Drake agrees. ~
"He"," B"an calls,"look at this." "\Vhat do they think we are? 1\ly God. What do they
He has f~und a wooden cover Hush with the earth, a take us for? How much do thev think we can stand?"
cover that might be over a well or cesspool. Drake nods. They come up -to the tank. Four tank men
"\Vater?" Drake looks at him. are sitting in the shade of the tank. Their dust-caked faces
"1\ laybe," Ryan says. "Stand clear." I-Ie takes the cover by are streaked with rivulets of sweat. TI1eir leather helmets
the edge, flips it over, and jumps clear. There are no shots, hang from the gun barrel. The tank men are drinking Nip.
nothing. beer. They have a sack full of Nip beer.
Drake peers in cautiously. "\Vho's in command?" the Captain asks.
"Look here," he says to Ryan. It's a cement-lined pit, ten "I am," one of them says. ''I'm a sergeant."
feet deep. On the bottom lies a naked male Japanese, blink- "\\lho's your commanding officer?" the Captain asks.
ing up at them. His eyes are glazed with sake or dope. He kneels on one knee and rests his weight on his carbine.
"How the hell did he get down there?" Ryan asks. "I-lid- - "A'111 ,t got none, " tIle sergeant says.'''Tl ley 're a II dea.d'
mg, IS he.)"
.. "vVe got some cliffs, sergeant," the Captain says. "Ca~
Drake shrugs. In Japanese, he tells the man to stand up you come up and go over them for ust
and climb out. He asks him his name. He asks him how "\Vhy, captain," the sergeant says, looking at him, "we're
long he's been down there. The man blinks his glazed eyes out of fuel. Hardly got any ammo left. \Ve're mighty tired."
"V' . d)" tIle C'aptam says. "V,.
IOU re tIre. IOU re tIre d.Y'
at them.
"Leave him," Drake tells Byan. "They'll get him out. "'/e "That's the way it is, captain," the tank man says.
can't waste time." The Captain climbs wearily to his feet. The four tank
"r\'laybe he's got a riRe," Byan says. men sit there and look at them.
"\\There? He's naked." "\Ve reallv are out of fuel," the sergeant says. "Sorry
"Maybe he's lying on it." we can ,t Ile I'p you out. "
"No, there's nothing down there." 'That's all right," Drake says.
"1\laybe we'll pass, and he'll come up and toss a grenade "\Vant some beer?" the tank man savs. _ "\Ve 0oat some
at us." Nip beer."
Drake looks at him puzzled. "He can't get out," he says. "No, thanks."
"L et 's go on. " "\Vish we could help you out," the tank man says. "But
Byan's face splits in an awful grin. "\\'hat's the matter, that's the wav it is."
momma's boy?" he says. "You shut'that big, wise mouth of yours or I'll knock
Drake understands. "Please, Ryan," he says. "Please." your damned head off," the Captain shouts.
"Chicken," Ryan says. "Come on, Captain," Drake says. "\Ve got to get back.'
He flips off the safety and laces the bottom of the pit with "\-\'hat's he getting so hot about?" the tank man says t
his automatic weapon, back and forth. The naked man no one as Drake and the Captain leave. "\\'hat right has hI
threshes and dies. got to be getting so hot? Nothing I can do about it."
A0: Ii\'CIDE~T O~ SAIPA~ 49
Drake and the Captain come back to the Platoon resting until you're in range of the cliffs. and then hold it up.
{he cane field. \Ve'll trv• to clean this cane field by• tonioht."
0
"LaFarge," the Captain says, "go back to the CP and tell "How about the cliffs?" someone asks.
:Ill where we are. \\'ho's up ahead?"
H\Ve'll get a tank tomorrow," the Captain says. "1\ laybe
"Collins and the Lester boys," someone says. they won't be tired tomorrow."
"All right," the Captain says. 'Take another ten." Ryan and Drake move out across the cane field passino0
..
"You look a little beat, hero," Ryan says to Drake. through the outguards. Ryan has his automa.tic weapon
"Take the needle out of me, will you?" Drake says. cradled in his arms. Drake still has his rifle.
"What's the matter, hero?" Ryan" grins. "Nerves'stretch- "Now be careful, chum," Ryan tells him. "I don't want
1Jlga little? Getting a little nervous?" you to go get killed, not before tonight that is. I want you
Drak~ looks at him without answering. all rested and well for me tonight."
"One of these days Drake'll blow your brains out," some- Drake smiles at him. "I feel sorry for you, Ryan."
e says to Ryan. "Sorry for me? Listen, hero, ain't nobody has to feel
"Him?" Ryan says. "The hero? Not a chance. He ain't sorry for me; see? I'm okay. I'm okay."
sot the guts. Have you, momma's boy?" Dra~e moves steadily through the cane, his head turning
Drake looks at him. on a pIVOt.He nods toward the ruins of a farm building.
"How about it, momma's boy?" Ryan asks him. "\Vhen "Let's take a look," he says.
re you and me going to go round and round together?" They move over toward the building. Nothing left but
'Tonight," Drake says. ""\Then we knock off tonight." crumbled mud walls, a frame, a swept dirt floor. Drake
"Swell," Ryan grins. "Say, that's swell. You guys hear steps up on what's left of the wooden porch, and a bullet
lhat? l\lomma's boy and me are going to have our own whines past his head.
little war, our own little battle, tonight. How you want it, Drake dives behind a wall, and Ryan flops where he is.
hero?Knives? Pistols? Fists? How'll you have it?" Rifle fire is opened on them from the field in front and to
"I don't care," Drake says wearily. "I don't care at all. their right.
~Anyway at alL" Ryan squirms up behind the wall, and the two crouch
"Fists," Ryan says. "Just knuckles. You guys know what there.
I'm going to do to our hero? Boy, this is what I've been "\Ve must have passed them in the cane," Drake says.
waiting for. This is what I've been staying alive for." He 'The Captain will come up as soon as he hears firing."
lares at Drake. Bullets chip pieces from the wall near their faces. Ryan
"l\lurderer," Drake says coldly. wipes blood from his cheek where a splinter has gouged a
Ryan starts up. Drake looks at him steadily. Ryan sits furrow.
wn again and laughs, thin and hard. They face in different directions. Occasionally they
"Okay," he says, "I can wait. First I'm going to smash fire into the cane.
our nose flat against that white face of yours. Then I'm "How many on your side?" Ryan asks.
ing to chip off some of them pearly white teeth. I might "T\vo."
rven break that nice long jaw of yours, hero. "\Then I get "I got one up ahead. You sit tight. I'm going back a little
rough with you, ev~n your own Mother won't want you. and get a bead on that guy."
IOU might even get;a Purple Heart out of it, sweetheart; Drake keeps up sporadic fire. Ryan worms his way across
u can't tell." the dirt floor and fires a blast from under a window ledge ..
"Ryan, you're sic~" someone says. "There's something He grunts with satisfaction.
rong with you." j "Get him?" Drake asks.
Ryan shows his t~eth in a grin. "Nothing wrong with "Yeah."
e a little fight won't fix. Nothing wrong with me that "Should we rush them?"
ilJing momma's boy won't cure." "Hell no."
Drake gets up and walks away. He walks over to the edge "Frightened?"
the cane field and sits down. Ryan looks at him and licks his lips. "I sure am going to.
No one knows the cause of the feud between Drake enjoy beating the be-jeezus out of you. I sure am going to.
d Ryan. Perhaps they too have forgotten the cause. It is enjoy that."
t and dim, far back in the forgotten world before the There is much firing outside, the explosion of grenades,
nding. Now only the hate is remembered, only the fury the shouts of the Platoon.
recalled. Drake risks a look. "It's all right," he tells Ryan. "They're-
"You're sick," someone says to Ryan. "He's the only coming up. They got them. I can see the Captain. It's all
ing that's kept you going. Hating Drake is the only right."
ing that's kept you alive. You'd be lost and gone without Ryan relaxes and lights a cigarette. He starts reloading
ke to hate." his weapon.
You're crazy," Ryan says, looking down at his twisting "I could kill you right now," he taunts Drake. "I could'
ds. "Y'ou re 0ff your rock'er. " cut you in two with baby here, and no one would be the-
TIbey look at him. No one speaks. wiser." He pats his weapon lovingly. "I could cut you in
All right," the Captain says. "Let's get moving." bloody two, and they'd think the Nips got you."
e men stand up and check their weapons. Drake smiles at him mockingly. Ryan chokes over the.
yan and Drake go up and send the others back. Go smoke in his lungs.
50 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
There is a soft call, "Joe, Joe, where are you?" After awhile Rvan moves after them. He is in a da
Ryan gives an answering bellow. They get to their feet. numbed. His eyes'don't see, nor do his ears hear. His If
A Japanese grenade sails through the air and thuds to move a little. "Drake?" he's saying. "Drake?"
the ground between them. They stand and stare. frozen. That night he doesn't sleep. He lies awake and stares into
The grenade rolls a little toward Ryan, black. solid. It rolls the darkness. He looks at his own hand, white in the dari.
to a stop in a little hollow in the earth. The men stare. ness. He moves the fingers, watches the tendons and
"\Vhat the hell," Drake says. It's the first time Ryan muscles Rex and contract, grip and expand. The livi~
has heard him swear. flesh. -
Drake sinks slowl" to his knees. He casts his riRe from The next morning they gather again.
him. He melts dow~ slowly on the grenade. He snuggles "All right," the Captain says. "Let's get moving."
down over the grenade, pressing his chest and stomach They move out into the cane field. Ryan is dragging h~
tightly to the earth. He lays his cheek upon the earth. His feet in the point sguad.
lips touch the earth. He smiles up at Ryan. A sudden rattle of machine-gun fire, and the men melt
The blast lifts him. and then shattered, he falls back. into the earth. Someone curses in Italian. "At the edoe of
Limply he falls back, broken, boneless, rags. 1 , " someone savs. "1n tl"
th e cl'ff le cave. b
Rvan still stands. He stares curiousl". A thin strand of A curly-haired child slips grenades from his shirt from
sali,:a loops down from the corner of his mouth. and starts sliding through the cane toward the cliff.
One of Drake's hands has been blown off at the wrist and But then Ryan is on his feet. He looks around him.
lies in the dust like a white glove tossed aside. Ryan bends "Ryan," someone shrieks. "Get down, you fooL"
.over and touches the tips of the limp fingers. Ryan's dead eyes peer around him. He starts walking
"0 fa k"'''
'er he says. "0 fa k"'''
°er toward the cave. The oun
o is silent. '
The men come up. They stand grouped in a half-circle "Ryan!" the Captain screams. "Ryan!" But he is not
behind Rvan. heeded, nor is he heard.
"I-Ie n;pped on it." Ryan says, turning slowly to look at The gun lets him come guite close. The gun lets him get
them. "He Ropped right over it." guite near. The gun ~ guite silent, waiting.
"All right," the Captain says. "Let's get moving. DuBois The gun chatters angrily. There is silence. l
:and Vanelli, lead off toward the cliffs." Later, when the point sguad moves up, they pass Ryan
The men move off. Ryan stands and stares. pressing his cheek into the damp earth. His lips kiss the
"A nice guy that Drake," someone says. earth. He is almost cut in two.
"Yeah," someone savs. "Too bad." The men look down at him.
"h's always too bad:" someone adds. "All right," the Captain says. "Let's get moving."
It is not generally realized how great an efFort was de- continued until eight and twelve-gun sites made their ap-
roted by Germany to the antiaircraft defenses of the Reich. pearance, while one or two sixteen-gun sites existed.
'fhe Luftwaffe was principally responsible for this task, al- A variation was the tactical combination of two or three
though the Navy provided its own antiaircraft defenses for individual four or six-gun sites with a common command
IS shore bases while the Army included antiaircraft units post and fire-control equipment.
n its mobile field formations. From a comparatively modest Under the increasing weight of Allied air attack in
establishment in peace, the "Aak" organization of the 1942-43 and the pressure of shrinking resources of Flak
Luftwaffe expanded rapidly during the war until it reached manpower and materiel, it was not surprising that the Ger-
ts peak in mid-1944. At that time the force employed was mans endeavored to redress the balance by mobility. One
f the order of one and a quarter million. This included means to this end was a considerable mobile echelon of
ore than a quarter million auxiliaries of various kinds, heavy flak weapons on railway mountings. At first sight the
neluding a large number of women auxiliaries, prisoners conception of railway flak capable of rapid movement is
war and foreigners of variou's descriptions. The equip- attractive but the drawbacks, which caused the British to
ment operationally employed comprised some 15,000 heavy reject the idea for use in the United Kingdom, outweigh
ns, 25,000 light guns, 7,000 searchlights and 2,500 bal- the advantages. Among the principal disadvantages are,
ns. This effort may be related to that of Great Britain in first, the tactical inelasticity of a railway system which does
ughly comparable circumstances. In Germany, with a not allow guns to be sited precisely where they are wanted;
~population of some 70 millions, the Germans employed in
secondly, the risks of railway tracks being cut, thus im-
the Luftwaffe Flak alone about 1~ per cent. >I- In the mobilizirio b railwav~ '-"
guns; and, thirdl)', the vulnerability ~ of
United Kingdom, with a population of about 45 millions, railwav,/ bouns and fire-control systems which are not readily,/
,/
pproximately ~ per cent were employed in antiaircraft protected from bombing.
efense.
''''hat must be regarded as major eccentncItIes are the
The Germans were fully alive to the fact that their war
"Aak towers" of Hamburg and Berlin. These are vast con-
/fon was, in the last resort, entirely dependent on the
crete structures sited in pairs; one tower in each pair carried
fety of their industries. Their first conception, therefore,
four 12.8cm guns and the other the fire-control instru-
as to provide an over-all defense for each of the major in-
ments. The tactical value of these towers was dubious and
ustrial areas. As the Allied bomber. effort increased they
did not warrant the immense cost of construction merely as
ound that it was impossible to defend every area ade-
gun platforms. They did, however, provide valuable air
uately. They tended more and more to concentrate their
raid shelters and were said to be capable of accommodating
ning resources on the defenses of the really vital targets,
10,000 or 15,000 people each. None the less it is difficult
r example the oil refineries. An outstanding example of
to conceive how the Luftwaffe managed to justify the im-
e latter was the Leuna area, containing nearly 600 heavy
mense expenditure of labor and material, even though the
uns. 14 Flak Division, manning these defenses, claimed
towers were erected at a time when ample supplies of both
16 aircraft shot down in the second half of 1944, while
were available.
ective bomb hits on the refineries fell to a low figure.
The German employment of searchlights is of interest.
