pirveli qarTuli gamocema

ganaTlebis
fsiqologia

anita vulfolki
ganaTlebis
fsiqologia
pirveli qarTuli gamocema

anita vulfolki

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2009
ganaTlebis fsiqologia. anita vulfoki
Educational Psychology, 9th Ed. Anita Woolfolk

wigni saintereso da saxalisoa, moicavs rogorc praqtikul informacias, aseve Teoriasa da

kvlevas. mocemulia azrovnebisa da problemis gadaWris kargi strategiebi, rac studentma
aqtiur CarTvas uzrunvelyofs. aq ixilavT mraval sqemas, romelic mkiTxvels teqstis gagebaSi
daexmareba, aseve mok­le epizodebs, situaciur savarjiSoebsa da praqtikul rCevebs. wigni
saintereso iqneba ganaTlebis fsiqologiis sferoSi momuSave pedagogebisa da studentebis,
da aseve dainteresebuli farTo mkiTx­velisaTvis. 

wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministros pro-

gramiT _ `sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebis ganviTareba~ da ilia WavWavaZis saxelm-
wifo universitetis mier. wigns gamosacemad amzadebs ilias saxelmwifo universiteti.

Authorized translation from the English language edition, entitled EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, 10th Edition,
ISBN 0205459463, by WOOLFOLK, ANITA E., published by Pearson Education, Inc, publishing as Allyn & Bacon,
Copyright © 2007

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieved system, without
permission from Pearson Education, Inc. GEORGIAN language edition published by ILIA CHAVCHAVADZE
STATE UNIVERSITY, Copyright © 2007.

yvela ufleba daculia. dauSvebelia Pearson Education, Inc.-is nebarTvis gareSe wignis romelime
nawilis nebismieri formiT gamoyeneba. qarTul enaze gamoica ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo
universitetis mier, saavtoro ufleba © 2007.

ISBN 978-9941-9116-2-0

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

qaquca ColoyaSvilis 3/5, Tbilisi, 0179, saqarTvelo

Ilia State University Publishing. 3/5 Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0179, Georgia
Sesavali
mravali Tqvengani am wignis wakiTxviT CaerTveba ganaTlebis fsiqolo-
giis kursSi. es iqneba profesiuli momzadebis nawili swavlebis, konsul-
tirebis, logopediis an fsiqologiisaTvis. saxelmZRvanelos masala
daainteresebs yvelas visac ganaTlebisa da swavlis bedi awuxebs dawyebu-
li sabavSvo baRSi moxalised momuSavidan, damTavrebuli unarSezRuduli
zrdasrulebisaTvis saTemo programis instruqtoriT. masalis gasagebad
arc fsiqologiis da arc pedagogikis codnaa saWiro. is SeZlebisdagvarad
Tavisufalia Jargonisa da teqnikuri enisagan da mravalma
adamianma imuSava, rom es gamocema naTeli, relevanturi
da saintereso gamxdariyo. pirveli qarTuli gamocema

`ganaTlebis fsiqologiis~ pirveli gamocemis Sem- ganaTlebis

deg am sferom mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada. me-
aTe gamocemaSi kvlav xazgasmulia bavSvis ganviTarebis,
fsiqologia
kognituri mecnierebis, swavlis, swavlebisa da Sefasebis
sakiTxebis kvlevis Sedegebis gavlena da gamoyeneba. Teo-
ria da praqtika gamijnuli ar aris, erTad ganixileba;sa
xelmZRvaneloSi naCvenebia, rogor SeiZleba ganaTlebis
fsiqologiaSi kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli informaciisa da
ideebis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi yoveldRiuri problemebis
gadasaWrelad. codnasa da praqtikas Soris kavSiris dasa-
dgenad motanilia mravali magaliTi, nawyveti gakveTili-
dan, situaciuri savarjiSo, rekomendacia da gamocdili
maswavleblebis praqtikuli rCevebi. teqsti gaiZulebT
ifiqroT yovel TavSi ganxiluli mosazrebebis mniSvnelo-
basa da gamoyenebaze da SeZlebT moqmedebaSi dainaxoT ga-
naTlebis fsiqologiis principebi. profesorebma da stu-
dentebma, romlebmac pirvel cxra gamocemas iyenebdnen,
wignis es Taviseburebebi Zalze sasargeblod miiCnies. ra anita vulfolki
SeiZleba iTqvas am gamocemis siaxleebze?

meaTe gamocemis axali Sinaarsi

axali Tavi: am gamocemaSi aris axali Tavi _ `CarTuli swavla: koopera-

cia da sazogadoeba~. maswavleblebi aRiareben imas, rac mSoblebma ukve
mravali welia ician _ swavleba ufro metia, vidre gakveTilebi; arsebi-
Tia swavlebis mxardamWeri socialur urTierTkavSirTa qselebi. am TavSi
ganxilulia kooperaciuli swavlis, konfliqtebis gadaWrisa da saklaso
sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb kvlevebi. momaval aTwleulSi gamocdis winaSe
dadgeba Cveni unari SevZlebT Tu ara moswavleTa qceviT, kogniturad
da emociurad CarTvas swavlaSi da iqneba Tu ara Cveni skolebi maTTvis
usafrTxo da TanagrZnobiT savse adgili. imedi maqvs, rom es Tavi axal-
beda maswavleblebs am sirTuleTa daZlevaSi daexmareba.

axali Temebi: 400-ze meti axali sakiTxi daemata am gamocemas, raTa per-
speqtiuli maswavleblebi uaxles informacias gascnobodnen. maT Sori-
saa:

3
• ganaTlebis fsiqologiis isto-
ria
• mecnierulad dasabuTebuli
kvleva
• arc erTi bavSvi uyuradRebod
• tvini da swavleba
• fizikuri ganviTareba
• ganviTarebis bronfenbreneri-
seuli Teoria
• neo-piaJisturi Sexedulebebi
• kulturis instrumentebi swav-
laSi
• maswavlebli/moswavlis urT-
ierTobis mniSvneloba
• gonebis Teoria
• daSineba da urTierTobasTan
dakavSirebuli agresia
• eTnikuri, rasobrivi da gend-
eruli identoba
• axali Sexedulebebi moraluri
msjelobis Sesaxeb
• flinis efeqti
• swavlis vizualur/verbaluri
stili
• autizmi da aspergeris sindromi
• sicocxlisunarianobis xelSewy-
oba
• funqcionaluri qceviTi Se-
faseba
• gaelvebis mexsiereba
• evristika
• cnebis rukis Sedgena
• TviTregulaciis swavleba
• problemaze dafuZnebuli
swavla
• swavlaSi CarTuloba
• kompiuteris marTva saklaso
oTaxSi
• kultura da klasis menejmenti
• skolis masStabiT dadebiTi
qcevis mxardaWera
• daxmarebis teqnologia
• gakveTilis kvleva
• araformaluri da avTentikuri
Sefaseba
• maRali Tamasis testireba

wignis struqtura

Sesavali Tavi perspeqtiuli maswavlebliT da im kiTxvebiT iwyeba, ro-

melic mas SeiZleba gauCndes maswavleblis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT.
ra aris kargi swavleba da rogor unda gaxdeT saukeTeso maswavlebeli?
rogor SeiZleba amaSi ganaTlebis fsiqologia dagexmaroT?
pirveli nawili - `moswavleebi~ maT eZRvneba, vinc swavlobs. rogor
viTardebian moswavleebi gonebrivad, fizikurad, emociurad da social-
urad da rogor SesabamisobaSia ganviTarebis es aspeqtebi? saidan iRebs
saTaves individualuri gansxvavebebi da ra mniSvneloba aqvT maT maswav-
leblisaTvis? ras niSnavs kulturis TvalsazrisiT inkluziuri klasis
Seqmna, romelic swavlas yvela moswavlisaTvis xelmisawvdoms xdis?
meore nawili - `swavla da motivacia~ swavlasa da motivacias ganixi-
lavs sami mTavari perspeqtividan _ qcevis, kognituri da konstruqtiv-
istuli – da aqcents or ukanasknelze akeTebs. swavlis Teoriebs arsebiTi
gavlena aqvs swavlebis yovel safexurze. kognituri kvleva amJamad gansa-
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania da axlo momavalSi swavlebisaTvis sasargeblo
ideebs gvpirdeba. CarTuli swavla yvela maswavleblis mizania.
mesame nawili - `swavleba da Sefaseba~ - ikvlevs saswavlo garemos Seqm-
nas da swavlebasa da Sefasebas. am nawilSi Tavebis masala realur saklaso
oTaxebSi bolodroindel kvlevebs emyareba. Cven swavlebis, testirebisa
da Sefasebis mraval strategias ganvixilavT.

ra dagvexmareba gagebaSi?
yoveli Tavis dasawyisSi naxavT TavSi ganxilul sakiTxTa CamonaTvals
gverdebis miTiTebiT. amas mohyveba kiTxva _ `rogor moiqceodiT?~ _ ro-
melic realuri saklaso oTaxis situacias TavSi ganxilul informacias-
Tan akavSirebs. Tavis bolo gverdebis wakiTxvamde am kiTxvis pasuxad dam-
atebiTi mosazrebebi gagiCndebaT. kiTxvas mohyveba Tavis mokle mimoxilva
kiTxvaTa CamonaTvaliT, rac azrTa koncentrirebis saSualebas gaZlevT.
Tavis qvesaTaurebi, kiTxvebi da problemebi saWiro informaciis

4
moZiebas giadvilebT. amavdroulad isini mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis
swrafi mimoxilvis saSualebacaa. axali termini teqstSi gamuqebulad,
xolo mindorze mokle gansazRvrebiT aris mocemuli. yoveli Tavis bo-
los darTuli `Sejameba~ swavlisa da mimoxilvis saukeTeso wyaroa. sax-
elmZRvaneloSi sqemebi, cxrilebi, fotoebi da komiksebi teqstis masalis
gagebisa da gavrcobis garda da interesis aRZvrasac emsaxureba.

saxelmZRvanelos Taviseburebebi

wina gamocemebis msgavsad me-10 gamocemaSi kvlav ixilavT rubrikebs:

`rekomendaciebi~, `maswavleblis Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS II TM-sTan~
da `argumenti/kontrargumenti~.

rekomendaciebi
gnaTlebis fsiqologiis Seswavlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezia
im unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba, romelic klasis problemebis mogvare-
baSi dagvexmareba. xSirad saxelmZRvaneloebSi miTiTebulia Teoriidan
gverdebi da kvlevis Sedegebi, magram mwirad aris mocemuli rCevebi
Teoriis praqtikaSi gadatanisaTvis. Cvens SemTxvevaSi saqme sxvagvaradaa.
pirveli tavis Semdeg yvela TavSi mocemulia `rekomendaciaTa~ nakrebi.
es gaxlavT konkretul TavSi ganxilul kvlevaze agebuli rCevebi swav-
lebisaTvis da praqtikuli mosazrebebi. yoveli mosazreba axsnilia ori
an sami specifikuri magaliTiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom `rekomendaciebSi~
SeiZleba ver ganvixiloT yoveli SesaZlo situacia, isini codnasa da
praqtikas Soris saWiro xids gvTavazobs da gvexmareba teqstSi mocemuli
informaciis axal situaciaSi gadatanaSi. yvela Tavs, pirvelis garda,
erTvis `rekomendaciaTa~ nakrebi, romelic `ojaxisa da sazogadoebis
TanamSromlobas~ eZRvneba – dReisaTvis mzardi mniSvnelobis sferos.

maswavleblis Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM

- sTan/rogor moiqceodiT? rogor moiqceodnen?
pirveli cxra gamocemis am popularul rubrikas winamdebare gamoce-
maSic ixilavT. yoveli Tavis bolos gawafuli maswavleblebi mTeli qvey-
nis masStabiT Tavis dasawyisSi wamoWrili problemis maTeul gadaWras
gvTavazoben. warmodgenili realuri SemTxveva (case) mogamzadebT qeisis
analizisaTvis, romelic PRAXIS II TM-is msgavsi salicenzio gamocdebis
nawilia. es diskusia saSualebas mogcemT gaiziaroT eqsperti maswav-
leblebis mosazrebebi da erTmaneTs SeadaroT maTeuli da Tqveneuli
gadawyvetilebebi. maTi mosazrebebi namdvilad imis nimuSia, rogor gvex-
mareba ganaTlebis fsiqologia yoveldRiur situaciebSi. `maswavleblis
Canawerebi~ yovel TavSi ganxilul Temebsa da principebs acocxlebs.

argumenti/kontrargumenti
yovel TavSi debatebi saxelwodebiT `argumenti/kontrargumenti~
mniSvnelovan sakiTxze an ganaTlebis fsiqologiaSi kvlevasTan an praqti-
kasTan dakavSirebul or urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexedulebas ganixilavs;

5
 debatebis TemaTa magaliTebia: inkluzia, unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT ga-
nawileba, nulovani tolerantoba da xasiaTis wvrTna. am rubrikaSi ganxi-
luli mravali Tema axalia da ganaTlebis reformatorTa yuradRebis
centrSia.

daukavSireT da ganavrceT
es rubrika yovel TavSi ramdenimejer Cndeba mindvrebze da Tavis Si-
naarss swavlebasTan, kvlevasTan, profesiul JurnalebTan, veb-gverdTan,
moswavlis azrovnebasa da sawyis codnasTan, swavlebis filosofiasTan
da sxva TavebTan akavSirebs.

SeCerdiT/dafiqrdiT/dawereT
am rubrikas Cveni fiqri gamocdilebaze gadaaqvs. is SesaZlo davale-
bebs ukavSirdeba (mag., interaqtiuli Jurnalebi). veb-gverdi `MyLabSchool~
(www.mylabschool.com) studentebs sakuTari pasuxebis Cawerisa da instruq-
torisaTvis eleqtronuli fortiT gagzavnis saSualebas aZlevs.

rogor moiqceodiT?
yovel TavSi orjer an samjer Tqvens winaSe ismis kiTxva: rogor moiq-
ceodiT savaraudo samuSaoze ayvanasTan dakavSirebiT intervius dros. es
kiTxvebi saxelmZRvanelos masalas ukavSirdeba da maTi avtorebi skolis
direqtorebi da xelmZRvanelebi arian.

istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb – xarki swavlebas

yovel TavSi mocemulia mokle ambavi imis Sesaxeb, rogor Secvala re-
alurma maswavlebelma moswavlis cxovreba. ramdenime wlis win Cems qal-
iSvils, saSualo skolis maswavlebels yofili moswavlis mSobelma dau-
reka. moswavles janmrTelobis seriozuli problema hqonda da kelisTan
_ ori sasurveli adamianidan erT-erTTan _ saubari surda. erTi kargi
ambavi is iyo, rom gogonas gulis transplantacia gaukeTda da Tavs kar-
gad grZnobda, xolo meore is, rom maswavlebeli misi cxovrebis umniS-
vnelovanesi nawili iyo da aris. wignis yovel tavSi mocemulia swavlis
istoria, romelic kelisnairi maswavleblebis mniSvnelobas gviCvenebs.

gza yovel moswavlemde

pirveli Tavis garda yovel TavSi mocemulia nawili - `gza yovel mo-
swavlemde~, romelic sxvadasxva, maT Soris, swavlis sirTuleebis mqone
moswavleebis Sefasebis, swavlebisa da motivaciis Sesaxeb mosazrebebs
gvTavazobs.
Tavi 2 kulturis instrumentebis gamoyeneba
Tavi 3 martooba da unarSezRuduli bavSvebi
Tavi 4 maRali donis azrovneba
Tavi 5 bilingv bavSvebSi niWierebis aRmoCena
Tavi 6 funqcionaluri qceviTi Sefaseba da dadebiTi
qcevis xelSewyoba

6
 Tavi 7 metakognituri strategiebi swavlis uunaro
moswavleebisaTvis
Tavi 8 swavlis uunaroba da cnebis swavleba
Tavi 9 ori saklaso oTaxi da ojaxi
Tavi 10 SfoTvasTan gamklaveba
Tavi 11 kooperaciuli swavlis gonivruli gamoyeneba
Tavi 12 dadebiTi qcevis xelSewyoba skolis masStabiT
Tavi 13 inkluziur klasebSi efeqtiani swavleba
Tavi 14 swavlis uunaro moswavleTa daxmareba maRali tamasis
testirebisaTvis momzadebaSi
Tavi 15 SeTanxmeba SefasebaSi

meaTe Tavis axali Taviseburebebi

mravalgvaroba da msgavseba
yoveli Tavis bolo nawilSi ganxilulia sxvadasxva moswavleTa gamoc-
dileba da Taviseburebebi Tavis TemasTan kavSirSi. Semdeg ki –zogierTi
sakiTxi da principi, romelic yvela moswavles miesadageba. am nawilis
mizania dagexmaroT gaigoT da daafasoT moswavleTa gansxvaveba da ganvi-
Tarebis, swavlisa da motivaciis TvalsazrisiT yvela Cvenganis msgavseba.

madlierebis niSnad
wignze muSaobis wlebSi mravalma adamianma dauWira mxari am proeqts.
maTi daxmarebis gareSe es saxelmZRvanelo ubralod ver daiwereboda.
mravalma pedagogma Seitana wvlili proeqtSi. qerol veinsteinma (Carol
Weinstein) me-12 TavSi dawera nawili `swavlebisaTvis saWiro sivrcis~ Ses-
axeb. nensi perim (Nancy Perry) (University of British Columbia) da fillip vinim
(Philip Winne) (saimon fraizeris universiteti) me-9 tavSi TviTregulaciis
nawili daweres. jipsi m. denzinma (Gypsy M. Denzine) CrdiloeT arizonas
universiteti) iTava Sefasebis nakrebisa da ukukavSirisaTvis saWiro ma-
salebis damuSaveba. instruqtoris gzamkvlevi robin reklim (Robin Rackley)
(texasis universiteti) Seqmna, Power PointTM prezentacia qerol skatenam
(Carol Scatena) (luisis universiteti), xolo swavlis gzamkvlevi emili raiT
jonsonma (Emilie Wright Johnson) (lindenvudis universiteti). mindorze
SeniSvnebisa da nawilis `swavlebis cnobari da swavla mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze~ avtori jeims o’kelia (James O’Kelly) rutjersis universiteti)
me-2 da me-3 Tavebis momzadebaSi didi wvlili Seitana nensi napis (Nancy
Knapp) (jorjiis universiteti) SeniSvnebma. `rogoria Tqveni azri?~ kiTx-
vaTa nawili doqtorma maikl dipaolam (Dr. Michael DiPaola) skolebis yofil-
ma xelmZRvanelma (pitmeni, niu jersi, uiliamisa da meris sax. koleji),
doqtorma hari galinskim (Harry Galinsky) skolebis yofilma xelmZRvanel-
ma (paramusi, niu jersi) da andrea vongma skolis direqtorma (hilsaidis
dawyebiTi skola, nidhami, masaCusetsi) SemogvTavazes.
am gamocemis ganaxlebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas qveynis
masStabiT mravali profesoris mosazreba damexmara. maT Cems kiTxvebze
sapasuxod dro ar daiSures, risTvisac madlobas vuxdi:

7
 greis m. bartons, CrdiloeT karolinas
vilmingtonis universiteti
i. j. karopreso, CrdiloeT karolinas
vilmingtonis universiteti
linda Ciangi, Azusa Pacific universiteti
anmari konli, miCiganis universiteti
qerol mkdonald konori, floridis uni-
versiteti
karen eifleri, portlendis univer-
siteti
maikl hardmani, iutas universiteti
Jeims kaufmani, virjiniis universiteti
nensi nafi, jorjiis universiteti
patrisia kopetzi, tenesi-Catanoogas
universiteti
uiliam lani, texasis teqnikuri univer-
siteti
jon loidi, virjiniis universiteti
jim mkmilani, virjiniis Statis univer-
siteti
avidan milevski, pensilvaniis univer-
siteti
suzan aiveri mitCeli, ohaios univer-
siteti
evan poveli, jorjiis universiteti
Tomas ratlifi, centraluri koneqti-
kutis Statis universiteti
marla ris-veberi, ilinoisis Statis uni-
versiteti
katerin a. rivoira, aRmosavleT karo-
linis universiteti
jef sandozi, luizianas universiteti
su Saari, kaliforniis Statis univer-
siteti domingos hili
roza hernandes sitsi, texasis Statis
universiteti
ken springeri, Southern Methodist univer-
siteti
debora svitzeri, klemsonis univer-
siteti
meri elen tilotsoni, rod-ailendis
koleji
Seril uaiti, aRmosavleT miCiganis uni-
versiteti
patrisia uiliamsi, florida atlantikis
universiteti

skolis mravalma maswavlebelma mTeli qveynisa da msoflios masSta-

biT Tavisi gamocdilebiT, Semoqmedebis unariTa da codniT wvlili Sei-
tana `maswavleblis CanawerebSi~. CemTvis sasiamovno iyo maTTan urTier-
Toba da madlobeli var am wignSi maTi wvlilisaTvis.

8
 jamaal alani, pointeris saSualo skola,
hilsboro, oregoni
uiliam rodni alani, luizianas maTematikis,
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa da xe-
lovnebis skola
media aiala, Campus Garza Sada, monterei, meqsi-
ka
suz l. bosveli, pikinsis saSualo skola, jes-
peri, jorjia
karen a. boiarski, valter s. blakis dawyebiTi
skola, haigstouni, niu jersi
qeiT j. boili, duneleni, niu jersi
kimberli d. bridgersi, donsonis dawyebiTi
skola, hermiteij, tenesi
valeri CilqouTi, glenmounTis skola, bal-
timori, merilendi
qeiTi CerCili, medoubruqis dawyebiTi skola,
texasi
eSli dodji, los anJelesis skolis gaer-
Tianebuli olqi, los anJelesi, kalifor-
nia
mitCel d. kleti, a.s. axali saSualo skola,
sfringsi, texasi
vivian lacola, noqson roudis dawyebiTi
skola, pougqifsi, niu iorki
keli makelroi bonini, klein oak hilis skola,
sfringi, texasi
suzan midltoni, wm. jeimsis saepiskoposo
skola, beiton rouji, luiziana
felisia louman-saiksi, midouviuvis dawyebi-
Ti skola, midouviuvi, virjinia
juli mohoki, panamis dawyebiTi skola, papua
axali gvinea
Tomas neismiti, slokumis damoukidebeli
skolis olqi, slokumi, texasi
Tomas v. niukirki, hamiltonis saSualo skola,
arcadia, indiana
timoTi norfliTi, linden makkinlis saSualo
skola, columbusi, ohaio
Tomas o’doneli, maldenis saSualo skola,
maldeni, masaCusetsi
alan osborni, snag harnoris saTemo skola,
quinsi, masaCusetsi
qarei perksoni, braunis skola, natiki, masaCu-
setsi
qeiTi pieli, vest parkis skola, mosqou
aidaho
aseTi zomis proeqtSi mravalma adamianma Seitana Tavisi arsebiTi wv-
lili. juli brauni nebarTvaTa koordinatori muyaiTad muSaobda teqst-
Si warmodgenili masalebis nebarTvis mosapoveblad. teqstis dizainerma
qerol sombergma da garekanis koordinatorma linda novlesma wignis
margaret dulani, wm. miqaelis skola, gordon-
veili, avstralia
daniel doili, wm. iosebis akademia, hofmani,
ilinoisi
maikl j. elisi, quinsis saSualo skola, quinsi,
masaCusetsi
emi fredeti, fiSeris dawyebiTi skola, vol-
poli, masaCusetsi
pem gaskili, riversaidis dawyebiTi skola,
dublini, ohaio
sandra gili, hudsonis saSualo skola, hud-
soni, neu iorki
linda glisoni, wm. jeimsis saepiskoposo
skola, beiton rouji, luiziana
iolita harperi, veinlend parkis dawyebiTi
skola, kolumbusi, ohaio
daniel hartmani, qleimountis dawyebiTi
skola, balvini, misuri
jef d. hortoni, koltonis skola, koltoni,
vaSingtoni
v. sin kirnei, galen r. elolfis dawyebiTi
skola, qonversi, texasi
debora p. ridi, derbi vudsis dawyebiTi skola,
galovei, ohaio
Tomas j. ridi, derbi vudsis dawyebiTi skola,
galovei, ohaio
rendal j. sampsoni, genoas saSualo skola,
vestervili, ohaio
nensi Caferi, cincinati hilsis qristianuli
akademiis saSualo skola
cincinati, ohaio
doqtor nensi Sihan-melzaki, snag harboris
saTemo skola, quinsi, masaCusetsi
mark smiti, medfordis saSualos skola, med-
fordi, masaCusetsi
jenifer hadson Tomasi, armideilis saSualos
skola, armideili, avstralia
Jaklin volkeri, TreJa mauntinis saSualo
skola, park siTi, iuta
maikl iazisi, l. h. tanglenis dawyebiTi skola,
minetonka, minesota
suzi e. iangi, iorkis saSualo skola, iorki,
meni
debi iangbladi, hiliard sitis skolebi, hil-
iardi, ohaio
9
 me-10 gamocemis garegnuli mimzidvelobis SenarCuneba SeZles. proeqtis
menejerma qeiTi smitma zedmiwevniT ganaxorciela umciresi saocrebebi
da proeqtis yvela aspeqts araCveulebrivad organizebulad da gonivru-
lad mouyara Tavi. imdenad kargad gamouvida yvelaferi, rom vTxove, Cemi
cxovrebis gaZRolasac xom ar iTavebdi-meTqi. warmoebis administratori
anita jozefi da warmoebis menejeri elain oberi proeqtis yvela aspeqtis
koordinirebas gasaocari unariTa da sifaqiziT asrulebdnen. maT rog-
orRac saRi azri mianiWes SesaZlo qaoss da yvelaze mosabezrebeli samuS-
aoc ki saxaliso gaxades. axla wigni ukve marketingis ufrosi menejeris
tara kelis, alin da bekonis marketingis direqtoris ami kronin iordanis,
ufrosi sareklamo specialistis Jaklin makdermotis, reklamis direq-
toris qeiTi qonveisa da maTi TanamSromlebis xelSia. mouTmenlad veli
imis gagebas, ras gegmaven isini amJamad CemTvis. gamimarTla, rom am niWier
da SemoqmedebiT jgufTan momiwia muSaoba.
am gamocemaze kvlav cnobil saredaqcio jgufTan muSaobis privile-
gia mqonda: alin da bekonis prezidenti nensi forsiTi da vice preziden-
ti, mTavari redaqtori pol a. smiti. maTi inteleqti, SemoqmedebiToba,
gonivruli gansja, stili da wignis xarisxisaTvis Tavdauzogavi zrunva
wignis nebismier gverdze Cans. maT mudam eqnebaT Cemi uRrmesi pativis-
cema da Tavdadebuli megobroba. weras mxolod maTTan muSaobis sur-
viliT gavagrZeleb. redaqtoris TanaSemwis ani spiris wyalobiT samuSao
mSvidad sruldeboda da Cemi faqsis manqana da eleqtronuli fosta masa-
lebis miReba-gastumrebas veRar audioda. am gamocemaze muSaobisas kvlav
mqonda ganviTarebis redaqtoris alisia reilis daxmarebis bedniereba
misi codnisa da organizaciuli unaris araCveulebrivi kombinaciiT. is
xelmZRvanelobda am gamocemis yvela aspeqts, yovelTvis erTi nabijiT
uswrebda movlenebs, mTeli msoflios masStabiT amyarebda urTierTo-
bas adamianebTan – es gamaognebeli iyo! araCveulebrivi pedagogiuri mx-
ardaWera ar iarsebebda misi dauRalavi Zalisxmevis gareSe. danarTebis
vrceli nakrebis koordinirebas Tavdauzogavad awarmoebda redaqtoris
asistenti adam vaitharsti.
dabolos, minda madloba gadavuxado Cems ojaxsa da megobrebs maTi
sikeTisa da mxardaWerisaTvis wignze muSaobis grZeli dReebisa da Ramee-
bis ganmavlobaSi. Cems ojaxs marions, bobs, eriks, suzis, elzas, lizis, ve-
ine k. marias, kelis, toms, lizas, lourensa da maiks – Tqven Seudareblebi
xarT.
bolos ki vein hois – Cems megobars, kolegas, sulisCamdgmels, meuRles
– yoveli dRe saCuqrad rom miqcia.
anita vulfok hoi

mosazrebebi

anita vulfokiseuli `ganaTlebis fsiqologia~ gasaocaria. Sinaar-

sisa da konteqstis yovlismomcveloba da siRrme daxvewilad aris erT-
maneTTan dakavSirebuli da aRtacebuli aRmoaCen, rom Tavbrudamxvevad
martivia, rac wigns swavlisa da swavlebisaTvis misawvdoms xdis. CemTvis
gansakuTrebiT faseulia bolodroindeli da mniSvnelovani kvlevebis
xazgasma, romelic teqstSia mocemuli.
meri elen tilotsoni, rod ailendis koleji

10
 vulfokiseuli teqsti da damatebiTi masalebi studentebs Teoriisa
da kvlevis realur situaciebTan dakavSirebis uTvalav SesaZleblobas
aZlevs. studentebs SeeZlebaT martivi damaxsovrebis nacvlad srulyon
masalis `daswavlis~ unari.
marla riz-veberi, ilinoisis saxelmwifo universiteti

wigni saintereso da saxalisoa, moicavs rogorc praqtikul infor-

macias, aseve Teoriasa da kvlevas. mocemulia mravali sqema, romelic
studentebs teqstis gagebaSi daexmareba, aseve ixilavT mokle epizodebs,
situaciuri savarjiSoebsa da praqtikul rCevebs. vfiqrob, wigni nebism-
ieri studentisaTvis saintereso iqneba.
siu Cari, kaliforniis saxelmwifo universiteti

vulfokis wigni yovelTvis mogvwonda mec da Cems studentebsac, wer-

is mkafio, lakonuri Sesatyvisobisa da wyobis gamo. es erT-erTi mizezia,
ris gamoc am wigniT vsargeblob. rekomendaciebi, mindorze SeniSvnebi,
cxrilebi da CanarTebi did daxmarebas uwevs studentebs masalis gage-
baSi. eqvsi welis am saxelmZRvanelos viyeneb da misi yoveli Semdgomi sul
ufro ukeTesia.
katerina a rivoira, aRmosavleT kaliforniis universiteti

wigni kargad aris dawerili, gasagebia da lakonuri. masSi mocemulia

azrovnebisa da problemis gadaWris araCveulebrivi strategiebi da is
studentTa aqtiur CarTvas uzrunvelyofs.
suzan averi mitCeli, ohaios universiteti

wignis yvelaze arsebiTi Rirsebaa Temebis sirTule, uaxlesi kvlevebi

da damxmare masala. is Tavis sferoSi kvlav klasikad rCeba.
stiv huveri, wm. klaudis saxelobis universiteti

vulfokis wigni yvelaze saintereso saxelmZRvaneloa ganaTlebis

fsiqologiaSi. amas garda, werisa da mosazrebaTa mowodebis stili mkiTx-
velzea orientirebuli.
Ceril s. darvini, samxreT koneqtikutis saxelmwifo universiteti

weris manera araCveulebrivia, saswavlo Temebis sirTule

– Seudarebeli.
nensi nafi, jorjiis universiteti

11
 1
Tavi

maswavleblebi, swavleba
da swavlebis fsiqologia
maswavleblis Canawerebi: rogor
moiqceodiT?
mimoxilva
swavleba _ `arc erTi bavSvi
uyuradRebod~
diferencirebulad moqmedeben Tu
ara maswavleblebi
maswavleblisa da moswavlis
urTierToba
maswavleblis momzadeba
da xarisxi
ras niSnavs kargad swavleba?
oTx saklaso oTaxSi
eqspertTa codna
ganaTlebis fsiqologiis roli
ramdenime saintereso istoria
mxolod saRi azria?
swavlis gagebis da
gaumjobesebisaTvis kvlevis
gamoyeneba
ras gulisxmobs mecnierebaze
dafuZnebuli kvleva?
Teoriebi swavlebisTvis
ras niSnavs iyo kargi damwyebi
maswavlebeli
mravalferovneba da erTgvarovneba
pedagogiur fsiqologiaSi
mravalferovneba
erTgvarovneba
Sejameba
maswavleblis Canawerebi:
kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM- Tan/
rogor moiqceodnen?

12
 rogor moiqceodiT?
maswavleblis meore welia, rac
riversaid kombaind
Canawerebi kampusis (sabavSvo
baRi _ me-8 klasi)
maswavlebeli xarT. Tqvenma skolam, rogorc
saxelmwifosgan, aseve kerZo seqtoridan garkveu-
li Tanxa miiRo. aRniSnuli Tanxa jildos saxiT
saukeTeso swavlebisTvis (saukeTeso pedagogi-
uri miRwevebisTvis) Tqveni skolis sam maswav-
lebels unda gadaeces. direqtori mas­
wavleblebisgan am sam jildoze wardgenil
maswavlebelze rekomendacias iTxovs. Seiqmna
komisia. komisiis wevrebi arian: ori gamocdili
maswavlebeli da erTi damwyebi anu – Tqven. val-
debulebidan gamomdinare, Tqven daTanxmdiT.
mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi pedagoge­bi samaswav-
lebloSi dajildovebasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebs guldasmiT ganixilavdnen. zogi mas-
wavlebeli eWvs gamoTqvavda – rom gadawyvetile-
bas politikuri datvirTva eqneboda, zogi ki
maswavlebelTa Zalisxmevis dafasebis SesaZle-
blobas mi­e­salmeboda. gamoikveTa e.w. “gamarjve-
bulTa” saxelebi da is ramdenime maswavlebeli,
romelic Zalian iSviaTad gesaubreboda, komisi-
a m kurss Tavidan SesaZloa mravali studen-
tis msgavsad, Tqvenc, garkveuli sifrTxiliT
moekidoT. SesaZloa, ganaTlebis fsiqologiis
Seswavla Tqveni ZiriTadi pro­fesiis, magaliTad,
pedagogiuri ganaTlebis, logopediis, konsul-
taciis nawili gaxdes an fakultaturi iyos.
miuxedavad ganaTlebis fsiqologiis Seswavlis
mizezisa, imedovnebT, rom am sagnis Seswavlis
Semdeg swavlebasTan, skolTan, moswavleebTan
– da gindac sakuTar TavTan – dakavSirebul
informacias miiRebT. swored am ideiT vxelmZR-
vanelobdi ganaTlebis fsiqologiis me-10 gamo-
cemaze muSaobisas.
pirvel TavSi ganaTlebas SevexebiT, ufro
konkretulad ki swavlebis dRevandel formasa
da federalur kanonmdeblobas, romelic zegav-
lenas axdens TiToeul maswavlebelze. maswav-
leblebze sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. zogi maT
akritikebs da Tvlis, rom isini araefeqtianad
muSaoben, zo­gi ki maT axalgazrda adamianebis
imedad aRiq­vavs. gansxvavdeba Tu ara moswav-
leTa swavlebis forma? ra aspeqtebi ganapiro-
bebs karg swavlebas? ganaTlebis fsiqologiis
moSvelebis Sefasebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Se-
is wevrad Tqveni arCevis Semdeg sak­maod dagime-
gobrdnen. pirveli Sexvedra momdevno kviras
Sedgeba. rogor moemzadebiT am SexvedrisTvis?
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi
ra unda icodeT swavlasTan dakavSirebiT,
raTa dakisrebuli movaleoba kargad Seas-
ruloT?
ra ZiriTadi faqtorebi gansazRvravs
“saukeTeso swavlebas” (saukeTeso pedago-
giuri miRwevebs)?
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT swav-
lebis sxvadasxvagvari filosofia gvaZlevs
Tu ara sxvadasxva pasuxs?
ra rekomendacia gaqvT aRniSnul sa­kiTxze?
daasabuTeT igi.
kolaboracia
3 an 4 TanaklaselTan erTad CamoayalibeT
da grafikulad asaxeT `kargad swavlis” konce-
fciis ruka. magaliTisaTvis ixileT me-8 TavSi
8.2 sqemaze: “Any’s Molecule” asaxuli koncefciis
ruka.
ZlebT, Tu dRevandel swavlebasa da swavlaze
gaqvT warmodgena. maswavleblis cnebis mokle
ganmartebis Semdeg ganaTlebis fsiqologiis
ganxilvas kvlav davubrundebiT. rogor exmareba
ganaTlebis fsiqologiis codna maswavleblebs,
eqimebs (fsiqiatrebs), mSoblebsa da swavlebiTa
da swavliT dainteresebul pirebs? ra aris ga­
naTlebis fsiqologiis Sinaarsi, da saidan mo­dis
es informacia? winamdebare Tavis Seswavlis Sem-
deg gacilebiT advilad SeZlebT pasuxi gasceT
aramarto qvemoT dasmul kiTxvebs:
ra aqtia No Child Left Behind? _ `arc er­Ti
bavSvi uyuradRebod”?
mniSvnelovania Tu ara swavleba?
ras niSnavs kargad swavleba?
ra ician gamocdilma maswavleblebma?
ZiriTadad raze unda zrunavdes damwyebi
maswavlebeli?
ratom unda SeviswavloT ganaTlebis
fsiqologia?
ra mniSvneloba aqvs Teoriasa da kvlevas
aRniSnul sferoSi
13
 swavleba - `arc erTi bavSvi uyuradRebod~ - Semdeg

im SemTxvevaSi Tu araferi gsmeniaT aqtisN _ `arc erTi bavSvi uyu-

radRebod” _ Sesaxeb, an Tu iciT kidec am aqtis Sesaxeb. winamdebare
teqstSi am cnebas araerTxel SexvdebiT. 2002 wlis 8 ianvars prezi-
dentma jorj buSma No Child Left Behind (NCLB) aqts xeli moawera. faqto-
brivad, NCLB 1965 wels miRebuli dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTlebis
aqtis (igive ESEA) yvelaze gviandeli sanqcireba iyo, romelic axali
saxelwodebiT iqna miRebuli da TandarTul cvlilebas asaxavda. am
aqtis mixedviT 2005-2006 saswavlo wlis bolosaTvis me-3 klasidan
me-8 klasis CaTvliT yvela moswavlem yovelwliurad unda gaiaros
standartuli testireba kiTxvasa da maTeEmatikaSi; saSualo skolaSi
kidev erTi gamocdis Cabareba iqneba saWiro. sxva sagnebi mogvianebiT
daemateba. zemoaRniSnuli testebis qulebze dayrdnobiT skolebis
Sefaseba xdeba, kerZod, testirebul saganSi skolis moswavleTaM adek-
vaturi adreuli progresis (AYP) Semowmeba. saxelmwifo gansazRvravs
dasauflebel codnas, unar-Cvevebsa da standartebs. miuxedavad sax-
elmwifos mier gansazRvruli standartebisa, NCLB mixedviT 2013-2014
saswavlo wlis bolos skolis yvela moswavlem gansazRvrul dones
unda miaRwios. garda amisa, skolam sxvadasxva jgufisaTvis (rasobrivi
da eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenelTaTvis, unarSezRudulebisa
da imaTTvis, visTvisac inglisuri ena ar aris mSobliuri an mwirSemo-
savliani ojaxebidan arian) calcalke unda Camoayalibos AYP miznebi da
warmoadginos dagrovili qulebi. es Sedegi rogorc maswavlebelze ,
ise mSobelze did gavlenas moaxdens. jeims pofami, Sefasebis eqsper-
ti, ambobs:
swavleba _ da testireba – rac NCLB aqts mohyva, uda­­vod gan-
sxvavdeba im swavlebisa da testirebisagan, romelic aRniSnuli
kanonis miRebamde iyo ZalaSi. (2005a, p.4)

winamdebare Tavi NCLB aqtis ganxilviT imitom daviwyeT, rom, ro-

gorc pofamma aRniSna, igi Tqveni swavlebis yoveldRiurobaze iqo-
niebs gavlenas. garda amisa, kanoni maRalkvalificiuri maswavleblis
kriteriums gansazRvravs – anu maswavleblisa, rogoric gindaT gax-
deT. NCLB aqtis mixedviT, 2005-2006 saswavlo wlis bolosTvis ZiriTa-
di akademiuri sagnebis yvela maswavlebeli `maRalkvalificiuri” unda
iyos. yvela maswavleb-lis asistenti am aqtiT gansazRvrul maRalkvali-
ficiurobis parametrebs unda akmayofilebdes. ra kriteriumebs unda
akmayofilebdes maRalkvalificiuri pedagogi?
NCLB mixedviT zogadad maRalkvalificiuria is pedagogi,
romelsac aqvs sertifikati, bakalavris xarisxi da gavlili aqvs
akademiuri kursi an saxelmwifo testireba im saganSi, ra sa-
gansac aswavlis. veterani maswavleblebisTvis, romlebsac ax-
algazrda maswavleblebisgan gansxvavebiT akademiuri kursi im
saganSi, romelsac aswavlian, ar gauvliaT, arsebobs Sefasebis
mesame saSualeba, kerZod, unda daakmayofilon saxelmwifos `Se-
fasebis saerTo saxelmwifo standarti high objective uniform state
standard of evaluation”, an mokled HOUSSE. (Centre on Education Policy,
2005, p. 148)

zemoT mocemuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT 2005 wels pedagogTa

14
umetesoba `maRalkvalificiurad” iqna Sefasebuli. magram arsebobs
problemebi _ `arakvalificiur” maswavlebelTa Tanafardoba gacile-
biT didia im moswavleebTan, romlebic dabalSemosavliani ojaxebidan
da umciresobidan arian, gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis mqone moswav-
leebsa da soflis skolebSi.
gulisxmobs Tu ara maRalkvalificiuroba kargad swavlebas? qvemoT
ganvixilavT ramdenime pasuxs kiTxvaze _ `ra aris kargad swavleba?”
magram manam, sanam aRniSnul sakiTxs SevexebiT, modiT ganvixiloT,
ufro Zireuli mniSvnelobis kiTxva _ diferencirebulad moqmedeben mas-
wavleblebi?

diferencirebulad moqmedeben
Tu ara maswavleblebi?
zogi mkvlevaris naSromebis mixedviT swavlis warmatebis ZiriTadi daukavSireT swavlebas da
ganmsazRvreli faqtori simdidre da socialuri mdgomareobaa (sta- ganavrceT
tusi), da ara swavleba (Goleman, 1966). sinamdvileSi swavlebis sferoSi CamoayalibeT ganaTlebis re-
aluri da idealuri miznebi,
adreul periodSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebi aCveneben, rom maswavle-
vis miiCneven ganaTlebul
blebi siRaribisa da sicialuri problemebis winaSe uZlurni ar arian adamianad? ra ganapirobebs
(Wittrock, 1986). maswavleblis muSaobis efeq-
Tqveni azriT, iTvaliswinebs Tu ara swavleba gansxvavebas? moiSve- tianobas? daaxasiaTeT Tqveni
lieT gamocdileba. gyavdaT Tu ara iseTi maswavlebeli, romelmac yvelaze efeqtiani maswavle-
beli: Tqveni azriT, romelia
Tqvens cxovrebaze gavlena iqonia? SesaZloa erT-erTma maswavlebelma
swavlebis saukeTeso forma?
ganapiroba kidec Tqveni arCevani, gamxdariyaviT pedagogi. magram ga- risi miReba gsurT am kursis
naTlebis fsiqologiis erT-erTi mizani, zogadad, gansakuTrebiT ki gavliT? pasuxebi swavlis
winamdebare TavSi, ara indivudualuri gamocdilebisa da magaliTebis, filosofiis ganviTarebaSi
aramed didi jgufis kvlevaa. Catarebuli sami kvleva moswavleTa dagvexmareba.
cxovrebaze, maswavleblebis gavlenaze mogviTxrobs. pirveli kvlevis
dros dakvirveba sabavSvo baRidan merve klasis CaTvliT 179 bavSvze
ganxorcielda. meore kvleva ufro masStaburi iyo _ is SeerTebuli
Statebis 50 StatSi aTasobiT moswavle da maswavlebeli moicva, xolo
bolo kvlevisas Seswavlil iqna me-2, me-4 da me-5 klasis moswavleTa
Sedegebi maTematikaSi.

maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierToba

brijit harmem da robert piantma (2001) bavSvebze dakvirveba moax-
dines sabavSvo baRidan merve klasis CaTvliT. es kvleva erT-erTi
raionis patara skolaSi Catarda. mkvlevarebma daadgines, rom sabavSvo
baRSi maswavleblisa da aRsazrdelis urTierTobis xarisxi (bavSvTan
konfliqtis done, maswavlebelze bavSvis damokidebulebisa da bavSvis
mier maswavleblis mimarT gamoxatuli siyvaruli) me-8 klasSi ganapi-
robebs akademiuri da qcevis garkveul Sedegebs, miT ufro im moswav-
leebSi, romlebsac qcevsasTan dakavSirebuli seriozuli problemebi
hqondaT. moswavleebis sqesis, eTnikuri warmomavlobis, kognituri Ses-
aZleblobebisa, da qcevis Sefasebis gaTvaliswinebiT maswavlebelTan
urTierToba skolaSi miRwevebis garkveuli aspeqtebis winapirobaa.
mkvlevarebma daadgines, rom maswavlebelsa da bavSvs Soris adreuli
urTierTobis xarisxsa da skolaSi miRwevebs Soris damokidebuleba
SesaZloa, Zlieri da mudmivi iyos. didi sizustiT Catarebuli kvlevis

15
 Sedegebis safuZvelze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom im moswavleebs, romleb-
sac adreul asakSi qcevasTan dakavSirebuli seriozuli problemebi
hqondaT, skolis gviandel periodSi gacilebiT naklebi problemebi
aqvT, Tu ki maTi maswavleblebi maTi saWiroebebis mimarT sensitiure-
bi iyvnen. maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris dadebiTi urTierTobis
Zlieri zegavlenis Sesaxeb gaecaniT CanarTs `istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb
_ xarki swavlebas~.

maswavleblis momzadeba da xarisxi

50 StatSi arsebul politikaze dakvirvebis, am sakiTxze saxelm-
wifo kvlevis analizze dayrdnobiT linda darling-hamondma (2000)
Statebis masStabiT maswavlebelTa kvalifikaciasa da moswavleTa miR-
weul Sedegebs Soris kavSiri gamoikvlia. kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT
maswavlebelTa momzadebis xarisxi – aqvs Tu ara sertifikati da
gaiara Tu ara kursi im saganSi, ra sagansac aswavlis – mowavleebis
warCinebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. realurad, maswavleblis momzade-
buloba da seritificireba moswavlis wignierebasa da maTematikaSi
maRali Sedegebis Zlier winapirobad moiazreboda. magaliTisaTvis,
ixileT cxrili 1.1, romlis pirvel xazze miTiTebuli Tanafardoba
dadebiTia. es ki gulisxmobs, rac ufro maRalia maswavleblis xarisxi

istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb

xarki swavlebas
megim Tavis oTxi wlis biWunas xeli mohkida da quCas gauyva. maT SeniSnes, rom Savi manqana maT nel-nela
mihyveboda.
`vin aris es, dediko?~
`gza ganvagrZoT~, _ Tqva megim. man ver icno manqana da gza gaagrZela.
biWuna dedas CamorCa. megi iZulebuli gaxda, gaCerebuliyo. am dros Savi manqana gaCerda, mZRolma manqanis
mina Camoswia. axalgazrda mamakaci, romelsac mzis saTvale ekeTa, manqanidan quCaSi mimaval wyvils daJinebiT
akvirdeboda.
`q-no Jensen, es Tqven xarT?~ _ megim TiTqos nacnobi xmis gagonebaze Tavi miabruna mamakacisken. me­gim
xelSi aiyvana bavSvi da ukan daixia.
mZRolma manqana gaaCera, gadmovida da megisken gaemarTa. man mzis saTvale moixsna, raTa megis misi saxe ukeT
daenaxa. `ver micaniT, ara?~_ ikiTxa gulgatexilma mamakacma.
megis sifrTxile sixarulma Secvala, rodesac mamakacSi Tavisi yofili moswavle amoicno; `ra Tqma unda
gicani, jei. Znelia Seni daviwyeba!~
`arasdros damaviwydebiT, q-no Jensen. Tqven erTaderTi xarT, romelmac Sansi momeciT.~
megi Tvalwin sistemis winaaRmdeg mebrZol Tormeti wlis biWunas xedavda. rodesac manqana daiZra, megim
daxeda jeis savizito baraTs _ `jei getsi, arqiteqtori~ da mis saxes Rimili moefina.

wyaro: Apples & Chalkdust by Vicki Carauma. Copyright ©1998 by Vicki Carauma. Used with permission of Honor
Books, an imprint of Cook Communications Ministries.

16
da Zlieria im saganSi, ra sagansac aswavlis, miT maRalia moswavleTa daukavSireT kvlevas da
ganavrceT
miRwevebi ma­Tematikasa da kiTxvaSi. meore xazze miTiTebuli Tanafar-
maswavleblis donisa da
doba negatiuria da amdenad sayuradReboa. is gviCvenebs, rac ufro pedagogis momzadebis sxva
maRalia im pedagogTa procentuli raodenoba, romlebic aswavlian sa- perspeqtivis Sesaxeb ixileT
gans ara Tavisi profiliT, miT ufro dabalia moswavleTa Sedegebi borkosa da sxvaTa naSromSi
(2000).
am saganSi. (mogvianebiT amave TavSi ufro detalurad avxsniT, rogor
unda wa­vi­kiTxoT aRniSnuli statistikuri monacemebi). swavlebisaTvis
maswav­leblis sagnis codna da misi axsna mniSvnelovani faqtoria, ma-
gram momzadeba da kvalifikacia aseve seriozul gansxvavebas gvaZlevs
(Darling-Hammond & Youngs, 2002). ase, rom cneba _ iyo `maRali kvalifi-
kaciis mqone maswavlebeli~, NCLB mixedviT, kargi pirveli nabijia
imisken, rom gaxde kargi pedagogi.
sxva mkvlevarebma moswavleebze pedagogTa efeqtianobisa da arae-
feqtianobis zegavlena gamoikvlies (Sanders & Rivers, 1996). aRniSnuli
kvleva tenesis Statis dedaqalaqis ori udidesi skolis me-5 klasel
bavSvebze Catarda. erT skolaSi moswavleebma, romlebsac me-3, me-4 da
me-5 klasSi kvalificiuri pedagogebi hyavdaT, maTematikis standar-
tul testSi saSualod 83 procenti daagroves, xolo meore skolaSi
_ 96 procenti (99 procenti SesaZlebeli umaRlesi qulaa). aRniSnu-
lis sapirispirod, erT skolaSi moswavleebma, romlebsac sami wlis
ganmavlobaSi naklebad kvalificiuri pedagogebi hyavdaT, maTematikis
standartul testSi saSualod 29 procenti daagroves, xolo meore
skolaSi _ 44 procenti. orive SemTxvevaSi maqsimalurad SesaZlebel da
miRebul Sedegebs Soris sxvaoba 50 procentze metia! moswavleebs ki,
romlebsac sami wlis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva kvalifikaciis pedagoge-
bi hyavdaT, maTematikis testSi Sualeduri qulebi daagroves. sander-

cxrili 1.1

pedagogis kvalifikaciisa da moswavleTa Sedegebis korelacia

me-4 klasi, me-4 klasi, me-8 klasi, me-4 klasi, me-4 klasi,
maTematika maTematika maTematika maTematika maTematika
1992 1996 1996 1992 1994

maRalkvalificiur maswavle- .71** .61** .67** .80** .75**

belTa procentuli maCvenebeli
(sertificirebuli da ZiriTadi
sagnis maswavlebeli)

maswavlebelTa procentuli -.48* -.44* -.42* -.56* -.33*

maCvenebeli, romlebic aswav-
lian sagans ara maTi profiliT
(sakuTar sferoSi magistrze
naklebi wodebiT)

* p <.05
** p <.01

wyaro: “Teacher Quality and Student Achivment: A Review of State Policy Evidence,” by L. Darling-Hammond, 2000, Educational Policy
Analysis Archives, 8pp. 1-48. http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n1/. Copyright ©Educational Policy Analysis Archives. Adapted with permission
of the EPAA.

17

ras niSnavs kargad swavleba?
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
maswavleblis profesional-
izmi (IV, A2). daiwyeT saku-
Tari ganviTareba ganaTlebis
fsiqologiis Sesaxeb wignebisa
da statiebis kiTxviT. erT-
erTi yvelaze popularulip-
erioduli gamocemaa “Educa-
tion Week”. misi eleqtronuli
varianti ixileT misamarTze
www.edweek.com.
18
sma da riversma daaskvnes, rom saukeTeso pedagogebi yvela moswavles
saukeTeso miRwevisken ubiZgebdnen dabali miRwevebis moswavleebisT-
vis kargad swavleba gacilebiT sasargebloa. swavlebis efeqtianoba
aris zrdadi da narCeni – rac gulisxmobs, rom maRal klasebSi kargad
swavlebas dawyebiT klasebSi araefeqtiani swavlebis Sedegebis nawilo-
brivi kompensireba SeuZlia, magram yvela problemis aRmofxvra mainc
ar SeuZlia. marTlac, erT-erTma kvlevam cxadyo, rom moswavleTa dag-
rovili qulebis sxavobis sul mcire 7% maswavleblebis damsaxurebaa
(Rivkin, Hanushek, & Kain, 2001).
im pedagogebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT moswavleebTan pozitiuri
urTierTobis damyareba, sakuTari moswavleebis cxovrebaze Zlier
gavlenas axdenen. problemebis mqone moswavleebi kargi swavlebidan Sesa-
Zloa met sargebels iRebdnen. ra ganapirobebs pedagogis efeqtianobas?
ra aris kargi swavleba?
rogoria Tqveni azri?
es Tqveni pirveli interviua maswavleblis Tanamdebobis da-
sakavebladad. direqtori iRebs furcels da kalams, TvalebSi
giyurebT da geubnebaT: `ram mogxibla Tqvens sayvarel maswav-
lebelSi? ras niSnavs kargi maswavlebeli da ra faqtorebi gana-
pirobebs iyo kargi maswavlebeli?
pedagogebma,fsiqologebma, filosofosebma, mwerlebma, Jurna­lis­­­­
teb­ma, reJisorebma, maTematikosebma, mecnierebma, istorikosebma, po­­
litikosebma da mSoblebma, da es araa im specialistebis sruli Ca­­monaT­
vali, romlebic aRniSnuli kiTxvas CauRrmavdnen; am kiTxvaze asobiT
gansxvavebuli pasuxi arsebobs. kargad swavleba mxolod saklaso oTaxSi
ar xdeba – is saxlSi, saavadmyofosa da muzeumebSi, saq­mian Sexvedrebze,
Terapevtis kabinetsa da sazafxulo banakebSic gvxvdeba. winamdebare
wignSi ZiriTadi aqcenti klasSi mimdinare swavlebazea gakeTebuli, ma-
gram bevri ram, rasac am wignis Seswavlisas gaecnobiT, sxva ketegorieb-
sac ganekuTvneba.
oTx saklaso oTaxSi
imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT ras niSnavs kargi swavleba, modiT, oTxi cno­
bili maswavleblis klasSi SevideT. yvela aRwerili situacia real-
uria. pirveli ori pedagogi Cems praqtikant maswavleblebTan erTad
adgilobriv dawyebiT skolaSi muSaobda. am pedagogebis SerCeva ga-
napiroba im faqtma, rom Cemma yofilma kolegam ratgeridan, karol
vainstainma, Tavis wignSi `saklaso oTaxis menejmenti~ am pedagoge-
bze isaubra (Weinstein & Mignano, 2003). Cemi SerCeuli mesame pedagogi,
konsultantis daxmarebiT gaxda eqsperti, romelic swavlasTan daka-
vSirebuli seriozuli problemebis mqone moswavleebs kvalificiur
daxmarebas uwevda. bolo, meoTxe pedagogi ki saSualo skolis maswav-
lebeli iyo, romelsac ganaTlebis fsiqologia sxva fsiqologebTan
hqonda naswavli.
orenovani I klasi. vivianas klasSi 25 moswavlea. maTi umravlesoba
arc ise didi xania, rac dominikis respublikidan Camovida, danarCe-
nebi ki _ nikaraguadan, meqsikidan, puerto _ rikodan da hondurasidan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bavSvebi skolaSi Sesvlisas inglisur enaze an
srulebiT ver metyvelebdnen, an Zalian cota icodnen, ivnisSi, I kla-
sis dasrulebis Semdeg, vivianam imdeni SeZlo, rom bavSvebma raionis
mixedviT gaTvaliswinebuli saswavlo programa daZlies. aseTi miRweva
ki iman ganapiroba, rom maswavlebeli saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi bavS-
vebisTvis, saswavlo programis ufro advilad gagebis mizniT, gakveTi-
lebs espanur enaze atarebda, da rodesac darwmunda, rom moswavlee-
bi inglisuri enis Sesaswavlad mzad iyvnen, misi etapobrivad swavleba
daiwyo. vivianas ar surda, rom misi moswavleebi danarCeni bavSvebisgan
gamoeyoT an maTTvis uvargisis iarliyi miekraT. is bavSvebs waaxal-
isebda da siamayis grZnobas uRvivebda maTi espanuri warmomavalobis
mimarT da yvela SesaZleblobas iyenebda, raTa bavSvebs inglisuri enis
ukeT dauflebaSi daxmareboda.
vivianas molodini moswavleTa mimarT maRalia. is maqsimalurad
cdilobs bavSvebi yvela saWiro resursiT, yvela saxis masaliT – fan-
qrebiT, makratliT, feradi carciT uzrunvelyos – ise, rom arc erT
bavSvs swavlisTvis saWiro saSualeba ar daakldes. rac maTavaria, is
maT ukeTesi miRwevebisken mudmivad aqezebs. `vivianas pasuxismgeblobis
grZnoba moswavleebis mimarT aSkaraa. . . aseTi iSviaTi mondomebiTa da
energiiT igi Tavis moswavleebs waaxalisebs, aqezebs, aZlevs yvela
saWiro rCevas, aqebs da maTSi interess aRvivebs. mis mier moswavlee-
bisaTvis SeTavazebuli tempi cocxalia. vivianas aSkara Teatraluri
niWi aqvs; is, imisaTvis, rom bavSvebisTvis masala advilad aRqmadi
iyos axsnisas musikas, Jestikuliacias, mimikas iyenebs” (Weinstein &
Mignano, 2003, p.14). sakuTari moswavleebis ukeT Secnobis mizniT is maT-
Tan saxlSi midis. vivianasaTvis swavleba ara marto samuSao, aramed
cxovrebis stilia.

gareubnis skolis me-5 klasi. keni niu-jersis centrSi mdeba­re ga- daukavSireT sxva Tavebs da
reubnis dawyebiTi skolis me-5 klasis maswavlebelia. mis klasSi Tav- ganavrceT
moyrili arian moswavleebi sxvadasxva rasis, eTnikuri warmomavlobis, kenis `weris procesi” moswav-
leebis mier gamoqvey­nebuli
enisa da sxvadasxva Semosavlis mqone ojaxidan. keni did mniSvnelo-
naSromebi, Jurnalis war-
bas `weris process~ aniWebs. misi moswavleebi naSromis jer pirve- moeba yovelive es `kenisadmi”
lad monaxazs asruleben, Semdeg mas klasSi ganixilaven, asworeben, mid­­gomis saSualebebia.
da mxolod Semdeg “aqveyneben”. moswavleebi yoveldRiur Jurnalsac, aRniSnuli Te­ma me-13 TavSia
avseben. amis ZiriTadi mizani kenisTvis piradi interesebis gaziare- ganxiluli. kenis `uf­lebaTa
kanonmdebloba” klasSi dadge-
baa. isini kens ojaxSi arsebul problemebze, Cxubsa da sakuTar SiSze
nili wesebisadmi inovaciuri
esaubrebian; keni yovelTvis poulobs dros moswavleebs werilobiTi midgomis magaliTia (am Temas
pasuxi gasces. is cdilobs sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis Seswavla real- me-12 TavSi ganvixilavT).
uri cxovrebis WrilSi warmoaCinos. moswavleebi okeanis ekosistemas
e.w. `Field Trip to the Sea” kompiuteruli programis gamoyenebiT swav-
loben (Sunburst, 1999). sazogadoebrivi sagnebis SeswavlisaTvis mas ori
TamaSi aqvs. am TamaSebisas ZiriTadi aqcenti istoriaze keTdeba - erTi
amerikis mkvidri mosaxleobis kulturas, xolo meore - amerikis kolo-
nizacias exeba.
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi keni did yuradRebas aqcevs misi moswav-
leebis socialur da emociur ganviTarebas. is cdilobs moswavleebma
gaiTavison da iswavlon, Ura aris pasuxismgebloba da samarTlianoba, ra
sagnebi Sedis sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebriv mecnierebaSi. misi
damokidebuleba aSkarad Cans, wlis dasawyisSi klasSi wesebis Sedge-

19

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
robert moses, kembrijSi
(masaCuseci) martin luTer
kin­gis skolaSi algebras
proeqtis damfuZnebeli,
moswavleebs ric­xvebisa da
simbolebis koncef­cias fizi-
kuri movlenebis meSveobiT
aswavlis. isini metroSi
Cadian, irCeven erT gaCere-
bas, rogorc sawyis wertils
da moswavleebi Semosvlas
da gasvlas dadebiT da
uaryofiT ricxvebs ukavSire-
ben. isini metroSi mgzavro-
bas, gaCerebebis raodeno-
bisa da maTi mimarTulebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, maTematikur
enaze Targmnian. maswavlebeli
am saSualebas manam mimarTavs
sanam moswavleebisTvis alg-
ebris ena gasagebi ar gaxdeba.
aRniSnuliT mosesi maTemati-
kas Tavisi moswavleebisTvis,
ufro mxiaruls da advilad
aRqmads xdis. ufro meti
informaciisTvis waikiTxeT
Moses, R.P., & Cobb, C. E. Jr.
(2002). Radical equations: Civil
rights from Mississippi to the
Algebra Project. Boston: Beacon
Press.
20
nasa da maT ganviTarebaSi axdens. keni da misi mswavleebi yvela dadeb-
iTi da uaryofiTi faqtoris ganxilvis Semdeg klasisTvis adgenen
`uflebaTa kanonmdeblobas”, sadac moswavleTa uflebebia Camoyali-
bebuli. es uflebebi TiTqmis yvela im situacias moicavs, romelsic
`wesis” dacvas moiTxovs.
inkluziuri klasi. elioti gonieri da molaparake bavSvi iyo. patarao-
bisas igi advilad imaxsovrebda moTxrobebs, magram kiTxva ar SeeZlo.
misi problemebi swavlasTan dakavSirebuli seriozuli sirTuleebis
Sedegi iyo, rac gamoixateboda smenis da mxedvelobis integraciisa da
vizualuri mexsierebis siZneleSi. vizualuri mexsiereba. rodesac igi
weras cdilobda, yvelaferi erTmaneTSi ereoda. doqtori nensi uaiTi
eliotis maswavlebelTan, mia raselTan muSaobda. misi mizani inten-
siuri swavlebis modelis Seqmna iyo, romelic gansakuTrebulad eli-
otis individualuri swavlebisa da misi problemebis aRmofxvrisken
iqneboda mimarTuli. momdevno wlis ganmavlobaSi elioti, sakuTari
pedagogis daxmarebiT, swavlis sakuTari meTodis eqsperti gaxda. am
meTodis gamoyenebiT mas swavla damoukideblad SeeZlo, icoda swavlis
ra strategiebi ra dros unda gamoeyenebina. eliotis azriT, “miuxe-
davad imisa, rom es strategiebi arc ise advili Sesasrulebelia, maT
Sedegi aqvs!” (Hallahan & Kauffman, 2006, pp. 184-185).
gaZlierebuli maTematikis klasi. hilda borkom da karol livingston-
ma (1989) aRweres, rogor muSaobs saSualo maTematikuri klasis eqsper-
ti maswavlebeli rendi moswavleebTan (masalis vergagebiT gamowveuli
areulobisas). integralebis gamoyvanis strategiasTan dakavSirebuli
gakveTilis axsnisas erT-erTma moswavlem Tqva, rom am wignis garkveu-
li nawili alalbedze moxvedrili Cans. rendim klass masalis organi-
zebis procesis axsna dauwyo - Tavidan klass sTxova integralebis
gamoyvanis xelsayreli strategiebis zogadi debulebis Camoyalibeba.
rendim maTi mosazrebebi guldasmiT ganixila da moswavleebs sxva
moswavleebisTvis gaugebari masalis axsnaSi daexmara, amasTanave sa-
kuTari mosazrebebis teqstTan dakavSireba sTxova. miuxedavad imisa,
rom man yvela ke­Tilgonivruli mosazreba gaiazra, dafaze mxolod
ZiriTadi strategiebi Camowera. gakveTilis bolos moswavleebisTvis
wignidan gaugebari masala kargad dalagebul da sasargeblo saxelmZ-
Rvanelod gadaiqca. garda amisa, maT ukeTesi warmodgena SeeqmnaT,
rogor waekiTxaT da gaegoT rTuli masala.
ras xedavT am saklaso oTaxebSi? maswavleblebi sakuTar moswav-
leTa potencials xedaven. isini iTvaliswineben moswavleTa sxvadasxva
SesaZleblobebs da maT mravalferovnebas: sxvadasxva ena, sxvadasx-
va socialuri mdgomareoba, sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebi da uunaroba.
isini instruqtirebasa da Sefasebas moswavleebis saWiroebebs unda
usadageben. maT unda SeZlon yvelaze abstraqtuli cnebebi, rogoric
magaliTad integralebia, yoveli moswavlisTvis gasagebi gaxadon. da
garda amisa, arsebobs axali teqnologiebi da meTodebi. maswavle-
blebma isini dasaxuli mizanis misaRwevad da ara mxolod moswavleTa
gasarTobad unda gamoiyenon. garda imisa, rom es eqspertebi cdiloben
moswavleebs akademiuri masala Seaswavlon, isini TiToeuli moswavlis
emociur saWiroebas iTvaliswineben. isini maTSi TviTSefasebis amaR-
lebasa da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis gaRvivebas cdiloben. Tu Cven
am maswavleblebs swavlis pirvelive dRidan davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT
sakuTar klasSi, Tu raoden didi sifrTxiliT gegmaven saswavlo pro-
cess da raoden didi sifrTxiliT aswavlian cxovrebisa da swavlebis
ZiriTad procedurebs (anabanas). maT SeuZliaT gonivrulad Seagrovon
da Seasworon saSinao davaleba, moaxdinon moswavleebis gadajgufeba,
miscen swori mimarTuleba, gaanawilon masalebi, Seagrovon lanCis
Tanxa – da yovelive aRniSnulTan erTad isini afiqsireben da Sedegad
gansazRvraven maTi erT-erTi moswavle ratom aris ase daRlili.

ase rom, ra aris kargi swavleba? kargi swavleba mecnierebaa Tu xe­­­­

lov­neba, maswavlebelze orientirebuli leqcia Tu moswavleze orien­
tirebuli aRmoCena, zogadi Teoriebis ganacxadi Tu situaciiT gan-
pirobebuli praqtika? karg pedagogs kargad axsna SeuZlia Tu kargad
kiTxvis dasma, `scenaze mdgomi brZeni~ Tu `megzuria~? es kiTxvebi
wlebis manZilze ismis. Tqvens sxva klasebSi SesaZloa SexvdeT mecni-
eruli, maswavlebelze orientirebuli, Teoriaze dafuZnebuli siste-
mebis kritikas. Tqven gaxdebiT msaxiobi, gamomgonebeli, moswavleze
orientirebuli, kiTxvis damsmeli megzuri. aris Tu ara es swori gza?
modiT ganvixiloT angumentebi.
erT-erTi mosazrebiT swavleba Teoriaze dafuZnebuli mecniere-
baa. fsiqologebi wlebis manZilze bavSvebis azrebs da grZnobebs swav-
lobdnen. maT ainteresebdaT Tu rogor swavloben bavSvebi, ra ganapi-
robebs motivacias, ra gavlena aqvs swavlebas daswavlaze. es zogadi
da abstraqtuli koncefciebi sxvadasxva tipis situaciebSi gamoiy-
eneba. ratom sWirdebaT maswavleblebs yvela am codnis xelaxali in-
refleqsiuri _ sazriani da
terpretacia? maswavlebelTa garkveul jgufs miaCnia, rom saukeTeso gamWriaxi, moazrovne maswav-
maswavlebeli isaa, romelic swavlebisas ara mxolod Teorias mimar- lebeli, romelic ganixilavs
Tavs, aramed daxelovnebulia imaSi, rom iazrovnos Rrmad da Semo- ganvlil situacias, aanalizebs
qmedebiTad swavlebis Sesaxeb. (Schon, 1983). pedagogebs, romlebic am ra da ratom gaakeTa, raTa
gaiTvaliswinos rogor unda
mosazrebas iziareben, miaCniaT, rom swavleba `unda Seesabamebodes amo­
gaaumjobesos swavleba.
canas, dros, adgils, monawileebs da Sinaarss, xolo sxvadasxva sagani
icvleba am Taviseburebebis mixedviT~ (Leinhardt, 2001, p. 334). Sedegad, ze-
moaRniSnuli mosazrebis mixedviT swavleba imdenad kompleqsuria, rom
yoveli axali sagnis Seswavlis da yoveli axali klasis SemTxvevaSi
yovelTvis axlis mofiqrebaa saWiro.

dafiqreba arCevanis gakeTebisas (an-an). adamianTa umetesoba im mosaz­

rebas eTanxmeba, rom maswavleblebi Teoriuli codniT aRWurvilni da
Semoqmedni unda iyvnen. maT sxvadasxva strategiebis gamoyeneba da
axlis gamogoneba unda SeeZloT. isini klasis marTvis kvlevaze da-
fuZnebul ZiriTad xerxebs unda flobdnen, magram amavdroulad maT
unda SeswevdeT unari da gaaCndeT survili dadgenili wesi Secvalon,
Tu am ukanasknels situaciis cvlileba karnaxobs. maswavleblebs, ro-
gorc zogadi Teoriuli codna sWirdebaT, aseve situaciis specifi-
kuri ganWvretis unari. maT unda SeZlon `zogadad moswavleTa gageba
– im TaviseburebaTa, romelic damaxasiaTebelia ama Tu im asakisaTvis,
kulturisa Tu klasisaTvis. moswavleebma unda SeZlon individualebis
danaxva jgufebis Sesaxeb sociologiuri da fsiqologiuri ganzogadebis
fonze~. am wignSi motanili Teoriuli masala unda gamoiyenoT, ro-
gorc SemecnebiTi saSualeba, romelic mTeli Tqveni karieris ganmav-
lobaSi moWrili problemebis (sirTuleebis) gamokvlevasa da aRqmaSi
dagexmarebaT (Leinhardt, 2001).
piradad me vimedovneb, rom Tqven gaxdebiT Tan sakuTar saganSi
brZenebi, Tam iqnebiT `moswavleebis mxareze”.
viviana, keni, mia da rendi eqspert maswavlebelTa magaliTebs war-

21

eqsperti maswavleblebi _
gamocdili, warmatebuli mas-
wavleblebi, romlebsac Camoya-
libebuli aqvT problemebis
gadaWris meTodebi. swavlebis
procesis da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb
maTi codna kargad organize-
buli da farToa.
daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
da ganavrceT
maswavleblis profesion-
alizmi (IV, A1) profesiuli
zrda, praqtikosTa Temi da
qvemoT CamoTvlili erovnuli
organizaciebi mTeli qveynis
masStabiT aqvT warmomadgen-
lobebi da filialebi, romle-
bic regularulad atareben
aRniSnul TemasTan dakavSire-
bul konferenciebs, saubrebs
da Sexvedrebs sakuTar sferoSi
swavlebis Tanamedrove gamoc-
dilebis gasaziareblad. ix. qve-
moT CamoTvlili veb-geerdebi
profesionalizmisadmi maTi
damokidebulebis gasacnobad.
www.ncte.org
www.reading.org
www.nsta.ogr
www.ncss.org
www.nctm.org
22
moadgenen. imisaTvis, rom igive kiTxvas “ra aris kargi swavleba?” sxva
rakursiT SevxedoT modiT ganvixiloT Tu ra ician eqspertma maswav-
leblebma.
eqspertTa codna
eqspertma maswavleblebma swavlebaSi arsebuli problemebis gas-
agebad codnis sistemebi ganaviTares. magaliTisaTvis, rodesac damwyebi
maswavlebeli moswavleebis mier maTematikis an istoriis testebSi daS-
vebul Secdomebs xvdeba, yvela araswori pasuxi misTvis TiTqos erT-
nairad – Secdomaa. maSin rodesac eqsperti maswavleblisTvis araswori
pasuxi codnis mdidari sistemis nawils warmoadgens, romlis mixedviT-
ac sxvadasxva tipis araswori pasuxebis amocnobaa SesaZlebeli, kerZod
ki daSvebuli Secdoma gaugebrobis brali Tu informaciis naklebobis
Sedegia. gaugebrobiT gamowveuli Secdomis gamosworebis saukeTeso sa-
Sualeba gavlili masalisa da Catarebuli samuSaos xelaxali axsna da
gameorebaa. imisaTvis, rom davrwmundeT xelaxla axsnili masala gas-
agebi iyo Tu ara moswavleebisaTvis sxvadasxva meTodebiT testirebis
Catarebaa saWiro. damatebiT, eqspert maswavleblebs naTeli miznebi
aqvT da sakuTari moswavleebisTvis gegmis SemuSavebisas maT individu-
alurobasac iTvaliswineben. es maswavleblebi miazrovne praqtikosebi
arian (Floden & Klinzing, 1990; Hogan, Rabinowitz, & Craven, 2003).
ra ician eqspertma maswavleblebma iseTi rac maT exmarebaT iyvnen
aseTi warmatebulebi? lii Sulmanma (1987) aRniSnuli kiTxva Seiswavla.
man profesiuli codnis Svidi arealis (sferos) identifikacia moax-
dina. eqspertma maswavleblebma ician:
1. akademiuri sagnebi, romlebsac isini aswavlian – sagnis Sinaarsis
codna Rrmaa da urTierTdakavSirebuli.
2. swavlebis zogadi strategiebi, romelsac mimarTaven yvela sagnis
swavlebisas (mag. saklaso oTaxis menejmentis ZiriTadi princi-
pebi, efeqturi swavleba, da Sefaseba, romelsac Tqven am wignSi
amoikiTxavT).
3. sakuTari sagnis da sxvadasxva donisTvis gansazRvruli saswavlo
masalebi da programa.
4. swavlebisTvis sagnis Taviseburebis codna: garkveuli moswavleebis
da garkveuli cnebebis gansakuTrebuli swavleba, magaliTad rogor
ajobebs uaryofiTi ricxvebis axsna susti SesaZleblobis mqone mo-
swavleebisTvis.
5. moswavleTa Taviseburebani da kulturuli fesvebi.
6. is pirobebi, romelSic isini swavloben – wyvilebi, mcire jgufebi,
gundebi, klasebi, skolebi da sazogadoeba.
7. swavlebis miznebi da daniSnuleba.
ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic SesaZloa arc ise naTlad Cans zemo-
CamoTvlil TvisebebSi, sakuTari Tavis Secnobaa – Tqveni miswrafebani,
siZliere, sisusteebi, sakuTari kulturuli warmomavloba. mxolod
sakuTari Tavis sruli SecnobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli sakuTari moswav-
leebis gageba da maTi kulturis pativiscema. jei diim da alan henkim
(2002) aRniSnes, rom maswavleblebs, romlebic dominanti kulturis
warmomadgenlebi arian, sakuTari moralis miRma arsebulis Secnobis
survili unda hqondeT.
aRniSnuli CamonaTvali srulyofili araa. cxadia, erTi kursi Tqven
swavlebisTvis saWiro srul informacias ver mogcemT. Ffaqtia isic,
rom yvela kursis gavla eqspert maswavleblad ver gagxdiT. amisTvis
dro da gamocdilemaa saWiro. magram erTi ram udaoa _ ganaTlebis
fsiqologia Tqveni profesiuli codnis gaRvivebas daexmareba, vinaid-
an pedagogiuri fsiqologiis arsi swavlebasTan urTierTobis Camoya-
libebaa. imisaTvis, rom gaxde kargi pedagogi (maswavlebeli) saWiroa:
sakuTari moswavleebis Secnoba (winamdebare wignis I nawili), swavla
da motivacia (II nawili), swavleba da Sefaseba (III nawili).

ganaTlebis fsiqologiis roli

ganaTlebis fsiqologiis arsebobis manZilze – daaxloebiT 100

weli – mis arsTan dakavSirebiT araerT kamaTs hqonia adgili. zogs
sjera, rom ganaTlebis fsiqologia fsiqologiidan miRebuli codnis
Sedegia da meti araferi da is saklaso oTaxSi moqmedebas swavlobs.
sxvebs ki miaCniaT, rom is fsiqologiis meTods moicavs, romelic kla-
sis da skolis cxovrebas swavlobs (Brophy, 2003; Wittrock, 1992). istorias
Tu gadavxedavT, davinaxavT rom ganaTlebis fsiqologiasa da swavlas
Soris axlo urTierTkavSiri arsebobs.
eqsperti maswavleblebi ara
mxolod floben sagans, ro­

ramodenime saintereso istoria

melsac aswavlian, aramed
ician Tu rogor dau-
kavSiron aRniSnulis
erTi SexedviT ganaTlebis fsiqologia Zalzed xandazmuli Sinaarsi saklaso
disciplinaa. ganaTlebis fsiqologebi platonisa da aristo- oTaxis miRma ar-
teles mier ganxilul sakiTxebs – mas­wavleblis roli, swav- sebul samyaros da
lebis meTodebi, swavlis buneba da Tanmimdevroba, swavlaze ze- Tu rogor waaqezon
moswavleebi sagnis
moqmedebis mniSvneloba – dResac ki swavloben. 1500 wels Juan
Seswavlisken.
Lvivs hqonda friad Tanamedrove mosazrebebi praqtikis Rire-
bulebis Sesaxeb, moswavleTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebis
aucileblobaze, moswavleTa individualuri
Taviseburebebisadmi swavlebis adaptirebaze, mo-
swavleTa namuSevris TviTSefasebis upirateso-
baze sxvebTan Seda­rebiT. 1700 wlebSi komeniusma
wignebsa da swavlebaSi vizualuri daxmarebebi
daamkvidra. igi acxadebda, rom swavlebis mi­zans ga­
geba da ara damaxsovreba warmoadgenda (Berliner, 1993).
modiT wavideT win fsiqologiis zogadi kvlevisaken.
SeerTebul StatebSi fsiqologia Tavidanve swavle-
basTan iyo dakavSirebuli. 1890 wels, amerikaSi harvardis
profesorma, uiliam jeimsma fsiqologiis dargi Camoay-
aliba da maswavleblebisTvis leqciaTa seria “fsiqologia-
sTan dakavSirebuli saubrebi maswavleblebTan” SeimuSava. es
leqciebi qveynis masStabiT maswavleblebs sazafxulo sko-
lebSi CautardaT da 1899 wels gamoqveynda. jeimsis stu-
dentma j. stenli holma amerikis fsiqologiuri asociacia
Camoayaliba. misi disertaciis Tema bavSvebis mier samyaros
gageba iyo; monacemebis SegrovebaSi mas maswavleblebi exmare-
bodnen. holma maswavleblebi maTi moswavleebis ganviTarebis
Seswavlis detaluri dakvirvebisken waaqeza – zustad ise,
rogorc misi deda, maswavleblobisas, iqceoda. holis mowafem jon
diuim Cikagos universitetSi laboratoriuli skola daaarsa. igi pro-

23
daukavSireT da ganavrceT
sakvlevad
`ganaTlebis fsiqologiis~
2001 wlis gazafxulis gamoce-
ma, 36, (2) mieZRvna ganaTlebis
fsiqologias: guSin, dRes,
xval”, igi TviT-regulaciis
Seswavlaze, klasis oTaxis
marTvaze (menejmentze), mas-
wavleblis molodinis Sedege-
bze, programis ganviTarebasa
da Seswavlis koncefciebze
mogviTxrobs.
ganaTlebis fsiqologia _
disciplina, romelic Seiswav-
lis swavlebisa da swavlis
procesebs, iyenebs fsiqolo-
giis meTodebs, Teoriebs da
sakuTaric gaaCnia.
24
gresuli ganaTlebis moZraobis mamadaa aRiarebuli (Hilgard, 1996).
uiliam jemsis meore mowafes, i. l. Torndaiks pedagogiuri
fsiqologiis pirveli naSromi (1903) ekuTvnis. man 1910 wels gana-
Tlebis fsiqologiis Jurnali daaarsa. Torndaikma kvlevis mizniT
saklaso oTaxidan laboratoriaSi gadanacvlebis procesi daiwyo -
gadanacvlebis procesi, romelic jeimsisa da holis mier ugulebe-
lyofili iqna. aRiarebulia, rom Torndaikis Sexedulebebi metad vi-
wroa, radganac
swavlis kanonebs laboratoriebSi eZebda, da es kanonebi unda dan-
ergiliyo realur klasSi maTi gadamowmebis gareSe. 50 weli dasWirda
swavlis fsiqologiur kvlevas, rom saklaso oTaxebSi dabrunebuliyo
(Hilgard, 1996).
me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi swavlebis ganviTareba fsiqologias
kidev ufro dauaxlovda. iseTi fsiqologebisTvis rogorebic iyvnen
Torndaiki, jadi an maTi mowafeebi araferi uCveulo ar iyo imaSi, rom
erTdroulad yofiliyvnen amerikis fsiqologiis asociaciis preziden-
ti, Tan swavlebisa da saskolo sagnebis Sefasebis masalebis avtorebi.
am epoqis ganmavlobaSi ganaTlebis fsiqologia “skolis saxelmZRvane-
lo mecniereba” iyo (Cubberly, 1919, p. 755). 1940-ian da 1950-ian wlebSi
ganaTlebis fsiqologiis Seswavla individualur gansxvavebebze, Se-
fasebaze, swavlis qcevebze iyo aqcentirebuli. 1960-ian da 1970-ian
wlebSi kvlevis mimarTulebam kognituri ganviTarebis da swavlisken
gadainacvla, romlis drosac yuradReba eqceoda imas, Tu rogor swav-
loben da imaxsovreben cnebebs moswavleebi. Tanamedrove ganaTlebis
fsiqologiaSi swavlasa da ganviTarebaze kulturisa da socialuri
faqtorebis zegavlenis kvleva moxda (Pressley & Roehrig, 2003).
ras warmoadgens pedagogiuri fsiqologia dRes? zogadi ganmartebis
mixedviT ganaTlebis fsiqologia aris disciplina, romelic Seiswav-
lis swavla/swavlebis procesebs, iyenebs fsiqologiis meTodebsa da
Teoriebs da sakuTari Teoriebi, problemebi, kvlevis teqnika da meTo-
debi aqvs. warsulis msgavsad ganaTlebis fsiqologia dResac swavlasa
da swavlebis procesebs ikvlevs da amave dros pedagogiuri praqtikis
gaumjobesebas cdilobs (Pintrich, 2000). swavleba-swavlisadmi interesis
xangrZlivi istoriis miuxedavad, aris ki ganaTlebis fsiqologTa mo-
napovari realurad gamosadegi maswavleblebisaTvis? bolos da bolos
swavleba mxolod saRi azria? modiT ramodenime wuTi davuTmoT am
kiTxvebs.
mxolod saRi azria?
Cveulebriv ganaTlebis fsiqologiaSi mocemuli principebi – didi
Zalisxmeva, droisa da daxarjuli fuladi saxsrebis Sedegi – aSkarad
paTeTiurad JRers. xalxSi aris imis cduneba, rom iTqvas, da xSirad
amboben kidevac `es xom yvelam viciT!~ ganvixiloT es magaliTi.
Tanmimdevroba: ra kriteriumebiT unda ixelmZRvanelos maswavle­belma
imisaTvis, rom moswavleebi dawyebiTi kiTxvis klasisTvis Se­arCios?
saRi azriT gacemuli pasuxi. maswavleblebma moswavleebi araTan-
mimdevrulad unda gamoiZaxos, Sedegad TiToeuli moswavle iZulebu-
li iqneba gakveTili kargad iswavlos. im SemTxvevaSi Tu maswavlebeli
yovel jerze erTidaigive TanmimdevrobiT gamoiZaxebs moswavles, ma-
Sin yvela moswavles ecodineba Tu rodis mova misi jeri.
 kvlevaze dafuZnebuli pasuxi. wlebis win odenis, brofis da ever­­
sonis mier Catarebuli kvlevis (1977) Sedegma aCvena, rom dasmul
SekiTxvaze pasuxi arc Tu ise martivia. magaliTisaTvis I kiTxvis
klasebSi bavSvebis Tanmimdevruli (wreze) gamoZaxeba da yoveli bavS-
visTvis wakiTxvis saSualebis micemam gacilebiT ukeTes Sedegamde
migviyvana, vidre moswavleebis araTanmimdevrulma gamoZaxebam. Tan-
mimdevuli (wreze) gamoZaxebis ZiriTadi mizania TiToeuli bavSvisTvis
kiTxvis procesSi monawileobis SesaZleblobis micema. sxva meTodis
SemTxvevaSi, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs yvela bavSvis gamoZaxebas, Ses-
aZloa romelime moswavle ubralod gamogveparos. kvlevam gviCvena,
rom kiTxvis saswavleblad moswavleebis Tanmimdevrul gamoZaxebasTan
SedarebiT ufro ukeTesi alternativebic arsebobs, magram miuxedavad
SerCeuli alternativisa maswavlebeli darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom
praqtukul samuSaoSi uklebliv yvela moswavles eqneba monawileobis
da ukukavSiris miRebis Sansi (Teirney, Readence, & Dishner, 1990). kiTxvis
swavleba detalurad me-13 TavSia mocemuli.

moswavleebis daxmareba.rodis unda aRmouCinos maswavlebelma dax-

mareba saklaso davalebis Sesrulebis dros dabali miR­wevebis mqone
moswavles?
saRi azriT gacemuli pasuxi. maswavleblebi moswavleebs xSi­rad
unda exmarebodnen. bolos da bolos dabali miRwevebis moswavleebi
SesaZloa verc ki mixvdnen Tu rodis sWirdebaT daxmareba an savsebiT
SesaZlebelia, rom daxmarebis Txovnac ki moeridoT.
kvlevaze dafuZnebuli pasuxi. sandra graham (1996) aRmoaCina, rom daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
da ganavrceT
im SemTxvevaSi Tu maswavlebeli moswavles misi Txovnis gareSe exmare-
ix. me-10 Tavi, sadac ufro
ba, Tvlis rom mas Tavad garkvevis unari ar Seswevs da, rac maTavaria, detaluri informaciaa
igive azris arian danarCeni moswavleebic. moswavle sakuTar marcxs motanili maswavleblebis
xSir SemTxvevaSi ara Zalisxmevis, aramed SesaZleblobis simwires ufro mizanmimarTuli reaqciebi
ukavSirebs, Sedegad motivacia klebulobs. SemTxveviT signalebze.

klasidan klasSi gadaxtoma. valdebulia Tu ara skola gansakuTreb-

ulad niWieri moswavleebi klasidan klasSi gadaxtomiT waaxalisos an
misces Tu ara maT kolejSi droze adre Sesvlis SesaZlebloba?
saRi azriT gacemuli pasuxi. ara! zedmetad ganaTlebuli moswav-
leebi klaselebze erTi an ori wliT Tu arian umcrosebi SesaZloa so-

es moswavleebi realur er-

Tobliv `hands-on” swavle-
baSi iReben monawileobas.
gaaumjobesebs Tu ara aRniS-
nuli midgomis gamoyenebas
maTi mecnierebis codna?
aris Tu ara biologiis
Seswavlis sxva saSualebebi
(gzebi). pedagogiurma kv-
levebma swored msgavs kiTx-
vebs naTeli unda mohfinos.

