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1 a x t2 d x 2t 1
so t x 2 (1) x 1
so t (1)
y t 1
2
(2) 2
Substitute (1) into (2): 1
y (2)
y ( x 2)2 1 t
Substitute (1) into (2):
x2 4 x 4 1
1
y x2 4 x 5 y
x 1
2
x t 2, 4 t 4
2
So the domain of f(x) is 6 x 2. y
x 1
y t 2 1, 4 t 4 x 2t 1, t 0
So the range of f(x) is 1 y 17. So the domain of f(x) is x 1.
b x 5t 1
so t 5 x (1) y , t 0
t
y t2 1 (2) So the range of f(x) is y 0.
Substitute (1) into (2):
y (5 x )2 1 1
e x
25 10 x x 2 1 t 2
1
y x 2 10 x 24 so t 2
x
x 5 t, t 1
t 2 (1)
So the domain of f(x) is x . x
y t2 (2)
y t 2 1, t Substitute (1) into (2):
2
So the range of f(x) is y 1. 1
y 2
x
1 2
c x 2x 1
t y
x
1
so t (1)
x 1
y 3t (2) x , t2
t2
Substitute (1) into (2): So the domain of f(x) is x 0.
1
y 3
x y t2, t 2
So the range of f(x) is y 4.
1
x , t0
t
So the domain of f(x) is x 0.
y 3 t, t 0
Range of f(x) is y 3.
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1 2 a i x 2ln (5 t )
1 f x
t 1 2 x ln (5 t )
1
1 1x
so t 1 e2 5 t
x 1x
1 So t 5 e 2
t 1 (1) 1x
x Substitute t 5 e 2 into y t 2 5 :
1
y (2) 1x
t2 y (5 e 2 ) 2 5
Substitute (1) into (2): 1x
25 10e 2 e x 5
1
y 1x
20 10e 2 e x
1
1 2
x x 2ln (5 t ), t 4
1
When t = 4, x 2ln1 0
1
3 and as t increases 2ln (5 t ) decreases.
x
So the range of the parametric function
1
for x is x 0.
1 3x Hence the Cartesian equation is
x 1x
y 20 10e 2 e x , x 0
x
y
1 3x
ii y t 2 5, t 4
1 y t 2 5 is a quadratic function with
x , t2 minimum value −5 at t = 0.
t 1
So the domain of f(x) is 0 x 13 So the range of the parametric function
for y is y 5.
1
y , t 2, t 2 Hence the range of f(x) is y 5.
t 2
So the range of f(x) is y 0.
b i x ln (t 3)
ex t 3
ex 3 t
1
Substitute t e x 3 into y :
t 5
1 1
y x
e 35 e 2
x
x ln (t 3), t 2
When t = −2, x ln1 0
and as t increases, ln (t 3) increases.
So the range of the parametric function
for x is x 0.
Hence the Cartesian equation is
1
y , x0
e 2
x
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2 b ii y
1
, t 2 3 a x t
t 5 so x 2 t
When t = −2, y 13 Substitute t x2 into y t (9 t ) :
1 y x 2 (9 x 2 )
and as t increases, decreases
t 5
9x2 x4
towards zero.
So the range of the parametric function
for y is 0 y 13 x t, 0 t 5
The range of the parametric function
Hence the range of f(x) is 0 y 13
for x is 0 x 5.
Hence the Cartesian equation is
c i x et
y 9 x2 x4 , 0 x 5
So y e3t (et )3 x 3
(Note that since y is a power of x
there is no need to substitute for t.) y t (9 t ), 0 t 5
When t = 0, y = 0;
x et , t when t = 5, y = 20;
and y t (9 t ) is a quadratic function
The range of the parametric function
for x is x 0. with maximum value 814 at t 92
Hence the Cartesian equation is So the range of the parametric function
y x3 , x 0 for y is 0 y 814
Hence the range of f(x) is 0 y 814
ii y e3t , t ℝ
The range of the parametric function b
for y is y 0.