The emphasis on weight of fire and concentration of
At the time when the British were developing their "carpet"
on over vital targets led logically to the formation of large
of searchlights all over England and southern Scotland as
re-units which, incidentally, afforded a welcome economy
an aid to fighter interception, the Germans erected a great
command and fire-control personnel. The original unit
belt of searchlights for the same purpose from Holland,
four heavy guns became a six-gun unit. This tendency
through Belgium to Northern France. This belt, although
:ftReprinted, courtesy of The Joumal of the Royal Artillery. of considerable moral effect, rendered no great assistance to
If the same percentage were applied to the United States, it would
that 2,000,000 men would be assigned to the antiaircraft defenses German fighter aircraft. In April, 1942, when the Germans
this country. had achieved some success in providing radar control of
52 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
night fighter aircraft, this belt was abandoned. Tbe search- version is not only entirely proper, it is also econo
lights were redeployed in the principal gun defended areas. German fire-control equipment was of a high order
Here they played an important part in the defenses, not design and workmanship. But the development of
only in illuminating aircraft for engagement by the guns, fensive equipment such as flak had been given a low prio .
but also in producing the strong moral effect which bomber in the victorious years of 1940 to 1942. As a result, at
crews so often mentioned. end of the war, the Germans possessed neither electro
The standard service guns with which Germanv beuan
~ , I:>
predictors nor radar comparable with the British GL III
the war were the 8.8cm heavy gun and the 2cm light much less the American SCR 584. It was not until 1911
gun. Both pieces of equipment were excellent of their kind. when the results of the Anglo-American bombing offensive
The 8.8cm gun was comparable in performance with the were becoming painfully evident, that the developm~
British 3.7 inch gun. It came particularly into popular of flak materiel was accorded the highest priority.
prominence with the British press, when it was first em- technical weakness of German radar' equipment
ployed (and, incidentally in qualified GenTIan opinion, brought into prominence in the so-called "catastrophe
misused) as an antitank weapon in North Africa. The of Hamburg on the night of 24/25 July 1943. This date ~
Germans were not content to conduct the war with these still an historical landmark for the inhabitants of that citl.
weapons alone, and introduced in smaller quantities, the who refer to events as taking place before or after "the raid.
lO.5cm and 12.8cm heavy guns together with a 3.7cm For a year prior to that date, the German night fighters, i
light gun. These weapons, too, were of high technical cooperation with the flak defenses, had succeeded in i
quality. An intermediate gun, the 5cm, was fully devel- flicting serious losses on night bombers whose tactics
oped but no production capacity could be made available staggered approach over a period of long duration were we
for its manufacture in quantity. suited to the German night fighter procedure. On thac
The Army made considerable use of the 8.8cm Flak gun night the attackers adopted new tactics and came over in
as an antitank weapon and in support of ground forces. massed formations. In addition they scattered copious quan
There is no doubt that this gun, as distinct from its mount- tities of the radar-jamming "window." The radar control
ing, was effective as an antitank weapon and, to a le~s ex- the Gemlan fighters and the radar fire-control apparatu
tent, as a long-range medium gun for the engagement of were completely upset ~d the bombers were able to strik
ground targets. The same is true of the British 3.7 inch a shattering blow on the great city. It was at once eviden
antiaircraft gun. The sinister reputation of the 8.8cm gun to the Germans that the ability of their flak defenses t
in the North African campaigns will be remembered, engage the enemy with accurate unseen fire was seriousl
although the popular Press, with frequent references to prejudiced. They were often forced henceforth to ado
"nests of 8.8cm guns" and theit deadly efficiency and so on, the retrograde step of relying on inaccurate and eX"pensi
unwittingly did much to produce an unfortunate 8.8cm barrages. The vast expenditure of ammunition occasion
complex in the mind of the public, and even of the Army, thereby was to cause them serious concern as the w
which was not justified. The High Command decided, continued.
however, that the 8.8cm equipment as a whole was not The experiences of 1943 and of Hamburg in particul
suitable antitank equipment. Its carriage was not designed caused a radical change of policy. The development of Ha
for the purpose. It was very ex"posed and only very lightly equipment was thereupon accorded a high priority. A
shielded. In consequence, casualties to gun detachments though the war ended before radically new materi
and to equipment, when used in the forward area in sup- reached the troops, much useful work had been achieved .
port of ground troops, were excessive and unsupportable. the design and development establishments. It was a
As a result, flak units thus misused and expended were not parent to them, as it was to us, that the rapid developm
available for the role for which they were provided, the of speedy, high-flying and heavily armored aircraft w
defense of the Army against air attack. Thus the High fast making the existing antiaircraft equipment obsolescen
Command in 1943 strictly forbade the use of heavy flak The first and obvious step was to improve flak guns and a
guns in a ground role except in the gravest emergency. munition on orthodox lines. The majority of the ne
That this precept \Vas often ignored during the 1944-45 projects designed to attain increased operational ceilino
campaign in the \"est is evident from the frequent wreck- and shorter times of flight were paralleled to similar proj
age of 8.8cm guns, which one often saw by the roadside, in the United Kingdom. Among the more interesting we
where they could only have been employed in a ground role. smooth-bore guns firing fin-stabilized projectiles and supe
Furthermore, this \Vasat a time when antiaircraft protection velocity guns employing the "sabot" or sub-caliber principl
was even more important than ever before. This tendency The tapered "squeeze-bore" which had already had s01
to misuse antiaircraft artillery is not peculiar to the German success in antitank weapons, was also under trial.
Army and has been found sometimes even in the British Some 'improvements in ammunition were achieved a
Army. It perhaps arose in both armies from a lack of real put in the hands of the troops. Among these were, first
comprehension by the staffs of the needs of antiaircraft segmented H.E. shells which produced larger and hard
defense for armies in the field. This was combined with a hitting fragm~nts and, secondly, incendiary shrapnel.
natural desire to use all available gun power against the latter on bursting produced a shower of incendiary pell
opposing enemy ground troops. Naturally, the propriety of each provided with a miniature fire. These were design
diverting antiaircraft artillery from its primary role to a sec. primarily to penetrate ,fuel tanks and to cause fire. The
ondary ground role is entirely dependent on the air situa- mans considered this shell to be a successful innovati
tion. In conditions of complete air superiority such a di- Several projects for "proximity" fuzes were under devel
"FLAK" 53
I but none of these reached the troops. :\one are be- end. This, incidentally, enabled us to develop such an
ro have achieved the success attained by Anglo- effecti\'e antiaircraft defense against the flying bomb. If
('rican projects of this nature. the sequence of e\'ents had been re\'ersed, and Great Britain
The Germans considered, with justification, that success- had passed through an initial period of successful offensive,
ground action against high-flying aircraft in the future it is questionable whether the striking technical advances
not lie with the gun, however powerful, but that efforts in British antiaircraft gunnery would have been made.
st be directed towards a radically new solution. They A major point of interest to us is that the flak defenses
ught that they had found this in the guided projectile. of the Reich were an integral part of the Air Force and not
I'f'n before the war, a large effort had been devoted to of the Army. This is a conception which has often been
kets and jet-propelled projectiles of various types, of suggested for the antiaircraft defense of Great Britain'. It
ich the V I and V2 are familiar examples. An antiaircraft is interesting to obsen'e that the principal advantage claimed
jectile remotely controlled from the ground, and perhaps for such an arrangement, the integrated tactical control of
ming" automatically on an aircraft was a logical devel- fighter and flak defense, was not achieved by the Germans.
, ment in this field. Several types of this nature were in The two arms were distinct and separate. \Vhile a single
high state of development at the end of the war, the most local commander from either arm was often nominally in
teworthy being those known as "\Vasserfall," "Schmet- charge, liaison procedure was usually necessary and fre-
ling" and "Enzian.""" The Germans hoped that with quent d.. IssenSJOns between "aIr." an d "Aa'k" too'kIThpace. e
enpons such as these and given a successful proximity relationship of the British t\.t\. Command to Fighter Com-
ze. they had an answer to the massed bomber raids which mand was more highly developed and satisfactory although
re causing such havoc. The progress in this field was these two formations belonged to separate Sen' ices.
teworthy, and indeed some rocket designs such as that of
The question may well be asked whether the results of
- were most distinguished achievements. None the less, the Gennan Aak effort were commensurate with the ex-
ccess was far too late to affect the issue of the war. The penditure of manpower and industrial resources. That sig-
uits of their endeavor were fated to fall into Allied hands nificant losses were caused to the Allied bomber force is
fore they could be used against their aircraft.
unquestionable. There is no doubt, too, that heavy con-
To the British antiaircraft gunner there is much interest centrations of Aak over the important industrial areas had
observing how the Germans were faced with technical and
an important effect by adding considerably to the nen'ous
ganizational problems which were similar to, and often strain of operations and thereby contributing to aircrcw
entical with, those with which we ourselves had to deal. wastage. The very heavy concentrations over a few vital
om the technical aspect, German research and develop- targets such as Leuna, introduced in the last few months
ent in Aak ran largely parallel to our own, but as has al- of the war, approached the border line of completely ef-
d~'been observed, in arrear in point of time. This was not fective antiaircraft defense. Losses could be inflicted which
(' fault of the German scientists, whose ability was of a high
might be insupportable over a long period and accurate
der. One major reason is that a period of German offensive
bombing rendered difficult if not impossible. If, during the
ccess covered the first two vears of the war. The natural
last two years of the war, the Germans had been able or
ult was a tendencv to devo'te their resources to the devel-
willing to pursue consistently this militarily correct policy
ment of offensive "rather than defensive weapons. It was
of concentration over a comparatively few vital areas, the
Otuntil 1943 that the possibility of a defensive war began key industrial plants, such as the oil refineries, might well
become apparent. The British, on the other hand, were have had a longer life and the war might have been pro-
rown on the defensive in 1940 and 1941. In consequence, longed thereby. The answer to the question postulated at
e political and service backing for intensive Aak develop- the beginning of this paragraph is probably in the affirma-
em in Great Britain was powerful and sustained, and tive. The Germans could have made effective use of far
ve us a technical lead which was maintained until the oreater flak forces and made considerable efforts to find
t>
'See article, "Warheads for German Antiaircraft Guided Missiles," them. It was only the even tual shortage of manpower
page 35. this issue. and industrial resources which prevented their production.
~'
UNIT HISTORIES
Many of the histories of the various armies, corps, divisions
and some antiaircraft battalions are available while others are
now being prepared. The JOURNAL now has a fairly com-
plete list of histories written or being written so don't hesitate
to request information from us regarding the one in which
vou are interested.
THE SOLDIER'S SOLDIE
\ \Then General Stilwell died, his loss was mourned you cash in; you have been through the mill, you h
throuohout all ranks and branches of the service because stood the gaff, and you have the satisfaction of aCCtlln
o
of his overwhelming interest in soldiers. plishment that nothing can buy. That is the real rewa
of your service. From now on you can live with yourseJ[
The affection he felt for the fighting doughboy and for
without regrets.
the Combat Infantryman's badge are well illustrated by the
fact that he once told a friend that there was just one medal "But unless I read you wrong, you will not think)
he would like to have and wear but he had never been able work as Americans is all done because the war is over. r
to get it. That medal was the Combat Infantryman's badge the face of aggression, we got together and submerged al
and when General Stilwell said he envied all who wore it, our little differences. In the big issues, everybody can
the tribute was unquestionable. through. You did not hesitate to go forward and pull
buddy out of machine-gun fire at the risk of your 0\\
This badge which he coveted so much was awarded him
neck. And it didn't count that you were maybe a coll
by Secretary of \Var Patterson only a few hours before
graduate and he never got beyond the eighth grade.
his death.
cause you know he'd have done as much for you. Y
Although a professional soldier, qeneral Stilwell under- wouldn't know who were Protestants, Catholics or Jews i
stood the civilian soldier and in his farewell message to the your company, who were union men and who were no
Tenth Army all the humanity and depth of feeling which lInion. It wouldn't have made any difference anyway
characterized this understanding, are brought into sharp
"The war has proved the essential cohesion of America
focus.
If the Germans and the Japs had looked us over carefull~
This message in its entirety is reproduced herewith and had had the brains to-evaluate what they saw, the
through the courtesy of the 111fUll try Journal. would never have been crazy enough to try to pull
down. If we can lick a problem such as this war has bee
"Now that vou are on the wa\' back to the farm, the
shop, the desk,' or the mine, or soo'n will be, listen to a few are we going to let the comparatively minor problems
peace bother us? Vlhy, if we put the same effort on soh'in
words from an old brass hat who has watched the gener-
our domestic problems that we have put on licking tI
ations pass by. You are not recluired to listen any more;
Germans and the Japs, we could make over the Unitl'£
nobody can call you to attention; you are free from red tape,
States of America the way we'd like to have it.
discipline, censorship, and restrictions; the wraps are off
you at last. But give me a chance to speak to you briefly "It is too much to expect tllat we should continue I
with the wraps off me, too. Even brass hats are tied up in same pace when the urge is gone, but 11,000,000
red tape, and sometimes they don't like it any better than servicemen can haye a lot to say about what we will d
you do. I am sure of one thing-you like the way America is head
"My great regret is that I can't expect to go along with or you wouldn't have put up such a fight for it.
your generation very much longer. I have seen how you "Mavbe in the near future your machine gunner \\.~
respond in a crisis, and it is okay. I have heard you cuss make ; million dollars and you will run a filling statio
and gripe, and that's normal and proper. You can take it on What the hell! It may be that you will make the milli,
the nose, and you can dish it out, with interest. You have and the gunner will run the filling station. That's Amene
made the grade, as soldiers, sailors, and marines, and you -everybody on his feet, and nobody on his knees.
can have my shirt any time you need it.
"One more thing before I stop talking. You have left yo
"\Vhen you get home, they will make a fuss over you. outfit and exchanged the bugle for the alarm clock, b
They will be shouting, '\Velcome home, heroes,' 'The vou will never be alone again. There are 11,000,000 mC
thanks of America,' etc. How you will squirm and wish ~ow who belong to the same club you do, who have h
you could get down to Clancy's with the boys! All you can similar experiences. You have, all of you, seen a lot of t
do is sweat it out, make your speech, and be thankful it world and can better appreciate what we've got in t
doesn't last very long. United States of America. Because I have faith in the o~
"The home folks think a lot of you and they will only look and ideals of your generation, I should like to.l!
be trying to show their appreciation. You want your own long enough to see what you do with your opportum~l
people and your own community to feel that you made But though it is a fine day in the morning for you, It
good, anyway. They never doubted that you would; it was oetting late in the afternoon for me.
o "Good luck, soldier, I am proud to have k'nown you. "
only you who had any qualms about it. And here is where
J
Instrumentation For Guided Missiles.