25

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
waikiTxeT da ganixileT
Gage, N.L. naSromi (statia)
(1991). socialur da gana-
Tlebis sferoSi Catarebuli
kvlevebis Sedegebis sicxade.
Educational Researcher, 20 (1),
10-16. mniSvnelovani kiTxvebi:
ra ganapirobebs pedagogiuri
kvlevebiT miRebuli Sede-
gebis `sicxades~? ra saSiS-
roebas warmoadgens msgavsi
azrovneba?
26
cialur morgebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi gauCndes. isini ufro-
si asakis moswavleebTan urTierTobis damyarebisTvis arc fizikurad
da arc emociurad ar arian mzad. Sedegad, socialur situaciebSi
umweoebi iqnebian, rasac Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs skolaSi, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki maRal klasebSi.
kvlevaze dafuZnebuli pasuxi. SesaZloa. samuel kirkis da misi
kolegebis Mmier (1993) `skolis Semdeg kolejSi droze adre SesvlasTan
dakavSirebulma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom is bavSvebi, romlebic ufro
maRal klasSi gadavidnen (romelTa mimarT swrafi meTodi iqna gamoye­
nebuli) iseve Seeguen, da SeiZleba iTqvas ukeTesadac ki, vidre is
bavSvebi, romlebic miuxedavad niWisa klasidan klasSi Tanmimdevru-
lad gadayavdaT~ (gv. 105). moswavlisTvis daCqarebuli meTodis gamoy-
enebis warmatebuloba individualur Tvisebebze, moswavlis inteleq-
tze da simwifeze, sxva monacemebsa Tu saSualebebzea damokidebuli.
zogierTi moswavlisTvis masalis daCqarebuli gavla da ufros mo-
swavleebTan erTad muSaoba Zalian sasargebloa. swavlebis moswavleTa
SesaZleblobis mixedviT morgeba ufro detalurad amave wignis me-4
TavSia ganxiluli.
aSkara pasuxebi? lili vongma (1987) gviCvena, rom aRniSnulTan da­
kavSirebiT weris kvlevis SedegebiTac ki SesaZloa naTeli warmod-
gena Segveqmnas. man swavlasTan dakavSirebuli 12 kvlevis Sedegi Sear-
Cia erT-erTi maTgani zemoxsenebuli `rigis dakavebis~ (Take Turn) Sedegi
iyo. man rogorc kolejis moswavleebs aseve maswavleblebs 6 Sedegi
swori formiT xolo 6 sapirispiro formiT warudgina. moswavleebma da
maswavleblebma araswori Sedegebis daaxloebiT naxevari `aSkarad~ mar-
Tebulad Seafases. momdevno kvlevisas sagnebis sxva jgufis 12 swori
da araswori Sedegebi warmoudgines. kvlevis mixedviT maswavleblebs
da moswavleebs marTebuli pasuxebi unda aerCiaT. 12-idan 8 Sedegi
araswori sagnis SerCeva iyo.
SesaZloa fiqrobT, rom ganaTlebis fsiqologebi TavianT dros imis
aRmoCenaze xarjaven, rac isedac aSkaraa. zemoaRniSnuli magaliTebi
aseTi msjelobis saSiSroebaze migviTiTebs. Tu garkveuli principi
martivad aris gadmocemuli, is SesaZloa gamartivebulad JRerdes.
msgavsi fenomenia, rodesac Cven niWier mocekvaves an aTlets vxe-
davT; kargad gawvrTnili da sakuTar saqmeSi daxelovnebuli adamianis
mier Sesrulebuli samuSao martivad gve­Cveneba. magram Cven mxolod
varjiSis Sedegs vxedavT, da ara calkeuli moqmedebis SesrulebisTvis
gaweul samuSaos. gaiTvaliswineT, rom yoveli kvlevis Sedegi – da
Tu gind sapirispiro – SesaZloa JRerdes rogorc saRi azri. mniS-
vnelovani ara isaa raoden gonivrulad JRers esa Tu is idea, aramed
is, Tu ra ras warmoadgens testSi Cadebuli principi (Gage, 1991).
swavlis gagebisa da gaumjobesebisaTvis
kvlevis gamoyeneba
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT swrafad CamoayalibeT TqvenTvis
cnobili kvlevis sxvadasxva meTodebi.
ganaTlebis fsiqologia or umniSvnelovanes amocanas moi­cavs. erTi
_ kvlevis gamoyeneba SesaZlo urTierTkavSirebis Se­samowmeblad. xolo
meore _ sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegebis Te­oriaSi gadmotana da swavle-
baze, swavlasa da ganviTarebaze saerTo Sexedulebis warmodgenis Se-
qmnis mcdelobaa.

aRweriTi kvleva. ganaTlebis fsiqologebi sxvadasxva kvlevebis Ses- aRweriTi kvlevebi _ kvle­
wavlas gegmaven da axorcieleben. zogierTi maTgani `aRweriTia~, anu vebi, romlebSic grovdeba
maTi mizani erT konkretul an ramodenime saklaso oTaxSi momxdari dawvrilebiTi informacia
movlenebis aRweraa. aRweriTi kvlevis angariSi gamokvlevis Sedegebs, raime situaciis Sesaxeb.
gamoiyeneba dakvirveba,
gamokiTxvis Sedegebs, saklaso oTaxSi dialogebis magaliTebs an sak-
gamokiTxva, interviu, Cawera
laso oTaxis saqmianobis audio da video Canawerebs moicavs. an am meTodebis kombinire-
erT-erTi aRweriTi midgoma anTropologiidan gadmoRebuli sak- buli varianti.
laso oTaxis eTnografiaa. eTnografiuli meTodebi erTi jgufis eTnografia _ kvlevisadmi
cxovrebaSi momxdari bunebrivi movlenebis Seswavlas moicavs da am aR­weriTi midgoma, romelic
jgufis adamianebisTvis am movlenebis mniSvnelobis Cawvdomas cdi- fokusirebulia erTi jgufis
lobs. magaliTisaTvis, rendis, winamdebare Tavis dasawyisSi naxsenebis cxovrebaze da cdilobs Ca­
saSualo skolis maTematikis eqsperti maswavleblis, aRwera borkos da wvdes movlenaTa mniSvnelobas
am jgufis adamianebisaTvis.
livingtonis mier Catarebuli eTnografiuli kvlevidan iyo motanili
(1989) mkvlevarebma imisaTvis, rom ganesazRvraT axalbeda da eqspert
maswavlebelTa Soris gansxvavebebi maswavleblebis klasebze detal-
uri dakvirveba (audio Canawerebisa da maswavlebelTan gasaubrebis
Sedegad miRebuli pasuxebis CaTvliT) Caatares da Semdeg dakvirvebis
analizi moaxdines.
zogierT aRweriTi kvlevisas mkvlevarebi CarTul dakvirvebas mi­ CarTuli dakvirveba - aR-
marTaven. msgavsi dakvirvebis dros imisaTvis, rom mkvlevarebma qmede- weriTi kvlevis erT-erTi
bebi maswavleblis da moswavlis WrilSi dainaxon Tavad saklaso oTaxis meTodi, roca mkvlevari jgu-
fis cxovrebis ukeT gasagebad
an skolis cxovrebis monawile xdebian. agreTve, mkvlevarebi konkre- TviTonac monawile xdeba.
tuli SemTxvevis Seswavlasac (Case Study) mimarTaven. SemTxvevis Ses-
wavla magaliTad maswavleblis mier kursis dagegmvis, an moswavlis konkretuli SemTxvevis
mier konkretuli masalis dauflebis safuZvlian kvlevas gulisxmobs. Seswavla – erTi adamianis an
erTi situaciis safuZvliani
Seswavla.
korelaciuri kvleva. xSir SemTxvevaSi aRweriTi kvleva ko­relaciis
Sedegebs moicavs. gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom 1.1 cxrilis da Semdeg
TavebSi motanili korelaciebis kargad gagebisaTvis korelaciis cod-

sqema 1.1 daukavSireT realur cxovre-

bas da ganavrceT
korelacia ar gviCvenebs mizezs absoluturi (saukeTeso)
kvleva gviCvenebs, rom gamwvanebuli monakveTi skolaSi miRwevebTanaa dakavSirebuli,
dadebiTi (1.0) korela-
magram is ar gviCvenebs mizezs. sazogadoebis keTildReoba, mesame cvladi, SesaZloa
cia: wris radiusi da misi
iyos rogorc skolaSi miRwevebis aseve gamwvanebuli monakveTebis mizezi.
garSemoweriloba. absolu-
turi (saukeTeso) uaryofiTi
(-1.0) korelacia: yoveli dRe-
sazogadoebrivi Ramis ganmavlobaSi sinaTlisa
ia keTildReoba k da sibnelis wuTebis raode-
c
kor e la

noba. absolutur (saukeTes)

o
r e l aci
mi

dadebiT korelaciaze
T
ar

vy

korelacia naklebi: manqanis Rirebuleba

av

av
vy

ar

da misi dazRvevis Rireb-

mi

uleba. absolutur (saukeTe-

gamwvanebuli saskolo gamwvanebuli saskolo so) uaryofiT korelaciaze
mivyavarT
monakveTi miRwevebi monakveTi miRwevebi naklebi: Teatris bileTis
Rirebuleba da manZili sce-
korelacia namde. nulovani korelacia:
indoeTis mosaxleoba da
mcdari varaudi ufro marTebuli varaudi niu iorkeli iankis mogebis
procenti.

27
korelacia – statistikuri
aRwera imisa, Tu ramdenad axlo
kavSirSia ori cvladi erTma-
neTTan.
dadebiTi korelacia
– damokidebuleba or cvlad
Soris, roca erTdroulad
xdeba maTi maCveneblis zrda an
kleba; magaliTad, kaloriebis
miReba da wonis momateba.
uaryofiTi korelacia
– iseTi mimarTeba or cvlads
Soris, roca erTi cvladis
maRali maCvenebeli ukavSird-
eba meoris dabal maCvenebels.
magaliTad, adamianis simaRle
da manZili mis Tavsa da Wers
Soris.
eqsperimenti – kvlevis iseTi
meTodi, romlis farglebSic
SesaZ-lebelia cvladebis
kontroli, manipulireba da
Sedegebis aRnusxva.
monawileebi/cdispirebi
– Sesaswavli adamianebi an
cxovelebi.
SemTxveviToba – is, rasac ar
aqvs gansazRvruli modeli da
ar emorCileba raime wess.
statistikurad mniS-
vnelovani – is, rac ar aris
SemTxveviTi.
28
naa saWiro, modiT ramdenime wuTi am koncefciis gamokvlevas davuT-
moT. korelacia warmoadgens ricxvs, romelic aCvenebs or movlenasa an
or cvlads Soris kavSiris, siZlieresac, mimarTulebasac. korelacia
(korelaciis Skalaa, diapazoni) 1.00-dan -1.00-mde meryeobs. korelacia
rac ufro 1.00 an -1.00 axlosaa, miT metia urTierTkavSiris siZliere.
magaliTisaTvis, korelacia simaRlesa da wonas Soris daaxloebiT .70
(Zlieri kavSiri); adamianis simaRlesa da sasaubro enebis ricxvs Soris
korelacia daaxloebiT .00 (aranairi kavSiri).
korelaciis niSani urTierTkavSiris mimarTulebas gviCve­nebs. dade­
biTi korelacia gviCvenebs, rom ori faqtori erTdroulad izrdeba
an klebulobs. erTis momatebis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba meorec. simaRlesa
da wonas Soris dadebiTi korelaciaa, vinaidan ufro did simaRles
gaaCnia tendencia daukavSirdes ufro did wonas rogorc 1.1. cxril-
Sia asaxuli sertificirebul maswavlebelTa procentul maCvenebelsa
da moswavleebis maTematikaSi miRwevebs Soris korelacia dadebiTia
(rodesac xdeba sertificirebuli maswavleblebis raodenobis zrda
izrdeba moswavleebis maTematikaSi miRwevebi). negatiuri (uaryofiTi)
korelacia gulisxmobs rom erTi faqtoris zrda meore faqtoris
SemcirebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. 1.1. cxrilze asaxulia, rom Tu
arasertificirebuli maswavleblebis raodenoba izrdeba moswavleebis
maTematikaSi miRwevebic klebulobs.
aseve aRsaniSnavia is mniSvnelovani garemoebac, rom korelacia ar
gviCvenebs mizezs da Sedegs (ix. cxrili 1.1). simaRle da wona korela-
ciaSia – maRali adamianebis wonaSi matebis tendencia ufro maRalia
vidre dabali adamianebisa. magram wonaSi momateba ar gulisxmobs si-
maRleSi matebasac. adamianis wonis mixedviT Tqven SegiZliaT daax-
loebiT gansazRvroT misi simaRle. pedagogiuri fsiqologebi gansaz-
Rvraven korelacias ise, rom SeZlon saklaso oTaxSi mniSvnelovani
movlenebis winaswar ganWvreta.
eqsperimentuli kvleva. kvlevis meore forma – eqsperimen­tu­li – SesaZ­
leblobas aZlevs ganaTlebis fsiqologebs ivaraudon da Seiswavlon
mizezi da Sedegi. arsebuli situaciis mxolod dakvirvebisa da aRwer-
is nacvlad mkvlevarebma Seitanes cvlilebebi da aRricxvis Sedegebi.
upirveles yovlisa yalibdeba monawileTa Sesadarebel jgufTa raode-
noba. fsiqologiuri kvlevisas termini monawile _ e.w. cdis piri gu-
lisxmobs Sesaswavl adamianebs – rogoricaa, magaliTad maswavleblebi
an merve klaselebi. erTi zogadi xerxi imisTvis, rom davrwmundeT rom
monawileTa jgufebi arsebiTad identuria, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
TiToeuli monawile jgufSi gadanawildeba SemTxveviTi procedu­ris
meSveobiT. SemTxveviToba gulisxmobs, rom TiToeul monawiles Tana-
bari Sansi aqvs moxvdes TiToeul jgufSi.
erT an erTze met jgufSi eqsperimentis Camtareblebi situaciis
zogierT aspeqts cvlian imisaTvis, rom daakvirdnen aRniSnul cvli-
lebas an mosalodnel Sedegs. mosalodneli Sedegi aqvs Tu ara. Sem-
dgom xdeba TiToeuli jgufis Sedegebis Sedareba. xSir SemTxvevaSi,
statistikuri testebi tardeba. rodesac gansxvavebebi miiCneva, ro-
gorc statistikurad mniSvnelovani, es gulisxmobs, imas rom isini
SesaZloa mxolod SemTxveviTi xasiaTis araa. kidev erTxel daakvirdiT
1.1 cxrils. P.05 gulisxmobs, rom am Sedegebis SemTxveviTi xasiaTi 100-
dan 5-ze naklebia, xolo P.01 gulisxmobs, rom am Sedegebis SemTxvevi-
Toba 100-dan 1-ze naklebia. Cvens mier ganxiluli kvlevebis daxmarebiT daukavSireT codnas da
ganavrceT
vecdebiT ganvsazRvroT mizezisa da Sedegis urTierTdamokidebuleba
qvemoT motanili kvleva
iseTi kiTxvebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa: Tu maswavlebeli im moswavlee- aRweriTia (P) Tu eqsperimen-
bis ignorirebas axdens, romlebic nebarTvis gareSe dgebian skamidan tuli (E)?
da aqebs im moswavleebs, romlebic gulmodgined muSaoben merxTan 1. mkvlevarebma maRali
miRwevebis mqone klasebis
(mizezi), gaatareben Tu ara moswavleebi met dros sakuTar merxebTan
maswavleblebze moaxdines
muSaobaSi (Sedegi)? dakvirveba imisaTvis, rom
umetes SemTxvevaSi aRweriTi da eqsperimentuli kvleva erTdrou- ganesazRvraT Tu ra aqvT
lad xorcieldeba. zemoTxsenebuli ogdenis, brofis da everstonis saerTo am maswavleblebs.
2. maswavleblebma impulsuri
(1977) mier `Taking Turn~ (rigis dakaveba) kvleva amisi kargi magaliTia.
bavSvebiT dakompleqte-
imisaTvis, rom mkvlevarebs gaecaT kiTxvaze pasuxi `Tu ra kavSiria buli sami jgufis bavSvebs
dawyebiT klasSi moswavleTa sakiTxvad SerCevasa da kiTxvaSi maT sxvada-sxva saxis treningi
miRwevebs Soris~, mkvlevarebma ramodenime klasSi moswavleebsa da Cautares. mizani ki im
traningis gansazRvra iyo,
maswavleblebze moaxdines dakvirveba. Semdeg, ki moswavleTa kiTxva-
romelic yvelaze efeqti-
Si miRwevebis Sejereba moaxdines. maT aRmoaCines, rom moswavleTa anad moaxdenda impulsuro-
garkveuli wesrigiT gamoZaxeba dakavSirebuli iyo, korelaciaSi iyo, bis Semcirebas.
kiTxvaSi maRali qulebis dagrovebasTan. aseTi martivi korelaciis 3. mkvlevarebma gogonebis da
biWebis jgufs IQ testebi
SemTxvevaSi, rogoric esaa, mkvelvarebi ver iqnebian darwmunebulebi
Cautares, raTa ganesaz-
imaSi rom strategiam efeqti ganapiroba. kvlevis meore nawilSi og- RvraT arsebobs Tu ara
denma da misma kolegebma maswavleblebs sTxoves moswavleebis Tan- kavSiri sqessa da verbalur
mimdevruli gamoZaxeba. Semdeg maT am klasisi miRwevebi im klasebis unars Soris.
4. maswavleblebma maTematikis
miRwevebs Seadares, sadac gamoZaxebis sxva strategiebs iyenebdnen.
or msgavs jgufSi swav-
kvelvis meore nawili eqsperimentuli swavleba iyo – kerZod ki (field lebis sxvadasxva meTodi
experiment), savele eqsperimenti, vinaidan is namdvil saklaso oTaxSi gamoiyenes imisaTvis, rom
Catarda da ara laboratoriaSi. mkvlevarebs daedginaT
maTematikis testebSi umaR-
erTi subieqtis eqsperimentuli Seswavla. erTi subieqtis eqsperimen- lesi qulebis dagrovebisT-
vis Tu romeli meTodi iyo
tuli Seswavlis mizania Terapiis, swavlebis meTodis an sxva Carevis
gamarTlebuli.
efeqtis gansazRvra. erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebul midgomas war- pasuxebi: 1. D 2. E 3. D 4.E E
moadgens sabaziso periodis ganmavlobaSi dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba
(A) da Semdgom qcevis Sefaseba; Careva (B) da Sedegis aRniSvna; Semdeg
Carevis Sewyveta da sabaziso pirobebSi dabruneba (A); da bolos xe-
laxla Carevis ganxorcieleba (ABAB). kvlevis am formas eqsperimenti
ewodeba. magaliTisaTvis, maswavlebelma SesaZloa moaxdinos erTi
sabaziso kviris ganmavlobaSi im moswavleebis aRricxva, romelbic erTi subieqtis eqsperi-
mentuli Seswavla – erT
merxebidan daukiTxavad dgebian (AA), Semdeg moaxdinos aseTi moswav-
pirovnebasTan dakavSirebuli
leebis ignorireba, magram amavdroulad daiwyos merxebTan mjdomi sistematuri eqsperimentebi da
moswavleebis qeba da Caweros erTi kviris manZilze ramdeni moswavle kvlevebi.
datovebs Tavis merxs (B). Semdeg, maswavlebeli daubrundeba sabaziso
pirobebs (A) da moaxdens Sedegebis Caweras. amis Semdeg is xelaxla
mimarTavs Seqeba-ignorirebis strategias (B) (Landrum & Kauffman, 2006).
wlebis win zemoaRniSnuli Carevis testireba ganxorcielda, Seqeba-
ignorirebis strategiam gviCvena efeqtianoba, vinaidan im moswavleTa
raodenoba, romelbic merxTan didxans isxdnen gaizarda (Madsen, Becker,
Thomas, Koser, & Plager, 1968).

mikrogenetikuri kvleva. mikrogenetikuri kvlevis mizania cvlilebi- mikrogenetikuri kvleva

sas – rodesac cvalebadobas aqvs adgili kognituri procesebis inten­ – kognitur procesebSi mimdi-
siurad Seswavla. magaliTisaTvis, mkvlevarebs SeuZliaT gaanalizon nare cvlilebebze detaluri
Tu rogor swavloben bavSvebi ramdenime kviris manZilze orniSna ri­cx­ dakvirveba da analizi. procesi
grZeldeba ramdenime dRis an
vebis mimatebisTvis konkretul strategiebs. mikrogenetikur kvle­vas
ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi.
sa­mi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli aqvs: (a) mkvlevarebi akvirdebian cvli­­

29

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
pedagogiuri fsiqologiis
2000 wlis zafxulis gamocema,
35 (3) mieZRvna `saskolo re-
forma da kvleva pedagogiur
fsiqologiaSi~. aRniSnuli
gamocema moicavs iseT
statiebs rogoricaa
mecnierebis da maTematikis
swavleba, maswavlebelTa
momzadeba da profesional-
uri ganviTareba (zrda).
aqtivobis kvleva – siste-
maturi dakvirveba an meTodTa
Semowmeba, rasac mimarTaven
maswavleblebi da skolebi
swavla/swavlebis procesis
gasaumjobeseblad.
30
lebis mTel periods – cvlilebis dawyebindan misi SedarebiT stabi­
lur mdgomareobaSi gadasvlamde; (b) ZiriTadad dakvirveba xorciel-
deba video Canawerebis, gasaubrebebis da Sesaswavli subieqtebis mier
gamoyenebuli zusti sityvebis CaweriT; (m) yoveli qcevis dakvirveba
“mikroskopuli” sizustiT xdeba, anu xdeba yoveli momentis an TiToeu-
li mcdelobis Seswavla. aRniSnulis mizania cvlilebaTa Zireuli meqa-
nizmebis gansazRvra (axsna) – magaliTisaTvis, ra saxis codna an ga-
mocdileba ganapirobebs cvlilebas (Siegler & Crowley, 1991). aseTi saxis
kvleva Zviria da moiTxovs did dros, Sedegad xSir SemTxvevaSi erTi
an ramdenime bavSvis Seswavla xorcieldeba.
drois faqtoris roli kvlevaSi. kvlevis gasagebad kidev er­Ti Tavise­
burebaa gamosadegi – Tavisebureba, romelic dros efuZneba. bevri ram,
risi Seswavlac fsiqologebs surT, magaliTad kognituri ganviTareba,
ramdenime Tvis an wlebis Semdeg xdeba. saukeTesoa rodesac mkvlevarebi
ganviTarebis kvlevas Sesaswavl subieqtebze wlebis ganmavlobaSi dak-
virvebis meSveobiT axdenen, maSin rodesac cvlilebas aqvs adgili. aseT
dakvirvebas longituduri kvleva ewodeba. dakvirvebis aseTi saxeoba
sasargebloa, magram moiTxovs did dros, aris Zvirad­Rirebuli, da zog
SemTxvevaSi arapraqtikulia – wlebis manZilze Sesaswavl subieqtze da-
kvirveba SesaZloa SeuZlebeli iyos. Sedegad kvlevaTa umetesoba kros-
seqciuria, rac sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebis jgufebis kvlevas gulisx-
mobs. magaliTisaTvis, imisaTvis rom mkvlevarebma Seiswavlon Tu rogor
icvleba 3-dan 16 wlamde bavSvebis koncefcia `cxovrebasTan~ dakavSire-
biT, ufro martivia sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebTan gasaubreba, vidre gan-
axorcielo erTidaigive bavSvebze dakvirveba 14 wlis manZilze.
maswavleblebi rogorc mkvlevarebi. kvleva SesaZloa gamoviyenoT erT
klasSi an erT skolaSi swavlebis gasaumjobeseblad. msgavsi saxis da-
kvirvebas, Carevas, monacemTa Segrovebas da analizs, romelsac didi
kvleviTi proeqtebi moicavs, SesaZloa mimarTos yovelma klasma imi-
saTvis, rom upasuxos kiTxvas: `ra saxis meTodi uwyobs xels da ga-
napirobebs Cems klasSi marTlweris saukeTeso Sedegebs?~ `ra dros
hqonda kenions akademiuri davalebebze koncentrirebasTan dakavSire-
buli seriozuli sirTuleebi?~ `samecniero jgufebisTvis gankuTvnili
amocanebi ganapirobebs Tu ara gogonebisa da biWebis ufro samar-
Tlian monawileobas?~ aseTi saxis kvlevas aqtivobis kvleva ewodeba.
konkretul problemaze aqcentirebiT da safuZvliani dakvirvebiT mas-
wavleblebs SeuZliaT miiRon rogorc maT pedagogiur meTodTan aseve
sakuTar moswavleebTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani informacia.
ras gulisxmobs mecnierebaze dafuZnebuli kvleva?
2002 wlidan ara erTi diskusia gaimarTa Temaze kvlevis roli ga-
naTlebaSi. 2002 wels “arc erTi bavSvi uyuradRebod” (NCLB) miRebuli
moTxovnilebis mixedviT saganmanaTleblo programebi da praqtikuli
ganxorcieleba, romelic federaluri TanxebiT finansdeba, unda See-
sabamebodes “mecnierebaze dafuZnebul kvlevas~. kanonmdeblebs sjero-
daT rom mecnierebaze dafuZnebuli kvleva (samecniero kvleva) iZleva
sando da dasabuTebul codnas, vinaidan kvleva zustia, sistematuri
da obieqturi. sinamdvileSi termini “mecnierebaze dafuZnebul kvleva~
kanonSi 110 jer gvxvdeba. NCLB “mecnierebaze dafuZnebul kvlevas~
gansazRvravs Semdegnairad:
 saimedo da dasabuTebuli monacemebis Sesagroveblad sis­te­matu­
rad iyenebs dakvirvebas da eqsperiments
monacemTa analizisaTvis iyenebs zust da marTebul proce-
durebs
axdens Sefasebas eqsperimentaluri an TiTqmis eqsperimentalur
proeqtebs, upiratesoba eniWeba monawileebis pirobebTan SemTx-
veviT ganawilebas.
axdenen eqsperimentuli swavlebis ganmartebas ise, rom sxva mkv-
levarebs hqondeT SesaZlebloba moaxdinon kvlevis kopireba an
sistematurad aagon kvleva mis Sedegebze
Jurnalis an damoukidebeli eqspertebis mier xdeba zusti, obieq-
turi samecniero mimoxilva.
samecniero kvlevis es daxasiaTeba ukeT Seesabameba zemoaRniS-
nul eqsperimentul midgomas vidre sxva meTodebi, rogoricaa eTno-
grafiuli kvleva an konkretuli SemTxvevebis Seswavla. gamomdinare
im faqtidan, rom NCLB mixedviT skolebi valdebulebi arian sakuTari
programebi efuZnebodes samecniero kvlevas. ganuwyvetlad kamaTo-
ben aRniSnulis mniSvnelobaze, Semdeg gverdze rubrikaSi motanilia
aRniSnulis mxardasaWeri argumenti da kontrargumenti.

Teoriebi swavlebisTvis
ganaTlebis fsiqologiis ZiriTadi mizania swavlebisa da swavlis
ga­geba; kvleva ki ZiriTadi saSualebaa. am miznis miRweva xangrZlivi
da neli procesia. sul ramodenime mniSvnelovani kvlevis Sedegad
SeiZleba gaeces erT an yvela kiTxvas pasuxi. adamiani Zalze rTuli
arsebaa. xolo yoveli kvleva pedagogiur fsiqologiaSi situaciis
SezRudul aspeqtebs ikvlevs – SesaZloa ramdenime cvlads erTdrou-
lad an erTi an ori klasos cxovrebas. Tu garkveul sferoSi saWiro
kvlevaTa raodenoba dasrulda da Sedegebi identuria Cven princi-
pamde mivdivarT. es gulisxmobs or an met faqtors Soris arsebul
urTierTkavSirs – magaliTad kavSiri konkretul saswavlo strate-
giasa da moswavleebis miRwevebs Soris.
swavlebis da swavlis procesis ukeT gagebis kidev erT saSua­lebas principi – faqtorebs Soris
warmoadgens Teoria. Teoriaze Cveulebrivi warmodgenaa (magaliTad dadgenili mimarTeba.
`kargiT ra, es xom mxolod Teoria iyo~) `varaudi an eWvi~. magram Te­
Teoria – principTa integri-
oriis mecnieruli ganmarteba savsebiT gansxvavebulia. Teoria mecni-
rebuli sistema, romelic cdi-
eruli TvalsazrisiT niSnavs urTierTdakavSirebul cnebaTa sistemas, lobs ama Tu im fenomenis axsnas
romelic gamoiyeneba monacemTa ganmartebisTvis da momavali eqsperi- da prognozis gakeTebas.
mentebis Sedegebis winaswar varaudisaTvis (Stanovich, 1992, p.21). dadge-
nili principebis safuZvelze ganaTlebis fsiqologebma Camoayalibes
mraval cvlads Soris urTierTkavSiris ganmarteba da zog SemTxvevaSi
mTel sistemebs Soris urTierTmimarTeba. arsebobs Teoriebi, romlebic
ganmartaven, Tu rogor viTardeba ena, ra ganapirobebs gansxvavebas ga-
naTlebaSi, da rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tu rogor swavlobs adamiani.
sul ramdenime Teoria axerxebs srulyofil ganmartebas da winaswar
gansazRvras. winamdebare wignSi, Tqven SexvdebiT ganaTlebis fsiqolog-
Ta magaliTebs, romlebic sxvadasxva Teoriul midgomas iyeneben da
sruliad ar eTanxmebian Seswavlisa da motivaciis saerTo ganmartebas.
radgan ar aris Teoria, romelic yvela kiTxvaze pasuxobs, es gvaZlevs
SesaZleblobas gaviTvaliswinoT Tu ras gvTavazobs TiToeuli maTgani.
albad ikiTxavT ra saWiroa mivmarToT Teoriebs? ratom araa sak-

31
 argumenti / kontrargumenti
ra saxis kvleviT unda xelmZRvanelobdes ganaTleba?

argumenti kvleva mecnieruli unda wvlili Seitana Cveni ekono­mikis da sazoga-

iyos; saganmanaTleblo reformebi unda
efuZnebodes sa­imedo dasabuTebul wyaros.
robert stavinis mixedviT “ganaTleba mec­
nieruli revoluciis zRvarzea, ro­melsac aqvs
imis potenciali, rom fundamentalurad gar­
daqmnas politika, praqtika da kvleva” (Slavin,
2002, p. 15). is aRwers federaluri mTavrobis mier
gatarebul ramodenime saganmanaTleblo re-
formas, romelic finansurad uzrunvelyofs
mxolod im programebs, romlebic mecnierul
kvlevaze iqneba dafuZnebuli. agreTve, mas mag-
aliTad mohyavs 2002 wlis NCLB _ `arc erTi bavS-
vi uyuradRebod~ kanonmdebloba. aseTi kvlevis
saukeTeso magaliTi SeerTebuli Statebis sa-
ganmanaTleblo kvlevisa da gaumjobesebis de-
partamentis di­reqtoris, grover uaitharsis
azriT, randomizirebuli eqsperimentebia. sla-
vini na­Tel momavals uqadis samecniero kvl-
evaze dafuZ­nebul saganmanaTleblo reformas:
savsebiT SesaZlebelia rom aseTma politi-
kurma reformebma ubiZgon kvlevis process
da programebisa da praqtikis ganviTare-
bas, romelic asaxvas bavSvebze hpovebs. am
procesma droTa ganmavlobaSi progresu-
li, sistematuri gaumjobeseba ganapiroba,
romelmac me-20 saukuneSi mniSvnelovani
doebis warmatebulobaSi, magaliTad iseT
sferoebSi rogoricaa medicina, soflis me­
urneoba, transporti da teqnologiebi. ze-
moCamoTvlil yovel sfe­roSi ganviTarebis
procesma, zustma Sefasebam da gavrcele-
bam inovaciis da ga­umjobesebis tempis
zrda ganapiroba, rac istoriaSi uprece-
dento faqtia. . . . am ino­vaciebma moaxdines
msoflios transformacia. samwuxarod, ga-
naTlebis sfero ver mihyva am dinamikas da
Sedegad igi neli nabijiT moZraobs. sagan-
manaTleblo praqtika droTa ganmavlobaSi
icvleba, magram cvalebadobis procesi xe-
lovnebasa da modis industriisTvis dam-
axasiaTebel meryeobas ufro waagavs, vi-
dre mecnierebisa da teqnologiebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel progresul gaum­jobesebas
(gv. 6).
slavinis mixedviT araordinaruli war­ma­
teba iseT dargebSi rogoricaa magaliTad me­­
dicina da soflis meurneoba imaSi mdgomare­
obs, rom es dargebi samecniero kvlevebiT
da­­sabuTebuli monacemebiT xelmZRvaneloben.
ran­domizirebuli klinikuri gamocdilebebi
da ganmeorebiTi eqsperimentebi utyuari in-
formaciis wyaroa.

marisi mxolod principebi? pasuxi ki martivia – orive saWiroa. maga­

liTisaTvis, klasis marTvis principebi dagexmarebaT konkretuli
problemebis gadaWraSi. meores mxriv klasis marTvis kargi Teoria
disciplinasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis axleburad midgomis sa-
Sualebas mogcemT; is mravali sxvadasxva problemebis mogvarebisTvis
kognitur saSualebebs mogcemT da dagexmarebaT gaTvaloT axal situ-
aciaSi ra saSualebis gamoyeneba iqneba ufro efeqturi. winamdebare
wignis ZiriTadi mizania Tqveni swavlebis saukeTeso da yvelaze gamo-
sadegi TeoriiT uzrunvelyofaa – romlis miRmac zusti da utyuari
informaciaa. SesaZloa Tqven upiratesoba zogierT Teorias mianiWoT,
magram yvela maTganis gaTvaliswineba dagexmarebaT im problemaTa
gagebaSi, romlis winaSec maswavleblebi dganan.

32

kontrargumenti eqsperimenti ar war­
moadgens dasabuTebis erTaderT an Tugind
saukeTeso wyaros.
devid osloni (2004) radikalurad ar
eTanx­meba slavinis pozicias. is Tvlis, rom
medicina ar SeiZleba ganaTlebis analogad
iqnes gamoyenebuli. ganaTlebaSi `mkurnalo-
ba~ gacilebiT rTuli da aragaTvladia vidre
medicinaSi erTi an meore wamlis gamoyeneba.
da garda amisa, yoveli saganmanaTleblo pro-
grama klasis mixedviT icvleba da icvleba
misi ganxorcielebis mimarTulebac. faTi la­
zeri, Cemi kolega ohaios StatSi ambobs `praq-
tikis xarisxis gaumjobeseba, kompleqsuroba
da konteqstis da praqtikis areva ver gax-
deba SesaniSnavi saSualeba. aRniSnulis mcd-
eloba ara gaumjobesebisaken aramed gauare-
sebisaken migviyvans. msgavsi danakargi asaxvas
Cvens skolebSi bavSvebze, maswavleblebsa da
direqtorebze hpovebs~ (2004, gv. 30). devid
berlineri (2002) igive pozicias afiqsirebs:
samecniero kvlevebis Sedegebis ganaTlebaSi
ganxorcieleba rTulia, vinaidan skolebSi
adamianebi socialur urTierTqmedebaTa
rTul da cvalebad qselSi imyofebian. am qse-
lis monawileebi yoveldRiurad sxvadasxva
siZ­lieriT zemoqmedeben erTimeoreze da
cxovrebis yoveldRiuri movlenebze (avad-
myofi bavSvi, gayra, mgznebare sasiyvarulo
urTierToba, Sakiki, dabadebis dRe, alko-
holis gamoyeneba, axali principebi, axali
moswavle klasSi, wvima, romlis gamoc bavS-
vebi Senobas ver toveben) da es yvelaferi
gavlenas axdens kvlevaze skolaSi, amitom
ganzogadebis SesaZlebloba SezRudulia
xidebis daproeqtebis da genebis gamoyofas-
Tan SedarebiT. mecnierebisaTvis skolisa da
klasis Secvla gacilebiT rTulia vinaidan
konteqstis kontroli SeuZlebelia.
berlineris daskvniT iseTi kompleqsuri
problema, rogoricaa ganaTleba sxvadasxva
meTodebis srulfasovan Seswavlas saWiroebs
– `eTnografiuli kvleva gadamwyvetia, iseve
rogorc konkretuli SemTxvevebis Seswavla,
dakvirvebiTi kvleva, perioduli Seswavla,
eqsperimentebi, aqtivobis kvleva da sxva saSu-
alebebi unda iqnas gamoyenebuli raTa moxdes
utyuari informaciis Segroveba ganaTlebas-
Tan dakavSirebul debatebSi CarTvis mizniT.
saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo kvlevebisaTvis
mxolod erT meTods ar unda uywobdes xels~
(Berliner, 2002, p. 20).
rogoria Tqveni azri?
gamoxateT sakuTari mosazreba veb-gverdze:
www.mylabschool.com

rogor gaxdeT kargi damwyebi maswavlebeli

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT warmoidgineT, rom pirvelad Sea-
bijeT saklaso oTaxSi. CamoTvaleT Tqveni sazrunavi, SiSi da nervi-
uloba. da dadebiT muxts SeitanT Tqvens samuSaoSi?

sazrunavi. mTels msoflioSi damwyeb maswavleblebs mravali sa­

fiqrali aqvs, maT Soris klasSi disciplinis dacva, moswavleebis mo­
tivacia, moswavleTa gadanawileba, moswavleTa samuSaos Sefaseba, mSo-
blebTan urTierToba, da sxva maswavleblebTan Sewyoba (Conway & Clark,
2003; Veenman, 1984). agreTve, bevri maswavlebeli pirveli gakveTilisas
e.w. `Soks~ ganicdis, vinaidan maTTvis arc ise advilia gaumklavd-
nen aRebul pasuxismgeblobas. moswavleebis swavleba, umniSvnelo­va­
nesi elementi, realurad ar amzadebs perspeqtiul maswavleblebs

33
 sas­­wavlo wlis axali klasiT dawyebisaTvis. Tu Tqven rubrikaSi `Se-
CerdiT/dafiqrdiT/CawereT~ CamoayalibebT zemoaRniSnul gancdebs sa-
nerviulo araferi geqnebaT (Borko & Putnam, 1996; Cooke & Pang, 1991). am
gancdebis miuxedavad savaldebulo araa imisaTvis, rom karg maswavle-
blad CamoyalibdeT wlebi elodoT. me bevr warCinebul moswavlesTan
mimuSavia, maSinac ki rodesac isini pedagogiur praqtikas gadiodnen.
qvemoT motanilia esme kodelis, Cikagos skolis me-5 klasis maswavle-
blis, misi maswavleblobis pirveli wlis mogonebebi:
am wlis manZilze Cven mravali saintereso ram movimoqme-
deT. CemTvis yvelaze dasamaxsovrebeli iyo: magaliTad, rode-
sac eleqtrobas gavdiodiT sinaTlesTan dakavSirebuli TamaSebi
movawyveT. Suasaukuneebis istoriis Seswavlisas Cven koSki av-
ageT. haeris Seswavlisas sapnis buStebis festivali movawyeT.
aziis Seswavlisas Cven suSi gavakeTeT. sayvareli wignisTvis Cven
komerciuli reklama gavakeTeT. movawyeT wignis gmirebis mas-
karadi. bavSvebi klasis buRalterias awarmoebdnen. Cven movawyveT
supermarketi marcvleulis yuTisgan ise, rom bavSvebi xurdis
dabrunebas swavlobdnen. Cemma bavSvebma saukeTeso Txzulebebi
daweres. maT mimowera aqvT sxvadasxva qveyanaSi TanatolebTan.
maT leqsebis krebulebs ilustraciebi gaukeTes. maT ician 60-
iani wlebis yvela cekvebi (Codell, 2001, pp. 177-178).

gamocdileba, dauRalavi Sroma da kargi daxmareba maswavleblebis

umravlesobas met dros aZlevs imisaTvis, rom axali meTodebi da
masalebi mosinjon. da bolos, Tavdajerebulobisa da profesional-
izmis zrdasTan erTad gamocdili maswavleblebi SeZleben moswavleTa
saWiroebebze yuradRebis aqcentirebas. am etapze maswavleblebi sa-
kuTar miRwevebs moswavleebis warmatebiT afaseben (Fuller, 1969; Pigge
& Marso, 1997). an rogorc esmes damrigebelma erTxel Tqva `damwyeb
maswavlebelsa da gamocdil maswavlebels Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom
damwyebi maswavlebeli kiTxulobs `ra warmateba maqvs me?~, xolo ga-
mocdili maswavlebeli ki `ra warmateba aqvT Cems moswavleebs?~ (Codell,
2001, p. 191).

ras niSnavs iyo kargi damwyebi maswavlebeli. imisaTvis, rom gaxde

eqsperti maswavlebeli saWiroa dro da gamocdileba, magram Tqven
exlave SegiZliaT daiwyoT karg damwyeb maswavleblad Camoyalibeba.
Tqven pirveli saswavlo wlisTvis exlave SegiZliaT daiwyoT efeq-
turi principebisa da praqtikis ganviTareba, Sedegad zogierTi saqmi-
anoba Zalian swrafad gaxdeba avtomaturi. agreTve, Tqven SegiZliaT
miRebuli praqtikis da Tqveni sakuTari swavlebis meTodis analizisa
da kiTxvaris Cvevebis ganviTareba, Sedegad Tqven axlad wamoWrili
problemebis mogvarebas advilad SeZlebT. Tqven SegiZliaT kvlevis
Sedegad miRebuli efeqturi meTodis miRma gaixedoT: ratom aris es
konkretuli midgoma sasargeblo amisTvis? kidev ra saxis meTodis
ga­moyeneba iqneba sasargeblo an ukeTesic ki? am kiTxvebze pasuxi da
Tqvens mier situaciis analizis SesaZlebloba gacilebiT mniSvnelova-
nia, vidre raime konkretuli meTodebi. rodesac am kiTxvebs dasvavT
da gascemT pasuxs swavlebis Tqveni sakuTari meTodi daixveweba.
am wignis werisas miznad visaxavdi gamewia TqvenTvis daxmareba,
raTa Tqven saukeTeso damwyebi maswavleblebi gamxdariyaviT, maswavle-
beli, romelic mraval meTods mimarTavda da gaaumjobesebda kidec.

34
 maswavlebloba erT-erTi im
ramodenime profesiaTagania,
sadac axalbeda maswavlebelma
samuSaos dawyebis pirveli
kviris ganmavlobaSi gamocdi-
li pedagogebis gamocdileba
unda gaiziaros. veterani
maswavleblebi ki pedagogiuri
karieris pirveli kvirebis
ganmavlobaSi informaciis da
daxmarebis saukeTeso wyaros
warmoadgenen.

kidev ufor mniSvnelovani ki is faqtia, rom me vimedovneb, rom am

wignis wakiTxvis Semdeg Tqven axleburad SexedavT moswavleebs da ga-
naTlebis meTodikas, ise rom man mogceT safuZveli gamocdilebis
dagrovebis Sedegad eqspertad CamoyalibdeT. 1.2. cxrilSi asaxulia
pirveli klaselebis mier maTi moswavle maswavleblebisTvis micemu-
li rCevebi: rodesac cxrils gadaxedavT gagiCndebaT iseTi grZnoba,
TiTqosda moswavleebmac ician Tu rogoria swavlebis kargi meTodi.

mravalferovneba da erTgvarovneba
pedagogiur fsiqologiaSi

winamdebare wignis yoveli Tavis bolos rubrika “mravalfe­rovneba

da erTgvarovneba”. am qveTavSi Cven iseT Temebs ganvixilavT, rogori-
caa moswavleTa rasobrivi, eTnikuri gansxvavebebi, sxvadasxva ojaxuri
Semosavlebi, invalidoba da sqesi. Semdeg ki vimsjelebT im msgavse-
bebze – principebSi an praqtikaSi – romelic misaRebia yvela moswav-
lisTvis. am wignis pirveli Tavi mivuZRveniT swavlebas da ganaTlebis
fsiqologias.

mravalferovneba
moswavleebis sxvadasxva jgufebis akademiuri miRwevebi sxvadasxva
faqtorebTan dakavSirebis mcdeloba aqtis `arc erTi bavSvi uyuradRe-
bod~ miRma mdgari erT-erTi motivacia iyo. NCLB gansazRvravs, rom
adekvaturi yovelwliuri progresis miznebi unda Camoyalibdes da
moxdes testireba konkretulad moswavleebis rasobrivi da eTnikuri
umciresobisTvis, invalidi moswavleebisTvis, im moswavleebisTvis
romelTaTvis inglisuri ena ar warmoadgens mSobliur enas da mo-
swavleebisTvis, romlebic dabali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebidan arian.
winamdebare TavSi Cven pedagogiur fsiqologiaSi kvlevis meTodebis
mravalferovneba – aRwerilobiTi kvleva, eqsperimentuli kvleva da
bolos maswavleblebis aqtivobis kvleva ganvixileT.

35
 cxrili 1.2.
moswavle maswavleblebisTvis micemuli rCvevebi maTive moswavleebisgan
amatos dawyebiTi skolis erT-erTi klasis moswavleebis mier sakuTari moswavle
maswavleblisTvis bolo dRes saCuqrad micemuli rCeva
1. mogveci imdenad didi codna ramdensac 8. dagvexmare vweroT Soreul qveynebze
SeZleb

2. mogveci saSiano davalebebi 9. agvavse komplimentebiT, magaliTad, “oh,

ra mSvenieria”.

3. dagvexmare, rodesac Cven problemebi 10. gagviRime

gvaqvs davalebebis Sesrulebisas

4. dagvexmare ojaxuri situacia SevqmnaT 11. saseirnod wagviyvane

skolaSi

5. dagvexmare 12. patiosnad mogveqeci

6. wagvikiTxe wignebi 13. dagvexmare miviRoT ganaTleba

7. gvaswavle kiTxva

wyaro: rom Affirming Diversity: The Sociopolitical Context of Multicultural Education, 4e by Sonia Neito.
Published by Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright © 2004 by Person Education. Reprinted by permission of the
publishers.

erTgvarovneba
am TavSi me or msgavsebas vxedav. mniSvneloba ar aqvs ras fiqrobs
ganaTlebis specialisti NCLB-ze an rogor warmoudgenia kargi swav-
leba, magram yvela eTanxmeba im faqts, rom bevri bavSvi warsulSi
uyuradRebod darCa da rom es procesi unda SeCerdes. me vTvli, rom
ganaTlebis fsiqologias bevri ramis SeTavazeba SeuZlia im maswavle-
blebisaTvis, romlebsac yvela moswavlis miRwevebis naxvas surT. mniS-
vneloba ar aqvs romeli meTodi iqneba gamoyenebuli, ganaTlebasa da
fsiqologias Soris xangrZlivi urTierTkavSiri arsebobs. ganaTlebis
fsiqologia or sityvas efuZneba: erudicia da praqtika. meril uiT-
rokma (1992, gv.138) kargad Camoayaliba, rodesac Tqva ganaTlebis
fsiqologia aqcentirebulia “ganaTlebis (pedagogikis) yoveldRiuri
problemebis fsiqologiur Seswavlaze, saidanac principebs, modelebs,
Teoriebs, swavlis procedurebs, instruqtirebisa da Sefasebis praq-
tikul, kvlevis meTodebs, statistikur analizebs, azrovnebis da Ses-
wavlis efeqturi procesebisTvis, skolebis socialuri da kulturu-
li kompleqsuri prcesebisTvis Sesaferisi procedurebis Sefasebas
viRebT”. aRniSnuli ki faqtiurad yvelafers moicavs.

36
Sejameba
swavleba (arcerTi bavSvi
uyuradRebod)\
ra aris NCLB? 2002 wlis aqtis Tanaxmad me-3
klasidan me-8 klasis CaTvliT yovelwliurad
da erTxel saSualo skolaSi yvela moswavlem
kiTxvasa da maTematikaSi standartuli miR-
wevebis testi unda Caabaros. aRniSnuli te-
stirebis Sedegad dagrovili qulebis safuZ-
velze moxdeba skolebis Sefaseba, kerZod ama
Tu im skolis moswavleebi aCveneben Tu ara ad-
ekvatur yovelwliur progress (AYP). Statebi
adgens garkveul normebs “gamocdilebasTan
(daostatebasTan)” dakavSirebiT da adekvaturi
yovelwliuri progresis testebis standartebs.
miuxedavad Statis mier gansazRvruli stand-
artebisa, NCLB moiTxovs, rom skolebSi 2013-
2014 saswavlo wlis bolosTvis yvela moswavlem
unda miaRwios `kompetencias~.
ras warmoadgens maRal kvalificirebuli maswav-
lebeli NCLB mixedviT? axali maswavleblebi
un­da iyvnen srulad sertifi­cirebuli, unda
gaaCndeT bakalavris xarisxi da unda warmoaCi-
non im sagnis codna, romelsac isini aswavlian,
an saTanado akademiuri kursis gavliT aRniS-
nul sferoSi an saxelmwifo tes­tirebis Caba-
rebis gziT. veteran maswavleblebs sakuTari
kvalifikaciis gamomJRavneba testirebis Caba-
rebiT SeuZliaT.
SeuZlia Tu ara maswavlebels raimes Secvla? ra
sabuTebi gvaqvs imis damamtkicebeli, rom maswav-
leblebs SeuZliaT raimes Secvla?
sami kvleva gviCvenebs, moswavleebis cxovre-
baze maswavleblebis gavlenas. pirvelma kvlevam
cxadyo, rom sabavSvo baRSi maswavlebelsa da
bavSvs Soris urTierTobis xarisxi me-8 klasSi
skolis miRwevebis garkveuli aspeqtebis winas-
warmetyveli iyo. meore kvlevisas, romelic
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis 50 StatSi aTa-
sobiT moswavlesa da maswavlebelze Catarda,
gairkva, rom maswavleblis xarisxi kiTxvasa da
maTematikaSi miRwevebis uZlieresi winaswarm-
etyveli iyo. bolo swavlebisas gamoikvlies or
did skolaSi moswavleTa kiTxvasa da maTemati-
kaSi miRwevebi me-3, me-4 da me-5 klasebSi gadas-
vlisas. isev da isev maswavleblebis xarisxi ga-
napirobebs sxvaobas – moswavleebs, romlebsac
sami maRalkvalificirebuli pedagogi hyavdaT
erTi TaviT uswrebdnen im moswavleebs, rom-
lebsac erTi an ori wlis manZilze naklebad
kompetenturi maswavleblebi hyavdaT.
ras warmoadgens kargi swavleba?
ra ician eqspertma maswavleblebma? imisa­Tvis, rom
Camoyalibdes eqsperti maswavlebeli saWiroa
dro da gamocdileba. am maswavleblebs swavlebis
mravali garkveuli situaciebis kargad orga-
nizebuli didi codna aqvT. es codna moicavs
sakuTar sagans, moswavleebs, swavlis zogadi
strategiebis, sagnis specifikas, dauflebis, sas-
wavlo masalebis da ganaTlebis miznebs.
ganaTlebis fsiqologiis roli
ra aris ganaTlebis fsiqologia? pedagogiuri
fsiqologiis mizania swavlebis da Seswavlis
procesis gageba da (gaumjobeseba). ganaTlebis
fsiqologebma Camoayalibes mecniereba da meTo-
debi; agreTve, isini fsiqologiis codnasa da
meTodebs da sxva disciplinebs iyeneben imis-
aTvis, rom Seiswavlon swavleba da aTvisebis
yoveldRiur situaciebSi.
ras warmoadgens aRweriTi swavleba? aR­­-
weriTi swavlebis angariSi yovelTvis dak­­
virvebis Sedegebs, intervius pasuxebs, sak­­laso
oTaxSi gamarTuli dialogebis magaliTebs, an
klasis saqmianobis Canawerebs mo­icavs. eTno-
grafiuli meTodebi moicavs jgufis cxovreba-
Si bunebrivad momxdar mov­lenebs da cdilobs
am movlenebis mniSvnelobis gagebas. konkret-
uli SemTxvevis Seswavla Case Study gulisxmobs
maswavleblis mier saswavlo programis dageg-
marebis safuZvlian Seswavlas an imas, Tu ro-
gor cdiloben moswavleebi konkretuli masa-
lis Seswavlas.
ra aris korelacia da eqsperimentuli
kvleva? korelacia aris ricxvi, romelic
gviCvenebs or movlenas Soris urTierTkav-
Siris siZlieresa da mimarTulebas. rac ufro
axloa korelacia 1.00 an -1.00-sTan miT ufro
Zlieria urTierTkavSiri. eqsperimentul kvl-
evas SeuZlia asaxos urTierTkavSiris mizezi da
37
Sedegi, romelic unda exmarebodes maswavleb-
lebs sasargeblo cvlilebebis ganxorcielebaSi.
mkvlevarebma arsebuli situaciis ara mxolod
dakvirveba da aRwera ganaxorcieles, aramed
SeimuSaves cvlilebebi da asaxes maTi Sedegebi.
ra aris calkeuli subieqtis da mikrogenetikuri
kvleva? erT cdis pirze Catarebul eqsperimen-
tul proeqtebSi mkvlevarebi gavlenis efeqts
erT adamianze, xSir SemTxvevaSi sabaziso pe-
riodis/Carevis/sabazo periodi/Careva an ABAB
midgomas iyeneben. mikrogenetikuri kvlevisas
xorcieldeba subieqtebis detaluri dakvirve-
ba imisaTvis, Tvalyuri vadevnoT cvlilebis
progress misi dawyebis stadiidan manam, sanam
is stabilur xasiaTs ar miiRebs.
ra aris aqtivobis kvleva? aqtivobis kvle­va xor-
cieldeba maSin, ro­desac maswavleblebi da
skolebi moswavleebisaTvis swavlebis meTodisa
da Seswavlis meTodis gaumjobesebis mizniT
sistematurad axorcieleben dakvirvebas da te-
stirebas.
principsa da Teorias Soris gansxvaveba. principi
or an met faqtors – magaliTad, konkretul
strategiasa da moswavlis miRwe­vebs Soris Ca­
moyalibebuli urTierTkavSiria. Teoria ki kon­
cefciebis erTobliobaa, romelic gamoiyeneba
monacemTa ganmartebisaTvis da winaswar gansaz-
RvrisaTvis. Kkvlevis principebi konkretuli
prob­­lemis gadaWris rig SesaZlo pasuxebs gvTa­
va­zobs, xolo Teoria – TiTqmis yvela saxis
situaciis analizis perspeqtivas.
raze zrunavs damwyebi maswavlebeli?
swavlebis daufleba Tanmimdevruli pro­cesia.
maswavleblebis sa­dar­deli da problemebi maT
progresTan erTad icvleba. pirveli wlebis gan­
mavlobaSi ZiriTadi yuradReba eqceva disci-
plinis Camoyalibebas da SenarCunebas, moswav-
leebis motivacias, moswavleebis naSromebis
Sefasebas da mSoblebTan urTierTobas. aseTi
mniSvnelovani sazrunavis miuxedavad bevr axal-
beda maswavlebels sakuTar swavlebis meTodSi
energia da kreatiuloba Seaqvs da yovel wliu-
rad sul ufro xvewaven. ufro gamocdili mas-
wavleblis sazrunavia profesiuli zrda.

Mylabschool es aris eleqtronul instrumentTa nakrebi, romelic dagexmarebaT am kursis

warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul
karieraSi. ix.: www.mylabschool.com

eleqtronuli gzamkvlevi proforientaciis centri resursebiT:

video qeisebi realuri klasebidan
naSromebis Sesrulebisas daixmareT kv-
leviTi navigatori
- Ppraqtikisa da licenzirebisaTvis
mzadeba
- profesiuli portfolios gan­viTareba
- samsaxuris Zieba da gasaub­rebis teqnika
- gakveTilis dagegmva

38
maswavleblis
Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM-Tan
maswavleblis licenziis misaRebad, Tqven unda Ca­a­
baroT gamocda, PRAXIS IITM ro­melic 40 StatSi bar­
deba, xolo danarCan StatebSi msgavsi testebi arsebobs.
am testebis safuZvels Interstate New Teacher Assessment
and Support Consortium mier dadgenili profesiuli
standartebis (INTASC). am standartebidan umravlesoba
winamdebare wignSia mocemuli.
konkretuli SemTxvevis analizi bevri sa­licenzio
gamocdis nawilia, es wigni mogcemT praqtikas da uz-
runvelgyofT eqs­pertebis mosazrebebiT Tu rogor ga­
moiyenoT pedagogiuri fsiqologia konkretuli SemTx-
vevis analizisaTvis. winamdebare TaviSi Tqven gevalebaT
rogor moiqceodnen?
qvemoT motanilia praqtikos maswavlebelTa pasuxebi
am qveTavis dasawyisSi `saukeTeso maswavleblis~ nomi-
naciasTan dakavSirebul situaciaze.
tomas neismis 7-12 klasebis sabunebismetyve-
lo mec­nie­rebis maswavlebeli, slokumis damou­
kidebeli skola, elharTi, texasi.
imisaTvis, rom moxdes `saukeTeso maswavleblis~ mo­
ninantebis samarTliani SerCeva procesi imdenad obi-
eqturi unda iyos ramdenadac es SesaZlebeli iq­neba.
damwyebi maswavlebeli manam sanam komitetis pirvel
sxdomas daeswreba, valdebulia gaecnos aR­niSnul
TemasTan dakavSirebul sxva informacias, maT Soris
Sefasebis sakontrolo kiTxvaris nimuSebsac. sakon-
trolo kiTxvarSi mocemuli sakiTxebi mniSvnelovania,
is SesaZloa moicavdes iseT sakiTxebs ro­goricaa: mas-
wavleblis moswavleTa standartuli testiT dagrovil
qulebs, maswavleblis skolis da mSobelTa sxvadasxva
komitetSi nayofier monawileobas da sxva. sakontro-
lo kiTxvaris aslebi unda daurigdes komitetis sxva
wevrebsac gansaxilvelad da Sesworebis an damatebis
Setanis mizniT. komitetis sxva wevrebi daafaseben maTi
axali kolegis mier gaweul mosamzadebel samuSaos da
aRniSnuliT maTTvis dazogil dros.
madia alaiza saSualo skolis maswav­lebeli,
Campus Garza Sada monterei, me­xiko.
upirveles yovlisa me SevTavazebdi SesarCevi kri-
teriumebis Camoyalibebas. Cven yve­lam viciT, rom yvela
maswavlebels aqvs Tavisi Zlieri daa susti mxare, da ra
aris CvenTvis saukeTeso. Sefasebis kriteriumi saerTa-
Soriso, erovnuli, adgilobrivi saWiroebebisa da Rire-
bulebebis mixedviT SesaZloa drodadro Seicvalos. es
faqtorebi maswavleblis fsiqologiur, pedagogiur da
epistemologiuri siZlieris axsnaze iqoniebs gavlenas.
gamocdilebis xangrZlivoba ar unda iyos ganmsaz-
Rvreli faqtori, aramed maswavleblis mier saqmis sa­
ukeTeso Sesruleba. ZiriTadi mizania maswavleblebs
ga­vagebinoT Tu ras moelian maTgan da mivawodoT maT
aRniSnulis saukeTeso magaliTebi.
keiT CerCil mesame klasis maswavlebeli,
oriol par­kis dawyebiTi skola, Cikago, ilinoisi
aRniSnuli dajildovebisTvis momzade­bis mizniT movi­
gaanali­zoT swavlebis saukeTeso meTodi. saukeTeso mas-
wavleblebi arian gonieri maswavleblebi – isini safuZ-
vlianad swavloben da ikvleven sakuTari swavlebis ga-
mocdilebis yvela aspeqts, cdiloben Seitanon siaxleebi
swavlebis meTodSi praqtikaSi, da mudmivad cdiloben
codnisa da kvalifikaciis gaumjobesebas. Praxis IITM
adgens gaazrebuli praqtikis rols saukeTeso maswav-
leblis ganviTarebaSi. gaazrebuli praqtika moicavs
kolegebTan urTierTobas, profesionalTa asociaciaSi
gawevrianebas da profesiuli literaturis mimoxilvas
mimdinare mosazrebebis, mniSvnelovani monacemTa bazis
da efeqturi swavlebis praqtikis kvlevis gasagebad.
Zieb masalas, sadac aRwerili iqneboda warsulSi sxva sko-
lebSi igive dajildovebisas Tu rogor iqna SerCeuli
maswavleblebi. aRniSnuls SevTavazebdi `saukeTeso mas-
wavleblis~ nominaciisTvis sxvadasxva kategoriebiT Ser-
Cevas, ris safuZvelzec nominantebis SerCevas movaxden-
diT. me SevTavazebdi nominantebis samarTlian SerCevas
maTi SesaZleblobebis safuZvelze. da bolos, SevTavaze-
bdi moswavleebis azris gaTvaliswinebas, Tu maTi azriT
romeli maswavlebeli imsaxurebs am jildos.
kari parksoni meore klasis maswavlebeli,
braunis skola, natiki, masaCuseci.
upirveles yovlisa, komitetis sxdomamde gamocdil
maswavleblebs gavesaubrebodi imisaTvis, rom damedgina
Tu ra kvalifikacia unda mogveTxova Cveni kandidatebi-
sgan. `saukeTesos~ mniSvnelobis zusti gansazRvra da
rekomendaciebis nusxis SemuSaveba komitetis prior-
itets unda warmoadgendes imisaTvis, rom komitetis
yve­la wevri erTidaigive kvalifikacias moiTxoven. Ti­
Toeuli nominantis xarisxis da miRwevebis ZiriTadi
nusxis Camoyalibebis Sedegad Cven SevZlebdiT saukeTe-
so kvalifikaciis mqone kandidatis SerCevas.
eimii fredet meore klasis maswavlebeli,
fiSeris dawyebiTi skola, uolpuli, masaCuseci.
mravali faqtori ganapirobebs maswavleblis efeq-
turobas, umniSvnelovanesi ki isaa, rom maswavlebelma
yvela bavSvTan unda monaxos midgoma. efeqturma mas-
wavlebelma ise unda moaxdinos saswavlo sagnebis mod-
ificireba, rom sxvadasxva SesaZleblobis mqone moswav-
lem warmatebis miRweva moaxerxos, da maT Seswavlis
iseTi xelSemwyobi garemopirobebis Seqmna, romelic
maT TviTdajerebulobis amaRlebaSi daexmarebaT. aseTi
garemo da TviTdajerebuloba bavSvebs waaqezebs swav-
lisaken.
efeqturi maswavleblebi, yovelgvari fi­losofiis
gareSe, Seagulianebs da gaaRvvebs bavSvebis interess.
aRniSnuli bavSvebs swavlisTvis sakuTari motivaciis
gaRvivebaSi daexmareba. me vTvli, rom maswavleblebma,
bavSvebis SesaZleblobebis miuxedavad, saklaso oTax-
Si bavSvebis ganawilebaSi didi wvlili unda Seitanos
(daexmaros). efeqtiani maswavlebeli am doneebis dasak-
mayofileblad saTanado modificirebas da ganawilebas
ganaxorcielebs. dadebiTi swavlebis gamocdileba Sesa-
Zlebelia maswavlebels mos wavlesa da saxls Soris kon-
struqciuli urTierTobis safuZvelze yalibdeba.
39
 2
Tavi

maswavleblis Canawerebi: rogor

moiqceodiT?

kognituri ganviTareba ganviTarebis gansazRvreba

ganviTarebis zogadi principebi
tvini da kognituri ganviTareba

da metyveleba
piaJes kognituri ganviTarebis
Teoria
zegavlena ganviTarebaze
ZiriTadi tendenciebi azrovnebaSi
kognituri ganviTarebis oTxi
safexuri
informaciis damuSaveba da
neopiaJeturi Teoriebi kognitur
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT
piaJes Teoriis garkveuli
naklovanebebi
vigotskis sociokulturuli
perspeqtiva
individualuri azrovnebis
socialuri wyaroebi
kulturuli saSualebebi da
kognituri ganviTareba
metyvelebis roli da ekonomiuri
metyveleba
uaxloesi ganviTarebis zona
swavlis roli da ganviTareba
vigotskis Teoriis naklovanebebi
piaJes da vigotskis Teoriebis
danergva (praqtikuli gamoyeneba)
maswavleblebisTvis
piaJe: risi swavla SegviZlia?
vigotski: risi swavla SegviZlia?
movicvaT yvela moswavle:
kulturuli saSualebebis
gamoyeneba
metyvelebis ganviTareba
enaTaSoris saxesxvaoba: or enaze
metyvelebis ganviTareba
metyvelebis ganviTareba skolis
periodSi
gansxvaveba da msgavseba kognitur
ganviTarebaSi
mravalferovneba
msgavseba
Sejameba
maswavleblis Canawerebi:
kavSiri PRAXIS IITM- Tan /
rogor moiqceodnen?