Hence the range of f(x) is y 0.
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4 a i x 2t 2 3 b i x 3t 1
x 3 2t 2 x 1 3t
x3 2 x 1
t t
2 3
x 3 x 1
t Substitute t into
2 3
Take the positive root since t 0 . y (t 1)(t 2) :
x3
Substitute t into y 9 t 2 :
2 x 1 x 1
y 1 2
x3
2
x3 3 3
y 9 9 x 1 3 x 1 6
2 2
3 3
18 x 3 15 x
x 2 x 7
2 2
The Cartesian equation is y 152 12 x 3 3
The Cartesian equation is
y 19 ( x 2)( x 7)
ii x 2t 2 3, t 0
2t 2 3 is a quadratic function ii x 3t 1, 4 t 4
with minimum value −3 at t = 0.
When t = −4, x = −13;
The range of the parametric function
when t = 4, x = 11.
for x is x 3.
The range of the parametric function
Hence the domain of f(x) is x 3.
for x is 13 x 11.
So the domain of f(x) is 13 x 11.
y 9 t2 , t 0
y 9 t 2 is a quadratic function y (t 1)(t 2), 4 t 4
with maximum value 9 at t = 0. When t = −4, y = 10;
So the range of the parametric function when t = 4, y = 18;
for y is y 9. and (t 1)(t 2) is a quadratic function
Hence the range of f(x) is y 9. with minimum value 94 at t = − 12 .
The range of the parametric function
iii for y is 94 y 18.
Hence the range of f(x) is 94 y 18 .
Note: Due to symmetry, the minimum
value of y occurs midway between the
roots t = 1 and t = −2, i.e. at t = − 12 .
iii
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4 c i x t 1 d iii
x 1 t
1
Substitute t x 1 into y :
t 1
1 1
y
x 1 1 x 2
The Cartesian equation is
1
y e i x ln (4 t )
x2
ex 4 t
ii x t 1, t 1 t 4 ex
So the domain of f(x) is x 2. Substitute t 4 e x into y t 2 :
1 y 4 ex 2 2 e x
y , t 1,
t 1 The Cartesian equation is y 2 e x
So the range of f(x) is y 0.
ii x ln (4 t ), t 3
iii When t = 3, x ln1 0
and as t decreases ln (4 t ) increases.
So the domain of f(x) is x 0.
y t 2, t 3
When t = 3, y = 1
and as t decreases t 2 decreases.
So the range of f(x) is y 1.
d i x t 1 e iii
x 1 t
( x 1) 2 t
Substitute t ( x 1) 2 into y 3 t :
y 3 ( x 1) 2 3( x 1)
The Cartesian equation is y 3x 3
ii x t 1, t 0
When t = 0, x = −1
and as t increases t 1 increases.
The range of the parametric function
for x is x 1.
So the domain of f(x) is x 1.
y 3 t, t 0
The range of the parametric function
for y is y 0.
So the range of f(x) is y 0.
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5 a C1: x 1 2t b For the length of each segment find the
x 1 domain and range of C1 and C2.
t For C1: x 1 2t , 2 t 5
2
When t = 2, x = 5;
x 1 when t = 5, x = 11.
Substitute t into y 2 3t : The range of the parametric function
2
for x is 5 x 11,
x 1
y 2 3 so the domain of C1 is 5 x 11.
2
4 3x 3 3 x 1 y 2 3t , 2 t 5
2 2 When t = 2, y = 8;
So the Cartesian equation of C1 is when t = 5, y = 17.
y 32 x 12 The range of the parametric function
for y is 8 y 17,
1 so the range of C1 is 8 y 17.
C2 : x
2t 3
1 The endpoints of C1 have coordinates
2t 3 (5, 8) and (11, 17).
x
1 3x 1 length of C1 (11 5)2 (17 8)2
2t 3
x x 36 81
3x 1
t 117 3 13
2x
t 1
and y t
2t 3 2t 3 1
For C2: x , 2t 3
2t 3
3x 1 1
Substitute t and x
2x 2t 3 When t = 2, x = 1;
1 when t = 3, x 13 .
into y t :
2t 3 The range of the parametric function
3x 1 3x 1 for x is 13 x 1,
y x
2x 2 so the domain of C2 is 13 x 1.