By Colonel Leslie E. Simon, Ordnance Department
The Ordnance Department began its supersonic tunnel which it could make to the Ordnance Department's interest
1939 in response to a suggestion from Professor Theo- in bullets and shell, which have been fired at supersonic
re yon Karman. The first step consisted of thinking and ,'elocities for decades. It is only, recentl)' that aoencies other
1:>
ning, with the assistance of the best minds in the coun- than the Army or Navy have had any great practical interest
. as advisors. Concurrently, work was begun on a free- in supersonic phenomena.
uht range or aerodynamics range in which the motion of Another important function of the free-Right aerody-
model can be measured accurately throughout its Bight namics range should not be overlooked, that is, to supple-
d the accompanying phenomena in the surrounding air ment the wind tunnel in what mav be called the wind
ensured at least approximately. The free-Bight range is tunnel's bli1ld spot, the range of vel~ities near the velocity
eeded in connection with calibration of the supersonic of sound. At velocities slightly less than sonic, the model
nnel and for measurements at velocities near the velocities blocks the Bow in the working section; at velocities slightly
sound where no wind tunnel can function. It required above, the nose waves hit the side of the tunnel, are re-
..-ertwO years to develop the free-Bight range under the Bected, and hit the model along the body or the tail. Thus
. ection of one of Professor von Karman's most promising wind tunnel measurements in this range of velocities, called
ung assistants, Dr. Alexander C. Charters. transonic, cannot reproduce free-Bight conditions. Inci-
111esecond step was the construction of a model tunnel, dentally, it should be remarked that the smaller the ratio of
v twOand one-half inches bv two and one-half inches in model ~ize to tunnel size the more closelv the velocity of
~king section. This tunnel '~as built with the assistance sound may be approached from above or below. '
f the National Defense Research Committee and operated
r over two years on small missiles, such as Caliber .30 and
Electronic measurements currentlv, used consist in 1:>oeneral
liber .50 bullets, in order to obtain the operating tech-
of ordinary radar; radar plotting boards; pulse radar in
iques and the basic design data for the large supersonic
which short streams of pulses are directed towards the mis-
ind tunnel. Finally the construction of the tunnel was be-
sile, sent back by the missile, and the position calculated
un in 1943 and useful work in the wind tunnel began in
c Fall of 1944. from the measured time interval between sending and re-
ceiving the pulse; and radio Doppler in which continuous
It required a staff of approximately 100 people to man the
upcrsonic tunnel on a three-shift basis. The cost was $2,- signals are used and the position, velocity, and acceleration
calculated from the change in frequency caused by the
,000. It worked from the beginning. Its successful func-
tioning from the very opening was due to the excellence of movement of the missile. Electronics is such a rapidly
'cntific guidance available to the Ballistic Research Labo- changing field that one sometimes hears the remark that
tories, which had not only an outstanding scientific staff anything written on the subject is obsolete before the ink
gets dry. Models of missiles also change rapidly, each one
ut had also a civilian scientific advisory committee com-
goes farther or faster. Thus field measurement of guided
fosed of the leaders in the fields of science supporting bal-
missiles is one of the most rapidly changing of technical
istics. This committee has guided the Laboratories since
fields. Over three years of experience by the Ballistic Re-
eir inception both in policy and in problems of major dif-
cult)'. search Laboratories indicates that the expected life of a new
instrument is about three shoots. By the time an instrument
The fundamental purpose of a wind tunnel is to obtain
has been used three times, it is likely that either the Labo-
measurements of the air forces which will be valid for
ratories have devised a more effective method of measure-
issiles in free Bight. Therefore, if it had not already be-
ment or the missile has been so improved that the method is
rne apparent before the construction of the tunnel, it
no longer applicable. The Signal Corps, and especially the
auld certainly become apparent immediately afterwards
Camp Evans Laboratory, have been uns'tinting in their aid
hat it is a prime necessity to have, along with the wind
in the electronic measurements.
nel, some method of measuring the forces on objects in
Furthermore, the instrumentation can be supported only
ree Right in order that wind tunnel techniques may be de-
by research personnel, not by ordinary operators nor even
loped to the extent required to reproduce free-Bight re-
by routine engineers. It is only by having a research staff
Its. Since the Ordnance Department's Ballistic Research
operating instruments in the field, coming back to the labo-
boratories had developed a free-Right aerodynamics' range
ratory to make new instruments, and going back to the field
are the construction of a supersonic wind tunnel, the
to try the new instruments that the pace can be met. Men
ilities were already at hand by which accurate compari-
of vision, energy, foresight and of great native intelligence
could be obtained of wind tunnel data and free-Right
ta. The free-Bight range was built partly in anticipation and originality must be used. Even under these conditions
it takes as much as two and one-half men in the laboratory
the tunnel but primarily because of the contribution
to support one man in the field ..
article which appeared in the January
56 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL March-
,
The support of ballistic measurements at \ Vhite' Sands speed. But to jump now to tunnels with working see
Proving Ground alone is costing over a million dollars a IS' x IS' or more, and costing 100 to 200 million do
year, exclusive of communications or other proving ground each, is something else. 1\loreo\'er, to operate such a tun
costs. on a one-shift basis would cost something like $20,000.
a Year.
Competence in aerodynamic engineering is but a minor
auxiliary to the task at hand, even less important than bal- \Vhile building this tunnel (which goes only to 4.5 times
listics. The instrumentation for the development of guided the velocity of sound) Ordnance foresaw even then thr
missiles involves the following facilities, together with com- need for a tunnel which would go to ten times the velocity
petent staffs: of sound. In the construction of the tunnel building, 0
1. Supersonic wind tunnels twO years ago, it built in the space, connections, and faci
2. Free-Right aerodynamics range ties for a free-Right range or aerodynamics range to go to tw
3. Powerful computing devices times the velocity of sound. This free-Right range is now
4. Facilities for the measurement of the aerodynamic under construction and so is a model tunnel to obtain t~
characteristics of full-scale missiles in free Hight times the velocity of sound. The careful construction of
5. Facilities for the study, development and testing of model (the exercise on a small scale of the scientific meth
warheads of hypothesis, experiment, and test of hypothesis) is the
swiftest way to construct a large tunnel. The Ordnance
It is well known to the technical services, and has been Department has not yet planned a Mach lO wind tunnel
stated in part in the press, that plans are being formulated because too little basic design data is yet available for the
for the construction of a score or more of supersonic wind proper and logical planning of a 1\lach 10 tunnel.
tunnels, at stupendous cost, with single tunnels requiring Concurrent with research one needs continued and lono. /:)
as much as 500,000 horsepower, and with velocities as high term development, supported by the required technical re-
as ten times the velocity of sound. search and the needed facilities. The development should
The Ordnance Department's Ballistic Research Labora- not aim at producing full-Hedged guided missiles, ready [0
tories, and about four supersonic tunnels that are operating production in a year or two, but rather should start Out
or being prepared to operate, employ almost all of the quali- modestly and proceed step by step, beginning with purely
fied personnel that can be squeezed out of the colleges today experimental missiles. Designers should learn by doin
without doing definite harm to the education of future before starting in earnest on the design and construction 0
scientists. Furthermore, the associated personnel on design, full-scale missiles.
instrumentation, computation of data, and interpretation of It should be pointed out that no one has yet guided
results that would accompany the operation of a large supersonic missile in the generally accepted meaning of th
number of supersonic facilities would exceed by several fold term. The German V-2 is the nearest approach to a guid
the number required for the wind tunnels. }-Ience the plans supersonic missile and, since its guidance functioned onl.
are feasible only as extremely long-range plans to be met, during burning, it was guided really only in the sense tha
perhaps, by the students of students now in college. an artillery shell is aimed. The popularly called push-butto
If anything like the present scale of appropriations for warfare is only a remote possibility in the light of the pres-
guided missile development continues, there is no doubt ent state of science.
that additional wind tunnel facilities are urgently needed. The broad public interest in the research and develop-
However, construction of a number of supersonic wind tun. ment of guided missiles assures gratifying support at leaSt
nels is now well advanced. These tunnels will be compara- for the present, but two current dangers must be recog-
ble in size, cost, and power requirements to the Aberdeen nized. Ill-considered plans for huge supersonic tunnels
tunnel. A good case may also be made for the construction excessively high speeds not only present a danger of mone-
for a small number of tunnels of greater size than the tary extravagance, but threaten to dissipate our resources!
Aberdeen tunnel. Its working section, approximately 15" of scientific personnel. They indicate an abdication ~
by 13", cannot handle models much greater than two scientific imagination and a resort to the "brute force
inches in diameter. method of solving engineering problems. \Vorse still, irr
There are difficulties in making accurate models this sponsible and unwise management, responding more t
small. Moreover, the successful operation of the Aberdeen wishful thinking than to scientific guidance, can lead th~
tunnel gives a reasonable expectation that a somewhat country to a state of confusion which can readily result i~
larger tunnel with a working section 4' x 4' could be suc- delaying for years the development of the guided missil~
cessfully operated. Such a tunnel would cost about $20,- about which current enthusiasm and support has becal
000,000, if it attains air speeds up to four times sound aroused.
EACOAST SERVICE :I-
(i~ ~
~.]
:g,.
TEST SECTION
It)'individual, whether or not he is a member of the service, is invited to submit constructive suggestions relating to
blems under stl/dy by the Seacoast Seroice Test Section, Army Ground Forces Board No.1, or to present mlY new
abient that may properly be considered by the Section. Communications should be addressed to tile President, Sea-
t Seroice Test Section, Army Grollnd Forces Board No.1, Fort Baker, California.
lemS pertaining to Antiaircraft Artillery should be sent to the Antiaircraft Test Section, Army Ground Forces Board
0.4, Fort Bliss, Texas.
Any recommendations made or views expressed herein are those of Army Ground Forces Board No. 1 and are not to
construed as representing the opinion of all 'Var Department or Army Ground Forces Agencies.
7511!1I1 HE SI/bcaliber AlIIlIlmlition. The tests on the HE The camera record section is the most important project
round for 75mm subcaliber tubes, discussed in the pre- the test section has yet to solve.
!Cedingissue of the JOURNAL, are nearing completion. Both Willg Bridge Telegraplls for M 1 Mine Plinlters. This
rnlibration and service practices have been conducted and Section has just completed a project testing two types of
~ults have been generally satisfactory. The increased size wing bridge engine order telegraphs. One model was an
f the splash (over the inert projectile) with resultant larger electric bridge telegraph installed on the USAMP May-
!eChoon the radar scope, has improved spotting accuracy. bach. This telegraph was built by Pilot .Marine Company
fA high explosive burst adds realism to a subcaliber practice for the Maybach. The other model was a mechanical tele-
for the personnel participating in th~ firing. graph similar to the telegraph installed in the pilothouse
Offset Method Firing. Study and tests on the offset on the M I mine planter. The additional wing bridge units
ethod of firing with the ANjMPG-I radar are continu- were fabricated and installed on the USAMP Spurgin by
lng. Additional tests of photographing shell splash echoes Chief \\Tarrant Officer (Chief Engineer) John B. May.
n a second remote uB" scope have been made, both during In making this installation Chief \\larrant Officer May
155mm service and subcaliber firing. Currently under revamped the entire telegraph system to reduce the friction
udy is a method of providing remote range and azimuth caused by poor shaft alignment and improper cable leads.
unters for the remote uB" scope in order that the range This telegraph installation works with less drag than the
nd azimuth at instant of splash may be recorded on the original installation which had two less telegraphs in the
me picture . system. This latter telegraph was recommended for instal-
. Tests are being conducted using a I6mm movie camera, lation on all 1\11 mine planters.
ed to ell.-pOseone frame per second; also eight frames Hatch Dog Guards for M 1 Mine Planters. This Section
r second. (Satisfactory results have been obtained using has recommended the installation of hatch dog guards on
35mm Leica still camera except that the required hand all 1\ II mine planters. This modification will prevent the
ration is inconvenient.) bending and breaking of hatch dogs now experienced. Ap-
When the operation of this camera record section has proval of this modification has been given by higher author-
n perfected, it is proposed to use it not only for the offset ity and a work order should be distributed soon which wiII
thod of firing, but for regular target practices as well. authorize the installation of the guards.
..• * • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
,..
.. Coast Artillery Journal ,..
.. ,..
.. Fifty-fifth Y L'arof Publiration ,..
.. COLONEL W. I. BRADY, Editor
,..
.. LT. COL. DONALD MAC GRAn .., Associate Editor
,..
T/Sgt. Fred P. Presnell, Business Manager
,..
.. S~t. Beauford Z. Jones. Cir. ;\Ig-r.
,..
.. S/Sgt. Bernice F. Carr, Bookkeeper
,.. This Issue's Cover
... Pfc. Thos. G. Nuss. Order Dept. Clerk The history of the 200th CA (AA) is also a story of ~
...
.. ,.. secution and suffering. Since it appears in this issue wh'
.. ,.. the cover should show one of the churches where the m
l
and Headquarters Battery, 688th AAA A\\' Battalion Service Associations Convene
(SP), Allentown; Battery D, 688th AAA A\V Battal- Under the sponsorship of the recently fonned Coordi-
ion (SP), Hamburg; Headquarters and Headquarters nating Committee of Military Associations, which is headed
Battery, 689th AAA A\\1 Battalion (SP), Pittsburgh; by Colonel Ludlow King of the Chemical Corps Associa-
Batterv C, 690th AAA AW Battalion (SP), Pottsville; tion, a conference of all civilian controlled military asso-
Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 707th AAA ciations was held in Chicago during the latter part of
Gun Battalion, Philadelphia. January.
Rhode Island-Medical Detachment, 243d AAA A\\1 The purpose of the conference was to give firsthand
Battalion (SM), Providence. information on army requirements from the top level of
Virginia-Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 69Ist \Var Department to the key men of industry and to bring
I
AAA A\\1 Battalion, Portsmouth. both together on a common meeting ground.
f f f Representation at the convention totalled 1500 and
Ground Forces To Train Helicopter Pilots was composed of leading industrialists and members of the
Plans for training of Army Ground Forces personnel to following associations:
'lotand maintain the AGF's new Bell YR-13 Helicopters Chemical Corps Association
f.
re been announced by General Jacob L. Devers, Army
rnund Forces Commander.
Pilot students attend 30-clav classes at the Bell Aircraft
Army Ordnance Association
Air Force Association
Army Signal Association
rporation, Niagara Falls,'- New York, which began Army Transportation Association
1arch 3, with a new class every two weeks through May The Quartermaster Association
2. They must be rated Ground Forces liaison pilots, Society'of American Military Engineers
ready qualified to fly standard light liaison planes. Re- Association of Military Surgeons. of the United States
n'e and National Guard officers on extended active duty Generals Eisenhower, Devers, Lutes, Collins, Aurand,
well as Regular Army officers are eligible for the training . and Paul addressed the conference as did some of the out-
Bell Aircraft Corporation instructors are conducting Heli- .standing, civilian leaders in the field of industry.
pter 1\ lechanics' Schools inaugurated at Fort Bragg The conference was such a marked success that it is
rch 1 and scheduled at Fort Sill April 15 and 1\ lay 15. planned to make it an annual affair.
60 THE COAST ARTILLEHY jOllR1\'AL
The picture above was taken at the annual meeting of traditions, and in awaking community pride in the value
the Honorary First Defenders of Allentown, Pennsylvania. and efficiency of their local Guard Units.
This unique organization's sole object is to render sup- In an effort to influence and interest other communities
port to the City's National Guard Units. Formed in 1938, in this type of organization, the National Guard Bureau
at the suggestion of Brigadier General (then Colonel) invited Mr. B. \Vilson Lyte, Adjutant of the Honora~
Charles C. Curtis, it adopted its name from the motto of the First Defenders, to address the recent conference of all
old 213th C.1\. (AA) "The First Defenders," which was National Guard Public Relations Officers in \\Tashington'j
then commanded by General Curtis. "One of our most practical activities in assisting the re-
i\lembership in the Honorary First Defenders entails no organization of the National Guard," he said, "is our liaison
obligation other than to exhibit interest in the local citizen- committee which is working with industry and employers
soldiery. Its roster includes many former officers and mem-
in an effort to grant National Guard employees a vacatiO~
bers of the local Units, as well as veterans of the Armv,
with pay in addition to their military leave and pay them
Navy, and i\hrine Corps. No active member of the loc;l
the difference between their military pay and regular pa,
National Guard is permitted to be an active member of the
while at camp.
organization. Professional men, businessmen and men from
all walks of life are welded into a working organization that "Of the 33 firms we plan to contact, 18 have already
has no counterpart in the country. agreed to the proposition. This work has been most impo~r
The inRuence of the Honorarv First Defenders is mak- tant in encouraging enlistments."
ing itself felt in assisting the loca'! commanders in securing i\lr. Lyte's address was very well received by the co
a high type of personnel, in aiding Guardsmen in their ferees and it is hoped that similar organizations will be act.
employer relationship, in making the public aware of the vated throughout the country as a result of it.