40
 rogor moiqceodiT?
raionis saswavlo prog­­
maswavleblis rama poeziis Ses­wavlas
Canawerebi iTvaliswinebs. ram­de­ni­
me gakveTili po­e­ziaSi
simbolizmis swavlebas unda daeTmos. am infor-
maciam TqvenSi SfoTva gamoiwvia, radgan TvliT,
rom bevri me-4 klaseli bavSvi am abstraqtu-
li cnebis aRqmisTvis mzad araa. situaciis Se-
fasebis mizniT ramdenime moswavles simbolos
mniSvnelobas ekiTxebiT.
`es raRac didi, liTonis sagnis msgavsia,
rac did xmas gamoscems~ _ treisi iqnevs xelebs
TiTqos dolze dakvras cdilobdes.
`diax~, _ amatebs sini, _ `Cemi da saSualo
sko­lis ansamblSi swo­red msgavs dasartymel in-
strumentze ukravs~
xvdebiT, rom isini araswori mimarTule-
­­biT midian. Tqven ki­dev erT mcdelobas ake­TebT,
raTa bavSvebs swori mimarTuleba misceT. `me
sxva saxis simbolos vgulisxmob­di, magaliTad,
beWeds, romelic niSnobis simboloa an magali-
Tad, guli, – siyvarulis, an...~ Tqven afiqsirebT
bavSvebis utyv mzeras.
trevori akeTebs mcdelobas `Tqven raRac
olimpiuri CiraRdanis msgavs gulisxmobT?~ `da
risi simboloa is, trevor?~ _ ekiTxebiT Tqven.
`rogorc ukve vTqvi - CiraRdani.~ da mis mzera-
r a sWirs trevors? winamdebare TavSi am kiTx-
vaze pasuxs gaigebT. am Tavs adamianis gan-
viTarebis ZiriTadi (zogadi) principebis da
ada­mianis tvinis ganviTarebis ganxilviT davi-
wyebT. agreTve, kognituri ganviTarebis ori
umniSvnelovanesi Teoretikosis Jan piaJes da
lev vigotskis maswavleblebTan dakavSirebul
mosazrebebs mimovixilavT. kerZod ki gavecno-
biT, rodis da ra masalis Seswavla SeuZliaT
moswavleebs. imavdroulad Cven am ori Teo-
retikosis mosazrebebTan dakavSirebul kriti-
kul SeniSvnebsac movitanT. rusi fsiqologis,
lev vigotskis naSromi sul ufro da ufro
mniSvnelovani xdeba. igi sakuTar TeoriaSi bavS-
vis kognitur ganviTarebaze maswavleblisa da
mSoblis mniSvnelovan rols gamoyofs. dabolos,
ganvixilavT metyvelebis ganviTarebas da vim-
sjelebT, Tu ra datvirTva aqvs skolas ganviTa-
rebasa da metyvelebis daxelovnebaSi.
Si SeiZleba amoikiTxoT `rogor SeiZleba aseTi
Steri iyo~
kritikuli azrovneba
moswavleTa msgavsi reaqcia ra informacias
gaZlevT maT azrovnebasTan dakavSirebiT?
aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi ra midgoma iq­neba
gamarTlebuli?
kidev ra unda moimoqmedoT imisaTvis, rom
ukeT gaigoT moswavleebis azrov­neba, da
Sedegad swavlebis forma ma­Ti azrovnebis
dones zustad Seusa­bamoT?
ra saxis konkretul magaliTebs moutanT
Tqvens moswavleebs simbolizmTan dakav-
SirebiT?
ras moimoqmedebT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
Tqveni moswavleebi, maTi ganviTarebis
donis mixedviT, aRniSnuli masalis Ses­
wavlisaTvis mzad ar arian?
kolaboracia
ganaTlebis fsiqologiis 3 an 4 TanaklaselT-
an erTad zemomotanili klasisaTvis poeziaSi
simbolizmis TemasTan dakavSirebuli maTi donis
Sesaferisi gakveTili SeimuSaveT. SeuerTdiT sxva
jgufebs da CaatareT Tqvens mier momzadebuli
gakveTili.
winamdebare Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven
iseT kiTxvebze geqnebaT pasuxi, ro­goricaa:
raa adamianis ganviTarebis zogadi prin­
cipebi?
piaJes daxasiaTebis mixedviT, rogor gansx-
vavdeba bavSvebis azrovneba ganviTarebis
oTxi stadiis manZilze?
ra saerTo aqvs da riT gansxvavdeba pi­aJesa
da vigotskis mosazrebebi kognituri gan-
viTarebis Sesaxeb?
ra wvlili aqvT piaJesa da vigotskis
Teoriebs sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebis swav-
lebaSi?
rogor viTardeba metyveleba skolis pe-
riodSi da ra xdeba, rodesac bavSvi erT-
droulad or enas swavlobs?
41

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
ixileT Teoria praqtikaSi
ganviTa­rebis fsiqologiaSi:
swavlebis mniSv­neloba (tomi
43, #4). Guest Editor: Chris
Andersen.
ganviTareba – cvlilebebi,
ro­melsac ganvicdiT dabade-
bidan sikvdilamde.
fizikuri ganviTareba _
cvlilebebi sxeulis struq-
turasa da funqcionirebaSi
droTa ganmavlobaSi.
pirovnuli ganviTareba _
zrdis procesSi pirovnebaSi
mimdinare cvlilebebi.
socialuri ganviTareba _
cvlilebebi, romlebic droTa
ganmavlobaSi xdeba sxva
adamianebTan Cvens urTier-
TobebSi.
kognituri ganviTareba _
TandaTanobiTi cvlilebebi,
romelTa wyalobiTac mental-
uri procesebi ufro rTuli
da daxvewili xdeba.
momwifeba _ genetikurad
prog­ramirebuli, bunebrivad
mimdinare cvlilebebi drois
ganmavlobaSi.
42
ganviTarebis gansazRvreba
termini ganviTareba, zogadi fsiqologiuri mniSvnelobiT, im cvli­
lebebs gulisxmobs, romlebsac adamianebi (an cxovelebi) dabadebidan
sikvdilamde ganvicdiT. aRniSnuli termini yvela cvlilebas rodi
moicavs. ganviTarebas ganekuTneba mxolod is cvlilebebi, romlebic
kanonzomierad Cndeba da xangrZlivi periodis manZilze rCeba. magali-
Tad, xanmokle avadmyofobiT gamowveuli droebiTi cvlileba ganviTa-
rebis nawilad ar moiazreba. fsiqologebi didi sifrTxiliT afaseben
cvlilebas, raTa gansazRvron, miakuTvnon Tu ara esa Tu is cvlileba
ganviTarebas. cvlilebebi – yovel SemTxvevaSi sicocxlis adreul pe-
riodSi mimdinare – miCneulia, rogorc sasikeTo, vinaidan maTi Sedegi
iseT qcevaze aisaxeba, romelic xdeba ufro adapturi, ufro organize-
buli, efeqturi da ufro kompleqsuri (Mussen, Conger, & Kagan, 1984).
adamianis ganviTareba SeiZleba sxvadasxva aspeqtebad davyoT. fizi-
kuri ganviTareba, rogorc albaT xvdebiT, sxeulSi momxdar cvlile-
bebs gulisxmobs. pirovnuli ganviTareba terminia, romelic zogadad
gamoiyeneba zrdis procesSi mimdinare cvlilebebisTvis. socialuri
ganviTareba _ sxvebTan ur­Tier­Tobisas momxdari cvlilebebi. kogni-
turi ganviTareba aisaxeba cvlilebebis azrovnebaSi.
ganviTarebis manZilze mravali cvlileba ubralod zrdisa da mom-
wifebis Sedegia. momwifeba drois ganmavlobaSi ge­­­­netikurad progra­
mirebuli, bunebrivad mimdinare, uSualod gamovlenili, mravlis mom-
cveli cvlilebebia. aseTi cvlilebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi xdeba da
maTze garemo pirobebi naklebad moqmedebs, garda im SemTxvevebisa,
r­odesac cvlileba sakvebis naklebobiT an seriozuli avadmyofobiTaa
gamowveuli. adamianis fizikuri ganviTarebis didi nawili swored am
kategorias ganekuTvneba. sxva cvlilebebs ki swavla ganapirobebs – in-
dividebis mier garemosTan urTierToba, interaqcia. msgavsi cvli-
lebebi individis socialuri ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia.
magram risi Tqma SegviZlia azrovnebis da pirovnebis ganviTarebaze?
bevri fsiqologi eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom am sferoSi, rogorc
momwifeba, aseve garemosTan urTierToba (an buneba da aRzrda, rogorc
mas zogjer uwodeben), orive mniSvnelovania, magram TiToeuli maTga-
nis datvirTvasTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi gaaCniaT.
ganviTarebis zogadi principebi
miuxedavad ganviTarebasa da mis procesTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli
azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa, arsebobs ramdenime zogadi principi, romleb-
sac TiTqmis yvela Teoretikosi uWers mxars.
1. adamianebi sxvadasxva siswrafiT viTardebian. Tqvens klas­Si gan-
sxvavebuli ganviTarebis mravali magaliTi geqnebaT. zogierTi
moswavle ufro didia, ukeT koordinirebuli, an azrovnebaSi da
socialur urTierTobaSi ufro momwifebuli. zogi moswavlis
ganviTarebis procesi am sferoebSi ufro nela mimdinareobs. im
gamonaklisebis garda, rodesac ganviTarebis procesi an Zalian
swrafia an Zalian neli, msgavsi sxvaobebi normaluria da mosa-
lodneli moswavleTa nebismier did jgufebSi.
2. ganviTareba metnaklebad garkveuli wesrigiT mimdinareobs. ada-
mianebi unarebs logikuri TanamimdevrobiT aviTareben. Cvilobis
 asakSi isini jer jdomas swavloben da Semdgom _ siaruls, iwyeben
titins da Semdgom metyvelebas swavloben. samyaros sakuTari aRqma
gaaCniaT manam, sanam sxvebis TvaliT danaxuli samyaros warmod-
genas daiwyeben. skolaSi, algebris Seswavlamde, mimateba-gamokle-
bas swavloben, kiTxuloben bembis da Semdeg ukve Seqspirs da a.S.
TeoretikosebSi unarebis ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrobas­Tan dakav-
SirebiT SesaZloa azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobdes, mag­ram yoveli
maTgani unarebis ganviTarebaSi garkveul logikur progress xe-
davs. magram `wesrigi~ rodi niSnavs mxolod sworxazovnebas an mo-
salodnels – adamiani SesaZloa swrafad viTardebodes, an darCes
igive xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi, an ukusvla ganicados.
3. ganviTareba TandaTanobiT xdeba. cvlileba Zalian iSvi­aTad xde-
ba swrafad. moswavles, romelic fanqars kargad ver iyenebda an
hipoTezur kiTxvebs ver pasuxobda, am unarebis ganviTareba Seu-
Zlia, magram am cvlilebas dro sWirdeba.

tvini da kognituri ganviTareba

Tu fsiqologiis Sesavali kursi gaiareT, tvinsa da nervul siste-
masTan dakavSirebul masalasac gaecnobodiT. SesaZloa gasxovT, rom
arsebobs tvinis ramdenime are da rom garkveuli zona konkretul
funqcias pasuxobs. magaliTisTvis, frTis msgavsi naTxemi balansis da
sizustis koordinirebas axdens da marTavs mas, daostatebuli moZ-
raobebi – dawyebuli mocekvavis daxvewili ileTebiT da damTavrebuli
yoveldRiuri qmedebiT (magaliTad Wamis dros Cangali migvaqvs pir-
Tan da ar virtyamT cxvirSi). naTxemi aseve ufro maRal kognitur
funqciebSi, maga­liTad, swavlebaSi monawileobs. hipokampi axali in-
formaciis da gamocdilebis gaxsenebisTvisaa gadamwyveti. amigdala
nuSisebri jirkvali emociebs marTavs. Talamusi axali informaciis
dauflebaSia CarTuli, miT ufro, Tu is verbaluria. badisebri re-
tikularuli formacia yuradRebasa da sifxizleSi TamaSobs rols,
is garkveuli informaciis blokirebas da tvinis ufro maRal cen-
trebSi Semdgomi damuSavebisTvis sxva informaciis gagzavnas axdens,
----- da CORPUS CALLPSUM informacia tvinis erTi mxridan meoreze
gadaaqvs.
zogierTma mkvlevarma tvini, daaxasiaTa rogorc Sreebis da maryu-
Jebis junglebi, urTierTdakavSirebuli da kompleqsuri organuli
sistema (Edelman, 1992)
Tavis tvinis gareTa 1/8 inCiani sisqis safari tvinis naoWebiani qer­
qia – tvinis yvelaze farTo are. Tavis tvinis qerqi iseTi udidesi ada-
mianuri miRwevebis saSualebas iZleva, rogoricaa rTul problemaTa
gadaWra da metyveleba. adamianebSi es are gacilebiT farToa, vidre
dabalganviTarebul cxovelebSi. Tavis tvinis qerqi yvelaze bolos
viTardeba da, Sesabamisad, is ufro mgrZnobiared miiCneva garemos gav-
lenis mimarT, vidre tvinis sxva areebi (Berk, 2005; Meece, 2002; Wood,
Wood, & Boyd, 2005). zrdasrulobaSi tvinis qerqze modis tvinis wonis neironebi – nervuli ujre-
debi, romlebic inaxaven da
daaxloebiT 85% da Seicavs neironebis _ informaciis Semnaxveli da
gadascemen informacias.
gadamcemi pawawina struqturebis _ udides raodenobas. vna­xoT, ro-
gor viTardeba neironebi.

tvinis ganviTareba: neironebi. Casaxvidan daaxloebiT erTi Tvis

Sem­deg iwyeba tvinis ganviTareba. momdevno sami Tvis ganmav­lobaSi
pawawina milakSi, romelic adamianis tvinis Canasaxia, neironuli ujre-

43
sinapsebi – pawawina sivrceebi
neironebs Soris – qimiuri
gzavnilebi, romlebic am
sivrceebs Soris igzavneba.
kvlevasTan dakavSireba da
gavrcoba
Semdeg aTwleulSi tvinis gan-
viTarebis, swavlisa da swav-
lebis Sesaxeb gafarToebuli
kvlevebis mowmeebi gavxdebiT.
magaliTad, 1998 wels `gana-
Tlebis fsiqologiis mimox-
ilvis~ specialuri gamocema
mieZRvna kognitur neiromec-
nierebasa da ganaTlebas. am
gamocemis avtorebi xazs us-
vamdnen imas, rom tvini erTad
momuSave im sistemebis rTuli
nakrebia, romlebic pasuxs
ageben gagebaze, pirdapir
paternebze, qmnian wesebs da
gamocdilebas azrs aniWeben.
es sistemebi individis mom-
wifebasa da ganviTarebasTan
erTad sicocxlis ganmavloba-
Si icvleba.
44
debi gasaocari siswrafiT _ wamSi 50000-dan 100000-mde mravldebian. am
ujredebs ezrdeba grZeli xelis da totis msgavsi wanazardebi sxva
ujredebTan dasakavSireblad da informaciis gasaziareblad qimiuri
nivTierebebis gamoyofiT, romelic wanazardebis daboloebebTan ax-
teba sinapsisad wodebul pawawina sivrceebs. dabadebis droisaTvis
Cven ukve yvela daaxloebiT 100-dan 200 miliardamde neironi gvaqvs
da yoveli maTgans _ daaxloebiT 2500 sinapsisi. miuxedavad amisa, nei-
ronidan gamosuli boWkoebi da boWkoebs daboloebebs Soris sinapsisi
sicocxlis pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi da, SesaZloa, mozardobaSic da
Semdgomac izrdeba.
2, 3 wlisaTvis yovel neirons daaxloebiT 15000 sinapsi aqvs; am asa-
kis bavSvebs gacilebiT meti sinapsi aqvT, vidre zrdasrulobaSi. faq-
tobrivad, maT imaze meti raodenobis neironebi da sinapsebi aqvT, vi-
dre garemosTan adaptaciisaTvis sWirdebaT. Tumca gadarCeba mxolod
muSa neironebi, xolo `gamouyenebeli~ neironebi Semcirdeba (Bransford,
Brown, & Cocking, 2000). amgvari Semcireba aucilebelia da xels uwy-
obs kognitur ganviTarebas. sinamdvileSi gonebrivi CamorCenilobis
zogierTi forma ukavSirdeba genis defeqts, romelic gavlenas axdens
Semcirebaze (Cook & Cook, 2005).
mimdinareobs ori saxis procesi – Warbwarmoeba da Semcire­ba. erTs
ewodeba gamocdilebis momlodine, radgan ganviTarebis konkretul
periodSi stimulaciis molodinSi, tvinis konkretul ubnebSi xdeba
sinapsebis Warbwarmoqmna. magaliTad, sicocxlis pirvel TveebSi tvini
mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi stimulaciis molodinSia. Tuki bavSvi norm-
aluri mxedvelobiT da smeniT ibadeba, viTardeba tvinis mxedvelo-
bisa da smenis Sesabamisi are­ebi. bavSvebi, romlebic smenis gareSe
ibadebian, ver iReben smeniT stimulacias da Sedegad tvinis smenis
damuSavebis are mxedvelobiTi informaciis gadamuSavebas emsaxureba.
swored aseve dabadebidan brma bavSvebis mxedvelobis gadamuSavebis
tvi­nis are emsaxureba smeniTi informaciis gadamuSavebas (Nelson, 2001;
Siegler, 1998).
gamocdilebis momlodine Warbwarmoebisa da Semcirebis procesebi
ganapirobebs tvinis farTo areebis zogad ganviTarebas. amiT SeiZle-
ba aixsnas is sirTuleebi, romlebic zrdasrulebs aqvT aramSobliur
enaze sityvebis warmoTqmisas. magaliTad, is adamianebi, romelTaTvi-
sac iaponuri mSobliuria, erTnairad warmoTqvamen `r~ da `l~ bgerebs.
am gansxvavebis SemCnevis unari hqondaT iaponel Cvilebs, magram am
gansxvavebis garCevaSi monawile neironebi da sinapsebi SesaZloa `Sem-
cirebuli~ iyo, radgan isini ar swavlobdnen iaponurs. amrigad, zr-
dasrulobaSi am bgerebis warmoTqmis Seswavla intensiur swavlebasa
da praqtikas moiTxovs (Bransford da sxvebi, 2000).
sinapsebis Warbwarmoebisa da Semcirebis meore formas gamocdile-
baze damokidebuli ewodeba. am SemTxvevaSi sinapsuri kavSirebi in-
dividis gamocdilebis safuZvelze yalibdeba. axali sinapsebi yalib-
deba nervuli aqtivobis pasuxad tvinis Zalzed lokalizebul areSi,
rodesac individi warmatebiT ver axerxebs informaciis gadamuSavebas.
kidev ufro meti sinapsi warmoiqmneba, vidre SenarCundeba `Semci-
rebis~ Semdeg. gamocdilebaze damokidebuli procesebi CarTulia iseT
individualur swavlebaSi, rogoricaa ucnobi bgeris warmoTqma meore
enis Seswavlisas.
stimulacia mniSvnelovania rogorc ganviTarebis (gamocdilebis
momlodine procesebi), aseve swavlis (gamocdilebaze damokidebuli
procesebi) dros. faqtobrivad, cxovelTa Seswavlam cxadyo, rom im
virTxebs, romlebic mastimulirebel garemoSi (saTamaSoebiT, saswavlo
amocanebiT, sxva virTxebTan erTad da adamianTa zrunviT) izrdebodnen,
25%-iT meti sinapsebi uviTardebodaT da unarCundebodaT im virTxebT-
an SedarebiT, romelTac mcire stimulacia hqondaT. mniSvnelovania
rogorc socialuri stimulacia (sxva virTxebTan urTierToba), aseve
fizikur/sensoruli stimulacia (saTamaSoebi da amocanebi); zogierTi
gamokvleviT dadginda, rom mxolod saTamaSoebma da amocanebma ver
Seuwyo xeli tvinis mzard ganviTarebas (Bransford da sxvebi, 2000). aseve
mniSvnelovania asakic. mastimulirebeli garemo SesaZloa xelSemwyobi
aRmoCndes sicocxlis adreul periodSi (gamocdilebis momlodine pe-
riodi) da xeli Seuwyos sinapsebis ganviTarebas zrdasrulobaSi (ga-
mocdilebaze damokidebuli periodi) (Cook & Cook, 2005).
adreuli stimulacia aseve mniSvnelovania adamianebisTvisac. Tum-
ca aSkaraa, rom zedmeti stimulacia tvinis ganviTarebis calsaxad
xelSemwyobi ver iqneba im bavSvebSi, romlebic iReben Sesatyvis an
Cveuli raodenobis stimulacias (Byrnes & Fox, 1998; Kolb & Whishaw,
1998). amrigad, Zvirfas saTamaSoebze an bavSvis swavlebis ZviradRi-
rebul programebze fulis xarjvas SesaZloa, Sedegad saWiroze meti plastiuroba – tvinis adap-
taciurobisa da moqnilobis
stimulacia mohyves. saTamaSoebi, kubikebi, wignebi, qviSa da wyali sa­
tendencia.
ukeTeso stimulaciaa, gansakuTrebiT Tu mas mSoblebTan an maswavle-
blebTan mzrunveli saubrebi axlavs. mielinizacia – procesi, rom-
lis drosac nervuli boWko
miuxedavad imisa, rom tvini swarafad viTardeba adreul bavSvo-
ifareba sqeli safariT, e.w.
baSi, swavla mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi grZelde­ba. adreul asakSi mieliniT, romelic Setyo-
stimulebis mkveTrad gamoxatul ar­a­rsebobas SesaZloa Sorsmimavali binebebis gagzavnas ufro
Sedegebi mohyves, mag­­­ram tvinis plastikurobisa da adaptaciis unaris efeqtians xdis.
gamo, SeiZleba moxdes kompensacia da daiZlios stimu-
lis ar­arsebobis an tvinis dazianebis Sedegebi. ra Tqma
sqema 2.1
unda, stimulebis ararsebobis garda mravali faqtori
moqmedebs _ deda, romelic fexmZimobisas me­dikamentebs
iRebs (maT Soris, alkoholsa da kofeins), toqsinebi tvinis qerqi
es adamianis Tavis tvinis marcxena na­
ga­remoSi an arasrulfasovani kveba SesaZloa pirdapiri
xevarsferos gamartivebuli gamosax-
da savalalod uaryofiTi gavlenis mqone iyos tvinis
ulebaa, romelzec Tavis tvinis qer­qia
ganviTarebaze. mocemuli. qerqi sxvadasxva are­­ebad,
azrovnebasa da swavlaze moqmedi kidev erTi faqto- anu wilebad aris dayofili. yovel
ria mielini­zacia, anu neironis boWkos dafarva saizo- maT­­gans gansvavebuli funqciebis mqo­
lacio sqeli safariT. es pro­cesi SiSveli eleqtro- ne mravali ubani aqvs. aq naCvenebia
sadenis saizolacio lentiT dafarvas hgavs. mieliniT ra­m­­denime ZiriTadi funqcia.
dafarva Setyobinebebis gadacemas swrafs da efeqtians
xdis. mielinizacia swrafad mimdinareobs sicocxlis sxeulis moZraoba sxeuliT aRqma
adreul wlebSi, Tumca grZeldeba mozardobaSic da da koordinacia
Txemis wili
swored is aris sicocxlis pirvel wlebSi bavSvis tvi-
nis swrafad zrdis mizezi. Sublis mxedvelobis
wili zona
tvinis ganviTareba: Tavis tvinis qerqi.axla neironebis
donidan TviT tvinis ganviTarebaze gadavideT. Tavis
tvinis qerqi ufro nela viTar­deba, vidre tvinis sxva
nawilebi. qerqis sxvadasxva nawili sxvadasxva siCqariT
mwifdeba. Tavdapirvelad yalibdeba qerqis is nawili, smenis zona
rome­lic fizikur motorul moZraobebs akontrolebs. kefis
Semdeg is areebi, romlebic akontrolebs iseT grZno- safeTqlis wili
bebs, rogoricaa mxedveloba da smena, xolo bolos Sub- wili
lis wili, romelic maRali rigis azrovnebiT pro­cesebs
akontrolebs. Tavis tvinis qerqis safeTqlis wilebi,

45
 romle­bic mTavar rols asruleben emociebsa da metyvelebaSi, srulad
ar vi­Tardeba skolis damTavrebisas da zogjer ufro gvian asakamdec.
neirofiziologebi axlaRa iwyeben imis gagebas, Tu rogor aris da­
kav­Sirebuli tvinis ganviTareba bavSvobisa da mozardobis iseT as­
peqtebTan, rogoricaa dagegmva, riskis aReba, gadawyvetilebis miReba
da impulsuri qcevis marTva. gabrazeba an samagieros gadaxdis survili
Seuracxyofaze an wyenaze Cveulebrivi adamianuri emociebia. qerqis win-
afrontaluri wili akontrolebs aseT impulsebs azrovnebis, dagegmvis
an jildos dayovnebis gziT. tvinis impulsis Sekavebis unari dabade-
bidanve ar aris warmodgenili (raSic swrafad rwmundebian mSoblebi).
Camouyalibebeli winafrontaluri wiliT SeiZleba aixsnas 2 wli­anTa
impulsuroba da brazis Setevebi. emociuri regulacia ufro rTulia
am asakSi. mravali kvleva 3-4 wlis asakSi wi­nafrontaluri wilis gan­
viTarebas cxadyofs (Berger, 2006), Tumca am wilis srulyofilad funq-
cionirebisaTvis tvinis ganviTarebis biologiuri procesebis sul mci-
re ori aTwleulia saWiro (Weinberger, 2001). amrigad, sabazo da ufrosi
klasebis moswavleebs jer kidev ara aqvT sakmarisad ganviTarebuli
tvini imisaTvis, rom SeZlon impulsis gawonasworeba saRi azriTa da
dagegmviT. veinbergeri mSoblebs sTavazobs `asesxon~ sakuTar Svilebs
winafrontaluri wilis qerqi – anu daexmaron wesebisa da SezRudvebis
dawesebaSi, gegmebis SemuSavebaSi manam, sanam TviT bavSvis winafronta-
luri wilis qerqi SeZlebs am funqciis sakuTar Tavze aRebas. skolasa
da maswavlebels aseve gadamwyveti rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia kognitur
da emociur ganviTarebaSi, Tuki isini Sesabamis garemos uzrunvelyofen
am ganviTarebadi da zogjer `impulsuri~ tvinebisaTvis (Meece, 2002).

specializacia da integracia. sqema 2.1-ze Cans, rom tvinis qerqis sx-

vadasxva areebs gansxvavebuli funqciebi aqvT. miuxedavad imisa, rom
tvinis sxvadasxva areebi aseT gansxvavebul funqciebs asruleben, es
specializebuli funqciebi sakmaod specifikuri da elementarulia. is-
eTi rTuli funqciebis Sesasruleblad, rogoric metyveleba an kiTxvaa,
qerqis sxvadasxva areebi unda daukavSirdnen erTmaneTs da erTad imo-
qmedon (Byrnes & Fox, 1998).
lateralizacia _ tvinis tvinis funqcionirebis sxva aspeqti, romelic kognitur ganviTare-
qerqis ori naxevarsferos baze axdens gavlenas, lateralizacia, anu tvinis ori naxevarsferos
specializacia. specializaciaa. viciT, rom tvinis TiToeuli naxevarsfero sxeulis
sa­winaaRmdego mxares akontrolebs. tvinis marjvena naxevarsferos da-
zianeba sxeulis marcxena naxevris moZraobaze moaxdens gavlenas da
piriqiT. amas garda, tvinis konkretuli ubnebi konkretul qcevas gana-
pirobebs. umravlesobisTvis tvinis marcxena naxevarsfero gadamwyvetia
metyvelebisas, xolo marjvena naxevarsfero _ sivrcobriv-vizualuri
informaciisa da emociebis (araverbaluri informaciis) marTvisas. zogi-
erTi caciasaTvis es urTierTkavSiri SesaZloa Sebrunebuli iyos, magram
caciaTa umravlesobisa da zogadad mdedrobiTi sqesisaTvis, mTliano-
baSi naklebad gamoxatuli na­xevarsferuli specializacia aris damaxasi-
aTebeli (Berk, 2005; O’Boyle & Gill, 1998). lateralizaciamde tvinis qer-
qis erTi nawilis dazianebis daZleva SesaZlebelia imdenad, ramdenadac
qerqis sxva nawilebi kisruloben dazianebuli ubnis funqciebs. magram
lateralizaciis Semdeg tvins naklebad Seswevs kompensaciis unari.
tvinis naxevarsferoTa saqmianobaSi aseTi gansxvavebebi ufro Se-
fardebiTia, vidre absoluturi; ubralod erTi naxevarsfero ufro
efeqtianad asrulebs konkretul funqciebs, vidre meore. TiTqmis yve-
la amocana, gansakuTrebiT rTuli unarebi, romelTa ganviTarebac mas-

46
wavleblebis sazrunavia, moiTxovs tvinis mravali gansxvavebuli ubnis
monawileobas erTmaneTTan mudmivi urTierTobis safuZvelze. magali-
Tad, tvinis marjvena mxares ukeT SeuZlia ambis mniSvnelobis Camoya-
libeba, xolo marcxena ukeT igebs gramatikasa da sintaqss, ase rom,
kiTxvis dros orive mxarea CarTuli. `am aRmoCenaTa ZiriTadi Sedegi
is aris, rom `tvinis sxvadasxva mxareebisaTvis~ swavlebis praqtika
ar emyareba neirofiziologiur gamokvlevebs~ (Byrnes & Fox, 1998, gv.
310). amrigad, unda gveSinodes swavlebis iseTi midgomebisa, romlebic
tvinis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb gamartivebul Sexedulebas emyareba,
romelsac keit stanoviCi (1998) uwodebs `marcxena tvinis-marjvena
tvinis absurds, romelmac waleka ganaTleba seminarebiT, kvalifika-
ciis amaRlebis kursebiTa da dargobrivi gamocemebiT~ (gv. 420). unda
gvaxsovdes, rom arc erTi fsiqikuri aqtivoba ar aris tvinis calkeu-
li nawilis saqmianobis Sedegi _ ar arsebobs `marjvenatviniani mo-
swavle~ garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu mas amokveTili aqvs tvinis marcxena
naxevarsfero epilefsiis zogierTi formis iSviaTi da radikaluri
mkurnalobis Sedegad.

instruqtireba da tvinis ganviTareba. cxovelebze Catarebulma kvle­

vebma da adamianebis Seswavlam cxadyo, rom orive, rogorc gamoc-
dileba, ise pirdapiri swavleba tvinis organizaciasa da struqturaSi
cvlilebebs ganapirobebs. magaliTad, yru adamianebs, romlebic yru-
munjTa enas iyeneben, im yru adamianebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ar
iyeneben am enas, tvinSi gansxvavebuli eleqtronuli aqtivobis modeli
aqvT. agreTve, garkveuli problemebis mqome adamians intensiuri in- daukavSireT veb-gverds da
struqtireba da praqtika tvinSi axali kavSirebis Camoyalibebisa da ganavrceT
ixileT http://www.nih.gov/
tvinis axali zonis formirebis Sedegad funqciis aRdgenaSi exmareba
news/pr/apr2004/nichd-19.htm
(Bransford da sxvebi, 2000). benet Seivicma da misma kolegebma (2004) Seivicis da sxvaTa kvlevebi
warmoadgines Sedegebi, romlebic swavlebis Sedegad tvinSi momxdar
daukavSireT veb-gverds da
seriozul cvlilebebs asaxavda. kerZod, mkvlevarebma 6-dan 9 wlamde
ganavrceT
28 kiTxvaSi daxelovnebuli bavSvi da 49 kiTxvaSi cudi Sedegebis mqone ixileT http://www.amenclinic.
bavSvi Seiswavles. funqciuri magnituri rezonansis asaxvad cnobilma com/bp/atlas/ch12.php ADH mqone
procesma or jgufs Soris tvinis sxvadasxva aqtivoba aCvena. cudi ada­mianebis tvinis daskanire-
Sedegebis mqone bavSvebma tvinis marcxena naxevarsferos nawilis nak- buli variantebi.
lebad datvirTva da xandaxan tvinis marcxena naxevarsferos zedmetad
gadatvirTva aCvena. asoebisa da bgerebis kombinaciis 100 saaTiani in-
tensiuri swavlebis Semdeg, am bavSvebis tvinma kiTxvaSi daostatebuli
bavSvebis tvinis msgavsi funqcionireba daiwyo, ramac momdevno wel-
sac gastana. skolaSi standartuli gamosworebis process gavlilma
kiTxvaSi cudi Sedegebis mqone bavSvebma tvinis funqcionirebaSi cv-
lilebebi ar gviCvenes.
sxva kvlevebma gviCvena, rom ADHD (yuradRebis deficiti da hip-
eraqtivobis sindromi) mqone bavSvebis da ufrosebis Tavis tvinis Sub-
lis nawili, Tavis tvinis bazaluri birTvi, da naTxemi ufro pataraa,
vidre ADHD ar mqone adamianebisa. tvinis es zonebi TviTreguliacias,
koordinacias da motoruli qcevebis kontrols gulisxmobs (Hallahan
& Kauffman, 2006).
tvinsa da klasSi swavlebas Soris erT aSkara kavSirs emociebi da
stresi warmoadgens. rogorc me-10 TavSi ixilavT SfoTva swavlebis
xelis SemSleli faqtoria, xolo interesi da cnobismoyvareoba swav-
lis process exmareba. im SemTxvevaSi Tu moswavleebi daucvelobas da
SfoTvas grZnoben, yuradRebis fokusirebas ver axdenen (Sylvester, 2003).
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moswavleSi ar aris daintereseba, esec swavlisTvis

47

daukavSireT swavlebas
da ganavrceT
imisaTvis, rom gaigoT, Tu
rogor gansxvavdeba bavSvebis
azrovneba moz­r­­dilTagan,
sxvadasxva asakis bavS­vebs
Semdegi kiTxvebi dausviT:
ras niSnavs iyo cocxali?
SegiZliaT daasaxeloT
cocxali sagnebi?
cocxalia mTvare?
saidan modis ocnebebi?
sad midian isini?
mTis Ziridan mis wveramde
manZili ufro didia, Tu
mTis wve­ridan mis Ziramde?
SeuZlia Tu ara adamians
erTdroulad cxovrobdes
CikagoSi da ilinoisSi?
erT dRes Tqven Tqveni
ufrosi Zmistola gaxdebiT
Tu ara?
rodis aris guSin?
sad midis mze RamiT?
48
xelis SemSleli faqtoria. sakuTari emociebis da motivaciis marTvaSi
moswavlis daxmareba ganaTlebis mniSvnelovan mizans warmoadgens (ix.
Tavi 3).
rogoria Tqveni azri?
Tqven inovaciebiT cnobil erT-erT skolaSi gasaubreba gaqvT.
ramdenime wuTis Semdeg direqtori gekiTxebaT `iciT Tu ara
raime tvinze dafuZnebuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb? me bevri ram wa­
mikiTxavs am TemasTan dakavSirebiT.~ ras upasuxebdiT?
CarTva maswavleblebisTvis. rogorc TqvenTvis cnobilia, tvini da
swavleba axlo kavSirSia, magram ras niSnaves es maswavleb­lisTvis?
marsi drisqoli (2005) gvaZlevs aseT ganmartebas (mniSv­nelobas):
1. bevri kognituri funqcia diferencirebulia – isini tvinis sxva­
dasxva nawils ukavSirdeba. Sedegad, Semswavlelebs informaciis
damuSavebis maTTvis saukeTeso meTodi (magaliTad vizualuri
an verbaluri) da am sxvadasxva meTodSi gansxvavebuli SesaZle-
blobebi aqvT. xSir SemTxvevaSi swavlebisTvis sxvadasxva meTodis
gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia – magaliTad geografiis Sewavlisas
rukebisa da simRerebis gamoyeneba.
2. tvini SedarebiT plastikuria. ase rom, mdidari, aqtiuri garemo
da moqnili axsnis strategia bavSvebSi kognituri unarebis ganvi-
TarebaSi, xolo mozrdilebs swavlaSi exmareba.
3. swavlaSi zogierT moSlilobas nevrologiuri safuZveli aqvs.
Se­degad, nevrologiuri testireba mkurnalobis efeqturobis di-
agnostikasa da SefasebaSi dagvexmareba.
aRniSnul TemasTan dakavSirebiT mravali naSromi gamoqveynda. bevri
maTgani, rogorc mSoblebisTvis, aseve maswavleblebisTvisaa gamosadegi,
magram gaiTvaliswineT da sifrTxiliT moekideT im mosazrebebs, rom-
lebic tvinis kompleqsurobas amartiveben. Semdeg gverdze motanil
rubrikaSi `argumentebi/kontrargumentebSi~ naxavT, rom gansxvavebuli
mosazrebebi arsebobs.
Semdeg ki fsiqolog Jan piaJes (yofili biologi) kognituri ganvi-
Tarebis Teorias ganvixilavT.
piaJes kognituri ganviTarebis Teoria
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT SegiZliaT erTi da igive dros
Tqven piTsburgSi, pensilvaniaSi da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
iyoT? es TqvenTvis rTuli kiTxvaa? ra dro dagWirdebaT am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad?
Sveicarielma fsiqologma Jan piaJem SemogvTavaza modeli, romelSic
Camoyalibebuli da daxasiaTebulia, Tu rogor axdens adamiani infor-
maciis Segrovebis da gaerTianebis gziT samyaros Secnobas (Piaget, 1954,
1963, 1970a, 1970b). Cven piaJes mosazrebebs detalurad ganvixilavT,
vinaidan maTSi Cvilobis asakidan mowifulobis asakamde azrovnebis
ganviTarebis axsnaa naCvenebi.
piaJes (1954) mixedviT, is rac martivad JRers mozrdili adamian-
isTvis (zemoT motanili kiTxva), arcTu ise martivia bavSvisTvis. mag-
aliTad, piaJem 9 wlis bavSvs hkiTxa:

ra erovnebis xar? – me Sveicarieli var. – ratom? – imitom, rom me

SveicariaSi vcxovrob. – Sen Jenevelic xar? – ara, es SeuZlebelia,
vinaidan me ukve Sveicarieli var, me ver viqnebi Jenevelic. (Piaget,
1965/1995, gv. 252)

warmovidginoT, rom es moswavle geografias swavlobs. is erTi

koncefciis (Jeneva) meoris (Sveicariis) qvepunqtad klasi­ficirebasTan
dakavSirebuli problemis winaSe dgas. garda amisa, bavSvebisa da ufro-
si adamianebis azrovnebaSi sxva gansxvavebebicaa. bavSvebs Cvengan gan-
sxvavebuli drois SegrZneba aqvT. maTi warmodgeniT SesaZloa, magali-
Tad, erT dRes ufrosi dedmamiSvilis asakis daweva SeZlon, aerioT
warsuli da momavali. modiT aRniSnulis mizezebi gamovikvlioT.

zegavlena ganviTarebaze
kognituri ganviTareba gacilebiT metia, vidre ukve arsebul in-
formaciaSi axali faqtebis da azrebis damateba. piaJes mixedviT, Cveni
azrovnebis (msjelobis) procesi dabadebidan momwifebulobis asaka-
mde, marTalia, nela, magram radikalurad icvleba. amis mizezs ki
adamianebis mier samyaros Secnobis mudmivi mcdeloba warmoadgens.
rogor vakeTebT amas? piaJe oTx faqtors gamoyofs – biologiuri mom­
wifeba, aqtivoba, socialuri gamocdileba da wonasworoba – romlebic
azrovnebaSi cvlilebebs ganapirobeben (Piaget, 1970 a). modiT, mok­led
mimovixiloT pirveli sami faqtori. wonasworobis ganxilvas Semdeg
qveTavSi davubrundebiT.
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi garemo faqtori, romelic Cvens mier
samyaros aRqmaze zemoqmedebs, momwifebaa _ drois ganmavlobaSi gene-
tikurad programirebuli, bunebrivad mimdinare cvlilebebi. mSoblebs
da maswavleblebs kognituri ganviTarebis am aspeqtze mcire gavlena
aqvT, Tu ra Tqma unda, bavSvi saTanado sakvebs da janmrTelobisTvis
aucilebel zrunvas iRebs.
aqtivoba kidev erTi zemoqmedebis faqtoria. fizikur momwife-
bulobasTan erTad garemoze zemoqmedebis SesaZlebloba da am ze-
moqmedebiT miRebuli codnac izrdeba. magaliTad, rodesac bavSvis
koordinacia sakmarisad ganviTarebulia, mas balansis principebis aR-
moCena aiwona-daiwonaze qanaobiT miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze
SeuZlia. Sedegad, garemoze zemoqmedebiT – vikvlevT, vaanalizebT,
vakvirdebiT da TandaTanobiT informacias vukeTebT organizacias,
valagebT – Cven Tan TiTqos azrovnebis processac vcvliT.
ganviTarebasTan erTad, Cven garSemo myof adamianebTan urTierTo-
baSi SevdivarT. piaJes mixedviT kognitur ganviTarebaze zemoqmedebas
socialuri transmisia an sxvebisgan swavla axdens. rom ara socialuri
transmisia, Cveni kulturis mier ukve SemoTavazebuli yvela codnis
xelaxali gamogoneba dagvWirdeboda. socialuri transmisiiT miRebuli
codnis moculoba adamianis kognituri ganviTarebis mixedviT icvleba.
momwifeba, aqtivoba da socialuri gadacema _ yvela erTad kog­nitur
ganviTarebaze axdens zegavlenas. rogor vpasuxobT am faqtorebs?

49
 argumenti / kontrargumenti
tvinze dafuZnebuli ganaTleba
pedagogebs sul ufro xSirad esmiT tvinze tvinis marjvena naxevarsferos da tvinis marcx-
da­fuZnebuli ganaTlebis, tvinis ganviTarebis ena naxevarsferos swavlebis matebaa.
adreuli stimulaciis mniSvnelobis, `mocartis
`tvinis marjvena naxevarsfero tvinis mar-
efeqti~-s da tvinis marjvena da marcxena na­
cxena naxevarsferos winaaRmdeg~ es yvelaze
xevarsferoebis aqtivobis Sesaxeb. marTlac, ram-
popularuli azria, romelsac sikvdili ar
denime kvlevis Sedegebma cxadyo, rom 10 wuTis
uweria. ganaTlebaSi tvinis saganmanaTleblo
ganmavlobaSi mocartis mosmenas sivrcis aRqmis
(ganaTlebis) mniSvnelobis lateralizaciiT
garkveulwilad gamosworeba SeuZlia (Rauscher &
spekulireba ager ukve 30 welia trialebs.
Shaw, 1998; Steele, Bass, & Crook 1999), jorjiis
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli fsiqolo-
yofilma gubernatorma daamkvidra prog­rama. am
gebma da mecnierebma araerTgzis gaakritikes
programis mixedviT yvela axalSobils mocartis
da usafuZvlod miiCnies, spekulireba mainc
`siD-dis~ asmeninebdnen (Meece, 2002). arsebobs Tu
gZeldeba. devid sousma Tavisi naSromSi `ro-
ara aSkara saganmanaTleblo efeqti tvinis nev-
gor swavlobs tvini~ mTeli Tavi tvinis lat-
rologiuri kvlevidan?
argumenti eralizaciis ganmartebas dauTmo. agreTve,
man klasSi strategiebi Camoayaliba. misi
argumenti ara, gavlena araa aSkara
azriT, am strategiebis gamoyeneba maswav­leb­
jon bruerma, jeims es makdonelis fondis
lebisTvis iqneboda garantia imisa, rom swav­
prezidentma, gamoaqveyna naSromebi. brueri Ta-
lebaSi tvinis orive sferoa CarTuli. . . modiT
vis naSromebSi tvinze dafuZnebuli ganaTlebis
axla tvinis mecnieruli dargebi ganvixiloT,
garSemo atexil bums akritikebs (Bruer, 1999). is
kerZod, Tu rogor an ra saxiT exmarebian
aRniSnavs, rom e.w. tvinTan dakavSirebuli bevri
isini sousis mier rekomendebul swavlebis
kvleva iwyeba mecnierebiT, magram TandaTano-
strategiebs. sousis azriT, swavlebis pro-
biT gadadis usafuZvlo spekulaciaSi. is Tv-
cesSi tvinis marjvena naxevarsferos CarTvis
lida, rom TiToeul ganacxads pedagogebi unda
mizniT, maswavlebelma moswavleebi mental-
miudgnen kiTxviT `sad mTavrdeba mecniereba da
uri gamosaxulebis generirebis da maTi gamo-
iwyeba spekuliacia?~ erT-erTi aseTi ganacxadi,
yenebisken unda waaqezos... tvinis mecnierebma
romelsac brueri kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs,
dResdREobiT ician, rom sivrculi azrovneba

ZiriTadi tendenciebi azrovnebaSi

piaJem biologiaSi adreuli kvlevebis Sedegad daaskvna, rom yvela
saxeoba memkvidreobiT or ZiriTad tendencias anu `ucvlel funqcias~
iRebs. erTi am tendenciaTagania organizacia – qcevebis da azrebis
dalageba, kombinireba da gadalageba Sewyobil koherentul (Tanmim-
devrul, SeTanxmebul, gamarTul) sistemebSi. meore ki adaptaciaa, anu
garemosTan morgeba.

organizacia. adamianebi fsiqologiur struqturaSi sakuTari azrov­

organizacia _ informaciis
dalagebis, misi mentalur sis-
temebsa da kategoriebSi mo-
Tavsebis procesi. kavSirebis
mowesrigebuli da logikuri
qseli.
adaptacia – garemosTan
morgeba.
nebis procesebis organizebis tendenciiT ibadebian. es fsiqologiuri
struqturebi Cvens mier samyaros aRqmisa da interaqciis sistemebs
warmoadgenen. martivi struqturebis mudmivi gaerTianeba da koor-
dinireba maTi daxvewis mizniT xdeba. Sedegad, isini ufro efeqturia.
magaliTad, Zalian patara Cvilebi sagans an akvirdebian, an Tu ax-
los miutanT, xelis watanebas cdiloben. maT erTdroulad cqerisa da
daWeris koordinacia ar SeuZliaT. ganviTarebasTan erTad Cvilebi am
ori damoukidebeli struqturis koordinirebas ufro maRali donis
struqturaSi axdenen anu yureba, miwvdoma da sagnis aReba. ra Tqma

50
 da mentaluri gamosaxuleba msgavs gamartive- gens programas, models, romelsac skolebma
bul ganacxadze kontrmagaliTebs gvaZlevs. unda misdion. tvinze dafuZnebuli swavlebis
aseTi ganacxadebi tvinis literalizaciasTan erT-erTma kritikosma aRniSna, rom 25 weli
dakavSirebuli xalxuri Teoriidan modis, da gava, sanam tvinis kvlevebiT miRebuli sarge-
ara nevrologiidan. . . tvinis sxvadasxva aree- beli saklaso oTaxebs miaRwevs~. me mxolod
bi (zonebi) konkretul davalebas asrule- erT magaliTs movitan, romliTac giCvenebT,
ben, magram es konkretizacia analizis ufro TuU ratom ar veTanxmebi am mosazrebas.
daxvewil doneze Cndeba, vidre `vizualuri
kiTxvis gaumjobesebis produqti fastfor-
gamosaxulebis gamoyenebaa~. SesaZloa vizua-
vardi stenfordis universitetis orma nev-
luri gamosaxulebis gamoyeneba Seswavlis
rologma _ doqtorma maikel merzeniCma da
xelsayrel strategiad mogvevlinos, magram
doq­­torma paula talalma Seqmnes. aRniSnul
mis vargisianobas swavlis procesSi marjvena
pro­duqts dRes ukve iyeneben qveynis masStabiT
naxevarsferos gamoyeneba ar ganapirobebs
aTasobiT skolaSi. is Zalian bevr moswavles
(Bruer, 1999, pp. 653-654).
daexmara. igi nervuli sistemis plastikurobaSi
miRweul aRmoCenebs tvinis dabeWdili sityvebis
kontrargumenti diax, swavleba unda
kiTxvis SesaZleblobis Sesacvlelad iyenebs. . .
iyos tvinze dafuZnebuli
skolebi tvinis mxolod biologiuri dan-
Tu Tqven gsurT gaecnoT programebs, stra­
iSnulebiT ar unda Semoifarglon. Cvens mier
tegiebs da midgomebs, romlebic tvinTan da-
tvinis codnis ignorireba upasuxismgeblobis
kavSirebul kvlevebze dayrdnobiT Seiqmna,
tolfasia. tvinze dafuZnebuli swavleba im pe­­
internetis saZiebelSi `tvinze dafuZnebuli ga-
dagogebs, romlebsac ufro mizanmimarTuli,
naTleba~ akrifeT. magaliTisaTvis, ixileT jen-
informirebuli swavlebis meTodis gamoyeneba
sen lerning qorforeiSenis vebgverdi (http://
surT, garkveul mimarTulebebs sTavazobs.
www.jlcbrain.com/truth.html):

tvinis Seswavlaze dafuZnebuli swavleba arc

panaceaa da arc jadosnuri joxi, romelic gana- rogoria Tqveni azri?
TlebaSi arsebul yvela problemas moagvarebs. gamoxateT sakuTari mosazreba veb-gverdze: www.
da Tu vinme msgavs, amtkicebs, ubralod Sec- mylabschool.com
domaSi Sehyavs yvela. is jer kidev ar warmoad-

unda maT TiToeuli struqturis calke gamoyenebac SeuZliaT (Flavell,

Miller, & Miller, 2002; Miller, 2002). sqemebi _ mentaluri siste-
piaJem am struqturas konkretuli dasaxeleba mianiWa: sqemebi. misi mebi an aRqmis kategoriebi da
Teoriis mixedviT, sqemebi azrovnebis sabazo samSeneblo blokebia. gamocdileba.
isini qmedebis an fiqris organizebuli sistemebia, romlebic samyaro-
Si arsebuli sagnebis da momxdari movlenebis mentalurad gamoxatvis
da `maT Sesaxeb fiqris~ saSualebas gvaZlevs. SesaZloa sqemebi Zalian
patara da specifikuri iyos, magaliTad, siTxis sawrupiT dalevis sqe-
ma an vardis cnobis sqema, magram ufro didi an ufro zogadi sqemebic
arsebobs, magaliTad, dalevis sqema an mcenareebis kategorizaciis
sqema. rodesac adamianis azrovnebis procesebi ufro organizebuli
xdeba da viTardeba axali sqemebi, Tavis mxriv qcevebic ufro ixveweba
da ukeT Seesabameba garemos.

adaptacia. sakuTari fsiqologiuri struqturebis organizebis ten- asimilacia _ arsebul sqemebSi

denciis garda, adamianebi, memkvidreobiT, damatebiT garemosTan adap- axali obieqtis, axali informa-
taciis tendencias iReben. adaptacia or ZiriTad process moicavs: ciis CarTva.
asimiliacia da akomodacia.
asimiliacias vxvdebiT maSin, rodesac adamiani iyenebs mis arsebul
sqemas samyaroSi momxdari movlenis gagebis mizniT. asimilacia raime

51
Jan piaJe Sveicarieli
fsiqologi iyo, romlis
bavSvebis azrovnebis zustma
daxasiaTebam Cvens mier
kognituri ganviTarebaze
warmodgena Secvala.
akomodacia _ arsebuli
kognituri sqemebis Secvla
an axlis Seqmna viTarebis
Sesabamisad.
52
axlis gagebis mcdelobas ukve nacnob informaciasTan misadagebiT gu-
lisxmobs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, misadagebis mizniT, Cven informacias
vamaxinjebT. magaliTad, mravali bavSvi, skunsis pirvelad danaxvisas,
mas `fisos~ eZaxis. isini axali gamocdilebis cxovelebis ukve arsebul
identifikaciasTan misadagebas axdenen.
akomodacia axali situaciis pasuxad arsebuli sqemebis Secvlas an
axlis Seqmnas gulisxmobs. Tu monacemebis ukve arsebul sqemebTan mis-
adageba ver xerxdeba, maSin saTanado struq­turebis ganviTareba unda
moxdes. axali informaciis aRqmis mizniT, Cven sakuTar azrovnebas
vcvliT imis magivrad, rom Sev­cvaloT axali informacia azrovnebas-
Tan misasadageblad. bavSvebi akomodacias avlenen maSin, rodesac isini
skunsis aRqmis mizniT, cxovelebis identifikaciis ukve arsebul sxva
sistemebs axal sqemas amateben.
adamianebi moergebian maT garSemo mzard kompleqsur garemos ar-
sebuli sqemebis gamoyenebiT, Tu sqemebi muSaobs (asiamiliacia), da
axlis aRqmis saWiroebis SemTqvevaSi (akomodacia), arsebuli sqemebis
modificirebis an damatebis meSveobiT. faqtobrivad, ZiriTad SemTx-
vevebSi, orive procesia saWiro. ukve arsebuli sqemis gamoyenebac ki,
magaliTad, sawrupiT siTxis daleva akomodacias moiTxovs, Tu sawru-
pis zoma an forma TqvenTvis Cveuli sawrupis formisgan da zomis-
gan gansxvavdeba. Tu wveni sawrupiT muyaos yuTidan dagileviaT, ge-
codinebaT, rom sawrupiT wvenis dalevis sqemas damatebiTi unaris
daxelovneba esaWiroeba – yuTis moWeriT sawrupidan wveni amoasxams
da SegesxmevaT. axali gamocdilebis arsebul sqemasTan asimiliaciiT,
sqema izrdeba da garkveulwilad icvleba kidec, ase rom, asimiliacia
garkveul akomodaciasac Seicavs.
aris situaciebi, rodesac arc asimiliaciis da arc akomodaciis
gamoyeneba ar xdeba. Tu adamiani misTvis savsebiT ucnob movlenas aw-
ydeba, man SeiZleba aseT movlenis ignorireba moaxdinos. mocemul
momentSi gamocdilebis gafiltvra xdeba adamianis azrovnebis formis
misadagebis mizniT. magaliTad, Tu Tqven ucxo enaze saubari gesmiT,
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am enis mwiri codna mainc ar gaqvT, saubris azris
gagebas, albaT, ufro ar SeecdebiT.
wonasworoba. piaJes mixedviT organizeba, asimiliacia da akomodacia
SesaZloa ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc balansis kompleqsuri qmedeba.
misi Teoriis mixedviT azrovnebaSi mimdinare cvlileba wonasworobis wonasworoba _ gonebrivi
safuZvelze xdeba – es aris qmedeba balansis ZiebaSi. piaJe Tvlida, balansis Zieba kognitur
sqemebsa da garemodan
rom balansis miRwevis mizniT, adamianebi maTi azrovnebis procesebis
momdinare informacias Soris.
adekvaturobas mudmivad amowmeben. mokled, wonasworobis procesi ase
muSaobs: Tu vadarebT Cvens konkretul sqemas movlenas an situacias
da sqema muSaobs – arsebobs wonasworoba. Tu sqema damakmayofi­lebel
Sedegs ar gvaZlevs, maSasadame wonasworobis darRvevas aqvs adgili wonasworobis darRveva _
da Tavs arakomfortulad vgrZnobT. aRniSnuli mdgomareobis SecvliT piaJes TeoriaSi, `wonasworobis
dakargvis~ mdgomareoba,
motivirebuli Cven asimilaciisa da akomodaciis gamoyenebiT gamosav-
roca adamiani acnobierebs,
lis Ziebas viwyebT. Sedegad Cveni azrovneba icvleba da win midis. ra rom misi azrovnebis Cveuli
Tqma unda, wonasworobis darRvevis done Sesabamisi da optimaluri stili gamousadegaria
unda iyos, radgan Tu Zalian mcirea, cvlilebisken ver gvibiZgebs, problemis gadaWris an
xolo Tu Zalian didi, SesaZloa ise viyoT aRelvebuli, rom cvlilebis situaciis gagebisTvis.

Tavi aRar gvqondes.

kognituri ganviTarebis oTxi safexuri

rogoria Tqveni azri?
Tqveni gasaubreba skolis direqtorTan kargad midis. misi mom-
devno kiTxva ase JRers: `Cveni skolis me-11 klasis moswavleebis
azrovnebis done sxvadasxvaa, zogi Zlieria, zogi ki – susti.
rogor moaxdenT swavlebis meTodebis diferenciacias?~

davubrundeT bavSvebSi asakobriv zrdasTan erTad mimdinare cv-

lilebebTan dakavSirebul piaJes mosazrebas. is Tvlida, rom yvela
adamiani oTx erTi da igive etaps (sensomotorika, preoperaciuli,
konkretul operaciuli, da formalur-operaciuli) erTnairi Tanmim-
devrobiT gadis. ZiriTadad, es etapebi garkveul asaks ukavSirdeba (ix.
cxrili 2.1.), magram gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom saxelmZ-
Rvanelo zogadia da mocemuli asakis yvela bavSvze aucileblad ar
vrceldeba. piaJem aRniSna, rom adamianis erTi safexuridan meoreze
gadasvlis periodi SeiZleba xangrZlivi aRmoCndes da rom pirovnebam,
SesaZloa, erT konkretul situaciaSi erTi safexuris maxasiaTebeli,
xolo sxva situaciaSi ufro maRali an dabali maxasiaTebeli gamoav-
linos. amrigad, moswavlis asakis codna misi azrovnebis codnas ar
gulisxmobs (Orlando & Machado, 1996).

Cvilobis asaki: sensomotoruli safexuri. adreul periods sensomo­to­

ruli stadia ewodeba, radgan bavSvis azrovneba moicavs xedvas, smenas,
moZraobas, Sexebas, gasinjvas da a.S. am periodis ganmavlobaSi Cvi­lebi
saganTa mudmivoba _ wvdoma,
saganTa mudmivobas aviTareben. imis gageba, rom sagnebi samyaroSi ar-
rom sagnebi damoukideblad
sebobas ganagrZoben imisda miuxedavad, aRiqvamen maT Tu vera, aRniS- da permanentulad arsebobs
nuli mentaluri warmosaxvis agebis umniSvnelovanesi unaris sawyisia.
rogorc mSobelTa umravlesoba aRmoaCens, xolo manam afiqsireben,
rom manam sanam Cvilebi saganTa mudmivobas ganaviTareben, raime sagnis
gamorTmeva gacilebiT martivia. fandi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gaarTo
bavSvi da sagani maSin damalo, rodesac is mas ar uyurebs – `ver xe-
davs – ar fiqrobs~. ufrosi Cvilebi, romlebic burTis Zebnas iwyeben
(gagorda da miimala), amJRavneben gagebis niSnebs, rom sagani arsebobs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar Cans (Moore & Meltzoff, 2004). magram Taname-
drove kvlevebis mixedviT, 3-dan 4 Tvemde Cvilebma ician, rom sagani

53
 cxrili 2.1.

piaJesis kognituri ganviTarebis etapebi

etapi asaki Tvisebebi
(daaxloebiT)

iwyebs imitaciis, mexsierebis da

fiqris gamoyenebas.
sensomotorika 0-2 weli iwyebs gagebas, rom sagnebi ar
qreba roca damalulia.
refleqstoruli qmedebidan mizan-
mimarTul qmedebaze gadadis.

TandaTanobiT aviTarebs me-

preoperacionaluri
tyvelebis da simboluri formiT
azrovnebis SesaZleblobis gamoy-
2-7 weli enebas.
eufleba erTi mimarTulebiT az-
rovnebis logikur operacias.
aqvs sxva adamianis Tvalsazrisis
danaxvis sirTuleebi.

SeuZlia logikurad azrovnebis

gziT konkretuli problemebis
konkretul gadaWra.
operaciuli 7-11 weli esmis konservaciis kanonebi,
SeuZlia klasifikacia da Tanmim-
devruli ganlageba.
esmis Seqcevadoba.

SeuZlia logikis moSveliebiT ab-

straqtuli problemebis gadaWra.
formalur oper- 11 – mozrdili aqvs ufro mecnieruli azrovneba.
aciuli asaki interess iCens socialuri
sakiTxebis, identobis mimarT.

wyaro: From Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive And Affective Development, 5/e by B. Wadsworth. Published
by Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright 1996 by Person Education. Adapted by permission of the
publisher.

arsebobs im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mas ver xedavs, magram maT ar gaaCniaT

mizanmimarTuli aqtivoba _
Segnebuli, mtkice svla mizni-
saken.
mesxierebis unari, raTa `daimaxsovron~ sagnis adgilmdebareoba an mo-
toruli unari, raTa moaxdinon Zebnis koordinireba (Baillargeon, 1999;
Flavell da sxvebi, 2002).
meore mTavar miRwevas sensomotorul periodSi logikuri, mizan-
mimarTuli aqtivobis dawyeba warmoadgens. warmoidgineT bavSvis plast-
masis feradi saTamaSoebiT savse saTamaSo yuTi TavsaxuriT, romelTa
gadmoyra da Secvla SeiZleba. 6 Tvis bavSvi saTamaSoebis amoRebis amao
mcdelobis Se­degad gaRiziandeba, maSin, rodesac ufro mozrdili Cvi-

54
li, romelmac sensomotoruli etapis ZiriTadi unarebi daxvewa,
saTamaSoebis yuTidan amoRebas albaT ufro SeZlebs ‘saTamaSo
yuTis~ sqemis moSveliebiT: (1) moxsnis Tavsaxurs, (2) amoatria-
lebs yuTs, (3) Tu saTamaSoebi yuTSi gaiWeda, SeanjRrevs mas, da
(4) daakvirdeba gadmoyril saTamaSoebs. miznis misaRwevad moxda ramdeni
wlis xar,
calkeuli dabali (safexuri) donis sqemebis ufro maRali donis jefi?
sqemebSi organizeba.
bavSvi male reversuli (Seqcevadi) qmedebis Sesrulebas Se-
Zlebs yuTSi (konteinerSi) saTamaSoebis CayriT. reversuli
qmedebebis da­ufleba sensomotoruli etapis ZiriTadi miRwevaa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc vnaxavT, Seqcevadi azrovnebis
dauflebas – qmedebebis Tanmimdevrobis Seqcevadobis warmodge-
nas – gacilebiT meti dro esaWiroeba.
`ver getyvi imitom,
adreuli bavSvobidan dawyebiTi skolis adreul asakamde: pre- rom xelTaTmanebi mikeTia~
operaciuli safexuri. sensomotoruli safexuris bolosTvis Bill Keane
bavSvs mravali aqtivobis sqemis gamoyeneba SeuZlia. magram, manam, sa- Family circus, March 12, 2002.
nam es sqemebi fizikur qmedebebTan mibmulia, maTi gamoyeneba warsu- copyright 2002 Bill Keane, Inc.
lis gaxsenebis, informaciis Tanmimdevrobis damaxsovrebis an dagegm- Reprinted with special permis-
sion of King Features Syndicate.
visTvis gamousadegaria. esaWiroebaT is, rasac piaJe aRniSnulisTvis
bavSvebi operaciebs an qmedebebs uwodebs, romlebic ufro mentaluri
_ fiqris (azrovnebis, msjelobis) da ara fizikuri gziT xorcieldeba.
preoperaciuli stadiis periodSi bavSvSi es mentaluri operaciebi
araa daxvewili, magram is maTi daxelovnebisken miiwevs.
piaJes mixedviT, azrovnebis pirveli tipi, romelic qmedebisgan gan­
calkevebulad dgas, qmedebis simboluri sqemebis agebas moicavs. sim­
boloebis formirebis (agebisa) da gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba – sityve- operaciebi _ gonebrivi
moqmedebebi,
bi, Jestebi, niSnebi, gamosaxulebebi da a.S. – preoperaciuli periodis
ZiriTadi miRwevaa, romelic bavSvs momdevno stadiis mentaluri op-
eraciebis daxelovnebas aaxloebs. simboloebTan muSaobis am unars,
magaliTad, realuri cxenis ararsebobisas, misi gamoxatvisTvis sityva
`cxenis~ an cxenis suraTis an cxenze jiriTis imitirebis gamoyenebas,
preoperacionaluri _ gan-
semioturi funqcia ewodeba. sinamdvileSi, bavSvis mier simboloebis viTarebis is safexuri, roca
Tavdapirvel gamoyenebas moCvenebiTi datvirTva aqvs. bavSvi, romelic bavSvi jer ar dauflebia az-
jer ar laparakobs, xSirad simbolur qmedebebs iyenebs – TiTqos rovnebis logikur operaciebs
carieli Wiqidan svams an savarcxeli TmasTan miaqvs, riTac sagnis
daniSnulebis codnis demonstrirebas axdens. agreTve, es qceva imaze
migviTiTebs, rom maTi sqe­mebi ufro zogadi da konkretul qmedebas-
Tan naklebad mibmuli xdeba. magaliTad, Wamis sqema saxlobanas TamaSis
drosac SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli. preoperaciul stadiaSi simbo- semioturi funqcia _ sim-
boloebis gamoyenebis unari,
los umniSvnelovanesi sistema – metyveleba – swrafad vi­Tardeba. 2-
ena, suraTebi, niSnebi, Jestebi
idan 4 wlamde periodSi bavSvebis umravlesoba sityvebis marags 200- _ mentaluri aqtivobebisa
dan 2000 sityvamde zrdis. an obieqtebis warmodgenis
preoperaciuli stadiis manZilze sagnebze simboluri formiT az- miznebi.
rovnebis saSualebis ganviTareba garkveulwilad Se­zRuduli rCeba,
radgan azrovneba erTi mimarTulebiT midis, anu xdeba calmxrivi lo­ Seqcevadi azrovneba _
gikis gamoyeneba. bavSvisTvis `reversuli (uku) azrovneba~ an dava- azrovneba ukana mimarTule-
biT, dabruneba dasawyisTan.
lebaSi reversuli nabijebis warmodgena Zalian rTulia. Seqcevadi
azrovneba bevr davalebaSi gvxvdeba, rac preoperaciuli bavSvisTvis konservacia _ principi,
iseve rTulia, rogorc konservacia. romlis mixedviTac, obieqtis
garkveuli maxasiaTeblebi
konservacia aris principi, romlis mixedviTac, obieqtis garkveu- rCeba ucvleli imis miuxeda-
vad, rom Secvlilad SeiZleba
li Tvisebebi ucvleli rCeba imis miuxedavad, rom Secvlilad SeiZleba
gamovlindes.

55

decentralizacia _ mocemul
momentSi erTze met sakiTxze
fokusireba.
egocentrizmi _ rwmena imisa,
rom sxvebic iseve aRiqvamen
samyaros, rogorc Sen.
koleqtiuri monologi _
saubris iseTi forma, rode-
sac bavSvebi laparakoben
jgufSi, magram realurad
erTmaneTTan ar urTierToben
da komunikacias ar amyareben.
56
gamovlindes, Tuki araferi miemata da araferi gamoaklda. Tqven iciT,
rom qaRaldis furclis daqucmacebis SemTxvevaSi, qaRaldis igive ra-
odenoba dagrCebaT rac mis daqucmacebamde gqondaT. amis dasamtkice-
blad, Tqven iciT, rom SegiZliaT procesi SeaqcioT nakuwebis Sewe-
bebiT. konservaciasTan dakavSirebuli sirTulis klasikur magaliTs
preoperaciuli bavSvis piaJes amocanaze pasuxi asaxavs. 5 wlis leas
ori identuri Wiqa aCvenes, orive erTnairi zomis da formis. oriveSi
erTnairi raodenobis daferili wyali esxa. man aRiara, rom WiqebSi
wylis raodenoba `igive~ iyo. amis Semdeg erTi Wiqidan wyali ufro
maRal da viwro WiqaSi gadaasxes da leas hkiTxes: `axla erT WiqaSi
wyali ufro metia, Tu WiqebSi wylis raodenoba igivea?~ leam upasuxa,
rom maRal WiqaSi ufro meti wyali esxa _ `ai Wiqa aqamdea savse~ da
maRal WiqaSi wylis doneze miuTiTa (TiTi im adgilas daado, sadamdec
wyali WiqaSi esxa).
piaJes ganmartebiT, leas yuradReba fokusirebuli mxolod simaR-
leze iyo da misi pasuxi swored am faqtma ganapiroba. bavSvisTvis erT-
droulad erTi situaciis ramdenime aspeqtze fokusireba – anu decen-
tralizacia – rTuli iyo. preoperaciul bavSvs ar SeuZlia gaigos,
rom diametris Semcireba simaRlis gazrdiT kompensirdeba, radgan
aRniSnuli ori ganzomilebis erTdroulad gaTvaliswinebas saWiroebs.
amrigad, preoperaciuli stadiis bavSvisTvis samyaros sakuTari aR-
qmisgan gaTavisufleba probleuria.
aRniSnuls preoperaciuli stadiis kidev erT mniSvne­lo­van maxasi-
aTeblamde mivyavarT. piaJes mixedviT, preoperaciul bavSvSi egocen-
trizmis tendencia arsebobs – samyarosa da sxvebis gamocdilebis saku-
Tari TvalsazrisiT aRqma. egocentrizmi, piaJes ganmartebiT, egoizms
ar gulisxmobs; ubralod, bavSvebs sjeraT, rom yvela iziarebs maT
grZnobebs, reaqciebs da molodinebs. magaliTad, Tu am etapis patara
biWunas ZaRlebis eSinia, is darwmunebulia, rom yvela bavSvi iziarebs
am SiSs.. Zalian patara bavSvebi situaciis sakuTar aRqmasa da Seg-
rZnebebze arian fokusirebuli. es swored im erT mizezTagania, ris
gamoc am asakis bavSvebisTvis imis gageba, rom Tqveni marjvena xeli im
mxaresaa, romel mxaresac maTi marjvena xeli, Tuki pirispir dgaxarT
Zalze rTulia.
egocentrizmi bavSvis metyvelebaSic SesamCnevia. bavSvebi im drosac
ki, rodesac maT aravin usmens, xalisiT saubroben imaze, Tu ras akeTe-
ben. es xdeba maSin, rodesac isini marto an bevri bavSvis garemocvaSi
arian – TiToeuli bavSvi realuri interaqciis an dialogis gareSec
didi enTuziazmiT saubrobs. amas piaJe koleqtiur monologs uwodebs.
kvlevebma cxadyo, rom patara bavSvebi yvela situaciaSi bolomde
egocentrulebi ar arian. 2 wlis bavSvebi situacias, romelsac mSo-
beli ar daswrebia, gacilebiT detalurad aRuweren, vidre situacias,
romelSic orive erTad aRmoCnda. maSasadame, garkveul situaciebSi,
patara bavSvebs sxvaTa perspeqtivebis da saWiroebebis gaTvaliswineba
sakmaod kargad SeuZliaT (Flavell da sxvebi, 2002). samarTliani iqneba,
Tu vityviT, rom patara bavSvebis msgavsad, mozrdilebmac ki SesaZloa
CaTvalon, rom sxvebi maT msgavsad fiqroben da igives grZnoben. mag-
aliTad, migiRiaT Tu ara iseTi saCuqari, romelic im adamianisTvis
Zalian sasurveli, magram TqvenTvis yovlad gamousadegari yofila?
qvemoT motanil saxelmZRvaneloSi preoperaciulad moazrovneebTan
muSaobis garkveuli instruqciebia mocemuli.
 konkretuli operaciebi
dawyebiTi skolis gviandeli periodidan saSualo skolis wlebamde: – mentaluri amocanebi,
konkretul-operaciuli stadia. piaJem termini konkretuli operacie- romlebic exeba konkretul
miznebsa da situaciebs.
bi am stadiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `praqtikuli~ azrovnebis aRweris
mizniT gamoiyena. am stadiis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa fizi-
kuri samyaros logikuri stabilurobis aRiareba, imis gacnobiereba,
rom elementebi SesaZloa Seicvalos an ganicados tranformacia, ma-
gram Tavdapirveli Tvisebebi mainc SeinarCunos, da imis gageba, rom am
cvlilebebs SeqceviToba axasiaTebs.

rekomendaciebi: vaswavloT preoperaciul bavSvs

gamoiyeneT konkretuli magaliTebi da vizual- iyaviT sensitiuri, rodesac xedavT, rom bavSvebs
uri daxmareba saWiroebisamebr. erTi da igive sityvis sxvadasxva mniSvneloba
aqvT an sxvadasxva sityva erTi da igive mniSvn-
magaliTebi elobisTvis. zogjer bavSvebi Tvlian, rom maT
mier gamogonili sityva yvelasTvis gasagebia.
1. iseTi cnebebis axsnisas, rogoricaa `nawili~,
`mTliani~ an `erT naxevari~, vizualizaciisT-
vis muyaoze an Teqaze gakeTebuli waxnagebi
gamoiyeneT.
magaliTebi
1. Tu moswavle protests gamoxatavs _ `me ar min-
da daZineba. me mxolod davisveneb!~ _ gaiTval-
2. saSualeba mieciT bavSvebs, mimateba da gamokle-
iswineT, rom sityva `Zils~ SesaZloa is sul
ba joxebis, qvebis an feradi natexebis meSveo-
sxva mniSvnelobas aniWebs, magaliTad `piJamos
biT moaxdinon. msgavsi saSualeba konkretul-
gamocvlas da saxlSi loginSi wolas~.
operaciuli bavSvisTvisac gamosadegia.
2. sTxoveT bavSvs maT mier gamogonili sityvis
miTiTebebi SedarebiT cota unda iyos – erT- mniSvnelobis ganmarteba.
droulad bevri rekomendirebuli araa. gamoiy-
bavSvebTan didi raodenobiT praqtikuli samuSa­
eneT sityvebi aranakleb, vidre moqmedebebi.
oebi gamoiyeneT. aseTi samuSaoebi maT ufro kom­
magaliTebi pleqsuri unarebis ganviTarebaSi daexmarebaT,
magaliTad, kiTxva an jgufSi muSaoba.
1. saklaso oTaxSi SemosvlasTan dakavSirebuli
miTiTebebis micemis Semdeg, moamzadeT bavSvi magaliTebi
socialuri swavlebisTvis, sTxoveT mas, danar-
1. mieciT asoebamoklebuli sityvebi da sTxoveT
Cen moswavleebs aCvenos, Tu rogor unda Semov-
Tavdapirveli sityvebis amocnoba.
idnen isini klasSi – Cumad, pirdapir miemarTeba
2. ariTmetikis swavlebisas iseTi savarjiSoebi
sakuTari merxisken, jdeba, imeorebs gakveTils,
mieciT, risTvisac furclisa da fanqris gamoi-
iRebs kalams da furcels da debs merxze.
yeneba, azomva da martivi kalkuliacia iqneba
2. TamaSis axsnisas, Tavad gaxdiT am TamaSis
saWiro – saWmlis momzadeba, saklaso oTaxSi
monawile.
samuSao adgilis mowyoba, bati-butis burbu­
3. moswavleebs aCveneT, Tu rogor unda gamoiy-
Selebis zustad gayofa.
urebodes maTi dasrulebuli samuSao furce-
3. sTxoveT bavSvebs Zveli Jurnal-gazeTebidan
li. imisaTvis, rom yvela bavSvma TvalnaTliv
TanamSromlobis amsaxveli suraTebis amoWra
dainaxos is proeqtri an ekrani gamoiyeneT.
– ojaxi, muSebi, pedagogebi da bavSvebi, romle-
moexmareT moswavleebs sxva adamianis Tvalsaz- bic erTmaneTs exmarebian.
risiT danaxuli samyaros aRqmis unaris ganvi-
cnebaTa swavlebisa da metyvelebis ganviTarebi-
TarebaSi.
sTvis sxvadasxva saxis gamocdileba gamoiyeneT.
magaliTebi magaliTebi
1. socialuri sagnebis gakveTilebze sxvadasxva
1. moawyveT eqskursiebi zooparkSi, baRebSi, Teat­
adamianis cxovreba an adgilebi bavSvebis ga-
rebsa da koncertebze; klasSi stumrebi moi-
mocdilebas daukavSireT, yuradReba msgavse-
wvieT, romelbic bavSvebs sxvadasxva istoriebs
bebsa da gansxvavebebze gaamaxvileT.
mouTxroben.
2. bavSvebs masalis gamoyenebasTan da ganawilebas-
2. daexmareT bavSvebs im sityvebis moZiebaSi, rom-
Tan dakavSirebuli wesebi kargad ganumarteT.
lebic maT SesaZleblobas miscems, aRweron, Tu
daexmareT, gaiTavison wesebis mniSvneloba.
ras akeTeben, ra esmiT, xedaven da exebian, sin-
hkiTxeT, Tu rogori swavlebis forma iqneboda
javen da SeigrZnoben.
maTTvis saukeTeso. `ganawilebasTan~ da maT
`TavazianobasTan~ dakavSirebul leqciebs Za-
lian did dros nu dauTmobT.

FdamatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.: http://www.aquinas.edu/education/ece/reggio.html

57

konkretuli obieqtebis
(sagnebis) manipulirebis
SesaZlebloba bavSvs abstraq-
tuli urTierTobis – magali-
Tad simbolosa da raodeno-
bas Soris kavSiri – gagebaSi
exmareba.
identoba – principi, romlis
Tanaxmad, adamiani an nivTi
droSi ucvleli rCeba.
kompensacia _ principi, rom-
lis mixedviTac cvlilebebi
erT aspeqtSi unda dabalansdes
cvlilebebiT sxva aspeqtSi.
klasifikacia – kategoriebad
dajgufeba.
Seqcevadoba _ piaJeseuli
logikuri operaciebis Tavise-
bureba, azrovnebis procesSi mi-
yve safexurebs, Semdeg mentalu-
rad Semobrunde da daubrunde
sawyis wertils. agreTve uwode-
ben Seqcevad azrovnebas.
seriacia _ obieqtebis dal-
ageba erTi garkveuli niSnis,
magaliTad wonis, zomis, simaR-
lis mixedviT.
58
SexedeT 2.2 sqemas. masze asaxulia bavSvebisTvis mice-
muli sxvadasxva davalebis magaliTebi, romlebic kon-
servaciis gansazRvras moiTxovs da bavSvebis asakobrivi
miaxloebiTi farglebi, rodesac maT umravlesobas amo-
canis amoxsna SeuZlia. piaJes mixedviT, moswavlis mier
konservaciis Semcveli amocanis amoxsnis SesaZlebloba
msjelobis sami ZiriTadi aspeqtis gagebazea damokide-
bulia: identoba, kompensacia da Seqcevadoba. idento-
baSi daxelovnebis Semdeg moswavlem icis, rom im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu sagans arafers davumatebT an movaklebT, is
ucvleli darCeba. kompensaciis gagebiT man icis, rom
erTi mimarTulebis cvlileba SesaZloa meore mimar-
Tulebis cvlilebiT iqnas kompensirebuli. anu, Tu Wiqa
viwroa, siTxe ufro maRal dones miaRwevs. Seqcevado-
bis gagebis Semdeg, moswavles momxdari cvlilebis men-
talurad gonebaSi cvlilebis gauqmeba SeuZlia. leam
SesaZloa, icoda, rom wylis raodenoba igive iyo (iden-
toba), magram kompensaciis da Seqcevadobis naklebobis
gamo is konservacias mihyva.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani operacia, romlis daxe­
lovnebac am etapze xdeba, klasifikaciaa. klasifikacia
bavSvis mier sagnis erT konkretul Tvisebaze fokusi­
rebis (magaliTad, feri) da sagnebis am Tavisebebis mi­
xedviT dajgufebis SesaZleblobazea damokidebuli. am
stadiaze ufro maRali donis klasifikacia moicavs erTi klasis meo-
resTan misadagebis aRiarebas. erTi da igive qalaqi erTdroulad Sesa-
Zloa iyos konkretul StatSi an provinciaSi da agreTve, erT konkre-
tul qveyanaSi, gaixseneT pitsburgis, pensilvaniis, aSS-s magaliTi.
adgilmdebareobis ufro maRali donis klasifikaciis dauflebiT isini
did interess `sruli~ misamarTebis mimarT gamoxataven, magaliTad
lii jeri, 5116 foresT hill draiv, riCmond hilli, ontario, kanada,
CrdiloeT amerika, dedamiwa, mzis sistema, irmis naxtomi, samyaro.
klasifikacia, agreTve, SeqcevadobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. kon­­k­
retul-operaciuli stadiis bavSvs procesis ukumsvlelobis mentalu-
rad moxdenis unari saganTa klasifikaciis erTze meti gzis arsebobis
danaxvis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. magaliTad, moswavle aRiqvams, rom
Rilakebis klasifikacia ferebis mixedviT, xolo Semdeg maTi daSla,
zomis an naxvretebis raodenobis mixedviTaa SesaZlebeli.
seriacia sagnebis Tanmimdevruli dalagebis pro­cess (dawyebuli
didiT da damTavrebuli patariT da piriqiT) gulisxmobs. msgavsi Tan-
mimdevruli urTierTobis aRqma moswavles aZlevs SesaZleb­lobas aa-
gos logikuri seria, sadac A< B < C (A B-ze nak­lebia, B ki C-ze) da a.S.
preoperaciuli bavSvisgan gansxvavebiT konkretul-operaciuli etapis
bavSvma icis, rom B A-ze metia, magram amavdroulad C-ze naklebi.
konkretul-operaciul stadiaze konservaciis, klasifikaciis da
seriaciis unarebis dauflebiT, moswavle azrovnebis srulfasovan
da Zalian logikur sistemas sabolood aviTarebs. magram miuxedavad
amisa, azrovnebis es sistema jer kidev fizikur realobazea mibmuli.
logika konkretul situacias efuZneba, romlis organizeba, klasifi-
kacia an manipulirebaa SesaZlebeli. Sedegad, am stadiaze, bavSvebs
oTaxSi arsebuli avejis calkeuli nawilebis gadaadgilebis dawye-
bamde, misi sxvadasxva ganlagebis warmodgena winaswar SeuZliaT. maT
problemis mogvareba manam SeuZliaT, sanam faqtis winaSe dadgebian. da
 cxrili 2.2.
piaJes konservaciis ramdenime amocana
qvemoT motanili amocanebis garda raodenobis, sigrZis, wonis da moculo-
bis konservaciis momcveli magaliTebic arsebobs. am amocanebis amoxsna
konkretul-operaciuli stadiis periodSia SesaZlebeli.

siTxe

orive WiqaSi wylis erTi axla, TiToeul WiqaSi wylis erTi

6-7 weli
da igive raodenobaa? da igive raodenobaa, Tu erT-erT-
Si wylis raodenoba metia?

6-7 weli TiToeul burTSi Tixis axla, TiToeul burTulaSi Tix- masa
erTnairi moculobaa? is igive moculobaa, Tu erT-
erTSi misi moculoba metia?

farTobi (sivrce)

orive Zroxas balaxis erTi axla, TiToeul Zroxas

8-10 weli da igive raodenoba aqvs? balaxis igive raodenoba
aqvs Tu erT-erTs meti?

wyaro: Child Development, 4/e by Laura E. Berk. Punlished by Allen and Bacon,
Boston, MA. Copyright 1997 by Person Education. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis ne-
barTviT.

miuxedavad amisa, am stadiis bavSvebs hipoTezur, abstraqtul prob-

lemebze msjeloba, rac erTdroulad bevri faqtoris koordinacias
saWiroebs, jer kidev ar SeuZliaT. am saxis koordinacia piaJes kogni-
turi ganviTarebis Semdegi da bolo stadiis nawilia.
ra asakis bavSvebsac ar unda aswavlideT, konkretul-ope­ra­ciuli
azrovnebis codna yovelTvis gamosadegi iqneba (ix. CanarTi `rekomen-
daciebi~). adreul asakSi bavSvebi azrovnebis am logikuri sis­temisken
miemarTebian. Sua periodSi mis aRmavlobas ganicdian da Tqveni swav-
lebis meSveobiT, mzad arian, kidev ufro daxvewon. saSualo skolis mo-
swavleebi da mozardebic ki konkretul operaciul azrovnebas iyene-
ben, miT ufro ki im dros, rodesac raime axals da ucnobs awydebian.

saSualo skola da koleji: formaluri operaciebi. zogi moswavlisT-

vis konkretul-operaciuli stadia skolis mTeli periodi grZeldeba,
zog SemTxvevaSi ki _ cxovrebis manZilze. miuxedavad amisa, axali ga-
mocdilebebi, romlebic Tavs skolaSi iCens, bavSvebs TandaTanobiT im
problemebis winaSe ayenebs, romelTa gadaWra konkretuli operaciebis
meSveobiT ver xerxdeba.

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT Tqven xangrZlivi mogzaurobisT-

vis emzadebiT. alagebT nivTebs, magram imavdroulad gindaT, rom Ce-

59
rekomendaciebi: vaswavloT konkretul-operaciuli stadiis bavSvs
ganagrZeT konkretuli da vizualuri magaliTebis
gamoyeneba, miT ufro ki rTuli masalis
axsnisas.
magaliTebi
1. istoriaSi, Tanmimdevroba da mecnieruli sag­
nebis axsnisas samganzomilebiani modelebi gamo­
iyeneT.
2. ierarqiuli urTierTobis ilustraciisTvis
di­­­ag­rama moiSvelieT, magaliTad, mTavrobis
ganStoebebi da maT daqvemdebarebaSi arsebuli
saagentoebi.
bavSvebs obieqtebis manipulirebis da cdis (ga­
sinjvis) saSualeba mieciT.
magaliTebi
1. cecxlsa da Jangbads Soris kavSiris axsnisas
martivi mecnieruli cdebi CaatareT. ra
moxdeba, Tu als SeuberavT? (Tu ar Caqra, is
Zalian swrafad kidev ufor aaldeba, radgan mas
wvisTvis meti Jangbadi eqneba). ra moxdeba, Tu
cecxls qilas daafarebT?
2. moswavleebs saSualeba mieciT, cvilisgan
sanTeli gaakeTon, saqsov dazgaze qsovili
moqsovon, puri gamoacxon, anu yvelaferi is,
rac kolonialur periodSi xalxis yoveldRiur
saq­mianobas warmoadgenda.
darwmundiT, rom axsna da sakiTxavi masala mokle
da kargad organizebulia
magaliTebi
1. bavSvebs sakiTxavad mokle, logikuri Tavebisgan
Sedgenili wignebi, da moTxrobebis wakiTxva
daavaleT. sakiTxavi masala TandaTanobiT maSin
gazardeT, rodesac SeatyobT, rom moswavleebi
mzad arian.
2. axsnisas, yoveli axali informaciis miwodebamde,
praqtikuli samuSaoebi CaatareT.
ufro zogadi ideebis axsnis mizniT, nacnobi ma­
galiTebi gamoiyeneT.
magaliTebi
1. moswavleebis cxovreba moTxrobis gmirebs Se­
adareT. lurji delfinebis kunZulis wa­kiTxvis
Semdeg (namdvili istoria ukacriel kunZulze
gazrdili gogonas Sesaxeb), hkiTxeT, `odesme
didi xniT marto darCenilan Tu ara?~ `ras
grZnobdnen?~
2. sivrcis cnebis axsnisas, moswavleebs ori sxva­
dasxva zomis saklaso oTaxis gazomva sTxoveT.
SesaZlebloba mieciT, sagnebis (obieqtebis) da
azrebis klasifikacia da dajgufeba mzard komp­
leqsur doneze moaxdinon.
magaliTebi
1. moswavleebs furcelze dawerili sxvadasxva wi­
nadadebebi daurigeT. sTxoveT am winadadebebisgan
paragrafis Sedgena.
2. adamianis sxeulis organoebi sxva sistemebs Se­
adareT: tvini _ kompiuters, guli _ tumbos.
dayaviT moTxrobebi Semadgenel nawilebad:
avtori, moTxroba, gmirebi, siuJeti, Tema,
adgili, dro, dialogi, aRwera, moqmedebebi.
wamoswieT iseTi problemebi, romlebic logikur,
analitikur azrovnebas moiTxovs.
magaliTebi
1. gamoiyeneT Tavsatexebi, gamocanebi.
2. ganixileT Tavisufali Temebi, romlebic az­
rovnebas moiTxoven: `erTi da igivea tvini da
goneba?~ `romelia udidesi cifri?~ `ra un­da
moimoqmedos qalaqis mosaxleobam da marT­
velobis organoebma upatrono cxovelebis
mimarT?~
3. problemis gadaWrisken mimarTuli diskusiebis
stimulirebisTvis sportuli fotoebi da
kri­zi­suli situaciis amsaxveli suraTebi ga­
mo­iyeneT (Tu rogor exmarebian wiTeli jva­
ris warmomadgenlebi ubeduri SemTxvevis, ka­
tastrofebis, omebis msxverplT.)
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://chiron.Valdosa.edu/whuitt/col/cogsys
/piagtuse.html

modani msubuqi iyos. ramdeni samnaWriani (Sarvali, perangi, qurTuki)

sxvadasxva tanisamosi geqnebaT, Tu Tqven sam perangs, sam Sarvals da
sam qurTuks (davuSvaT, rom yvelaferi erTmaneTs uxdeba) daumatebT?
dainiSneT, ra dro dagWirdebaT am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisaTvis.

formaluri operaciebi _ ra xdeba, rodesac, rogorc laboratoriul eqsperimentSi, aseve

mentaluri amocanebi, ze­moT motanil kiTxvaSi ori cvladi erTmaneTze moqmedebs? am SemTx-
romlebic moiTxovs vevaSi sxvadasxva cvladis sistemis kontrolis mentaluri sistema da
abstraqtul azrovnebasa
sxvadasxva cvladis sistemasTan muSaobis unaria saWiro. es is unare-
da mravali cvladis
koordinirebas. bia, romlebsac piaJem formaluri operaciebi uwoda.