So the Cartesian equation of C2 is
y 32 x 12 t
y , 2t 3
Therefore C1 and C2 are segments of the 2t 3
same line y 32 x 12
When t = 2, y = 2;
when t = 3, y = 1.
The range of the parametric function
for y is 1 y 2,
so the range of C2 is 1 y 2.
The endpoints of C2 have coordinates `
13 , 1 and (1, 2).
1 13 2 1
2 2
length of C2
4 49 13
1
9 9 3
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3 3
6 a x 2, t 0 b x 2
t t
The range of the parametric function 3
for x is x 2. x2
t
(This is also the domain of the Cartesian 3
equation y = f(x).) t
x2
y 2t 3 t 2 , t 0 3
When t = 0, y = −3; Substitute t into y 2t 3 t 2 :
x2
2t 3 t 2 is a quadratic function
with maximum value −2 at t = 1. 2
3 3
The range of the parametric function y 2 3
for y is y 2, y 3. x2 x2
(This is also the range of the Cartesian 6( x 2) 3( x 2)2 32
equation y = f(x).) ( x 2)2
2( x 2) ( x 2) 2 3
3
Note: To find the maximum point of the ( x 2) 2
quadratic y 2t 3 t 2 , 2 x 4 x2 4 x 4 3
dy 3
either solve 0 ( x 2) 2
dt
3( x2 6 x 11)
2 2t 0
( x 2)2
2 2t
t 1 This is a Cartesian equation in the form
y 2(1) 3 (1) 2 2
A( x 2 bx c )
y with
or complete the square ( x 2) 2
y (t 1)2 1 3 A = −3, b = −6 and c = 11.
(t 1)2 2
7 a x ln (t 3), t 2
(t 1) 2
2
ex t 3
ex 3 t
1
Substitute t e x 3 into y :
t 5
1 1
y x
e 35 e 2
x
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1 d2 y
7 b y , t 2 c 6t
t 5 dt 2
1
and as t increases, decreases So t 23 gives a minimum point
t 5
towards zero. of the parametric function for y.
The range of the parametric function The minimum value of y is
2
3
for y is 0 y 13 2
3
2
3
So the range of f(x) is 0 y 13
2 2 6 2 4 2 4 6
3 3 3 3 3 3 9
8 a x3 t
x When t = 0, y = 0;
t
3 when t = 2, y = 4.
x2 The range of the parametric function
t 4 6
9 for y is y 4.
x2 9
Substitute t into y t 3 2t : Therefore the range of f(x) is
9
4 6
3
f ( x) 4.
x2 x 2 x6 2 x 2 9
y 2
9 9 729 9 9 a x t 3 t t (t 2 1)
The Cartesian equation is
x 2 t 2 (t 2 1)2 (1)
x6 2 x 2
y
729 9 y 4 t 2 t 2 4 y (2)
x 3 t, 0 t 2 Substitute (2) into (1):
When t = 0, x = 0; x 2 (4 y )(4 y 1)2
when t = 2, x 3 2.
x 2 (4 y )(3 y ) 2
The range of the parametric function
for x is 0 x 3 2 This is in the form x 2 (a y )(b y ) 2
with a = 4 and b = 3.
so the domain of f(x) is 0 x 3 2.
b y 4 t 2 , t ℝ
dy This is a quadratic function of t, and (by
b 3t 2 2 symmetry) the maximum value of y
dt occurs at t = 0, where y = 4.
dy So 4 is the maximum y-coordinate.
0 when 3t 2 2 0
dt
3t 2 2
t2 2
3
t 2
3 (as 0 t 2)
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Challenge
b x2 y 2 1
x 0 y 0 1
2 2
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