194/ NEWS ..AND COMMENT 61
.__
..\A _.'
ANTIAIRCRAFT
SECTION,GHQ, FEC, TOKYO,JAPAN,APO 500
GENERALVhLLIAl\l F. l'vlARQUAT,
BRIGADIER Antiaircraft Officer
In line with the \Var Department "controlled career" ments of air, ground, and naval forces, the document is a
policy, recommendations for assignment of 68 CAe second big step toward assuring a coordinated, smoothly operating.
lieutenants, graduated from the United States Military air defense establishment within the Far East Command.
Academy in June 1946, were made to the \Var Department Antiaircraft Artillery Technical Instruction Teams, now
in February. To become effective in June 1947, present undergoing a course of instruction at the AA and Guided
plans contemplate that these new officers will be assigned Missile Branch of the Artillery School, Fort Bliss, Texas,
to a firing battery during their first year and to a different are expected to arrive in the Command beginning in April.
duty for their remaining tour in the Far East Command. Original plans for assignment of the teams have been re-
The following CAC officers have been released by the vised somewhat, in accordance with the new command
Peiping Headquarters Group, Peiping, China, and will be structure. The lack of e:....
perienced officers has been keenly
either returned to the ZI or reassigned within the Far East felt and arrival of the teams will be a welcome event.
Command: Colonel Philip F. Biehl; Colonel Frederick B. Initial plans for the institution of status of equipment
Dodge; Colonel \Villiam F. La Frenz; Lieutenant Colonel reports, for all antiaircraft units and maintenance detach.
Victor L. Glines; Major James L. Butler; First Lieutenant ments under their control, have been completed. These
William F. Millard. reports will include major items only, status of modification
A new Standing Operating Procedure for Air Defense, work orders, and ammunition on hand. Such information.
necessitated by the organization of the Far East Command, coupled with combat effectiveness reports, will provide 3
has been prepared recently by General Headquarters. In- ready record of the over-all efficiency of all antiaircraft
corporating instructions pertaining to all air defense ele- artillery units in the Far East Command.
865nI AAA AUTO\VPNS BATTALION(SP) KOREA, and work was immediately begun to mold individuals into
APO 712 experienced half-track crews. Gunners' instruction, service l
of the piece, maintenance, and aircraft recognition are being
LIEUTENANTCOLONELGEORGEA. BALDRY,COlllmmlaing stressed. Battery hikes ranging from 8-12 miles are being
The 865th is just getting over its "new" feeling and is held weekly.
settling down to routine training. This past period has been Battalion schools organized and operated during the
a fairly difficult one since the organization strength had to period include a communications school designed for bat-
be cut down to meet the new T /0 & E requirements in terv communications sections, and a motor school stressing
addition to the weeding out of inapt individuals under fir;t and second echelon maintenance. A first aid and sanit3~
AR-615-368 and 615-369. tion course is being conducted by the surgeon for the bene-
Approximately one-half of the combat vehicles were re- fit of the medical detachment and two aid men per battery
ceived from the Ordnance Depot after a complete overhaul An officers' school operating one night each week under th
COAST ARTILLERY :\E\\'SLETrERS 65
.
direction of Lieutenant \ \'illiam \ \'. \ \' eaver is conducting In spite of a late start. l\lovics are shown everv nioht in the
(JeneraI re\'iew of the maintenance and operation of the ?aualion area and a variety show is in produ~tion~ \ Ve are
~liber .50 machine gun. lortunate in hm'ing three types of orchestras: The Homesick
Since recreation opportunities are limited in this area. Hawaiians, The KentuckY l\ lountaineers, and The Rhvthm
evcn' effort has been made to promote athletics and enter- Rasca]s. All are vel)' popular both in the battalion a~d in
rain;nent of all kinds. Hunting parties are most popular the Seoul Area.
and go out several times a week-pheasant, duck and dove Area improvement and construction hm'e moved slowlv
I
arc plentiful. Three basketball teams have been organized during the cold \\"eather but by 1 Apri] 1947 we expect ail
and are making a good showing in the XXIV Corps league building to be complete.
\ , I
lies of twenty-one enlisted men and officers arriv~d in Japan
and were happily greeted. This swelled the total for the
group to twenty-four families, all of whom are comfortabl\'
housed in and ~bout the Yokohama area ..
The following officers have reported for dut\, with the
Group and its attached units since submission 'of the last
newsletter: Lieutenant Colonel Arthur L. Fuller. Jr.; lieu-
tenant Colonel Hichard L. [\Iorgan; 1\lajor Gerald R. Un-
t 42D AAA BRIGADE(PS), MANILA, P. 1., APO 707 Headquarters Battery Mess Hall and other installations.
t
The first phase of training of the Brigade consists of a
T. COLONEL LAURANCE H. BROWNLEE, Commanding
three weeks basic refresher course covering subjects recom-
~s st.at~d in the newsletter from th~ 32d AAA ~rigade to mended by a board of inspectors as per instructions from
tch It IS attached the 42d Ai\A BrIgade was actIvated on the Commanding General, Philippine Ground Force Com-
December 1946 with an actual assigned strength of two mand.
erican officers and sixty-six enlisted men of the Philip- One enlisted man was placed on detached service to at-
Scouts. tend meat and dairy inspection courses and two enlisted
Lieutenant Colonel Laurance H. Brownlee, CAC, com- men were placed on detached service with AAATC, San
ds the Brigade, and First Lieutenant \Voodson A. Sad- Marcelino, Zambales, P. 1., to attend Radar School For an
. FA, commands Headquarters Battery with additional indefinite period.
as Brigade S-I. The Brigade is now stationed at Recreation Facilities have been ver\' satisfactorv. There
p Camarilla, Luzon, P. I. have been trips to Corregidor Island sponsored by "the 1 & E
pon its activation, the enlisted personnel were selected Section, Philippine Ground Force Command. j\lovies are
Headquarters Company of the recently inactivated shown every other night and usa shows weekly. The en-
Replacement Depot (PS). at Alabang, Rizal, P. I. listed men's club recently opened and a dance will be held
e battery personnel have been busy constructing a every other Friday evening.
68 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL March-
r\NTlAIRCRAFT SECTION, HEADQUARTERS EIGHrn ARMY, tests slightly modified for the special organization of
YOKOHAMA, JAP-u"'\", APO 343 units will be given on completion of the third phase.
Special tests have been transmitted to the II th Air
COLONEL 1\1. A HATCH, Antiaircraft Offlcer
Division for use with its organic 152d Airborne AAA B.I
The training cycle for Eighth Army troops consists of talion.
three phases. Antiaircraft artillery units are completing the 1\lajor Carl O. Loos, Supply Officer for the Section. ~
first phase which is the training of individuals in basic mili- pleted a six months tour of duty as S-4 of the 138th AN.
tary subjects and in the duties of assigned 1\IOS in antiair- Group during the period of setting that section up as 8'
craft artillery. The antiaircraft section has compiled a series accountable office for all property held by Group units.
of twenty individual and team tests in AAA subjects. These Sergeant William F. Brown, Chief Clerk of the AI»l
tests are to be gi,'en in conjunction with seventeen tests in aircraft Section, was selected as one of the outstandi~
basic subjects on completion of the first phase of training. soldiers from Headquarters Company, Eighth Army. to b
The second phase involving unit training is to be fol- a member of the Honor Guard which accompanied lie1
lowed immediately by the third phase consisting of com- tenant General Robert L. Eichelberger on the occasion J
binecl and joint training. The current Army Ground Force his receipt of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal.
DEPARTURES
Name Desti1UltiOJl
Col. Parmer \V. Edwards T rfd to The Artillery SchJ
Fort Sill, Oklahoma
Col. \Villiam A. Hampton Trfd to Student Detachmer
Armed Forces Staff Coll1
Norfolk, Va.
Capt. James W. Newman T rfd to O/S Repl Depot
1st Lt. Harold B. Anderson Trfd to O/S Repl Depot
1st Lt. Glenn C. Clover T rfd to O/S Repl Depot
1st Lt. Philip \V. Croetzinger Separated from service
T rfd to CAIVIP Det, USAM
The Seacoast Branch, The WOJC Louis M. Sieber
Niles, Presidio of San FrG
cisco,Calif.
Artillery School The following changes occurred during the month I
February 1947:
i\IA]OR GENERAL ROBERT T. FREDERICK, Offlcer In Charge
ARRIVALS
1
1\Iine Det, Sc Br TAS Destillatioll
Name
Capt. James A. Durkin \-Vriter, Academic Section, Hg
& Hg Dt, Sc Br TAS Col. Herbert H. Blackwell T rfd to AGO Casuals, \Va
Capt. Paul A. i\ lorton Student, Diesel 1\lotors Course
ingron, D. C.
No. I, Hq & Hq Det, Sc Br 1st Lt. Harold R. Hill T rfd to O/S Repl Depot
TAS CWO Albert Fejer T rfd to 2d Inf Div, Fort
Capt. Salvatore J. Verga Executi,'e Officer, 1\line Det, \Vashington
Sc Br TAS CWO John S. Peyton T rfd to O/S Repl Depot
COAST AHTILLERY :--JE\\'SLETTEHS 69
In an attempt to find a suitable method for preparing appears to be a very economical method of preserving a
oast Artillery \Veapons for long-term storage. an experi- weapon valued at $160,746. Hesults of the experiment will
nl is being conducted within the Hawaiian Artillery be published upon completion.
~nl11and using the navy's plastic strippable film method of Physical training, in compliance with \VD TC No.7,
e.servation. The strippable film method has been found 1946, is being conducted with the objective of raising the
{isfactorv for mobile artillery or artillery materiel which standard of physical fitness to excellent in all units. In con-
s been ~emoved from its en{placement. 'but its suitability junction with this training, athletics are being emphasized
use on weapons left in place is not definitely known. with an intra-command basketball tournament havino been (:)
\ 6" ~ 11903 A2 battery on barbette carriage 1\II was just completed and a volleyball tournament ha\'ing just
lecled for the experiment. One of the two guns was pre- begun.
red using the plastic film method of preservation. The
apon was cleaned thoroughly, exercised, and examined
r mechanical defects, after which it was prepared using
nelard rust preventatives. Then a canvas cloth hood was
laced over the entire gun and carriage, sprayed with six
COllIS of plastic film, and securely sealed to the concrete
nplaccl11cntwith tar. Three hundred seventy-five (375)
pounds of desiccant and a set of instruments consisting of a
thermometer and hygrometer were placed inside the plastic
JlOodand made visible from the exterior by means of a win-
\\' in the hood.
The other gun was prepared using standard preservative
ethocls and materials as prescribed in T1\'1 4-245, and
nothcr set of instruments were placed within the shield to
cure data for comparison with the strippable film method.
Thc experiment is to be of approximately one year's
uralion, and the approximate cost of the entire project was Experimental strippable film preservative coating on gun at
1600. including labor and materials. If successful, this Battery French, Oahu.
The activation of the 35th Coast Artillerv ~ laintenance aircraft Artillery Command. Batteries "A" and "B." 86]:
Detachment on 20 January 1947 brought io'to existence an Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic \\'eapons Battalion. \\ h-
active seacoast artillery unit, thereby re-establishing the were stationed at Fort Kamehameha while assigned to I
long line of seacoast artillery organizations which have Seacoast Artillerv Command. have been moved to
served on Oahu for a period of over forty-five years. This Ruger. .
new maintenance detachment, although small in numbers. Captain John A \Valder returned to the mainland
must care for all seacoast installations on Oahu. reassignment after a tour of almost eight years in Ha\\
\ \lith the activation of the 35th Coast Artillery 1\lain- Captain \ Valder was the last of those officers to return to
tenance Detachment, the 867th Antiaircraft Artillery Auto- the II nited States who had served with the Hawaiian Sea-
matic \\!eapons Battalion was released from assign~ent to coast Artillery Command throughout the entire period
the Seacoast Artillery Command and returned to the Anti- \\Torld War II.
The training center on 2 December 1946 had an officer Stuckev's familv and Lieutenant Stockdale's famil\'. th
strength of III officers and 5 warrant officers. The Ameri- total n~mber o(families on the post now is nine ..
can enlisted strength was 129 and there were 2800 Philip- The 2000th Station Hospital was opened with the arriva
pine Scouts. The present strength is 127 officers and 8 of 4 Nurses headed by Captain Catharine Sclmeider, ANC
warrant officers. The American enlisted strength is now Basketball, volleyball, football, badminton and ping
107 men and there are 1686 Philippine Scouts. pong games are held during all off-duty hours. The Re
The 2083d AAA f\utomatic 'vVeapons Battalion, the Cross building opened and is having functions each nigh
2084th AAA Gun Battalion, the 2086th AAA Searchlight and Saturday and Sunday afternoons. On New Year's En
Battalion.and the 2085th AAA Operations Detachment left there were dances held in the Red Cross Club. the enlisted
the Center for APO 331 on 6 December 1946. New outfits i\len's Club and the Officers' Club. The recreation ship
have arrived to start their training. They are the 536th QS-3 was replaced by the QS-16 and boat trips will con-
AAA Gun Battalion and a composite battalion consisting of tinue to Corregidor Island as in the past.
Same DestinatiOIl
Lt. CoJ. Fred D. Bendler Artillery School, Ft. Sill, Okla.
Lt. Co!. Lmn C. Chamberlain Sep Det 400 1 AS U this sta
e Antiaircraft Artillery Lt. CoJ. J~mes D. Land Stu Det COAG with sta at Brit-
ish Staff College. Camberly.
England.
d Guided Missiles Branch, Lt. CoJ. William H. Price
l\laj. James J. Kelly
Artillery School, Ft. Sill. Okla.
Artille~' School, Ft. Sill, Okla.
The Artillery School The following changes occurred during the month of
Fort Bliss. Texas February 1947:
ARRIVALS
~IAJOR GENEHAL JOHN L. HOl\1EH, Officer 111 Charge
Nallle Department
changes occurred during the month of Capt. Jack W. Bradley Not yet joined
Capt. \,Vheeler B. Bowen OQ Department
Capt. Ralph E. Young Gunnery
1st Lt. Frederick V. j'vlcV/old S-4
Department
CoJ.Wm. !VI. Branan, Jr. Post Beauti6cation Officer DEPAHTURES
'.I-Iarry DeMetropolis Gunnery
j. Claud W. Stump Duty Unassigned Name Destillatioll
j. Daniel B. Williams Gunnery Co!. Archibald D. Fisken 2558th i\SU Ky ORC Instr
. Lewis J. Adams Not yet joined Gp. Louisville, Ky.