60
 formaluri operaciebis doneze azrovnebis fokusirebis `ari~-dan hipotezur-deduqciuri
`ra SeiZleba moxdes~-ze gadatanaa SesaZlebeli. ar aris aucilebeli msjeloba _ problemis
gadaWris formaluri
situaciebis warmosaxvisTvis gamocdileba. hkiTxeT patara bavSvs,
operaciebis strategia.
`rogor Seicvleba cxovreba Tu adamianebi aRar daiZineben~? didi al- individi iwyebs yvela im
baTobaa imisa, rom bavSvis pasuxi aseTi iqneba _ `adamianebs unda eZi- faqtoris gansazRvriT,
noT!~. magram Tu igive kiTxvas formalur operaciebSi daostatebul romelic SeiZleba gavlenas
mozards dausvamT, mozardi pasuxis gacemisas, formaluri operaciebis axdendes problemaze, Semdeg
daskvnas akeTebs da afasebs
niSnebis demonstrirebas axdens _ hipoTezur-deduqciur msjelobas.
problemis gadaWris
formaluri operacia adamians hipoTeturi situaciis daSvebis (adami- konkretul gzebs.
anebi, romlebsac ar sZinavT) da deduqciuri msjelobis gamoyenebis
saSualebas aZlevs (dawyebuli zogadi varaudebiT da damTavrebuli
konkretuli situaciebiT, magaliTad, ufro xangrZlivi samuSao dRe,
meti fuli daxarjuli eleqtroenergiisTvis, patara saxlebi saZine-
blebis gareSe, an axali gasarTobi industriebi). agreTve, formaluri
operaciebi induqciur msje­lobas (azrovnebas) moicavs, anu garkveu-
li dakvirvebebis gamoyenebiT ZiriTadi principebis identifikacias.
magaliTad, ekonomistebi fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze bevr specifi-
kur cvlilebebs akvirdebian da ekonomikis ciklis ZiriTadi princi-
pebis identificirebas cdiloben. formaluri operaciebis meSveobiT,
moazrovne adamians SeuZlia hipoTezebis ageba, maTi analizisaTvis
mentaluri eqsperimentis dayeneba da saTanado hipoTezis Semowmeba,
cvladebis gamoyofa an kontrolis moxdena. msjelobis amgvari forma
saSualo skolis maRal klasebsa da kolejSi kursebis Seswavlisas
warmatebis miRwevisaTvis savaldebuloa (Meece, 2002).
dawyebiTi skolis Semdeg, abstraqtuli saSualebebis ganxilva zus-

istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb

xarki swavlebas
pativcemuli desmond tutu samxreT afrikis
erT-erT skolaSi swavlobda, romelic `getos
skolas waagavda; rTulia raimes aRniSvna. skolaSi
gatarebuli xuTi Tu eqvsi wlis manZilze labo-
ratoriaSi mxolod erTxel Sevedi. biblioTeka
sruliad Seuferebeli iyo. sul ramdenime gasar-
Tobi oTaxi iyo.~ saklaso oTaxebi moswavlee-
biT gadatvirTuli iyo. TiTo klasSi moswavleTa
raodenoba 80 aRemateboda. gakveTilebi eklesiis
uferuli saklaso inventariT aRWurvil SenobaSi
tardeboda. tutu aRniSnavs, rom maTematika mis
sayvarel sagans ar warmoadgenda _ am sagans is
mxolod imitom swavlobda, rom savaldebulo
iyo, sanam is baton ndebilis ar Sexvda.
yvelaferi radikalurad Seicvala, rode-
sac batoni ndebili klasSi Semovida. is
sasiamovno xmis mqone, saSualo simaRlis
mamakaci iyo. mis saxes yovelTvis Rimili
amSvenebda. man maTematikis Seswavla gasar-
Tobi gaxada. is masalis axsnisas yovelTvis
ilustracias mimarTavda. mas gansakuTrebu-
li niWi hqonda urTulesi sakiTxebi aex-
sna ise, rom martivi da advilad gasagebi
yofiliyo TiToeuli bavSvisTvis. saxelm-
wifo gamocdaze arc erTi, arc erTi, misi
moswavle ar CaWrila.
RmerTs madloba imisaTvis, rom man saSu-
aleba mogvca, SevxvedrodiT baton ndebi-
lis da imisTvis, rac man CvenTvis gaakeTa.
- misi uwmindesoba desmond mpilo tutu, keip
taunis arqiepiskoposi, samxreT afrika.
wyaro: Mentors, Masters, and Mrs. MacGregor by J.
Bluestein. Published by Health Communication. Copy-
right 1995 by Health Communications. adaptirebulia
gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

61

daukavSireT da ganavrceT
ra gansxvavebaa (msgavseba) pa-
tara bavSvebis egocentrizmsa
da mozardebis egocentrizms
Soris?
mozardobis egocentrizmi
_ darwmunebloba imaSi, rom
yvela iziarebs Sens mosazre-
bebs, grZnobebs, msjelobebs,
wuxils.
62
ti mecnierebis SeswavlisTvis umniSvnelovanesia. maTematikis umetesi
nawili hipoTezur situaciebs, varauds da monacemebs exeba: `magali-
Tad X=10.~ Aan davuSvaT X2 + Y2 = Z2~. literatura da sabunebismetyve-
lo sagnebis Seswavla abstraqtul azrovnebas iTxovs. `ra igulisxma
uilsonma, rodesac meore msoflio oms `yvela omis dasasruli~ uwoda,
`ra igulisxmeba Seqspiris sonetebis metaforebSi?~ da sxva. desmond
tutu, pativcemuli reformatori da religiuri lideri, (samxreT af-
rika) aRwers im maswavlebels, romelic mixvda Tu rogor SeiZleboda
maTematikis abstraqtuli cnebebis swavleba iseT did klasSi, sadac
moswavleTa raodenoba 80 iyo. rubrikaSi `saswavlo istoriebi _ xarki
swavlebas~ swored am istorias gaecnobiT.
formaluri operaciebis mecnieruli, organizebuli azrovneba mo-
swavlisagan sistematurad konkretuli situaciis sxvadasxva SesaZle-
blobis gamomuSavebas moiTxovs. magaliTad, kiTxvaze `sam-sami sxvadasxva
perangisgan, Sarvlisa da qurTukisgan ramdeni sxvadasxva kombinaciis
Seqmnaa SesaZlebeli` bavSvi, romelic formalur operaciebs iyenebs,
27 SesaZlo kombinaciis identificirebas moaxdens (Tqvenc igive pasuxi
miiReT?). konkretuli operaciebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac
zemoaRniSnuli kombinaciebis sistema jer kidev ar aris ganviTare-
buli, SesaZlo kombinaciebis raodenoba sul ramdenime iqneba, anu
moxdeba tanisamosis TiToeul nawilis mxolod erTxel gamoyeneba.
am stadiisTvis kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba mozardobis
egocentrizmia. patara bavSvebis egocentrizmisgan gansxvavebiT, mo-
zardebi ar uaryofen, rom sxva adamianebs SesaZloa sxvadasxva aRqma da
rwmena gaaCndeT; mozardebi yuradRebas sakuTar azrebze amaxvileben.
isini sakuTari damokidebulebis da rwmenis analizs axdenen. aRniS-
nuls elkidi uwodebs (1981) e.w. warmosaxviT auditorias – grZnobas,
TiTqos yvela Sen gakvirdeba. Sedegad, mozardebs sjeraT, rom isini
sxvaTa analizis obieqtebi arian: `yvelam SeamCnia, rom es perangi
am kviris manZilze ukve orjer mecva~. `mTelma klasma CaTvala, rom
Cemi pasuxi suleluri iyo!~ Tqven xedavT, rom socialuri Secdomebi
an sakuTari arasrulfasovneba garegnobasTan mimarTebaSi SesaZloa
gamanadgurebeli gaxdes: `yvela giyurebs (gakvirdeba)~. sabednierod,
msgavsi grZnoba piks adreul asakSi (14 an 15 weli) aRwevs, magram
miuxedavad amisa, ufro did asakSic ki, miT ufro ucxo situaciaSi,
grZnoba, TiTqos Cvens mier daSvebuli Secdoma yvelam dainaxa, Sesa-
Zloa isev dagveuflos.
mozardisTvis hipoTezurad azrovnebis saSualebas, alternati­
vebis gaTvaliswinebas, yvela SesaZlo kombinaciis identificirebas
da sakuTari azrovnebis analizs saintereso Tanmimdevroba gaaCnia.
radgan isini ararsebul samyaroebze iwyeben fiqrs, maTSi interess
samecniero fantastika iwvevs. vinaidan isini zogadi principebidan ga-
momdinare konkretul qmedebebze msjeloben, im adamianeTa qmedebebs,
romlebic maT principebs ewinaaRmdegeba, xSirad kritikulad afase-
ben. mozrdilebs `saukeTeso~ SesaZleblobebis dadgena da idealuri
samyaros warmodgena (magaliTad, idealuri mSoblebi da maswavleble-
bi) SeuZliaT. aRniSnuli ki ganmartavs, am asakis bavSvebs Tu ratom
uCndebaT interesi utopiebis, politikuri da socialuri sakiTxebis
mimarT. maT ukeTesi samyaros Seqmna surT da maTi azrovneba amis sa-
Sualebas aZlevs. mozardebs sxvadasxva momavlis warmodgena da maT-
Tvis saukeTesos SerCeva SeuZliaT. TiToeul idealTan dakavSirebuli
grZnobebi SesaZloa, Zalian mZafri iyos.
yvela vaRwevT meoTxe stadias Tu ara? bevri fsiqologi Tvlis, rom
arsebobs azrovnebis ufro rTuli done, vidre konkretuli opera-
ciebi. magram formaluri operaciebis universaloba (ufrosebSic ki)
jer kidev kamaTis sagans warmoadgens. piaJes Teoriis pirvel sam sta-
dias yvela adamianSi fizikuri realoba ganapirobebs. obieqtebi nam-
dvilad mudmivia. wylis moculoba sxva WiqaSi gadasxmis SemTxvevaSic
ki namdvilad ucvleli rCeba. da mainc, formaluri operaciebi fizi-
kur garemosTan mWidrod araa mibmuli. isini hipotezuri problemis
gadaWraSi SesaZloa praqtikis Sedegs da formaluri samecniero msj-
elobis gamoyenebas warmoadgendnen – unarebi, romlebic ganaTlebul
sazogadoebaSi Rirebulia da romlebsac aswavlian, gansakuTrebiT ki
kolejSi. magram miuxedavad amisa, skoladamTavrebul moswavleTa 50%
piaJes formaluri operaciuli testebi ver gaiara (Berk, 2005).
Tavad piaJe (1974) Tvlida, rom axalgazrda adamianTa umravleso-
bas formaluri operaciuli azrovnebis gamoyeneba garkveul sferoSi
SeeZlo, kerZod ki im sferoebSi, romlebSic didi gamocdileba an ris
mimarTac didi interesi hqondaT. magaliTad, kolejSi zogierTi sa-
gani formaluri operaciuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas exmareba, zogi
ki – ara (Lehman & Nisbett, 1990). amrigad, saSualo da maRal klasSi Za-
lian bevr bav­SvSi hipoTezur azrovnebasTan (msjelobasTan) dakavSire-
buli problemebis arseboba mosalodnelia, miT ufro ki ucxo masa-
lis swavlisas. zogjer moswavleebi maTTvis rTuli masalis daZlevis
mizniT martiv xerxs mimarTaven. isini formulebs an Tanmimdevrobas
zepirad imaxsovreben. msgavsi sistema testis CabarebisTvis, SesaZloa,
gamarTlebuli aRmoCndes, magram realuri gageba maSin xdeba, rode-
sac masalis codna zepir mexsierebaze ar aris damokidebuli. Tqvens
moswavleebSi formaluri operaciebis ganviTarebaSi saxelmZRvanelo
dagexmarebaT.

informaciis damuSaveba da neopiaJiseuli

Teoriebi kognitur ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT
bavSvebSi konservaciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mizezebis
ganmartebebs da piaJes testebs me-7 TavSi ixilavT. aRniSnuli gan­
martebebi bavSvis informaciis damuSavebis unarebis ganviTarebazea
fokusirebuli, iseTebze, rogoricaa yuradReba, mexsierebis moculoba,
swavlebis strategiebi. zrdasTan da tvinis ganviTarebasTan erTad,
bavSvebi ukeT axdenen yuradRebis fokusirebas, ufro swrafad amuSave-
ben informacias, imaxsovreben met informacias da ufro advilad da
moqnilad iyeneben azrovnebis strategiebs. sigleri (1998, 2000) varau-
dobs, rom bavSvebi, zrdasTan erTad, problemis gadaWrisTvis da logi-
kurad msjelobisTvis ufro progresul wesebsa da strategiebs avi-
Tareben. maswavleblebs bavSvebSi formaluri azrovnebis ganviTarebis
xelSewyoba SeuZliaT. amisTvis maT moswavleebs iseTi situaciebi unda
SesTavazon, romlebic azrovnebis mimarTulebis Secvlas da maT logi-
kur msjelobaSi naklovanebebis gamoaSkaravebaSi daexmareba. sigleris neopiaJisturi Teoriebi
msgavs midgomas wesis Sefaseba ewodeba, is moswavleebis mier azrovnebi- _ Tanamedrove Teoriebi,
sTvis gamoyenebuli wesebis gagebasa da cvlilebiskenaa mimarTuli. romlebSic piaJes migne-
zogma ganviTarebis fsiqologma Camoayaliba neopiaJiseuli Teor- bebTan erTad gamoiyeneba
axali aRmoCenebi yuradRebis,
iebi, sadac bavSvebis codnis agebasTan da bavSvebSi azrovnebis Ziri-
mexsierebisa da strategiebis
Tad mimarTulebebTan dakavSirebuli piaJiseuli mosazrebebi Senar- sferoSi.

63
rekomendaciebi: davexmaroT moswavleebs formaluri operaciebis
gamoyenebaSi
ganagrZeT konkretuli operaciuli swavlebis maTi mecnierulad dasabuTebis SesaZlebloba
strategiebis da masalebis gamoyeneba mieciT.

magaliTebi
1. gamoiyeneT vizualuri daxmarebebi: ilus-
traciebi, grafikebi da diagramebi, miT
ufro ki, axali masalis axsnisas.
2. moaxdineT moTxrobis gmirebis da moswav-
leebis gamocdilebis Sedareba.
moswavleebs mraval hipoTezur sakiTxebze
msjelobis saSualeba mieciT.
magaliTebi
1. moswavleebs sakuTari mosazrebebi daawer-
ineT, Semdeg sapirispiro mosazrebi daaf-
iqsireT. ganixileT socialuri sakiTxebi
– garemo pirobebi, ekonomika, erovnuli
janmrTelobis dazRveva.
2. moswavleebs utopiasTan dakavSirebuli sa-
kuTari mosazrebebis Camoyalibeba sTxoveT;
daawerineT Tavisufali Temebi - samyaro
sqesobrivi gansxvavebis gareSe, dedamiwa
adamianebis gareSe.
moswavleebs problemebis Tavad gadaWris da
magaliTebi
1. moawyveT jgufuri diskusiebi, romelSic
moswavleebi kiTxvebze pasuxs moamzadeben.
2. sTxoveT moswavleebs cxovelTa uflebebis
ori sxvadasxva poziciis Camoyalibeba.
orivesTvis logikuri argumentebi moiSve-
lion.
ramdenjerac SesaZlebloba mogecemaT, mos­
wavleebs ara mSrali faqtebi, aramed, maTi
cxovrebisTvis Sesaferi masalisa da mosazre-
bebis moSveliebiT, farTo cnebebi aswavleT.
magaliTebi
1. samoqalaqo omis axsnisas ganixileT rasizmi
da sxva is sakiTxebi, romlebmac SeerTebuli
Statebis sazogadoeba gaxliCa.
2. poeziis axsnisas moswavleebs Tanamedrove
simRerebis lirikaSi poeziuri kavSirebis
amowera sTxoveT. maTTan erTad ganixileT,
aRniSnuli zustad gamoxatavs Tu ara simRe-
ris damweris azrs da grZnobebs.

damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.: http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/piagtuse.html

Cunebulia, magram daemata informaciis damuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli

kvlevis Sedegebi – yuradRebis, mexsierebis da strategiebis roli.
magaliTad, robi qeizma (1992, 1998), kognituri ganviTarebis ganmarte-
ba Camoayaliba. misi azriT bavSvebis safexureobrivi ganviTareba
konkretuli dargebis farglebSi xdeba - (magaliTad, cifruli cne-
bebi, sivrciTi cnebebi, socialuri amocanebi, ambis Txroba fizikur
obieqtebze msjeloba da motoruli ganviTareba. bavSvebi konkretuli
sferos sqemebis gamoyenebaSi varjiSoben (magaliTad, cifrul cnebaTa
sferoSi Tvlis sqemas iyeneben). sqemis dasruleba nakleb yuradRebas
moiTxovs. sqemebi ufro avtomaturi xdeba, vinaidan bavSvs xangrZlivi
fiqri aRar sWirdeba. es mentalur resursebsa da mexsierebas sxva
informaciisTvis aTavisuflebs. bavSvs axla martivi sqemebis rTul
(kompleqsur) sqemebTan kombinireba da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, axali
sqemebis ageba SeuZlia (asimiliacia da akomodacia moqmedebaSi).
TiToeuli dargis farglebSi, rogoric aris, magaliTad, cifruli
cnebebi an socialuri unarebi, bavSvebi miiweven win adreuli skolam-
deli periodis ganmavlobaSi martivi sqemebis dauflebidan ori sqemis
gaerTianebamde (daaxloebiT 4-6 wlebis ganmavlobaSi), gaerTianebuli

64
sqemebis ufro kompleqsur sqemebad Camoyalibebamde da bolos, 9-dan
11 wlamde mravali problemis gadaWrisTvis gamosayenebeli kompleq-
suri urTierTobebis formulirebamde (Berk, 2005; Case, 1992, 1998). bavS-
vebi progress am xarisxobrivad sxvadasxva etapis manZilze TiToeuli
dargis (sferos) mixedviT ganicdian, magram qeizi Tvlis, rom pro-
gresi erT sferoSi meoris avtomatur progress ar ganapirobebs. bavS-
vs mzardi kompleqsuri da sasargeblo sqemebis agebisa da dargis
konceftualuri gagebis koordinaciisaTvis gamocdileba, azris Cawv-
domis da TiToeul sferoSi msjelobis SesaZlebloba unda hqondes.

piaJes Teoriis garkveuli naklovanebebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologTa umetesoba eTanxmeba piaJiseul
da­­xasiaTebas `Tu rogor azrovnebs bavSvi~, mravali maTgani ar eTanx-
meba mis ganmartebas `Tu ratom viTardeba azrovneba ise, rogorc vi-
Tardeba~.

stadiebTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi. zog fsiqologs, miuxedavad

imisa, rom isini piaJes mier aRweril bavSvebSi mimdinare cvlilebebs
eTamxmebian, azrovnebis oTxi calkeuli stadiis arsebobasTan daka-
vSirebiT garkveuli kiTxvebi gaaCniaT (Miller, 2002). etapis modelis
erT problemas bavSvebis azrovnebis Tanmimdevrobis nakleboba war-
moadgens. magaliTad, bavSvebs ricxvis damaxsovreba (blokebis raode-
noba ar Seicvleba maTi gadawyobis SemTxvevaSi) erTi an ori wliT
adre SeuZliaT, vidre wonis damaxsovrebas SeZleben (Tixis burTis
moculoba ar Seicvleba, Tu mas gavabrtyelebT). ratom ar SeuZliaT
bavSvebs yvela situaciaSi konservaciis mudmivad gamoyeneba? samar-
TlianobisTvis unda aRvniSnoT, rom Tavad piaJe Tavis gviandel naS-
romebSi kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebs nakleb yuradRebas aniWebda
da ZiriTad aqcents azrovnebis wonasworobiT ganpirobebul cvlile-
baze akeTebda (Miller, 2002).
calkeul stadiebTan dakavSirebul kidev erT problemas warmoad-
gens is, rom procesi SesaZloa ufro xangrZlivi aRmoCndes. magali-
Tad, imis nacvlad, rom yvelaferi erTdroulad gamovlindes, bavSvebis
mexsierebis ganviTarebasTan erTad obieqtebis mudmivobam, SesaZloa,
TandaTanobiTi progresi ganicdos. CvilSi Zebnis SesaZleblobas rac
ufro xangrZlivi periodiT SezRudavT, miT ufro didi dro dasWird-
eba mas obieqtis damaxsovrebisTvis. Sedegad, miT ufro gvian miaRwevs
warmatebas. sigleri (1998) aRniSnavs, rom cvlilebas, rogorc amas aR-
wers maTematikis ganStoeba, romelsac ewodeba ka­tastrofis Teoria,
SeiZleba rogorc mudmivi, ise xanmokle xasiaTi hqondes. uecrad momx-
dar cvlilebas, magaliTad, xidis Cangrevas, win uswrebs mravali nela
mimdinare cvlileba, Tundac liTonis struqturis mudmivi korozia.
aRniSnulis msgavsad, bavSvSi TandaTanobiTma ganviTarebam, SesaZloa
unarebSi did cvlilebamde migviyvanos, romelic uecari mogveCveneba
(Fischer & Para-Blagoev, 2000).

bavSvebis unarebis Seufasebloba. dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan TiTqos

gveCveneba, rom piaJem bavSvebis, gansakuTrebiT ki patarebis, kognituri
SesaZleblobebi saTanadod ver Seafasa. mis mier bavSvebisTvis micemuli
amocanebi SesaZloa Zalian rTuli, xolo maTi mimarTuleba damabneveli
iyo. savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom bavSvebma amocanebi gaiges da Caswvdnen

65
 kidec mis arss, magram maT aRniSnulis gamomJRavneba ver SeZles. mag-
aliTad, gelmanis da misi kolegebis (Gelman, 2000; Gelma & Cordes, 2001)
kvlva gviCevenebs, rom skolamdeli asakis bavSvebma, zog SemTxvevaSi,
daSvebuli Secdomebis da dabneulobis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki, cifrebis
(ricxvebis) Sesaxeb gacilebiT meti ician, vidre piaJe Tvlida. Tu skol-
amdeli asakis bavSvebi erTdroulad 3 an 4 obieqtTan muSaoben, isini
Tavisuflad gvetyvian, rom ricxvi ucvleli rCeba, Tu maT erTmane-
Tisgan daSorebiT movaTavsebT an davajgufebT. sxva sityvebiT, Cven
SesaZloa mravali kognituri SesaZleblobebis maragiT vibadebiT, imaze
metiT, vidre piaJe Tvlida. iseTi ZiriTadi unarebi, rogoricaa sagnebis
(obieqtebis) mudmivoba an raodenobis (ricxvebis) aRqma, SesaZloa, Cveni
evoluciuri aRWurvilobis nawilia, romelic mzadaa kognituri ganvi-
TarebisTvis gamosayeneblad (Geary & Bjorklund, 2000).
piaJes Teoria ar xsnis, rogor SeuZliaT Tugind patara bavSvebs,
konkretul sferoebSi, romelebSic kargad ganviTarebuli codna da ga-
mocdileba gaaCniaT, umaRles Sedegebs miaRwion. 9 wlis eqspert moW-
adrake bavSvs WadrakSi svlebze abstraqtulad azrovneba SeuZlia, maSin,
rodesac 20 wlis axalbeda moTamaSem, svlebis damaxsovrebisa da gegmis
SemuSavebisTvis, konkretul strategiebs unda mimarTos (Siegler, 1998).

kognituri ganviTareba da kultura. piaJes Teoriis kritikis kidev er­

Ti da bolo sagania mis mier bavSvis kulturuli da socialuri jgu-
fis mniSvnelovani zegavlenis ugulebelyofa. dasavleTis kulturis
bavSvebma mecnieruli azrovneba da formaluri operaciebi SesaZloa
daxvewon, vinaidan msgavs azrovnebas dasavluri skolebi iTxoven (Berk,
2005; Geary, 1998). konkretuli operaciebic ki, magaliTad klasifikacia,
sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebSi sxvadasxvanairad viTardeba.
magaliTad, mkvlevarebma afrikis, kpeles tomis bavSvebs 20 sagnis (obi-
eqtis) daxarisxeba sTxoves. bavSvebma maTTvis mniSvnelovani datvirT-
vis mqone jgufebi Seqmnes – Toxi kartofilTan, dana forToxalTan.
mkvlevarebma kpeles mier kategoriebis cvlileba verafriT SeZles;
isini ambobdnen, ase brZeni adamiani daaxarisxebdao. sabolood, imed-
dakargulma mkvlevarebma bavSvebs sagnebis daxarisxeba sTxoves ise,
rogorc amas `ugnuri (suleli) adamiani~ gaakeTebda, da uecrad sa-
gnebi oTx jgufad daxarisxda, zustad ise, rogorc mkvlevarebi moe-
lodnen – sakvebi, iaraRebi da a.S. (Roggoff & Morelli, 1989).
kognitur ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi Zalze serio-
zuli zegavlenis mqone Sexeduleba arsebobs. mravali wlis win lev
vigotskis mier SemoTavazebuli da sul axlaxans xelaxla aRmoCenili
Teoria kognitur ganviTarebas kulturas ukavSirebs.

vigotskis sociokulturuli perspeqtiva

dResdREobiT fsiqologebi aRiareben, rom kultura bavSvis kognitu-
ri ganviTarebis formirebas axdens, kerZod ki gansazRvravs, Tu ras da
rogor iswavlis bavSvi samyaros Sesaxeb. magaliTad, indieli, zinakan-
tekos gogona (samxreT meqsika) tanisamosis qsovis rTul principebs,
sazogadoebis SigniT, ufrosebis araformaluri swavlebiT daeufla.
braziliaSi qu­CaSi kanfetebis gamyidveli bavSvebi gamoyenebiT maTema-
tikas (biTumad movaWreebisgan iyidon, Semdeg gayidon, gacvalon da
miiRon mogeba) skolaSi siarulis gareSe euflebian. iseTi kulturis
warmomadgenlebi, romelTaTvis TanamSromloba da gayofa Rirebulia,

66
 piaJes Teoriis erT-erT
naklovanebas axalgazrda
bavSvebis kognituri SesaZle-
blobebis jerovnad arSefaseba
warmoadgens. magaliTad,
Teoria ar xsnis, TuU ratom
SeuZlia fotoze asaxul or
gogonas Wadrakis ufrosebis
msgavsad TamaSi.

bavSvebs am Rirebulebebs ufro adreul asakSi unergaven, vidre im

kulturis warmomadgenlebi, romlebSic mniSvnelovani konkurenciaa.
(Bakerman da sxvebi, 1990; Ceci & Roazzi, 1994). piaJiseuli stadiebi yvela
bavSvisTvis ar aris `bunebrivi~, radgan garkveulwilad isini dasavluri
kulturis molodins da qmedebebs asaxaven (Kozulin, 2003; Rogoff, 2003).
sociokulturuli Teoriis (igive socioistoriuli) ZiriTadi fu­ daukavSireT kvlevas da
Zemdebeli daaxloebiT 70 wlis win gardacvlili rusi fsiqologia. ganavrceT
ixileT ganaTlebis fsiqolo-
lev semionoviC vigotski sul 38 wlis iyo, rodesac tuberkuloziT
giis 1995 wlis aprilis
gardaicvala, magram am xanmokle cxovrebis manZilze man 100 wignis da specialuri gamocema `lev
mravali naSromis (statiis) gamoqveyneba SeZlo. sadReisod vigotskis vigotski da Tanamedrove
zogi Targmani xelmisawvdomia (1978, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1997). vigotskim ganaTlebis fsiqologia.~
muSaoba daiwyo maSin, rodesac man, sakuTari swavlebis gaumjobesebis sociokulturuli Teoria
mizniT, swavlebis da ganviTarebis Seswavla daiwyo. vigotski metyvele- _ xazs usvams bavSvebsa da
basa da azrovnebaze, fsiqologiis xelovnebaze, swavlebasa da ganvi- sazogadoebis ufro mcodne
Tarebaze, gansakuTrebuli saWiroebis mqone moswavleebis swavlebis wevrebs Soris kooperaciu-
li dialogis ganviTarebis
formaze werda. wlebis manZilze, ruseTSi, vigotskis naSromebi akrZa-
rols. bavSvebi sazogadoebis
luli iyo, radgan igi dasavleTis fsiqologebis naSromebs iSveliebda. kulturas swored amgvari
magram bolo 30 wlis manZilze, misi naSromebis xelaxalma aRmoCenam urTierTobebis saSualebiT
fsiqologiasa da ganaTlebaSi umniSvnelovanesi gavlena moaxdina da euflebian.
piaJes Teoriis bevri alternativa SemogvTavaza (Kozulin, 2003; McCaslin &
Hickey, 2001; Wink & Putney, 2002).
vigotskis sjeroda, rom adamianis saqmianoba kulturul rakursSi
unda ganixilebodes da misi gamoyofa am sistemidan ar SeiZleba. misi
erTi-erTi ZiriTadi mosazreba iyo is, rom Cveni Taviseburi mentaluri
struqtura da procesi SesaZloa sxvebTan interaqciis rakursSi iqnes
ganxiluli. kognitur ganviTarebaze msgavs socialur interaqciebs
ara mxolod ubralo zegavlena aqvs, aramed isini Cvens kognitur
struqturebs da azrovnebis procesebs qmnian (Palincsar, 1998). faqto-
brivad, `vigotskim moaxdina ganviTarebis konceftualizacia, rogorc
socialurad gaziarebuli aqtivobis internalizebul (gaSinagnebul)
procesebad gardaqmna~ (John-Steiner & Mahn, 1996, p. 192). Cven vigotskis
naSromebidan sam sakiTxs ganvixilavT, romlebic ganmartaven, Tu ro-
gor axdens socialuri procesebi swavlebis da azrovnebis formirebas:
individualuri azrovnebis socialuri wyaroebi; swavlebasa da ganvi-

67

TanaSemoqmedebis procesi _
socialuri procesi, molapara-
keba romelSi CarTuli adami-
anebi urTierToben problemis
gasagebad an gadasaWrelad. sab-
oloo Sedegs yoveli monawile
iziarebs.
68
TarebaSi kulturuli berketebis roli, gansakuTrebiT ki metyvelebis
saSualebebi (iaraRebi); uaxloesi ganviTarebis zona (Wertsch & Tulviste,
1992; Driscoll, 2005).
individualuri azrovnebis socialuri wyaroebi
vigotski Tvlida, rom `bavSvis kulturul ganaTlebaSi yo­veli fun­
q­cia orjer Cndeba: pirvelad, socialur doneze da mogvianebiT _
individualur doneze; pirveli – adamianebs Soris (interfsiqologi-
uri) da Semdeg Tavad bavSvSi (intrafsiqologiuri)~ (1978, gv. 57). sxva
sityvebiT, bavSvsa da sxva pirovnebas Soris ganawilebuli moqmedebis
dros maRali donis procesebi Tavdapirvelad TanaSemoqmedebiTia.
Semdgom, bavSvi procesebis internalizebas axdens, romelic bavSvis
kognituri ganviTarebis nawili xdeba. magaliTad, bavSvebi sxvebTan
urTierTobisas, maTi qcevebis regulirebisTvis, pirvelad metyvelebas
mimarTaven (`ar minda Zili! (ar Zili)~ an `namcxvari minda.~). mogvi-
anebiT, kerZo metyvelebis gamoyenebiT, bavSvs Tavisi qcevebis regu-
lireba SeuZlia (`frTxilad – ar daRvaro~). aRniSnul sakiTxs ufro
detalurad Semdeg qveTavSi gavecnobiT. amrigad, vigotskisTvis so-
cialuri interaqcia ufro meti iyo, vidre gavlena, is ufro maRali
donis mentaluri procesebis, iseTis, rogoricaa problemis gadaWra,
sawyiss warmoadgenda. ganixileT es magaliTi:
eqvsi wlis bavSvma saTamaSo dakarga da daxmarebisTvis mamas mimar-
Ta. mamam bavSvs hkiTxa, Tu sad naxa bolos gogonam saTamaSo; bavSv-
ma upasuxa: `ar maxsovs.~ mamam Svils bevri kiTxva dausva – saTamaSo
Sens oTaxSi iyo? oTaxis gareT? karebTan? yvela kiTxvaze bavSvi
erTi da igive pasuxs scemda _ `ara~. magram, rodesac mamam ikiTxa _
`iqneb manqanaSi?~ bavSvma upasuxa: `mgoni, ki~ da gaemarTa saTamaSos
mosaZebnad (Tharp & Gallimore, 1988, p. 14).
romels axsovda? pasuxi aSkaraa – arc mamas da arc Svils, aramed
orives erTad. interaqciaSi mexsiereba da problemis gadaWra – adami-
anebs Soris – TanaSemoqmedebiTi iyo. magram bavSvma SesaZloa strat-
egiebis internalizeba moaxdinos, da SemdgomSi, raimes dakargvisas,
maTi gamoyeneba. Sedegad, Tu bavSvi msgavsi problemis winaSe aRmoCnde-
ba, is damoukideblad imoqmedebs. saTamaSos moZebnis strategiis ms-
gavsad, ufro maRali funqciebi pirvelad bavSvsa
da `maswavlebels~ Soris ufro adre xdeba, vidre
individualurad bavSvSi (Kozulin, 1990; 2003).
individualuri azrovnebis socialuri wyaros
kidev erTi magaliTi arsebobs. riCard anderson-
ma da misma kolegebma (2001) Seiswavles saklaso
oTaxSi mowyobili me-4 klaseli bavSvebis mcire
jgufebis diskusiebisas, Tu rogor xdeboda ka-
maTisas gamoyenebuli dasabuTebis moxerxebuli
fotoze Tavis qaliSvilTan erTad gamosaxulma lev vigots-
kim ganviTarebis sociokulturuli Teoria Camoayaliba.
misma ideebma, dakavSirebulma metyvelebasTan, kulturasTan
da kognitur ganviTarebasTan, fsiqologiasa da ganaTlebis
sferoze umniSvnelovanesi gavlena iqonia.
formebis Tavisad gasaReba da Semdgom maTi gamoyeneba. moxerxebuli
argumenti konkretul formas warmoadgens, rogoricaa `me vfiqrob
[viTareba, mdgomareoba] radgan [mizezi], romelSic moswavle mdgo-
mareobas da mizezs grZnobs. magaliTad, moswavlem SesaZloa Tqvas: `me
vfiqrob, rom mglebs Tavi unda davaneboT, radgan isini aravis erCian~.
strategiis sxva formaa `Tu [moqmedeba], maSin [cudi Sedegi], `Tu isini
mglebs xafangs ar daugeben, maSin isini Zroxebs SeWamen.~ sxva formebi
monawileobiskenaa mimarTuli, magaliTad `ras fiqrobT [saxeli]?~ an
`modiT [saxeli] isaubros.~
andersonis kvlevebma saubris da argumentirebis 13 forma gamoav-
lines, romlebic kamaTis (diskusia) warmarTvaSi, yvelas CarTvaSi,
sakuTari poziciis warmodgena/dacvaSi da gamowveuli dabneulobis
daZlevaSi daexmaraT. mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines, rom metyvelebis da az-
rovnebis es sxvadasxva forma Tovlis gundasaviTaa – erTi moswavlis
mier argumentis moSveliebis Semdeg, is sxva moswavleebze vrceldebo-
da da kamaTSi argumentirebis moxerxebuli forma sul ufro da ufro
Cndeboda. Ria diskusias – roca moswavleebi erTmaneTs ekiTxebian da
pasuxoben – ukeTesi Sedegi hqonda, vidre diskusias, romelsac peda-
gogi warmarTavda argumentebis formebis ganviTarebis mizniT. droTa
ganmavlobaSi, SesaZloa, moxdes poziciis wardgenis, ieriSis da dacvis
msgavsi xerxebis internalizacia (gaSinagneba) da mogvevlineba rogorc
calkeuli moswavlis msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari.
orive, rogorc piaJe, aseve vigotski xazs usvamdnen kognitur gan-
viTarebaSi socialuri interaqciis mniSvnelobas, magram piaJe inter-
aqcias sxva rols aniWebda. mas sjeroda, rom interaqcia ganviTarebas
wonasworobis darRvevis meSveobiT ubiZgebs – kognituri konfliqtiT
– rac cvlilebas ganapirobebs. piaJe Tvilda, rom yvelaze meti sarge-
blobis momtani interaqcia, Tanatolebs Soris arsebuli interaqcia
iyo, radgan, misi azriT, Tanatolebi ganviTarebis erTi da igive doneze
dganan da Sedegad, maT erTmaneTis azrovnebis gamowveva da waxaliseba
SeuZliaT. meores mxriv, vigotski (1978, 1986, 1987, 1993) varaudobda,
rom bavSvebis kognitur ganviTarebas maTze ukeT moazrovne da ufro
ganviTarebul adamianebTan interaqcia – magaliTad, mSoblebTan da
maswavleblebTan – exmareboda (Moshman, 1997; Palinscar, 1998). ra Tqma
unda, moswavleebs swavla, rogorc Tanatolebisgan, ise ufrosebisga-
nac SeuZliaT.

kulturuli saSualebebi da kognituri ganviTareba

vigotskis sjeroda, rom kulturuli berketebi, materialuri sa- kulturuli berketebi _
Sualebebis CaTvliT (saxazavebi, saTvleli manqanebi, - dRes ukve kom- materialuri instrumentebi
(mag. kompiuteri) da simbo-
piuterebi, interneti, PDA) da fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobebi (niSnebis da
loTa sistemebi (ricxvebi,
simbolebis sistema, magaliTad ricxvebisa da maTematikis sistema, brai- ena), romlebic saSualebas
lis da niSnebis ena, rukebi, muSaobis xelovneba, kodebi da metyveleba), aZlevs adamianebs, daamyaron
kognitur ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. magaliTad, manam komunikacia sazogadoebaSi,
sanam kultura raodenobis gamoxatvisTvis mxolod romaul cifrebs iazrovnon, gadaWran prob-
lemebi, Seqmnan codnis axali
gvTavazobs, maTematikuri azrovnebis garkveuli saSualebebi – qveS-
sistemebi.
miweriT gayofidan aRricxvamde – rTuli an SeuZlebelia. magram Tu
ricxviT sistemaSi nuli, wiladebi, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi sidide, da
ricxvebis usasrulo raodenoba arsebobs, bevrad ufro metia SesaZle-
beli. ricxviTi sistema fsiqologiuri saSualebaa, romelic swavlas
da kognitur ganviTarebas exmareba – is azrovnebis process cvlis. es

69
 vigotski did mniSvnelobas aniWebda konkretuli kulturis mier
azrovnebis ganviTarebis daxmarebis mizniT, bavSvisTvis SeTavaze-
bul berketebs, da azrs, rom bavSvebi maTTvis micemul saSuale-
bebs (berketebs, iaraRebs) fizikuri da socialuri samyaroebis
Sesaxeb sakuTari warmodgenis CamoyalibebisTvis iyeneben.

simboloebis sistema bavSvs ufrosisgan formaluri da araformaluri

interaqciisas da swavlebisas gadaecema.
vigotskis sjeroda, rom ufro maRalganviTarebuli mentaluri
procesebi, rogoricaa msjeloba da problemis gadaWra fsiqologiuri
saSualebebis ¿? (ena, niSnebi da simboloebi) gamoyenebiT dasrule-
bul formas iRebs da misi daxmarebiT xdeba. am saSualebebs ufrosebi
bavSvebs yoveldRiuri saqmianobis dros gadascemen da bavSvebic maT
internalizacias axdenen. Semdeg ki, moswavleebs sakuTari ganviTa-
rebis daxvewaSi fsiqologiuri saSualebebi exmareba (Karpov & Haywood,
1998). procesi daaxloebiT amgvaria: rodesac bavSvi ufrosTan an masze
ufro ganviTarebul TanatolTan urTierTobs, azrovnebis da azrebis
Camoyalibebis formis gaziareba xdeba – magaliTad, sivrcisa da adg-
ilmdebareobis saCveneblad rukas xataven. bavSvebi am erTad Camoyali-
bebuli azrebis internalizacias axdenen. Sedegad, maTi codna, azrebi,
damokidebuleba da Rirebulebebi bavSvebis kulturis da jgufis sxva
wevrebis mier mowodebuli qmedebis da azrovnebis mimarTulebebis
`miTvisebis~ meSveobiT viTardeba (Kozulin & Presseisen, 1995).
niSnebis, simboloebis da gan­martebebis amgvari gacvliT bav­Svebi
samyaros Seswavlis da Secnobis mizniT `kulturuli berketebis tom-
ris~ avsebas iwyeneben (Wertsch, 1991). tomara materialuri, magaliTad,
fanq­rebiT saxazavebiT da fsiqologiuri saSualebebiT, magaliTad, men-
taluri qmedebisTvis cnebebis da problemis mogvarebis stra­tegiebiT,
ivseba. miuxedavad amisa, ar unda miviCnioT, rom bavSvebi am iaraRebs
(saSualebebs) ubralod iReben. isini am saSualebebis transformire-
bas maT mier aRqmuli simboloebis, modelebis da gagebis mixedviT
axdenen. piaJes azriT bavSvebis mier mniSvnelobis ageba ufrosebis-
gan gansxvavdeba. niSnebis da simboloebis gacvlisas (magaliTad ricx-
vebis sistema), isini yvelafers sakuTar mniSvnelobas aniWeben (skunsi
`fisuniaa~). bavSvebis mgavsi warmodgena (gageba) socialur qmedebebSi
mudmivi CarTulobiT da sakuTari samyaros aRqmis mcdelobiT Tan-
daTanobiT icvleba (skunsi – skunsia) (John-Steiner & Mahn, 1996; Wertsch,
1991). vigotskis TeoriaSi metyveleba iaraRebis tomaraSi simboloebis
umniSvnelovanes sistemas warmoadgens, romelic swored am tomris
sxva iaraRebiT SevsebaSi exmareba.

metyvelebis roli da ekonomiuri metyveleba

kognituri ganviTarebisTvis metyveleba umniSvnelovanesia, radgan
is azrebis gamoxatvis da kiTxvebis dasmis saSaulebas gvaZlevs, uz-
runvelyofs azrovnebisas kategoriebiTa da cnebebiT, da warsulsa da
momavals Soris kavSirs. metyveleba gvaTavisuflebs uSualo situaci-
isgan imisaTvis, rom vifiqroT imaze, Tu ra iyo da ra ar unda iyos
(Das, 1995; Driscoll, 2005). vigotski Tvlida, rom:

mxolod adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli metyvelebis unari bavS-

vebs rTuli amocanebis amoxsnisTvis, impulsuri qmedebebis daZlevi-

70
 saTvis, problemis gadaWrisTvis saWiro gegmis winaswar SemuSavebi-
sTvis, da sakuTari qcevebis daxvewisTvis damxmare saSualebebis
gamoiyenebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs (1978, gv. 28)

Tu metyvelebas kulturul WrilSi ganvixilavT, davinaxavT, rom

sxvadasxva kulturas enis sxvadasxva berketebi esaWiroeba da sx-
vadasxva berketebs aviTarebs.

ena da kulturuli gansxvavebebi. zogadad, sxvadasxva kultura maT-

Tvis mniSvnelobis mqone cnebebisTvis sityvebs warmoSobs. magaliTad:
mwvane feris ramdeni nairsaxeobis (variaciis) CamoTvla SegiZliaT?
Tu SegiZliaT, CaixedeT qalis kosmetikis CanTaSi. Tqven masSi sx-
vadasxva feris tuCis sacxs ipovniT. Cems CanTaSi ipovniT tuCis sacxs
dasaxelebiT `Tbili movardisfro-iisferi~ da `529A~. inglisurenovan
qveynebSi ferebis gamosaxatad 3000-ze meti sityva arsebobs. am si-
tyvebs Cvens cxovrebaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs, magaliTad, moduri
tanisamosis an saxlis dizainis, filmis da televizoris, tuCis sacxis
an Tvalis SesaRebi saSualebis arCevisas, da es mwiri CamonaTvalia
(Price & Crapo, 2002). sxva qveynebSi ferebs nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben.
magaliTad, filipinebze midoris kunZulze mcxovrebi hanunu xalxi
da axal gvineaSi danis mosaxleoba ferebis gamosaxatad 5-ze nakleb
sityvas iyenebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT ferebis mravali variaciis
aRqma SeuZliaT. eskimosebs Tovlis amsaxveli asobiT sityva ar gaaC-
niaT, magram ulgunigamiuteli eskimosebi 160-ze met sityvas iyeneben
yinulis daxasiaTebisTvis, radgan maT aseT garemoSi usafrTxod rom
icxovron da inadiron, yinulis sxvadasxva xarisxis garCeva unda Se-
Zlon. dedaCemi viskonsinSi, erT-erT fermaze gaizarda da mas cxenebis
amsaxveli mravali sxvadasxva sityvis gamoyeneba SeuZlia: faSati (Waki),
CoCori, ulayi, sajiriTe, kvici, poni, samuSao cxeni, mxtunavi. im kul-
turis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic did mniSvnelobas grZnobebs aniWe-
ben, emociebis gamomxatveli sityvebi mravlad aqvT. dafiqrdiT ing-
lisurSi sibrazis gamomxatvel sityvebze (gaSmageba, gaafTreba, zizRi,
aRSfoTeba, gaRizianeba, mrisxaneba, mZvinvareba, guliswyroma, risxva,
mtroba, SuRli).
droTa ganmavlobaSi metyveleba kulturuli saWiroebisa da Rireb-
ulebebis mixedviT icvleba. amerikis mkvidri SoSonis tomis warmomad-
genlebi `qviSaze siarulisas xraSunis xmas~ erTi sityviT gamoxatavd-
nen. warsulSi es sityva nadirobisas Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo, magram
dRes, vinaidan maTi cxovrebis stili momTabare nadirobas gascda,
SoSonebis enas teqnikuri iaraRis amsaxveli axali sityva daemata.
21-e saukuneSi kompiuteris Seswavlisas, Tqven mraval axal sityvas
gaigonebT (Price & Crapo, 2002).
vigotskim, piaJesgan gansxvavebiT, kognitur ganviTarebaSi swav-
lebasa da metyvelebas meti mniSvneloba mianiWa. mas sjeroda, rom
`azrovneba metyvelebaze, azrovnebis saSualebebsa da bavSvis socio-
kulturul gamocdilebazea damokidebuli~ (vigotski, 1987, gv. 120).
vigotski darwmunebuli iyo, rom ena, avtonomiuri metyvelebis formiT
(sakuTar TavTan saubari), kognitur ganviTarebas warmarTavs.

avtonomiuri metyveleba: piaJes da vigotskis Sexedulebebis Sedareba.

Tu Tqven patara bavSvebTan didi dro gagitarebiaT, SeamCnevdiT,

71

avtonomiuri metyveleba
_ bavSvebis sakuTar TavTan
laparaki, rac maTi azrovnebisa
da moqmedebis Tanamdevia.
sabolood, amgvari verbal-
izacia xdeba internalizebuli,
rogorc Sinagani saubari.
daukavSireT PRAXIS II TM-s
da ganavrceT piaJesa
da vigotskis Teoriebs
Soris gansxvavebebi (I, A2)
ganixileT Tu rogor
gansxvavdeba ori
maswavleblis – erTi
vigotskis Teoriis, xolo
meore piaJes Teoriis
mimdevari – swavlebis/swav-
lis koncefcia da swavlebis
xerxebi, teqnikebi, romelTac
isini upiratesobas aniWeben.
72
rom isini TamaSisas sakuTar Tavs xSirad esaubrebian. piaJem bavS-
vebis sakuTari Tavisken mimarTul saubars `egocentruli metyveleba~
uwoda. is Tvlida, rom egocentruli metyveleba patara bavSvebis
mier samyaros sxvaTa TvalebiT veraRqmis kidev erTi maniSnebeli iyo.
isini msmenelTa saWiroebebisa da interesis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe
maTTvis mniSvnelovan Temebze saubroben. piaJe Tvlida, rom bavSvebi
asakTan erTad, miT ufro ki TanatolebTan uTanxmoebisas, sociali-
zebul metyvelebas aviTareben. isini mosmenas da azrTa gacvlas (an
kamaTs) swavloben. vigotskis ki bavSvebis avtonomiur, egocentrul
metyvelebasTan dakavSirebiT, sruliad gansxvavebuli mosazreba
hqonda. is Tvlida, rom aRniSnuli kognituri moumwifeblobis niSani
ar iyo. misi azriT, sakuTar TavTan saubari kognitur ganviTarebaSi
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, radgan mas bavSvebi TviTreguliaciamde
mihyavs: esaa dagegmvis unari, dakvirveba, adamianis azrovnebis marTva
da problemis gadaWra.
vigotskis miaCnda, rom TviTregulacia safexurTa seriebad vi-
Tardeba. Tavdapirvelad, bavSvis qceva regulirdeba sxvebis mier me-
tyvelebisa da sxva niSnebis saSualebiT, iseTebis, rogoricaa Jestiku-
liacia. magaliTad, mSoblebi, Tu bavSvs xeli sanTlis alisken miaqvs,
amboben `ara!~. Semdeg, bavSvi igive metyvelebis saSualebiT sxvaTa
qcevebis regulirebas swavlobs. bavSvi meore bavSvs eubneba `ara!~
– Tu mas misi saTamaSos waReba unda. xSir SemTxvevaSi isini mSoblis
tonis imitirebas axdenen. agreTve, bavSvi avtonomiuri metyvelebis
gamoyenebas sakuTari qcevebis regulirebisTvis iwyebs, sakuTar Tavs
Cumad eubneba `ara!~ rodesac xeli cecxlisken waucdeba. dabolos,
bavSvi sakuTari qcevis regulirebas Cumi, Sinagani metyvelebiT swav-
lobs (Karpov & Haywood, 1998). magaliTad, Tavsatexis agebisas, yvela
skolamdeli 4-5 wlis asakis bavSvisgan albad gsmeniaT `ara, is ar jde-
ba, Semoabrune. Semoabrune. iqneb, es aris!~. asakTan erTad bavSvebis
sakuTari Tavisken mimarTuli saubari faruli xdeba, icvleba CurCu-
liT da Semdgom – tuCebis moZraobiT. bolo etaps `fiqri~ warmoad-
gens. avtonomiuri metyveleba piks 9 wlis asakSi aRwevs, mere iklebs,
magram miuxedavad amisa, erTma kvlevam aRmoaCina, rom zogi 11-17 wlis
moswavle problemis mogvarebisas spontanurad sakuTar TavTan Cur-
Culs iwyebs (McCafferty, 2004; Winsler, Carlton, & Barry, 2000; Winsler & Naglieri,
2003). marTali giTxraT, wignis Zebnisas zogjer damifiqsirebia, rom
sakuTar Tavs vesaubrebi – `aq araa – bolos rodis meWira…?~.
am safexurTa seriebis Tanmimdevroba, dawyebuli sakuTar TavTan
saubriT da damTavrebuli uxmo Sinagani saubriT, warmoadgens kidev
erT magaliTs, romelic asaxavs, Tu rogor Cndeba ufro maRali donis
mentaluri funqciebi pirvelad adamianebs Soris maSin, rodesac isini
urTierToben da erTmaneTis qcevebis regulirebas axdenen, da Semdeg
xelaxla individSi, rogorc kognituri procesebi. am fundamenturi
procesis meSveobiT, bavSvi metyvelebas mniSvnelovani kognituri qmede-
bebis saboloo daxvewisTvis iyenebs (iseTebis, rogoricaa yuradRebis
mobilizeba, problemis gadaWra, dagegmareba, koncefciebis formireba
da TviTkontrolis daufleba. kvleva vigotskis mosazrebebs amagrebs
(Berk & Spuhl, 1995; Emerson & Miyake, 2003). bavSvebi da ufrosebi avtono-
miur metyvelebas, ZiriTadad, dabneulobis, garkveuli sirTuleebis
an Secdomis daSvebisas mimarTaven (Duncan & Cheyne, 1999). Sinagani me-
tyveleba ara marto problemebis gadaWraSi, aramed sakuTari qcevebis
regulirebaSic gvexmareba. gagifiqriaT Tu ara raRac amis magvari- `vn-
axoT, pirveli nabiji gadadgmulia~ an `bolos rodis mekeTa saTvale?~
 cxrili 2.2

piaJesa da vigostkis avtonomiuri an egocentruli metyvelebis

Teoriebs Soris gansxvavebebi
piaJe vigotski

ganviTarebis sxvaTa perspeqtivis aRqmis warmoadgens konkretulad

mniSvneloba SeuZlebloba; gulisxmobs formirebul azrs. misi
urTierTkomunikacias. datvirTva TviTmarTvis da
TviTmimarTulebis mizniT
sakuTar TavTan komunika-
ciaa.

ganviTarebis klebulobs asakTan erTad mcire asakSi matulobs da

mimarTuleba (kursi) TandaTanobiT Sinagan ver-
balur fiqrebSi gadadis.

damokidebuleba uaryofiTi; mwiri socialurad dadebiTi; avtonomiuri me-

socialur da kogniturad moumwifebeli tyveleba sxvebTan social-
metyvelebasTan bavSvebi egocentrul me- uri interaqciiT viTarde-
tyvelebas metad iyeneben ba. (gareT gamodis)

damokidebuleba garemos matulobs amocanis sir-

konteqstTan TulesTan erTad. av-
tonomiuri metyvelebis
gamoyeneba, rogorc TviT-
mimarTulebis funqcia,
ufro met kognitur Zal-
isxmevas moiTxovs proble-
mis gadasaWrelad.

wyaro: Development of Private Speech among `Low-Income Appalachian Children,~ by L. E. Berk and R. A. Garvin, 1984,
Developmental Psychology, 20p. 272. Copyright 1984 by the American Psychological Association. Adapted with permission.

an `am furcels Tu CavamTavreb, mere SemiZlia...?~ raime faqtis gasax-

seneblad, wasaqezeblad an sakuTari TavisTvis mimarTulebis misacemad
Tqven Sinagan metyvelebas mimarTavT. realurad safiqral situaciaSi,
magaliTad, mniSvnelovani gamocdisas, Tqven SesaZloa daafiqsiroT,
rom xmamaRla butbutebT (CurCulebT). 2.2. cxrilSi piaJesa da vigost-
kis kerZo metyvelebis Teoriebs Soris gansxvavebebia mocemuli. unda
aRvniSnoT, rom piaJem vigotskis bevri argumenti miiRo da daeTanxma,
rom metyveleba SesaZloa rogorc egocentrulad, aseve problemis
gadaWrisTvis iqnes gamoyenebuli (Piaget, 1962).

sakuTar TavTan saubari da swavla. imis gamo, rom avtonomiuri me-

tyveleba moswavles azrovnebis regulirebaSi exmareba, is SesaZleb-
els xdis da zog SemTxvevaSi aqezebs kidec moswavleebs, avtonomi-
uri metyveleba skolaSi gamoiyenon. maswavleblebma, romlebic klasSi
rTuli amocanis amoxsnisas siCumisken mouwodeben bavSvebs, SesaZloa,

73

uaxloesi ganviTarebis
zona _ faza, rodesac bavSvi
axerxebs amocanis dauflebas
misTvis Sesabamisi daxmarebis
aRmoCenis Semdeg.
74
moswavleebs samuSaos Sesruleba kidev ufro gaurTulon. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rodesac klasSi CurCuli matulobs – SesaZlebelia, es imis
maniSnebeli iyos, rom Tqveni moswavleebi daxmarebas saWiroeben. erT-
erTi midgoma, romelsac kognituri TviTinstruqcia ewodeba moswav-
leebs swavlis warmarTvisaTvis sakuTar TavTan saubris gamoyenebas
aswavlis. magaliTad, moswavleebi sakuTar Tavs axseneben, rom gakveTi-
li mSvidad da yuradRebiT unda iswavlon.
uaxloesi ganviTarebis zona
vigotskis mixedviT, ganviTarebis yvela mocemul safexurze arse-
bobs garkveuli problema, romlis gadawyvetas bavSvi axerxebs. bavSvs
mxolod raime miniSneba, detalebis Tu Tanmimdevrobis Sexseneba, mi­
si mcdelobis waqezeba da a.S. sWirdeba. ra Tqma unda, zogi amoca-
na bav­­Svis Zalebs aRemateba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu TiToeuli nabiji
naT­ladaa axsnili. uaxloesi ganviTarebis zona aris periodi bavS-
vis ganviTarebis mimdinare donesa `gansazRvruli rogorc problemis
da­moukideblad gadaWra da ganviTarebis im dones Soris, romelsac
bavSvi `ufrosis mier mimarTulebis micemis an ufro niWier Tana-
tolTan urTierTobis meSveobiT~ miaRwevs (vigotski, 1978, gv. 86). es
is periodia, romlis drosac swavleba SeiZleba warmatebuli iyos,
radgan realuri swavla SesaZlebelia. keslin bergerma (2006) am zonas
`jadosnuri Sualedi~ uwoda – Sualedi moswavlis mier ukve daufle-
bul codnasa da im codnas Soris, romlis SeswavlisTvisac is mzad
araa (ix. nax. 2.3).
avtonomiuri metyveleba da zona. Cven vxedavT, Tu raoden Seesabameba
vigotskis kogni­tur ganviTarebaSi avtonomiuri metyvelebis rolTan
dakavSirebuli mosazrebebi uaxloesi ganviTarebis zonis cnebas. xSir-
ad, ufrosebi amocanis amoxsnasa da davalebis dasrulebaSi bavSvs
dasaxmareblad, verbalur Sexsenebas da miTiTebebs aZleven. aRniSnuli
TandaTanobiT klebulobs maSin, rodesac bavSvi sakuTari Tavis xelmZ-
Rvanelobas eufleba, Tavdapirvelad, SesaZloa, sakuTari TavisTvis
SexsenebiT, romelic pirvelad avtonomiuri metyvelebiT, xolo sabo­
lood ki Sinagani metyvelebiT gamoixateba. modiT, zemoT motanil ma­­
galiTSi im gogonas davubrundeT, romelmac saTamaSoO dakarga da mis
fiq­­rebs mousminoT, rodesac CanTaSi saWiro saxelmZRvanelos ver aR-
moaCens:
`sad aris Cemi maTematikis wigni? saklaso oTaxSi gamoviyene.
maxsovs gakveTilis Semdeg CanTaSi Cavde. CanTa avtobusis savar-
Zelze davagde. es saZageli lari Cems CanTas fexebs urtyamda,
iqneb swored maSin . . .~
gogonas axla ukve im azrebis moZieba, romlebic mas dakarguli
wignis povnaSi daexmareba, damoukideblad SeuZlia.
swavlis roli da ganviTareba
piaJem gansazRvra ganviTareba, rogorc codnis aqtiuri konstruq-
cia, xolo swavla, rogorc – asociaciebis pasiuri Seqmna (Siegler, 2000).
igi codnis struqturiT iyo dainteresebuli da miaCnda, rom kog-
nituri ganviTareba swavlaze adre xdeboda – bavSvi kogniturad
`mzad~ unda iyos swavlisTvis. is ambobda, rom `swavla ganviTareba-
zea damokidebuli da ara piriqiT~ (piaJe, 1964, gv. 17). moswavleebs
SeuZliaT daimaxsovron, magaliTad, rom Jeneva SveicariaSia, magram
mainc amtkiceben, rom isini erTdroulad Jenevelebi da Sveicari-
elebi ver iqnebian. namdvil gagebas maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac bavSvi
klasis inkluziis operacias ganaviTarebs – anu bavSvi gaigebs, rom
erTi kategoria SesaZloa meores moicavdes. vigotski ki piriqiT, Tv-
lida, rom swavla aqtiur process warmoadgens, romelic mzadyofnas
ar unda daelodos. `saTanadod organizebuli swavla mentalur ganvi-
Tarebaze aisaxeba da ganviTarebis sxvadasxva procesebi mohyavs moZ-
raobaSi, romelTa ganviTareba swavlisgan gamoyofilad SeuZlebelia
(vigotski, 1978, gv. 90). igi swavlas ganviTarebis iaraRad (saSualebad)

sqema 2.3

swavleba jadosnur SualedSi

uaxloesi ganviTarebis zona swavlebis mosawyensa da SeuZleb-
els Soris periods warmoadgens. am zonaSi maswavleblis an Ta­
natolis mier bavSvis xaraCoebiT uzrunvelyofa swavlis xel-
Semwyobia.

vis ar aris mzad a

l isT n r
a v isi
e sw w a v les (ar aswavloT
i
S
s mos ; Za
l
Se
sw
s Z ia
r i al u i g a n v i T a r n av
l
Z e s e b i r Tu
o
l mis unari aqvs s
ar z
ac ia

x o l
ua i aR xvisi daxma reb mosw na
q
i s s iT av
arsebuli, c
)

r l
l eT ; vl
v i
es

a l
sw avlem u eb
(a mosw kve a
a c
r aswavlo; Za l ic
)

,
s (ar ian
mosawyenia)
is
i

wyaro: adaptirebulia wignidan K. S. Berger (2004). Decelopment through the lifespan.

New York: Worth, p. 50

75
 aRiqvamda – swavla ubiZgebs ganviTarebas ufro maRal doneebisken, xo­
lo socialuri interaqcia swavlis gadamwyvet faqtors warmoadgens
(Glassman, 2001; Wink & Putney, 2002). vigotskis Tvalsazrisi, rom swavla
ubiZgebs ganviTarebas ufro maRali doneebisken niSnavs, rom sxva ada-
mianebi maT Soris maswavleblebi, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben kogni-
tur ganviTarebaSi.

vigotskis Teoriis naklovanebebi

vigotskis Teoriam kognitur ganviTarebaSi kulturisa da social-
uri procesebis rolis gamoaSkaravebiT mniSvnelovani wvlili Semoi-
tana, magram SesaZloa is Zalian Sors wavida. rogorc winamdebare
TavSi aRvniSneT, SesaZloa, Cven kognituri saSualebebis imaze didi
arsenaliT vibadebiT, vidre amas piaJe an vigotski varaudobdnen.
zogierTi iseTi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobis gageba, rogoricaa raodeno-
bis mimatebiT zrdis idea, SesaZloa Cveni biologiuri midrekilebis
nawils warmoadgens, romelic mzadaa kognitur ganviTarebas wauZRves.
SesaZloa patara bavSvebi bevrs swvdebian samyaros Sesaxeb, sanam isini
iswavlian maTi kulturisgan an maswavleblisgan (Schunk, 2004). agreTve,
vigotskim detalurad ar ganixila kognituri procesebi, romlebic
ganviTarebaSi cvlilebebs ganapirobebs - romeli kognituri procesi
aZlevs moswavles socialuri aqtivobis ufro maRal safexurze ga-
dasvlis da damoukideblad monawileobis SesaZleblobas? vigotskis
Teoriis ZiriTadi naklovaneba isaa, rom igi umetesad zogadi ideebi-
sgan Sedgeba; vigotski manam gardaicvala, sanam sakuTari ideebis da-
muSavebas moaswrebda da kvlevis ganvrcobas SeZlebda. misi moswavlee-
bi vigotskis ideebis kvlevas agrZelebdnen, magram am kvlevebis didi
raodenoba stalinis reJimis dros, 1950-1960-ian wlebamde, aikrZala
(Gredler, 2005; Kozulin, 1990, 2003). bolo naklovaneba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom vigotskis ar dascalda swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebis
detaluri danergva, miuxedavad imisa, rom is aRniSnuli sakiTxiT Za-
lian dainteresebuli iyo. Sedegad, sadReisod arsebuli masalebis
umetesoba sxvebis mier aris Seqmnili – da Cven arc ki viciT vigotski
maT daeTanxmeboda Tu ara.

piaJes da vigotskis Teoriebis danergva (praqtikuli

gamoyeneba) maswavleblebisTvis
piaJem gansakuTrebuli saganmanaTleblo rekomendaciebi ar mogvca,
xolo vigotskis sakuTari mosazrebebisTvis dasrulebuli formis mi-
cemis dro ar hqonda. magram Cven orives naSormebidan mosazrebebis
amokrefa da erT saxelmZRvanelod Camoyalibeba SegviZlia.

piaJe: risi swavla SegviZlia?

piaJe bavSvebis azrovnebis gagebiT ufro iyo dainteresebuli, vi-
dre maswavleblebisTvis saxelmZRvanelos SeqmniT. magram miuxedavad
amisa, man ganaTlebis fsiqologiasTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime zogadi

76
idea gamoTqva. is Tvlida, rom ganaTlebis ZiriTadi mizania, aswavlo daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
bavSvebs, rogor unda swavla da rom ganaTlebam bavSvebis azrovnebis da ganavrceT
piaJes Teoriis danergva (I, A2)
`formireba da ara mowyoba~ unda moaxdinos (piaJe, 1969, gv.70). miuxeda-
musikis, fizkulturis da
vad imisa, rom piaJes sakuTar ideebze dafuZnebuli saxelmZRvanelo ar xelovnebis maswavleblebi
Seuqmnia, es bevrma sxvam gaakeTa. magaliTad, patara bavSvTa ganaTlebis soflis skolis K-mde da me-8
erovnulma asociaciam SeimuSava ganviTarebisTvis Sesabamisi ganaT­ klasis CaTvliT bavSvebTan
lebis saxelmZRvanelo, romelic piaJes kvlevis Sedegebs moicavs (Bre- muSaoben. maTi moswavleebis
ganviTareba piaJes sxvadasxva
dekamp & Copple, 1997). rogorc piaJem gvaswavla, imisaTvis rom gavigoT,
stadias Seesabameba. rogor
Tu rogor azrovnebs bavSvi, saWiroa mas yuradRebiT movusminoT da unda miusadagon am maswavle-
mis mier amocanis amoxsnis process davakvirdeT. Tu gavigebT bavSvis blebma swavlebis forma sxva­
azrovnebas, ukeT SevZlebT bavSvis mimdinare codnasTan da SesaZle- dasxva dones mTeli kviris
blobebTan swavlis meTodis misadagebas. ganmavlobaSi.

moswavleebis azrovnebis gageba da ageba. yvela klasSi, ro­gorc kog­

ni­turi ganviTarebis, ise akademiuri codnis mixedviT erT­maneTisgan
Zalian gansxvavebul moswavleebs SexvdebiT. ra kriteriumiT SeuZlia
maswavlebels, gansazRvros, moswavleTa swavlasTan dakavSirebuli
problemebi saazrovno aucilebeli unarebis naklebobis bralia Tu
maT ubralod ar iswavles ZiriTadi faqtebi. aRniSnulisTvis keizi
(1985) Semdegs gvTavazobs: yuradRebiT daakvirdeT moswavleebs Tqvens
mier micemuli davalebis amoxsnis dros. ra saxis logikas iyeneben
isini? situaciis mxolod erT aspeqtze amaxvileben yuradRebas? saxis
suleluri gamometyveleba aqvT? sistemeturad xsnian amocanebs Tu
SemTxveviT gamoicnoben da Semdeg kvlav aviwydebaT, rac ukve scades?
hkiTxeT moswavleebs, Tu rogor cdilobdnen amocanis amoxsnas. mous-
mineT maT strategiebs. ra azrebi imaleba ganmeorebiT daSvebuli
Secdomebis da problemebis miRma? moswavleebi sakuTari azrovnebis
saukeTeso informaciul wyaros warmoadgenen (Confrey, 1990a).
piaJes Teoriis mniSvnelovani Sedegi aris is, rasac hantma wlebis
win (1961) `misadagebis problema~ uwoda. moswavleebisTvis samuSao
arc imdenad martivi unda iyos, rom mosabezrebeli gaxdes, arc unda
CamorCes, Tu swavlebisas moswavles raime ar esmis. hantis mixedviT,
uwonasworoba zustad ise unda SenarCundes, rom man zrdas Seuwyos
xeli. zogjer iseTi situaciebis Seqmna, romlebsac moulodnel Sede-
gebamde mivyavarT, uwonasworobis saTanado donis Seqmnas exmareba.
rodesac moswavles gamocdilebaSi eZleva erTgvari konfliqti imaT
Soris, rac maTi azriT unda moxdes (xis mori wyalSi unda CaiZiros,
radgan is didia) da rac realurad xdeba (is tivti­vebs!), maT SesaZloa
situacia Tavidan gaiazron da Sedegad axali cod­na gaCndeba. moulod-
nelis xazgasma warmoadgens mecnierebaSi swavlebis konceftualuri
cvlilebebis safuZvels.
mravali masalis da gakveTilis aRqma sxvadasxva doneebzea Sesa-
Zlebeli da SeiZleba iyos mTeli rigi kognituri unarebis `zustad~
Sesabamisi. klasika, rogoricaa `alisa saocrebaTa qveyanaSi~, miTebi
da zRaprebi, rogorc konkretul, ise simbolur donezea saxaliso.
agreTve, SeiZleba moswavleTa gjufs masala erTad auxsnaT, xolo
Semdgomi qmedebebi maTi saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, individualu-
rad SeusabamoT. tom gudma da jeri brofma (2003) msgavsi Semdgomi

maria montesorma Tqva: `TamaSi bavSvebis samsaxuria~. TamaSis dros isini

iseT umniSvnelovanes unarebs euflebian, romlebic maT, erT dRes, muSao-
baSi waadgebaT. esenia: erTad moqmedeba, molaparakeba, patiosneba, mogeba da
wageba. TanamSromlobis gareSe TamaSi SeuZlebelia.

77
 moqmedebebis diferenciaciisTvis sam an oTx sxvadasxva doneze gamoy-
enebis qmedebebis baraTebi Camoayalibes. erT-erTi baraTi kargad unda
`Seesabamebodes~ TiToeul moswavles. xSir SemTxvevaSi, umjobesia, mo-
swavles Tavad misceT Semdgomi qmedebebis arCevis saSualeba – maswav-
leblis mxridan waxalisebiT. mravaldoniani gakveTilebis gamoyenebas
swavlebis diferencirebuli meTodi ewodeba (Tomlinson, 2005b). es mid-
goma ufro detalurad me-13 TavSia ganxiluli.

qmedebebi da codnis Camoyalibeba. piaJes fundamenturi mosazreba md-

gomareobs imaSi, rom individi sakuTar gagebas Tavad agebs; swavleba
konstruqciuli procesia. kognituri ganviTarebis yvela doneze swav-
lis procesSi moswavleTa aqtiuri CarTuloba TqvenTvis sasurveli
iqneba. piaJe ambobda:
codna realobis asli ar aris. obieqtis (sagnis) an movlenis codna
ubralod mis danaxvas da mis mentalur asls an xats ar warmoad-
gens. codna aris modifikacia, obieqtis transformacia, transfor-
maciis procesis gageba da amis Sedegad, obieqtis konstruirebis
gzis gageba (piaJe, 1964, gv. 8).
es aqtiuri gamocdileba, Tundac adreul skolis asakSi, sagnebis
(obieqtebis) mxolod fizikuri manipuliaciiT ar unda Semoifargle-
bodes. igi klasSi muSaobiT an gamocdilebiT warmoqmnili azrebis men-
talur manipuliaciasac unda moicavdes (Gredler, 2005). magaliTad, so-
cialur saganTa gakveTilis Semdeg maswavlebels SeuZlia moswavleebs
qalis suraTi aCvenos da hkiTxos `vin (ra profesiis) SeiZleba iyos
es qalbatoni?~ iseTi pasuxebis Semdeg, rogoricaa `maswavlebeli~,
`eqimi~, `iuristi~ `mdivani~, `gamyidveli~ da aS. bavSvebis msjelobis
mimarTulebis Secvlis mizniT, maswavlebels SeuZlia SesTavazos: `iqn-
eb Svili?~ pasuxebi, albaT, ufro amgvari iqneba: `da~, `deda~, `deida~,
`SviliSvili~ da a.S. aRniSnuli bavSvebs klasifikaciis sferos gad-
arTvasa da situaciis sxva aspeqtze yuradRebis gadatanaSi daexmareba.
Semdeg, maswavlebelma SeuZlia damatebiT SesTavazos `amerikeli~, an
`qera~. ufro mozrdil bavSvebTan ierarqiuli klasifikaciis CarTvac
SeiZleba: es qalis fotoa, is adamiania, adamiani primatebs ganekuT-
vneba, romelic aris ZuZumwovari, romelic aris cxoveli, romelic
aris sicocxlis forma.
yvela moswavles azrovnebis Sefasebis, cvilebebis moxdenis, sapa-
suxo reaqciis miRebis da sxvebis mier amocanis amoxsnis procesze dak-
virvebisaTvis maswavlebelTan da TanatolebTan urTierToba sWirdeba.
xSir SemTxvevaSi, uwonasworoba Zalian bunebrivad Cndeba, magaliTad,
maswavlebelis an sxva moswavlis mier raimes Sesaxeb msjelobis axali
gzis SeTavazeba. ZiriTadi wesis mixedviT, moswavleebma jer unda imo-
qmedon, moaxdinon manipulireba, daakvirdnen, da ukve Semdeg isaubron
an/da furcelze gadmoitanon (maswavleblisTvis an sxva moswavleebi-
sTvis) sakuTari gamocdileba. konkretuli gamocdilebebi azrovnebas
axali masaliT uzrunvelyofs. sxvebTan komunikacia moswavleebis sa-
kuTari azrovnebis SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas, Semowmebas da zog
SemTxvevaSi, cvlilebas ganapirobebs.

TamaSis Rirebuleba. maria montesorma erTxel aRniSna: `TamaSi bavS-

vebis samuSaoa~, da piaJe daeTanxmeboda. Cven viciT, rom tvinis ganvi-
Tarebas stimuliacia ganapirobebs, xolo TamaSi sxvadasxva asakSi am
stimuliaciebs uzrunvelyofs. bavSvebi sensomotorul etapze gamokv-

78
leviT, woviT, dartymiT, rxeviT, gadagdebiT swavloben -zemoqmedeben
sakuTar garemoze. preoperaciuli skolamdeli asakis bavSvebs uyvarT
gamogonili TamaSebi, igoneben simboloTa formebs, iyeneben metyvele-
bas da sxvebTan urTierToben. isini martivi gansazRvruli wesebis
mqone TamaSebiT iwyeben.
dawyebiTi skolis asakis bavSvebsac uyvarT fantaziebi, magram
ufro rTuli TamaSebis TamaSs iwyeben da Sedegad, erTad moqmedebas,
molaparakebas, patiosnebas, mogebasa da wagebas swavloben, aseve aviTa-
reben ufro daxvewil metyvelebas. mozardobis asakSic ki TamaSi maTi
fizikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis nawilad rCeba (Meece, 2002).
piaJem gvaswavla, rom bavSvebi ufrosebis msgavsad ar azrovneben.
misma naSromma ganviTarebad fsiqologiasa da ganaTlebaze udidesi
zegavlena iqonia, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove kvlevebis Sede-
gebi yvela mis ideas ar adasturebs.

vigotski: risi Seswavla SegviZlia?

erTi individis mier meorisTvis kulturuli berketebis gadacemis
minimum sami gza arsebobs: imitirebiT swavla (rodesac erTi adami-
ani meores mibaZvas cdilobs), instruqciuli swavleba (rodesac mo-
swavleebi maswavleblis miTiTebebis internalizacias axdenen da am
miTiTebebs TviTreguliaciisTvis iyeneben) da kolaboraciuli swav-
leba (rodesac Tanatol jgufSi cdiloben erTmaneTis gagebas da pro-
cesSi swavloben) (Tomasello, Kruger, & Ratner, 1993). vigotski did yuradRe-
bas uTmobda instruqciul swavlebas, romelic pirdapiri swavlebis an
struqturuli gamocdilebebis meSveobiT sxvaTa swavlebas exmareba,
magram es Teoria kulturuli swavlebis sxva formebsac miesadageba.
amrigad, vigostkis mosazrebebi im pedagogebs Seesabmeba, romlebic
Tavad pirdapir aswavlian da agreTve, swavlisTvis xelsayrel garemos
qmnian (Das, 1995; Wink & Putney, 2002). nebismier situaciaSi, swavlebis
mTavar aspeqts swavlis daxmareba warmoadgens.

ufrosebisa da Tanatolebis roli. vigotski Tvlida, rom kognituri daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
ganviTareba bavSvis mier sakuTari kulturuli wris wevrebTan sau- da ganavrceT
brebiTa da interaqciiT – ufrosebi an ufro niWieri Tanatolebi vigotskis Teoriis
– xdeba. es adamianebi gzamkvlevad da maswavleblebad gvevlinebian, gamoyeneba (I, A2)
CamoayalibeT sxvadasxva
romlebic bavSvebs inteleqtualuri ganviTarebisTvis saWiro infor-
instruqciuli donisTvis
maciiT uzrunvelyofen. Sedegad, bavSvi konservaciis an klasifika- Sesaferi xaraCoebi. gaixseneT
ciis kognituri operaciebis `aRmoCenisas~ marto araa. es aRmoCenebi xaraCoebis is saSualebebi,
ojaxis wevrebis, maswavleblebis da Tanatolebis daxmarebiT xdeba. romlebsac sxvebi Tqveni
ZiriTa­dad, aRmoCenebi enobrivi komunikaciis saSualebiT xorciel- skolis gareT swavlebisas
iye­nebdnen (magaliTad,
deba, yo­vel SemTxvevaSi, dasavlur kulturebSi. zogi kulturis war­­
sporti, hobi).
momadgeneli bavSvebi swavlisas ara metyvelebiT, aramed daos­tatebul
adamianebze dakvirvebiT xelmZRvaneloben (Rogoff, 1990). jeromi bruner-
ma ufrosis aseT daxmarebas xaraCoebi uwoda (Wood, Bruner, & Ross, 1976).
Tavad terminic migviTiTebs ima­ze, rom bavSvebi ufrosebisgan msgavs
daxmarebas myari gagebis agebisTvis iyeneben, romelic maT TandaTano- xaraCoebi _ daxmareba swav-
biT amocanis damoukideblad gadaWris SesaZleblobas miscems. lasa da problemis gadaWraSi.
es SeiZleba iyos biZgi,
swavla daxmarebiT. vigotskis Teoriis mixedviT, maswavlebleb­ma ga­ karnaxi, waxaliseba,problemis
safexurebad daSla, magali-
cile­biT meti unda gaakeTon, vidre moswavleebisTvis iseTi garemos
Tis moyvana an raime sxva,
Seqmna, romelSic moswavleebi Tavad SeZleben aRmoCenebis gakeTebas. rac gazrdis moswavlis da-
bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT, da arc unda velodoT, rom kulturaSi ukve moukideblobas.