. Edwin A Anderson Gunnery i\laj. Lawrence N. Reiman Artillery School, Ft. Sill, Okla.
l. Russell B. Buchanan Electronics Capt. Richard H. Ham WBGH, El Paso, Texas
l. Edward F. Dugan Headquarters Commandant Capt. William R. I-lilferty WBGH, El Paso, Texas
l. Leonard T. Hansen Director of Instruction Capt. John E. Nuwer RTC, Ft. Ord, California
l. August Koenig Not yet joined Capt. I-Iarry C. Shabanowitz WBGH, El Paso, Texas
l. George H. Marx Research & Analysis Capt. Temple C. Smith 3639th TC T rk Co., Ft. Bliss,
l. Joseph P. McElligott Duty Unassigned Texas.
t. Charles \V. i\lilmore Not yet joined 1st Lt. Archie R. Chase Separated from Service
l. Francis i\ Iurphy S-4 1st Lt. \Villiam V. Clayton O/S Rep!. Depot, Cpo Stone-
l. Alvin Plobsinger Not yet joined man, California
l. Edward J. Rumph Duty Unassigned 1st Lt. Cecil Z. Holt AMC, Washington, D. C.
l. [\nthony J. T ouart Gunnerv 1st Lt. 1. J. Irvin Caribbean Defense Command
Ll. James \V. Chanev Research & Analvsis 1st Lt. Edwin F. Ore WBGH, EI Paso, Texas
Ll. J. J. Irvin, Jr. ' Research & Analysis 2d Lt. Thomas R. Oaks RTC, Ft. Ord, California.
~ ~
~TII A:\'TIAIHCHAFT ARTILLEHY GHOUP, FOHT AMADOH Group Commander at that time was Colonel Marvil G.
t PA:\'Al\IA CANAL DEPAHTl\IENT Armstrong, its present Commander, who is enjoying the
I COLONEL l\IAHvIL G. ARl\ISTHONG, C01l/11I1l11£1ing unique experience of having commanded the Group in two
distinct instances and in two dissimilar locations.
of 15 January 1947, the AAA Group, Panama Canal In line with Department plans for the 1947 period, joint
rtment was redesignated the 65th 1\1\A Group but exercises between antiaircraft artillery units and fighter
'ned its station, personnel and missions. The new des- planes from the 6th Fighter \Ving are being held periodi-
lion is worthv of note because the 65tb CA (AA) callv, in which attacks on canal installations are simulated.
iment was for~ed here in Panama some years. ago, de- J~int parades are being held monthly, the first took place
ted about 1932, reactivated at Fort Scott, California. on 15 February in which all service and tactical troops par-
938, and served in the Los Angeles Area from 1941 until ticipated in a colorful ceremony. At the Pacific Sector
'vated as a regiment in 1943. Then separate battal- parade at Fort Clayton, Canal Zone, in which the 65th
Were formed at Fort Ord, California. The Regimental Ar\A Group and 903d AAA (A \V) Battalion participated,
quarters became the 65th AAA Group, served in the Brigadier General F. M. Hardaway, Sector Commander,
ians and was deactivated in Februarv 1944. The presented decorations.
COAST ARTILLERY ORDER
\X'D and AGF Special Orders covering the period 31 December 1946
through 28 February 1947. Promotions and Demotions are not included.
AAF
600 dramatic photos, 25
full-color drawings, and a
complete catalogue of mili-
tary planes.
Price $10. (All royalties go to
the AAF Aid Societyi
SEND YOUR ORDERS TO
BOOK DEPARTMENT
COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
e next time rou order periodicals for the club, dar room, or yourself, get a quotation from
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THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
631 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. The Big Picture
Brereton Diaries ................•....•...... 4.00
Washington 4, D. C. Cloak and Dogger (MacBoin and Ford) ...•... 2.50
Doctors at War (Fishbein) ................•.• 5.00
Please send the following books: Fighting Divisions (Kahn & Mclemore) . 2.50
Global Worlore (Mowrer & Rojchmonl ....•... 1.00
Industry-Ordnance Team (Campbell) . 5.00
Iron Out 01 Calvary (Hall) . 4.00
The lost War (Kota) . 2.75
The Mightiest Army (Detzer) . .35
New Ways of War (Wintringhom) . .25
Nurses in Action (Flikke) . 2.50
Paper Bullets (Morgalin\ . 2.50
1939 to 1943-Report on the Army
(Gen. Marshall)
Cloth edition . 1.50
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Paper edition . 1.00
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Mop supplement . 1.25
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1
Secret Missions (Zacharias)
Secret Session Speeches of Winston Churchill
Selected Speeches and Statements of General
.
. 3.75
2.00
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(2-4.)
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Target Germany (VIII Bomber Command)
Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (lawson) ....•....
. 3.75
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War in the Air. 1939.41 (Bolnell) . 3.50
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On To Westward (Sherrod) 3.00
Burma Surgeon (Seagrave) East and West of Suez (Badeau) .
A Ribbon and A Star (Monks & Falter) ......•. 2.75
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Introduction to India (Moraes and Stimson) '"
Retreat With Stilwell (Belden) ...........•.... 3.00 Korea looks Ahead (Grajdanzev) .•..........
Fighters) ...............•................• 25
Merri1l"s Marauders (Official) . .40 The Making of Modern China (lattimore)
Uncommon Valor (Six Marine Combat
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Wrath in Burma (Eldridge) . 3.00 *Fighting Forces edition .
Pacinc Island. in War and Peace (Keeling) .
Navy in Action Solution in Asia (lattimore) . 2.
European Theater *America's Navy in World War II ...........• 25 Wartime China (Stewart) .
Armies an Wheels (Marshall) ...............•. 2.50 Bailie Report-Pearl Harbor to the Coral Sea
Bastagne, The First Eight Days (Marshall) . 3.00 (Karig & Kelly) 3.50 British Empire
Blitzkrieg, Armies an Wheels (Marshall)
Blitzkrieg, Its History (Marshall)
.
. 2.00
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British Navy's Air Arm (Ruller) ..............•
3.75
25
A Raving Commission
East of Malto-West
(Churchill)
of Suez (Bartimeus)
.•......•...
. 2.
1:1
Brave Men (Pyle) . 3.00 Carrier War (Jensen) ......................• 2.50 Empire in the Changing World (Hancock) .
Dress Rehearsal (Reynolds) . 2.00 . The Navy's Air War (Ed. by Buchanan) 3.50 The English People (Brogan) ...•............ 3.
Eisenhower's Report (6 June 44-8 May 4S) . 1.00 The Navy's War (Prall) 2.75 Introducing Australia (Grattan) ....•......... 3.
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48 Million Tons to Eisenhower (leigh) . 2.0Q Robinson Crusoe, USN (Clark) 2.75 New Zealand (Nash) .
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InvaSion on the Snow (london. Davies) ......•.. 2.50
Modern Bailie (Thompson) . •25 War Fiction
The Monastery (Majdalany) . 2.00
Europe
My Three Years With Eisenhower (Butcher) . 5.00 Adventures of Wesley Jackson (Saroyan) 2.75 Balkan Background (Newman) .
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Saint lo (G.P.O.) . 1.25 Spearhead (Abzug) 2.50 The Netherlands (Edited by Bartholomew
Salerno (Official) . .55 Ward 20 (Bellah) 2.00 landheer) ...........................•...
The last Phase (Millis) . 2.50 We Cannat Escape History (Whitaker)
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Don't Blame the Generals
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Marsmen In Burma (Randolph) 6.50
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347th Inlantry Pictorial Review 4.00
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Capture of Allu, By Men Who Fought There
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General Wainwright"s Story (Wainwright & One World
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Considine) .............................•. 3.00 Balance of Tomorrow (Strausz-Hupe) .•........ 3.50 *Fighting forces edilian 1
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Guadalcanal Diary (Trego skis) Freedom, Its Meaning (Anshen) .............• 4.00
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Guide to the Soviet Union (Mandell 5.1
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Through the Russian Back Door (louder back) .. ,
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Marines in Action Under Cover (Carlson) 1.49 latin America in Maps ...............•....• 1
And A few Marines (Thomason) . 3.00 U. S. Foreign Policy (Lippmann) .••.......... : .25 look at America ...................•........ 12
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THE ARMY
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The Mightiest Army Nature of Modern Warfare (Fall.) 1.25 20.15, Tents and Tenl Pitching 20
Report .•.......•.......•..••...... .25 On War (C1au.ewitz) 1.95 21-22, Wotermanship 15
/llff'ed Force •.........•.•.•..•.•.•.•.. •35 Principles of War (Clau.ewitz) 1.50
poem (Lanhaml .......•.••........... 1.00 Reveries on the Art of War tOe Saxe) 1.50 Infantry
01 We.t Point (Dupuy) .. .25 Roots of Strategy (Phillips) •••....•.......... 3.00
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2.50 Essentials of Infantry Training
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Cloth edition 2.00
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U.e of Air Power (Blunt) 2.00
7-25, Hq. Co., Intel., & Sig. Comm ...........• 15
Flyer (Arnold & Eaker) .. 2.50 War and Notional Policy (A syllabus) ..•..... 1.00
Heavy Weapons Manual 2.50
Health (Kafka) . 2.00
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MILITARY TRAINING Infantry in Bailie 3.00
72-20: Jungle Warfare ..•...•...............• 25
General
ALLBUT ME AND THEE 21-26, Advanced Mop and Aerial Photo Reading .25
Military Ski Manual (Harper)
3-375, Portable Flame Throwers Ml and M1Al
, 2.00
.20
Y Brig. Gen. Elliot D. Cooke 21.510, Army Arithmetic 20 Scouting and Patrolling 25
Army Officers Notebook (Morgan) ..•.......• 1.00 21.75, Scouting, Patrolling and Sniping .......• 30
Here, reduced to terms the layman can un- Cadence Sy.tem of Clo.e Order Drill (Lentz) ..• 75 9-1535, Sights, M4 and M3 (For 60mm. and Blmm.
.rstand, Is the story of the problems pre- 27-250, Co.e. on Military Government .....•.• 20 Mortar Materiel.) Sights M2A3, M2A 1, M2
.. nted by psychoneurosis In the Army. Combat Communications (Allen) .............• 35 (B1mm. Mortar) ..........................• 10
$2.75. Combat First Aid .....••....................• 25 11.431, Target Range Communication Systems .10
Combat Intelligence (Schwien) 2.00
Combined FSR and SOFM (from 100.5, 100-10, Air Forces
and 100-15) 1.50
e to A.A.F. Roger Wilco: ABC of Radia for Flyers 2.50
100-20, Command and Employment 01 Air Power .20
Cloth edition 2.50 5-240, Aerial Photography .....•............• 30
Control of Yenereal Disease (Yanderlehr and
Paper edition ......•.........•..•....• 25 Aircraft Mathematics (Walling and Hill) ••.••• 1.75
Hellerl 2.75
Our Army Grew Wing. (Chandler & Lahm) 3.75 Aircraft Navigation (Sewort, Nichols, Walling,
21-30, Conventional Signs, Symbols, and
000 Flyers (Wiener) 2.75 Hill) .....................•.............. 2.00
Abbreviations (Militaryl ..............•..•• 25
ed Mars (Cuneo) 2.50 Aircraft Recognition (Saville.Sneoth) .....•.•..• 25
21-40, Defense Against Chemical Attack ......• 35
ed Warfare (Arnold and Eaker) 3.00 Air Navigation (lim) 3.00
Defense Against Chemical Warfare (Restricted) ..• 25
Drill and Evolution. of the Bond (Reynolds) 1.50 Attitude (Lederer) .......................•..• 25
Ground Forces Ba.ic Moth for Aviation (Ayres) 3.25
Driver Training (McCloskey) 25
y Ground Forces (What You Should Know Bombardment Aviation (Ayling) 2.50
21-25, Elementary Mop and Aerial Photo Reading .20
About) (Greene) 2.50 Cele.tial Navigation (A.W.T.I.) 1.00
21-11: First Aid for Soldiers 15
• in the Paratroops Now (Rathmorel 2.75 Code. and Ciphers (Morgan) 60
Front.Line Intelligence (Chandler and Robb) 2.50
on Wheel. (Kutz) 2.00 Combat Aviation (Ayling) 2.50
Gas Warfare (Waitt)
Jumped to Fight (Roll) 2.50 Electrical Principles (Stone) 1.25
Cloth edition 2.75
*Fighting Force. edition ................• 25 Electrical Shop (Stone) ......................• 40
Service Forces Elements 01 Aeronautics (Pope & Ellis) .•..•.. 3.75
~5, The Army Chaplain ..................• 20 Engine Principles (Etchi.on) ...........•...•.. 1.75
01 Corp. (What You Should Know About) Flight Crew Training Program {A.W.T.1.1 .•..• 25
(Oavi. & Fassett) 2.50 Flight Principles (Crites) 60
ime Medicine (What You Should Know THE MONASTERY Hydraulic Principle. (Ekhi.onl 1.00
About) (Darnall & Cooper) ........•...... 2.50 In.tructor's Manual (Morgan I 25
By Frederick Maida/any Jordonofl's IIlu.trated Aviation Dictionary 3.50
THE NAVY The Infantryman's view of the taking of loading and Cruising (Fordl 1.00
f1can Sea Power Since 1775 Cassino. $2.00. 1-900, Mathematic. for Air Crew Trainees .....• 25
lEd. by Allan We.cott) 5.00 Mechanical Principles (Crite.) 60
apali. Today (Banning) 2.75 Mechanics Handbook (A.W.T.I.) 60
k 01 the Navy (Roberh & Brentano) 3.00 Navigation Principle. IBlackburn) 1.75
mand at Sea (Cope) 2.75 Guerrilla Warfare (Levy) 25 Northern Routes (A.W.T.I.) 25
val Officers Guide (Forster & Cady) ....•.. 3.50 How to Abandon Ship IBanigon) Of Instruments and Things (Straith) ..........• 25
val Re.erve Guide (Forster & Cady) 2.50 Cloth edition 1.00 Pilot'. T.M. (Spea.) 1.50
vy Has Wings (Pratt) 2.75 *Fighting Force. edition ................• 25 Radio Operating (Stonel 60
et Missions (lacharia.) 3.75 Identification (In.ignia of all Armies) 2.50 Radio Principle. IStone) 1.00
ard a New Order of Sea Power (Sprout)) 3.75 21-15, Individual Clothing and Equipment ....• 20 Refueling the Airplane (Thomas) ..........••.• 25
New I. D. R.o 1946 Stock Clerk's Manual (Brock) .•..••.••••••••• 1.00
THE MARINE CORPS Cloth edition 1.25
ide book for Marine. (Official) 1.00 Paper edilion \ 1.00
a<y of the U.S.M.C. (Metcalf) 5.50 Insignia of the Service. (Brown) ............•. 1.50
Morine Corp. in World War II 26-5, Interior Guard Duty ...................• 10 ATLAS OF WORLD AFFAIRS
(leatherneck) 4.50 Keep 'Em Rolling (McCloskey) ...............• 50
Kill or Get Killed (Applegate) 2.50 By Clifford MacFadden, Henry
ILITARY THOUGHT AND STRATEGY Mop and Aerial Photo Reading Complete 1.50 Madison Kendall and George
Power and Total War (Caldwell) 2.50 Mop Reading for the Soldier (Goodfriend) .•.. 1.00
phibious Warfare and Combined Operation. Medical Soldiers Handbook 1.00 F. Deasy
(Keyes) .......................•.......... 1.50 27 -5, Military Government 15
An up-to-the-minute study of world offain
•• and Policy (Nickerson) 3.50 Military Medical Manual 4.50
in maps and pictographs, covering the eco-
Illy of the Future (de Gaulle) .........•...... 2.00 Military and Naval Recognition Book (Bunkley) 2.50
nomic, military, and political potentialities
of War (Sun.Tzu) 1.50 Military Preventive Medicine (Durham) 3.25
of every country In the world. Two of the
• Grand Strategy (Compiled by Farago) 3.50 21-10, Military Sanitation and First Aid .40
authon served with the Army Map Service
en.e (Yon Leeb) 1.50 21-5, Military Training 15
during the war. fpaperl 2.75.
het and Aerial Warfare (Sigaudl ....••... 1.75 Officers Guide _ 2.50
ework of Battle (Burr) 3.00 Officers Manual (Moss) 2.50
ederick the Great (Phillip.) 1.50 100-5, Operations ......................•....• 50
damentals of Naval Warfare (Levert) 5.00 1-705, Physical Fitness for Flying ..............• 25
Toke 'er Up Alone, Mi.ler (Tibbits) 2.50
re of Infantry (Hart) 1.00 35-20, Physical Training .....................• 50
U.e of Numbers (Morgan) ..................• 60
.eral. and Generalship (Wavell) 1.00 21.20, Physical Training .....................• 30
Weather Principle. (Kraght) 1.00
. e to Naval Strategy (Brodie) ..•.........• 2.75 Pigtoon Record Book ........................• 50
Cl of War (Herring) 2.50 Preventive Maintenance 1.00
ing Operations (Yagh) 5.00 Quartermaster Emergency Handbook 1.00 Armored Forces
Living Thought. of C1au.ewitz Rial Conlrol tWood) 2.00 17-5, Armored Force Drill 15
-Fighting Force. edition ................• 25 Secret and Urgent (Prall) 1.00 17.27, Armored Blmm. Mortar Squad and Plot .. 20
thur on Wor (MacArthur) 3.00 Sergeant Terry Bull 25 17-42, Armored Infantry Battalion 25
e" of Modern Strategy (Earle) 3.75 21-35, Sketching 20 17-40, Armored Infantry Company ..........••• 30
Wer in War (Willoughby) ..........•.. 3.00 101-5, SOFM Stall and Combat Orders .......• 25 Armored Warfare (Lectures on FSR III) (Fuller) .. 1.50
ry Stoll, Ih History and Development Spies and Soboteurs (What the Citizen Should 2-7, Cavalry Drill Regulation., Mechanized ..•.. 15
'tt/e) 2.50 Know About) Irwin & John.on) .........•.. 2.50 2-20, Cavalry Recon. Troop, Mechanized .25
78 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURl\'AL -"larch-
2-15, Employment of Covolry ................• 30 5-295, Water Supply and Water Purification •••.• 55 14-509: Army Pay Tables ..
17.50, logistics ..•.........••.......•....•..• 20 $-297, Well- Drilling 35 Army Personnel System (Official) .
Machine Warfare (FullerJ Army Writer (Klein) .
Cloth edition 2.50 Psychology and leadership Articles of War (Tillotson) ..
*Fighting Forees edition .....•..........• 25
Modern Reconnaissance (Cavalry Journal) ..•.. 1.50 All But Me and Thee (Cooke) 2.75 ~~t~e~n~u~:;ie; . : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : :: :: : : :: : : .. :
9-1250, Ord. Maint., 37mm. Gun Materiel Educotional Psychology IPintner, Ryan, West, 12-253: Correspondence (with supp.) .•.... :::
(Tank) M5 and M6 10 Crow, Smith) ,75 Caurt.Martial Practical Guide (McCarthy) .
2.30, Recon. Squadron, Mechanized ........•.• 20 Fear in Bottle (Dollard) 25 14-502, Enlisted Men' s Pay and Allowances ..
18.20. Tact. Employment of T.D. Plat. Self-Prop .• 15 leadership for Americon Army leaders (Munson) .25 12-235: Enlisted Pers, Discharge and Releas.
IB.5, Tact. Employ. Tank Destroyer Unit ....... 25 Management and Morale (Roethlisberger) ..... 2.50 from Active Duty .....•.....•............
?eace of Mind (liebman) _. _ _ . _ .. 2.50 12-23B,Enlisted Personnel Retirement .
Psychiatry In War (Mira) 2.75 Fourth Horseman (Doherty) ::::
Psychology for the Armed Services (Edited by General and Special Stalls (Official) .
Boring) 4,00 Handbook to A.R. (5czudlo) ..
FRONT-LINE INTELLIGENCE Psychology for the Fighting Man Index to A.R. (Official) .
By Chandler and Robb Cloth edition 1.50 lawful Action of State Mil. Forces (Holland I
Paper ed,tion ...•.....................• 25 Cloth edition .
The complete ond compendious handbook Psychology lor ,he Returning Serviceman ,25 Paper edition .
on the collection, evaluation, disseminoliof\ Psychology and the Soldier (Copeland) 2.00 Manual for Courts-Mortial .
of combat intelligence. $2.50. The Second Forty Years (Stieglitz) 2.95 Military Correspondence, A Checklist _ .
Military Justice for the Field Soldier (Wiener)
Weapons and Weapon Training Occupation of Enemy Territory (Public
Opinion Quarterly) .
lB.2~, TD Pioneer Platoon 15 Ammunition (Johnson & Haven) 5.00 14-501, Officers Pay and Allow""c _
lB.22, TD Recan. Platoon 15 9.1900, Ammunition, General 25 Orders (Official) .
Tank Fighter Team (Gerard) ................• 25 Armament and History (Fuller) 2.50 Practicol Manual of Martial low (Wiener) .
Tanks (lcks) 4.75 23.35, Auto. Pistol Cal. .45 M1911 and M1911AI .35 12-236, Preparation of Separation Forms . _ .
Automatic Weapons of the World 7,50 14.1010, Property Auditing Procedures .
Artillery 23-25, Bayonet .......................•.....• 10 27 -10, Rules of lond Warfare .
Book of the Springfield IRossman) 4.00 12-230, Service Record ..
9.15BO, Battery Commanders Telescope M 1917
23-55, Browning M.G. Cal. 30 ................• 50 The Soldier and His Family ..
AI 10
9.226, ~rowning M.G. Caliber .50 M2, Soldier and the law (McComsey & Edwards) ..
Drills and Ceremonies of F.A. (Official) 1.00
Watereooled and mounts ,15 S.O.P. for A Regimental Adjutant .
4-119, Examlnalian for Gunners ,10
23-65, Browning M.G. Cal. S0, Hb, M2 ......• 25 So Yau're Going Overseas (Barker) .
Field Artillery Basic (Official) 5.00
For Permanent Victory' (Johnson & Haven) 2.50 14.503, Travel Allowances ond W.D. Personnel
6-5, FAFM, Org. and Drill 15
Fred Ness's Book of the .22 ". 4.00 27-25), Treaties Governing lond Worfore
6-56, FAFM Servo of Piece 75mm. Gun M2A3 ..• 15
Gun Core and Repair (Chapel) 3,75
6-220, F.A. Fire Conlrol Instruments ..........• 15
How to Shoot the U. S. Army Rifle ..........• 25
6.605, F.A. Individual and Unit Training MILITARY HISTORY
Machine Gunner's Handbook (Coates) ........• 50
Standards ...............................• 20
6.225, F.A. Trainer ,10 War Through the Ages
6.135, Forward Observation ,1 5 Alexander of Macedon (lamb) .
Hard Pounding (Court) 2.50 Filteen Decisive Bottles (Creasey) .
20.230, log. Trig. and Math Tables for Arty .. ,25 Genghis Khan (lamb) .
44.225, Orientation for Artillery ,40 MR. ADAM Indian-Fighting Army (Downey) .
6-110, Pack Artillery 30
v-1570, Plotting Boards for C.A 20
By Pat Frank Masters of Mobile Warfare (Colby) .
- Military Institutions of the Romans (Vegetius)
9.1569, Plotting Boards for F.A ,10 Sotire an the astounding potentialities of Modern War (What the Citizen Should Know
4.245, Pres. and Care of Seacoast Defense the Atomic Age. $2,50. About) (Pratt) .
Materiel .................................• 10 175 Battles (Shaw & Vestal) _ , .
Seacoast Artillery 3.00 Short History of the Army and Navy (Pratt) .
6.91, Servo of Piece, B" Howitzer, MI 15 Worfare (Spaulding. Wright, Nickerson) .
6-70, Servo of Piece: 75mm. Howitzer, Horse and War Through the Ages (Montross) .
Truck-Drawn ..........................•... 10 Mauser Pistols (Smith) 5.00 World Military History, Outline of (Mitchell)
6-60, Servo of Piece, 75mm. Gun, M1916 Horse 9-2900, Military Explosives 20
and Truck Drown 15 Military Small Arms (Smith) 5.00
6-90, Service of 155mm. Gun M 1 15 Military and Sporting Rifle Shooting ICrossman) 4.50 Early American Wars
6.B5, Servo of Piece, 155mm. Gun, Ml91B .15 NRA Book of Small Arms {Smith} 10.00 America in Arms (Palmeri .
6.80, Servo of PIece, 155mm. Howitzer, 9.10, Ordnance Field Maintenance ............• 30 History of the U. S. Army (Ganoe) .
M-191BAI, truck-drown 10 Ordnance Field Guide, Vol. I (Restricted) 2.50 I Fought With Custer (Hunt) .
6-20, Tactical Employment of F.A 30 Ordnance Field Guide, Vol. II (Restricted) 2.50 Patriot Battles (Azoy) .........•••••.•..•..•••
6-100, T & T of Div. Arty and Higher Arty Ech .• 15 Ordnance Field Guide, Vol. III (Restricted) 2.50 The Perilous Fight fSwanson) .......•........
9-5, Ordnance Field Manual 15 Soldiers in the Philippines (Sexton) .....•....
9-1215, Ord. Maint: Thompson Submachine Gun, Story of the little Big Horn (Graham) .
Engineers CaL 45, MI92BAI 10 They Were Not Afraid to Die (Azoy) .
5-10, Eng,- FM Construction ond Routes of Rifles and Machine Guns of the Warld's Armies U. S. Army in Wor and Peace (Spaulding) .
Communication 75 (Johnson) War of lB12 (Adams) _ .
5-25, Eng'- FM Explosives and Demolitions ....• 30 Cloth edition 5.00
5-15, Engr. FM Field Fortifications ............• 35 *Fighting Forees edition 25
5-6, Engr. FM Oper. of Engr. Field Units ......• 20 9-1990, Small Arms Ammunition 15
5-35, Engr. FM Reference Data 25 Story of Weapons and Tactics (Wintringham) . 2.25
5-5, Eng'- FM Troops and Operations .45 23-40, Thompson Submachine Gun, Cal. 45 BRERETON DIARIES
21.105, Engr. Soldiers Handbook _ 20 M 1928A 1 15
Engineer Training Notebook (Official) ........• 50 23-10, U. S_ Rifle Caliber 30. M1903 25 By Lt. Gen. Lewis H. Brereton
5-315, Fire Protection by Troop Org_ in TIO 30 23-6, U. S. Rifle Caliber 30, M1917 45
5-296, Ground Water Supply for Mil. Ope'- 15 Walther Pistols (Smith) 2.00 A top-ranking air (ammander writes of hr.
5-271, light Stream-Crossing Equipage 20 Weapons for the Future (Johnson & Haven) 25 experiences in global warfare. $4.00,
B-220, Medical Dept. Soldiers Handbook .. _...• 75
5-475, Military Diving 15
5-350, Military Pipeline System ...•........... 40
MILITARY ADMINISTRATION
5-310, Military Protective Constr. Against Air 12-250, Administration 50
Attock _ 20 100-10, Administration .. _ 20
Civil War
5-275, Pneumatic Pontoon Bridge M3 15 Administration of the Army (Official) .........• 10 Abraham lincoln and the Filth Column (Milton)
5-274, Portable Steel Highway Bridges H-IO 12-220, Administration, The Division and Cloth edition _ 3_n
and H.20 _ 15 larger Installations 20 Fighting Farees edition 2'
5-272, Steel Treadway Bridge Equipage M2 ....• 15 12-255: Administration Procedure _ .30
5-236, Surveying Tables __ . _ .40 14-904, Accounting for last, Damaged, and Canflic~,r:,t:~~tion 3'~
5-230, Topographic Drafting 1.00 Stolen Property .. _ ... _ ...................• 30 *Fighting Forees edition _ .. 2
B-2B5: Treatment of Casualties from Chemical 14-210, Accounting for Public Funds _' . .45 Experiment In Rebellion (Dowdey) _ .. _ 4.
Agents _.. _.. _..............• 15 12-252, The Army Clerk __ .40 lee's lieutenants (Freeman) 3 volumes, each .. 5.
5-273, 25-ton Pontoon Bridge Model 1940 30 Army Food and Messing 3.00 letters From lee's Army (Blackford) ._ 3.
BOOKS A~D ~lA:"UALS 79
the President (Randall). 2 vals 7.50 First Year College Chemistry (Lewis) ........• 1.00 SPORTS AND RECREATION
rs of a Volunteer (Beatty) ............• 3.50 Fint Year College Physics 75
Fishes and Shells 01 the Pacific World Baseball (Jessee) 1.25
o Ie in Washington (Leech) 3.75
(Nichols and Bartsch) Bosketball (Murphy) 1.25
t"",11 Jackson (Henderson) 5.00
Cloth edition 2.50 Big Game Hunting (Whelen) Boxed Set .......• B.OO
.'Oy in the Civil War (Deaderick) 2.50
*Fighting Farces edition ................• 25 Vol. I-In Alrica & Asia 4.00
e<J With Fire (Howe) 3.00
General Forestry (Stockton) ..........•...... 1.00 Vol. II-In America .......•............ 4.00
teer's Adventures (DeForest) 3.00
Handbook of Elementary Physics (lindsay) 2.40 Boxing (Haislet) 1.25
Years With Jeb Slewort (Blackford) 3.00
Fishing Guide (Voigt) 1.00
how to Live in the Tropics (Hunt) 2.00
Fishing: Lake and Stream (Schrenkeisen) ...•.. 2.00
World War I How to Use Your Eres at Night ..............• 10
Insects 01 the Pacific World (Curran) Football Rule. (Official) 30
"icons vs. Germans (By American Soldiers) .25 Cloth edition 3.75 Fresh Water Fishing (Shoemaker) .•........... 3.00
"ng Tanks 1916-32 (Jones, Rarey, Icks) ... 2.50 *Fighting Forces edition ................• 25 Golf Alter Forty (Hallstrom) .....•..•......... 2.00
Mammals 01 the Pacific World .....•.•...... 3.00 How to Hunt American Game (Xale) ........• 4.00
8-280 Military, Roentgenology ......•......... 2.00 How to Play Golf (Snead) 2.00
Native Peoples 01 the Pacific World (Keesing) 21-221: Informal Games for Soldiers 15
lillie Red Book of Baseball 75
LEE'S LIEUTENANTS Cloth ed,t,on ......................•.• 3.00
North American Game Fishes (laMonte) 3.00
*Fighting Forces edition ...........•.•... 25
By Douglas S. Freeman Navigation (Kingsland & Seager) •••.••..•••• 1.00 OffiCial Baseball GUide ......................•
Official Basketball Guide ........•.............