79
vigotskis mixedviT, bavS-
vebis swavlis daxmareba
ZiriTadad maswavleblebis
SuamavlobiT xorcieldeba
da maTi garemos saSuale-
bebiT xdeba, xolo mimar-
Tulebis micema, ZiriTad
SemTxvevebSi, metyvelebis
meSveobiT xorcieldeba.
swavla daxmarebiT _ daxmarebis
strategia swavlis sawyis safex-
urebze, romelic TandaTan
mcirdeba moswavleebis
damoukideblobis zrdasTan
erTad.
80
arsebuli codna xelaxla aRmoaCinon an gamoigonon. piriqiT, maT swav-
lisas unda davexmaroT – ase vigotski bavSvebis ganviTarebisa da
swavlis centrSi mSoblebs, maswavleblebs da sxva ufrosebs xedavda
(Karpov & Haywood, 1998).
swavla daxmarebiT an mimarTulebis micemiT monawileoba zemoT
aRweril xaraCoebs saWiroebs – informaciis micema, Sexseneba, karnaxi,
waxaliseba im dros, rodesac es saWiroa da saTanado moculobiT, Tan-
daTanobiT moswavleebisTvis sul ufro da ufro damoukideblad muS-
aobis saSualebis micema. maswavleblebs swavlis daxmareba masalebis
da amocanebis moswavleTa mocemuli donisTvis morgebiT SeuZliaT;
unarebis demonstrirebis an azrovnebis procesebis axsniT; moswav-
leebTan erTad rTuli amocanis nabij-nabij gavla, amocanis nawilis
Tavad amoxsna (magaliTad, algebraSi moswavleebi gantolebas akeTe-
ben, xolo maswavlebels gamohyavs (axdens daangariSebas) an piriqiT);
gavlili masalis gameoreba; iseTi kiTxvebis dasma, romlebic moswav-
leebis yuradRebis fokusirebas moiTxovs (Rosenshine & Meister, 1992).
kognituri TviTinstruqcia swavlis daxmarebis magaliTs warmoadgens.
kognituri Segirdoba da instruqciuli saubrebi (me-9 Tavi) aseve kog-
nituri TviTinstruqciis sxva magaliTebia. 2.3. cxrilSi im strate-
giaTa magaliTebia asaxuli, romelTa gamoyenebac yvela gakveTilis
drosaa SesaZlebeli.
swavleba da `jadosnuri Sualedi~. savaraudoa, rom rogorc piaJe,
aseve vigotski daeTanxmebodnen im mosazrebas, rom moswavleebs swav-
la jadosnur SualedSi (Berger, 2006) an Sesaferis adgilas (Hunt, 1961)
sWirdebaT – rodesac swavla maTTvis arc mosawyeni da arc imedgamac-
ruebeli iqneba. moswavleebi iseT situaciaSi unda movaTavsoT, rode-
sac isini iZulebuli iqnebian gaigon, magram aseve maswavleblis da
sxva moswavleebis daxmarebac xelmisawvdomi iqneba. zogjer, saukeTeso
maswavlebeli sxva moswavlea, romelmac sul cota xnis win gaigo Tu
rogor SeiZleba problemis gadawyveta, radgan es moswavle, savarau-
dod, meore moswavlis uaxloesi ganviTarebis zonaSi moqmedebs. mo-
swavleebi unda xelmZRvanelobdnen kooperaciuli swavlebis SesaZle-
blobebiT _ ganmartebebiT, demonstraciebiT da sxva moswavleebTan
muSaobiT. erTi moswavlis meore, mocemul aqtivobaSi odnav mainc
ukeTes moswavlesTan erTad muSaoba aseve kargi edeaa – ganmarte-
bebis, muSaobis da kiTxvebis gacvla orive moswavlisaTvis sasargeblo
iqneba. da damatebiT, moswavleebi unda wavaxalisoT azrebis organi-
 cxrili 2.3

swavlis daxmareba: kompleqsuri swavlebisTvis `xaraCoebis~ strategiebi

proceduruli saSualebebi. moswavles im `xaraCoTi~ uzrunvelyofs, romelic implicituri
unarebis daxelovnebaSi exmareba. magaliTad, sakiTxavi masalis wakiTxvis Semdeg maswavle-
beli moswavleebs waaxalisebs, rom gamoiyenon sasignalo sityvebi – vin, ra, sad, rodis,
ratom da rogor – raTa Camoayalibon SekiTxvebi.
saSualebebis modelirebuli gamoyeneba. maswavlebels zemomotanil magaliTSi kiTxvebis
formulireba SeuZlia.
xmamaRla fiqri. maswavlebeli moswavleebs sakuTari azrebis Tamnimdevrobas uziarebs, raTa
moaxdinos moswavleebisTvis im arCevanis da ganmeorebis demonstracia, romelsac Semswav-
leli amocanaze muSaobisTvis procedurul saSualebad iyenebs.
sirTuleebis winaswari ganxilva. miTiTebebis modelirebisa da warmodgenis fazaSi maswav-
lebeli winaswar ganixilavs, magaliTad, im potenciur Secdomebs, romlis daSvebac moswav-
leebs SeuZliaT.
Sexsenebis da sakarnaxo baraTebiT uzrunvelyofa. proceduruli saSualebebi iwereba bara-
Tze, romelic moswavlesTan inaxeba da muSaobis dros iyenebs. moswavlis gamocdilebasTan
erTad es baraTebi TandaTanobiT gamousadegari xdeba. warmoidgineT, rom es `swrafi dax-
marebis baraTi~ kompiuteriT an faqsiT miiReT.
sirTuleebis regulireba. davaleba, romlebic implicitur unarebs moicavs, moswavleebs
Tavdapirvelad umartivesi amocaniT miewodeba, yoveli safexuris praqtikuli Sesrulebis
Semdeg TandaTanobiT sul ufro rTul (kompleqsur) davalebebze gadadixarT.
nawilobriv amoxsnili magaliTebis micema. moswavleebisTvis nawilobriv amoxsnili dava-
lebebis micema, sadac maT muSaoba daskvnebis gamotanaze mouwevT, SesaZloa, efeqturi aR-
moCndes moswavleebis mier amocanis sabolood damoukideblad amoxsnis swavlaSi.
reciprokuli swavleba. maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs Soris maswavleblis rolis cvla.
maswavlebeli moswavleebs exmareba diskusiis warmarTvaSi da sakuTari kiTxvebis dasmaSi.
sakontroloebi. moswavleebs SeiZleba TviTSemowmebis procesi vaswavloT, romelic maT
sakuTari pasuxebis xarisxis regulirebaSi daexmareba.

wyaro: `Effective Teaching Redux,` ASCD Update, 32(6), p. 5. Copyright 1990 by the American Association for Supervision
and Curriculum Development. ibeWdeba ASCD-is nebarTviT. yvela ufleba daculia. ASCD-i maswavlebelTa msoflio
erTobaa, romelic mxars uWers saR politikas da xelmisawvdoms xdis saukeTeso gamocdilebas, raTa yovelma
moswavlem miaRwios warmatebas. damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. www.ascd.org

zebisaTvis metyvelebis gamoyenebaSi. unda davexmaroT maT, isaubron

imaze, ris dasrulebasac cdiloben. dialogi da diskusia mniSvnelovani daukavSireT kvlevas
farTo gzaa swavlisaTvis (Karpov & Bransford, 1995; Kozulin & Presseisen, 1995; da ganavrceT
Wink & Putney, 2002). CanarTSi `rekomendacibi~ vigotskis ideebis gamoy- moswavleebis codnis fondis
enebasTan dakavSirebiT mosazrebebia mocemuli. gan­sazRvrasTan dakavSire-
buli sruli diskusiebi ix.
Moll, L. C., Amanti, C. Neff, D.,
& Gonzalez, N. (1992). codnis
movicvaT yvela moswavle: fondebi: saxlis da saklaso

kulturuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba

oTaxis dakavSirebisaTvis
Tvi­sobrivi midgomis
gamoyeneba. Theory Into Practice,
luis mols da mis kolegebs arizonaSi tuskonis skolaSi meqsikur- 31, 132-141 an ewvieT
amerikuli muSaTa klasis ojaxebidan gamosuli bavSvebisTvis swavlebis veb-gverds:
saukeTeso formis Seqmna surdaT (Moll da sxvebi, 1992). moswavleebis http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/
naklovanebebis gamosasworebeli modelis SemuSavebis nacvlad, molma cityschl/city1_1c.htm

81
 rekomendaciebi: vigotskis ideebis swavlebaSi gamoyeneba
xaraCoebis morgeba moswavleebis saWiroe- neT moswavleebs, Tu rogor iyenebT geg-
bebis gaTvaliswinebiT mebisa da drois marTvis mizniT CasaniSn
Jurnals an eleqtronul nouTbuqs.
magaliTebi
gaiTvaliswineT moswavleebis kulturuli
1. rodesac moswavle axal amocanas an dava-
cod­nis fondebi (Moll da sxvebi, 1992)
lebas iwyebs, modelebiT, SexsenebiT, wina-
dadebebis dawyebiT, wavarjiSebiT da uku- magaliTebi
kavSiriT daexmareT. droTa ganmavlobaSi
1. daadgineT ojaxis ganaTleba. aRniSnu-
moswavles naklebi daxmareba da damoukide-
lisaTvis moswavleebs erTmaneTis ojaxebSi
blad muSaobis saSualeba mieciT.
misvla da maTTan gasaubreba sTxoveT. gai-
2. moswavles arCevanis saSualeba mieciT siZne-
gon, ras saqmianoben da ra ician (soflis
lis doneebs Soris an damoukideblad muS-
meurneoba, ekonomika, warmoeba, medicina
aobis xarisxebs Soris; waaqezeT damoukide-
da avadmyofobebi, religia, bavSvze zrunva,
blad muSaobisken, magram realuri sirTulis
mzareuloba, da sxva.)
SemTxvevaSi daxmarebis moZiebaSic.
2. ------ daukavSireT am codnis fondebs da ---
darwmundiT, rom moswavleebi daeuflen im -- SefasebisaTvis TemTa eqspertebi gamoiy-
Zlier saSualebebs, romlebic azrovnebas eneT.
exmareba.
gamokveTeT dialogebi da jufuri swavla
magaliTebi
magaliTebi
1. aswavleT moswavleebs swavlis da orga-
1. scadeT Tanatolebma gakveTilebi erTma-
nizaciuli strategiebis, saSualebebis mo­
neTs auxsnan. moswavles kargi SekiTxvebis
Zieba, sametyvelo damxmare saSualebebi
dasma da gasagebi ganmartebebis micema as-
(leqsikoni an kompiuteruli maZiebeli) da
wavleT.
kompiuteruli programebis gamoyeneba.
2. scadeT me-11 TavSi aRwerili kooperaciu-
2. moaxdineT saSualebebis modelireba; aC­ve­
li swavlebis strategiebi.

damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.: http://tip.psychology.org/vigotsky.html

swavlebis iseTi forma SeimuSava, romelic maTi ojaxebis kulturuli

codnis fondebs da berketebs iTvaliswinebda. ojaxebTan gasaubre-
biT mkvlevarebma am sferoSi farTo codnis speqtri Camoayalibes (ix.
cxrili 2.4).
rodesac maswavleblebma davalebebi am codnis fondebs daafuZnes,
moswavleebi am procesSi ufro interesiT Caebnen da maT realurad
miiRes codna. hilda angiulo im maswavlebelTagania, romelic molTan
erTad muSaobda da me-6 klasel bavSvebTan muSaobisas, STambeWdav
Sedegebs miaRwia. hildas midgoma, gamoeyenebina moswavleebisTvis dam-
atebiT moTxrobebi, gazeTebi da Jurnalebi, saqmes ar Sveloda.
kvlevis Sedegad mis moswavleebTan dakavSirebuli axali aRmoCe-
nis pasuxad, hildam maTTvis saintereso sakiTxTan _ Senobebi da
codnis fondebi ¿? _ konstruqciebi _ dakavSirebuli instruqciuli swavleba SeimuSa-
ganaTleba, romelsac floben va. man didi riski gaswia, radgan am sferoSi misi codna Zalian
ojaxebi, TemTa wevrebi
mwiri iyo. magram hildasTvis cnobili iyo, rom moswavleebs, maT
sxvadasxva saqmianobis
sferoSi, religiur ojaxebs da maTi wris sxva adamianebs am sferoSi garkveuli codna
cxovrebaSi da romelic gaaCndaT.
SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos
swavlebas.

82
cxrili 2.4

codnis fondebi
soflis meurneoba mzadeba
ranCo da fermeroba, cxeni, jiriToba, SekeTeba
pi­rutyvis marTva
niadagi da irigaciis sistema, marcvleuli, masala da mecnieruli codna
nadiroba, treqingi,? kerva mSenebloba, xuros samuSao, gadaxurva,
aguris wyoba, samRebro samuSaoebi,
samTo meurneoba dizaini da arqiteqtura
xe-tye, mineralebi
afeTqeba, mowyobilobebi da maTi SekeTeba SekeTeba
TviTmfrinavi, a/manqana, traileri,
ekonomika saojaxo nivTebi
biznesi, sabazro Rirebuleba, Sefaseba
ijara da gayidva medicina
sesxebi, Sromis kanoni, samSeneblo kodebi, Tanamedrove medicina, medikamentebi
momxmareblis codna, buRalteria, pirveladi daxmareba, anatomia, meanoba
realizacia- xalxuri medicina, balaxebis codna
xalxuri receptebiT pirutyvis
ojaxis menejmenti mkurnaloba
biujeti, bavSvebze zrunva, saWmlis
religia
katexizmi, babtizmi, bibliis codna
morali da eTika

wyaro: adaptirebulia `Funds of Knowledge for teaching: Using a qualitative approch to connect homes and
classrooms,~ by L. C. Moll, C. Armanti, D. Neff, & N. Gonzalez. Thery into Practice, 31, p. 133. Copyright 1992
by the College of Education, The Ohio State University. yvela ufleba daculia.

upirveles yovlisa, hildam moswavleebs sTxova SenobebTan da

mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli literaturuli kvlevis Catareba,
wignebis da Jurnalebis gamoyeneba. man klasSi am sfe­rosTan daka-
vSirebuli wignebis seria moitana. Semdeg hildam bavSvebs saSinao
davalebad Se­nobebis modelebis ageba sTxova. gar­da amisa, bavSvebma
inglisur da espanur enebze mokle esseebi daweres, sadac axsnes
sakuTari kvleva, mosazrebebi da dask­venebi Camoayalibes.
hildam skolaSi bavSvebisTvis sakuTari codnis gaziarebis
mizniT, bavSvebis mSoblebi da maTi sazogadoebis sxva warmomadgen-
lebi moiwvia. zogi mSobeli samuSao iaraRebze saubrobda, ganmar-
tavda, Tu rogor iyenebda ricxvebs da sazomebs samuSaoSi. sxvebi
muSaobis meTodebze saubrobdnen da yvebodnen, Tu rogor Wrian
problemebs.
sabolood, moswavleebma sakuTari aSenebuli modelebi da­sax­
lebis modelis konstruirebisTvis gamoiyenes, quCebiT, par­kebiT
da sxva struqturebiT. proeqtis gagrZeleba damatebiT kvlevebs
saWiroebda, romelsac isini didi enTuziazmiT moe­kidnen.
moswavleebi kvlevebis weras agrZelebdnen, klass zepirad an­
gariSs abarebdnen. Tanatolebis saredaqtoro jgufi Tanaklaselebs

83

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
metyvelebis ganviTareba
gaecaniT enis ganviTarebis
ZiriTad aspeqtebs. yuradReba
gaamaxvileT im saSvalebebze,
romlebsac maswavleblebma
moswavlis enis (metyvelebis)
da wignierebis (wera-kiTxvis)
maqsimalurad ganviTarebi­saTvis
unda mimarTon.
84
inglisuri da espanuri enebis marTlweris gamosworebaSi exmare-
boda. semestris bolos 20 mSobeli da maTi Temis sxva warmomadgen-
lebi hildas klass ewvivnen da Tavisi codna bavSvebs gauziares. am
periodisaTvis bavSvebis wera-kiTxvis Sedegebi warCinebuli iyo.
(http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/cityschl/city1_1c.htm Downloaded 1/28/2005)
moswavleebma iswavles, magram maTTan erTad iswavla hildamac – man
gaigo, Tu raoden Rirebul kognitur wyaros warmoadgens Temi, da misi
moswavleebisa da maTi ojaxebis mimarT pativiscema gaizarda.
piaJe da vigotski daeTanxmebodnen azrs, rom metyveleba mTavar
rols asrulebs, am unars ufro axlos gavecnoT.
metyvelebis ganviTareba
yvela bavSvi yvela kulturaSi, mZime fsiqikuri an fizikuri prob-
lemis mqone bavSvebis gamoklebiT, mSobliuri enis rTul sistemas euf­
leba. es codna saocaria. imisaTvis, rom bavSvma urTierToba warmate-
biT daamyaros, mas sul mcire, bgerebis, mniSvnelobebis, sityvebis da
sityvaTa wyobis, gamonaTq­vamis, moculobis, xmis tonis, fleqsiis da
dialogis wesebis koordinireba sWirdeba.
rogorc Cans, metyvelebis ganviTarebaSi mravali faqtori – biolo-
giuri da gamocdilebis – monawileobs. Cven ukve vixileT, rom kultura
mTavar rols TamaSobs adamianis cxovrebaSi metyvelebis aucilebe-
li saSualebebis gansazRvraSi. mniSvnelovania isic, rom bavSvebi me-
tyvelebas aviTareben sxva kognitur unarebze dayrdnobiT _ aqtiuri
gamoyenebiT, modelebis ZiebiT, qmnian mosmenilis wesebs `jiqsous~
Tavsatexis msgavsad. am procesSi, adamianebs, SesaZloa, enasTan daka-
vSirebuli Tandayolili midrekilebebi, wesebi da SezRudvebi aqvT,
romlebic SesaZleblobaTa raodenobas zRudavs. magaliTad, bavSvebi
TiTqos SezRudulebi arian, vinaidan isini axal sityvas mTlianad sa-
gans da ara mxolod mis nawils miakuTvneben. kidev erT Tandayolil
midrekilebas bavSvebi mihyavs imis daSvebamde, rom sityva msgavsi sa-
gnebis mTel klass ganekuTvneba. Sedegad, rodesac bavSvi swavlobs si-
tyva kurdRels, is Tvlis, rom kurdReli mTlianad cxovels gulisx-
mobs da ara mxolod yurebs da rom kurdRlis msgavsi sxva cxovelebic
kurdRlebi arian (Markman, 1992). bavSvebs metyvelebis marTebul gamo-
yenebaSi waxaliseba da Sesworeba mniSvnelovnad exmareba, magram bavS-
vis mier azrovnebisas, am rTuli sistemis nawilebis erTad Tavmoyra
Zalian mniSvnelovania (Flavell da sxvebi, 2002). 2.5. cxrilSi mocemulia
dasavluri kulturis 1-dan 6 wlamde bavSvebis metyvelebis ganviTa-
rebis sa­­fexurebi da ganviTarebis waxalisebis strategiebi.
enobrivi saxesxvaoba: or enaze
metyvelebis ganviTareba
2003 wels SeerTebul StatebSi skolis asakis bavSvebis 15% saxlSi
inglisur enaze ar saubrobda. aseTi bavSvebis raodenoba yovel wels
izrdeba. varaudoben, rom 2035 wlisaTvis kaliforniaSi sabavSvo baRis
asakis bavSvTa 50% saxlSi saubrobs sxva, da ara inglisur enaze (Win-
sler, Dias, Espinosa, & Rodriquea, 1999).
 cxrili 2.5
enis ganviTarebis safexurebi pirveli 6 wlis manZilze
da ganviTarebis waxalisebis gzebi
asaki safexuri
1-2 sityvas ambobs; cnobs saxelebs; axdens nacnobi
1 wlamde bgerebis imitirebas; esmis martivi miTiTebebi
iyenebs 5-20 sityvas, maT Soris saxe­lebs, ambobs 2 si-
1-2 wels tyvian winadadebebs; sity­vaTa maragi izrdeba; xels
Soris aqnevs damSvidobebisas; nacnobi cxovelebis `bgerebs~
gamoscems; sakuTari survilebis gamoxatvis mizniT si-
tyvebs iyenebs (magaliTad `kide~); esmis `ara~
ganasxvavebs sxeulis nawilebs; saku­Tar Tavs eZaxis
2-3 wels `me~-s saxelis nacvlad; arsebiT saxels ukavSirebs zm-
Soris nas; sityvaTa maragi Sedgeba 450 sityvisgan; iyenebs
martiv winadadebebs; arCevs (awyvilebs) 3-4 fers, icis
`didi~ da `patara~, moswons igi­ve moTxrobis ganmeo-
rebiT mosmena; awar­moebs ramdenime sityvis mravlobiT
formas; svams kiTxvebs `sad~.
SeuZlia moTxrobis moyola; ambobs 4-5 sityvisgan Sem-
3-4 weli dgar winadadebas; sityvaTa maragi Seadgens 1000 sity-
vas; icis gvarebi, quCebis saxelebi, sabavSvo leqsebi
winadadebaSi sityvebis raodenoba Se­adgens 4-5 sityvas;
4-5 wels iyenebs warsul dros; sityvaTa maragi Seadgens daax-
Soris loebiT 1500 sityvas; ganasxvavebs ferebs, formebs;
svams kiTxvebs `ratom?~ da `vin?~
winadadebaSi sityvebis raodenoba Se­ad­gens 5-6; saSua-
5-6 wels lod 6 wlis bavSvis sityvaTa maragi daaxloebiT 10
Soris 000 sityvas Seadgens; gansazRvravs sagnebs maTi gamoy-
enebis mixedviT; icis urTierTkavSirebi (magaliTad
`TavSi~ da `Sors~) da sapirispiro; icis misamarTebi;
esmis gansxvaveba `igivesa~ da `sxva­dasxvas~ Soris; iy-
enebs yvela tipis winadadebas.
yvela
asakSi
wyaro: adaptirebulia http://www.ldonline.org/ld_indepth/speech-language/lda_milestones.html
http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/yourchild/devmile.htm
ganviTarebis waxalisebis strategiebi
upasuxeT bavSvis RuRuns, titins
waukiTxeT sabavSvo leqsebi da umRereT simRere-
bi.
aswavleT yoveldRiuri sagnebis da nacnobi adami-
anebis saxelebi
eTamaSeT martivi TamaSebi, magaliTad, taSi da da-
malobana (Wi-taa).
mouwoneT da waaqezeT axali sityvis Tqmis mcd-
eloba.
bavSvTan yofnisas isaubreT imaze, rasac ake­TebT.
elaparakeT mativi eniT, nela da garkveviT.
uyureT bavSvs, rodesac is Tqven gelaparakebaT.
aRwereT, Tu ras akeTebs bavSvi, ras grZnobs da ra
esmis.
moasmenineT sxva bavSvebis video da audio
Canawerebi.
bavSvTan martivi TamaSebis TamaSiT daexmareT mas
mosmenasa da miTiTebebis SesrulebaSi.
umeoreT axali sityva
esaubreT imaze Tu ras akeTebT, ris gakeTebas geg-
mavT, raze fiqrobT.
sTxoveT bavSvs martivi informaciis gadmocema
aCveneT bavSvs, rom gesmiT misi imiT, rom gauRimebT,
upasuxebT da Tavs dauqnevT.
ganavrceT bavSvis mier naTqvami winadadeba.
bavSvi: `kidev wveni~, Tqven TqviT `kriss kidev
unda wveni~.
ganumarteT, Tu rogor gansxvavdebian da ra saer-
To aqvT sagnebs.
bavSvs moTxrobis moyolaSi wignebis da naxatebis
moSveliebiT daexmareT.
waaqezeT sxva bavSvebTan TamaSisken.
esaubreT im adgilebze, sadac yofilxarT
an waxvalT.
daexmareT bavSvs sagnebis da obieqtebis daxarisxe-
baSi (magaliTad, sakvebi, cxo­velebi)
aswavleT bavSvs telefonis gamoyeneba.
mieciT bavSvs saSualeba, TqvenTan erTad dagegmos
momavali saqmianoba.
mudmivad esaubreT maTTvis saintereso Temebze.
mieciT saSualeba, mogiyveT moTxrobebi da mis mier
mogonili istoriebi.
SeaqeT bavSvebi, rodesac isini sakuTar grZnobebze,
fiqrebze, imedebze, SiSebze saubroben.
umRereT simRerebi, waukiTxeT leqsebi.
esaubreT mas, rogorc ufross.
mousmineT da gamoxateT siamovneba, ro­desac bavSvi
gelaparakebaT
esaubreT bavSvs.
dausviT bavSvs iseTi SekiTxvebi, romlebzec pasuxis
gasacemad mas azrovneba da laparaki dasWirdeba.
yoveldRe waukiTxeT wignebi, moTxrobebis sidide
bavSvis ganviTarebasTan erTad gazardeT.
85
adamianma (bavSvma) rac ufro
srulyofilad icis mSobliuri
ena, miT ufro swrafad swav-
lobs meores.

arsebobs mcdari azri, rom patara bavSvebi meore enas ufro

swrafad swavloben, vidre mozardebi. sinamdvileSi ki, ufrosi mo-
swavleebi, umcrosi asakis bavSvebTan SedarebiT, meore (ucxo) enas
gacilebiT swrafad euflebian. ucxo enis daxvewisTvis ufrosebs enis
Seswavlis ufro meti strategiebi da zogadad, enis meti codna aqvT
(Diaz-Rico & Weed, 2002). enis swavlaSi asaki mniSvnelovani faqtoria, ma-
gram `ara imitom, rom arsebobs raRac kritikuli periodi, romelic
ufrosebis enis Seswavlis SesaZleblobebs zRudavs~ (Marinova-Todd, Mar-
shall, & Snow, 2000, p. 28). da mainc, arsebobs garkveuli kritikuli peri-
odi sityvebis marTebuli gamoTqmisTvis. adamiani, rac ufro adreul
asakSi swavlobs meore enas, miT ufro axloa misi gamoTqma mSobliur-
Tan. momwifebulobis asakis Semdeg, Zalian rTulia ucxo enis Seswavla
ise, rom am enaze uaqcentod isaubro (Anderson & Graham, 1994). keslin
bergeri (2006) askvnis, rom ucxo (meore) enis swavlebisTvis saukeTeso
periodi adreuli an Sua bavSvobis periodia, xolo Seswavlis (swori
gamoTqmis Seswavlac) saukeTeso periodi ki _ adreuli bavSvoba.
sabednierod, meore enis Seswavla pirveli enis gagebas ar Seereva.
faqtobrivad, rac ufro srulyofilad icis adamianma pirveli ena, miT
ufro swrafad eufleba meores (Cummins, 1984, 1994). bevri bavSvisTvis,
romlebic axalfexadgmul asakSi erTdroulad or enas swavloben, 2-dan
3 wlamde metyvelebis ganviTarebis progresi gacilebiT nelia, vinaidan
isini ver afiqsireben, rom or sxvadasxva enas swavloben. SesaZloa, rom
maT ori enis gramatika aerioT. magram mkvlevarebs sjeraT, rom Tu
bavSvebze 4 wlisTvis orive enas sakmarisi zegavlena aqvs, isini sagnebs
pirdapir iReben da ucxo enaze iseve saubroben, rogorc mSobliur
enaze mosaubre adamianebi (Baker, 1993; Reich, 1986). agreTve, SesaZloa, ore-
novan bavSvebs, saubrisas, ori enis sityvebi aerioT, magram es dabneu-
lobis niSani sulac araa. maTi orenovani mSoblebi aseve xSirad ureven
or enas. ucxo (meore) enis realurad dauflebisTvis 3-dan 5 wlamdea
saWiro (Berk, 2002; Bhatia & Richie, 1999).
ori enis Semswavlel da mosaubre moswavleebSi kognituri sirTu-
leebi ar arsebobs. piriqiT, isini sargebels iReben. bilingvizmis maRa-
li xarisxi mzard kognitur SesaZleblobebs ukavSirdeba iseT sferoSi,
rogoricaa cnebebis Camoyalibeba, kreatiuloba da kognituri moqnilo-
ba. garda amisa, aseTi bavSvebis metalingvisturi cnobierebis maCvene-
beli ufro maRalia. magaliTad, isini ukeT afiqsireben gramatikul
Secdomebs. es Sedegebi iqneba, Tuki orenovneba stigmas ar warmoadgens

86
amitom moswavleebisgan ar aris mosalodneli mSobliuri enis swavlis dedaena _ ena, romliTac
Tavis danebeba meoris sasargeblod (Berk, 2005; Bialystok, 1999; Galambos & saubroben moswavlis saxlSi
da romliTac saubroben misi
Goldin-Meadow, 1990; Garcia, 1992; Ricciardelly, 1992). damatebiT, inglisur enaze
ojaxis uxucesi wevrebi.
saubari, plus ucxo, ena im bagaJs warmoadgens, riTic skoladamTavre-
buli (umaRlesdamTavrebuli) biznes-samyaroSi Sedis (Mears, 1998).
miuxedavad orenovnebis aSkara upiratesobisa, rogorc me-5 TavSi
vixilavT, bevri bavSvi da axalgazrda dedaenas kargavs. erT-erTma
udidesma dakvirvebam, romelic pirveli da meore Taobis emigrantTa
me-8 da me-9 klasel moswavleebze Caatares maiamisa da san diegoSi
(portesa da haoSi) (1998), gviCvena, rom bavSvebis mxolod 16% SeeZlo
dedaenaze saubari. xolo 72% upiratesobas inglisur enaze saubars
aniWebda. mkvidri amerikelebis enac TandaTan qreba. mxolod erTi
mesamedi darCa da aqedan 10-dan 9 maTganze bavSvebi ukve aRar saubro-
ben (Krauss, 1992).

metyvelebis ganviTareba skolis periodSi

5-6 wlisTvis bavSvebis umravlesobam mSobliuri enis ZiriTadi
safuZvlebi icis. ra rCeba skolis asakis bavSvs enis srulyofilad
dauflebamde?

gamoTqma. pirvelklasel moswavleTa umravlesobam mSobliuri enis

ZiriTadi bgerebis warmoTqma ukve icis, magram arsebobs ramdenime
bgera, romlebsac isini ver gamoTqvaven. j, v, s da J- es is bgerebia,
romelTa gamoTqmas bavSvebi sul bolos euflebian. 8 wlis bavSvebis
10% s, z, v, Ts da J bgerebis warmoTqmasTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli
sirTuleebi kidev aqvT (Rathus, 1988). umcrosi asakis bavSvebs, SesaZloa,
esmodeT da SeeZloT bevri sityvis gamoyeneba, magram xSir SemTx-
vevaSi, isini upiratesobas im sityvebs aniWeben, romelTa gamoTqmac
uadvildebaT.

gramatika. bavSvebis umravlesoba mSobliuri enis sityvaTwyobis, anu

sintaqsi _ sityvebis mimdev-
sintaqsis, ZiriTad wesebs adreul asakSi eufleba. magram iseTi rTu- roba, ganlageba winadadebebsa
li formebis daufleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, vnebiTi gvari, (`manqana da frazebSi
dazianebuli iyo traqtoris mier~), gacilebiT met dros saWiroebs.
dawyebiTi skolis adreul periodSi bevr bavSvs vnebiTi winadadebis
mniSvnelobis gageba SeuZlia, magram yoveldRiur saubarSi isini vnebiT
gvars ar iyeneben, Tu vnebiTi gvaris gamoyeneba maTi kulturisTvis
araa damaxasiaTebeli. dawyebiT skolaSi miRebuli codna rTuli grama-
tikuli wyobis (kavSirebi, ganmsazRvreli da sxva), upirveles yovlisa,
jer gagebas da Semdeg gamoyenebas moicavs. mozardobaSi moswavleebs
esmiT da iyeneben ufro rTul gramatikul konstruqciebis – mTavari
da damokidebuli winadadebebi, makavSirebeli sityvebi, grZeli wina-
dadebebi da a.S. (Berk, 2005).

sityvaTa maragi da mniSvneloba. 6 wlis bavSvis sityvaTa maragi sa-

Sualod 8 000 – 14 000 sityvas Seadgens, xolo 11 wlisTvis 40 000 si-
tyvamde izrdeba. zogierTma mkvlevarma daiangariSa da daadgina, rom
dawyebiT klasebSi moswavleebi, yoveldRiurad, daaxloebiT 20-mde si-
tyvas swavloben (Berger, 2003). skolis asakis bavSvebi did siamovnebas
iseTi TamaSebiT da saxaliso istoriebiT iReben, romlebic sityve-
bzea agebuli. dawyebiTi skolis adreul periodSi zogierT bavSvs
garkveuli problemebi aqvs iseTi abstraqtuli sityvebis aRqmasTan

87
ojaxSi miRebuli gamocdileba,
sadac ZiriTadi aqcenti
ganaTlebaze keTdeba, bavSvebis
metyvelebis ganviTarebis
qvakuTxeds warmoadgens.
pragmatika – wesebi imis
Sesaxeb, rodis da rogor
gamoiyeno metyveleba, raTa
efeqturi urTierTobebi awar-
moo garkveul kulturebSi.
metalingvisturi cnobiere-
ba – sakuTari metyvelebis
gamoyenebisa da flobis gac-
nobiereba.
88
dakavSirebiT, rogoricaa samarTali an ekonomika. garda amisa, maTTvis
kavSirebiTi kilos (`me rom pepela vyofiliyavi~) gageba aseve rTulia,
vinaidan ararealurze msjeloba uWirT (`magram, Sen xom pepela ar
xar~). maT SeiZleba yvela winadadebis bukvalurad, sityvis pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT interpretacia moaxdinon da amitom ver gaigon sarka-
zmi an metafora. magaliTad, isini igavs ubralod ambad aRiqvamen da
ara rogorc moralur gakveTils. mozardobis periodamde bevri bavSvi
xumrobas dacinvisagan ver arCevs da ver afiqsirebs, rom sarkazmi
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar unda gaigo. magram ukve mozardobis pe-
riodisaTvis, bavSvebs, ganviTarebadi kognituri SesaZleblobebis meS-
veobiT, abstraqtuli sityvebis mniSvnelobis aRqma da poeturi, meta-
foruli (xatovani) enis gamoiyeneba SeuZliaT (Berk, 2005; Gerdner, 1982).
pragmatika. pragmatika komunikaciisTvis enis saTanado gamoyenebas gu­
lisxmobs. magaliTad, bavSvebma rigrigobiT saubris wesebi unda iswav-
lon, isaubron maSin, rodesac maTi jeria. umcrosi asakis bavSvebi
saubrisas TiTqos Tavis jers elodebian, magram Tu mivayuradebT,
davafiqsirebT, rom isini ar axdenen informaciis gacvlas – isini
ubralod saubroben. dawyebiTi skolis gviandel periodSi bavSvebis
dialogi TandaTanobiT dialogs (saubars) emsgavseba. xSir SemTxvevaSi,
isini erTi da igive Temaze saubroben. agreTve, Sua bavSvobaSi moswav-
leebs esmiT, rom dakvirveba SesaZloa iyos warmmarTveli, rogorc,
magaliTad `me metismetad bevr bavSvs vxedav fanqris saTlelTan.~
mozardobis periodSi individebi Zalian moxerxebulad usadageben
sakuTari enis stils situacias. Sedegad, TanatolebTan saubrisas,
isini slengs iyeneben, romelic ufrosi adamianisTvis naklebad gas-
agebia, magram mozards aRniSnavs, rogorc jgufis wevrs. amave dros
ufrosebTan saubrisas, am moswavleebs SeuZliaT Tavazianad ilapara-
kon (gansakuTrebiT Txovnisas) da istoriis sakiTxebze damajereblad
weron. asakTan erTad moswavleebi ukeT afaseben, ramdenad gasage-
bia maTi saubari msmenelisTvis. interaqcia mozrdilebTan da gansa-
kuTrebiT TanatolebTan, romelTa mesijebi bundovania, ubiZgebs am
unaris ganviTarebas (Berk, 2005).
metalingvisturi cnobiereba. daaxloebiT 5 wlis asakSi bavSvi met-
alingvistur cnobierebas aviTarebs, iwyebs sakuTari metyvelebis
gacnobierebas. es gulisxmobs, rom maT mier enis gageba da misi gamoy-
eneba (Tu rogor muSaobs is) eqsplicituri xdeba. bavSvebs Tavad enis
Sesaxeb codna gaaCniaT. isini mzad arian iswavlon da gaafarToon im-
 ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba

rekomendaciebi: wignierebis xelSewyoba

gaacaniT ijaxebs Tqveni programis miznebi da gansazRvreT da CamoayalibeT ojaxSi ukve ar-
saqmianoba. sebuli codna da Zlieri mxareebi (Deplit, 2003).

magaliTebi
1. moiSvelieT vinme skolidan, sazogadoebidan
(Temidan) an sulac, ufrosi moswavle, ro-
melic bavSvis ojaxis wevrebisTvis saxlSi
gasagzavn masalas Targmnis.
2. saswavlo wlis dawyebisTvis mSoblebs
Tqvens mier klasisTvis dasaxuli miznebis
sruli aRwera gaugzavneT – darwmundiT,
rom Tqvens mier gagzavnili informacia gas-
agebi da advilad wasakiTxia.
3. axali masalis axsnamde, mSoblebs masalas-
Tan dakavSirebuli mokle informacia wi-
naswar daugzavneT – mieciT rCevebi. Tqveni
rCevebis safuZvelze, mSoblebi bavSvebs sa-
Sinao davalebis SesrulebaSi daexmarebian.
saswavlo programasTan dakavSirebuli gadaw-
yvetilebis miRebaSi ojaxebi CarTeT
magaliTebi
1. dagegmeT seminarebi ise, rom ojaxis wevreb-
ma SeZlon daswreba. uzrunvelyaviT bavS-
vebis da maTi ojaxis wevrebis programaze
erTad muSaobis saSualeba.
2. mSoblebi skolaSi moiwvieT, raTa maT mo-
swavleebs waukiTxon, mouyvnen istoriebi,
Caweron, akinZon wignebi, moaxdinon unarebis
demonstrireba.
magaliTebi
1. ra aris ojaxis wevrebis istoriebi, maTi un-
arebi, maTi codna? moswavleebs aRniSnulis
naxatebiT an werilobiT gadmocema SeuZliaT.
2. moswavlis mSobliuri enis mimarT pati-
viscema maT enaze dawerili simRerebis an
leqsebis kiTxviT gamoxateT.
mieciT iseTi saSinao davalebebi, romlebSic
ojaxis wevrebic miiReben monawileobas.
magaliTebi
1. waaqezeT ojaxis wevrebi, bavSvebTan imuSaon,
martivi davalebebi waukiTxon da Seasrulon
enis ganmaviTarebeli TamaSebi eTamaSon,
ojaxisTvis dRiurebi an Jurnalebi awar-
moon, biblioTekaSi wavidnen. mieciT ukuka-
vSiri, aRniSneT ojaxis wevrebis an moswav-
leebis mier ukve Sesrulebuli davalebebi.
2. mieciT ojaxebs ukukavSiris furclebi da
sTxoveT bavSvis skolis samuSaos SefasebaSi
daxmareba.
3. mieciT ojaxis wevrebs maT raionSi arse-
buli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis
misamarTebis nusxa – wyaroebis mosaZieblad
biblioTekebTan, klubebTan da eklesiebTan
imuSaveT.

damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.: http://www.famlit.org/

wyaro: Literacy Development In The Early Years: Helping Children Read and Write, 3/e (pp. 68-70) by L. M. Morrow. Publisher by Allyn
and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright 1997 by Pearson Education. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

plicituri wesebi – gaigon, magram Segnebulad ar gamoxaton. es pro-

cesi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba, rodesac Cven enis ukeT
gamoyenebis veuflebiT. skolis erT-erTi mizani enis da wignierebis
ganviTarebaa.

ojaxebTan TanamSromloba (urTierTToba). moswavleTa mier saxl­Si

miRebuli gamocdileba, gansakuTrebiT ki adreul wlebSi, enisa da
wignierebis (wera-kiTxvis) ganviTarebis qvakuTxeds (cen­tralur faq-
tors) warmoadgens (Roskos & Neuman, 1993; Whitehurst da sxvebi., 1994). iseT
ojaxebSi, sadac ganaTlebas didi yuradReba eTmoba, mSoblebi da sxva

89
 ufrosebi kiTxvas siamovnebis wyarod aRiqvaven. maT saxlebSi wignebi
da sxva dabeWdili literatura mravladaa. mSoblebi bavSvebs ukiTx-
aven, mihyavT wignebis maRaziebsa da biblioTekaSi, zRudaven televi-
zoris yurebis saaTebs, da skolobanas an `asoebis~ weris TamaSebisken
aqezeben (Pressley, 1996; Roskos & Neuman, 1998; Sulzby & Teale, 1991). ra Tqma
unda, yvela ojaxi bavSvebs aseTi literaturulad mdidari garemoTi
ar uzrunvelyofs, magram am bavSvebis daxmareba maswavleblebs Seu-
ZliaT. aRniSnuli Tema ufro kargad aris ganxiluli rubrikaSi `reko-
mendaciebi~ – saTauriT ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba.

gansxvaveba da msgavseba kognitur ganviTarebaSi

sxvadasxva kulturis kvlevam aCvena, rom piaJes mier aRwerili
sta­diaTa Tanmimdevroba zusti iyo, magram stadiebis asakobrivi ran-
Jirebis mixedviT? gansxvavebebi arsebobs.

mravalferovneba
dasavluri kulturis bavSvebi, ZiriTadad, momdevno stadiaze daax-
loebiT 2-3 wliT adre gadadian, vidre aradasavluri sazogadoebis
warmomadgeneli bavSvebi. didi yuradRebiT Sesrulebulma kvlevam
gviCvena, rom kulturebs Soris es gansxvavebebi damokidebulia imaze,
Tu romeli sagnis an sferos codnis Semowmeba xdeba da raoden Ri-
rebulia da ra doziT xdeba ama Tu im sferos swavleba konkretuli
kulturis warmomadgenlebis mier. magaliTad, braziliaSi bavSvebi,
romlebic skolaSi siarulis nacvlad quCaSi kanfetebs yidian, piaJes
zogierT amocanas, albaT, ver Seasruleben – klasis inkluzia (meti
zizilaa, meti titaa Tu meti yvavilebia gamosaxuli naxatze?). magram,
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amocana maTTvis gasagebi mniSvnelobebiT Seicvle-
ba – kanfetebis gayidva – maSin es bavSvebi davalebas ukeT arTmeven
Tavs, vidre is brazilieli bavSvebi, romlebic skolaSi dadian (Ceci
& Roazzi, 1994). rodesac kultura an konteqsti gansakuTrebul mniSvn-
elobas kognitur unars aniWebs, bavSvebi, romlebic aseT kulturaSi
izrdebian, am unars ufro swrafad euflebian. meore kvlevisas, rode-
sac pirveli, mesame da mexuTeklaseli Cineli da igive asakis amerike-
li moswavleebis Sedareba moxda, Cinelma bavSvebma piaJes manZilTan,
drosTan da siCqaresTan dakavSirebuli amocanebi daaxloebiT 2 wliT
adre amoxsnes, vidre amerikelma Tanatolebma. CineTis saganmanaTle-
blo sistema maTematikis da mecnierebis adreul klasebSi Seswavlas
met mniSvnelobas aniWebs (Zhou, Peverly, Beohm, & Chongde, 2001).
Cven, agreTve, vixileT, rom metyvelebis ganviTarebaSic arsebobs
gansxvavebebi. zogi bavSvi or an met enas swavlobs, zogi ki mxolod
erTs. yvela kulturis warmomadgeneli bavSvi mSobliur enas swav-
lobs, magram maT enis gamoyenebis sxvadasxva wesebis swavla SeuZliaT
– pragmatika. magaliTad, Sirli brais hiisi (1989) didi xnis manZil-
ze TeTrkaniani saSualo klasis mSoblebs da Rarib afro-amerikel
ojaxebs akvirdeboda. man aRmoaCina, rom ufrosebi bavSvebs sxvadasxva
saxis kiTxvebs usvamen da sxvadasxva saxis `saubrebisken~ aqezeben.
TeTrkaniani mSoblebi testis (gamocdis) msgavs kiTxvebs usvamen, rom-
lebic konkretul pasuxebs saWiroebs, magaliTad, `ramdeni manqana

90
dgas?~ an `romeli manqanaa ufro didi?~. es kiTxvebi afro-amerikeli
bavSvebisTvis ucnaurad JRers, radgan ojaxis wevrebi maT kiTxvebs,
romlebzec pasuxi ician da maTTvis naTelia, ar svamen. afro-amerike-
li bavSvi gaognebuli gaifiqrebda `netav ratom mkiTxa deidam, ram-
deni manqana dgaso? igi xom xedavs, rom sami manqanaa.~ afro-amerikeli
ojaxebi bavSvebs istoriebis da moTxrobebis moyolisken aqezeben,
xSirad exumrebian maT, yovelive es ki bavSvebis sxart gonebas da mt-
kicebiT pasuxebs xvews.

msgavseba
kognitur ganviTarebaSi zemoaRniSnuli kroskulturuli gansx-
vavebebis miuxedavad garkveuli msgavsebac arsebobs. piaJe, vigotski
da kognitur ganviTarebisa da tvinis Semswavleli ufro Tanamedrove
mkvlevarebi qvemoT motanil zogad mosazrebebs, albaT, daeTanxme-
bodnen:
1. kognituri ganviTareba saWiroebs rogorc fizikur, ise socialur
stimulacias.
2. azrovnebis ganviTarebisTvis bavSvebi mentalurad, fizikurad da
lingvisturad aqtiuri unda iyvnen. maT sWirdebaT gamocdile-
ba, saubari, aRwera, asaxva, wera da problemis gadaWra. magram
isi­ni sargebels swavlebisgan, xelmZRvanelobisgan, kiTxvebis-
gan, ganmartebebisgan, demonstrirebisgan da maTi azrovnebis ga­
mowvevebisganac iReben.
3. TamaSis situaciebi. aRniSnulis meSveobiT, bavSvebi da mozardebi
sakuTar azrovnebas scdian da sxvebTan interaqcias swavloben.
4. imis swavleba, rac moswavlem ukve icis, mosabezrebelia. imis
swavlis mcdeloba, risTvisac moswavle jer ar aris mzad (Zalian
rTuli, Zalin mwiri codna), mafrustrirebeli da araefeqturia.
5. daxmarebiT ganpirobebuli waxaliseba moswavles CarTavs da ar
SeaSinebs.

Sejameba
ganviTarebis ganmarteba
ganviTarebis ra da ra saxeebi arsebobs? ada­mianis
ganvi­Tareba SesaZloa daiyos fizikur ganvi-
Tarebad (sxeulis cvlileba), pirovnul gan-
viTarebad (pirovnebaSi mimdinare cvilebebi),
socialur ganviTarebad (cvlilebebi, sxva ada-
mianebTan urTierToObaSi) da kognitur ganviTa-
rebad (cvlilebebi azrovnebaSi).
romelia ganviTarebis sami principi? Teoretikose-
bi, zogadad, Tanxmdebian: adamianebi sxvadasxva
tempiT viTardebian; ganviTareba Tanmimdevru-
li procesia; ganviTareba TandaTanobiT xdeba.
tvinis romeli nawilia dakavSirebuli uma­Rles men-
talur funqciebTan? Tavis tvinis qerqi, korte-
qsi neironTa daWmuWmul furcels warmoadgens,
romelic sam ZiriTad funqcias emsaxureba:
grZnobis organoebidan signalebis miReba (is-
eTis, rogoricaa vizualuri an smeniTi sig-
nalebi), nebelobiTi moZraobebis kontroli, da
asociaciebis (kavSirebis) formireba. Tavis tvi-
nis qerqis nawili, romelic fizikur motorul
moZraobebs akontrolebs, pirveli viTardeba an
mwifdeba, Semdeg ki is zonebi, romlebic kom-
pleqsur grZnobebs akontroleben (rogoricaa
mxedveloba da smena), da ukve bolos Tavis tvi-
nis Sublis wili, romelic ufro maRalorgani-
zebul azrovnebis process akontrolebs.

91
ra aris lateralizacia da ratom aris ase­
Ti mniSvnelovani? lateralizacia tvinis ori
nawilis, ori hemisferos specializaciaa. tvi-
ni, dabadebis Semdeg, male iwyebs lateral-
izacias. adamianebis uravlesobisTvis, marcxena
naxevarsfero metyvelebisTvis ZiriTad rols
TamaSobs, xolo marjvena naxevarsfero sivrci­
sa da vizualur procesebs marTavs. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom garkveuli funqciebi tvinis
konk­retul nawilebTanaa dakavSirebuli, tvinis
sxva­dasxva nawili da sistemebi erTad muSao-
ben kompleqsuri iseTi qmedebebis swavlisa da
SesrulebisTvis, rogoricaa, kiTxva da gagebis
konstruireba.
piaJes kognituri ganviTarebis
Teoria
ra axdens yvelaze Zlier gavlenas kognitur gan-
viTarebaze? piaJes kognituri ganviTarebis Teo-
ria dafuZnebulia im varaudze, rom adamian-
ebi samyaros Secnobas cdiloben da codnas
sagnebTan, adamianebTan da ideebTan pirdapiri
gamocdilebis meSveobiT aqtiurad ayalibeben.
momwifeba, saqmianoba, socialuri gardaqmna
da wonasworobis saWiroeba _ yvelaferi er-
Tad, azrovnebis processa da codnis ganviTa-
rebaze axdens gavlenas. am zegavlenis pasuxad
azrovnebis procesi da codna azrovnebis or-
ganizebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis (sqemebis gan-
viTareba), adaptaciis – maT Soris asimiliaciis
damatebiTi procesebi s (arsebul sqemebSi gaer-
Tianeba) da akomodaciis (arsebuli sqemebis cv-
lileba) gziT viTardeba.
ra aris sqema? sqemebi azrovnebis sabazo sam­
Seneblo blokebs warmoadgens. sqemebi aris
qmedebis an azrovnebis organizebuli siste-
mebi, romlebic Cvens samyaroSi arsebuli sa-
gnebisa da movlenebis fsiqikuri gamoxatvis
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs. sqemebi SesaZloa Za-
lian patara da specifikuri (xelis CaWideba,
marTkuTxedis aRqma), an Zalian didi da ufro
zogadi (ucxo qalaqSi rukis gamoyeneba) iyos.
adamianebi garemos sakuTari sqemebis gazrdiTa
da organizebiT moergebian.
bavSvebSi sensomotorulidan formalur ope­raciul
azrovnebaze gadasvlisas ra ZiriTadi cvlilebebi
xdeba? piaJes miaCnda, rom axalgazrda adami-
anebi ganviTarebis oTx etaps gadian: sensomo-
toruli, preoperaciuli, konkretul-operaci-
92
uli da formalur operaciuli. sensomotorul
etapze, Cvilebi samyaros sakuTari SegrZnebe-
biTa da motoruli qmedebebiT ikvleven. isini
sagnebis mudmivobis da mizanmimarTuli aqtivo-
bis dauflebaze muSaoben. preoperaciul etapze
simboluri azrovneba da logikuri operaciebi
iwyeba. konkretuli operaciebis etapze, bavS-
vebs realur situaciebze logikurad azrovneba
da konservaciis, Seqcevadobis, klasifikaciis
da seriaciis demonstrireba SeuZliaT. hipo-
Tezur-deduqciuri msjelobis, mravali cvla-
dis koordinacia da sxva samyaroebis warmod-
genis SesaZlebloba, formaluri operaciebis
etapisTvis damaxasiaTebeli faqtorebia.
rogor ganmartavs neopiaJeseuli da informa­ciis
gadamuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli Se­xe­dulebebi droTa
ganmavlobaSi bavSvebis az­­ro­vnebaSi mimdinare cv-
lilebebs? informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriebi,
ZiriTad aqcents yuradRebaze, mexsierebis Ses-
aZleblobebze, swavlis strategiebze da sxva
informaciis gadamuSavebis unarebze akeTeben,
imis asaxsnelad rogor aviTareben wesebs da
strategiebs bavSvebi samyaros Semecnebisa da
problemaTa gadaWrisTvis. neopiaJeseuli mid-
goma aqcents aseve yuradRebaze, mexsierebaze,
strategiebsa da sxvadasxva sferoSi azrovnebis
ganviTarebaze akeTebs, rogoric aris, magali-
Tad, ricxvebi da sivrciTi kavSirebi.
ra aris piaJes Teoriis zogierTi naklo­vaneba?
pi­­aJes Teoriis kritikis sagans warmoadgens
is garemoeba, rom bavSvebis da ufrosebis az-
rovneba xSirad invariantuli safexurebis kon-
cefcias ar Seesabameba; garda amisa, aRmoCnda,
rom piaJem bavSvebis kognituri SesaZleblobebi
saTanadod ver Seafasa. alternatiuli axsna
gacilebiT did mniSvnelobas moswavleebis in-
formaciis gadamuSavebis unarebis ganviTarebas
da maswavleblebis mier bavSvebis ganviTarebaSi
daxmarebis gazrdas aniWebs. kidev erTi faq-
tori, ramac piaJes naSromis kritika gamoiwvia,
aris is, rom man bavSvis ganviTarebaSi kul-
turuli faqtori ar gaiTvaliswina.
vigotskis sociokulturuli
perspeqtiva
vigotskis mixedviT kognitur ganviTareba­ze ra ax­­
dens yvelaze Zlier gavlenas? vigotskis miaC­
nda, rom adamianis qmedebebi maTi kulturis
WrilSi unda iqnas ganxiluli. igi Tvlida, rom
Cveni specifikuri mentaluri struqturebi da
pro­cesebi gamomJRavndeba sxvebTan interaqci-
aSi; swored es kulturuli saSualebebi, gan-
sakuTrebiT ki enis (metyvelebis) saSualebebi,
ganviTarebis ZiriTad faqtorebs warmoadgend-
nen; uaxloesi ganviTarebis zona swored is pe-
riodia, rodesac swavla da ganviTareba Sesa-
Zlebelia.
ra aris fsiqologiuri saSualebebi (iaraRebi) da
ratom aris isini mniSvnelovani? signalebisa da
simboloebis sistemebi (rogoricaa ricxvebi da
maTematikuri sistemebi, kodebi da ena), rom-
lebic swavlas da kognitur ganviTarebas ex-
mareba, fsiqologiur saSualebebs warmoadgens
– isini cvlian azrovnebis process azrovnebis
formirebiT da morgebiT. am saSualebebis
umetesoba bavSvs ufrosisgan formaluri da
araformaluri interaqciis da swavlebis gziT
gadaecema.
ganmarteT, rogor gadaizrdeba interfsi­qo­logiuri
ganviTareba intrafsiqologiur gan­viTarebaSi. uf­
ro maRali mentaluri procesebi adamianebSi
pirvelad maSin Cndeba, rodesac isini TanaSemoq-
medebiT procesebSi arian CarTuli. ufrosebTan
an ufro niWier TanatolebTan urTierTobisas,
bavSvebi azrebis da koncefciebTan dakavSireb-
uli Sexedulebebis gacvlas axorcieleben. bavS-
vi am TanaSeqmnili ideebis internalizacias ax-
dens. amrigad, bavSvebis codna, azrebi (ideebi),
damokidebulebebi da Rirebulebebi viTardeba
`miTvisebis~ gziT, qmedebis da azrovnebis gzebi
maTi kulturiT da maTi sazogadoebis ufro
niWier wevrebTan urTierTobiT aris ganpiro-
bebuli.
ra gansxvavebaa piaJesa da vigotskis avtonomiur
me­­t­yvelebaSi da ganviTarebaSi mis rolTan dakav­
Sirebul perspeqtivebs Soris? vigotskis socio-
kulturuli Sexedulebebi amtkicebs, rom kog-
nituri ganviTareba socialur interaqciasa da
enis ganviTarebazea damokidebuli. vigotskis
magaliTad mohyavs bavSvebis sakuTari Tavisken
mimarTuli laparakis aRwera. misi azriT, bavS-
vebi avtonomiur metyvelebas azrovnebis sax-
elmZRvanelod, monitoringisa da problemis
ga­daWrisTvis mimarTaven, maSin, rodesac piaJe
Tvlida, rom kerZo metyveleba bavSvis egocen-
trizmis maniSnebeli iyo. piaJesTan SedarebiT,
vigotski bavSvebis swavlaSi ufrosebis da ufro
unariani Tanatolebis rols ufro did mniSvn-
elobas aniWebda. ufrosis daxmareba uzrunve-
lyofs adreul mxardaWeras, sanam bavSvebi mo-
mavalSi amocanis damoukideblad amoxsnisTvis
sa­Wiro gagebas ayalibeben.
ra aris moswavlis uaxloesi ganviTarebis zona?
ganviTare­bis yovel mocemul momentSi arsebobs
amocanebi, romelTa gadaWras isini axerxeben da
aris iseTi amocanebi, romelTa gadaWra bavSvis
Zalebs aRemateba. uaxloesi ganviTarebis zona
aris faza, rodesac bavSvs amocanis gadaWra da­
moukideblad ar SeuZlia, magram ufrosis an
uf­ro win wasuli Tanatolis daxmarebis SemTx-
vevaSi SeZlebs.
ra aris vigotskis Teoriis naklovanebebi? vigotskim
kognitur ganviTarebaSi socialur interaqcias,
SesaZloa, zedmeti mniSv­neloba mianiWa – bavS-
vebi damoukideblad Zalian mwir informacias
euflebian. agreTve, gamomdinare im faqtidan,
rom vigotski Zalian axalgazrda gardaicvala,
man Tavisi Teoriebis ganvrcoba da damuSaveba
ver SeZlo. vigotskis naSromebi misma studen-
tebma da sxva mkvlevarebma ganavrces.
sociokulturuli Teoria xazs usvams bavSvebsa
da sa­zo­gadoebis ufro mcodne wevrebs Soris
ko­operaciuli dialogis ganviTarebis rols.
bav­Svebi sazogadoebis kulturas swored (azro­
vnebiT da qceviT) amgvari urTierTobebis saSu-
alebiT euflebian.
TanaSemoqmedebis procesi _ socialuri procesi,
romelSi Car­Tuli adamianebic urTierToben da
msjeloben (ZiriTadad verbalurad) cnebis Ses-
aqmnelad an problemis gadasaWrelad. saboloo
Sedegs yoveli monawile iziarebs.
kulturuli saSualebebi _ materialuri instru­
mentebi (mag. kompiuteri) da simboloTa sis­te­
mebi (ricxvebi, ena), romlebic saSualebas aZ­­levs
adamianebs, daamyaron komunikacia sa­zo­ga­doe­
baSi, iazrovnon, gadaWran problemebi, Seqmnan
codnis axali sistemebi.
avtonomiuri egocentruli metyveleba _ bavSvebis
sa­­kuTar Tav­­­Tan laparaki, rac maTi azrovnebisa
da moqmedebis Tanamdevia. sabolood, amgvari
verbalizacia xdeba internalizebuli, rogorc
Sinagani saubari.
uaxloesi ganviTarebis zona _ faza, rodesac bav­
Svi axerxebs amocanis dauflebas misTvis Ses-
abamisi daxmarebis aRmoCenis Semdeg.
xaraCoebi _ daxmareba daswavlasa da proble­
93
mis gadaWraSi. es SeiZleba iyos biZgi, kar-
naxi, problemis safexurebad daSla, magaliTis
moyvana an raime sxva, rac gazrdis moswavlis
da­moukideblobas.
piaJes da vigotskis Teoriebis
gamoyeneba maswavleblebisTvis
ras warmoadgens hantis mier aRwerili `SeTavsebis
problema~? `SeTavsebis problemis~ mixedviT mo-
swavleebisTvis sa­muSao ar unda iyos imdenad
martivi, rom mosawyeni gaxdes, da vergagebis
SemTxvevaSi igi ar unda CamorCes swavlas. han-
tis mixedviT, zrdis waqezebis mizniT uwonas-
worobis balansireba didi sifrTxiliT unda
moxdes. situaciebs, romlebsac Secdomamde mi-
vyavarT, uwonasworobis Sesabamisi donis Seqmna
(Camoyalibeba) SeuZliaT.
ras warmoadgens aqtiuri swavla? ratom eTan­xmeba
piaJes kognituri ganviTarebis Te­oria aqtiur swav-
las? piaJes fundamenturi migneba mdgomareobda
imaSi, rom individumebi sakuTar gagebas ageben;
swavla konstruqciuli procesia. kognituri
ganviTarebis yvela doneze moswavleebs infor-
maciis sakuTar sqemebSi Carevis SesaZlebloba
unda hqondeT. amisTvis maT informaciaze ze-
moqmedeba unda moaxdinon. es aqtiu­ri gamoc-
dileba, skolis yvelaze adreul klasebSic ki
unda moicavdes rogorc sagnebis fizikur, ise
azrebis mentalur manipuliaciasac. ZiriTadi
wesis mixedviT, moswavleebma jer unda imoqm-
edon, moaxdinon manipulireba da dakvirveba,
da uk­ve Semdeg isaubron da/an furcelze gad-
moitanon sakuTari gamocdileba. konkretuli
gamocdileba azrovnebas nedli masaliT uzrun-
velyofs. moswavleebi sxvebTan urTierTobisas,
azrovnebis unarebs iyeneben, sinjaven da zog
SemTxvevaSi cvlian kidec.
ra aris swavlebis xelSewyoba da ra rols Ta-
maSobs xaraCoebi? `skafoldingi~ swavlisTvis
Mylabschool es aris eleqtronul instrumentTa nakrebi, romelic dagexmarebaT am kursis
warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul
karieraSi. ix.: www.mylabschool.com
eleqtronuli gzamkvlevi
video qeisebi realuri klasebidan
naSromebis Sesrulebisas daixmareT kv-
leviTi navigatori
94
xel­Sewyoba an gzamkvlevi monawileoba klasSi
moi­cavs informaciis micemas, karnaxs, Sexsene-
bas, saTanado dros da saWiro raodenobiT wa­
qezebas, da ukve Semdeg TandaTanobiT moswavle­
ebisTvis damoukideblad muSaobis meti da me­ti
saSualebis micemas. maswavleblebs swavlis dax­
mareba saswavlo masalis an amocanebis moswav-
leebis mimdinare donisTvis morgebiT, unarebis
an azrebis Tanmimdevrobis demonstraciiT, mo-
swavleebTan erTad rTuli amocanebis nabij-
nabij gavliT, amocanis nawilis amoxsniT, sa-
kontrolos CatarebiT da ganvlili masalis
gadameorebiT an yuradRebis gadatanisTvis
saWiro kiTxvebis dasmiT.
swavlis xelSewyoba _ strategiuli daxmareba
swav­­lis sawyis safexurebze, romelic TandaTan
mcir­deba moswavleebis damoukideblobis zr-
dasTan erTad.
codnis fondebi _ codna, romelsac floben oja­­
xebi, TemTa wevrebi sxvadasxva saqmianobis sfer-
oSi, saxlSi, religiur cxovrebaSi da, romelic
SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos swavlebas.
metyvelebis ganviTareba
raSi mdgomareobs adamianTa midrekileba metyve­
lebis ganviTarebisadmi? ra rols TamaSobs swav-
la? bavSvebi metyvelebas aviTareben sxva kog­
nitur unarebze dayrdnobiT, modelebis Ziebisa
da wesebis CamoyalibebiT aqtiurad cdiloben,
gamoitanon azri imidan, rac esmiT. am pro-
cesSi Tandayolilma tendenciebma da wesebma,
SesaZloa, modelebis aRqmis Zieba SezRudos.
wa­xaliseba da Sesworeba bavSvebs metyvelebis
marTebul gamoyenebaSi exmareba, magram bavSvis
azrovnebis procesebi Zalian mniSvnelovania.
ra aris pragmatika da metalingvisturi cnobiereba?
pragmatika warmoadgens metyvelebis gamoyenebis
cnobiereba _ rodis, sad, rogor da visTan visau-
broT. metalingvisturi codna iwyeba 5 an 6 wli-
dan da izrdeba cxovrebis manZilze.
proforientaciis centri resursebiT:
- Ppraqtikisa da licenzirebisaTvis
mzadeba
- profesiuli portfolios gan­viTareba
- samsaxuris Zieba da gasaub­rebis teqnika
- gakveTilis dagegmva
maswavleblis
Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM-Tan
PRAXIS IITM did yuradRebas uTmobs Tqveni im cod-
nis Sefasebas, romelic adamianis ganvTarebasa da mis
swavlebasTan kavSirs exeba. qvemoT motanilia gamocdi-
li maswavleblebis pasuxebi `maswavleblis dRiurSi~
motanil SemTxvevasTan (situaciasTan) dakavSirebiT,
kerZod, Tu ra saxiT SeaswavlidiT Tqvens moswavleebs
iseT abstraqtul cnebas, rogoricaa `simbolo~. yvela
rogor moiqceodnen?
am qveTavSi gaecnobiT gamocdili maswavleblebis is-
eTi abstraqtuli koncefciis swavlebis meTodebs, ro-
goricaa `simbolo~.
linda glisoni da siu midltoni
me-5 klasis maswavleblebi
wmida jeimsis saepiskoposo dRis skola,
baton-ruJi, luiziana.
gakveTilis dawyebamde, moswavleebs leqsikonSi si-
tyva simbolizmis (Ziri – simbolo) mniSvnelobis moZiebas
vTxovdi: `ras niSnavs an kidev ra datvirTviT SeiZle-
ba misi gamoyeneba~. Semdeg saswavlo programidan sim-
bolizmTan dakavSirebul magaliTebs movitandi ise, rom
maT simboloebis da simbolizmis yoveldRiur cxovre-
basTan dakavSireba moexdinaT. magaliTad: (sazogado sa-
gnebi, amerikis istoria): amerikis droSa qsovilis naWe-
ria. maS ratom vaniWebT mas aseT mniSvnelobas? aRlumis
dros ratom vdgebiT da mTeli yuradReba ratomaa misken
mimarTuli? ras ganasaxierebs? (inglisuri, literatu-
ra-igavebi da zRaprebi): ras ganasaxierebs mgeli? lomi?
cxvari? (xelovneba): ra feriT gamovxatavT zafxulis
mSvenier dRes? borotebas? sikeTes da borotebas? gan-
vagrZobdi maTematikuri, samecniero, musikaluri sim-
boloebiT da moswavleebs im donemde miviyvandi, rode-
sac magaliTebis motanas Tavad SeZlebdnen (magaliTad
simbolo, romliTac SeiZleba ardadegebis gamoxatva).
Semdeg, maT mier motanili simbolizmis magaliTebs wa-
vukiTxavdi, romlebic me Caviwere. moswavleebis monaw-
ileoba da magaliTebis mimarT gamoxatuli enTuziazmi
saSualebas momcems, ganvsazRvroT, bavSvebi masalis Ses-
wavlisTvis mzad arian Tu ara.
doqtor nensi Sihan-melzak
xelovnebis da musikis maswavlebeli
snag harboris Temis skola, kvinsi, masaCusetsi.
patara bavSvebsac ki simboloebis cnoba SeuZliaT,
Tu jer simbolos vaCvenebT da ganmartebas Semdeg movay-
olebT. ramdenjerac unda meCvenebina boZze daxatuli
oqtagoni is bavSvebSi yovelTvis erT pasuxs iwvevda:
`sdeq niSani~. bavSvebi simboloebs cnoben, magram mas-
wavlebelma simboloebTan dakavSirebuli masalis axsna
maTi konkretuli codnidan unda daiwyos da abstraqtul
cnebebze TandaTanobiT gadavides. garda amisa bavSvebis
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi uamravi simbolo arsebobs,
romliTac axsnis dawyebaa SesaZlebeli. sagzao niSnebis
formebs, anbanis asoebs, da ricxvebs pirvelklaseli
SemTxvevaSi, eqsperti maswavleblebi kognituri ganviTa-
rebis da metyvelebis ganviTarebis Teoriebidan aRebul
koncefciebs eqspliciturad an impliciturad iyeneben.
am Teoriebis codna swavlebis strategiebis dagegmasa
da ganxorcielebaSi wagadgebaT. isini Tqveni moswavlee-
bis ganviTarebis donis Sesaferi iqneba, da Seswavlis
procesSi warmoqmnili problemebis gagebasa da axsnaSic
dagexmarebaT.
bavSvebic ki cnoben, magram maT daniSnulebas (mimar-
Tuleba, bgerebi, raodenoba) droTa ganmavlobaSi ac-
nobiereben. rodesac bavSvebi am yvelasTvis nacnob sim-
boloebze saubroben, isini aRiqvamen, rom yvela adamiani
am niSnebs im mniSvnelobas aniWebs, rasac Tavad isini.
valeria a. Cilqout
me-5-6 klasis maswavlebeli
glenmaunT skola, baltimori, marilendi.
simbolizmis konkretuli magaliTebi moswavleebis
samyarodan unda wamovides. quCaSi ganTavsebuli niSne-
bi, gansakuTrebiT naxati da ara warweriani, SesaniSnavi
magaliTebia. miuxedavad am konkretuli simboloebisa,
isini poeziaSi gamoyenebuli simbolizmis magaliTs ar
warmoadgens. unda moxdes konkretulis abstraqtul-
Tan dakavSireba. aRniSnulis erT-erTi saSualeba sax-
aliso leqsebia. aseTi leqsebi moswavleebSi mosmenasa
da kiTxvas motivirebas axdenen, xolo maTSi erTi sa-
gnis sxva mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebis magaliTebi mravlad
moipoveba. msgavsi strategia dawyebiT klasebSic Sei-
Zleba gamoviyenoT, raTa bavSvebs simbolizmis Semcveli
leqsebis arseboba ubralod gavacnoT.
karen boiarski
me-5 klasis maswavlebeli
uolter blekis dawyebiTi skola,
haistouni, niu jersi.
bevri ramis Tqma SegviZlia moswavleebis azrovne-
basTan dakavSirebiT mxolod maTi reaqciebis interp-
retirebis safuZvelze. moswavleebis reaqciebis axsnis
codna iseTive mniSvnelovania, rogorc yvela sxva Se-
fasebis saSualeba, romelsac Tqven mimarTeT. am Sem-
TxvevaSi, aSkaraa, rom moswavleebi simbolizmis cnebam
daabnia. Zalian bevri mexuTeklaseli moswavlisTvis es
sakmaod rTuli gasagebi Temaa da mis axsnas nel-nela
unda mivuaxlovdeT. am Temisadmi erT-erTi midgoma
bavSvebisTvis nacnobi (makdonaldis oqrosferi arkebi,
naikis niSani) simboloebis Cvenebaa. moswavleebma unda
SeZlon TiToeuli simbolos mniSvnelobis axsna. Semd-
gom unda isaubroT, Tu ratom aniWeben upiratesobas
mwarmoeblebi ara sityvebs, aramed simboloebs. garda
amisa, Tqven SegiZliaT moswavleebs iseTi Sedarebebis
axsna sTxovoT, sadac gamoyenebulia sityvebi msgavsi
an rogorc. magaliTad, siu yvaviliviT lamazia (siu
lamazia, rogorc yvavili). maswavlebelma moswavleebs
unda auxsnas, rom mwerali sius garegnobas simbolurad
yvavils adarebs.
95
 3
Tavi

maswavleblis Canawerebi: rogor

pirovnuli, socialuri
moiqceodiT?
fizikuri ganviTareba
skolamdeli wlebi
dawyebiTi skola

da emociuri ganviTareba mozardoba

tvini da mozardis ganviTareba
eriqsoni: individualuri
ganviTarebis stadiebi
skolamdeli wlebi: ndoba,
damoukidebloba da iniciativa
dawyebiTi da sabazo skolis wlebi:
sibejiTe da arasrulfasoveneba
mozardoba: identobis Zieba
bronfenbreneri: ganviTarebis
socialuri konteqsti
ojaxi
Tanatolebi
gza yovel moswavlemde:
martooba da unarSezRuduli
bavSvebi
maswavleblebi
me-koncefcia: sakuTari Tavis
Secnoba
me-koncefcia da TviTSefaseba
saskolo cxovreba da
TviTSefaseba
mravalgvaroba da identoba
mravalgvaroba da “me”-s aRqma
eTnikuri da rasobrivi identoba
emociuri da moraluri ganviTareba
emociuri kompetencia
gonebis Teoria da ganzraxva
zneobrivi ganviTareba
moraluri msjeloba, socialuri
SeTaxmebebi da piradi arCevani
mravalferovneba msjelobaSi
moraluri qceva
TaRliToba
mravalferovneba da msgavseba
pirovnul/socialur ganviTarebaSi
mravalferovneba
msgavsebebi
Sejameba
maswavleblis Canawerebi:
kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM- Tan /
rogor moiqceodnen?

96
 rogor moiqceodiT?
maswavleblis es adrec SesamCnevi iyo,
magram wels Sens klasSi
Canawerebi situacia gansakuTrebiT
daiZaba. e.w. popularulma
gogonebma yofil megobrebs sicocxle gaumwares.
maTi azriT, uaryofili megobrebis socialuri
danaSauli is gaxlavT, rom ar acviaT Sesabamisad,
ar gamoiyurebian mimzidvelad an jer isev ar
interesdebian biWebiT. `popularuli~ gogonebi,
imisaTvis rom TvalsaCino iyos maTi upiratesoba,
yofil megobrebze avrceleben Worebs da amJ­
Ravneben maT mier erTad yofnisas gandobil sa­
idumloebebs. dRes Sen igeb, rom stefanias (erT-
erT uaryofil gogonas), yofil saukeTeso megob­
risaTvis, elisonisaTvis gulaxdili eleqtronuli
werili miuweria SekiTxviT, ratom iqceoda is ase
usamarTlod. `popularulma~ elisonma ki es werili
mTel skolas mosdo da stefania amiT sastikad
daamcira. am incidentis gamo stefania sami dRe
skolaSi ar misula.
s askolo ganaTleba ar gulisxmobs mxolod mo­
zardis SemecnebiT ganviTarebas. skolis pe­­
riodis gaxsenebisas pirvel rigSi, ra gvax­sen­deba,
iq miRebul akademiur codna, Tu im pe­riodSi
gancdili grZnobebi, SiSi da me­gob­rebi? am TavSi
Cven gavarCevT pirovnul, socialur da emociur
ganviTarebas.
pirvel etapze ganvixilavT ganviTarebis Zi­
riTad aspeqtebs _ sqesobrivi momwifebis dros
mimdinare fizikur cvlilebebs, Sem­­deg ki erik
eriqsonisa (Erik Erikson) da uri bronfenbreneris
(Urie Bronfenbrenner) mrav­­lismomcvel Teoriebs pi­
rovnuli da socialuri ganviTarebis Seswavlis
Sesaxeb. aseve visaubrebT sam umTavres faq-
torze, ro­­me­lic bavSvTa pirovnul da socialur
gan­viTarebaze udides gavlenas axdens: ojax­ze,
Tanatolebsa da maswavleblebze. Ta­namedrove
ojaxma bevri cvlileba gamoiara da es mas-
wavleblis rolzec axdens gavlenas. visaubrebT
aseve imis Sesaxeb, rogor miv­divarT sakuTari
Tavis gagebamde me-koncef­ciisa da identobis
saSualebiT, rac moicavs eTnikur da sqesobriv
identobasac. bolos ki SevexebiT emociur da
moralur ganviTarebas: ra faqtorebi gansaz-
Rvravs Cvens Sexedulebas moralis Sesaxeb da
rogor gamoumuSavon maswavleblebma mozard-
kritikuli azrovneba
ra reaqcia geqneboda TiToeuli gogonas
saqcielze?
etyodi Tu ara rames danarCen moswavleebs?
Tu gqonia msgavsi situacia Sens praqtikaSi
da ra gamosavali gipovia am situaciidan?
gqonia Tu ara stefaniasa da elisonis msgav-
si SemTxveva skolaSi swavlis periodSi?
kolaboracia
sam-oTx moswavlesTan erTad gaiTamaSe konk­
retuli situacia _ stefanisTan, elisonTan, maT
oja­xebTan dalaparakeba (gamoiyene roluri Tama­
Sebi da Sesabamisad cvale rolebi).
ebs samarTlianobis, urTierTTanamSromlobisa
da TviTSefasebis grZnoba? am Tavis dasasruls,
SeZ­lebT pasu­xi gasceT Semdeg kiTxvebs:
ra gavlenas axdens fizikuri ganviTareba
gardatexis asakSi myofi mozardis pirovnul
da socialur zrdaze?
fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis ra safe­xurebs
gamoyofs eriqsoni da ra daskvnis gamotana
SeiZleba misi koncefciidan?
rogor aRwers bronfenbreneri ganvi­Tarebaze
moqmed socialur sistemebs?
ra rols asrulebs moswavleTa cxovrebaSi
Tanatolebi da samegobro wre?
ra unda gaakeTon maswavleblebma skolaSi
agresiisa da xulignobis aRmosafxvrelad?
ra rols asrulebs moswavlis ganviTarebaSi
maswavlebelTan urTierToba?
rogor unda aswavlon maswavleblebma mo-
swavleebs obieqturi TviTSefaseba?
rogor viTardeba eTnikuri identuroba?
ras warmoadgens kolbergis moraluri gan-
sjis safexurebi da ra damatebiT kiTxvebs
badebs misi naSromi?
ra iwvevs klasSi TaRliTobas (mag. gadaw-
eras) da rogori unda iyos maswavleblis re­
aqcia?
97

daukavSireT
PRAXIS IITM -s da ganavrceT
pirovnebis ganviTareba (I, A2).
axseniT, rogor moqmedebs
mozardis erTi romelime
sferos ganviTareba
(mag. fizikuri,
emociuri) sxva sferoebis
ganviTarebaze.
98
fuzukuri ganviTareba
bavSvTa umravlesobisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT adreul asakSi, zrda
niSnavs, gaxdes didi, Zlieri da ufro koordinirebuli. es periodi
SeiZleba agreTve iyos saSiSi, damabneveli, amaRe­lvebeli.
skolamdeli wlebi
skolamdeli asakis bavSvebi gansakuTrebulad aqtiurebi arian: ma­Ti
didi muskulaturis mitoruli unarebi swrafad viTardeba 2-dan 5 wlis
asakamde (ix. cxr. 3.1). 2-dan 4-5 wlamde skolamdelebis kunTebi Zli-
erdeba, umjobesdebaT wonasworobis grZnoba, sim­Zimis centri qvemoT
gadainacvlebs, ase, rom maT SeuZliaT sir­bili, xtunva, Zroma, acoceba.
Tuki bavSvs normaluri fizikuri monacemebi da TamaSis SesaZlebloba
aqvs, fizikur aqtivobaTa umetesoba bunebrivad viTardeba. fizikuri
problemebis mqo­ne bavSvebs ki am unar-Cvevebis gamosamuSaveblad Sei-
Zleba specia­luri varjiSebi dasWirdeT. mcirewlovani bavSvebisaTvis,
iseve rogorc bevri mozardisa da mozrdilisTvis, fizikuri aqtivoba
TviTRirebulia. Tumca, imis gamo, rom skolamdeli bavSvebi Cveu­­lebriv
ver sazRvraven, rodis unda gaCerdnen, fizikur aqti­vobebs Soris Ses-
venebebis winaswar dagegmvaa saWiro (Darcey & Travers, 2006).
iseTi elementaruli Cvevebi (magaliTad, zonris, Rilebis Sekv­ra),
romlebic mcire moZraobaTa koordinacias moiTxovs, skolamdel asak-
Si Zalian viTardeba (cxr. 3.1). bavSvebs unda hqondeT didi funje-
biT, `msuqani~ fanqrebiTa da pastelebiT, didi saxatavi furclebiT,
msxvili legoTi, rbili TixiTa Tu plasteliniT muSaobis saSualeba.
bavSvobisas gamokveTili marj­vena an marcxena xelis upiratesoba mTe-
li cxovreba unarCundeba adamians. 5 wlis bavSvebis daaxloebiT 90%
ama Tu im samuSaos Sesasruleblad upiratesobas marjvena xels, 10%
ki marcxena xels aniWebs. Tanac biWebSi ufro metia cacia, vidre go-
gonebSi (Feldman, 2004). `cacioba~ genetikuria, amitom nu ecdebiT, amis
gamo bavSvebi dasajoT.
dawyebiTi skola
dawyebiTi skolis moswavleebis umravlesoba fizikurad ukve sak-
maod kargadaa ganviTarebuli. isini am droisaTvis ufro maR­lebi
da Zlierebi arian da ukeT SeuZliaT sportis sxvadasxva saxeobebsa
da TamaSebSi CaerTon. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom bavSvi
SeiZleba CveulebrivTan SedarebiT bevrad didad an patarad gamoiy-
urebodes, magram sruliad janmrTeli iyos. am asakis bavSvebs gansa-
kuTrebiT aqvT gamaxvilebuli yuradReba fizikur gansxvavebaze da
arc taqtianobiT gamoirCevian, amitom xSirad mimarTaven Tanatolebs
ase: `Sen Zalian patara xar, imi­saTvis, rom me-5 klasSi iyo, rame cudi
xom ar gWirs?~ an piriqiT _ `ratom xar aseTi msuqani?~
dawyebiTi skolis periodSi gogonebi sxeulis biWebis zomis an
ufro didebi arian. 11-dan da 14 wlamde gogonebi ufro maRlebic
arian da ufro metsac iwonian (Cook & Cook, 2005). es faqtori gogonebs
garkveul upiratesobas aniWebs fizikur aqtivobaSi. Tumca, zogi maT-
gani fizikuri upiratesobis gamo Tavs uxerxulad grZnobs.
 cxrili 3.1.

motoruli unar-Cvevebi skolamdel asakSi

moswavleTa unar-Cvevebi skolamdel asakSi ixveweba

miaxloebiTi msxvili motoruli natifi unar-Cvevebi

asaki unar-Cvevebi

dabadebidan jdeba, xoxavs da iwyebs iRebs, agrovebs, ebRauWeba,

3 wlamde sirbils eWideba da xelidan uSvebs
sagnebs.

3-5 wlis adi-Cadis; xtis orive fexze; flobs ferad fanqrebsa

isvris burTs da pastelebs; iyenebs
samzareulo mowyobilobebs;
Rilebs, ixatavs formebs
4-6 wlis xteba; dadis orTvliani iyenebs fanqars; naxati
velosipediT; iWers gamomsaxvelobiTia; Wris
burTs; erToba sportuli makratliT, wers asoebs
TamaSobebiT

mozardoba
adamianis sqesobrivi momwifeba pubertatul periodSi iwyeba. es
pubertati _ fiziologiuri
cvlilebaTa mTeli jaWvia, romelic sxeulis yvela nawils moicavs; cvlilebebi sqesobrivi
bav­Svebs Soris sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi jer kidev adreul asakSi Se­ momwifebis periodSi.
imCneva, rac adreul gardatexis asakSi ufro mkafiod iCens Tavs. bi-
WebTan SedarebiT gogonebSi gardatexis asaki Cveulebriv ori wliT
adre _ 10-11 wlidan iwyeba da ganviTarebis umaRles wertils 16-17
wlis asakSi aRwevs. biWebis umravlesoba 18 wlamde ganagrZobs zrdas,
saerTod ki biWebic da gogonebic 25 wlamde izrdebian. amerikeli go-
gonebis 80%-s menstrualuri cikli 11-14 wlidan ewyebaT. mozardebSi
garkveul daZabulobas qmnis is faqti, rom fizikuri da sqesobrivi
momwifeba win uswrebs maT fsiqologiur da finansur mzaobas Seqmnan
ojaxi da iyolion Svilebi.
pubertatiul periodSi mimdinare cvlilebebi mniSvnelovan gavle-
nas axdens mozardis pirovnuli identobis Camoyalibebaze. fsiqolo-
gebi adre da mogvianebiT momwifebul mozardebs Soris arsebuli
so­cialuri, akademiuri da emociuri gansxvavebebiT gansakuTrebiT da­
interesdnen. adreuli momwifeba biWebs garkveul upiratesobas aniWebs
_ maRali, mxarbeWiani sxeuli dealuri mamakacis kulturul ste­reo­
tips Seesabameba; adre momwifebul ymawvilebs sazogadoebaSi maRali
socialuri statusis mopovebis meti Sansi aqvT. rogorc wesi, isini
popularulebi da liderebi xdebian. Tumca, amasTanave, midrekilni
arian wesrigis darRvevisken da es damaxasiaTebelia rogorc TeTr­
ka­niani, aseve afroamerikeli da meqsikel-amerikeli ymawvilebisaTvis
(Cota-Robles, Neiss, & Rowe, 2002). gvian momwifebul biWebs SeiZleba didi
siZneleebis gadalaxva mouwioT. Tumca, gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom
gvian momwifebuli biWebi kreatiulobiT, tolerantulobiTa da per-
speqtiulobiT gamoirCevian. SesaZloa, mogvianebiT momwifebasTan da-

99
 rekomendaciebi: fizikuri gansxvavebulobis problema klasSi
yuradReba miaqcieT moswavleTa fizikur
gansxvavebebs ise, rom maT Taviseburebaze
aqcenti ar gaakeToT.
magaliTebi
1. scadeT, SedarebiT tandabali moswavleebi
iseT adgilze dasvaT klasSi, rom SeZlon
danaxva da monawileobis miReba klasis aq-
tiurobaSi, oRond Tavi aarideT asamaR-
lebeli avejis gamoyenebas.
2. scadeT balansis dacva da Zalismier
spor­tul TamaSebTan erTad, romlisTvi-
sac sa­­­Wiroa fizikuri sidide da siZliere,
Se­­­mo­itaneT SemecnebiT _ kreatiuli Tama­
So­bebi (magaliTad, Saradebi, xatviTi da
musikaluri TamaSebi), rac SemecnebiT, ar­
tistul, socialur an musikalur unar-
Cvevebs saWiroebs.
3. fizikuri Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, Ser-
qmeuli metsaxelebiT arc Tqven da arc
moswavleebma erTmaneTs ar mimarTon.
4. skolamdel jgufebSi gaiTvaliswineT ca-
ciebiebisaTvis saWiro nivTebis raode­noba.
daexmareT moswavleebs fizikur ganviTa-
rebaSi gansxvavebebis Taobaze realuri in-
formaciis miRebaSi.
magaliTebi
1. moamzadeT bavSvTa zrdis procesis Ses-
axeb samecniero proeqtebi sqesobriv gan­
sx­vavebebze.
2. iqonieT adre da gvian momwifebul axal-
gazrdebs Soris gansxvavebebis amsaxveli
sakiTxavi, axseniT TiToeulis dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi mxareebi.
3. gaarkvieT, romeli kursi aqvs aRebuli
skolas moswavleTa seqsualur ganaTle-
basTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, zogier­
Ti skola mxars uWers, rom maswavleble­
bi pirdapir esaubron delikatur Temebze
pirveli menstrualuri cikliT SeSfo­Te­­
bul gogonebs. sxva skolebSi ki am sa­
kiTxebze gogonebs skolis meddasTan ag-
zavnian.
4. gaacaniT moswavleebs literaturul an
realur warmatebul adamianebi, romeleb-
sac ar gaaCniaT idealuri fizikuri mona-
cemebi.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom garegnuli formisa
da sapirispiro sqesis mimarT interess mo-
zardTa Soris droisa da energiis udidesi
nawili miaqvs.
magaliTebi
1. klasSi gakveTilis bolo dauTmeT zogad
saubrebs
2. saswavlo masalebidan saswavlo kurss miu­
sadageT da ganavrceT saWiro Temebi.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. http://dos.
claremontmckenna.edu/PhysicalLearningDiff.asp

kavSirebuli siZneleebi mozardebs met cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas

sZens da Sesabamisad problemebTan gamklavebas aswavlis (Brooks-Gunn,
1988; Steinberg, 2005).
gogonebSi saqme sxvagvarad aris. Tanaklasel gogonebze ufro ad­re
momwifeba SeiZleba garkveul usiamovnebebTan iyos dakavSirebuli. iyo
klasSi yvelaze didi gogo – mravali kul­tu­risaTvis ar aris Rire-
buli maxasiaTebeli (Jones, 2004). gogo­nasaTvis, romelsac adre ewyeba
momwifeba, damaxasiaTebelia ise­Ti emociuri problemebi, rogoricaa
depresiuloba, SfoTva, kvebiTi darRvevebi, gansakuTrebiT sazogadoe-
baSi, sadac si­gam­x­dre silamazed iTvleba (Steinberg, 2005). SedarebiT
gvian mom­wifebul gogonebs naklebi problemebi aqvT, magram isini
SesaZloa ganicdidnen, rom `yvelaferi wesrigSi ar aqvT~. yovelma
mozardma unda gaacnobieros, rom sqesoberivi mowifebis periodi xan-
grZlivia da orives _ adreul Tu gviandel mowifebas _ Ta­visi upi-
ratesoba aqvs.

100
 gardatexis asakSi mozardebs Zalian awuxebT TavianTi sxeuli. es bulemia _ madis darRveva,
yovelTvis ase iyo, magram Tanamedrove gogonebi gacilebiT did yu- Warbi raodenobiT sakvebis
miReba.
radRebas uTmoben sakuTari sxeulis zomebs. biWebic da gogonebic
am asakSi ukmayofiloni arian TavianTi sxeuliT. biWebs hgoniaT, rom anoreqsia _ madis darRveva,
ar aqvT modelebiviT dakunTuli sxeuli, gogonebi ki fiqroben, rom romelic xasiaTdeba madis
dakargviT, sakvebis Zalian
ar Seesabamebian qalis kulturiT aRiarebul ideals. bulemia (gadame- SezRudulad miRebiT.
tebuli Wama) da anoreqsia (SimSiloba) swored gogonebisTvisaa dam-
axasiaTebeli. bulemiki xSirad Zalian bevrs, magaliTad, mTel galon
nayins an mTlian namcxvars Wams, Semdeg ki Warbwonianobisa da zedmeti
kaloriebisgan Tavis dasaRwevad aRebinebs an svams Zlier safaRaraTo
saSualebas. amgvarad is axerxebs normaluri wonis SenarCunebas, ma-
gram iavadebs saWmlis momnelebel sistemas.
janmrTelobisTvis kidev ufro saSiSia anoreqsia _ anoreqsikebi in-
tensiuri varjiSis paralelurad Tavs ikaveben saWmlisgan an saerTod
arafers Wamen. am dros maT SeiZleba wonis 20-25% dakargon. maTi 20%,
faqtobrivad, sikvdilis safrTxis winaSe dgas. anoreqsiki mozardebi
gamxdrebi da fermkTalebi arian, susti, mtvrevadi frCxilebi aqvT da
mTel sxeulze xSirad muqi feris bususebi aReniSnebaT. isini advilad
civdebian, radgan sxeulis damcavi kanqveSa cximi cota aqvT. depre-
siulebs, ususurebs, uxasiaToebsa da martosulebs SeiZleba menstrua-
luri ciklic SeuwydeT. Akvebis amgvari darRveva gardatexis asakSi
iwyeba. mozardebis daaxloebiT 1% (metwilad gogonebi) anoreqsiiT
avaddeba (Rice & Dolgin, 2002). maT, bunebrivia, specialistis daxmareba
sWirdebaT, Tumca realurad mozardebis mxolod mesamedze naklebi
mkurnalobs (Stice & Shaw, 2004). am situaciaSi SeiZleba maswavlebeli aR-
moCndes is, vinc am dramatuli problemebiT damZimebul moswavleebs
daexmareba. CanarTi `rekomendaciebi~ klasSi warmoSobil fizikur gan-
sxvavebebTan dakavSirebuli qmedebisTvis, zogierT ideas gvawvdis.

tvini da mozardis ganviTareba

pubertatiul periodSi yvela sxva cvlilebasTan erTad, mim­di­na­ daukavSireT kvlevas da
re­obs cvlilebebi tvinsa da nervul sistemaSic, rac gavlenas axdens ganavrceT
pirovnebis individualur da socialur ganviTarebaze. sqe­sobrivi ixileT 2004 wlis Semodgomis
gamocema Theory Into Practice
momwifebis periodSi Tavis tvinSi mimdinare cvlilebebi xels uwyobs
on Developmental Psychology:
sxvadasxva siZlieris stresul situaciaSi marTvis unaris ganviTa- Implications for Teaching (Tavi
rebas. am dros mozardis qceva ufro mizandasaxuli, organizebuli 43, #4 Chris Andersen).
da naklebad impulsuri xdeba. Tumca es unar-Cvevebi 20 wlamde sru-
lad ar aris ganviTarebuli. amitomac mo­zardebi naklebad stresul
situaciebSi TiTqos zrdasrul adamianiviT iqcevian, sinamdvileSi ki,
imis gamo, rom maTi tvini bolomde ar aris ganviTarebuli, emociebis
marTva uWirT. faqtobrivad, mozardebi riskiani qcevisaken arian mid­
rekilni. isini TiTqos ufro did emociur datvirTvas saWiroeben,
vid­re bavSvebi an zrdasruli adamianebi; TiTqos eZeben kidec mZafr
SegrZnebebs. maswavlebels SeuZlia Tavisi moswavlis dauRalavi ener-
gia mimarTos iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa politika an sazogadoebrivi
saqmianoba (Price, 2005).
sqesobrivi momwifebis periodSi nervul sistemaSi mimdinare cvli-
lebebi moqmedebs Zilzec. moswavleebs dRe-RameSi daax­loe­biT 9 saaTs
unda eZinoT. bevri moswavlis biologiuri saaTi ki axleburadaa momar-
Tuli da maTTvis SuaRamemde daZineba Zneli warmosadgenia. Tanac bevr
skolaSi swavla dilis 7 saaTsa da 30 wuTze iwyeba, amitom mozard-

101

fsiqosocialuri _
pirovnebis emociuri
moTxovnilebis mimarTeba
socialur garemosTan.
ganviTarebis krizisi _
gansakuTrebuli konfliqti,
romlis mogvareba gzaa Sem-
degi stadiisaken.
avtonomia _
damoukidebloba.
erik eriqsonma Camoayaliba
fsiqosocialuri ganviTa-
rebis Teoria, sadac aRwers
cxovrebis sxvadasxva safex-
urze misaRwev miznebs.
102
ebi mudmivad gamouZineblebi arian arian da SesaZloa klasSi CaeZinoT
kidec. garda amisa, mos­wavleebSi mougvarebelia kvebis sakiTxic _ maT
TiTqmis aras­dros aqvT dro sauzmis an lanCisTvis (Sprenger, 2005).
mivubrundeT pirovnul da socialur ganviTarebas. orma fsi­
qologma warmoadgina vrceli Teoriebi, romlebic dagvexmareba gan-
viTarebis konteqstur gagebaSi. eseni arian erik eriqsoni da uri
bromfenbreneri.
eriqsoni: individualuri ganviTarebis stadiebi
eriqsons, piaJes msgavsad, kariera ar dauwyia, rogorc fsi­qologs.
mas saSualo skolac ki ar daumTavrebia. siWabukeSi is xelovnebas
eziareboda da evropaSi mogzaurobda. venaSi zigmund froidTan Sex-
vedris Semdeg ki fsiqoanaliziT dainteresda. am sferoSi ufro aq-
tiurad moRvaweoba mas mere daiwyo, rac hitleris reJims ganerida
da amerikaSi gadasaxlda. mniSvnelovan naSromSi Childhood and Society
(1963) eriqsonma SemogvTavaza axalgazrdebis saWiroeba-moTxovnile-
baTA struqtura im sazogadoebasTan mimar­TebaSi, romelSic isini iz-
rdebian, swavloben da mogvianebiT sa­kuTari wvlili SeaqvT. avtorma
mogvianebiT daweril wignebSi Identity, Youth, and Crisis (1968) da Identity and
the Life Cycle (1980) kidev ufro ganavrco Tavisi ideebi.
eriqsonis fsiqosocialuri Teoria gansakuTrebul mniSvne­lobas
aniWebs `me~-s identobis Ziebas, individis sxvebTan ur­Ti­erTobebsa
da kulturis rols mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. eriq­soni piaJes
msgavsad, ganviTarebas aRiqvams, rogorc gzas mrava­li stadiis gav-
liT. TiToeul stadias garkveuli mizani, daniSnule­ba da safrTxe ax-
lavs. stadiebi urTierTdamokidebulebaSia: gvian stadiaSi warmatebebi
damokidebulia imaze, rogor gvardeboda kon­fliqtebi adreul asakSi.
eriqsonis azriT, yovel stadiaSi pirovneba ganviTarebis kriziss aw-
ydeba. warmoiqmneba konfliqti pozitiur da potenciurad arajansaR
alternativebs Soris, gza ki, romliTac pirovneba kriziss gadaWris,
xangrZliv gavlenas iqoniebs sakuTar Tavze warmodgenasa da masze
sazogadoebis Sexedulebaze. mokled mimovixilavT eriqsonis Teori-
is rvave stadias, an rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs, adamianis `rva asaks~.
cxrilSi 3.2 stadiebi Sejamebuli formiTaa warmodgenili.
skolamdeli wlebi:
ndoba, damoukidebloba da iniciativa
eriqsoni ndobasa da undoblobas Cvilobis ZiriTad konfliqtad miiC­­­
nevs. misi azriT, Tu Cvili bavSvis kvebisa da yuradRebis moT­xovnebi
sistematurad dakmayofilebulia, maSin mas aRmzrdelis mimarT ndoba
uviTardeba. sicocxlis pirvel wels piaJeseuli sensomotorul stadi-
aSi yofnisas, Cvilebi mxolod iwyeben gagebas, rom isini gamocalkeve-
buli arian garesamyarosagan. swored amitom aris am dros ndobis faq-
tori mniSvnelovani: Cvilebi unda endobodnen garesamyaros garkveul
aspeqtebs, romlebic maT kontrols miRmaa (Isabella & Belsky,1991; Posada
da sxvebi, 2002).
eriqsoniseuli meore stadia, avtonomia _ sircxvilisa da orWo-
fobis sapirispirod, TviTkontrolisa da Tavdajerebulobis sawyisia.
 cxrili 3.2.

eriqsonis fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis rva stadia

stadiebi miaxloebiTi mniSvnelovani aRwera
asaki movlena

1. sabaზo ndoba dabadebidan Wama bavSvs gamoumuSavdeba

undoblobis 12-18 Tvemde siyvarulis grZnoba, ndoba an
sapirispirod undobloba momvlelis mimarT.

2. damoukidebloba 18 Tve- 3 weli sakuTari Tavis bavSvis energia mimarTulia

sircxvilis/ wesrigSi moyvana fizikuri unarebis
orWofobis (tualeti) ganviTarebisaken, rac moicavs
sapirispirod siaruls, CaWidebas, sfinqsteris
kunTebis kontrols. bavSvi
swavlobs damoukideblobas,
magram სcxvenia da orWofbs,
Tu raime kargad ar gamosdis.

3. iniciativa 3-dan 6 wlamde damouki- bavSvi ufro darwmunebiT

danaSaulis debloba ganagrZobs Camoyalibebas, iRebs
grZnobis met iniciativas, Zlierdeba,
sapirispirod raმაc SeiZleba masSi danaSaulis
SegrZnebas dabadოs.
4. sibejiTe 6-dan 12 skola bavSvi unda gaumklavdes
arasrul- wlamde moTxovnebs, raTa gamoimuSavos
fasovnebis axali unar-ჩვევebi mondomebisa
sapirispirod da arasrulfasovnebis
sapirispirod
5. identoba mozardoba urTierToba Tineijerma Tavi unda
rolebis aRrevis TanatolebTan daimkvidros genderuli,
sapirispirod politikuri da religiuri
TvalsazrisiT
6. siaxlove adreuli sasiyvarulo axalgazrda amyarebs axlo
simartovis zrdasru- urTierTobebi urTierTobebs an itanjeba
sapirispirod loba simartoviT.

7. generatuloba saSualo bavSvebis nebismierma mozrdilma unda

stagnaciis zrdasruloba aRzrda/ gamonaxos gza da daxmarebis
sapirispirod mentoru-loba xeli gauwodos momaval Taobas,
daakmayofilos maTi moTxovnebi.
8. egos mTlianoba ufrosi sakuTari Tavis kulminacia aris sakuTari Tavis
sasowarkve- zrdasruli gamoxatva da miRebisa da ganxorcielebis
Tilebis sxvisi cxovrebis SegrZneba.
sapirispirod miReba

wyaro: Psychology, 5/e by Lester A.Lefton. Published by Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright C 1994 by Pearson Education.
ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

bavSvi Tavis Tavze iseT mniSvnelovan pasuxismgeblobas iRebs, ro-

goricaa Wama, tualeti da Cacma. am periodSi mSoblebma bavSvTan urT-
ierTobaSi oqros Sualedi unda ipovon _ izrunon masze, magram ara
gadaWarbebulad. Tu mSoblebi ar uzrunvelyofen ndobis damokideb-

103
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
eriqsonis fsiqosocialuri
ganviTarebis Teoria (I, AI, 2)
eriqsonis Teoriis mixedviT,
skolis moswavleebi oTx sta-
dias gaivlian. gansazRvreT
yoveli stadiis mTavari
krizisi. rogor unda Seu-
wyos maswavlebelma xeli am
TiToeuli stadiis dadebiT
Sedegs? ra gavlena SeiZle-
ba iqonios am krizisebis
uaryofiTma Sedegebma
momavalSi?
iniciativa _ axali aqtiuro-
bis dawyebis survili axali
mimarTulebebis gamosakvl-
evad.
104
bavSvebis unda mivceT SesaZlebloba Tavad
Seiswavlon sagnebi, raTa ganuviTardeT
iniciativis grZnoba.
ulebas da ar gaamxneveben da ar waaxaliseben bavSvis Zalisxmevas, dae-
uflos ZiriTad motorul unar-Cvevebs, bavSvs gauCndeba sircxvilis
grZnoba da sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi eWvi Seepareba.eriqsonis azriT
bavSvebs, romlebic am stadiaSi bevrs eWvobdnen sakuTari SesaZleblo-
bebis gamo mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi sakuTar ZalebSi darwmunebis
problemebi eqnebaT.
Semdeg stadiaSi, iniciativa _ danaSaulis grZnobis sapiris­pirod,
`damoukideblobas emateba pasuxismgebloba - miz­nobriobis grZnoba,
raime saqmis energiulad dawyebisa da aqtiurobis sur­vili~ (Erikson,
1963, gv. 255). am periodSi aRmzrdelma erTi mxriv unda miiRos da
aRiaros bavSvis aqtiurobis dauokebeli sur­vili, meore mxriv ki gai-
azros, rom mis nebismier impulss ver daakmayofilebs; man amjeradac
unda ipovos bavSvTan urTierTobis oqros Sualedi _ Tvali adevnos
mas aqtiuri Carevis gareSe. Tu damoukideblad moqmedebis uflebas ar
miscems, bavSvs SeiZ­leba danaSaulis grZnoba ganuviTardes; SeiZleba
ifiqros, rom misi qceva yovelTvis arasworia. CanarTi `rekomenda-
ciebi~ ini­ciativianobis waxalisebis gzebs gvTavazobs.
dawyebiTi da sabazo skolis wlebi:
sibejiTe da arasrulfasovneba
xuTidan Svid wlamde, roca bavSvebis umravlesoba iwyebs sko­laSi
siaruls, SemecnebiTi ganviTareba daCqarebuli tempebiT midis. bavS-
vebs SedarebiT didi informaciis ufro swrafad da­muSaveba SeuZliaT;
izrdeba maTi mexsierebis moculobacMM. ma­Ti gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi
winaoperaciuli azrovnebidan uk­ve konkretul operaciulSi gadadis.
am Sinagani cvlilebebis dagrovebis fonze bavSvebi yovel dRe atare-
ben ramdenime saaTs skolis axal fizikur da socialur garemoSi. isini
 rekomendaciebi: iniciativis waxaliseba skolamdeli
asakis bavSvebSi
xeli SeuwyeT bavSvebs arCevanis gakeTebasa da 2. mieciT neba bavSvebs, Tavi sayvareli zRa-
mis sisruleSi moyvanaSi. pris gmirebad warmoidginon, gaiTamaSon
situaciebi an moigonon axali Tavgadasav-
magaliTebi lebi TavianTi gmirebisaTvis.
1. gamoyaviT Tavisufali dro, bavSvebis aq- 3. yuradRebiT adevneT Tvali TamaSis pro-
tivobebisa an TamaSobebisTvis. cess, rom bavSvebma rolebi cvalon. erTi
2. SeZlebisdagvarad nu SeawyvetinebT TamaS- da igive bavSvi mudmivad ar unda cdilob-
sa Tu sxva aqtivobebSi Zalian CarTul des Seasrulos მთavari roli, magaliTad,
bavSvebs. `maswavleblis~, `dedis~, `mamis~.
3. daexmareT da ahyeviT bavSvebs TavianTi
iyaviT mimtevebelni bavSvebis inicia­ti­vebisa-
ideebis ganxorcielebaSi.
gan gamowveuli Secdomebis mimarT.
4. SesTavazeT pozitiuri arCevani: nu ety-
viT: `axla namcxvars ver SeWam~, aramed
hkiTxeT: `namcxvars lanCis Tu Zilis Sem-
magaliTebi
deg miirTmev?~ 1. gamoiyeneT finjnebi da doqebi, romleb-
darwmundoT imaSi, rom nebismier bavSvs aqvs Sic advilia Casxma, magram iqidan Znelad
war­matebis miRwevis Sansi. iRvreba.
2. daafaseT da waaxaliseT bavSvebis mcdelo-
magaliTebi ba ara­damakmayofilebeli Sedegis SemTx-
vevaSic ki.
1. bavSvebs TandaTanobiT, nabij-nabij Sea- 3. Secdomis SemTxvevaSi daexmareT moswav-
swavleT axali TamaSi Tu unari. leebs mის gamosworebaSi an xelaxla gaa-
2. erideT Sejibris tipis gundur TamaSebs, keTebineT.
Tu klasSi gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis 4. Tuki moswavle gamudmebiT uCveulod da
bavSvebi arian. miuReblad iqceva, rekomendaciebisaTvis
rolebis mravalferovnebiT xeli SeuwyeT ilu­ mimarTeT skolis fsiqologs. bavSvebis
ziis TamaSs. fsiqosocialur problemebSi garkvevisa
da maTi daxmarebis sa­ukeTeso periodi
magaliTebi adreuli asakia.

1. iqonieT bavSvebisaTvis saintereso da say- damatebiTi informaciisaTvis

vareli gmirebis kostumebi.
ix. http://www.vtaide.com/png/ERIK3.htm

Tavidan ga­ivlian eriqsonis fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis stadiebs

ucnob saskolo sistemaSi. maT unda iswavlon axali ufrosebis ndoba,
imoqmedon avtonomiurad ufro rTul situaciaSi da gamoiCinon ini-
ciativa skolis, maTTvis axali, wesebis Sesatyvisad.
axali fsiqosocialuri sirTule saskolo wlebSi aris is, ra­sac sibejiTe _ samuSaos
eriqsoni uwodebs sibejiTes _ arasrulfasovnebis sapirispiro sta­ produqtiuli Sesrulebis
di­as, moswavleebi ukve xedaven kavSirs nebisyofasa da Ses­rulebuli mcdeloba
samuSaosgan miRebul siamovnebas Soris. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
bavSvebis unari, iyvnen saxlis, samezoblosa da skolas Soris da sa-
Tanado doneze gaarTvan Tavi saswavlo pro­cesis jgufur aqtivobasa
da megobrebTan urTierTobas, zrdis maTSi kompetenturobis gancdas.
am cxovrebiseul moTxovnebTan dakavSirebulma siZneleebma SesaZloa
bavSvSi arasrulyofilebis grZnoba gamoiwvios. bavSvebma unda gamoi-
muSavon axali unar-Cvevebi da iRvawon axali miznebis miRwevisaken.

105
 ­
rekomendaciebi: sibejiTis waxaliseba
darwmundiT, rom moswavleebs gaaC­niaT re­
aluri miznebis miRwevis Se­saZ­leblobebi.
magaliTebi
1. Tavdapirvelad mcire moculobis dava-
lebebiT daiwyeT, xolo Semdeg ufro
vrcel davalebebze gadadiT. moswavle-
Ta progresis monitoringi sakontro-
lo wertilis saSualebiT awarmoeT.
2. aswavleT moswavleebs azriani miz­nebis
dasaxva. dაaweron miznebi da CaaniSni­neT
maT am miznisaken swrafvis procesi.
mieciT moswavleebs Sansi gamo­av­­­­­linon, da­
moukidebloba da pa­su­xismgebloba.
magaliTebi
1. miuteveT aRiarebuli Secdomebi.
2. moswavleebs daavaleT saklaso oTax­­Si
mcenareebis morwyva, saswavlo masalis
Segroveba da danawi­leba, kompiuteru-
li laboratoriis kontroli, saSinao
davalebis klasificireba da a.S.
daexmareT moswavleebs, romlebic sakuTar
TavSi darwmunebulni ar arian.
magaliTebi
1. gamoiyeneT TiToeuli moswavlis in­
dividualuri rukeა.
2. SeinaxeT adrindeli namuSevrebi, ra­Ta
moswavleebma progresi Tava­dve dain-
axon.
3. daajildoeT yvelaze Sromismoyvare
moswavleebi da isini vinc yvelaze metad
gaaumjobesa Sedegebi.
damatebiTi mosazrebebisaTvis
ix. http://www.vtaide.com/png/ERIK4.htm

amave dros maT sxvebs adareben, rac warumateblobis risks qmnis.

am siZneleebTan Widili gavlenas axdens maT momdevno saskolo
gamocdilebaze. saswavlo procesidan amovardnaze miuTiTebs dabali
Sefaseba da erT-erT mTavar saganSi CamorCena (Paris & Cunningham,1996).
`bavSvebis momaval warmatebaze ufro meti gavlena aqvs dawyebiT kla­
sebSi swavlis xarisxs, vidre swavlas momdevno klasebSi~ (Entwisle &
Alexander,1998, gv. 354). imis gamo, rom skola asaxavs saSualo klasis
faseulobebs da normebs, amitom skolasTan Segueba gansakuTrebiT
uWirT ekonomikuri da kulturuli gansxvavebebis mqone bavSvebs. cod-
nis ganmsazRvreli testis Sedegebma aCvena, rom pirvel klasSi maRal
da dabal socialur-ekonomikur jgefebSi codnaSi gansxvaveba mci-
rea, magram me-6 klasisaTvis gansxvaveba sammagdeba. amis Sesaxeb ufro

gonebisa da sxeulis ganviTa-

rebasTan erTad, mozardebi
TviT­myofadobis ganviTarebis
mTavar sakiTxs ejaxebian,
romelic
maT momavals myar safuZvels
umzadebs. gardatexis asakSi
Cndeba SekiTxva: `vin var me?~

106
dawvrilebiT me-5 TavSia moTxrobili. CanarTi `rekomendaciebi~ gvex- daukavSireT swavlebas da
mareba sibejiTis xelSewyobaSi. ganavrceT
uiliam glaseri saubrobs
sabazo skolaSi (middle school) gadasvlis Semdeg izrdeba mos­wavleTa
`me~-s koncefciaze. warmate-
yuradReba Sefaseba-miRwevebisadmi da konkurencia aka­demiur, so- buli da marcxis identobis
cialur da sportul sferoebSi. moswavleebs sakuTar Tavze bevris terminebSi marcxis identobas
aRebis ambicia uCndebaT xolme, raSic xels uSlis wesebi, valdebule- axasiaTebs martooba, apaTia,
bebi da davalebebi. sabazo skolaSi gadasvlisas erT maswavlebelTan gandegiloba an danaSaulis
SegrZneba. `war­matebebis iden-
Tbili urTierToba icvleba gansxvavebuli sagnebis maswavleblebTan
tobas axasiaTebs siyvarulis
ufro pragmatuli da civi urTierTobiT; icvleba dawyebiT kasebSi gacemisa da miRebis unari,
SeZenili maRali statusic (Meece, 2002; Murdock, Hale, & Weber, 2001; Ru- agreTve qmedeba, romelic
dolph, Lambert, Clark, & Kurlakovsky, 2001; Wigfield, Eccles, MacIver, Rueman, & mniSvnelovania sakuTari
Midgley, 1991). Ta­visTvis an sxvebisTvis
(Glasser,W.[1969]. Schools with-
out failure. New York: Harper
and Row). ra unda moimo-
mozardoba: identobis Zieba qmedos maswavlebelma, rom
moswavle marcxis identobi-
amrigad, sxeulisa da gonebis ganviTarebasTan erTad mo­zar­di dan warmatebebis idento-
dge­­ba identobis agebis centraluri sakiTxis pirispir. es momavalSi baSi gadaiyvanos, rac niSnavs
ufro dadebiTi TviTSefasebis
uzrunvelyofs mozrdilobis myar safuZvels. ada­miani Tavis `me~-s
ganviTarebas?
gancdas pataraobidanve aviTarebs. Tumca pirve­lad momwifebis asakSi
cdi­lobs, gaazrebulad gasces pasuxi SekiTxvas _ `vin var me?~ am
sa­­fexurisTvis damaxasiaTebe­li wi­­na­aRm­degobaa identoba _ rolebis
aRrevis sapirispiro iden­­tobas miswrafebebis, SesaZleblobebis, rw-
menisa da war­sulis erTianoba qmnis. is moicavs gansazRvrul arCevansa
da ga­dawyvetilebebs faseulobebis, samuSaos, ideologiisa da sxvebis
mimarT valdebulebebis Sesaxeb (Marcia, 1987; Penuel & Wertsch, 1995). mo-
zardebi ver moaxerxeben yvela am aspeqtisa da arCevanis integracias
an Tuki igrZnoben, rom arCevanis gakeTeba ar SeuZliaT, Seiqmneba ro-
lis aRrevis (role confusion) safrTxe.

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT gadawyvetili gaqvs ra unda

gamo­xvide? ra alternativebi ganixile? vin an ram imoqmeda Sens gadaw-
yvetilebaze?

identobis statusebi. jeims marsia (James Marcia 1991, 1994, 1999) mi­iCnevs, identoba _ rTuli pasuxi
rom mozardisTvis identobis gamomxatveli oTxi alternativa arse- kiTxvaze `vin var me?~
bobs, rac damokidebulia ganxilul arCevansa da aRebul valdebulebe- identobis difuzia _
bze. pirveli, identobis difuzia: Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac pirovneba dabneuloba; gaurk­vevloba
ar aanalizebs Tavis arCevansa da qmedebebs; ar fiqrobs, vin aris da imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin aris da
ra unda cxovrebaSi; ar gaaCnia konkretuli mimarTuleba. aseTi mo- ra unda.
swavleebi apaTiurebi, gancalkevebulni, momavlis imedis armqoneni an identobis dakargva _
gamoxatulad meamboxe sulisani arian. isini xSirad stumroben xalxm- mSobelTa cxovrebiseu­li
raval adgilebSi da midrekileba aqvT narkotikebisadmi (Archer & Water- gamocdilebis gaanalizebis
gareSe miReba.
man,1990; Berger & Thompson, 1995; Kroger, 2000).
identobis dakargva: qmedeba gaanalizebis gareSe, roca Sez­Ruduli moratoriumi _ identobis
mozardebi ar cdian sxvadasxva identobis cxovrebaSSi gamoyenebas da krizisi; arCevanis gakeTebis
Seferxeba Sinagani brZolis
arc alternatiul arCevanze fiqroben. isini sxvis miznebs, faseulo-
gamo.
bebsa da cxovrebis stils ubralod iReben. ro­gorc wesi, eseni arian
mSoblebi, magram zogjer SeiZleba iyv­­nen eqstremistuli dajgufebebi
an kerpebi. SezRuduli mo­zar­debi metwilad uxeSebi, aratoleran-
tulebi, dogmaturebi da daZabulebi arian (Frank, Pirsch, & Wright, 1990).
alternativebTan SeWidebis procesSi mopovebul gamoc­di­lebas er-
iqsoni moratoriums uwodebs. eriqsonis mixedviT, mo­ratoriumi Ses-

107
 rekomendaciebi: identobis Camoyalibebis xelSewyoba
miawodeT moswavleebs karieris Ser­Cevisa awuxeben an saswavlo process ar uSlian
da zrdasrulobis sxva ro­lebi xels.

magaliTebi
1. yuradReba gaamaxvileT literaturul
da istoriul magaliTebze. iqonieT kal-
endari, sadac aRniSnulia gamorCeuli
qalbatonebis, umciresobis liderebi-
sa da im saganSi Tundac naklebad mniS-
vnelovani adamianebis dabadebis dReebi,
romelsac Tqven aswavliT, mokled mi-
moixileT am pirovnebათა warmatebebi.
2. moiwvieT stumrebi, romlebic isaubre-
ben, ratom da rogor SearCies TavianTi
profesia. ecadeT, rom yvela saxis sa-
muSao da am sferoSi moRvawe pirovne-
bebi warmoadginoT.
daexmareT moswavleebs piradi prob­lemebis
mosagvareblad resursebis mo­ZiebaSi.
magaliTebi
1. waaxaliseT, rom daxmarebisaTvis mimar-
Ton skolis fsiqologs.
2. ganixileT damatebiTi (skolis gareTa)
momsaxurebis SesaZlebloba.
moiTmineT gardatexis asakSi myofi mozar
dis ucnauri axirebebi, Tuki amiT sxvas ar
magaliTebi
1. isaubreT istoriul ucnaurobebze
(neonis Tmebi, parikebi...).
2. nu gaakritikebT mkacrad maT Cacmulo-
basa Tu varcxnilobas.
mieciT moswavles raeluri rCeva sa­­mu­Sa­os
Taobaze da xeli SeuwyeT mis srul­yo­fi­
lebisken swrafvas. mozards SeiZleba ara­
erTi `meore Sansi~ das­Wirdes.
magaliTebi
1. darwmundiT, rom moswavleebs, romle-
bic cudad iqcevian da arc davalebebs
asruleben saTanadod, esmiT sakuTari
qceva ra Sedegebs moutans TviTon mas an
sxvebs.
2. mieciT am moswavleebs nimuSebi an gaa-
caniT sxva moswavleTa mier Sesrulebu-
li warmatebuli proeqtebi, rom Seada-
ron TavianTi naSromi karg magaliTs.
3. moswavleebi `izomeben~, `irgeben~, `cdi-
an~ sxvadasxva rols, amitom ga­moyaviT
rolebi pirovnebisagan _ gaakritikeT
qceva da ara moswavle.

damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:

http://www.cde.ca.gov/Is/cg/pp/documents/erikson.pdf

wavla-gaanalizebis procesia, rasac pirovnuli da profesiuli arCev-

identobis miRweva _ arCevanis
cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebis
pasuxismgeblobis didi
SegrZneba alternativebis
ganxilvis Semdeg.
ani mosdevs. amgvari Seferxeba Cveulebrivi da bunebrivia Tanamedrove
mozardebSi. eriqsons miaCnia, rom rTul sazogadoebaSi mozardebi
moratoriumis dros identobis kriziss ganicdian. dResdReobiT es
periodi krizisad aRar miiCneva, radganac umravlesobisaTvis morato-
riumis dros miRebuli ga­mocdileba TandaTanobiTi SemecnebiTi pro-
cesia da ara, vTqvaT, travmuli `gadatrileba~ (Grotevant,1998).
identobis miRweva: realuri alternativebis ganxilvis Semdeg pi­
rovneba akeTebs arCevans da iRvwis cxovrebaSi maT dasanergad. saSua-
lo skolis damTavrebisas cota Tu aRwevs am mdgomareobas. moswavlee-
bs, romlebic swavlas kolejSi agrZeleben, SeiZleba gadawyvetilebis
misaRebad meti dro dasWirdeT. dResdReobiT im­denad bevri adamiani
midis kolejSi an agrZelebs ganaTlebis mi­Rebas, rom moratoriumi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli Seswavla-Se­mecnebis procesi 20 wlis asakis
Semdeg iSviaTad Tu grZeldeba. moswavleTa 80% erTxel mainc icvlis
Sexedulebas (SeekiTxeT Cems dedikos). zogierTma SeiZleba cxovrebis

108
 sqema 3.1
uri bronfenbreneris adamianis ganviTarebis
bi­o­eko­logi­uri modeli
yoveli pirovneba viTardeba mikrosistemaSi (ojaxi, megobrebi, sko­
lis aqtiurobebi, maswavlebeli da sxv.), romelic Sedis mezosistemaSi
(urTierTqmedeba mikrosistemis yvela elements Soris), es ukanask­ne­
li ki egzosistemis Semadgeneli nawilia (bavSvze moq­medi socialuri
garemo, romelsac gavlena aqvs bavSvze, maSinac ki, rodesac is
am movlenebis uSu­alo mo­nawile ar aris _ sayofacxovrebo re­
sursebi, mSoblebis sa­muSao adgili da sxv.).
es yvelaferi ki makrosistemis nawilia (ufro didi sociumi
Tavisi faseulobebiT, wesebiT, kavSirebiT, tradiciebiT da a.S).

itikuri filoso
pol fia
b i is sistema
ie skol ek
ic on
ad

om
eb
tr

ik
o sistema
mezo

ur
li

ad
og

i s
vn u

sa
saz

me

tr
ero

ojaxi saklaso oTaxi

di

uqt
cin

urebi
o dawesebulebebi
sistema

mezosistema
mezo

ekon

religiuri garemo Tanatolebis wre

om
bi
ebe

ik ur
l

a
di
u

i
eb

mezosistema
me

st
r

s
ru

ma
Ri

mikrosistema qt
i ur
u l egzosistema eb
ur i
lt
ku makro
sistema

wyaro: adaptirebulia K.S. Berger(2004), The Developing person through the lifespan. New York:
Worth, gv.3.

garkveul periodSi miaRwios myar TviTmyofadobas, Tanac mxolod im-

isTvis, rom mogvianebiT uaryos axlis misaRwevad. ase rom, erTxel
miRweuli identoba SesaZloa sulac ar iyos ucvleli (Kroger, 2000;
Nurmi, 2004).
orive mdgomareoba _ moratoriumi da identobis miRweva bu­nebrivad
da jansaRad miiCneva. skolebi, romlebic mozardebs aZ­leven sazoga-

109

generaciuloba _ momaval
Taobebze mzrunvelobisadmi
da gavlenisadmi swrafva.
integracia _ sakuTari Tavis
aRiareba-dafasebisa
da srulyofilebis SegrZneba.
bioekologiuri modeli
_ bronfenbreneris Teoria
aRwers Zireul socialur
da kulturul konteqstebs,
romlebic ayalibebs
pirovnebas. yoveli adamiani
viTardeba mikrosistemaSi,
romelic Sedis mezosistemaSi,
es ukanaskneli ki
egzosistemis Semadgeneli
nawilia. TiToeuli maTgani
kulturis makrosistemis
nawilia.
110
doebrivi cxovrebis praqtikul gamocdilebas, xels uwyoben identobis
formirebas (Cooper, 1998). ixileT CanarTi `rekomendaciebi~, romelic
gvawvdis identobis formirebis mxardamWer sxva ideebs.
skolis wlebis Semdeg: eriqsonis zrdasrulobis stadiebis yvela kri­­­
zisi adamianebTan urTierTobis xarisxTan aris dakavSirebuli. pir­
veli stadia: intimuroba _ izolaciis sapirispirod. am Sem­Tx­vevaSi
in­timuroba moiazreba, rogorc sasurvel adamianTan ufro Rrma urT-
ierTobebis damyarebis survili. imas, visac Zlieri identobis grZnoba
ar aqvs, eSinia pirovnulad masze Zli­erma adamianma ar daTrgunos
an `STanTqas~. amitom man SeiZ­leba simartove amjobinos. meore sta-
dia: generaciuloba _ stag­­­­naciis sapirispirod. generaciulobisTvis
damaxasiaTebe­-lia sxva pirovnebaze zrunva, rac moicavs, rogorc Sem-
deg Ta­obaze, ise wina Taobebze zrunvas. Tumca generaciuloba xSir-
ad gulis­xmobs bavSvebis yolas da maT gamokvebas. mas ufro farTo
mniSvnelobac aqvs. produqtiuloba da SemoqmedebiToba misi ar­sebiTi
maxasiaTebelia. eriqsoniseuli bolo stadia: egos in­tegracia _ saso-
warkveTilebis sapirispirod. integraciis miR­weva niSnavs `me~-s kon-
solidacias da misi unikalurobisa da aw ukve Seucvleli istoriis
srul miRebas. is, vinc ver aRwevs am mdgomareobas, sasowarkveTile-
baSi vardeba.
eriqsonis naSromma gaadvila cxovrebis mTliani ciklis ganviTa-
rebis gageba. misi Te­oriebi gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa mozardobis
gasagebad, magram feministebma gaakritikes misi azri, rom identoba
win us­wrebs intimurobas. feministebis kvlevis Sedegad, qalebSi in­
timurobisa da identobis miRweva erTdroulad mimdinareobs (Miller,
2002). da, rogorc SemdgomSi naxavT axali gamokvlevebi mimarTuli im
sakiTxebisaken,, romlebic eriqsons ar hqonda srulad Seswavlili.
bronfenbreneri: ganviTarebis socialuri konteqsti
eriqsoni pirovnul-socialur ganviTarebaSi gamoyofs sazo­ga­do­
ebriv-kulturuli konteqstis rols. uri bronfe­nbreneri ki gacile-
biT Sors midis da ganviTarebis bioekologiur mo­delSi ganviTarebaze
moqmed bevr socialur konteqsts exeba (Bronfenbrenner, 1989; Bronfenbrenner
& Evans, 2000). modelis bioaspeqtis mixedviT, adamianebs ganviTarebis
procesSi sakuTari biologiuri Taviseburebebi `SemoaqvT~. ekolo-
giuri mxare aRiarebs, rom so­cialuri konteqstebi, romlebSic Cven
vviTardebiT, eko­sis­temebia, radgan isini mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSia
da gavlenas axdens erTmaneTze (ix. sqema 3.1). nebismieri pirovneba
mikrosistemis CarCoSi, mezosistemis SigniT, egzosistemaSi cxovrobs.
TiToeuli maTgani ki `matrioSkis~ msgav­sad makrosistemis nawilia.
mikrosistemaSi individis uSualo urTierTobebsa da qmedebebs
vxedavT. bavSvisTvis es SeiZleba iyos urTierTobebi ojaxTan, mego-
brebTan an maswavleblebTan, moqmedebis areali ki _ saxli an skola.
urTierTobebi mikrosistemaSi ormxrivia: magaliTad, bavSvi moqmedebs
mSoblebze, mSoblebi ki gavlenas axdenen bav­Svze. mezosistema mikros-
istemis yoveli elementis gavliT ur­TierTqmedebaTa da urTierTo-
baTa mdgomareobaa. ojaxis wev­rebi damokidebulebaSi arian rogorc
erTmaneTTan, aseve maswav­lebelTan. yoveli urTierTobac ormxrivia _
maswavlebeli gav­­lenas axdens mSoblebze, mSoblebi ki _ maswavlebelze.
es urTierTobebi sabolood moqmedebs bavSvze. egzosistema moicavs
yovel socialur moments, romelic bavSvs exeba, im SemTxvevasac ki,
rodesac bavSvi ar aris sistemis uSualo wevri. amis ma­galiTebia mas-
wavleblis urTierTobebi administratorebTan da skolis sabWosTan;
mSobelTa samsaxurebi; janmrTelobis re­sursebi; ojaxis religiasTan
damokidebuleba. makrosistema uf­ro didi sazogadoebaa faseulobe-
biT, wesebiT, kavSirebiT, tradiciebiTa da a.S. magaliTisTvis dafiqr-
diT maswavleblis sakuTar bioekologiur sistemaze. maswavlebelze
gavlenas axdens direqtoris, kolegebisa da moswavleebis mikrosiste-
ma; zemoqmedebs am pirebis urTierTqmedebaTa mezosistema; Statis,
saxelmwifos saganmanaTleblo politikis egzosistema da kul­turul
normaTa, faseulobaTa makrosistema (Woolfolk Hoy, Davis & Pape, 2007).
bronfenbreneris Teoria maswavlebelTaTvis sul mcire or gakve­
Tils Seicavs: jer erTi nebismier socialur sistemaSi ze­gavlenebi
ormxrivia; meore – arsebobs aqtiuri Zalebi, rom­le­bic urTierTq-
medebisas qmnis garemos individualuri gan­vi­TarebisTvis. garda amisa,
SevxedoT sam mniSvnelovan socialur konteqsts _ ojaxs, Tanato-
lebsa da maswavleblebs.

ojaxi
nurafers elodebiT moswavleTA mSoblebisgan. dRes sul ufro matu­ daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
lobs dediserTa moswavleTa ricxvi. bevr maTgans hyavs erTi RviZli da ganavrceT
ifiqreT, ra zegavlenas
da an Zma. bevri ki Sereuli ojaxis wevria da hyavs naxevarda an naxe-
axdens swavlaze ojaxuri
varZma. zogi moswavle SeiZleba cxovrob­des deidasTan, bebia-papasTan, kultura da Rirebulebebi.
erT-erT mSobelTan, mSvilebelTan, bavSvTa saxlSi an ufros da-Zmas-
Tan. girCevT, moswavleebTan saubrisas moeridoT frazebs `Tqveni mSo-
Sereuli ojaxebi _ xelaxali
blebi~, `Tqveni ded-mama~ da gamoiyenoT `Tqveni ojaxi~. ganqorwineba
qorwinebis Sedegad Serwymuli
ojaxebis gans­xvavebuli struqturis erT-erTi mizezia. ojaxebi, mSoblebi, Svilebi da
gerebi.
ganqorwineba. ganqorwinebaTa raodenobis mixedviT msoflioSi pirvel
adgilzea aSS, romelic samjer uswrebs meore da mesame adgilebze
myof axal zelandiasa da did britaneTs (Berk, 2005). zogierTi anali-
tikosis SefasebiT, 90-ian wlebSi Semdgari pir­veli qorwinebebis 40-
50% ganqorwinebiT dasruldeba (Amato, 2001). ganqorwineba yvela Sem-
TxvevaSi yvela ojaxSi stress iwvevs. mSoblebis ganSoreba, Tundac
rogorc ramdenime wlis konfliqtis Sedegi, SeiZleba ojaxis mego-
brebisa da bavSvebisTvisac mou­lodneli iyos. ganqorwinebis procesSi
sakuTrebisa da meurve­obis uflebebze davis SemTxvevaSi konfliqti
SesaZlebelia gam­wvavdes.
ganqorwinebis Semdgomma cvlilebebma SeiZleba daangrios bav­­Svis
cxovreba. meurve mSoblebs SesaZlebelia sacxovreblad naklebad kom-
fortul saxlSi gadasvla, Semosavlis axali wyaros moZieba, samuSaos
dawyeba an samuSao grafikis gazrda mouxdeT. yovelive amis Sedegad
bavSvi SesaZloa daSordes Zvel mezoblebs an skolis uaxloes mego-
brebs, arada mas yvelaze metad axla sWirdeba mxardaWera, radgan
meurve mSobels axla bevrad ufro naklebi dro rCeba misTvis. mSo-
blebis TiTqmis 2/3 xelaxla qorwindeba da maTi naxevari isev gan-
qorwindeba, ase rom bavSvs kidev bevr ramesTan uwevs Segueba (Nelson,
1993). im iSviaT SemTxvevebSic ki, roca cotaa konfliqtebi, sakmarisia

111
 rekomendaciebi: ganqorwilebulTa Svilebis daxmareba
yuradReba miaqcieT yovel moulodnel cvli­
lebas qcevaSi, romelic SesaZloa ojaxur
problemebze miuTiTebdes.
magaliTebi
1. problemis fizikuri gamovlineba: Ta­visa
da muclis xSiri tkivili, wonis swrafi
mateba an kleba, mud­mivi daR­liloba an
piriqiT _ zedmeti energiuloba.
2. emociuri daTrgunulobis gamoxa­tu­leba:
uxasiaToba, gaRizianeba, yu­radRebisa da
koncentraciis mo­du­neba.
3. SeatyobineT mSoblebs moswavlis stre­
sis niSnebi.
esaubreT moswavles masSi momxdar cvli­le­
bebze. es saSualebas mogcemT meti gaigoT
iseT gansakuTrebul stres­ze, rogoric
ganqorwinebaa.
magaliTebi
1. iyaviT kargi msmeneli. moswavles Se­
iZleba ar hyavdes misi prob­le­mebiT da­
interesebuli sxva ufrosi adamiani.
2. TqvenTan saubari moswavlisaTvis SesaZ­
lebeli unda iyos da mieciT neba Tavad
arCevdes gansaxilvel Temas.
daukvirdiT Tqvens saubars da Tavi aarideT
`bednier~ (srul) ojaxebTan dakavSirebul
stereotipebs.
magaliTebi
1. ubralod `Tqveni ded-mamis~ nacv­lad
TqviT `Tqveni ojaxebi~.
2. Tavi SeikaveT formulirebebisgan:
`Cven gvWirdeba morige deda~ an `mamas
SeuZlia dagexmaroT~.
daexmareT moswavles SeinarCunos TviT­Se­
faseba.
magaliTebi
1. mouwoneT kargad Sesrulebuli sa­mu­Sao.
2. darwmundiT, rom bavSvma gaigo da­
valeba da daZlevs mas. am pe­riodSi
arasasurvelia misi axali da rTuli
samuSaoTi datvirTva.
112
3. mSoblebze gabrazebul moswavles Se­
saZloa es brazi maswavlebel­ze gadah­­-
­ qondes. nu miiRebT mis brazs pi­rov­nu­
lad.
gamoiyeneT Tqvens skolaSi arsebuli
re­sursebi.
magaliTebi
1. esaubreT skolis fsiqologs, so­­ci­
alur muSaks, direqtors moswav­leze,
romelsac gareSe daxmareba sWirdeba.
2. SeqmeniT ganqorwinebul mSobelTa Svi­
lebisTvis sadiskusio jgufi, ro­mel­
sac specialurad momzade­buli ada­
miani waruZRveba.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom orive mSobels aqvs uf­
leba, flobdes informacias Svilze.
magaliTebi
1. saerTo meurveobis mqone orive mSo­
bels ufleba aqvs miiRos in­for­macia
da daeswros mSobelTa kre­bebs.
2. meurveobis uflebis armqone mSob­leb­
sac aqvT ufleba flobdnen in­formacias
bavSvis saswavlo prog­resis Sesaxeb.
skolis direqtorTan erTad gadaxedeT
im kanonebs, rom­lebic am uflebebs
adgenen.
gaiTvaliswineT im moswavleTa mdgo­ma­reoba,
romlebic morigeobiT xan erT mSobelTan
cxovroben, xan meoresTan.
magaliTebi
1. wignebi, davaleba, sportuli forma
Se­iZleba darCes erT mSo­belTan, ro­
desac moswavle droebiT meoresTan
cxovrobs.
2. mSoblebi SesaZloa ar gamoCndnen sko­­
laSi, rodesac bavSvis wayvanა maTi
rigia an ar daeswron krebas, rad­gan
saxlSi ar misvliaT Sesabamisi Set­
yobineba.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.: http://
muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/hesguide/
humanrel/gh6600.htm
resursebi da megobarTa mxardaWera, ganqorwineba mainc ar aris ad-
vili aravisTvis.
mSoblebis ganqorwinebis Semdgom pirveli ori weliwadi yve­laze
rTuli periodia rogorc biWebisTvis, aseve gogo­ne­bisaTvis. maT Sei-
Zleba problemebi hqondeT skolaSi, guli aic­ruon swavlaze, acdendnen
gakveTilebs, uCveulod daiklon an moimaton wonaSi, awuxebdeT uZiloba
da a.S. isini SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs adanaSaulebdnen ojaxis ngrevaSi an
Serigebis fuWi imedi hqondeT (Hetherington, 1999). SesaZlebelia grZel-
vadiani Sedegebic. am dros biWebi ufro problemurebi arian saxlsa da
skolaSi, vidre gogonebi, Tumca maTac SesaZloa hqondeT garkveuli
problemebi, gansakuTrebiT sapirispiro sqesis warmomadgenlebTan urT-
ierTobisas: SesaZloa gaxdnen seqsualurad ufro aqtiurebi an piriqiT
_ gauWirdeT vaJebis ndoba. yovelive amis miuxedavad, ganqorwinebasTan
Segueba calkeul SemTxvevaSi individualuria; zogi bavSvi Zlieri pa-
suxismgeblobis grZnobiT, stresis daZlevis unariT umklavdeba arse-
bul problemebs (Amato, Loomis & Booth, 1995; Berk, 2005). droTa ganmavloba-
Si, ganqorwnebul mSobelTa Svilebis daaxloebiT 75-80%-s situaciasTan
Seguebis unari uyalibdeba (Hetherington & Kelly, 2002). ixileT CanarTi
`rekomendaciebi~ _ ganqorwinebulTa Svilebis daxmareba.

aRzrdis mSobliseuli stili. maswavleblebi xSirad mxolod mSob-

lebs ada­naSauleben moswavleTa problemebSi. sinamdvileSi, rogorc
bavS­vebis ganviTarebaze mimdinare dakvirvebebi cxadyofs, saqme ufro
rTuladaa. bronfenbreneris bioekologiuri modeli gveubneba, rom
bavSvze bevri ram axdens gavlenas. Tumca mSoblebis faqtori mainc
Zalze mniSvnelovania (Berger, 2006).
aRzrdis mSobliseuli stilis kargad cnobili daxasiaTeba efuZne- aRzrdis mSobliseuli stili
ba daian baum­rindis (Diane Baumrind, 1991) gamokvlevas. misi adrindeli _ bavSvebTan urTierTobis da
naSromi exeboda 100 skolamdeli bavSvis safuZvlian da xangrZliv lon­ maTi disciplinirebis gzebi.
gitudur Seswavlas (ZiriTadad saSualo fenis evropel ame­ri­kelTa
ojaxebSi). baumrindi da sxva mkvlevrebi (romlebic mis aR­moCenebs
eyrd­nobodnen), bavSvebsa da mSoblebze dakvirvebiTa da mSoblebTan
gasaubrebis Sedegad ganasxvaveben mSobelTa oTx stils. es klasifi-
kacia emyareba mSobelTa siTbosa da kontrolis maRal da dabal do-
neebs (Berger, 2006):
avtoritaruli mSoblebi (siTbos nakleboba, Zlieri kontroli)
bavSvebTan urTierTobisas civebi da mkacri makontroleblebi
arian; bavSvebisgan mudmivad elian mSobelTa miTiTebis Sesrule-
bas `imitom, rom me ase vTqvi~, emociebze bevrs ar saubroben. mka-
crad sjian TavianT Svilebs, Tumca ar Seuracxyofen maT. avto-
ritarul mSoblebs uyvarT Svilebi, magram amas ar gamoxataven.
avtoritetuli mSoblebi (gulTbili, Zlieri kontroli) aseve
aweseben zust sazRvrebs, iZulebiT wesebs da elian bavSvebi-
sgan zrdasruliviT qcevas. Tumca isini ufro Tbilad epyrobian
Svilebs: yurs ugdeben bavSvebis protests, asabuTeben wesebis
mizezebsa da saSualebas iZlevian, miRebul iqnes ufro demokra-
tiuli gadawyvetileba. aseTi mSoblebi iSviaTad mimarTaven mka-
cr zomebs, umetesad exmarebian Svilebs maTi ama Tu im saqcielis
Sedegebis gaazrebaSi (Hoffman, 2001).
liberali mSoblebi (gulTbili, susti kontroli) arian gulTbile-
bi da mzrunvelebi, amave dros ver akontroleben sakuTari Svile-
bis saqciels da amas amarTleben ase: `isini xom bavSvebi arian~.
uyuradRebo mSoblebi (siTbos nakleboba, susti kontroli) ise

113
 Cans, TiTqos saerTod ar dardoben da arc Tavs iwuxeben kontro-
liT, bavSvebTan urTierTobiTa da maTze zrunviT.

kultura da aRzrdis stili. yvelas _ avtoritarul, avtoritetul

da liberal mSoblebs uyvarT sakuTari Svilebi da zrunaven maTze,
ubralod gansxvavebuli warmodgena aqvT imaze, rogoria kargi mSobeli.
zogadad, am sami tipis mSoblebTan aRzrdili bavSvebi gansxvavdebi-
an erTmaneTisgan. yovel SemTxvevaSi evropeli da amerikeli saSualo
ojaxebSi avtoritetuli mSoblebis Svilebi ufro kmayofilni arian
sakuTari TaviT da ukeT urTierToboben sxvebTan; avtoritaruli mSo-
blebis Svilebs axasiaTebT damna­Saveobis SegrZneba da daTrgunuloba,
liberaluri mSoblebis Svilebs ki SesaZlebelia hqondeT problemebi
TanatolebTan urTierTobaSi _ maT rogorc wesi, sakuTari gza aqvT.
aseTi mSoblebi bavSvebs yovelnair survils usruleben _ iqneb es
ufro advilia, vidre iyo arapopularuli gadawyvetilebebis mimRebi
ufrosi. orive survilebis amsrulebeli da uyuradRebo mSoblis tipi,
zianis momtania.
sxvadasxva kultura agreTve gansxvavdeba aRzrdis stilis mixed-
viT. gamokvlevebis mixedviT, Zlieri kontrolis mqone mSob­­lebis azie-
li da afroamerikeli moswavleebis moswreba uf­ro maRalia (Glasgow,
Dornbusch, Troyer, Steinberg, & Ritter,1997). ga­sagebi wesebis damdgeni mkacri,
magram gulTbili da emociurad mxardamWeri aRzrdis stili pirda-
pir kavSirSia qalaqeli bavSvebis maRal akademiur moswrebasTan da
met emociur simwifesTan (Garner & Spears, 2000; Jarrett, 1995). gansxvaveba
kulturul faseulobebs Soris da zogierTi qalaquri samezoblos
saSiSi garemo mSobelTa Zlier kontrols zogjer misaRebs, zogjer
ki aucilebels xdis (Smetana,2000). im kulturebSi, sadac ufrosis da-
faseba da koleqtiuri filosofia ufro misaRebia, vidre individu-
aluri, SesaZloa bavSvma arasworad aRiqvas morCilebis moTxovna da
es avtoritarulobad miiCnios (Nucci, 2001).

Tanatolebi
Tanatolebi da megobroba umTavresia moswavleTa cxovrebaSi.
uTanxmoebis an kamaTis dros, roca bavSvs ar epatiJebian stumrad,
ugoneben Worebs da cdiloben mis gariyvas (rogorc alisonisa da

skolis periodSi TanatolebT-

an urTierToba mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs moswavlis
TviTSefasebis CamoyalibebaSi,
mis warmatebebSi skolis peri-
odsa da Semdgom cxovrebaSi.

114
stefanias SemTxvevaSi Tavis dasawyisSi), SesaZloa damangreveli Sedegi
iqonios masze. mozardis gonebrivi moumwifebloba, im­pulsuroba Tana-
tolTa axalgazrduli kulturis Zlier zegav­lenasTan erTad, prob-
lemebs ufro realur safuZvels uqmnis.

TanatolTa kultura. bolo dros fsiqologebma Seiswavles TanatolTa

kulturis Zlieri gavlena bavSvTa ganviTarebaze. TanatolTa kultura
aris moswavleTa jgufebis Cacmulobis, saubrisa Tu Tmis varcxnilo-
bis aRiarebuli `wesebi~. jgufi ga­nisazRvreba saerTo saqmianobiT,
musikisa da sxva moswavleebi­sad­mi damokidebulebiT. magaliTad, rode-
sac popularul jesikas, maRali klasis moswavles, Txoves aexsna Ta-
visi jgufis wesebi, man es uproblemod SesZlo:

OK. #1: tansacmeli. jinsebs mxolod paraskevs CaicvamT, varcxnilobis

(kikinis) gakeTeba da snikersebis (saCogburTo fexsacmelis) Cacma
kviraSi mxolod erTxel SeiZleba. orSabaTi gapranWvis dRea Savi
Sarvali an qvedabolo. Tu xalxs SabaT-kviras daaviwydeba Tqveni
momxibvleloba, maT es unda SeaxsenoT. #2: saRamoebi. Cven, ra Tqma
unda, ganvixilavT, romel maTgans daveswroT, radgan uazrobaa
yvelani mosawyeni saRamosTvis gamovewyoT.

TanatolTa kultura aRiarebuli wesebis morCilebisadmi ubiZ­gebs

mozardebs. orSabaT dRes gogonam jesikas jgufSi jinsi Ca­icva da
jesika mas daupirispirda: `ratom gacvia dRes jinsi! dagaviwyda, rom
orSabaTia? (Talbot, 2002, gv. 28). jesikam agvixsna, rom jgufma es `urCi~
droebiT CamoiSora da neba ar misca, maTTan erTad esadila.
Tanatolebis Zalauflebis gasarkvevad unda davakvirdeT si­tu­
acias, rodesac mSoblebisa da Tanatolebis Rirebulebani da intere-
sebi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba da vnaxoT, visi gavlena imZlavrebs.
rogorc wesi, Tanatolebi imarjveben. unda aRiniSnos, rom yvelafris
miuxedavad, TanatolTa kulturis yvela aspeqti ar aris uaryofiTi
da daundobeli, zogi jgufis normebi po­zitiuria da aregulirebs mo-
swavleTa akademiur moswrebas. Ta­natolTa kultura gavlenas axdens
manerebisa da socializaciis CamoyalibebaSic (Harris, 1998). mSobelTa da
maswavlebelTa sti­li gavlenas axdens zneobaze karieris arCevisa da
religiis sakiTxebSi.
jgufis `SigniT~ an `gareT~ yofnisagan miRebuli travmebis gar­da,
TanatolTa urTierToba mniSvnelovan pozitiur an negatiur rols
asrulebs jansaR pirovnul da socialur ganviTarebaSi (A. Ryan, 2001).
erT-erTi gamokvlevis SedegebiT, me-6 klasis moswavleebs, romlebsac
ar hyavdaT megobrebi, ori wlis Semdegac dabali akademiuri moswreba
da pozitiuri socialuri qceva aReniSnebodaT, amasTan emociurad
ufro daTrgunulebi iyvnen, ori wlis Semdegac ki, vidre moswavleebi,
romlebsac erTi mego­bari mainc hyavdaT (Wentzel, Barry, & Caldwell, 2004).
ra Tqma unda, didi mniSvneloba aqvs megobrebis Tvisebebsa da me-
gobrobis xa­risxs sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi ufro gamocdil da
mowiful TanatolebTan. swored maTTan aqtiuri urTierToba uwyobs
xels moswavlis socialur ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT misTvis rTul
periodSi, magaliTad, mSoblebic ganqorwinebisas an sxva skolaSi ga-
dasvlisas (Hartup & Stevens, 1999). Tanatolebis mier uaryofili bavSvebi
naklebad monawileoben saswavlo aqtivobaSi; maT uCndebaT survili,
miatovon skola mozardobis asakSi da SesaZloa, mozrdilobaSi meti

115

daukavSireT kvlevas da ga-
navrceT
Galen, B. R., & Underwood, M.
K. (1997). bavSvTa socialuri
ag­resiis gakvleva. ganviTarebis
fsiqologia, 33, 589-600.
instrumentuli agresia _
aqtiuri moqmedeba, romelic
miznad isaxavs nivTis, adgilisa
Tu upiratesobis mopovebas; ar
axlavs wyenis ganzrxva, magram
SesaZlebelia gamoiwvios
gulistkena.
mtruli agresia _ Tavxeduri,
pirdapiri moqmedeba, romelic
mimarTulia vinmes gulist-
kenisaken; araprovocirebuli
Tavdasxma.
aSkara agresia _ mtruli agre-
siis forma, romelic fizikur
Tavdasxmas Seicavs.
urTierTobiTi agresia _
mtruli agresiis forma, rome-
lic gulisxmobs sityvier Ta-
vdasxmas da sxva sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebis damazianebel
qmedebas.
116
problemac hqondeT. magaliTad, gariyuli agresiuli moswavleebi uf­
ros asakSi midrekilni arian danaSaulobisken (Coie & Dodge, 1998; Coie
da sxvebi, 1995; Fredricks, & Paris, 2004).
vis aqvs ufro xSirad problemebi TanatolebTan? bavSvebi da mozardebi
yovelTvis ar arian tolerantuli gansxvavebulTA mimarT. Ama­galiTad,
fizikurad, gonebrivad, eTnikurad, rasobrivad, ekonomikurad an eno-
brivad gansxvavebuli axali moswavle, SesaZloa uaryofil iqnes Tana-
tolTa jgufis mier. ufro xSirad agresiuli, Caketili, uyuradRebo,
magram zedmetad aqtiuri moswavleebi arian uaryofilni, Tumca es
damokidebulia klasisis konteqstze _ agresiul klasebSi sxvisi agre-
sia naklebad gamo­iwvevs TanatolTagan gariyvas; xolo klasebSi, sadac
ufro mi­Rebulia ganmartoebiT TamaSi da muSaoba, SesaZloa Caketi-
lobam ar gamoiwvios gariyva. Aamgvarad, `iyo uaryofili~ niSnavs, iyo
normisgan gansxvavebuli. prosocialuri qcevebi, rogoricaa urTierT-
gaziareba, erToblivi saqmianoba da megobruli urTi­er­Toba, klasis
kontqstis miuxedavad, TanatolTA mowonebas iw­vevs.B bevri agresiuli
da Caketili moswavle moklebulia am so­cialur Cvevebs; yuradRebis
deficitis mqone hiperaqtiuri moswavleebi xSirad arasworad aRiqva-
men socialur miniSnebebs da ver akontroleben impulsebs, Sesabamisad
maTi socialuri unar-Cvevebic arasrulyofilia (Coplan, Prakash, O’Neil,
& Armer, 2004; Stormshak, Bierman, Bruschi, Dodge, & Coie, 1999). maswavlebelma
unda icodes, TiToeuli moswavlis damokidebuleba jgufTan. arian
gariyulebi? TamaSobs zogierTi moswavle CxubisTavis rols? Uufrosis
yuradRebian Carevas SeuZlia aseTi problemebis gamosworeba, gansa-
kuTrebiT skolis dawyebiT da saSualo (sabazo) safexurze.

rogoria Tqveni azri?
saSualo skolaSi muSaobis dawyebis win gasaubrebaze gkiTxes:
`rogor SegiZliaT gansazRvroT, aris Tu ara Zaladoba moswav-
leebs Soris Cvens skolaSi? ra gamafrTxilebeli niSnebi aqvs
amas?~
TanatolTa agresia. agresiis ramdenime forma arsebobs. yvelaze Cve­
uli formaa instrumentuli agresia, romelic gulisxmobs nivTisa
Tu upiratesobis mopovebas: rigSi pirvelobisTvis xe­liskvras an sxva
bavSvisTvis saTamaSos warTmevas. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania `movi-
povebis~ da ara sxva bavSvis gulistkenis ganzraxva, Tumca SesaZlebe-
lia es mainc moxdes. meore formaa mtruli agresia _ ganzrax zianis
miyeneba. mtrul agresias Se­saZloa hqondes rogorc Ria agresiis _
muqarisas da fizikuri Tavdasxmis _ forma (magaliTad, `gcem!~), aseve
urTierTobiTi agresiis forma, rodesac fuWdeba sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebi (magaliTad, `arasodes ar dagelaparakebi”). biWebi ufro
xSirad mimarTaven Ria agresias, gogonebi ki (rogorc elisonis zemoT
xsenebul istoriaSia), agresias sazogadobriv urTierTobebSi (Berk,
2005). agresia ar unda agverios asertulobaSi (simtkice – Tavdajere-
bulobaSi), rac kanonieri uflebebis ganmtkicebasa da dacvas gulisx-
mobs. elen bi (Helen Bee, 1981) ganmartavs, rom `bavSvi, romelic ambobs
`es Cemi saTamaSoa!~, asertulobis de­monstrirebas axdens, xolo bavSvi,
romelic saTamaSos dasab­runeblad TavSi amxanags urtyams, agresias
gamoxatavs~ (gv.350).
 agresiuli bavSvebi fiqroben,
rom Zaladoba gamarTlebulia,
da sasurvelis mosapoveblad
agresias iyeneben; agresiis
Tavidan acilebis saukeTeso
saSualeba drouli Carevaa.

modelireba mniSvnelovan rols asrsulebs agresiis gamoxat-vaSi daukavSireT kvlevas

(Bandura, Ross, & Ross, 1963). bavSvebi, romlebic ZaladobiT savse ojaxebSi da ganavrceT
Graham, S. (1998). sakuTari
gaizardnen, ufro xSirad mimarTaven agresias problemebis gadasaWre-
Tavis dadanaSauleba da Tana-
lad (Patterson, 1997). `misabaZi~ agresiis erT-erTi realuri wyaro, ro- tolTa viqtimizacia saSualo
gorc wesi, yovel amerikul ojaxSi arsebobs. esaa televizia. aSS-Si skolaSi: kompetenturi anali­
sa­televizio programebis 82% Seicavs garkveul Zaladobas. sabavSvo zi. ganviTarebis fsiqologia,
gadacemebSi es maCvenebeli gansakuTrebiT maRalia _ Zaladobis aqtebis 34, 587-599.

saSualo maCvenebeli saaTSi 32-ia, maT Soris yvelaze uaresi mult-

filmebia da scenaTa 70%-Si Zaladoba ar isjeba (Mediascope, 1996; Waters,
1993). imis gamo, rom bavSvebi umetes dros televizorTan atareben,
satelevizio Zaladobis SesaZlo gavlena namdvilad mniSvnelovania
(Timmer, Eccles, & O’Brien, 1988).
zrdis Tu ara Zaladobrivi sateelevizio sanaxaoba agresias? uka­ daukavSireT swavlebas/
naskneli grZelvadiani gamokvlevebis Sedegebi aSkarad adasturebs, portfolios da ganavrceT
rom zrdis. rovel husmani da misi kolegebi 6-dan 10 wlamde asakis CxubisTavebsa da TanatolTa
urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT
300-ze met bavSvze dakvirvebiT swavlobdnen satelevizio Zaladobis
maswavleblebisTvis sainte­
gavlenasa da 15 wlis Semdeg zrdasrul asakSi agresiul qcevas So- reso keit salivanis saxel­
ris kavSirs. maTi daskvnis mixedviT, `satelevizio Zaladoba iwvevs mZRvanelo (Keith Sullivan’s The
agresiul qcevas rogorc gogonebSi, aseve biWebSi.… es kavSiri arsebobs Anti-Bullying Handbook, Oxford
maSinac, roca gaTvaliswinebulia socialur-ekonomikuri statusi, go­ University Press, 2002).

nebrivi SesaZleblobebi da aRzrdis sxvadasxva faqtori dareguli-

rebulia~ (Huesmann, Moise-Titus, Podolski, & Eron, 2003, gv. 201). rodesac
bavSvebi sakuTar Tavs aigiveben satelevizio gmirebTan (isini amboben,
rom am gmirebiviT iqcevian) da… fiqroben, rom satelevizio Zaladoba
iseTivea, rogoric realur cxovrebaSi, metia albaToba, rom isini zr-
dasrul asakSi moZaladeebi gaxdnen.
satelevizio Zaladobis uaryofiT gavlenas SeamcirebT, Tu auxs-
niT moswavleebs, rom adamianTa umravlesobis qceva ar aris televi-
ziiT gavrcelebuli Zaladobis msgavsi; satelevizio Zaladobis aqtebi
ar aris namdvili, aramed Seqmnilia specialuri efeqtebiTa da fande-
biT; arsebobs ukeTesi gza konfliqtis ga­dasaWrelad, romelTac re-
alur adamianTa umetesoba warmatebiT iyenebs cxovrebaSi (Huesmann da
sxvebi, 2003). SeecadeT, ar ga­mo­iyenoT televizoris yureba jildos an
sasjelis saxiT, radgan es kidev ufro mimzidvels xdis mas (Slaby da
sxvebi, 1995). magram mxolod televizia ar aris Zaladobis magaliTis
wyaro. bevri popularuli filmi da videoTamaSi savsea Zaladobis gra­
fikuli gamosaxulebebiT. moswavleebi, romlebic qalaqebSi gaizard-

117
 rekomendaciebi: agresiasTan gamklaveba da TanamSromlobis
waxaliseba
waradgineT sakuTari Tavi araagresiul pi­
rovnebad.
magaliTebi
1. nu gamoiyenebT damorCilebisaTvis Za­
ladobis muqaras.
2. problemis SemTxvevaSi aCveneT konf­
liqtis araZala­dob­rivad gadawyvetis
strategia (ix. me-11 Tavi).
darwmundiT, rom saklaso oTaxSi yvela
mos­­wavlisTvis sak­marisi sivrce da saWiro
saSualebebia.
magaliTebi
1. ar gadatvirToT klasebi.
2. darwmundiT, rom saprizo saTamaSoebi
da resursebi sak­marisze metia.
3. CamoarTviT moswavleebs iseTi sag­
nebi, romlebic xels uwyobs pirov­
nul agresias, magaliTad, saTamaSo
To­febi.
4. Tavi aarideT Zlierad konkurentul
Sejibrebebsა
da Sefasebebs.
moswavleebi daarwmuneT, rom verafers moi­
geben agresiuli qceviT.
magaliTebi
1. daamSvideT agresiis msxverpli, yurad­
Rebas nu miaqcevT agresors.
2. gamoiyeneT keTilgonieri sasjeli, gan­
sakuTrebiT ufrosklaselebTan.
piradad aswavleT dadebiTi socialuri
qceva.
magaliTebi
1. socialuri eTikis gakveTilebze ga­
ni­xileT rCeuli mxatv­ruli na­war­mo­
ebebi.
2. gani­xileT antisazogadoebrivi qmede­
bebis _ qurdobis, muqarisა da Worebis
gavrcelebis Sedegebi.
3. SesTavazeT magaliTi da aCveneT mxar­
daWera _ roluri TamaSi, romelic
Seesabameba konfliqtis mogvarebas.
4. xeli SeuwyveT TviTSefasebis zrdas
unar-ჩვევebisa da codnis dagrovebiT.
5. daexmareT gansakuTrebiT izolirebul
da Caketil mos­wavle-msxverplebs.
uzrunvelyaviT tolerantobisa da Tanam­S­
romlobis swavlis Se­saZlebloba.
magaliTebi
1. yuradReba gaamaxvileT msgavsebaze
da ara gansxvavebaze.
2. ganaxorcieleT TanamSromlobis xel­
Sem­wyo­bi jgufuri pro­eqtebi.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.: National
Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center: http://
www.safeyouth.org/scripts/teens/aggression.asp

nen, xedaven jgufur Zaladobas. gazeTebi, Jurnalebi da radio savsea

mkvlelobis, gaupatiurebisa da Zarcvis Sesaxeb istoriebiT .

CxubisTavebi. agresiul bavSvebs miaCniaT, rom Zaladoba gamarT­le­bu­

lia da sasurveli miznis misaRwevad agresias iyeneben. maT urCevniaT
ifiqron, rom Zaladobrivi samagieros gadaxda misaRebia: `aRSfoTebi-
sas bunebrivia gawev-gamoweva~ (Egan, Monson, & Perry, 1998). SesaZlebe-
lia, am rwmenas Zaladobis dausjeloba ayalibebs da aZlierebs. aseve
ZaladobiT moculi, Seuracxyofili, nawyeni da samagieros gadaxdis
aucileblobaSi darwmunebuli bavSvebi, gansakuTrebiT biWebi, aras-
wored igeben sxvis qmedebas (Dodge & Pettit, 2003; Zelli, Dodge, Lochman,
& Laird, 1999). rodesac raime gaugebroba xdeba, magaliTad, saTamaSo
blokebiT aSenebuli koSki daungries an avtobusSi xeli hkres, bavSvi
darwmunebulia, rom mas gamiznulad avnes. amas SurisZieba mohyveba,
riTac agresiis wre ikvreba.