SO
50
Navigallon for Mariners and Aviators (Polowe) 5.00
The definitive three-volume study of Lee', OffiCIal Bawling Guide 50
Organic Chemistry (Degering) .........•..... 1.25
Army and his officers in the Civil War. Official Boxing Guide .....................•.. 50
Pacific Ocean Handbook (Mears) ...........•. 1.00
$5.00 per volume. Official Tennis Guide (1946) ..................• .50
The Pacific World (Osborn)
Official Track and Field Guide (Wilson I .50
Cloth edition 3.50
Official Volley Ball Guide (Fisher) .•..........• 50
*Fighting Forces edition 50
Oswald Jacoby on Poker 1.50
11-409, Photographic Laboratories ............• 10
oal Soldiers 01 the First World War (DeWeerd) .25 Scarne On Dice (Revised) 4.00
Plant lile 01 the Pacific World (Merrill)
o last Battalion (Johnson and Pratt) ........• 25 Soltball INoren) 1.25
Cloih edition 3.50
t on Demobilization (Mock & Thurber) .. 3.00 28-325, Soldier Handicralts ..................• 45
*Fighting Forces edition ................• 25
h Pershing in Mexico (Toulmin) 2.00 21-220: Sports and Games 25
Primer 01 Celestial Navigation (Favill) .......• 2.00
Sports as Taught and Played at West Point
*Reptiles 01 the Pal:ific World (Loveridge) .....• 25
BIOGRAPHIES Rockets (Ley) 3.50
(Baumer) 2.00
Touch Football (Grombach) ................•• 1.25
Rockets and Jets (Zim) , 3.00
American Doctor's Odyssey (Heiser) 3.50 Volley Ball (Laveaga) 1.25
Science at War (Gray) 3.00
001 Soldiers of the Second World War Survival . Why You lase at Bridge (SimonI 2.00
(DeWeerd) 3.75 Wrestling (Gallagher) 1.25
Cloth edition 1.50
J. Pershing-My Friend and Classmote You Must Be Fit
Fighting Forces edition ................• 25
IAndrews) 2.00 Cloth edition ..................•.....• 1.00
Thermodynamics (Winston) 1.50
me Curie (Eve Curie) 1.00 Paper edition ...•........•.........••• 50
Treasury of Science (Edited by H. Shapley) 3.95
Nair, [ducatar of an Army (Kahn) 2.00
ier of Democracy, Eisenhower (Davis) 3.50 ANTHOLOGIES, READERS AND HUMOR
Army life (Kahn)
AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVICS Cloth edition 1.75
orican Constitutional History (Eriksson) 4.25
WALTHER PISTOLS Fighting Forces edition ...............•• 25
* As You Were (Woallcott) 1.00
Conquest 01 the Missouri (Hanson) 3.50 By W. H. B. Smith At Ease (Leopold) 1.75
s 01 America (Waldron) 1.00
era! American Government ..............• 75 Best From Yon k 1. 9 8
Picture., drawings and text on the opera-
.Iary as the Story of liberty (Croce) 3.75 The Best 01 Don Marquis 3.00
tion, stripping, and ammunition for every
lory 01 lot in America (Wilgus) 1.25 Book of War letters IMaule) 2.00
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lIary 01 the U. S. Since 1B6S 75 c/o Postmaster (51. George) 1.00
"ory 01 the U. S. to 1B6S 75 Cartoons lor Fighters (Brandl) ..............• 25
I at lot in America (Raushenbush) .......•• 25 Cartoon. by George Price .................•..• 25
exico: Making of a Notion (Herring) 25 Century's Poetry, Volume I ..................• 25
American Neighbors 3.00 1-230, Weather Manual lor Pilots 40 Century's Poetry, Volume II ..............•...• 25
101 History of the U. S. (Cammager and What to Do Aboard a Transport (Group 01 Complete Murder Sampler (Nelson) .•......... 2.50
Scientists) Desert Island Decomeron (Smith) 2.50
Ntvin) .......................•....•.....•• 25
t History 01 American Democracy (Hicks) " 5.50 Cloth edition 1.50 Drawn and Quartered (Adams) 25
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of Presidential Power (Milton) 3.00 Cloth edition 2.00
LANGUAGE BOOKS *Fighting Forces edition ................• 25
GI Sketchbook (GI Art) .....................• 25
History-General Army Talk (Colby) 2.00
Blitz French (Nicotl .........................• 75 G.I.'ve Been Around 1.50
ient History (Hyma) ,75 Blitz German (Brandt) ......................• 75 The Hard-boiled Omnibus (Shawl 3.00
;..nt, Medieval and Modern History (Rickard Civil and Military German (Peffer) 2.50 I Never lelt Home (Hope) 1.00
& Hyma) 1.00 Current Spanish (Martinez) 1.00 Inlantry Journal Reader (Edited by Col. Greene) 3.00
ory 01 England 75 Easy Malay Word. and Phrase. (Mendlesen) .. 1.00 Keep It Crisp (Perelman) 2.50
tary 01 Europe 15oo.1B4B 75 Elementary Chinese Reader (Chen) 2.25 lile With Father (Day) ...................• 1.00
tary of the Middle Ages 75 Elementary Japanese (Sullivan) ',ong Long Ago (Woollcott) 25
Cloth edition 2.50
THE ATOMIC AGE *Fighting Forces edition 1.00
English for the Armed Farces (Cook & Trevethick) 1.50
Ab.olute Weapon: Atomic Power & World
Order IBrodie) 2.00
French Dictionary for the Soldier (Hen ius) ....• 50 ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY
French Grammar (Du Mont) 1.00
ic Energy (Smyth) 1.25
Over Zero (Laurence) "" .. 3.00
German Dictionary lor the Soldier iHenius) ....• 50 By Donald Nelson
German Grammar (Greenfield) ..............• 75
Destruction Be Our Destiny (Brawn) 2.00
How to Say It in Spanish 75 The story of American production In war-
oni" (U. S. Navy) 1.00
Invitation to French (Madrigal & Launay) 1.75 time. $4.00.
o World or None (American Scientists) 1.00
Invitation to Spanish (Madrigal & Madrigal) .. 1.75
ration Crossroads (Official Photos) 2.00
Italian Dictionary lor the Soldier (Heniusl ....• 50
Alamic World (Las Alamos scientists) .......• 50
Ito Iian. Eng Iish-En g Iish-Ita Iion Dict iona ry
t on International Control 01 Atomic Energy .35
(Wessely) 1.25 Male Call (Caniff) 1.00
Italian Sentence Book (Hen ius) 25 Marine Corps Reader (Metcalf) 3.00
SCIENCE The Loom 01 language (Bodmer) •..••..•.... 3.75 Men at War (Hemingway) .......••.•....... 3.00
AM..als 01 the Pacific World ..............• 25 30-257: Military Dictionary English.Portuguese ...• 45 Men, Women and Dogs (Thurber) ............• 25
. Applied Physics lor Airplane Mechanics .• 15 30-250, Military Dictionary Spanish.English ....• 50 Mixture lor Men (Feldkamp) 2.50
: Aictic Manual ...................•.... 25 Modern Military Dictionary (Barber & Bond) .. 2.50 Modern American Poetry (Untermeyer) 3.75
Manual (Stelansson) 3.00 Pocket Dictionary 25 My Dear Bello (Kober) _ .• 25
: Basic Weather lor Pilot Trainees ........• 35 Spanish Dictionary (Hen ius) 1.00 New Sad Sack (Baker) 2.00
of Ihe Philippines 3.75 Spanish Dictionary lor the Soldier (Heniu.) " _ .• 50 Our Soldiers Speak (Matthews and Wecter) .. 3.50
raphy (Smith) 3.00 Spani.h Grammar (Greenfield) 1.00 Patriotic Anthology (American Writings) _ ..... 3.00
Elementary Weather lor Pilot Trainees " .10 Speech lor the Military (Brembeck & Rights) .. 1.20 Penguin New Writing No.2 .................• 25
~u THE COA~T ARTILLERY JOURNAL March-April
Penguin New Writing No. 10 .•....••......• 25 Diesel locomotive--Electrical Equipment TWO-BIT BOOKS
Pocket Book of War Humor (Edited by Cerf) ••.•• 25 (Droney) " 4.00
The Sad Sack (Boker) 2.00
Non-Fiction
Diesel locomotive-Mechanical Equipment
Second Navy Reader 3.75 (Droney) 4.50 Birth and Death of the Sun . .ts
Situation Normal (Miller) ••.••.••.•.•••.••.•• 2.00 Diesel and Other Internal Combustion Engines Christianity and the Social Order (Temple) .21
Sa This Is Peace (Hope) (Degler) 2.50 Conceived in liberty (Fast) .. .2S
Cloth 2.50 High Speed Diesel Engine (Morrison) ......•• 2.50 Dark Invader (Van Rintenlen) .....•••••••.••. .2S
Paper 1.00 The Great Mouthpiece (Fowler) . .25
Saldier Art 25 Drafting The lost Time I Saw Paris (Paul) .•.••••••.•. , .25
Saldier Reader (Macy) 2.95 Freehand and Perspective Drawing (Everell & life on the Mississipp' (Twain) ...•....•.••.. .25
Saund Off (Dolph) 3.50 lawrence) . 1.50 McSorley's Wonderful Saloon (Mitchell) ...•.. .2S
Stag's Hornbook {Edited by McClure & Benet} • 2.00 1.1050: Fundamentals of Mechanical Drawing .. •15 Meet Me in St. louis (Benson) .. .25
Mechanical Drawing {Kenison, McKinney, Natural History of Selborne ••...•••.•••..•.. .25
Plumridge} .. 2.50 Night Flight (St. Exupery) .. ..2S
Mechanical Drawing Workbook (McKinney, Oil for the lamps of China (Hobart) •••......• .25
One Foot in Heaven (Spence) .
SAIGON SINGER Plumridge, Burke) . 2.75
Physiology of Sex IWalker) ..
.25
.25
By Van Wyck Mason Electrical Public Opinion (Lippmann) ..••..•.••••••••.. .25
Saki Sampler (Munro) . .25
J -.f70, Aircraft Radio Shop Practice . •20
A. novel of cloak-and-dagger operations In Shipyard Diary of a Woman Welder ...•...•.. .25
Electrical and Radio Dictionary (Gorder,
the Orient. $2.50 • Citizen Tom Paine (Fast) .. •25
Dunlop, Haan) . 1.00
Wind, Sand and Stars (St. Exupery) •.•....•.. •2,5-
Elements of Radio (Marcus) .••.••••.••..•..• 4.00
Fundamentals of Electricity (McDougal, Ronson,
Dunlop) : . 3.00 Fiction
Steinbeck's Anthology 2.00 Fundamentals of Electricity (Molt-Smith) ••.••. •25 Appointment in Samorra (O'Hara) •••••.••.• .25
*Thesaurus of Humor (Meiers & Knopp) ••.•..•• 25 Fundamentals of Electricity-Workbook April Afternoon (Wylie) . •IS
Three Smiths in the Wind (Smith) •....•...••. 2.75 (McDougal, Ronson, Dunlop) .........••. •75
A Treasury of American Folklore (Edited by
Botkin) 3.00
Fundamentals of Radio (Gorder, Hathaway,
Dunlop) . 3.00
Bobbitt [lewis)
Bell for Adana (Hersey)
Belt of Suspicion (Wakefield) •..••.•..•.....
..
. .2.