118
 cxrili 3.3.

socialuri ganviTarebis programebi

niu hevenis sajaro skolis sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis programa
me-3, მე-6 da მე- 11 klasebisTvis

Kme-3 klasisTvis me-6 klasisTvis me-11 klasisTvis

36-55 gakveTili TiTo klasSi 45 gakveTili samjer 37 gakveTili mTeli wlis
kviraSi 2-3-jer saswavlo wlis kviraSi cxovrebiseuli ganmavlobaSi aSS-s istoria
ganmavlobaSi unar-Cvevebis ori da 3 gakveTili inglisur
SefasebiTi periodisaTvis enasTan integrirebulad
proeqti Charlie
• TviTSegneba sazogadoebrivi gansxvavebebis msoflio
• urTierTobebi problemebis gadawyveta rwmena da faseulobebi
• gadawyvetilebis miReba • TviTkontroli • crurwmena, stereotipebi
• qimiis gamoyeneba ცხოვრebaSi • stresis marTva da diskriminacia
• Zaladobis prevencia • problemebis gadawyveta • gantevebis vaci da
• gadawyvetilebis miReba rasizmi
samSeneblo kubebi: Sidsis
• informaciis gacvla • Zaladobis prevencia
saswavlo kursi adreuli
• Zaladobis prevencia medikamentebis gamoyenebis
dawyebiTi safexuris
prevencia (iswavleba
aRmzrdelebisTvis (4-6 gakveTili nivTierebebis gamoyenebis
istoriaSi)
proeqt `CarlisTan~ erTad) prevencia
• orsulobisas
• mikrobebi • winaaRmdegoba
narkotikebis gamoyenebis
• gadamdebi daavadebebi Tanatolebis zewolaze
Sedegebi
• iyavi janmrTeli adamianis zrda da
Sids-ganaTleba da
• avadmyofoba da wamali ganviTareba, Sidsis
prevencia (iswavleba
• imunuri sistema prevencia, mozardTa
inglisurSi)
• informaciis Zieba fexmZimobis prevencia
• ZiriTadi faqtebis
janmrTelobaze • pubertuli periodi
gameoreba
• gansxvavebuloboba • reproduqcia
• prevenciis xelSemsleli
• Sidsi • urTierToba seqsis
faqtorebi
gareSe
• cxovreba SidsTan erTad
• Sidsi

wyaro: wignidan Educating Minds and Hearts: Social Emotional Learning and the Passage into Adolescence, by J. Cohen. Published
by Teachers College Press. Copyright © 1991 by Teachers College, Columbia University. ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebraTviT. yvela
ufleba daculia.

bavSvis momavali cxovrebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania mi­si agresiis

ganeitraleba. magaliTad, moswavleTa agresiis maC­veneblis dasadgenad
fineTSi Catarebuli gamokvleva sTxovda maswavleblebs, daesrule-
binaT winadadeba `gabrazebuli bavSvi guls tkens sxva bavSvs~ Sem-
degi sityvebiT `arasdros~, `zogjer~, `xSirad~. maswavlebelTa mier
rva wlis moswavleebSi danaxuli ag­resia winaswarmetyvelebda bavSvis
problemebs adreul siy­mawvileSi da umuSevrobas ufros asakSi (Kokko &
Pulkkinen, 2000). msgavsi Sedegebi gamomJRavnda kanadaSi, axal zelandiasa
da aSS-Si Catarebul gamokvlevebiTAac. biWebs (da ara gogonebs), romle-
bic dawyebiT skolaSi agresiulebi iyvnen, ufros asakSi samarTaldar-
Rvevis Cadenisken hqondaT midrekileba (Broidy da sxvebi, 2003).
agresiis Tavidan acilebis saukeTeso saSualeba adreuli Ca­­revaa.
erT-erTma gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom is agresiuli mos­wav­leebi,
romelTac maswavleblebi konfliqtis mogvarebis stra­tegias aswavlid-
nen, cxovrebaSi agresiasa da Zaladobas ga­nerid­nen (Aber, Brown, & Jones,

119

daukavSireT kvlevas da
ganavrceT
skolasa da gonebriv janmr-
TelobisTvis miZRvnili
gamocema, Journal of School
Psychology, 2001, marti
daukavSireT kvlevas da
ganavrceT
ramdenime wlis win Seiqmna
saswavlo, socialuri da
emociuri TanamSromlobis
organizacia (www. CASEL.org),
umaRlesi xarisxis sazogadoe-
brivi da emociuri saswavlo
programebis Sesaxeb monace-
mebis Sesagroveblad.
120
2003). sandra grehemis (1996) az­riT, agresiul me-5-6 klasel biWebs
sxvaTa qmedebebis ukeT gagebaSi exmareba roluri TamaSebi, sadiskusio
jgufebSi piradi gamocdilebis gaziareba, fotosuraTebis gaSifrva-
interpretacia, pantomima, videofilmebis gadaReba da daumTavrebeli
istoriebis das­ru­leba. 12 sesiis Semdeg biWebi ufro adekvaturad
aRiqvamen sxvis qme­debebs da nakleb agresas avlenen. yvela am midgo-
mas dawv­ri­le­biT ganvixilavT me-12 TavSi.
agresia urTierTobebSi. urTierTobebSi agresiis gamoxa­tu­lebaa Se­u­
racxyofa, Wori, gariyva, dacinva. mas zogjer socialur ag­resias uwo-
deben, radgan is sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis­Tvis sazianoa. urT-
ierTobebSi agresiulebi arian biWebic da gogo­ne­bic, Tumca me-2 da
me-3 klasis Semdeg gogonebi amisken uf­ro midrekilni xdebian, radgan
gogonebi ecnobian genderul stereotipebs da gamoxataven TavianT
agresias farulad, sity­vi­erad da ara fizikurad. agresiis es forma
msxverplisTvisac da TavdamsxmelisTvisac SesaZloa ufro saxifaTo
iyos, vidre daufaravi fizikuri agresia. msxverpli, rogoricaa ste-
fania, Se­saZloa emociurad ganadgurdes. Tanac socialuri agresorebi
ufro rTuli SesamCnevebi arian maswavlebelTa da moswavleTaTvis, vi-
dre fizikuri agresorebi (Berger, 2006; Crick, Casas, &Mosher, 1997).A adreve,
skolamdel asakSi bavSvebma agresiis gareSe unda iswavlon sazogadoe-
brivi urTierTobis damyareba.
msxverplni. zog moswavles CxubisTavobisken aqvs midre­ki­­­leba, zo­gi
ki msxverplia. gamokvlevebma evropasa da aSS-Si aC­­vena, rom msxverpli
bavSvebis 10%-s Seadgens da fizikuri Tu sityvieri Se­tevebis mudmivi
samiznea. msxverplTa erT kategorias dabali TviT­Sefasebisken aqvs
midrekileba da Tavs mousvenrad, marto­sulad, uimedod da ubedurad
grZnobs. aseTi moswavleebi xSirad tirian da ukan ixeven; Tavdasxmi-
sas isini, rogorc wesi, Tavs ver icaven. Tanamedrove dakvirvebebi
aCvenebs, rom aseTi msxverpli Tavs idanaSaulebs. hgonia, rom gariyes
gamousworebeli an ara­kontrolirebadi xasiaTis gamo. bunebrivia, is
amis gamo daTr­gunuli da ususuria. msxverplTa meore kategoria _
emo­ciuri, temperamentiani moswavleebi _ Tanatolebisgan agresias
Ta­­vad provocireben. isini TiTqmis yvela Tanatolis mier arian uar­
yofilni da cota megobari hyavT (Pellegrini, Bartini, & Brooks, 1999).
garbarinom da delaram (Garbarino & deLara, 2002) daTvales, rom 160,000
bavSvi yoveldRe Tavs aridebs skolas da aTasobiT ufro meti tovebs
mas im saerTo mizezis gamo, `rom skolaSi yovelTvis eSiniaT~ (gv.43).
bavSvebi, romlebic dawyebiTsa da saSualo sko­lebSi qronikuli msx-
verplni iyvnen, metad daTr­gunulni arian da axalgazrda asakSi ufro
xSirad aqvT TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba (Graham, 1998; Hodges & Perry, 1999)
_ TviTmkvlelobas ganvixilavT meoTxe TavSi. agreTve is moswavleebi,
romlebmac skolaSi mkvle­loba Caidines an vinmes fizikuri ziani miay-
enes, ufro xSirad msxverplni arian da ara CxubisTavebi (Reinke & Her-
man, 2002a, 2002b). gasul wlebSi Cven gavigeT tragikuli Sedegebis Sesaxeb
skolebSi aSS-sa da evropaSi, rodesac daSinebulma moswavleebma iaraRi
TavianT mwvaleblebs daumiznes. mozardebTan saubrebma aCvena, ramdenad
didi imedi aqvT am moswavleebs, rom maswavleblebi da sxva ufrosebi
skolaSi maT daicaven. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini damoukideblobisken
miiswrafian, am moswavleebs surT da WirdebaT Tqveni daxmareba (Garba-
rino & deLara, 2002). CanarTSi `rekomendaciebi~ mocemulia rCevebi agresiis
Sekavebisa da Tanam­Sromlobis xelSewyobis Taobaze.
socialuri unar-Cvevebi. sxvadasxva socialuri unar-Cvevebi mniSvnelova-
nia sxvadasxva asakSi. 3.3. cxrilSi mocemulia Sriveridan, Cabstounidan
da defalkodan aRebuli niu hevenis sajaro skolis socialuri ganvi-
Tarebis programis magaliTebi K-3, 6 da 11 kla­sebisaTvis. (1999). mag-
aliTad, me-6 klasis moswavleebs SuqniSnis principiT plakatiT prob-
lemebis mogvarebis eqvssafexurian pro­cess aswavlian:

wiTeli SeCerdi, damSviddi da dafiqrdi, sanam imoqmedeb

isaubre problemaze da sakuTar grZnobebze

daisaxe dadebiTi mizani

yviTeli ifiqre ramdenime gamosavalze
winaswar gansazRvre Sedegebi

mwvane imoqmede da mosinje saukeTeso gegma

gza yovel moswavlemde: martooba

da unarSezRuduli bavSvebi
jeki ToTxmeti wlisaa da smenis problema aqvs. is yovelTvis mor-
cxvi iyo, magram bolo dros ufro Caketilia, aRarc megob­reb­Tan
urTierTobs da ufro daTrgunulic Cans. aTi wlis ma­rias SezRuduli
aqvs swavlis unari da meoTxe klasis masalas imeorebs. is Tavs mar-
tosulad grZnobs da darwmunebulia, rom araferi aqvs saerTo sxva
moswavleebTan _ mas Zalian unda hyav­des megobrebi, magram Tavad ar
aqtiurobs. Sirin pavris (Shireen Pavri, 2003) mier aRwerili es orive mo-
swavle martosulia. unar­SezRuduli, gansakuTrebiT swavlis uunaro
da gonebrivad Sez­Ruduli bavSvebi, martosulni arian (Pavri & Lufting,
2000). erT-erTi mizezi is aris, rom unarSezRudul moswavleebs uWirT
sxvebis miniSnebebis aRqma da, Sesabamisad, maTi pasuxi araadekvaturia.
unarSezRuduli moswavleebi Sefasebisa da swavlis dros Tavian­-Ti
Tanatolebisgan gancalkevebulni arian. isini ver monawileoben yvela
saklaso RonisZiebaSi da amitomac naklebi SesaZlebloba aqvT mego-
bruli urTierTobebis dasamyareblad (Hallahan & Kauffman, 2006). rogor
moviqceT? pirvel rigSi, unda aRmoaCinoT martoobis niSnebi. aRniSneT,
vin aris uaryofili da vin TamaSobs marto. isaubreT moswavleebTan
da mSoblebTan aseTi bavSvebis gancdebze TanatolebTan mimarTebaSi.
pavri (2003) maswavleblebs Semdegi saxis Carevas urCevs:
moamzadeT yvela moswavlisaTvis urTierTobis dawyeba-damTavre-
bisa da konfliqtis mogvarebisTvis saWiro zogadi unar-Cvevebis
treningi.
mieciT bavSvebs SesaZlebloba, TanaklaselTan erTad moamza-
dos davaleba, iTamaSos masTan erTad Sesvenebisas, da­akisreT
Tanatols maswavleblis funqcia, CaatareT specialuri saskolo
olimpiadebi, CamoayalibeT biWebisa da gogonebis klubebi.
yuradReba gaamaxvileT martosul moswavleTa niWsa da Zalaze _
gamoiyeneT maTi SesaZleblobebi saklaso samuSaoSi.
CamoayalibeT mimRebi saklaso sazogadoeba (ix. me-11 Tavi).

121
 aswavleT Caketil moswavleebs adaptaciis strategiebi: aqtiuri
saqmis gamonaxva martoobisas, iniciativa urTierTobebSi.
aamaRleT maTi TviTSefaseba klasSi sapasuxismgeblo saqmis da-
kisrebiT da SeaqeT Sesrulebuli samuSaosTvis.

maswavleblebi
maswavleblis pirveli da umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa aswavlos, ma-
gram moswavleebi tanjvasac swavloben, rodesac maT pirovnul da
socialur ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi aqvT da kvira-
Si mravali saaTis ganmavlobaSi maswavleblebi arian ma­Ti mTavari
ufrosebi. maswavleblebs saSualeba eZlevaT mniSv­nelovani roli iTa-
maSon moswavleTa pirovnul da sazogadoebriv ganviTarebaSi. moswav-
leebisTvis, romlebsac sulieri Tu pi­rov­nebaTSorisi problemebi
aqvT, maswavlebeli zogjer daxma­rebis saukeTeso wyaroa. moswavles,
romelsac qaosuri da mou­lodnelobebiT aRsavse ojaxuri cxovre-
ba aqvs, skolaSi mzrun­veli garemo sWirdeba; sWirdeba maswavlebeli,
romelic zust sazRvrebs awesebs, aris Tanmimdevruli, icavs wesebs
mtkiced, magram ara pedanturad, pativs scems moswavles da aCvenebs
misiT dainteresebas. Tqven unda SegeZloT moswavleebTan maT pirad
problemebze saubari. Cemma erT-erTma praqtikantma maswavlebelma Ta-
vis moswavles misca Jurnali saTauriT _ `Zalian mZime fiqrebi~ imi-
saTvis, rom mas daewera sakuTari mSoblebis ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb.
zogjer moswavle esaubreboda maswavlebels Jurnalis Canawerebze,
zogjer ki mxolod sakuTar grZnobebs gamoxatavda. maswavlebeli Za-
lian yuradRebiT ekideboda moswavlis nawerebis xelSeuxeblobas.

zrunva akademiur moswrebasa da pirovnebaze. roca mklevarebMa hkiT­

xes moswavleebs – ra aris kargi maswavleblis daxasiaTebisas, moswav­
leebma sam Tviseba gamoyves: dadebiTi pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTo-
bebi _ (isini TavianT moswavleebze zrunaven); mowes­ri­gebuli klasi
da simkacris gareSe SenarCunebuli avtoriteti; da bolos, kargi wamx-
alisebeli _ maswavlebels SeuZlia Semoqmedebi­Ti da inovaciuri mid-
gomiT swavla saxaliso gaxados (Woolfolk, Hoy & Weinstein, 2006). pedro
nogueram (Pedro Noguera, 2005) daaskvna, rom rogorc erT-erTi skolis
ufrosklaselebi acxadeben, isini maswavlebelSi sam rames eZeben:
`eZeben mzrunvel adamians; pativs scemen mkacr da kargi gadmoce-
mis unaris mqone pedagogebs, rom­lebic yuradRebas ipyroben; moswonT
maswavleblebi, romlebic maT rames realruad Seaswavlian~ (gv.17-18).
klasis marTvas me-12 TavSi ganvixilavT, motivacias ki _ me-10-Si, axla
ki yuradReba mzrunvelobasa da swavlebaze gavamaxviloT.
bolo 15 wlis gamokvlevebma daadastura, rom swavlebis yve­la sa­
fexurze maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs Soris dadebiTi urTierToba
faseuli da mniSvnelovania (Davis, 2003). tamera mer­dokma da anjela
mi­lerma (Tamera Murdock & Angela Miller, 2003) daadgines, rom mSoblebi-
sa da Tanatolebis gavlenis miuxeda­vad, maswavleblis zrunva me-8
klaseli moswavleebis akademiur mos­w­rebasTan mniSvnelovan kavSirSia.
moswavleebi eZeben pati­viscemas, siyvaruls, ndobas, msmenels, moT-
minebasa da iumors mas­wavleblebTan urTierTobaSi (Bosworth, 1995; Phelan
da sxvebi, 1992; Wentzel, 1997). maswavlebelTan TanamSromlobis survili
da­mokidebulia moswavleebis ganwyobaze (anu ramdenad moswonT mas­
wavlebeli). rogorc SeniSnavs moswavle stinsonis (1993) ga­mokvlevidan:

122
`Tu isini ar momwons, maTTvis arafers gavakeTeb~ (gv. 221). moswavlee-
bi ori saxis mzrunvelobas ganasxvaveben. zrunva akademiur moswrebaze
_ didi, magram realuri miznebis dasaxva da maT miRwevaSi moswavleTa
xelSewyoba; zrunva pirovnebaze _ iyo momTmeni, Tavaziani, iumoris
grZnobis mqone, moswavleTa gan­sxvavebuli azrebiTa da problemebiT
dainteresebuli.
maRali moswrebis moswavleebisTvis zrunvas akademiur mos­w­rebaze
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, xolo riskis jguf­Si Semavali mo-
swavleebisTvis, romlebsac xSirad iSoreben sko­lidan, gadamwyvetia
pirovnebaze zrunva (Cothran & Ennis, 2000; Woolfolk Hoy & Weinstein, 2006).
sinamdvileSi, texasis saSualo skolaze dakvirvebiT, meqsikel da
meqsiko-amerikel moswavleebs skolisadmi interesis winapirobad mo-
swavleebze mzrunveloba miaCniaT; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu mas-
wavlebeli izrunebs moswavleebze, isinic dainteresdebian, `izruneben~
skolaze (Valen­zuela, 1999). samwuxarod, imave skolaSi ara laTinoameri-
kuli war­moSobis maswavleblebi piriqiT moelodnen. isini Tvlidnen,
rom mos­wavleebi dainteresdebian skoliT manam, sanam maswavleble-
bi moaxdenen moswavleebze mzrunvelobis `investirebas~. bevri mas­wav­
leblisTvis skolaze zrunva `saSualo klasisTvis~ damaxasiaTebel
qcevas gulisxmobs.
moswavleTa da maswavlebelTa sapirispiro Sexedulebebi un­
doblobas iwvevs. moswavleebi Tavs ikaveben TanamSromlobisgan, sanam
maswavleblebi ar `daimsaxureben” amas gulwrfeli zrunviT. maswavle-
blebi Tavs ikaveben zrunvisgan, sanam moswavleebi ar `daimsaxureben
mas~ ufrosebis mimarT pativiscemiTa da Tanam­SromlobiT. gariyuli
moswavleebi moelian usamarTlo mopyrobas da Tavs icaven misgan. mas-
wavlebeli ukompromiso da damsjeli xdeba. moswavleebi samarTlianad
grZnoben undoblobas da ufro frTxilad da gamomwvevad iqcevian.
undoblobas maswavlebelic grZnobs da xdeba metad makontrolebeli
da damsjeli. si­nam­dvileSi es wre urTierTdeterminizmis klasikuri
magaliTia _ me-9 TavSi aRwerili albert banduras kognituri Teoriis
elementi.
ra Tqma unda, moswavleebs rogorc akademiur moswrebaze, aseve
pirovnebaze zrunva sWirdebaT. kacma (1999) gamokiTxa sabazo skolis
rva laTinoamerikeli imigranti moswavle da daaskvna:

zrunvis gareSe darCenilTa didma imedebma SesaZlebelia ufro­-

sis mxardaWerisa da daxmarebis gareSe miuRweveli miznebis
dasaxva gamoiwvios. meore mxriv, zrunva didi imedebis pater-
nalizmis saSiSroebas Seicavs, rodesac maswavleblebi Tavs dam-
naSaved grZnoben `ucodinari~ axalgazrdobis gamo. molodinma
da zrun­vam ki erTad SesaZlebelia didi gavlena iqonios moswav-
leTa cxov­rebaze (gv. 814).

mokled, zrunva niSnavs, maswavlebelma guldasmiT adevnos Tval­

yuri swavlis process da aCvenos da aswavlos sikeTe klas­­Si (Davis, 2003).
meTerTmete TavSi gaecnobiT strategiebsa da programebs, romlebic
exmareba moswavleebs, Tavi skolis sruluflebian wevrad igrZnon.
daukavSireT swavlebas
maswavlebeli da bavSvis Cagvra. rasakvirvelia, moswavleebze zrun­ da ganavrceT
CaamateT cxrili 3.4 _ bavSvze
vis erT-erTi swori gzaa maT keTildReobaze zrunva da msxver­plze ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis
gamoqomageba. Zaladobis SemTxvevebis zusti sta­tistika ar arsebobs. indikatorebi _ Tqvens sas-
specialistebs miaCniaT, rom Sesabamis organoebs ar aqvT informa- wavlo failSi.

123
 istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb
xarki swavlebas
ioli ar iyo mogwonebodaT `ra mogivida deiv?~ _ ikiTxa nobelma. biWs jer crem­
devidi, magram gart nobels TiTqmis CurCuliT ikiT­xa lebi wamouvida, mere ki gu­
is moswonda. devidi iyo hi­ nobelma. lamoskvnili aqviTinda.
peraqtiuri bavSvi, romelic _ mamaCemi, _ amoTqva devidma,
did yuradRebas moiTxovda. sxva maswavleblebi magram veRar ga­agr­Zela da magrad moexvia gart
Ci­odnen, rom devidi maT nervebs uSlida. Tavad nobels. saso­wark­veTili moswavlis es Caxuteba
devids ki moswonda fizkulturis gakveTilebi. arasodes da­aviwydeba mzrunvel maswavlebels.
an iqneb gart nobelis moTmineba da sikeTe man mogvianebiT gaigo, rom devids mama scems
siamovnebda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, devidi pirveli ise Zlierad, rom Sinagani dazianebebi gamoiwvia.
modioda gakveTilze da mTeli arsebiT erTveboda im dRes gart nobelma ico­da, rom devids ad­
SemoTavazebul TamaSsa Tu sxva aqti­vobaSi. is ar vokati sWirdeboda _ adamiani, vinc izrunebda mas­
gaxldaT jgufuri moTamaSe _ maSin, rodesac is ze da daexmareboda. wlebis Semdeg gulrwfeli
ar iyo CarTuli raime moqmedebaSi, bavSvebisgan madlierebiT aR­savse devidi moinaxulebs nobels;
ganze idga; is arasodes icvlida maT­Tan erTad. ase madlieri imisaTvis, rom ramdenime weli, sanam
grZeldeboda manam, sanam erT dRes kalaTburTis devids moZalade ojaxidan mSvilebel ojax­Si
TamaSisas devidi ar daSavda. rodesac gart nobelma gadaiyvandnen, mis gverdiT gaatara.
dazianebis sanaxavad bavSvis perangi aswia, Tvalebs
ar daujera _ biWs uamravi Semzaravi sisxlCaqceva da
wyaro: wignidan When Children Are Abused: An Educator’s
damwvroba aRmoaCnda. Sexorcebebis gansxvavebuli Guide to Intervention by Cynthia Crosson-Tower. gamomcemeli
stadiebi aSkaras xdida, rom dazianeba\sxvadasxva Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education.
dros iyo miyenebuli. ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

_ ra mogivida deiv? _ TiTqmis CurCuliT

cia msgavsi saqmeebis did nawilze. yoveldRe saSualod 2,455 bavSvs

Cagraven an ugulebelyofen (bavSvTa dacvis fondi, 2005; erovnuli
angariSsworebis palata bavSvTa mkacri mopyrobisa da abuCad agdebis
Sesaxeb, 2005). ra Tqma unda, mxolod mSoblebi ar Cagraven bavSvebs.
iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac da-Zmebi, sxva naTesavebi da maswavleblebic
ki misces pasuxisgebaSi bavSvebTan seqsualuri an fsiqikuri Zalado-
brivi mopyrobisaTvis.
bavSvze Zaladobis eWvis SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelma saqmis kur­s­
Si unda Caayenos direqtori, skolis fsiqologi an socialuri mu-
Saki. kanonis Tanaxmad, garkveuli profesiis adamianebs, maT Soris
maswavleblebs, Zaladobis saeWvo saqmeebis Sesabamisi or­ganoebisaTvis
Setyobineba evalebaT aSS-is mTel teritoriaze. sastiki mopyrobis
sakanonmdeblo cneba bevr StatSi gafarTovda da daemata bavSvebi-
sadmi uyuradReboba da zrunvis nakleboba. kanonTa umravlesoba icavs
im maswavleblebs, romlebic keTil­sindisierad atyobineben policias
saeWvo faqtebis Sesaxeb (Beezer, 1985). darwmundiT, rom Tqveni Statis
an provinciis kanonebi am mniSvnelovan problemasTan dakavSirebiT
gasagebia TqvenTvis, iseve, rogorc Tqveni moraluri pasuxismgebloba.
bolos da bo­los, aSS-Si Zaladobrivi mopyrobisa da mouvlelobisagan,
xSirad gulgrilobisganac yoveldRiurad oTxi bavSvi iRupeba. xSirad

124
 cxrili 3.4.

bavSvze Zaladobis indikatorebi

qvemoT moyvanilia Zaladobis ramodenime niSani. am niSnis mqone yvela bavSvi
ar ganicdis Zaladobas, magram maCveneblebi mainc unda iqnes gamokvleuli.

fizikuri maCveneblebi qcevis indikatorebi

fizikuri • auxsneli dalurjebebi • TviTdamangreveli
Zaladoba (Sexorcebis sxvadasxva stadiaSi), • ukan damxevi da agresiuli-qceviTi
naiarevebi, adamianis nakbenis ukiduresobani
kvali, უთმო adgilebi • fizikuri kontaqtiT gamowveuli
• sigaretiT an mduRare wyliT usiamovneba
miyenebuli damwvrobebi • adre modis skolaSi an rCeba
• auxsneli motexilobebi, gvianobamde, SeSinebuls hgavs
dasaxiCrebebi, an dabeJilobebi • xSirad ipareba (mozardi)
• uCivis iarebs an moZraobs uxerxulad
• acvia amindTan Seuferebeli
tansacmeli sxeulis dasafaravad

fizikuri • mitovebuloba • daRlilobis an gulgrilobis

uaryofa • samedicino saWiroebebis sistematuroba, eZineba gakveTilze
ugulebelyofa • iparavs saWmels an sTxovs
• mudmivi zedamxedvelobis Tanaklaselebs
ararseboba • gatyobinebT saxlSi mzrunvelis
• mudmivi SimSilis grZnoba, aryofnas
Seuferebeli tansacmeli, cudi • xSirad acdens gakveTilebs an
higiena agvianebs
• tilebi, gaberili muceli, • TviTdamzianebeliა?
gamofitva • tovebs skolas (mozardebi)

sqesobrivi • daxeuli, laqebiani an sisxliani • Caketili, qronikulad daTrgunuli

Zaladoba qveda sacvali • zedmetad macduroba
• rolebis Secvla, gansakuTrebiT da-
• tkivili an qavili sasqeso ZmasTan mimarTebiT
organoebis adgilas • dabali TviTSefaseba, TviTgaufasureba,
undobloba
• uxerxulad siaruli da jdoma • problemebi TanatolebTan
• wonaSi cvlileba
• sisxlCaqcevebi garegan sasqeso • TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba
organoebze (gansakuTrebiT mozardebSi)
• isteria, emociuri kontrolis nakleboba
• veneruli daavadebebi • moulodneli garTulebebi skolaSi
• uadgilo seqsualuri TamaSi an naadrevi
• xSiri Sardva an sokovani (yeast) survili, meti icodes seqsze
infeqciebi • siamovneba fizikuri Sexebisgan,
siaxlovisgan
• uxamsoba

wyaro: wignidan `Supporting Victims of Child Abuse’ by T. Bear, S. Schenk da L. Buckner, Educational Leadership, 50 (4). Copyright
© 1993 By the American Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. ibeWdeba ASCD-s nebarTviT. yvela ufleba
daculia. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development maswavlebelTa msoflio erTobaa, romelic mxars uWers saR
politikas da uziarebs saukeTeso gamocdilebas, raTa yovelma moswavlem miaRwios warmatebas. meti informaciisaTvis
ix. www.ascd.org

125

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
skolis cxovrebisa da TviTSe-
fasebis urTierTqmedebis
Se­degebi. rogor SeuZliaT
mas­wavleblebs gazardon
moswavleTa TviTSefaseba?
me-koncefcia _ sakuTari
Tavis codna da rwmena _
azrebi, grZnobebi,
urTierTdamokidebulebani
da molodini.
TviTSefaseba _ pirovnebis
adgilis, Tvisebebis,
SesaZleblobebis da qcevis
mixedviT gansazRvra.
126
imitom, rom aravin isurva Careva bavSvTa dacvis fondi, 2005). gaeca-
niT informacias maswavleblis movaleobis Sesaxeb. cxrili 3.4 Seicavs
SesaZlo indikatorTa CamonaTvals.
me-koncefcia: sakuTari Tavis Secnoba
ra aris me-koncefcia? gansxvavdeba Tu ara me-koncefcia TviT­
Sefasebis an identobisagan ? rogor gvesmis sakuTari Tavisa da sxvebis?
es Temebi `SemecnebiTi ganviTarebis~ (meore) TavSic aris ganxiluli.
bavSvebSi TviTSefaseba Tavdapirvelad konkretulia. adreuli Sexed-
ulebebi sakuTar Tavsa da megobrebze uSualo qcevasa da garegnobas
efuZneba. bavSvebi varaudoben, rom sxvebi iziareben maT grZnobebsa da
aRqmas. maTi fiqrebi sakuTar Tavsa da sxvebze martivi, danawevrebuli,
SezRuduli da mouqnelia, erT organizebul sistemaSi ar aris integ-
rirebuli. droTa gan­mavlobaSi, bavSvebi iwyeben Sinagan fsiqikur pro-
cesebze (rwmena, zrax­vebi, Rirebulebani da motivaciebi) abstraqtul
azrovnebas. abs­traqtuli azrovnebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, sakuTari
Tavis, sxvebisa da garemoebebis SecnobaSo SesaZlebelia CaerTos sul
ufro meti abstraqtuli maxasiaTebeli (Berk, 2005; Harter, 2003).
me-koncefcia da TviTSefaseba
`me~-s yvela aspeqtis mimarT fsiqologebis interesi izrdeba. 1970
wels fsiqologiaSi oci publikaciidan erTi `me~-s eZRvneboda. 2000
wlisTvis proporcia aris erTi SvidTan (Tesser, Stapel, & Wood, 2002). ga-
naTlebis fsiqologiaSi sakuTar Tavze warmodgenas da TviTSefasebas
mravali gamokvleva mieZRvna.
termini Cveni yoveldRiuri saubris nawilia. vsaubrobT ada­mianebze,
romlebsac sakuTar Tavze `dabali~ warmodgena aqvT an pirovnebe-
bze, romelTa me-koncefcia ar aris Zlieri, TiTqos manqanaSi benzinis
donesaviT iyos Cveni kunTebisaTvis. orive SemTxvevaSi es cnebebi aras-
woria. fsiqologiaSi me-koncefcia gu­lisxmobs pirovnebis codnasa
da Sexedulebas sakuTar Tavze _ azrebze, grZnobebze, damokidebule-
bebsa da molodinebze (Pajares & Schunk, 2001). `sakuTar Tavze warmodge-
na~ SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc sakuTari Tavis gacnoba `mesTvis~,
erTgvari sqemebis Seqmna (piaJes ganmartebiT), romelic daalagebs sa-
kuTar TavTan dakavSirebul STabeWdilebebs, SegrZnebebs da rwmenas.
es modeli an sqema ar aris mudmivi, saboloo da ucvleli. Cveni Tvi-
TaRqma icvleba situaciidan situaciamde da fazidan fazamde.
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT ramdenad eTanxmebiT an ar eTanx­
me­biT Semdeg gancxadebebs?
mTlianobaSi kmayofili var sakuTari TaviT.
vgrZnob, rom ramdenime kargi Tviseba maqvs.
netav, sakuTari Tavis pativiscema meti mqondes.
zogjer vfiqrob, rom sul ar var kargi.
zogjer, namdvilad vgrZnob rom usargeblo var.
sakuTari Tavisadmi dadebiTi damokidebuleba maqvs.
mocemuli davaleba aRebulia TviTSefase­bis cnobili testidan (Rosen-
berg, 1979; Hagborg, 1993). TviTSefaseba emociuri reaqciaa _ SefasebiTi
msjeloba sa­­kuTari Ri­rebulebebis Sesaxeb _ magaliTad, TviTkmayo-
fileba kalaTburTis TamaSis unaris gamo. Tu adamianebi sakuTar Tavs
dadebiTad afaseben, Tu `moswonT is, rasac xedaven~ Cven vambobT, rom
maT maRali TviTSefaseba aqvT (Pintrich & Schunk, 2002). SegiZliaT dainaxoT
SefasebiTi msjelobebi CanarTSi `SeCerdiT\dafiqrdiT\dawereT~?
sakuTar Tavze warmodgenas da TviTSefasebas, gansxvavebuli mniS-
vnelobebis miuxedavad, urTierTCanacvlebaDDd cnebebad iye­neben. TviT-
Sefasebas kognituri SemecnebiTi struqtura aqvs (ma­galiTad, rwmena,
rom kargi kalaTburTeli xar). zogjer mi­iCne­ven, rom TviTSefaseba
me-koncefciis erTi aspeqtia _ Se­fa­sebiTi nawili. TviTSefasebaze ze­
moqmedebas axdens is, ram­denad afasebs kultura Cvens garSemo Cvens
gansakuTrebul Taviseburebebsa da unar-Gvevebs. (Bandura, 1997). gamokv-
levisas rTuli iyo gansxvavebis povna am or koncefcias Soris. ase
rom, zogi avtori sakuTar Tavze warmodgenas da TviTSefasebas urT-
ierTSenacvlebiT iye­nebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom am or ter­mins Soris
konceptualuri gansxvavebaa.

me-koncefciis struqtura. moswavleTa warmodgena sakuTar Tavze Se­

dgeba sxva, ufro specifikuri warmodgenebisagan. isi­­­ni moicavs, TviT-
warmodgenebs romlebic swavlasTan araa da­kav­Sirebuli, magaliTad,
sazogadoebriv urTierTobebisa an fizikuri Se­saxedaobis Sasaxeb; aseve
swavlasTan dakavSirebul inglisurSi, maTematikaSi, xelovnebasa da
sxva sagnebSi. TviTwarmodgenebs es me-koncefciebi meore doneze Sedge-
bian ufro specifikuri, gan­­calkevebuli me-koncefciisagan. magaliTad,
TviTSefaseba sa­zogadoebriv urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT SesaZloa
Camoyali­-b­des TanatolebTan, maswavleblebTan. sxva ufrosebTan da
ojax­­Tan (gansakuTrebiT mSoblebTan) urTierTobebis Sefasebis safuZ- saSualo skolaSi arCeuli
velze (Byrne & Shavelson, 1996; Vispoel, 1995; Yeung, McInerney, Russell-Bowie, kursebi moswavleebis momaval
gzas gansazRvravs, Sesabamisad
Suliman, Chui, & Lau, 2000). es emyareba sxvadasxva gamocdilebas, rogori-
calkeul saswavlo sagnebSi
caa sportuli da swavlaSi miRwevebi, garegnobis Sefaseba, megobruli me-koncefciam SesaZlebelia
urTierTobebi, artistuli unari, sazogadoebrivi daxmareba da a.S. cxovreba Secvalos.
ufrosi asakis mozardebisa da mozrdilTa cal­­keuli specifikuri me _
koncefciebi ar aris aucileblad integrirebuli erT mTlian, erTian
me _ koncefciaSi, igi mozr­dilebSi situaciurad specifikuria (anu,
Se­iZleba Tvlide Tavs karg sportsmenad, magram cud mecnierad) (Byrne
& Worth Gavin, 1996; Marsh & Ayotte, 2003).

rogor viTardeba me-koncefcia. is viTardeba gansxvavebul si­tu­a­ciebSi

uwyvet TviTSefasebasTan erTad. bavSvebi da mo­zardebi gamudmebiT
interesdebian sakuTari miRwevebiT: `rogor gamomdis?~ da daskvnis
gamotanis mizniT afaseben maTTvis mniSv­nelovani adamianebis _ ad-
reul asakSi mSoblebisa da ojaxis sxva wevrebis, mogvianebiT ki me-
gobrebis, Tanaskolelebisa da maswavleblebis _ verbalur da araver-
balur reaqciebs (Harter, 1998).
bavSvebis TviTSefaseba icvleba maT zrdasTan erTad. mkvle­vre­bi
akvirdebodnen 60 axalzelandiel mesame klasel moswavles mesa­me
trimestramde (Chapman, Tunmer, & Prochnow, 2000). moswavleebi, romle-
bic metnaklebad icnobdnen bgerebsa da asoebs, ufro swrafad swav-
lobdnen kiTxvas da Sesabamisad kiTxvis sakuTari unaris Sesaxeb ufro
dadebiTi warmodgena uviTardebodaT. xmamaRla kiTxvis dros kiTxvis
unarze maRali da dabali war­modgenis moswavleebs Soris gansxvaveba

127
 argumenti / kontrargumenti
ra unda gakeTos skolam moswavleTa TviTSefasebis asamaRleblad?
TviTSefasebis ganviTarebas-
argumenti
problemebi aqvs.
TviTSefasebis amaRlebis Sesaxeb gamocemuli wig­­
nebis raodenoba 2000-s aRemateba. skolebi da fsi­
qikuri janmrTelobis dawesebulebebi ga­nagr­Zoben
TviTSefasebis programebze muSaobas (Slater, 2002). ar­
sebobs mowafeTa TviTSefasebis ga­umjobesebis sami
gza: pirovnuli gasaviTarebeli aqtivobebi iseTi,
rogorc sensitiurobis treningia; TviTSefasebis
programebi, sadac swavlebis kur­si mimarTulia uSu­
alod TviTSefasebis gaum­jobesebisaken; da skolebSi
struqturuli cvli­lebebi, romlebSic mniSvnelovani
aqcenti mowa­feTa urTierT TamSrom­lobaze, sazoga­
doebis mona­wileobasa da eTnikuri siamayis grZnoba­-
ze keTdeba.
TviTSefasebasTan dakavSirebuli kursebi Zvi­
radRirebuli komerciuli paketia garan­tirebuli
Sedegebis gareSe (Crisci, 1986; Leming, 1981). rogorc
Beane (1991) aRniSnavs, frazis `me miyvars Cemi Tavi
da sxvebi~ jgufis winaSe Tqma da amis realurad
gancda erTi da igive ar aris, miT umetes, roca
amas valdebulebis gamo ambob. TviTSefasebis gaz­
r­daSi gark­ve­uli adgili ukavia Tavazianobas, mag­
ram es ar aris sakmarisi (gv.26). zogi adamiani uk­­
mayofilebas gamoxatavs im skolebis gan­viTarebis
programebis mimarT, sadac mTavaria mowafis qeba,
misi miRwevebis miuxedavad (Slater, 2002, gv.45). wlebis
win erik eriqsoni (1980) gvafrTxilebda: `bavSvebs ver
gaasulelebT daumsaxurebeli qebiT. maT SeiZleba
yalbi TviTSefaseba ganuviTardeT...~ eriqsoni xsni­­da
imasac, rom Zlieri da dadebiTi iden­tu­roba modis
realuri miRwevebis gulax­di­li da safuZvliani
aRqmidan da swored miRweul warmatebebs aqvs mniSv­
neloba maT kulturaSi~ (gv.95).
Frank Pajares da Dale Schunk (2002) mig­viTi­
Teben sxva problemaze. bavSvebisTvis ad­­reuli asa­
ki­danve udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs sa­kuTar TavSi
darwmunebulobas. `mes iden­tურobis~ gancda
uSu­alo kavSirSia dep­resiasa da sxva mentalur
problemebTan~ (gv.16).
maTi varaudiT, sensitiurobis ganviTarebas da
TviTSefasebis kursebs saerTo konceptualuri prob­­­
lema axlavs. Cven vavi­TarebT TviTSefasebas pirov­
nebis warmodgenebis SecvliT, ri­Tac vaiZulebT
axalgazrdas, metad SeebrZolos siZneleebs. mag­ram
ra xdeba maSin, roca moswavlis garemo, marTlac,
sa­­xi­fa­Toa, damakninebeli da aramyari? zogierTma
adamianma daZlia uzarmazari problemebi, magram es
yvelas ar SeuZlia, radgan pozitiuri TviTSefaseba
bevri axalgazrdisTvis TiTqmis miuwv­domelia, bevri
iZulebulia, mZime usamarTlobaSi icxovros (Beane,
1991, gv. 27). zogi fsiqologi imasac amtkicebs,
rom dabal TviT­Sefasebaze met problemas maRali
TviTSefaseba qmnis. maTi mtkicebiT, maRali TviT­

ufro Rrmavdeba. am­g­varad, mniSvnelovanma saskolo amocanam _ kiTx-

vasTan da­kav­Sirebulma adreulma gamocdilebam – didi gavlena moax-
dina TviT­warmodgenaze.
sabazo skolis periodSi moswavleebi ufro Segnebulni xde­bian
(gaixseneT axalgazrdebis egocentrizmi da meore Tav­Si ganxiluli
elkindis warmosaxviTi mayurebeli). am asakSi warmodgena sakuTar
Tavze mibmulia fizikur garegnobasa da sazogadoebis mowonebasTan.
ase rom, es wlebi SesaZlebelia gan­sakuTrebiT mZime iyos am Tavis
SesavalSi naxsenebi ste­fa­nias msgavsi moswavleebisaTvis (Wigfield, Ec-
cles, & Pintrich, 1996). akademiuri moswrebis TvalsazrisiT, moswavleebi
TavianT miR­wevebs TavianTsave standartebs adareben, raTa Camouy-
alibdeT TviTwarmodgena am sferoSi. magram socialuri Sedareba, yo­
vel SemTxvevaSi dasavlur kulturebSi, ufro gavleniania. ma­galiTad,
moswavleTa TviTwarmodgena maTematikaSi yalibdeba maTi Sesrulebis
Sedarebis sxva moswavleebis SesrulebasTan, aseve Tanaklaselebis
komentarebiT (Altermatt, Pomerantz, Ruble, Frey, & Greulich, 2002; Pintrich &

128
Sefasebis mqone adamianebs ufro metad SeuZliaT
sxvisTvis tkivilis miyeneba da sxvisi dasja
(Slater, 2002). xolo roca adamianis mTavari mizani
TviTSefaseba xdeba, am miznis misaRwevad SeiZleba
saziano gza amoirCios, magaliTad, Tavi aaridos
konstruqciul kritikas da rTul amocanebs (Crocker
& Park, 2004).
TviTSefasebis ganviTare-
kontrargumenti
bas problemebi aqvs.
TviTSefaseba adamianis Tavmoyvareobis ZiriTadi
Tviseba da misi ganuyofeli uflebaa. skolebsa da sxva
organizaciebs TviTSefasebis gazrdisa da dakninebis
Tavidan acilebisTvis moraluri pa­su­xismgebloba
akisria (Beane, 1991, gv. 28). Tu de­talurad ganvixilavT
TviTSefasebas, rogorc Cveni fiqrebisa da moqmedebis
(Cveni Rirebulebebis, ide­ebis, rwmenis da sxvebTan
urTierTobis) nayofs, maSin skolis mniSvnelovani
roli naTeli gaxdeba. praqtikam, romelic iZleva
namdvili monawileobis, TanamSromlobis, problemis
gadaWrisa da warmatebis miRwevis saSualebas, unda
Secvalos kursi _ mudmiv kontrolsa da Sejibrze da­
fuZnebuli Sefaseba, ro­melic zians ayenebs TviT­
Sefasebas.
bini (1991) pedagogebs sTavazobs oTx princips:
1) keTilganwyoba da Tavazianoba mniSvnelovania,
magram ara sakmarisi. 2) arsebobs emociebTan
dakav­Sirebuli pirdapiri instruqciebi, magram
arc esaa sakmarisi. TviTSefaseba da emociebi ar
aris skolis rigiTi sagani, romelsac cxril­Si
akademiuri saaTi unda gamoeyos. 3) `uxeSi~ mid­
gomis uaryofiTi gavlena arasasurveli gzaa
TviT­­Sefasebisken. es ubralod daadanaSaulebs
axal­gazrdebs im problemebSi, rom­­­­lebic bevrad
aRematebian maT namoqmedars. 4) sxva­­­dasxva kul­
turisTvis damaxasiaTebeli TviT­Se­­­fasebebis Se­
dareba kulturuli gansxvavebebis mka­­­­­­fiod war­
moCenis gareSe destruqciuli da ara­pro­duqtulia
(damangreveli da unayofoa) (gv. 29-30).
fsiqologi lourens sleiteri (2002) Tavis sta­
tiaSi TviTSefasebis problemebis Sesaxeb, mi­iCnevs,
rom TviTSefasebis axleburi aRqma migviyvans WeS­
marit TviTdafasebasTan, rac gvibiZgebs TviT­kont­
rolisken:
SesaZlebelia, TviTSefaseba TviTkontrolma Secva­
los, rogorc pirvelma misaRwevma safexurma. sa­
bolood TviTkontroli ar unda aRviqvaT ro­­gorc
SezRudva, aramed rogorc xangrZlivi varjiSis Se­
degad gamomuSavebuli unari.
rogoria Tqveni azri?
gamoxateT sakuTari mosazreba veb-gverdze:
www.mylabschool.com
wyaro: wignidan `The Trouble with Self-Esteem~ by L. Slater, The
New York Times Magazine, February 3, 2002, pp. 44-47 and `Sorting
Out the Self-Esteem Controversy’, by J. A. Beane, 1991, Educational
Leadership, 49(1), pp. 25-30. Copyright © 1991 by the Association
for Supervision and Curriculum Development. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.
yvela ufleba daculia.

Schunk, 2002). Cveulebrivi skolis maTematikaSi Zlieri moswavleebi sa-

kuTari maTematikuri una­rebis mimarT ukeT arian ganwyobilni, vidre
Tanabari SesaZ­leblobebis moswavleebi maRali miRwevebis skolebSi.
marSi (1990) uwodebs amas `didi Tevzi patara gubura (dTpg)~. TxuT-
meti wlis 100,000 mozardis gamokvlevisas mTeli msoflios maStabiT
da aRmoCnda dTpg-s Sedegi yovel 26-e monawileSi (Marsh & Hau, 2003).
niWierTa programebSi monawileobas SesaZlebelia hqondes sapirispiro
dTpg Sedegi: moswavleebs, romlebic niWierTa prog­ramebSi monawil-
eoben da sxva moswavleebs ejibrebian, dro­­Ta ganmavlobaSi uknindebaT
warmodgena sakuTar saskolo mos­wrebaze, Tumca warmodgena arasas-
wavlo miRwevebze ar icv­leba (Marsh & Craven, 2002).

me-koncefcia da miRwevebi. mravali fsiqologi me-koncefcias sazo­

ga­doebrivi da emociuri ganviTarebis safuZvlad mi­iCnevs. kvlevam
ga­aerTiana me-koncefcia farTo speqtris miRwevebTan _ dawyebuli Se­­­
jibrebiT sportSi warmodgenebidan, samsaxureobrivi movaleobis Ses­

129
 rulebisa da saskolo moswrebiT damTavrebuli (Byrne, 2002; Davis-Kean
& Sandler, 2001; Marsh & Hau, 2003). erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saSualeba,
romliTac me-koncefcia moqmedebs skolaSi swavlaze, kursis arCevaa.
gaix­seneT saSualo (umaRlesi) skola. rodesac kursis arCevis saSua­
leba gqondaT, irCevdiT ki iseT sagnebs, romlebSic niWiT nak­lebad
dajildoebuli iyaviT? albaT, ara. herbert marSi da aleq­­sandre iangi
(1997) ikvlevdnen, rogor daamTavra 246-ma avst­­­ralielma biWma kursebi
sidneis saSualo skolaSi. calkeul sag­­nebSi (maTematika da sxv.) miR-
wevebze TviTwarmodgena kursis arCevisas gadamwyveti winapiroba iyo.
am sagnebSi dadebiTi me-koncefcia arCevis ufro mniSvnelovani mizezi
iyo, vidre sxva sagnebSi dabali me-koncefcia. saSualo skolaSi arCeuli
kur­sebi moswavleebis momaval gzas gansazRvravs, Sesabamisad, calkeul
sagnebSi sakuTar Tavze warmodgenam SesaZlebelia cxovreba Secvalos.
magram CanarTi `argumenti/kontrargumenti~ gviCvenebs, rom ganaTlebis
sferos moRvaweebs Soris uTanxmoebaa skolis rolTan dakavSirebiT.

saskolo cxovreba da TviTSefaseba

axla mivubrundeT TviTSefasebas _ rogoria moswavlis Sefa­sebebi
da gancdebi sakuTari Tavis mimarT? TviTSefasebasTan da­kavSirebiT
maswavleblisTvis sul mcire ori SekiTxva arsebobs: (1) rogoria mo-
swavlis TviTSefasebis gavlena skolaSi qcevaze? da (2) ra gavlena
aqvs skolis cxovrebas mowafis TviTSefasebaze?
vupasuxoT pirvel SekiTxvas. Turme meti Sansia, rom skolaSi
warmatebebs maRali TviTSefasebis mqone moswavleebma miaRwion, Tumca
am urTierT damokidebulebis xarisxi icvaleba imis mi­xed­­viT, moswav-
lis maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT kvlevis ra meTodebs viyenebT (Ma
& Kishor, 1997; Marsh & Holmes, 1990). longituduri kvleva cxadyofs, rom
pozitiuri TviTrwmena da­kavSirebulia akademiur miRwevebTan. garsa-
kuTrebiT Tu igi specifikuria da Seesabameba Sesaswavl sagans. magram
am urTi­erT­damokidebulebis maCvenebeli zogadad mcirea. (Valentine, Du-
Bois, & Cooper, 2004). ra Tqma unda, rogorc pirvel TavSi ganvixileT, or
parametrs Soris kavSiri ar niSnavs, rom erTi meores iwvevs. SesaZle-
belia, miRweul warmatebebs da popularobas mivyavarT sakuTari Tavis
pativiscemasTan (TviTSefasebasTan) an piriqiT. faqtobrivad, orive
varianti dasaSvebia (Guay, Larose, & Boivin, 2004; Marsh & Ayotte, 2003).
rac Seexeba meore SekiTxvas, rogor moqmedebs skola TviT­Se­fasebaze:
mniSvnelovania Tu ara skola? rogorc CanarTidan `ar­gumenti/kontrar-
gumenti~ Cans, skolis rols moswavleTa TviTSe-­­­
fasebaSi araerTi kamaTi gamouwvevia. erT-erTi skolis me-6 klasze or-
wliani dakvirveba swored amas mowmobs. Hoge, Smit da Hanson-ma (1990) gamoi-
kvlies, rom roca moswavle kmayofilia skoliT, moswons maswavleblebi
da gakveTilebic ainteresebs, yovelive es maswavlebelTa SefasebasTan
erTad did gavlenas axdens moswavlis TviTSefasebaze. fizikur aRzr-
daSi maswavlebelTa azrs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda mowafeTa
mier sa­kuTari aT­leturi unaris gacnobierebaSi. dabalunarianTa jguf­Si
yofnas an swavlaSi CamorCenas, rogorc Cans, negatiuri gavlena aqvs mo-
swavlis TviTSefasebaze, xolo Tanadgomis da TanamSromlobis pirobebSi
swavla dadebiTad moqmedebs (Covington, 1992; Deci & Ryan, 19850). sainteresoa,
rom specialuri programebi, rogoricaa `Tvis saukeTeso studenti~ an
maTematikis gaZlierebul gakveTilebze daSveba, TviTSefasebaze moq-

130
medebis mcire efeqtiT xasiaTdeba (daakavSireT es ukanaskneli `didi Te- daukavSireT swavlebas
da ganavrceT
vzi patara guburas~ efeq­tTan).
dafiqrdiT Tqveni swavlebis
daaxloebiT 100 wlis win uiliam jeimsma (1890) ganacxada, rom TviT- filosofiaze, ris Sesaxebac
Sefaseba ganisazRvreba imiT, ramdenad warmatebulebi varT CvenTvis SegekiTxebian gasaubrebebze.
faseuli miznebis miRwevaSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu romelime unari an rogor SeuwyobT xels Tqvens
miRweva mniSvnelovani ar aris, Sesabamis sferoSi ara­kompetenturoba moswavleebSi WeSmariti da
safuZvliani TviTSefasebis
TviTSefasebisTvis safrTxes ar warmoad­gens. mowafeebma warmatebebs
ganviTarebas? (mimarTeT
unda miaRwion maTTvis mniSvnelovan sa­kiTxebSi. aseve mniSvnelovania, 3.5 cxrils ideebisTvis).
riT xsnis pirovneba Tavis war­matebas Tu warumateblobas. TviTSe-
fasebis CamoyalibebisT­-vis saWiroa, moswavleebma TavianTi warmate-
bebi miaweron sakuTar qmedebebs da ara beds an garkveul daxmarebas.
maswavlebelTa damokidebulebam, Sefasebam, mzrunvelma ur­Ti­erTobam
SesaZloa Secvalos moswavlis warmodgenebi sakuTar unar-SesaZleblo-
bebze garkveul sakiTxebSi. TviTSefaseba gan­sakuTrebiT maSin matulobs,
roca izrdeba mowafis kompe­ten­­turoba misTvis mniSvnelovan sferoebSi
_ maT Soris so­ci­­a­lur sferoSi, romlebic metad mniSvnelovania mozard-
obis periodSi. amgvarad, maswavleblis umTavresi amocanaa, moswavles
mniSvnelo­van sakiT­xebSi garkvevasa da unar Cvevebis aTvisebaSi daexma-
ros. rogor un­da moiqcnen maswavleblebi, romelTac aseTi pasuxismge-
bloba akisriaT? ixile rekomendaciebi 3.5 cxrilSi.

cxrili 3.5
1. daafaseT da miiReT yvela moswavle,
maTi mcdelobebi da miRwevebi.
2. SeqmeniT mowafeebisTvis fiziku­rad
da fsiqikurad usafrTxo ga­remo.
3. gaanalizeT Tqveni winaswari ganwyoba
da molodini.
4. darwmundiT, rom swavlisTvis Tqve­ni
gamouyenebelii gamouyenebeli xerxebi
da mowafeTa dajgu­feba namdvilad sa-
Wiroa da araa mxolod moxerxebuli gza
rTuli mowafeebis samarTavad da zogi
mowafisTvis Tavis asarideblad.
5. SeqmeniT Sefasebis cxadi standarte-
bi; daexmareT mowafeebs, is­wav­lon sa-
kuTari miRwevebis Se­faseba.
6. SeqmeniT TviTkritikis, Seupov­robisა
da TviTdajildoebis Se­sa­bamisi me-
Todebi.
7. Tavi aarideT destruqciul Sedare-
bebs da Sejibrebebs. waaqezeT moswav-
le, rom Seejibros sakuTari miRwevis
umaRles dones.
8. nu ugulebelyofT moswavles ma­Sinac
ki, roca unda uaryoT misi konk­retuli
qceva an Sedegi. tes­tirebaSi CaWra an
SeniSvnis miReba, mos­wavlisTvis ar unda
niSnavdes, rom is `cudi~ adamiania.
9. gaxsovdeT, rom pozitiur TviTSefase-
bas warmatebebi da garemomcvel sa-
myaroSi TqvenTvis mniSv­­nelovani ada-
mianebisgan dafa­seba ganapirobebs.
10. xeli SeuwyveT moswavleebs, aiRon pa-
suxismgebloba TavianT re­aqciebze.
aCveneT maT, rom maT aqvT arCevani da
aCveneT isic, ro­gori unda iyos pasuxi.
11. skolaSi SeqmeniT mxardamWeri jgu­­
febi da aswavleT moswavleebs, rogor
daexmaron erTmaneTs.
12. daexmareT moswavleebs cxadi miz­nebis
dasaxvaSi; koleqtiurad ga­nixileT
miznis miRwevis realu­ri gzebi.
13. xazi gausviT sxvadasxva eTnikuri
jgufis faseulobebs _ maT kultu­
rasa da miRwevebs.

wyaro: informacia aRebulia ‚Improving Students’ Self-Esteem’ by J. Canfield-is mier, 1990, Educational Leadership,
48 (1). gv. 48-50; Teacher Behavior and Student Self-Concept, by M.M. Kash and G. Borich, 1978, Merio Park, CA:
Addison-Wesley; ‚The Development of Self-Concept’ by H. H. Marshall, 1989, Young Children, 44 (5), gv. 44-45.

131
 mravalgvaroba da identoba

rogoria Tqveni azri?

saSualo skolaSi pedagogad misaReb gasaubrebaze Tqven ge­kiTxebian:
`ras gaakeTebdiT imisaTvis, rom yvela Tqvens mowafes sakuTar Tavze
kargi warmodgena hqondes?~

mcirewlovan bavSvebs umetesad dadebiTi da optimisturi warmod-

gena aqvT TavianT Tavze. erT-erTi dakvirvebis mixedviT, pirvelk-
laselTa 80% Tavs klasSi saukeTeso moswavled Tvlida (Stipec, 1981).
momwifebasTan erTad maTi warmodgena realurs uaxlovdeba, magram
bevri maTgani zustad ver afasebs sakuTar unarebs (Paris & Cunnungham,
1996). faqtobrivad, zogi moswavle `arakompetenturobis iluziebiT~
itanjeba _ seriozulad ak­ni­­nebs sakuTari codnis Sefasebas (Phillips
& Zimmerman, 1990). am warmodgenebze Zlier gavlenas axdena moswavlis
sqesi da eTniku­ri stereotipebi.

mravalgvaroba da `me~-s aRqma

saSualo klasis warmomadgenel ZiriTadad evropel-amerikel 761
moswavles akvirdebodnen pirveli klasidan skolis mTeli periodis
ganmavlobaSi (Jacobs, Lanza, Osgood, Eccles, & Wigfield, 2002). radgan lon-
gituduri periodis monacemebis miReba rTulia, es faseuli gamokv-
levaa. pirvel klasSi gogonebs da biWebs enebSi sakuTari unar-Sesa-
Zleblobebis aRqma msgavsi aqvT, Tumca bi­Webi grZnoben Tavs bevrad
ufro kompetenturad maTematikasa da sportSi. rogorc 3.2 grafikze
Cans, wlebis ganmavlobaSi cod­nasTan (midrekilebebTan) dakavSireb-
ulma rwmenam iklo rogorc biWebSi, ise gogonebSi, maTematikaSi ki
_ biWebSi ufro swrafad da maRal klasebSi maTematikaSi kompeten-
turobasTan dakavSirebuli rwmena biWebsa da gogonebSi gaTanabrda.
pirveli klasis Semdeg enebis mimarT midrekilebis Sefaseba biWebSi
ufro mkveTrad Semcirda, magram gaTanabrda maRal klasebSi. sport-
Tan dakavSirebulma Sefasebam orive sqesTan iklo, Tumca biWebi mTeli
12 wlis ganmavlobaSi metad darwmunebulni iyvnen sakuTar sportul
upiratesobaSi.
sxva gamokvlevebis mixedviT, gogonebs miaCniaT, rom ukeTe­sad kiT­
xuloben da ukeT gamosdiT axlo megobroba; biWebi ki metad darw-
munebuli arian sakuTar maTematikur da aTletur unar-SesaZleblo-
bebSi. es gansxvavebebi Sesabamis gavlenas ax­dens aka­demiur miRwevebze
_ magaliTad, gogonebi biWebze ukeT kiTxuloben. rogorc Cans dar-
wmunebuloba da Sedegebi urTi­erT­kavSirSia _ erTi moqmedebs meo-
reze (Cole, Martin, Peeke, Seroczynski, & Fier, 1999; Eccles, Wigfield, & Schiefele,
1998; Wilgenbusch & Merrell, 1999). eTnikuri jgufebis umravlesobaSi (af-
roamerikelebis gar­da), biWebi TavianT unarSi maTematikasa da mec-
nierebaSi uf­ro darwmunebulni arian. mTeli saswavlo procesisTvis
da­ma­xasiaTebelia mcire, magram mudmivi gansxvavebebi gogonebsa da
biWebs Soris (Grossman & Grossman, 1994; Kling, Hyde, Showers, & Buswell, 1999).
samwuxarod, sxva eTnikur jgufebze xangrZlivi dak­virveba ar Catare-
bula, amitom es magaliTi mxolod evro-ame­rikelebze vrceldeba.

132
 sqema 3.2

genderuli gansxvavebebi skolis wlebSi

TviTkompetenturobis cvlilebaSi
maTematikis kompetencia

mamakaci qali

skolis wlebi

mamakaci qali
enebis kompetencia

skolis wlebi
sportuli kompetencia

mamakaci qali

skolis wlebi

wyaro: wignidan ‚Changes in Children’s Self-Competence and Values:

Gender and Domain Differences across Grades 1 through 12’ by J. E.
Jacobs, S. Lanza, D. W. Osgood, J. S. Eccles, and A. Wigfield, Chaild
Development, 73, gv. 516. Copyright © 2002 by the Society for Research
in Child Development, University of Michigan Center for Growth &
Human Development. ibeWdeba SRCD-s nebarTviT.

ras fiqroben moswavleebi sakuTar Tavze skolis periodSi? Jean

Twenge-m da Keith Campbell-ma (2001) 1968-1994 wlebSi Caatares gamokv-
levebi da Seiswavles 150 moswavle. maT ainteresebdaT zogadad TviT-
Sefaseba da ara konkretul saganTan dakavSirebuli unar-SesaZleblo-
bebi da aRmoaCines, rom gogonebsa da biWebSi TviTSefaseba TandaTan
mcirdeba me-7, me-8, me-9klasebSi gadasvli­sas. Semdeg ki biWebis zoga-
di TviTSefaseba maRal klasebSi sa­ocrad matulobs, gogonebisa ki
TiTqmis ucvlelia, xolo skolis damTavrebisas gogonebis TviTSefa­
seba mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba biWebis TviTSefasebasTan SedarebiT.
Tu Tavs movuyriT am ga­mo­k­vlevis Sedegebs da jakobsis da sxvaTa
aRmoCenebsa (imis Sesaxeb, rom gogonebi da biWebi gansxvavdebian sxva­
dasxva saganSi akademiuri TviTSefasebebiT) da Marsh-isa da Yeung-is

133
 (1997) dak­virvebis Sedegebs, rom akademiur TviTSefasebas gavlena aqvs
mi­marTulebis arCevaze, aRmoCndeba, rom bevri moswavle irCevs gzas,
romelic samudamod zRudavs alternativas maT cxovrebaSi. xSirad am
gzis arCeva dafuZnebulia ara unar-SesaZleblobebze, aramed `arakom-
petenturobis iluziaze~.

eTnikuri da rasobrivi identoba

jer kidev 1903 wels W.E.B.DuBois-ma dawera naSromi afro­ame­rikelebis
`ormagi cnobierebis~ Sesaxeb. afroamerikelebs, sxva eTnikuri da raso-
brivi jgufebis msgavsad, gacnobierebuli aqvT sakuTari eTnikuri iden-
toba; amave dros esmiT, rom isini uf­­ro didi kulturis wevrebi arian. imis
gamo, rom eTnikuri um­ciresobis moswavleebi ori kulturis (umravleso-
bis da um­ciresobis) wevre­bi arian, maTTvis metad rTulia gamokveTili
identobis Camoyali­be­ba. moswavlis eTnikuri kulturis fase­ulobebi,
swavlis stili da urTierTobebis modeli SesaZloa Se­uTavsebeli iyos
skolis da ufro didi sazogadoebis moT­xovnilebebTan. umravlesobis
kul­turis miReba TiTqos eTnikuri faseulobebis uaryofas mo­iT­xovs. eT-
nikuri umciresobis mos­wavleebs myari identobis mi­saR­we­vad uwevT `kul-
turuli fase­ulobebis da identobis al­ternati­vis ori nakrebis gafilt-
vra~, risTvisac maT meti dro _ anu eriqsonis TqmiT, ufro xangrZlivi
moratoriumi sWirdebaT (Markstrom-Adams, 1992, gv.177). Seswavlis es proce-
si mniSvnelovania; zogierTi fsiqologi miiCnevs, rom eTnikuri identoba
`mTavari statusia~, romelic `pirovnuli me~-s Sefasebisas identobasTan
dakavSirebul yvela sxva sakiTxze dominirebs (Herman, 2004).

eTnikuri identuroba: gamosavali da procesi. jin pinei (Jean Phinney,

1990; 2003) aRwers oTx gamosavals identobis Ziebis procesSi eT­nikuri
umciresobis axalgazrdobisTvis. erT-erTia asimilacia _ umravleso-
bis kulturis faseulobebisa da qcevebis srulad miReba da eTnikuri
kulturis uaryofa. sapirispiro gamosavali gancalkeveba-gandgoma da
mxolod sakuTari eTnikuri kulturis wevrebTan urTierTobaa. mesame
variantia marginaloba _ kavSi­ris Sewyveta umciresobis kulturasTan
da umravlesobis kul­turiT cxovreba, magram Tan gaucxoebis da diskom-
fortis Se­grZ­neba. bo­lo alternativaa bikulturizmi (romelsac zog­jer
integracias uwodeben), romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia kav­­Siris Senar-
Cuneba ori­ve kulturasTan. bikulturizmis sul mci­re sami variantia.
SeiZleba iarseboT or kulturas Soris, zogierT situaciaSi Tqveni qceva
iyos `umravlesobisTvis~ da­maxasiaTebeli da sxva situaciaSi ki _ `umci-
resobisTvis~. an SegiZliaT erTmaneTs SeurioT orive kul­tura, airCioT
ori­vesTvis Tanabrad damaxasiaTebebli fase­ulobebi da qcevebi da imoqm-
edoT Sesabamisad; da bolos, SegiZliaT gaaerTianoT ori calke kultura
erT axalsa da mTlianSi (Phinney & Devich-Nevarro, 1997). ar aqvs mniSvneloba,
romelia Tqveni idento­bis amosavali. rogorc Cans, mentaluri janmr-
TelobisTvis mniSv­ne­lovani faqtoria, gqondeT sakuTari eTnikuri
dajgufebis mi­marT Zlieri dadebiTi grZnobebi (Steinberg, 2005).
zogierTma fsiqologma eTnikuri identobis formirebis pro­­­cesis
gasagebad gamoiyena Marcia-s identobis statusi. da­­sawyisSi bavSvebs Sesa-
Zloa hqondeT ganusazRvreli eTnikuri iden­­toba, radgan: 1) maT arc uc-
diaT Seswavla (difuzia); 2) maT ubralod miiRes sxvisi identoba (SezRud-
va). bevri evro-amerikeli mozardi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT `ganusazRvrel~

134
 umravlesobis warmomadgeneli
mozardebi, romlebic kargad
icnoben sakuTar memkvidreo-
bas, met pativs scemen sxvisas.

kategorias. eT­nikuri ide­n­tobis Seswavlis periods (moratoriums) Tan daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
da ganavrceT
axlavs konfliqtis gadawyveta (identobis miRweva).
daukavSireT es informacia
me-2 TavSi gagebul cnebebs:
rasobrivi identoba: Sedegi da procesi. William Cross-ma (1991) konkre­tu­ magaliTad, operatiuli
lad afro-amerikul rasobriv identobasTan dakav­Sirebuli sqe­ma Sei- azrovnebis romeli aspeqte-
muSava. procesi, romelsac is nigresenss uwodebs, 5 sta­dias moicavs: bia damxmare (an saWiro)
identobis formirebisTvis?
nacnobobamde (pre-encounter): krosis azriT, am stadiaSi afroa-
Tu SegiZliaT warmoidgi-
merikelis pozicia SeiZleba iyos ignorireba an ne­itraluri noT adamianebi, romlebmac
grZnobebi rasis mimarT an sulac `anti-Savi~ da­mokidebuleba. miaRwies identobas, magram
am stadiaSi afroamerikelebma SeiZleba mi­iRon TeTrkaniani ame- ar miuRweviaT operatiuli
rikelebis warmodgenebi, maT Soris `TeTrkanianobis~ tendencia stadiisTvis? identურobis
formireba aucileblad
aRmatebulobis. SesaZlo Sedegi _ garkveuli donis TviTzizRia.
cnobieri procesia?
Sejaxebamde stadiaSi adamianebi ar aigiveben sakuTar Tavs Savka-
nianebTan _ maTTvis faseulia maTi identurobis sxva aspeqtebi,
rogoricaa religia, profesia an socialuri statusi. nigresensi _ SavkanianTa iden-
tobis Camoyalibebis procesi
Sejaxebis (encounter) stadia xSirad inicirebulia aSkara Tu Se-
farviT rasizmTan kontaqtiT. magaliTad, afroamerikelisTvis,
romelsac akontroleben elitur maRaziaSi, Seuracxyofas ayeneben
policielebi an uyurebs sainforma­cio gadacemebSi amgvari movle-
nebis gaSuqebas, naTeli xdeba realoba, rom rasas sazogadoebisT-
vis mniSvneloba aqvs. afroamerikeli egueba Tavis Savkanianobas.
imersia/emersia: krosis azriT, es gardamavali periodia _ Sua-
leduri stadia, romelmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios vnebaTaRelva `da-
debiT Savkanian pirovnebad~ Camoyalibebaze (Cross, 1991, gv. 202).
diskriminaciasTan Sejaxebis sapasuxod pirovnebebi avseben Tavi-
anT cxovrebas Savkanianobis simboloebiT; magaliTad, isini yi-
duloben wignebs SavkanianTa gamocdilebaze da ZiriTadad ur-
TierToba aqvT sxva afro-amerikelebTan. maT didi survili aqvT
ufro Rrmad Seiswavlon Tavisi rasuli memkvidreoba.
internalizacia: pirovnebas rasobrivi identurobis Zlieri grZ-
noba aqvs da ar aRelvebs megobrebis an ucnobebis damokidebu-
leba _ darwmunebulia sakuTari Savkanianobis standartebSi.
internalizacia/saqmianoba: es stadia mWidro kavSirSia in­ter­
nalizaciasTan. mTavari gansxvavebaa SavkanianTa saqmianobiT da-
intereseba da masSi monawileoba. aseTi pirovneba gegmavs, rom
cxovreba Sav rasul TviTmyofadobas dau­kavSiros. magaliTad,

135

daukavSireT kvlevas da
ganavrceT
ixileT 2003 wlis gamoSveba
`Teoria praqtikaSi: maswavle-
blis saxe da rasa kuturul
konteqstSi~. miwveuli redaq-
tori: H. Richard Milner.
rasobrivi da eTnikuri sia-
maye _ sakuTari rasobrivi
da eTnikuri memkvidreobis
pozitiuri TviTSefaseba.
136
mxatvari Tavis cxovrebas uZRvnis SavkanianTa xatvas an mkvlevari
cxovrebas uTmobs afroamerikelTa ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli
gamocdilebis Seswavlas.
rasobrivi identobis Camoyalibeba kidev ufro rTulia bi­rasuli
an multirasuli mozardebisaTvis. mSoblebma, romleb­Tanac isini
cxovroben, mezoblebis garegnobam da xasiaTma, dis­k­riminaciis Tu
xel­Sewyobis gamocdilebam, SeiZleba gavlena iqo­nios mozardis ra-
sobriv identurobasTan dakavSirebul ga­dawyvetilebebze. zogierTi
fsiqologis azriT, es sirTuleebi ex­mareba multirasul axalgazr-
dobas, ganuviTardes ufro Zlieri da kompleqsuri identoba, magram
sxva mkvlevrebi miiCneven, rom es sirTuleebi damatebiTi tvirTia
isedac mZime procesSi (Herman, 2004). SesaZloa, gamosavali nawilobriv
damokidebuli iyos mxardaWeraze, romelsac mozardebi Rebuloben
rTul amo­canebTan Sejaxebisas.
rasobrivi da eTnikuri saimaye. Sin Tu gareT siamaye yvela moswav­
lisaTvis myari identurobis fundamentis Semadgeneli nawilia. spe-
cialuri Zalisxmeva rasobrivi da eTnikuri siamayis gasaZ­liereblad
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, ase rom, mowafeebi TavianTi identuro-
bis garkvevisas ar unda iRebdnen gzavnilebs, rom gansxvaveba naklia
(Spencer & Markstrom-Adams, 1990). erT-erTma dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom daw-
yebiTi skolis moswavleebs, ro­melTa saxli mdidari afroamerikuli
kulturiT gamoirCeoda, aRmoaCndaT meti faqtobrivi codna da unar-
Cvevebi. mSoblebi, rom­lebic xels uwyobdnen bavSvebs, eamayaT Tavi-
anTi memkvidreobiT, aRniSnavdnen, rom bavSvebs qceviTi problemebi
naklebad hqondaT (Caughy, O’Campo, Randolph, & Nickerson, 2002). sxva da-
kvirvebis mi­xedviT, dadebiTi rasobrivi identuroba dakavSirebuli
iyo uf­ro maRal TviTSefasebasTan da nakleb emociur problemasTan
rogorc afroamerikel, ise TeTrkanian mozardebSi (DuBois, Burk-Braxton,
Swenson, Tevendale, & Hardesty, 2002).
TiToeul Cvengans aqvs eTnikuri memkvidreoba. jenet helmsma (Janet
Helms, 1995) dawera TeTrkanianTa identurobis ganviTarebis stadiebis
Sesaxeb. riCard milnerma (Richard Milner, 2003) rasobrivi identurobis
ganviTarebis mniSvnelobaze miuTiTa, gansakuTrebiT swavlebaSi. roca
umravlesobis warmomadgenelimozardebi kar­gad icnoben sakuTar mem-
kvidreobas, isini met pativs scemen sxvisasac. amgvarad, rasuli da eT-
nikuri fesvebis Seswavla yvela moswavleSi aviTarebs rogorc TviT-
Sefasebas, ise sxvebis mi­Re­bis unars (Rotherham-Borus, 1994).
emociuri da moraluri ganviTareba
identurobis Ziebisa da sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgenebis for­
mirebis paralelurad, vswavlobT emociebis marTvasac da vcdi­lobT,
gavugoT `mniSvnelovan sxvebs~. rogor vaswavloT bav­Svebs sxvisi fiq­
rebisa da grZnobebis amocnoba?
emociuri kompetencia
sxvisi survilebis gageba da azrebis gaTvaliswineba emociuri kom-
petenciis ganviTarebis an emociuri situaciis gagebisa da marTvis
unaris ganviTarebis Semadgeneli nawilia.
 cxrili 3.6

ZiriTadi socialur-emociuri unarebi

qvemoT moyvanilia yvelasaTvis saWiro oTxi mniSvnelovani socialur-emociuri unaris da
kompetenciis magaliTi. sia SeimuSava akademiuri, socialuri da emociuri swavlebis ga­
erTianebam [CASEL] http://www.casel.org/home/index.php.

dualuri da jgufuri gansxvavebebi avsebs

SeicaniT sakuTari Tavi da sxvebi
erTmaneTs da Zalas da adaptaciis unars ma­
grZnobebis identificireba _ amoi­ca­niT da
tebs garemomcvel samyaros.
aRniSneT Tqveni da sxvaTa grZnobebi.
iyaviT pasuxismgebeli _ gaiazreT val­debu­
lebebi da mihyeviT maT. airCieT eTikuri,
icodeT, rogor imoqmedoT
daamyareT efeqturi urTierToba _ gamo­
usafr­Txo da legaluri yo­faqceva.
iyeneT verbaluri da araverbaluri unar-
gaacnobiereT Zlieri mxareebi _ moaxdineT
ჩვევebi sakuTari Tavis gamosaxatad da sxvebTan
pozitiuri maxasiaTeblebis identifici­reba
efeqturi urTierTobis Se­sanarCuneblad.
da ganaviTareT isini.
aSeneT urTierTobebi _ daamyareT da
SeinarCuneT jansaRi da Rirseuli kav­­­-
miiReT sapasuxismgeblo gadawyvetilebebi
Sirebi calkeul pirebTan da jgu­febTan.
marTeT emociebi _ aregulireT grZno­bebi
molaparakebebisas iyaviT samarTliani _
ise, rom maTi daxmarebiT marToT situacia.
ecadeT konfliqtidan orive mxarisTvis da­
gaiazreT situaciebi _ yuradRebiT ga­erkvieT
makmayofilebeli gamosavali ipovoT.
garemoebebSi.
uari TqviT provokaciebze _ miiReT ga­daw­
daisaxeT miznebi da gegmebi _ dagegmeT
yvetileba da efeqturad mihyeviT mas, ar
da imoqmedeT martivi da rTuli miznebis mi­
CaerToT arasasurvel, saSiS da araeTikur
saRwevad.
qmedebebSi.
problemebi gadawyviteT Semoqmede­bi­Tad
eZieT daxmareba _ gaacnobiereT Tqveni sa­
_ CaerTeT alternatiuli SesaZleb­lobebis
Wiroebani da miiReT sxvebis daxmareba da
SeswavlaSi SemoqmedebiTad da
xelSewyoba miznebis misaRwevad.
diciplinirebulad, rac migiyvanT sapa­­-
imoqmedeT eTikurad _ aRiarebul le-
suxismgeblo, mizanmimarTul qcevasTan da
ga­lur/profesiul kodeqsebSi an mo­ralur
rac Tavis mxriv moicavs winaaRmdegobaTa
an rwmenaze damyarebuli qce­vis sistemebSi
gadalaxvas.
Semavali principebis da standartebis mi­
xedviT marTeT dis­kusiebi da qmedebebi.
izruneT sxvebze
gamoamJRavneT TanagrZnoba _ amoicaniT da
gaigeT sxvaTa fiqrebi da grZnobebi.
wyaro: wignidan `Compliance to responsibility: Social and Emotional
pativi eciT sxvebs _ irwmuneT, rom sxvebi
Learning and Classroom Management’, by M. J. Elias & Y. Schwab
imsaxureben keTilad da TanagrZnobiT mopy­ in Handbook for Classroom Management: Research, Practice and
robas, rac humanurobis nawilia. Contemporary Issues, C. Evertson & C. Weinstein (Eds.), 2006. ibeWdeba

daafaseT gansxvaveba _ gaigeT, rom in­di­vi­ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. da Maurice J. Elias, Ph.D. nebarTviT.

socialuri da emociuri kompetencia gadamwyvetia, rogorc aka­

demiuri moswrebis, aseve pirovnebis ganviTarebisTvis. aSS-sa da italiaSi
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare gamokvlevebis Se­degebma cxadyo,
rom prosocialuri qceva da socialuri zo­gadoebrivi kompetencia daw-
yebiT klasebSi dakavSirebulia aka­­­demiur miRwevebTan da TanatolebSi
popularobasTan da daaxoebiT xuTi weli grZeldeba (Elias & Schwab, 2006).

137
 rekomendaciebi: emociuri kompetenciis xelSewyoba
SeqmeniT ndobis atmosfero klasSi.
magaliTebi
1. erideT moswavleebis Sesaxeb gamogonili
istoriebis mosmenas.
2. gamoitaneT samarTliani daskvnebi.
3. Tavi aarideT zedmet Sedarebebs da
mieciT moswavleebs saSualeba, gamoas-
woron TavianTi Secdomebi.
daexmareT moswavleebs, amoicnon
da ga­moxaton TavianTi grZnobebi.
magaliTebi
1. moamzadeT emociebis leqsikoni da
aRniSneT personaJebis emociebis Sesaxeb
moTxrobebSi.
2. naTlad aRwereT sakuTari emociebi.
3. waaxaliseT moswavleebi, TavianTi grZno-
bebis Sesaxeb dRiurebSi gaakeTon Canaw-
erebi, daicaviT am xelnawerebis konfi-
dencialuroba (zemoT ixileT ndoba).
daexmareT moswavleebs, amoicnon
sxvaTa emociebi.
magaliTebi
2. ufros moswavleebTan gamoiyeneT sa­kiT­
xavi literatura, filmebi an roluri Ta­
maSebi, raTa daexmaroT maT sxvaTa emo-
ciebis gansazRvraSi.
miawodeT emociebis marTvis
stra­te­giebi.
magaliTebi
1. ganixileT da praqtikaSi gamoiyeneT is-
eTi alternativebi, rogoricaa ima­ze
fiqris Sewyveta,U rogor grZnoben sxvebi,
daxmarebis Zieba, risxvis marTva, saku­
Tar TavTan saubari an moqmedebis adgi-
lis mitoveba.
2. SeimuSaveT strategiebi moswavleTaTvis.
isaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rogor marTavT
risxvas, imedgacruebas an SfoTvas.
daexmareT moswavleebs, dainaxon kul­­tu­ruli
gansxvavebebi emociebis gamo­xa­tvaSi.
magaliTebi
1. daavaleT moswavleebs daweron an is­a­
ubron ojaxSi sakuTari emociebis gamox-
atvaze.
2. aswavleT moswavleebs `Seamowmon~ sxvisi
gancdebi _ hkiTxon sxvebs, ras grZnoben.

1. mcirewlovani bavSvebisTvis, `Sexede Can- damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:

dras saxes. Seni azriT, ras grZnobs, roca http://csefel.uiuc.edu/modules/inventory-of-practices.pdf
aseT sityvebs eubnebi~?

cxrili 3.6 asaxavs emociu­ri kompetenciis oTx unar-Cvevas. riT SeiZleba

daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
zogierTi programis da stra-
tegiis sruli aRwera, romle-
bic xels uwyoben socialur
emociur swavlebas, ixileT
Cohen, J. (Ed.) (1999) `gonebis
da gulis aRzrda: socialur
emociuri swavleba
da gza mozardobisken~.
New York: Teachers College
Press.
gonebis Teoria _ aRmoCena, rom
sxva adamianebic adamianebi arian
TavianTi gonebiT, fiqrebiT,
grZnobebiT, rwmeniT, survile-
biTa da aRqmiT.
mas­­­wavlebeli daexmaros moswavlis emociuri kompetenciis gan­viTarebas?
momdevno gverdze mocemuli rekomendaciebi ramdenime ideas mogawo-
debT. me-9 TavSi ganvixilavT swavlebis strategiebsa da programebs,
romlebic emociebis TviTregulacias uwyobs xels.
gonebis Teoria da ganzraxva
daaxloebiT 2-3 wlis asakSi bavSvebi iwyeben `gonebis Teoriis~ gan-
viTarebas. isini xedaven, rom sxva adamianebic adamianebi arian Tavi-
anTi gonebiT, fiqrebiT, grZnobebiT, rwmeniT, survilebiT da gagebiT
(Flavell, Miller, & Miller, 2002). bavSvebs sWirdebaT gonebis Teoria sxvaTa
qcevebis gasagebad. ratom tiris sara? is mowyenilia, rad­gan aravin
eTamaSeba? me-4 TavSi ixilavT autizmis erT-erT axsnas, romlis mixed-
viTac autizmiT daavadebuli bavSvebi `go­nebis Teoriis~ naklebobas
ganicdian, rac daexmareboda maT sakuTari da sxvaTa emociebisa da
qcevebis gagebaSi.