•21
•2$
A Treasury of laughter (Edited by Untermeyer),. 3.95 Fundamentals of Radio--Workbook (Gorder, Boomerang (Chambliss) .. .25
Twin Bedside Anthology 5.00 Hathaway, Dunlop) . .75 Embarrassment of Riches (Fischer) ..••••...••• •25
The Wolf (Sansone) 1.00 11-.f53: Shop Work .. .20 Family Affair {Schriber} . •25
Gift Horse (Gruber) .. •25
THE VETERAN Mathematics and Mechanics Good Soldier Schweik (Hosek) ..•...••...... •25
Government Jobs and How to Get Them (Spero) 2.95 Math For All . .50 Gropes of Wroth (Steinbeck) .•.•.•...•...•.. •25
Veteran Comes Bock (Woller) .......••.....•. 2.75 Math for General Chemistry (Frey) . •75 The Great Gotsby (Fitzgerald! •..••....•..•... •25
Veteran's Rights and Benefits (Erana & Symons) 1.00 Mathematics For the Million (Hogben) . 4.50 *The GtJn (Forester) .. •25
Mathematies Refresher (Hooper) .•.......•.... 2.50 Home Ranch (Will James) . •2S
GUIDES FOR SELF STUDY The Three Hostages . •25
The Informer (O'Flaherty) .••..•..••.•.••••. •25
Housing and Building
The laughing Fox . •25
Building Insulation (Clo.e) ..... , ......•.•.... 4.50 laughter of My Father [Bulosan) ..••.• , •...• •25
Building Trades Blueprint Reading, Port I
THE SECOND FORTY YEARS lovely lady . •25
(Dalzelll ' ...........•.... , , •.... 2.25 By Dr. Edward J. Stieglitz love Nest (lardner) , . •25
Building Trades Blueprint Reading, Part II Maigret Travels South (Simenon) . •25
(Dalzell) 2.25 FIrst-echelon maintenance for body and Mighty Blockhead (Gruber) .•...••...••...•.• •25
Answers to Building Trades Blueprint Reading- mind. $2.95 • Ministry of Fear (Greene) . •25
No Charge with Set. Mr. and Mrs. Cugat (Rorick) . •25
Carpentry (Townsend) 2.50 Nevada (Zone Grey) .. .25
Concrete Design and Construction (Gibson & Night in Bombay (Bromfield) ••••.•.••. , •.... •25
Webb) ...• , , 5.00 Military Application of Mathematics (Hanson) .. 3.00 01' Man Adam and His Chillun (Bradford! •..• .25
Home Ownership (Deane) , •.......... ,. 2.50 Plane Trig Mode Plain (Carson) ...•.........• 3.00 One More Spring (Nathan) . .25
How to Design and Install Plumbing (Matthia., Practical Mathematic. (Hobbs, McKinney and Only Yesterday (Allen) . .25
Jr.) , '" 3.50 DalzeH) 2.75 Pol Joey , .25
tlaw to Estimate for Building Trode (Townsend, Slide Rule .................................• 50 Passage to India , . .25
Dalzell, McKinney) 5.50 Slide Rule Simplified With Rule (Harris) 4.00 Porgy (Heyward) . .25
How to Plan a House (Townsend & Dalzell) .•• 5.00 Wartime Refresher in Fundamental Mathematics *Rifleman Dodd (Forester) . •25
How to Remodel a House (Dalzell & Townsend) 5.00 (Eddy & Upton) 1.40 Seventeen (Tarkington) . .25
lf You Want To Build A House 2.00 South Moon Under (Rawlings) ......•.•....• .25
lnteriar Electric Wiring and Estimating Machines and Metal Working Storm (Stewart) .. .25
(Uhl, Nelson, Dunlap) 2.75 Fundamentals of Machines (Hobbs, Kuns, Trouble in July (Caldwell) .. .25
Pointing and Decorating (Dalzell & Sabin) .••• 1.50 Morrison) 2.50 Turning Wheels , •••••••• .25
10-.f5O: Sheet Metal Worker .................• 20 Valiant Is the Word For Carrie (Benefleld) .. , .25
Fundamentals of Mechanics (Molt-Smith &
Stair Building (Townsend) 2.50 What Makes Sammy Run (SchulbergJ •...••.. .25
Van de Water) 25
Steel Construction (Sandberg) , ..•.. 4.25 White Magic (Baldwin) . .25
1-422: Grinding Machines 15
Steel Squares (Townsend) 1.25 Young Man With a Horn [Boker! •..•.......... .25
1-423: Heat Treating and Inspection of Metals ..• 10
The Story of Architecture in America (Tallmadge) 4.50 1.420: lathes 15
Tomorrow's House (Nelson & Wright) , 3.00 Mochine Design (Winston) 3.50 MODERN LIBRARY
Use of Tools 3.50 10 ..0145, The Machinist 25 Adventures and Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes
Metallurgy (Johnson) ..•• , ••....•.••••••.•••• 2.50 (Doyle) . 1.10
Business 1-.0121: Milling Machines, Shapers, Planers 30 African Queen (Forester) . 1.10
llookkeeping for Personal and Business Use Tool Design (Cole) 4.50 Alice in Wonderland (Carroll) .......•.. : ...•. 1.10
(Crodit) 2.25 Tool Making (Cole) 4.00 Anna Korenina (Tolstoy) . 1.10
Business law (Babb & Martin) .•.••••......• 1.25 1-430: Welding .............................• 30 Anthology of American Negro literature .•.... 1.10
Effective Retail Selling (Baker) ........•...... 2.50 Anthology of light Verse . 1.10
Everyday Problems in Economics (Wood & Miscellaneous Anthology of Modern Poetry ....•.•.•.......• 1.10
Simons) 4.00 Atlas of Human Anatomy (Froh.. , Brodel, Antic Hay (Huxley) . 1.10
Fundamental Business law (Christ) ...•...... 3.00 Schlossberg) . 1.50 Aphrodite (lauys) . 1.10
How You Can Get a Better Job {lasher & Auto Fundamentalr--Chassis and Power Arabian Nights (Burton) . 1.10
Richards} 2.00 Transmission (Kuns) .. 4.75 Arrowsmith (lewis) . 1.10
How to Write Better Business letters (Fraley) .. 2.25 Auto Ignition and Electrical Equipment [Kuns) 4.25 Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin .•........ 1.10
Modern Practical Accounting-Elementary Automobile Engines (Kuns) . 4.75 Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini .•......... 1.10
(Salien) 3.50 Automobile Maintenance (Kuns) .•............ 4.75 Bobbitt (lewis) . 1.10
1'roduction Management (Simons & Dutton) 4.00 Best Methods of Study (Smith & littlefield) ••.. •60 Barchester Towen (Trollope) . 1.10
Everyday law Guide (Ruben) . •50 Borren Ground (Glascow) . 1.10
Diesel Modern Criminal Investigation (Soderman & Best American Humorous Short Stories ••••••••. 1.1'
Diesel Engines-Operation and Maintenance O'Connell) . 3.50 Best Ghost Stories . 1.1'
(Morrison) 2.50 Knots and Rope . 2.00 Best Russian Short Stories . 1.1'
Diesel Enginer--Theory and Design (Degler) •. 3.00 Plastics (Du llois) . 5.00 Best Short Stories of O. Henry . 1.1'
~iesel Electric Plants (Kates) .. , 3.75 Survey of Journalism (Molt & others) ...•....• 1.00 Best Stories of De Maupossant . 1.l~
loSt Tales of Poe 1.10 Point Counter Point (Huxley) 1.10 Illustrated
..,rhers Karomazov {Dostoyevslcy} •.•..•...... 1.10 Politics {Aristotle} 1.10
Candide {Voltaire} 1.10 Portrait of the Artist As a Young Man {Joyce}.. 1.10 Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ••••••••.• 2.00
Canterbury Tales {Chaucer} 1.10 Portrait of a lady {James} 1.10 Crime ond Punishment (Dostoyevslcy) •••••••.•• 2.00
(osUals of the s"a {McFee} 1.10 The Possessed (Oostoyevslcy) 1.10 DIvine Comedy {Dante} 2.00
(Joister and the Hearth {Reade} 1.10 Precious Bane (Webb) 1.10 Emerson's Essays 2.00
Collected Poetry of Dorothy Parker .•••........ 1.10 The Prince, and Discourses (Machiavelli) 1.10 Green Mansions (Hudson) 2.00
Collected Stories of Dorothy Parker 1.10 Progress and Poverty {George} 1.10 Holy Bible 2.00
Collected Stories of Ring lardner ........••... 1.10 Purple land (Hudson) 1.10 Jane Eyre {Bronte} 2.00
floe Compleat Angler {Wolton} 1.10 The Rainbow (lawrence) 1.10 leaves of Grass {Whitman} ..••...•.••.•..•... 2.00
Complete Anthology of American Verse {Aiken}. 1.10 Rebecca (Du Maurier) 1.10 Pickwick Papers (Dickens) ...........•••..••.• 2.00
Counterfeiters {Gide} , 1.10 Red Badge of Courage [Crane} 1.10 Poems of longfellow 2.00
.Crimeand Punishment {Dostoyevslcy} 1.10 Red and the Black (Stendhal) 1.10 Shakespeare's Comedies 2.00
C7'"anode Bergerac {Rostand} .••....•....•... 1.10 Red Slar Over Chino (Snow) 1.10 Tom. Jones (Fielding) 2.00
[lance of life (Ellis) 1. 10 Return of the Native (Hardy) 1.10 Wisdom of Confucius 2.00
Daring Yaung Man on Flying Trapeze (Saroyan) 1.10 Roan Stallion {Jeffers} 1.10
(loYidCopperfield [Dickens) 1.10 Romance of leonardo do Vinci (Merejkowski) .. 1.10 MYSTERY AND ADVENTURE
Doad Souls (Gogol) 1.10 Samuel Pepy" Diary 1.10
()ecameron (Boccacio) 1.10 Sanctuary (Faulkner) 1.10 Anything For A Quiet life (Avery) .............• 25
Iloepening Stream {Canfield} 1.10 Sapho (Daudet) 1. 10 Billy the Kid 25
()israeli (Maurois) 1.10 Scarlet letter (Hawthorne) 1.10 Black Cripple (Keverne) 25
Divine Comedy {Dante} 1.10 Sea and the Jungle [Tomlinson) 1.10 Bluewater landing (Reid) 25
Darion Gray (Wilde) 1.10 The Selected Verse of Ogden Nash 1.10 Buffalo Box (Gruber) 25
Dracula [Stoker) 1.10 Seven Gothic Tales (Dinesen) 1.10 Bugles in the Afternoon (Haycox) .••••••.••••• 25
DrollStories (Balzac) 1.10 Shakespeare's Comedies 1.10 Captain From Connecticut [Forester! ..••......• 25
Dubliners [Joyce) 1.10 Shakespeare's Histories and Poems 1.10 Case in the Clinic (lorac) 25
EOOcolionof Henry Adams {Adams} 1.10 Shakespeare' s Tragedies 1.10 The Cask 25
Emperor Jones (O'Neill) 1.10 Short Bible [Goodspeed & Smith) 1.10 Danger Zone {Walsh} 25
The Enormous Roam {Cummings} 1.10 Short Stories of Tchekov 1.10 Darkness Falls From lhe Air (Balchin) .••.....• 25
Forewell to Arms (Hemingway) 1.10 Sister Carrie [Dreiser) 1.10 Dark Square (Meynell) 25
fo:Ihersand Sons (Turgenev) 1.10 Six Plays by Kaufmann and Hart 1.10 Dale With a Spy (Maddock) 25
Foust (Goethe) 1.10 Sons and lovers (lawrence) .....•.........•.• 1.10 Death Down East (Blake) 25
FiveGreat Modern Irish Plays 1.10 Studies in Murder (Pearson] 1.10 Death of a Saboteur 25
Rowering Judas (Porter) 1.10 Sun Also Rises {Hemingway} 1.10 Dr. Toby Finds Murder (Schley) ...•...•...•..• 25
Foor Famous Greek Ploys 1. 10 Tale of Two Cities (Dickens) 1.10 Escape the Night {Eberhart} .........•.....•• 25
Foor Plays of lillian Hellman 1.10 Ten Days That Shook the World [Read) 1.10 Evidence of Things Seen (Daly) ...•..•••..•..• 25
Garden Party (Mansfield) 1. 10 Tess of the D'Urbervilles (Hardy) 1.10 Fighting Buckaroo [Curran) 25
God's little Acre [Caldwell) 1.10 Theory of the leisure Class (Veblen) 1.10 The Fog Comes [Collins) 25
Galden Treasury [Palgrave} 1. 10 Three Musketeers (Dumas) 1.10 Goodnight Sheriff (Steeves) .....•...•.••..•..• 25
TheGood Earth (Buck) 1.10 Thus Spake Zarothustra (Nietzsche) 1.10 Heads You live (Hume) 25
Grapes of Wrath (Steinbeck) 1.10 Tom Jones (Fielding) 1.10 House Without a Door [Daly} 25
G.eat Modern Short Stories 1. 10 Inquest (Wilde) 25
Great Toles of the American West 1.10 Ironsides Smashes Through (Gunn) ••.........• 25
Green Mansions (Hudson) 1.10 The Knife (Adams) 25
Growth of the Soil (Hamsun) 1.10 ALL THY CONQUESTS Man From Peace River (Reid) ..•.......•.....•
Mr. Angel Comes Aboard {Booth} .........•..•
25
25
Gulliver's Travels (Swift) 1.10
Henry Esmond {Thackeray} 1.10 By Alfred Hayes Mr. Mortimer Gets the Jitters (Gray) ....•....• 25
HighWind in Jamaica {Hughes} 1.10 Murder by Marrioge (Dean) ..............•.• 25
Homer's Odyssey 1.10 A story of Rome and its liberators. $2.75. Murder in Fiji (Vandercook) .................• 25
Hunchback of Notre Dame [Hugo) 1.10 Murder in Mink (Dean] 25
I, Claudius [Graves) 1.10 Navy Colt (Gruber) 25
The Iliad (Homer) 1.10 Net of Cobwebs [Holding) 25
In Dubious Battle (Steinbeck) 1.10 Tono Bungay (Wells) 1.10 Nine Times Nine (Holmes) .......•...••.....• 25
Jane Eyre [Bronte) 1.10 Tortilla Flat (Steinbeck) 1.10 Nineteenth Hole Mystery (Adams) ........•...• 25
Jude the Obscure (Hardy) 1.10 Travels of Marco Polo [Byrne) 1.10 No Hands on the Clock (Homes) ............• 25
late George Apley [Marquand) ..............• 1.10 Tristram Shandy (Sterne] 1.10 Nothing Can Rescue Me (Daly) .............• 25
leaves of Grass (Whitman) 1.10 Turn of the Screw {James} 1.10 O'Holloran's luck (Benet) 25
life and Death of a Spanish Town (Paul) 1.10 Twentieth Century American Poetry 1.10 On Ice [Dean) 25
life With Father {Day} 1.10 Two Vears Before the Mast (Dana) 1.10 Patience for Maigret (Simenon) .........•....• 25
life and Writings of Jefferson 1.10 Vanity Fair [Thackeray) 1.10 Policeman's Holiday (Penny) 25
long Voyage Home (0' Neill} 1.10 Victory (Conrad) 1.10 The Prisoner "f Zendo {Hope} 25
looking Backward [Bellomy) 1.10 Virgil's Works 1.10 Rogue Male [Household) 25
lard Jim (Conrad) 1.10 Walden (Thoreau) 1.10 The Rynox Murder Myslery (McDonald) ........• 25
lust For life (Stone) 1.10 Way of All Flesh [Butler) 1.10 Say Ves to Murder [Ballard) 25
Madame Bovary [Flaubert) 1.10 Winesburg, Ohio {Anderson} 1.10 Scaramouche (Sabatini) 25
Making of Man: Outline of Anthropology 1.10 Wuthering Heights (Bronte) 1.10 Simon lash (Gruber) 25
Making of Society 1.10 Six Feet of Dynamite (Gray) 25
Maltese Falcon (Hammett) 1.10 Spades at Midnight (Maddock) 25
Man's Fate (Malraux) 1.10 Giants Step in the Dark (White) 25
Mayor of Casterbridge (Hardy) 1.10 Strange Case of Miss Annie Spragg (Bromfield) .25
Complete Works of Homer 1.95
Memoirs of Casanova 1.10 Tales of Piracy (Defoe) 25
Complete Keats and Shelley 1.95
Messer Marco Polo (Byrne) 1.10 Then There Were Three (Homes) ..•.........• 25
Complete Poe 1.95
Maby Dick [Melville) 1.10 This Gun for Hire (Greene) 25
Conquest of Mexico & Peru [Prescott) 1.95
Moll Flanders (Defoe) 1.10 The Town Cried Murder (Ford) 25
Three Complete Novels of Sir Wolter Scott 1.95
Moon and Sixpence [Maugham) 1.10 Troil Boss {Dawson} 25
Flowering of New England (Brooks) 1.95
Mrs. Dalloway (Woolf) 1.10 Unexpected Night (Daly) 25
Forty Days of Musa Dagh (Werfel) 1.95
My War With the U. S. (Bemelmans) .....•... 1.10 Vanishing Corpse [Gilbert) .•••......•....•..• 25
Great Ghost Stories 1.95
Nona [Zola) 1.10 Wanted for Murder {Hall} 25
Guide to Great Orchestrol Music (Spaeth) 1.95
Napoleon (ludwig) 1. 10 Was It Murder? (Hilton) 25
History of the Great American Fortunes (Myers) 1.95
Native Son (Wright) 1.10 Whispering Man (Holt) ...•...•......••...•.• 25
Jean Christophe {Rolland} 1.95
Of Human Bondage [Maugham) 1.10
tes Miserables (Hugo) 1.95
Of Mice and Men (Steinbeck) 1.10
Mohy Dick (Melville) 1.95 OFFICIAL MANUALS, GENERAL
Old Wives' Tole {Bennett} 1.10
Mythology (Bulfinch) 1.95
Oracles of Nostradamus 1.10
On War (Clausewitz) 1.95 10-410: Army Boker 25
Oulline of Psychoanalysis 1.1.0
Origin of Species (Darwin) 1.95 10.405: Army Cook 25
Penguin Island (France) 1.10
Poems and Prose of Pushkin 1.95 10.406, Cooking Dehydrated Foods 15
Philosophy of Plato 1.10 Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway 1.95 10-407, Cutting of Beef 20
Philosophy of Schopenhauer 1.10 Sixteen Famous American Plays 1.95 10-40B: Cutting and Preparing lamb 10
Pickwick Papers {Dickens} 1.10 Sixteen Famous British Plays 1.95 10.550: Fuels and Carburetion 15
Plato's Republic (Plato) 1.10 Tristram Shandy (Sterne) 1.95 10.205: Mess Management and Training ....•.• 25
Poems of longfellow 1.10 War & Peace (Tolstoy) 1.95 10-515, The Moforcycle 20
The Ne'west Military Classics
III
~-
'r .ATTLE
STUDIES • "'..,.
DU PICQ'S BATILE STUDIES
Edited by Colonel John Greely and Major Robert Cotton
Order from
I
1111'