138
 daaxloebiT 2 wlis asakSi bavSvebs uCndebaT sakuTari ganzraxvis
gancda. isini acxadeben: `me minda Sokoladis karaqi~. cnobierebis ganvi-
TarebasTan erTad bavSvebs SeuZliaT imis gageba, rom sxvebsac aqvT sur-
vilebi. dawyebiTi skolis SedarebiT ufrosi asakis bavSvebs, romlebsac
kargi urTierToba aqvT TanatolebTan, SeuZliaT gaarCion ganzraxuli
moqmedeba araganzraxulisgan. magaliTad, isi­ni ar gabrazdebian, Tu sxva
bavSvi SemTxveviT gadaayiravebs maT mi­er saTamaSo blokebiT agebul
koSks. magram agresiul bavSvebs meti problema aqvT ganzraxvis Sefasebi-
sas. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, isini Tavs daesxan nebismiers, vinc Tundac
SemTxveviT daSulis koSks (Dodge & Pettit, 2003). bavSvis momwifebasTan er-
Tad ukeT SeuZliaT sxvisi survilebis Sefaseba da gaTvaliswineba.
`gonebis Teoriis~ ganviTarebasTan erTad bavSvebs ukeT es­­miT, rom
sxva adamianebs aqvT gansxvavebuli grZnobebi da ga­mocdileba da amitom
SeiZleba gansxvavebuli azri an warmodgena hqondeT. sxvaTa Tvalsazri- sxvebis poziciis gaTval-
sis gaTvaliswinebis unari droTa ganmavlobaSi viTardeba da zrdas- iswinebis unari _ sxvebis
grZnobebisa da gamocdilebis
rulebSi daxvewili xdeba. sxvisi fiqrebisa da grZnobebis gagebis unari gagebis unari.
mniSvnelovania urTierTTanamSromlobisTvis da moraluri ganviTarebi-
sTvis, crurwmenebis SemcirebisTvis, konfliqtis gadasaWrelad da zoga-
dad dadebiTi socialuri qcevis xelSesawyobad (Gehlbach, 2004).
robert selmanma (1980) Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebis procesis sa­
fexurebrivi modeli SeimuSava. bavSvebis momwifebas Tan sdevs opera-
tiul azrovnebaze gadasvla. am dros maT meti ician da xvdebian,
rom sxvadasxva adamiani erTsa da imave situaciaze sxvadasxvanairad
reagirebs. 10-dan 15 wlamde bavSvebis umravlesobas uviTardeba un-
ari, gaaanalizon erT situaciaze ramdenime ada­mianis Tvalsazrisi
obieqturi damkvirveblis poziciidan. sabo­lood, ufros mozardebs
da zrdasrulebs SeuZliaT isic ki warmoidginon, rogori gavlena

bavSvebo, gTxovT, rogor moviqce, kargi, yuradRebas

vTqva simarTle
gadmomawodoT gadavatanineb.…
da davimsaxuro
Tqveni saSinao dava- misi pativisce- niZlavs vdeb,
agnes,… sadaa
lebebi! ma, Tu SevTxza is sicocxlis
Seni saSinao
CaxlarTuli, bolomde
davaleba?
au, moraluri saidumloe- gaocebuli
dilemis droa! biT moculi darCeba am
da saocari didi xnis
TxebiT.
istoria, raTa winaT Soreul
yvelam gadavitano misi miwaze,
Seasrula yuradReba? ori patara
davaleba? Txa Tokze
principSi, ki. xtoda, roca
ucabedad...

agnesis moraluri dilema. rogor SeafasebdiT mis gansjas?

wignidan Agnes, May 7, 2002. © 2002 Tony Cochran. ibeWdeba Creators Syndicate-is nebarTviT.

eqneba damkvirveblis aRq­ma­­ze kulturul da sazogadoebriv faseu-

lobebs. marTalia, am stadiebs yvela bavSvi gaivlis, magram erTi da
imave asakis bav­ Sveb­Si sxvadasxva etapze am mxriv SeiZleba didi gan-
sxvavebebi iyos. moswavleebs, romlebsac uWirT sxvisi Tvalsazrisis

139

moraluri msjeloba _
azrovnebis procesi, romelic
moicavs msjelobas imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris swori
da ra aris mcdari.
ganawilebis samarT­lianoba
_ rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rogor
unda daiyos privilegiebi an
masalebi samarTlianad jgufis
wevrebs Soris.
moraluri realizmi _ moral-
uri ganviTarebis is safexuri,
romelzec bavSvebi wesebs
ganixilaven rogorc udavo
WeSmaritebas.
kooperaciis morali _ ganvi-
Tarebis safexuri, roca bavSve-
bi acnobiereben, rom adamianebi
Taxmdebian wesebze da Tavadve
SeuZliaT maTi Secvla.
moraluri dilema _ iseTi
situacia, romelSic arcerTi
arCevani ar aris erTmniS-
vnelovnad swori.
140
miReba, naklebad qenjniT sindisi, roca cudad eqcevian Tanatolebs
an ufrosebs. Tu cudi yofaqceva ufro Rrma emociuri an qceviTi
darRvevis nawili araa, maswavleblis mxridan Tvalsazrisis mi­Rebis
unaris ganviTarebam SesaZloa mdgomareobas uSvelos.
zneobrivi ganviTareba
`gonebis Teoriis~ ganviTarebasTan da sxvaTa ganzraxvis ga­ge­basTan
erTad bavSvebs uviTardebaT kargisa da cudis gancdac. am nawilSi
ganvixilavT bavSvebis moralur msjelobas da maT Sexe­dulebas kar-
gisa da cudis Sesaxeb. bavSvebis mier moraluri msje­lobebis aqtiuri
konstruirebisas klasSi erT-erTi pirveli moraluri amocanaa gayofa
da gaziareba anu ganawilebis sa­marTlianoba (Damon, 1994). 5-6 wlis
bavSvebisTvis samarTliani ganawileba dafuZnebulia Tanasworobaze;
amitom maswavleblebs xSirad esmiT, `mas Cemze meti ergo _ es usamarT-
lobaa!~ mom­de­v­­no ramdenime weliwadSi, bavSvebisTvis gasagebi xdeba,
rom dam­saxurebis mixedviT zogierTma meti unda miiRos _ maT meti
an ukeT imuSaves. sabolood, 8 wlis bavSvebs SeuZliaT saWiroebebis
gaTvaliswineba da keTilganwyobili msjeloba; maT esmiT, rom zog
moswavles gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis gamo maswavlebel­ma SesaZloa
meti dro dauTmos.
moraluri ganviTareba moicavs wesebis gagebasac. Tu bav­SvebTan
dro gagitarebiaT, gecodinebaT rom garkveul etapze SegiZliaT TqvaT,
`sastumro oTaxSi Wama ar SeiZleba!~ da mis­Tvis es wesia. bavSvebisTvis
wesebi ubralod arsebobs. piaJe (1965) am mdgomareobas moralur re-
alizms uwodebs. 5-6 wlis bavSvs sjera, rom qcevis Tu TamaSis wesebi
absoluturia da ver Seicvleba; hgonia, rom wesis darRvevis SemTx-
vevaSi miRebuli sasjeli ganisazRvreba zianis sididiT da ara misi
ganzraxviT an sxva garemoebebiT. ase rom, erTi Wiqis ganzrax gatexaze
uaresia sami Wiqis SemTxveviT gatexa, amitom bavSvis warmodgenaSi
`sami Wiqis~ gatexis sasjeli ufro didia.
bavSvebi urTierToben sxvebTan, aviTareben Tvalsazrisis miRebis
emociur unar-Cvevebs, xedaven rom sxvadasxva adamians gansxvavebuli
wesebi aqvs da TandaTanobiT gadainacvleben kooperaciis moralze.
bavSvebi TandaTan igeben, rom wesebs ada­mianebi qmnian da TviTonve
cvlian maT. wesebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi orive gasaTvaliswinebelia
_ rogorc ziani, aseve wesrigis damrRvevis ganzraxva.
kolbergis moraluri ganviTarebis Teoriebi. lourens kolbergiseu­
li (Lawrence Kohlberg 1963, 1975, 1981) moraluri ganviTarebis Teoria
nawilobriv efuZ­neba piaJes adre ganxilul ideebs.
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT erTi kacis coli sikvdilis pi-
rasaa. arsebobs wamali, romelsac misi gadarCena SeuZlia, magram Za-
lze Zviria da misi gamomgonebeli farmacevti ar daTanxmdeba mis
gayidvas kacisTvis xelmisawvdom fasad. bolos sasowarkveTili qmari
wamlis moparvas gadawyvets. rogor unda moiqces is da ratom?
kolbergma SeZlo rogorc bavSvebis, aseve zrdasrulebis mo­raluri
msjelobis Sefaseba moraluri dilemebis daxmarebiT (ix. zemoT),
romlebSic adamianebma unda miiRon rTuli ga­dawy­vetileba da axs-
nan is. adamianis argumentebze dayrdnobiT, ko­h­­­lbergma SemogvTavaza
 cxrili 3.7

kolbergis moraluri msjelobis Teoria

safexuri 1. prekonvenciuri moraluri gansja
msjeloba efuZneba pirad moTxovnilebebs da sxvaTa wesebs.
stadia 1 sasjelmorCilebaze orientacia.
emorCilebian wesebs, raTa Tavi aaridon sasjels.
kargi Tu cudi saqcieli gansazRvrulia
fizikuri SedegebiT.
stadia 2 pirad jildoze orientacia.
swors da araswors gansazRvravs piradi moTxovnile
bebi: `damexmarebi _ dagexmarebi~.

safexuri 2. konvenciuri moraluri gansja

msjeloba efuZneba sxvaTa mowonebas, ojaxis molodins, tradiciul
faseulobebs, sazogadoebis kanonebs da samSoblos erTgulebas.
stadia 3 orientacia _ kargi biWi-kargi gogo.
`kargi~ aris is, rac siamovnebT da moswonT sxvebs.
stadia 4 orientacia kanonsa da wesrigze
kanoni absoluturia. avtoritetebs pativi unda scen
da sazogadoebrivi wesrigi miRweul iqnas.

safexuri 3. postkonvenciuri moraluri msjeloba

stadia 5 sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaze orientacia.
`kargs~ gansazRvravs sazogadoebaSi miRebuli
pirovnebis uflebebi. es aSS-is konstituciisTvis
damaxasiaTebel moralurobas hgavs.
stadia 6* orientacia universalur eTikur principebze.
`kargi~ da `swori~ qceva individualur cnobierebazea
damokidebuli da moicavs samarTlianobis,
ada­mianis Rirsebis da Tanasworobis abstraqtul
cnebebs.

* gviandel naSromSi kolbergma eWvqveS daayena me-6 da me-5

stadiebis cal-calke arseboba.
wyaro: wignidan `The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Moral Education’, by L. Kohlberg,
1975, Phi Delta Kappan, 56, gv. 671. adaptirebulia Journal of Philosophy-s nebarTviT.

sworis da arasworis Sesaxeb mora­lu­ri argumentaciis Tu msjelobis

stadiebis detaluri Tan­mimdevroba. man moralur ganviTarebaSi gam-
oyo sami safexuri: (1) prekonvenciuri (preconventional), roca moraluri
gansja mxolod individis pirad saWiroebebsa da aRqmas emyareba; (2)
konvenciuri (conventional) roca sazogadoebis da ka­no­­nis molodini gaT-
valiswinebulia; da(3) postkonvenciuri (post­convencional), roca msjeloba
efuZneba abstraqtul, ufro me­tad samarTlianobis pirad principebs,
da araa aucilebeli, es principebi gansazRvruli iyos sazogadoebis
kanonebiT. ixi­leT cxrili 3.7, romelSic es sami safexuri iyofa Semad-
genel stadiebad. CanarTSi `SeCerdiT/dafiqrdiT/dawereT~ SegiZliaT
ipovoT SekiTxvaze pasuxis axsna?

141
 moraluri msjeloba dakavSirebulia rogorc SemecnebiT, ase­ve
emociur ganviTarebasTan. rogorc ukve naxeT, abstraqtuli azrov­
neba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani xdeba moraluri gan­viTarebis zeda
stadiaSi, roca bavSvebi absolutur wesebze da­fuZ­nebuli gadaw-
yvetilebebidan gadainacvleben abstraqtul prin­cipebze damyarebul
gadawyvetilebebze, rogoricaa samarT­lianoba da gulmowyaleba. sx-
visi Tvalsazrisis danaxvis unari, ganzraxvis gansja da kanonebisa da
wesebis alternatiuli bazisis gageba zeda stadiebisTvis damaxasi-
aTebel msjelobebSi Sedis.

kolbergis Teoriis kritika. naTelia, rom Tumca kolbergis mier

gamo­yofil msjelobaTa sxvadasxva doneebi ierarqias qmnis, sadac yo­
veli safexuri winsvlaa wina safexurTan SEDedarebiT, es Teoria mainc
gaakritikes. (Boom, Brugman, & van der Heijden, 2001), jer erTi, aRwerili
stadiebi sinamdvileSi gancalkevebulad ar arsebobs da arc aseTi
Tanmimdevrulia. adamianebis mier moraluri arCevanis axsna xSirad
ramdenime stadias erTdroulad asaxavs. erT romelime momentSi ada-
mianis arCevani SeiZleba Seesabamebodes erT romelime stadias, xolo
sxva situaciaSi imave adamianis gadawyvetileba sul sxva stadiisTvis
iyos damaxasiaTebeli. situaciis ganxilvisas, romelSic sxvisTvis dax-
marebis gaweva sakuTari moTxovnilebebis sapirispiroa, bavSvebisa da
mozardebis msjeloba ufro maRal dones Seesabameba. gansxvavebuli
mdgomareobaa kanonis darRvevasa da sasjelze msjelobisas (Arnold,
2000; Eisenberg da sxvebi, 1987; Sobesky, 1983).
meore, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi zneobrivi arCevanis gakeTeba ar
aris mxolod msjeloba. arCevanze gavlenas axdens emociebi, miznebi,
urTierTobebi da praqtikuli mosazrebebi. adamianebs msjeloba Seu-
ZliaT maRal safexurebze, dabal safexurze ki ga­dawyvetilebas sxva,
zemoxsenebuli faqtorebis safuZvelze iReben (Carpendale, 2000). kol-
bergi xazs usvamda SemecnebiT msjelobas moralurobaze, magram yu-
radRebis miRma darCa zneobrivi simwifis sxva aspeqtebi, rogoricaa
xasiaTi da Rirseba, rac aucilebelia yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moral-
uri problemebis gadaWrisaTvis (Walker & Pitts, 1998).

genderuli gansxvavebebi: mzrunvelobis zneobrioba. kol­bergis Teo­

riis erT-erTi yvelaze mZafri kritika exeba mis stadiebs, rom­lebic
ixreba dasavleli mamakacis faseulobebisaken da xazs us­vams individu-
alizms. Teoria eyrdnoba mxolod amerikel ma­makacebze longitiudur
kvlevas da misi stadiebi ar asaxavs zneobrivi msjelobis ganviTarebas
qalebsa an sxva kulturebSi (Gilligan, 1982; Gilligan & Attanucci, 1988).
karol giliganma (1982) SemogvTavaza zneobrivi ganviTarebis gan-
sxvavebuli Tanmimdevroba _ `mzrunvelobis eTika~. giligans miaCnia,
rom pirovneba viTardeba TviTdainteresebidan zneobriv msjelobam-
de, romelic efuZneba valdebulebebs gansakuTrebuli pirovnebebisa
da urTierTobebis winaSe. Semdeg is miaRwevs zne­obriobis umaRles
dones, romelic eyrdnoba yvela adamianze pa­suxismgeblobisa da yve-
la adamianze zrunvis principebs (kol­bergis mesame stadiis msgavsad).
Tu qalebi arasodes aRweven kolbergiseul samarTlianobis umaRles
safexurs, niSnavs Tu ara es, rom isini zneobrivad umwifarni arian?
sinamdvileSi uaxlesma dakvirvebebma mamakacebsa da qalebs, biWeb-
sa da gogonebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi ver ga­moavlina
kolbergiseuli wesiT gazomil zneobrivi msjelobis donesTan daka-
vSirebiT (Eisenberg, Martin & Fabes, 1996; Turiel, 1998). uolkerma da mis-

142
 cxrili 3.8
`ucxoebsa da samyaroze zrunva~, rogorc saswavlo Temis gamoyeneba
saSualo skolis sxvadasxva klasSi moswavleebi ikvleven danaSauls, rogorc `ucxoebsa da
samyaroze zrunvis~ Semadgenel nawils. yvela klasSi danaSaulebrivi aspeqtebis Seswavla usa­
fr­Txoebis, pasuxismgeblobis, erTmaneTis mimarT da sazo­gadoebisadmi ndobisa da SedarebiT
usafrTxo momavlis Sesaxeb msjelobas unda ukavSirdebodes.

sagani elementebi

maTematika statistika: SeagroveT masala danaSaulis adgilmdebareobis, normebis, wesrigis

damrRvevTa asakisa da sazogadoebisTvis miyenebuli zaralis Sesaxeb. aris
Tu ara kavSiri sasjelis simkacresa da danaSaulis xarisxs Soris? rogoria
kriminalis realuri sazRauri?
inglisuri ena waikiTxeT oliver tvisti. daakavSireT personaJebi maT istoriul da socialur
da socialuri konteqstTan. ra faqtorebi uwyobda xels danaSauls me-19 saukunis inglisSi?
kvlevebi waikiTxe popularuli deteqtiuri romanebi. realurad aRweren isini kriminalur
sasamarTlo sistemas?
mecniereba genetika: Taobidan Taobas xom ar gadaecema kriminaluri midrekilebebi?
xom ar aris agresiuli qcevis mizezi sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi?
xom ar arian qalebi mamakacebTan SedarebiT naklebad kompetenturi moraluri
gansjis TvalsazrisiT (ratom fiqrobs zogierTi socialuri mkvlevari ase)?
rogor SeafasebdiT am mosazrebebs?
xelovneba `grafiti”(quCaSi saxlebze da kedlebze daxatuli) xelovneba, realuri
xelovnebaa?

wyaro: `Teaching Themes of Care~-dan by Nel Noddings, Phi Delta Kappan,76,pp.675-679. Copyright © 1995. Nel Noddings. ibeWdeba
avtoris nebarTviT.

ma kolegebma (Walker, 1991; Walker, Pitts, Hennig, & Matsuba, 1995) sTxoves
bavSvebs, mozardebsa da ufrosebs, daexasiaTebinaT piradi zneobrivi
problema da gaeanalizebinaT tradiciuli moraluri dilema. orive
tipis problemasTan mi­marTebaSi biWebma da gogonebma aCvenes rogorc
mzrunvelobis zneobrioba, aseve wuxili, zrunva samarTlianobaze. an-
driu ga­rodma da kolegebma (1990) pirvel da mesameklasel gogo-bi-
Webs arakebi waukiTxes da sxvaoba ver aRmoaCines maT zneobriv msje­
lobaSi. Tumca, ramdenime mexuTe klaselma biWma (arc erTma gogom)
Zaladobisa da eSmakobis gamoyeneba SesTavaza. amgvarad, samarTali da
mzrunveloba orive sqesis warmomadgenelTaTvis zneobrivi msjelobis
mniSvnelovani bazisia. samarTlianoba da mzrunveloba faseulia qa-
lebisa da mamakacebisaTvis. amis mi­u­xedavad, mzrunvelobis normebis
darRvevisTvis (ar arian yuradRebiani da sando) qalebi yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi ufro damnaSaved grZnoben Tavs. kacebi ki Tavs Zalado-
brivi qcevis gamo idanaSauleben (Cxubisa da sakuTrebis dazianebisas)
(Williams & Bybee, 1994). qalebi ufro metad ixrebian mzrunvelobisaken,
Tumca rogorc mamakacebs ise qalebs SeuZliaT airCion orive orien-
tacia (Skoe, 1998).
moswavleebze zrunva da maTTvis sxvebze zrunvis swavla mra­vali
pedagogisTvis umTavres amocanad gadaiqca. magaliTad, nel nodingi
(1995) mouwodebda, rom `Temebi mzrunvelobaze~ saswavlo kursis nawili
unda yofiliyo da moecva Semdegi Te­mebi: `zrunva sakuTar Tavze~,
`zrunva ojaxsa da megobrebze~ da `zrunva ucnobebsa da samyaroze~.
es ukanaskneli SeiZleba moicavdes qveTemebs danaSaulze, omze, siRa-

143
ganaTlebis muSakebs TavianT
skolebsa da klasebSi
urTierTpativiscemis
danergviT, moraluri
atmosferos Seqmna
SeuZliaT.
daukavSireT swavlebas
da ganavrceT
ganixile cxrili 3.8, gamoiy-
eneT `ucxoebsa da samyaroze
zrunva~, rogorc saswavlo
Tema klasebisTvis da konkre-
tuli adamianebisTvis; da
SemateT is Tqvens saswavlo
resursTa fails.
socialuri Tanxmoba _ Se-
Tanxmebuli wesebi garkveul
situaciaSi moqcevis Sesaxeb.
144
ribeze, amtanobaze, ekologiasa da teqnologiaze. am qveTavebisaT-
vis sastarto wertili SeiZleba iyos qariSxal katrinaTi gamowveuli
movlenebi, romlebmac aTasobiT adamiani datova usaxlkarod. cxrili
3.8 asaxavs, rogor SeiZleba yuradRebis mipyroba danaSaulsa da uc-
nobebis mzrunvelobaze maRali klasebis saswavlo programaSi integ-
rirebis gziT.
moraluri msjeloba, socialuri SeTanxmebebi
da piradi arCevani
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT 1. kanoni rom ar krZalavdes,
nor­maluri iqneboda vinmes dabrmaveba? 2. wesi rom ar krZalavdes,
normaluri iqneboda klasSi saReWi rezinis ReWva? 3. vin unda SearCios
Tqveni sayvareli bostneuli da Tmis varcxniloba?
Cven, albaT, daveTanxmebiT, rom arasworia vinmes dabrmaveba, sak­la­
so wesebis darRveva da sxvisTvis sayvareli sakvebisa da Tmis varcx­
nilobis karnaxi. magram calkeul SemTxvevaSi darRveva erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdeba. pirveli SemTxveva udavod uzneoa. SekiTxvebze pasuxi da­
mokidebulia samarTlianobaze, patiosnebaze, warmodgenebze adamianis
uflebebsa da keTildReobaze. mcire­wlovanma bavSvebmac ki ician, rom
sxvisTvis zianis miyeneba cudia.
zogi wesi rogoricaa, kiTxva 2-is `aranairi saReWi rezinis~ msga­v­si
wesi warmoadgens socialur SeTanxmebas, anu moqcevas konkretuli
situaciis mixedviT. moswavleebi (umetesad) eridebi­an saReW rezins,
Tu es klasis wesebs (SeTanxmebebs) ewinaaRmdege­ba. sinamdvileSi rezi-
nis ReWva amoraluri saqcieli ar aris, ubralod es wess ewinaaRmde-
geba. magaliTad, kolej­-Si, zogierTi klasi kargad muSaobs sxvadasxva
wesebis gamoyenebiT. aseve ar aris amoraluri, ar giyvardes lobio an
qalisTvis mokle TmiT siaruli. es piradi arCevania _ individualur
Sexedulebebi da piradi sakiTxi.
kolbergis stadiebis kritikas isic iwvevs, rom es stadiebi so-
cialuri SeTanxmebebidan gamomdinare gadawyvetilebebs mo­ralur
samarTalSi urevs; ugulebelyofilia pirovnuli arCeva­nic. leri nuCi
 rekomendaciebi: pirovnuli da moraluri ganviTarebis
xelSewyoba
daexmareT moswavleebs im dilemebis
ganxilvaSi, rasTanac maT Sexeba aqvT an
eqnebaT axlo momavalSi.
magaliTebi
1. imsjeleT dawyebiT klasebSi dedmamiS-
vilur konfliqtebze, jibrze, qurdo-
baze, axali moswavleebis klas­Tan Seg-
uebis sakiTxebsa da unarSezRudulTa
mimarT damokidebulebaze.
2. imsjeleT maRal klasebSi tyuilze,
nasvami megobrisaTvis manqanis tarebis
nebis darTvaze, meti popularobisaTvis
konformizmsa da wesebis damrRvevi me-
gobris dacvaze.
daexmareT moswavleebs sxvaTa
pers­peq­tivebis danaxvaSi.
magaliTebi
1. moswavles mosTxoveT sxvis Sexedule-
bze sakuTari interpretacia. Semdeg sx-
vas sTxoveT, rom daadasturos an Ses-
woreba Seitanos moswavlis azrSi.
2. gaacvlevineT moswavleebs erTmaneTis
ro­lebi da diskusiaSic gacvlili ro­
lebiT miaRebineT monawileoba.
daexmareT moswavleebs warmodgenili Ri­
rebulebebisa da movlenebis dakav­SirebaSi.
magaliTebi
1. warmarTeT Semdegi tipis diskusia: `ra
unda gakeTdes?~ `rogor moiqceodiT?
rogori iqneboda Tqveni pirveli nabi-
ji? ra problemebi SeiZleba warmoiS-
vas~?
2. daexmareT moswavleebs TavianT faseu-
lobebsa da maTsave qmedebebs Soris Se­
usabamobis danaxvaSi. sTxoveT maT am
Seusabamobebis kargad gaazreba.
daicaviT yvela monawilis saidum­loeba
magaliTebi
1. SeaxseneT moswavleebs, rom maT Se­uZ­
liaT ar upasuxon SekiTxvas.
2. CaerieT, Tuki Tanatolebi aiZuleben mo-
swavles imaze meti Tqvas, vidre mas surs.
3. nu ubiZgebT moswavles`saidumlos~ gam­
xelisken.
darwmundiT, rom moswavleebi namdvi-lad
usmenen erTmaneTs.
magaliTebi
1. gyavdeT patara jgufebi.
2. Tavad iyavi kargi msmeneli.
3. daafaseT yuradRebiani da erTmaneTi-
sadmi mzrunveli moswavleebi.
Tqvenma klasma SeZlebisdagvarad kar­gad
unda gaiziaros moraluri sa­kiTxebi da
faseulobebi.
magaliTebi
1. gamijneT administraciuli wesebi (oTax-
is wesrigi) `moraluri~ wesebisagan.
2. yvelas Tanabrad gaacaniT standar­tebi,
gafrTxildiT, aravin gamoarCioT.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. The Collaborative for
Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning: http://www.casel.
org/home/index.php
wyaro: `What Criteris Should Public School Moral
Education Programms Meet?~ by J.W. Eiseman, Oxford
Review of Education,7, pp.226-227. Copyright c 1981 by Taylor &
Francis, LTD. ibeWdeba Taylor & Francis-is nebarTviT.
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals

(Larry Nucci, 2001) moraluri ganviTarebis iseT axsnas emxroba, romelic

moicavs samive sferos: moralur samarTals, socialur SeTanxmebebsa
da pirovnul arCevans. bavSvis fiqrebi da gansjis unari samive mimar-
TulebiT, oRond araTanabrad vi­Tardeba.

morali da SeTanxmebiTi sferoebi. maswavleblisTvis Cveu­lebri­vi

`mtyu­ani da marTali~ situaciebi moralur da SeTanxmebiT sfe­roebs

145

daukavSireT Tqveneul fi-
losofias da ganavrceT
3 ivnisi, 1996. aSS-s gamo-
cema. News and World Report-s
Semdegi saTauriT garekanze:
`rogor gavzardoT moraluri
bavSvi: davaCvioT is samar-
Tlianobas, pirad disciplinas
da TanagrZnobas~. (gv.52-59).
es aris saintereso nazavi
kvlevis, Sexedulebebisa da
diskusiis kargi dasawyisisa.
146
Se­exeba. moralur aspeqtSi, romelic iwyeba marTalisa da mtyuanis
ram­denime ZiriTadi ideiT, (`sxvisi wyena cudi saqcie­lia~), bavSvebi ga­
dian Semdeg stadiebs: gancda, rom samarTali yvelasaTvis erTnairia,
simar­Tlis Sefaseba da gansakuTrebuli survilebi, samarTlianobis
da Tanasworuflebianobis abstraq­tuli xedva socialur urTierTo-
bebSi pasuxismgeblobis grZno­biT da bolos ufrosebis msgavsad imis
SegrZneba, rom eTika qvelmoqmedebasa da samarTlianobas moicavs da
rom moraluri principebi ar aris damokidebuli romelime calkeuli
jgufis normebze.
SeTanxmebiTi sferos TvalsazrisiT, bavSvebi ijereben, rom maT
irgvliv mimdinare yoveldRiuri movlenebi realuri da samarTli-
ania. magaliTisaTvis kacma mokle Tma unda ataros, qalma _ ufro
grZeli da es ase unda iyos. zrdasTan erTad isi­ni gamonaklisebsac
amCneven (kaci kikiniT, qali Zalian mokle TmiT) da acnobiereben, rom
SeTanxmebebi Tavisufalia. SemdegSi bavSvebi xvdebian, rom wesebi wes-
rigisTvisaa mogonili da maT xalxi adgens. Tumca gardatexis asakSi
mozardebs am wesebze kiTxvebi ebadebaT: radganac wesebi Tavisufalia
da sxvebis mi­eraa SemuSavebuli, isini SeiZleba `araferia sazogadoe-
brivi varaudebis garda ~. simwifis asakSi ukve maT sxva safiqral-
ic uCndebaT: SeTanxmebebs aRiqvamen, rogorc Sesabamis meTods, raTa
maT socialur sistemaSi sazogadoebis mier Setanili stan­dartebiT
isargeblon. am standartebs realurad iyeneben. sabolood, mozardebi
acnobiereben, rom SeTanxmebebi sasargeb-loa sazogadoebriv cxovre-
basTan koordinirebis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca cvalebadia. amrigad mci-
rewlovan bavSvebTan SedarebiT ufrosi mozardebi da zrdasrulebi
ufro ugeben maT,vinc Se­Tanxmebebsa da tradiciebze gansxvavebulad
fiqrobs.
daskvnebi maswavleblisaTvis. klasSi moraluri atmosferos misaR-we­
vad nuCi (Nucci, 2001) ramdenime rCevas gvTavazobs, pirvel rigSi, wesebi-
sadmi samarTliani da mimdevruli damokidebulebisaTvis mniSvnelova-
nia ormxrivi pativiscemisa da Tbili atmosferos uzrunvelyofa.
amgvari urTierTobis gareSe, Tqveni yovelgvari mcdelobis miuxeda-
vad, moraluri klimatis Seqmna SeuZlebeli iqneba. meore, maswavle-
belTa reaqcia moralisa da SeTanxmebiTobis sferos unda esadage-
bodes. magaliTisaTvis, qvemoT moyvanilia zo­gierTi pasuxi moralur
sakiTxebze (Nucci, 2001, gv.146):
1. rodesac qmedeba yvelanairi TvalsazrisiT mavne an usamarTloa,
aqcenti gaakeTeT sxvebze miyenebul mavneblobaze: `jon, am am-
bavma, marTlac, avno jims”?
2. ganaxorcieleT saWiro dartyma: `kris, rogor igrZnobdi Tavs,
SenTvis vinmes rame rom moepara?~
qvemoT mocemulia SeTanxmebiT gamosavalze dakavSirebul wesebze
ori pasuxis magaliTi:
1. gaumeoreT wesi: `liza, axsnis dros Seni adgilis datovebis
ufleba ar gaqvs”.
2. brZaneba: `houi, geyo lanZRva!~
oTxive SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebelTa reaqcia situaciis gamo­Zaxilia.
araadekvaturi pasuxis gasagebad, `gadaitaneT~ 1 an 2 pasuxi 3-Si an
4-Si. magaliTisaTvis, `jim, rogor mogewoneboda, gakveTilze viRacebi
Tu TavianT adgilebs datovebdnen?~ jims albaT moewoneboda. moralur
qcevasTan mimarTebaSi araswori da susti pasuxia, Tuki ityviT, `jon daukavSireT swavlebas
da ganavrceT
dartyma wesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.~ es metia, vidre wesis darRveva _ es
klasSi qurdobaze msje­
mtkiv­neulia da araswori. lobisas maswavlebelma
mesame sferoSi bavSvebma erTmaneTisgan unda gaarCion, ra gadaw- aRmoaCina,rom bevri moswavle
yvetilebebi da qmedebebi aris maTi piradi arCevani da ra cdeba maTi ambobs,rom qurdoba kargia
piradi arCevnis farglebs. es procesebi pi­rovnebis uflebebTan, we- Tuki ar dagiWeren. moswav-
leebi kargad itaceben mosaz-
sierebasTan da demokratiulobasTan dakavSirebuli moraluri kon-
rebas, rom qurdoba kargia,
cefciis ganviTarebis safuZvelia. sxvadasxva kulturas, pirovnuli Tuki ar dagiWeren. rogori
arCevnis, ganmartoebisa da ufro did sazogadoebaSi individualuro- unda iyos maswavleblis reaq-
bis rolze SeiZleba Zalian gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba gaaCndes. mag- cia? unda iqonios Tua ara
aliTisaTvis, zogierTi kvleva gviCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva kulturis maswavleblis pasuxze gavlena
moswavlis rasam, kulturam,
warmomadgenel mSob­lebs, romelTagan erTni gansakuTrebul mniSvn-
sqesma an socialur-ekonomi-
elobas bavSvTa individualurobas, xolo meoreni yuradRebas jgufur urma mdgomareobam?
megobrobas aniWeben, miiCneven, rom maT bavSvebs unda mieceT Tavisu-
fali arCevnis saSualeba, raTa ganuviTardeT swori ga­dawyvetilebebis
miRebis unari. saSualo SeZlebis mSoblebi ki miiCneven, rom arCevani
gardatexis asakamde unda gakeTdes. si­RaribeSi mcxovrebi bavSvebisaT-
vis sxvadasxva naadrevi arCevnis gakeTeba araswori ideaa, radgan es
maT garemomcvel samyaroSi realur saSiSroebebs SeuqmniT (Nucci,2001).

mravalferovneba msjelobaSi
arsebobs uamravi kulturuli gansxvaveba, romlebic zegav­le­nas
axdenen moralze. zogi kultura metad tradiciulia. Ta­namedrove
kulturebisgan gansxvavebiT, Cvevebi da ritualebi aq nela icvle-
ba. nuCi (2001) varaudobs, rom ufro tradiciul kulturebSi Cvevebi
`moralizebulia~. magaliTisaTvis, zogierT kulturaSi uTavsaburaod
siaruli TiTqos SeTanxmebiT sferoze migviTiTebs, magram es ufro
moralur sferos ganekuTvneba, gansakuTrebiT, Tu religiuri faq-
tori moqmedebs. gaecaniT nu­Cis erT-erT kvlevas, romelSic avtorma
morwmune induss sa­zogadoebiv normaTa damrRvevi 35 qcevis Sefaseba
sTxova. mamis gardacvalebis meore dRes ufrosi Svilis mier qaTmis
Wama udidesi darRveva aRmoCnda, xolo daumorCilebeli da gaugonari
colis cema _ yvelaze naklebad sawyeni. TiTqos es SeTanxmeba (qaTmis
Wama) moraluria, radgan induss sjera, rom Svilis saqcieli mamas
sulis gadarCenaSi SeuSlis xels. ase rom, imis gasagebad, Tu ra aris
qcevis wesebi da ra aris moraluri sakiTxi, unda vicodeT is risi
sjeraT am kulturis warmomadgenlebs.
im kulturebSi, romlebic ojaxis irgvlivaa orientirebuli (xSirad
maT koleqtiur kulturebs uwodeben), sakuTari ga­dawyvetilebis miRe-
bamde umaRlesi moraluri upirstesobis mi­niWeba faseulobaa jgufis
azrisTvis pirovnebis TvalsazrisTan SedarebiT. kvlevebma dagvanaxa,
rom moralis, SeTanxmebiT da pirovnul sferoebSi kulturebis mixedviT
bavSvebis Sexedulebe­bi msgavsia (Berk, 2005). iseT sazogadoebebSic ki,
rogoric magaliTad Cinuria, sadac pativs scemen avtoritets, Cineli
bavSvebi da­savleTSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis msgavsad fiqroben da iziareben
maT wesebs, romlis mixedviTac bavSvis saqmea, rogor gaatarebs Tavisu-
fal dros da amaSi aravin unda Caerios. adamianebs (bav­Svebis CaTvliT),
samarTliani da swori moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, avtoritetis gareSec
unda daujeron, magram ar unda daujeron, Tuki isini amoralobas an
usamarTlobas qadageben (Helwig, Arnold, Tan, & Boyd, 2003; Kim,1998).
cxovrebis ukanasknel wlebSi kolbergi skolaSi moralur qce­vas
swav­lobda da axla swored am Temas vubrundebiT.

147
daukavSireT PRAXIS II-s
da ganavrceT
moraluri ganviTareba (I,A2)
gaarkvieT moralur ganviTa-
rebasTan dakavSirebuli mTa-
vari sakiTxebi da axseniT, ra
unda gaakeTos maswavlebelma
am sakiTxebis sworad
warmarTvisaTvis.
daukavSireT Tqveneul
filosofias da ganavrceT
ar aris aucilebeli, rom
moraluri qmedeba maincda-
mainc moraluri samarTlidan
gamomdinareobdes. magram xom
ar aris aucilebeli, moral-
uri samarTali win uswrebdes
moralur qmedebas? Seu-
Zlia pirovnebas moralurad
imoqmedos, Tuki mas ar aqvs
warmodgena, rogor `unda~
moiqce am dros?
internalizacia _ pro-
cesi, romlis ganmavlobaSic
bavSvebi gare standartebs
iReben, rogorc sakuTars.
148
moraluri qceva
adamianebi moralur SexedulebaTa maRal safexurze asvlisas, usa­
marTlobis msxverplTa mimarT meti mzrunvelobis, daxmarebisa da dac­­
vis survils avlenen; magram moralur Sexedulebebsa da moralur qce­
vas Soris maincdamainc Zlieri kavSiri ar aris (Berk, 2005). Tumca,
Se­xedulebebis garda qcevaze zemoqmedebas sxva bevri faqtori axdens.
moralur qcevaze zegavlenis sami mniSvnelovani faqtori arsebobs:
modelireba, internalizacia da me-koncefcia. jer erTi, bavSvebi rom-
lebic mudmivad xedaven mSobelTa qcevis iseT models, rogoricaa gu-
luxvoba da mzrunveloba, SemdgomSi midrekilni arian gaiTvaliswinon
sxvaTa uflebebi da grZnobebi (Cook & Cook, 2005; Eisenberg & Fabes,1998);
meore, moraluri qcevis Teoriebis mixedviT, bavSvebis moralur qcevas
Tavidan sxvebi akontroleben pirdapiri instruqciis, zedamxedvelo-
bis, dajildoebebis, dasjisa da SeniSvnebis meSveobiT. magram bavSvebi
droTa ganmavlobaSi maTTvis gzis gamkvalavi avtoritetebis mier mo-
wodebuli moraluri wesebisa da principebis internalizaci­as axdenen
da gare standartebs ukve Tavisad aRiqvamen. Tuki bavSvebs gaagebine-
ben mizezebs Tu ratom aZleven SeniSvnas _ gansakuTrebiT mizezebs,
romlebic ganapirobeben qmedebebis efeqts sxvebze _ maSin savaraudoa,
rom isini SeiTviseben moralur principebs. isini moralurad iqcevian
maSinac ki, rodesac `Tvalyurs aravin adevnebs~ (Hoffman,2000).
sabolood, sakuTari Tavis amosacnobad, moraluri Sexe­du­­lebebi da
Rirebulebebi unda gavaerTianoT.
tendencia _ pi­rov­nebis moraluroba didadaa _ damokidebuli
moralur prin­cipebze, faseulobebsa da sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb war-
modgenaze. pirad moralur warmodgenebs didi gavlena aqvs Cvens
cxovrebaze, maSin Tuki am principebs mniSvnelovnad miviCnevT. Cven
unda gaverkvioT maTSi da pativi vceT, rogorc sakuTars (Arnold,
2000, p.372).
CanarTi `rekomendaciebi~ pirovnuli da moraluri gan­viTarebis xel­Sem­
wyob ideebs gvawvdis. ganvixiloT iseTi moraluri sakiTxi, ro­melic klaseb-
Si iCens xolme Tavs _ TaRliToba (gadawera, `Spar­gal­kis~ gamoyeneba).
TaRliToba
adreuli kvleva migvaniSnebs, rom TaRliToba kavSirSia gan­­­sa­kuT­
rebul situaciebTan da ara pirovnebis wesiereba-ara­wesierebasTan
(Burton, 1963). moswavle, romelic TaRliTobs maTematikaSi, sxva sagneb-
Sic imaves gaakeTebs, magram megobris motyuebasa da sawyobidan tk-
bileulis aRebas ar Seecdeba. kargi niSnis misaRebad bevri moswavle
SpargalkiT sargeblobs, miT umetes, Tu gamoWeris Sansi pataraa. erT-
erTi naSromis mixedviT sabazo skolis moswavleTa daaxloebiT 60%-s
da maRali klasebis moswavleTa daaxloebiT 70%-s miaCnia, rom TaR-
liToba maTi skolis seriozuli problemaa (Evans & Craig,1990). 1996
wels steinbergma ganacxada, rom testis mixedviT swavlebis procesSi
ukanasknel wels mozardTa 66%-ma aRiara TaRliToba. kolejis stu-
dentebSi ki am maCvenebelma 90%-s miaRwia (Jensen, Arnett, Feldman, & Cauff-
man, 2001). samwuxarod, TaRliTobis maCvenebelma am bolo 20 wlis gan-
mavlobaSi kidev ufro moimata (Jensen, Arnett, Feldman, & Cauffman, 2002;
Murdock, Hale, & Weber, 2001).
 aris garkveuli individualuri gansxvavebebi TaRliTobisken midre­
kilebaSi. gardatexis asakis moswavleebsa da kolejis stu­dentTa Ses-
axeb kvlevaTa umravlesobis mixedviT, biWebi gogoneb­ze metad arian
midrekilni TaRliTobisaken. igive Sesabamisobaa nak­lebad warmatebul
da warmatebul moswavleebs Soris. kargi niS­nebisa da sakuTari Tavis
kargad warmoCenaze (ara uSualod swavlaze) koncentrirebuli moswav-
leebi da dabali akademiuri moswrebisa da pasuxismgeblobis mqone
moswavleebi ufro mid­rekilni arian gadawerisaken.
TaRliToba, mxolod individualuri gansxvavebebis brali ar aris,
garkveul rols TamaSobs situaciac. erT-erTi naSromis mixedviT,
TaRliTobis done klebulobs, rodesac gaZlierebuli maTematikuri
klasebis moswavleebi, romlebic did mniSvnelobas aniWeben sakonkur-
so gamocdebsa da xarisxs, mosmenasa da os­tatobaze orientirebul
klasebSi gadadian (Anderman & Midgley, 2004). moswavleebi iweren maSinac,
rodesac maT `testebi unda gaizepiron~ an rodesac hgoniaT, rom
maswavleblebi maTze ar zrunaven. magaliTisaTvis gavecnoT erikas
mosazrebebs:
uf­ro­sk­laseli warmatebuli moswavle var da vfiqrob, rom TaR­li­
Tobis sxvadasxva done arsebobs. pasuxismgeblobis grZno­ba gamaCnia,
magram Tu istoriis maswavlebeli xvalamde 50 SekiTxvas damayris
an erT RameSi uamravi savarjiSos gakeTebas damavalebs, rodesac
maqvs curva, aerobika da kidev sxva sagnebSi samecadino, bunebriv-
ia, saSinao davalebas megobrisgan gadavwer!... amas vakeTeb mxolod
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi da es ar aris Cveva. Cems adgilze yvela ase
moiqceva! (Jensen da sxv. 2002, gv.210)
TaRliTobis aRmosafxvrelad, moswavleebi moarideT daZabul situ-
aciebs. izruneT, rom maT kargad moamzadon testebi, pro­eqtebi da
davalebeb. yuradReba gaamaxvileT swavlaze da ara niSnebze. iTanamS-
romleT moswavleebTan davalebebis Sesrulebi-sas da saklaso praqti-
kis dros mieciT saxelmZRvanelos ga­mo­yenebis ufleba. xSirad veubnebi
Cems moswavleebs, ra kon­cefciebi SevarCie testebisTvis da xels vu-
wyob maT, testis dawyebamde am koncefciebsa da daskvnebze isaubron.
Tqvenc, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, damatebiT unda daexmaroT maT. aux-
seniT Tqveni da­mokidebuleba gadawerisadmi da xSirad SeaxseneT amis
Sesaxeb. testis Sesrulebisas maTi frTxili da mudmivi SemowmebiT
daexmareT moswavleebs, Tavi Seikavon gadaweris cdunebisgan.

mravalferovneba da msgavseba pirovnul/socialur ganviTarebaSi

Cven velodiT, rom mravalferovneba fizikuri, pirovnuli da so-
cialuri ganviTarebis sferoebSi, socialuri da kulturuli gansx-
vavebebidan gamomdinareobs.

mravalferovneba
afrikuli warmoSobis amerikeli gogonebi meqsikelebTan SedarebiT
adre yalibdebian. evropuli warmoSobis amerikeli gogonebi ki
simwifis asakSi ki kidev ufro gvian Sedian (Chumlea da sxv., 2003).
gogonebi biWebTan SedarebiT gardatexis asaks ufro male
aRweven.
aRzrdis meTodebi bevr afro-amerikul da azia-amerikul ojaxebSi

149
 ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba

rekomendaciebi: TviTSefasebis Camoyalibeba

1. imuSaveT ojaxebTan erTad maTi CarTvis
meTodebis SemuSavebaSi da isinic CarTeT
saqmeSi. SesTavazeT TanamSromlobis Sesa-
Zlebeli meTodebi. darwmundiT, rom gegme-
bi realuria da miusadageT isini ojaxebs.
2. gaxsovdeT, rom zogi moswavlis mSoblebi
naklebad endobian skolebsa da maswavle-
blebs; naklebad TanamSromloben maTTan.
aseT mSoblebTan iTanamSromleT sxva adg-
ilas, magaliTad: adgilobriv eklesiaSi an
sportul-gamajansaRebel centrSi. iareT
iq, sadac isini dadian; yovelTvis ar elo-
doT maT skolaSi.
3. hqondeT mudmivi kontaqti _ `saxli-sko-
la~ telefonis an fostis saSualebiT. Tu­
ki ojaxs telefoni ar aqvs, gaarkvieT im
adamianis (naTesavi an megobari) vinaoba,
visac Setyobineba SeuZlia. wera-kiTxvis
problemisas werilobiTi urTierTobisaT-
vis suraTebi, simboloebi da sxvadasxva
niS­nebi gamoiyeneT.
4. gqondeT mxolod kargi urTierToba.
5. ojaxebTan erTad aRniSneT moswavleTa miR­­
wevebi da warmatebebi (kinofilmi, speci­
aluri sadili, eqskursia parkSi an bibli­
oTekaSi, nayinze an picaze dapatiJeba).
6. regularulad gadaugzavneT xolme sa­xlSi
moswavlis winsvlis mauwyebeli miniSneba
sityvieri an naxati formiT. iTxoveT, rom
Tqvenc gagiziaron war­matebis aRniSvnis
detalebi.
7. jerovnad SeufaseT ojaxs gaweuli
Rvawli.
8. klasSi stumrobisas ojaxma keTilganwyoba
unda igrZnos.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.: http://www.
gse.harvard.edu/hfrp/projects/family.html
wyaro: `Effects of Parent Involvement in Isolation or in Combination
with Peer Tutoring on Student Self-Concept and Mathematics
Achievement,~ by. J. Fantuzzo, G.Davis, and M.Ginsburg, Journal
of Education Psychology, 87, pp.272-281. Copyright © 1995 by
the American Psychological Assosiation. adaptirebulia APA-s
nebarTviT.

SesaZloa ufro mkacria morCilebis TvalsazrisiT, rac gamowveu-

daukavSireT swavlebas
da ganavrceT
am Tavidan aRebuli zogierTi
idea mSoblebTan TanamS-
romlobis Sesaxeb CaamateT
Tqvens portfolioSi.
lia surviliT, rom bavSvebi daicvan saxifaTo garemocvisgan da
Caunergon ufrosebis pativiscemis tradicia.
ojaxis keTildReoba individualur Sexedulebebze maRla dgas.
saSualo klasebis warmomadgeneli warmatebuli moswavleebi mas-
wavleblebis mxridan grZnoben zrunvas, rac gamoixateba swavlis pro-
cesSi xelSewyobiT. SedarebiT gaucxoebuli moswavleebi ki maTdami
pirovnul zrunvas afaseben _ maswavleblebi maT cxov­rebasa da mo-
mavalze fiqroben. me-12 TavSi naxavT, rom Tbili da mzrunvelobiTi
swavlebis stili daTmobisa da urTierTgagebis moTxovniT damaxa-
siaTebelia afro-amerikuli klasebis moswavleTa warmatebuli mene-
jerebisaTvis. es iseve JRers, rogorc adre gan­xiluli avtoritetuli
aRzrdis stili.
me-koncefciis mixedviT, biWebsa da gogonebs gansxvavebuli mid­
rekilebebi aqvT maTematikis, sportisa da enebis mimarT. amasTan er-
Tad, gogonebs miaCniaT, rom biWebTan SedarebiT `magrebi~ arian kiTx-
vasa da megobrobaSi. biWebs ki ufro maTematika da sporti `gamosdiT~.
samwuxarod, sxva eTnikuri jgufebis Sesaxeb safuZvliani gamokvlevebi
ar arsebobs. ase rom, es nimuSi mxolod ev­ropel amerikelebs exeba.
TviTSefasebis TvalsazrisiT ojaxma mniSvnelovani roli Se­iZleba
iTamaSos. jon fantucos, gvindolin devisisa da marika ginsburgis
(1995) naSromi dafuZnebulia im ojaxebis rolze, romlebic bavSvebSi
sakuTari Tavis pativiscemis grZnobas avi­Tareben. CanarTi `rekomen-

150
daciebi: ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba~ gvTavazobs strat-
egiebis CamonaTvals, romlebic efeqturad moqmedeben TviTSefasebis
ganviTarebasa da afro-ame­rikuli qalaqis skolebis me-4 da me-5 kla­
sebis moswavleebis maTematikur miRwevebze.
TeTrkaniani moswavleebi xSirad uaryofen eTnikuri iden­turobas,
umciresobis warmomadgenel eTnojgufis wevrebs ki orgvari iden-
turoba aqvT gasawonasworebeli da or kulturaSi integracias gansx-
vavebebis uaryofiT an aRiarebiT aRweven.
moralur Sexedulebebis ganxilvisas davinaxavT, rom zog kultur-
aSi wesebis saxiT SeTanxmebebi da tradiciebi yofa-cxov­rebis gasaad-
vilebladaa mogonili, magram ufro tradiciul sa­zo­gadoebebSi sazoga-
doebrivi SeTanxmebebs moraluri dat­virTva aqvs. pirovnuli arCevnis
diapazons agreTve kultura gansazRvravs, Tanac individualisturi
kulturebi, romlebic afa­seben pirov­nul arCevans, pirovnuli arCevnis
diapazons gacilebiT far­To zRvreb­Si warmoaCenen.

msgavsebebi
am gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, pirovnuli da socialuri gan­viTarebis
bevr sferoSi msgavsebebic gvxvdeba. bunebrivia, rom eriqsonic da
bron­fenbreneric aRniSnaven, rom pirovnebebze TavianTi socialuri da
kul­turuli konteqstis gavlena moqmedebs. magaliTisaTvis gTavazobT
ramdenime mniSvnelovan ideas:
1. ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis Svilebma SeiZleba sargebeli na­xon
avtoritetuli maswavleblebisgan, romlebic moT­xov­nebSi Tbili
da mkafioni arian.
2. yvela moswavlisaTvis sakuTar Tavze warmodgena TandaTan icv-
leba _ isini SesaZloa Zlierebi iyvnen erT saganSi da ara yvela
saganSi; an did niWs avlendnen megobrebTan an ojaxur urTier-
TobaSi, magram ara skolaSi swavlisas.
3. nebismieri moswavlisaTvis didi gamocdaa mniSvnelovani iden-
turobisaken winsvla, rac aerTianebs maT gadawyve­tilebebs kari-
eris, religiis, eTnosis, sqesobrivi rolis da sazogadoebasTan
kavSiris TvalsazrisiT.
4. Tanatolebisgan gandevna nebismieri moswavlisaTvis Zalian mtkiv­
neulia. bevr moswavles sWirdeba sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis
xelovnebis _ sxvaTa zraxvebis Tanmimdevruli amocnobis, konf­
liqtebis gadaWris, Tavdasxmis mogeriebis swavla. maswavleblebma
aqac unda gamoiCinon marTvis unari.
5. Zlieri zewolis pirobebSi muSaobis, uazro davalebebis Sesru­
lebisas, rodesac mcirea gamoWeris Sansi, bevri moswavle TaR­
liTobs. maswavlebelma da skolis direqciam Tavidan unda aici­
lon msgavsi situacia.

151
Sejameba
fizikuri ganviTareba
aRwereT fizikuri ganviTarebis cvlilebebi sko­
lamdel, dawyebiTsa da sabazo sko­­lebSi. skolamdeli
asakis bavSvebis moZ­raobis unarebi swrafad
viTardeba. fizi­kuri ganviTareba skolis sawyis
wlebSic grZeldeba, xSirad gogonebi zomiT
aRe­matebian biWebs. mozardobis periods Tan
axlavs sqesobrivi momwifeba da Tanmxlebi
cvlilebis SeguebasTan dakavSirebuli emo­
ciuri problemebi.
ra Sedegebi moaqvs adre da SedarebiT gvian mom-
wifebas gogonebisa da biWebisaTvis? gogonebi biWe-
bze daaxloebiT ori wliT adre mwifdebian. adre
momwifebuli biWebi advilad moipoveben maRal
socialur sta­tuss. isi­ni popularobisaken da
liderobisken mi­iswrafvian. magram wesrigis dar-
Rvevisakenac arian midrekilni. es exeba rogorc
TeTrkanian, aseve afro-amerikel da meqsiko-
amerikel biWebs. saerTod, adreuli momwifeba ar
aris zogadad momgebiani gogonebisTvis.
rogoria mouwesrigebeli kvebis zo­gi­er­Ti niSani?
anoreqsiuli moswavleebi xSi­rad fermkrTalni
arian, susti frCxilebi da mTel sxeulze Savi
bususi aReniSnebaT. advilad civdebian, radgan
maT sxeulze qonis Zalian Txeli damcavi Sre
aqvT. isini xSirad depresiulni, daucvelni,
daRvremilni da martosulni arian. gogonebs am
dros SeasZ­loa SeuwydeT menstrualuri cikli.
eriqsoni: pirovnuli ganviTarebis
safexurebi
ratom iTvleba eriqsonis Teoria fsi­qosocialur
perspeqtivad? sazogadoebasa da pirovnebas So-
ris kavSirze aqcentirebiT eriqsoni ayalibebs
ganviTarebis fsiqoso­cialur Teorias, romelic
pirovnul ganvi­Tarebas (fsiqo) socialur gare-
mosTan (so­ciumTan) akavSirebs.
ra stadiebi aqvs eriqsonis fsiqosocialur ganviTa-
rebas? eri­q­sonis azriT, adamiani rva cxovrebi-
seul stadias gadis, romelTagan TiToeuli ce­n­
t­ralur kriziss CairTavs. TiToeuli kri­zisis
adekvaturad gadawyvetas ufro did pirovnul
da sa­zogadoebriv kompeten­tu­ro­bamde mivyavarT,
rac momavali kri­zisebis mogvarebis safuZveli-
152
caa. pirvel or stadiaze bavSvSi ndobam undob-
loba unda gadawonos, agreTve bavSvma sircxvili
da orWofoba damoukideblobis grZnobiT unda da-
Zlios. adreuli asakis mesame stadiaze ZiriTadi
iniciativis ganviTarebaa, da da­naSaulis grZno-
bis daZlevaa. dawyebiTi skola meoTxe safexuria
am asakis bavSvebSi _ qmedebis unarma uunarobis
SegrZneba unda daTrgunos. mexuTe stadiaze,
`identoba _ rolis aRrevis sa­pi­rispirod”, mo-
zardebi Segnebulad cdiloben TviTmyofadobis
gaZ­lierebas. marsias mixedviT, am mcdelobebma
SesaZloa gamoiwvios TviTmyofadobis aRre­va,
moratoriumi an warmatebebi. eriqsonis zrdasru-
lobis sami stadia moicavs inti­murobis, genera-
tiulobisa da simtkicis miR­wevasTan dakavSire-
bul siZneleebs.
bronfenbreneri: ganviTarebis
socia­
luri konteqsti
aRwereT bronfenbreneris ganviTarebis bi­o­
eko­lo­
giuri modeli. es modeli iTva­liswinebs pirov­
nebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Sida biologiur
aspeqtebsa da ganvi­Ta­re­bis ganmapirobebel
socialur-kul­tu­rul konteqstebs. yoveli
pirovneba mikro­sis­­temisa (uSua­lo, pirdapiri
kavSirebi da qmedebebi) da mezosistemis Sig-
niT viTar­deba (mikrosistemaTSorisi kavSiri),
eg­zo­sis­temaSia (Temis msgavsi ufro didi sa­zo­
gadoebrivi dajgufebebi) Canergili da TiToeu-
li maTgani makrosistemis (kultura) nawilia.
ra ojaxuri aspeqtebi moqmedebs bavS­vebze skolaSi?
bavSvebis aRzrdis meTo­di sxvadasxvaa, rac
maT socialur Sem­gueb­lobaze axdens gavlenas.
yo­vel SemTx­vevaSi saSualo klasis evro-ame­ri­
kul oja­xebSi avtoritetul mSobelTa bavSvebi
ume­tes­wilad kmayofilni arian sakuTari TaviT
da sxvebTanac advilad ur­Ti­erTo­ben; avtori-
taruli mSoblebis Svilebi Tavs damnaSaved da
depresiulad grZnoben xolme. liberalur mSo-
belTa Svilebs ki TanatolebTan SeiZleba prob-
lemebi Seeqm­naT. kulturebi gan­sx­vavdeba aRz-
rdis meTo­debis mixedviT. kvlevebi gviCvenebs,
rom ma­kont­rolebeli aRzrdis meTodi aziur
da afro-amerikul moswavleebSi ukeTes Sede­
gebs aRwevs.
rogor SeiZleba imoqmedos mSobelTa gan­qorwinebam
mos­wav­leebze? ganqorwinebisas qonebasa da meur-
veobis ganawi­le­basTan da­kavSirebuli kon-
fliqtebi warmoiSveba. gan­qorwinebis Semdeg
meurve mSobeli SesaZloa naklebad Zvirian
saxlSi gadavides, muSaoba daiwyos an samuSao
grafiki gazardos. aman SiZleba bavSvs same-
gobro daakargvinos, ro­desac megobrebis mx-
ardaWera Zalian mniSv­nelovania. erTi mSobeli,
bunebrivia, ufro nakleb dros dauTmobs bavS-
vs. an mSoblebi, sulac, xelaxali SeuRlebisas
axali ojaxis struqturas adgenen.
ratom aris TanatolebTan urTierToba mniSv­ne­lo­
vani? Tanato­lebTan urTierTobebi mniSv­nelovan
rols TamaSobs jansaR pi­rovnul da socialur
ganviTarebaSi. aSkaraa, rom mozardebs, ro­
melTac bavSvobis megobrebi hyavT, maRali
TviTSefaseba ga­aCniaT da umegobro mozard-
ebTan SedarebiT intimuri urTi­erTobebis da-
myareba ukeT gamosdiT. bavSvobaSi uaryofil
mozardebs ufro meti problema aqvT: maT ufro
xSirad agdeben skolidan da ufro midrekilni
arian kri­minalisken.
ra aris TanatolTa kulturebi da rogor SeiZleba
gaCndes agresia? moswavleTa jgu­febi qcevis sa-
kuTar normebs aviTare­ben Tavis warmoCenisa da
socialuri qcevisTvis. am principebis erT­gulma
mimdevrebma Se­saZ­­loa uaryon zogi moswavle da
am mos­wavleebSi didi gulistkena gamoiwvion.
Ta­na­tolTa agresia SesaZloa mizandasaxuli (ra­
ime miznis an privilegiis misaRwevad) an mtru-
li (sxvisTvis zianis momtani) iyos. mtruli
agresia SeiZleba gamoixatos rogorc urTier-
TobaSi, aseve pirdapir fizikur Za­ladobasa an
TavdasxmaSi. biWebis agresia ufro Ria formiT
vlindeba, gogoebisa ki ur­TierTobis agresiis
formiT.
rogor SeiZleba imoqmedos moswavleebze pe­dago­
giurma mi­d­gomam da pirovnulma zrunvam? moswav-
leebi didad afase­ben mas­­wav­­lebelTa mzrunvelo-
bas. warmatebul da maRal socia­lur-ekonomikur
doneze myofi moswavleebisaTvis ufro mniSv­­
nelo­va­nia swavlaSi mzrunveloba, skolidan gari-
yul mos­wavleTaTvis ki pirovnuli zrunva ufro
faseulia.
rogoria bavSvze Zaladobis niSnebi? Tu bavSvs
aRe­niSneba sxe­ulze Calurjebebi, wylu­lebi,
nakbenebi, sxva saxis dazianebebi da gadaR-
la, depresia, xSiri gacdenebi, cu­di higiena,
uvargisi Cacmuloba, klasTan da sazogadoebas-
Tan problemebi, e. i. is Za­ladobis msxverplia.
maswavleblebma unda ganacxadon bavSvebze Za-
ladobis saeWvo simptomebis Sesaxeb da daexma-
ron moswavleebs prob­lemasTan gamklavebaSi.
me-koncefcia:
sakuTari Tavis Secnoba
me-koncefciasa da TviTSefasebas Soris gan­
sxvaveba.
me-koncefcia da TviTSefaseba _ warmodgenebia
sakuTar Tavze. TviTSefaseba erTgvari sqemis
Seqmnis mcdelobaa, romelic organizebas uwevs
Cvens STabeWdilebebs, grZnobebsa da ganwyobebs
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb. magram es ar aris ucv-
leli modeli _ cxovrebis erTi fazidan meo-
reSi gadasvlisas icvleba sakuTari Tavis aRq-
ma. TviTaRqma ki aris imis gaazreba, Tu vin xar.
ada­mianebze, romlebic TavianT Tavs dadebiTad
afaseben, amboben, rom isini sakuTari Ta­vis
damfaseblebi arian. TviTSefaseba da TviTda-
faseba xSirad sinonimebad gamoiyeneba, Tumca
maT gan­sxvavebuli datvirTva gaaCniaT. TviTSe-
faseba SemecnebiTi struqturaa, TviTdafaseba
ki _ emociuri Sefaseba.
rogor icvleba me-koncefcia da TviTSefaseba gan­-
­viTarebis kvaldakval? me-koncefcia (`me~-s gan­
sazRvra) da TviTdafaseba (`me~-s dafaseba) mom-
wifebasTan erTad mzard tempebSi kompleqsuri,
diferencirebuli da abstraqtuli xdeba. TviT-
Sefaseba mud­mivad sakuTari aCrdilis, social-
uri ur­TierTqmedebisa da skolaSi da mis gareT
mi­Rebuli gamocdilebebis fonze yalibdeba.
mos­wavleebis TviTSefaseba personalur (Si­da)
da socialur (gare) standartebTan Sedarebisas
viTardeba. maRali TviTSefaseba, rogorc swav-
lebis, aseve socialuri TvalsazrisiT, didi
ga­mocdilebis mqone skolebisTvisaa damaxasi-
aTebeli. sagulisxmo faqtorebia agreTve gend-
eruli da eTnikuri stereotipebi.
153

mravalgvaroba da identoba
rogori gansxvavebebi arsebobs gogonebisa da bi-
Webis me-kon­cefciebs Soris? gogonebsac da biWeb-
sac pirvelidan me-12 klasis CaTvliT maTemati-
kaSi, enebsa da sportSi Sexedulebebi ecvlebaT.
maRal klasebSi gogonebs da biWebs maTemati-
kaSi daaxloebiT erTnairi moswreba aqvT. en-
ebSi gogonebi ufro Zlierebi arian, sportSi
ki _ biWebi. TviTSefaseba saSualo skolaSi
gogonebsa da biWebSic iklebs, magram maRali
klasebis biWebSi matulobs, gogonebSi ki isev
dabali rCeba.
aRwereT eTnikuri, rasobrivi da sqesobrivi iden­
tobis for­mireba. eTnikuri da rasobrivi umci-
resobis warmomadgeneli mos­wavleebi identobis
Camoyalibebisas awydebian did prob­lemas _ isi­
ni or samyaroSi cxovroben. identobis ganvi-
Tarebis axsnaTa umravlesoba aRwers stadiebs,
romlebic sxvadasxva kulturas Soris gansx-
vavebebis arcodniT iwyeba, am gansxvavebebTan
Se­guebis sxvadasxva xerxebis moZebniT grZel-
deba da kulturaSi integraciiT mTavrdeba.
emociuri da zneobrivi ganviTareba
ra unarebia CarTuli emociur kom­peten­
turobaSi?
emociurad kompetenturma adamia­nebma ician sa-
kuTari emociebis Sesaxeb da sxvaTa grZnobebsac
aRiqvamen. isini ac­nobiereben, rom emociebis
Sinagani da garegnuli gamoxatuleba SeiZleba
gansxvavdebodes. maT SeuZliaT isaubron da
gamoxaton emociebi im saSualebebiT, romlebic
maT kulturul jgufs miesadageba. ZaluZT sa-
kuTar emociebTan gamklaveba, sakuTari Tavis
xelSi ayvana da sxvaTa ubedurebis gaziareba
_ TanagrZnoba. maT SeuZliaT stresis daZ­leva.
emociurad kompetenturma adamianebma ician,
rom urTierTobebi nawilobriv gansazRvrulia
imiT, Tu rogor xdeba emociuri urTierTzemo-
qmedeba am urTierTobaTa SigniT.
ra aris `gonebis Teoria~ da ratomaa is mni­Sv­ne­
lovani? `go­nebis Teoria~ imis gagebaa, rom Tavi-
anTi gonebiT, fiqrebiT, grZnobebiT, imedebiT,
survilebiT da SegrZnebebiT sxva adamianebic
adamianebi arian. bavSvebs gonebis Teoria sxva
adamianebis qcevaze warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad
sWir­debaT. isini `gonebis Teoriis~ dauflebas-
154
Tan erTad, imasac xvdebian, rom sxva adamianeb-
sac gaaCniaT sakuTari miswrafebebi.
rogor icvleba sxvaTa Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswi­
nebis unarebi avSvis momwifebasTan erTad? bavSvebs
TandaTan uviTardebaT miznebis Secnobis unari,
Tumca agresiuli bavSvebi xSirad Znelad igeben
sxvaTa miswrafebebs. TandaTan momwifebasTan
erTad icvleba socialuri Sexedulebebic. mci-
rewlovan bavSvebs hgoniaT, rom nebismier ada-
mians maTi msgavsi fiqrebi da grZnobebi gaaCnia.
mogvianebiT isini xvdebian, rom yvela calke
adamiani individia da amitomac raime movlenas-
Tan dakavSirebiT Taviseburi grZnobebi, Sexed-
ulebebi da perspeqtivebi gaaCnia.
ratomaa Zireuli gansxvavebebia moraluri Segnebis
prekon­venciur, konvenciur da postkonvenciur do-
neebs Soris? kol­bergis moraluri ganviTarebis
Teoria sam dones Seicavs: (1) prekonvenciuri
done, rodesac gansja sakuTar interesebzea
dafuZnebuli; (2) konvenciuri done, rodesac
gansja ojaxis tradiciul faseulobebsa da so-
cialur varaudebzea dafuZnebuli; da (3) post-
konvenciuri done, rodesac gansja abstraqtul
da pirovnul eTikur principebzea dafuZnebuli.
kritikosebi varaudoben, rom kolbergi ar iT-
valiswinebs moralur Segnebaze moqmed SesaZleb-
el kulturul gansxvavebebs, agreTve moralur
Segnebasa da qcevas Soris gansxvavebebs.
aRwereT jiliganis moraluri msjelobis doneebi.
kerol ji­liganis rCeviT, radgan kolbergis sta-
diebis Teoria mxolod mamakacTa longitudur
Seswavlas efuZneba, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom
qalebis moraluri Segneba da maTi ganviTarebis
stadiebi adekvaturad ar iyo warmodgenili. is
gvTavazobs `mzrunvelobis eTikas~. jiligans
miaCnia, rom adamianebi moraluri Segnebis gan-
mtkicebamde, pirovnebasTan da urTierTobebTan
mimarTebaSi, sakuTari interesebidan gamodian.
Semdegi nabiji ki moralis umaRlesi donea _
pasuxismgebloba da adamianebze zrunva. qalebi
ufro mzrunvelobiT gamoirCevian, Tumca kv-
levebma dagvanaxa, rom mamakacebsac da qaleb-
sac SeuZliaT orive mimarTulebis gamoyeneba.
droTa ganmavlobaSi rogor icvleba azri moralur
da Se­TanxmebiT sferoebTan dakavSirebiT? moralis
Sesaxeb azrebi adreuli bavSvobis im gancdidan
momdinareobs, rom samarTali yvelasadmi Tana-
bar mopyrobas niSnavs. mozrdilebisTvis mora-
li ukve sikeTesa da samarTlianobasac moicavs.
isic naTelia, rom moraluri principebi ar aris
damokidebuli calkeuli jgufis normebze. bavS-
vebi ijereben, rom kanonebi da wesebi realuri
da samarTliania. sxvadasxva stadiebis gavlis
Semdeg mozrdilebi acnobiereben, rom sazoga-
doebriv cxovrebidan gamomdinare, so­cialuri
SeTanxmebebi sasargebloa, magram cvalebadi.
ra axdens gavlenas moralur qcevaze? zrda­sru­
lebi mcire­wlo­vani bavSvebis moralur qcevas
Tavdapirvelad pirdapiri instruqciis, Tval­
yuris devnebis, dajildoebis, dasjisa da Se­
niSvnebis meSveobiT akontroleben. moralur
qce­vaze moqmedi meore mniSvnelovani gavlena
misabaZi magaliTis dasaxvaa. bavSvebi, romle-
bic zrunvas moklebulni ar yofilan, zrdas-
rulobaSi sxvebis survilebisa da grZnobebis
gaziarebisken miiswrafian. samyaro da media
uz­neo qcevis bevr nimuSs gvTavazobs. droTa
ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi maTi avtoritetebis mier
nakarnaxev moralur wesebsa da principebs iT-
viseben. Tu bavSvs naTlad agebineben SeniSvnis
an akrZalvis mizezs, gansakuTrebiT iseTi qce-
vis mimarT, romelic sxvebze axdens zegavle-
nas, maSin ufro savaraudoa, rom man gaiTavisos
moraluri principi. zogi skola nergavs pro-
gramebs, romlebic moswavleebs sxvebze mzrun-
velobas gamoumuSavebs. skolebSi TaRliToba
Cveulebrivi qceviTi problemaa, rac moraluri
xasiaTis problemaa.

Mylabschool es aris eleqtronul instrumentTa nakrebi, romelic dagexmarebaT am kursis

warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul
karieraSi. ix.: www.mylabschool.com

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155
maswavleblis
Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM-Tan
miuxedavad imisa, nerviul skolamdelebT-
an geqnebaT saqme, swavlisagan gadaRlil me-12
klase­lebTan Tu saSualo skolis moswavleebTan,
mainc darwmundebiT, rom moswavleebis saerTo
raodenoba metia, vidre imaTi, vinc marTla swav-
lobs. isini yvelanairi pirovnuli, socialuri,
emociuri Tu moraluri warmatebis, imedis ga-
cruebisa da protestis matarebelni arian, (war-
sulisa da momavlisa) yovelive Tavs iyris klas-
Si, rac gavlenas axdens swavlebis procesze.
rogor moiqceodnen?
aq moyvanilia maswavlebelTa reagirebis ram­
denime magaliTi am Tavis dasawyisSi aRweril
situaciaze saSualo skolaSi dajgufebebis Ses-
axeb da im sirTuleebze, romelTac zogi mo-
swavle xvdeba situaciasTan `morgebis~ mizniT.
Tomas neismiti
sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis maswavlebeli
klasebi 7-12, slokumis damoukidebeli
skola, raioni elharti, texasi
Tavaziani damokidebulebis Semosatanad am
klasSi, situacias or safexurs davukavSireb-
di. Tavdapirvelad am situaciaSi uSualod mo­
nawile gogonebs cal-calke Sevxvdebodi. ali-
sons naTlad ganvumartavdi, rom aseTi qceva
saerTod miuRebelia da ar ekadreboda mas;
imeds gamovTqvamdi, rom es uneblie Secdoma
aRa­­rasodes gameordeboda. alisons agreTve
vTxovdi, Cems klasSi arasasiamovno situaciebis
aRmofxvraSi daxmarebas.
stefanis avuxsnidi, rom Tavi ar unda igrZ-
nos uxerxulad, radgan Tanaklaselebi mis mcd-
elobas Zveli `megobrobis~ aRdgenisa, dadebi-
Tad moekidnen. me Sevafasebdi mas pozitiurad,
avuxsnidi, rom sakuTari TaviT kmayofili unda
yofiliyo da megobrebis moZebnas im moswavleTa
Soris vurCevdi, vinc misi megobrobis survils
gamoexmaureboda.
meore nabiji ki mTliani klasisadmi iqneboda
mimarTuli. Cems komentarebs ar davakonkreteb-
di, magram naTlad avuxsnidi, rom Woraoba
156
PRAXIS II-is CaTvliT licenzirebis gamoc­de­
bis umravlesoba, Tqvengan moiTxovs moswavleTa
pirovnuli, socialuri, emociuri, moraluri da
fizikuri ganviTarebis codnas. CanawerSi aRwer-
ili situacia gviCvenebs, ratomaa es codna uaR-
resad mniSvnelovani. aq Tqven SexvdiT movlenebs
da ganwyobebs, romelTa susti kontrolirebisa
da marTvis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba xangrZlivi
uaryofiTi Sedegebi miviRoT klasSic da mis ga­
reTac yvela CarTuli moswavlisaTvis.
da sxva umsgavso saqcieli unda Semwydariyo.
avuxsnidi, rom Cveni klasi mini-sazogadoebaa
da rom sxvebis gansjis dros am sazogadoebis
nebismier wevrs Sesabamisi pasuxisgebloba gaaC-
nia. davZendi, rom sulac araa savaldebulo
yvelasTan megobroba, magram mTavaria erTmane-
Tis patiscema.
Jaklin d. uolkeri
me-8 klasis sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis
maswavlebeli TreJer maunTinis saSualo
skola, park siti, iuta
arasodes imuSaoT vakuumSi. es gansakuT­re­
biT mniSvnelovania sabazo skolaSi da maRal
klasebSi. iTanamSromleT skolis fsiqo­logTan,
sxva klasebis maswavleblebTan da mSoblebT-
an. Tu amas gaakeTebT, problemis mogvarebi-
sTvis sxvadasxva xerxi geqnebaT. Tqven 12, 13
da 14 wlis bavSvebs yalbi mzrunvelobiT ver
moatyuebT. maT SeuZliaT siyalbis danaxva.
am asakobriv jgufTan sifrTxile gmarTebT _
sinamdvileSi isini did adamianebad unda aRiq-
vaT; aRiaroT maTi iumori da SesaZleblobe-
bi. mzrunvelobiTi, ndobiT gamsWvaluli da
Tavaziani urTierTdamokidebulebis dros, mo-
swavleebi Tqvengan daxmarebebisa da rCevebis
misaRebad ganewyobian. mSoblebi am asakobriv
jgufebSi xSirad ar arian CarTuli klasis saq-
meebSi, magram arsebobs maTi CarTvis SesaniS-
navi programebi.

nensi Seferi
9-12 klasebis maswavlebeli cincinati
hills qriSCen akademiis umaRlesi skola,
cincinati, ohaio
Tavdapirvelad stefanis saxlSi davrekav-
di. gacdenebis Sedegad dagrovili davalebebis
Sesaxeb mis erT-erT mSobels an meurves tele-
foniT vacnobebdi. Cemi pirveli mizani iqneboda
gamerkvia, arian Tu ara mSoblebi saqmis kursSi.
zogjer gogonebi zedmetad gulCaTxrobilni
arian da mSoblebs ar uyvebian TavianT ambebs.
Tuki mSoblebma araferi ician, stefanis movix-
mob telefonTan da davexmarebi mas mSoblebTan
dakontaqtebaSi. maRalklaseli moswavleebis am
ambavSi CarTva ki stefanis zogierTi arasasia-
movno SegrZnebis daZlevaSi daexmareboda.
Semdeg stefanisTan an mis erT an orive
mSobelTan erTad gogonas skolaSi mobrunebis
gegmas SevimuSavebdi. am dialogSi monawileobas
skolis fsiqologic miiRebda. Tanaklaselebi
xels Seuwyobdnen stefanis im gegmis gacnobaSi,
romelic SesaZlo mZime situaciebis daZlevaSi
daexmareboda: SemTxveviT pirispir Sexvedra al-
isonTan da sxva Zvel `megobrebTan~, gulsatke-
ni gzavnilebi, romlebic man skolaSi swavlebis
dros SeiZleba miiRos, an masze sxva moswavlee-
bis komentarebi. Cven am situaciebis garkvevasa
da Sesabamisi pasuxebis moZiebaSi davexmare-
bodiT. agreTve mis skolaSi dabrunebis Semdeg,
pirvel etapze vizrunebdi misTvis usafrTxo
garemos Seqmnaze da konkretuli situaciisaT-
vis saWiro pirovnebas SevarCevdi. es iqneboda
adgili da pirovneba, romelTac stefani situa-
ciis xelaxla daZabvis SemTxvevaSi mimarTavda
an rodesac mas am situaciidan ganridebis sur-
vili daeufleboda. Tu problema gamZafrde-
boda, maSin klasis gadaxalisebis mizniT ste-
fanis maswavleblebs gavesaubrebodi. gogonebs
erTimeorisagan Sors davsvamdi an stefanis
sxva megobrebTan axlos dasmiT Sevagulianeb-
di. Cven ufros _ saxelovan moswavlesTanac
SegviZlia vasaubroT stefani. vinaidan TiTqmis
yvelas SeuZlia moRalate megobrebze saubari.
bolos ki vecdebodi stefanisa da alisons So-
ris mokle da dakvirvebadi Sexvedris mowyobas.
garSemomyofebi stefanis alisonisTvis saku-
Tari gulisTqmis gaziarebisa da masze miyenebu-
li zianis Sesaxeb saubris saSualebas miscemen;
stefani imasac ityvis, rom mas arasakadrisi
qmedebebis Cadenis aranairi survili ar hqo-
nia. amasTan erTad, movlenebis eskalaciisagan
Tavis acilebis mizniT, movindomebdi rom al-
isonTanac vinmes emuSava. Tuki skolis wesebi
irRveva, es SeiZleba iyos disciplinaze pasux-
ismgebeli administratori, skolis fsiqologi
an alisonTan kargi urTierTobebis mqone rome-
lime maswavlebeli. vizrunebdi alisonis mSob­
lebis CarTvazec. gansakuTrebiT Tuki es ar iyo
pirveli mavne saqcieli mis cxovrebaSi.
157
 4
Tavi
maswavleblis Canawerebi:
rogor moiqceodiT?
inteleqti
iarliyebi/gansakuTrebuloba
ras niSnavs inteleqti?
mravalgvari inteleqti
emociuri inteleqti

moswavleTa gansxvavebebi inteleqti rogorc procesi

inteleqtis gazomva
SesaZleblobaTa gansxvavebebi

da swavlis saWiroebebi da swavleba

klasTaSorisi dajgufeba
klasSida da moqnili dayofa
swavlis stili
sifrTxile swavlaSi upiratesobis
miniWebasTan dakavSirebiT
vizualur/verbaluri gansxvavebebi
individualuri gansxvavebebi
da kanoni
individualuri ganaTlebis
programa
moswavleTa da maTi ojaxebis
uflebebi
minimalurad SemzRudveli garemo
seqcia 504 dacva
gavrcelebuli sirTuleebi
daswavlis unaris darRvevebis
mqone moswavleebi
hiperaqtiuri da yuradRebis
deficitis mqone moswavleebi
gza yovel moswavlemde: umaRlesi
donis azrovneba
komunikaciis darRvevebis mqone
moswavleebi
inteleqtualuri unarSezRudvebi
mqone moswavleebi
emociuri an qceviTi darRvevebis
mqone moswavleebi
naklebad gavrcelebuli
problemebi: ufro Zlieri
unarSezRudvebi
moswavleebi gauaresebuli
janmrTelobiT
moswavleebi smenis problemebiT
moswavleebi mxedvelobis
problemebiT
autisuri speqtris darRvevebi
niWieri moswavleebi
vin arian es moswavleebi
niWieri bavSvebis aRmoCena da
swavleba
swavlis SesaZleblobaTa
mravalferovneba da msgavseba
mravalgvaroba
msgavseba
Sejameba
maswavleblis Canawerebi :
kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM- Tan /
rogor moiqceodnen?
158
 roror moiqceodiT?
axali saswavlo welia.
maswavleblis Tqvenma raionma strategia
Canawerebi Seicvala. ganaTlebis spe-
cialuri programebi Sewy-
da da amieridan yvela moswavle zogad ganaTle­
bas erToblivad sruli datvirTviT miiRebs.
Tqvens klasebSi SesaZleblobebis farTo dia-
pazonis, sazogadoebrivi unar-Cvevebis, swavlis
motivaciis danergvas apirebdiT, magram amJamad
gyavT erTi yru moswavle, ori moswavle ingli-
suri enis mwiri mcodnea da erTs swavlis da-
bali SesaZleblobebi aqvs. principiT `arc erTi
bavSvi uyuradRebod~ pasuxs agebT TiToeuli
moswavlis swavlebaze; ase rom, Tqvenma skolam
unda aCvenos yovelwliuri progresi am saqmeSi.
z emoT dasmul kiTxvebs rom upasuxoT, unda
erk­veodeT individualur gansxvavebe­bSi. aqam­­-
de individebze cotas vsaubrobdiT. vms­je­lob­­
diT ganviTarebis principebze, romle­bic mo­
icavs stadiebs, procesebs, winaaRmdegobebsa da
amocanebs. adamianebad Cveni Camoyalibebis pro-
cesi bevr rameSi msgavsia, magram ara yvelafer-
Si. erTi ojaxis wevrebs Sorisac ki arsebobs
TvalSi sacemi kontrastebi garegnobis, intere-
sebis, SesaZleblobebis da temperamentis Tval-
sazrisiT. es gansxvavebebi mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs swavlebaSi. amasTan erTad, klasSi
al­baT gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis mqo­ne er­
Ti moswavle mainc gyavT, romelic Tqvens swav­
lebis meTods ar eqvemdebareba. am TavSi Cven
SevexebiT rogorc Cveulebriv, ise arcTu ma­
incdamainc xSir saswavlo problemebs, romle­
bic SeiZleba Tqveni moswavleebis saswavlo
pro­cess Se­iZleba Seexos. winaaRmdegobebis mas­
Stabze msje­lobisas varkvevT, rogor da ra
kritikuli azrovneba
rogor ganaxorcielebT standartiT miRe-
bul kurikulums, romelic TiToeul moswav-
les sakuTari potencialis srulad gamoy-
enebis saSualebas miscems da standartebis
gagebaSi daexmareba?
rogor moagvarebdiT gansakuTrebuli sa­
Wiroebebis mqone moswavleTa specifikur
problemebs?
kolaboracia
Tqveni klasis 2 an 3 moswavlesTan erTad
Se­imuSaveT yvela moswavlisTvis swavlebisa da
monitoringis strategiebi.
gziT unda Caswvdes maswavlebeli problemebs,
irCevdes dax­marebis meTodebs da amuSavebdes
gegmas. Tavis dasrulebis Semdeg ki unda Sege-
ZloT am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema:
ra potenciuri problemebi sdevs moswavle-
Ta kategoriebad dayofasa da SerCevas?
rogoria Tqveni Sexeduleba inteleqtTan da­
kavSirebiT?
gaqvT Tu ara jgufis Sedgenis unari?
moargebT Tu vera gakveTilebs swavlebis sxva­­
dasxva stilis saWiroebis mqone moswavleebs?
ra aris Tqveni amosavali Disabilities Education
Improvement Act (IDEIA) da Section 504-is indivi­
debis swavlebisas?
rogor SekravT klass da rogor warmarTavT
swavlebis process smenis, mxedvelobis, mety­
ve­lebisa da qceviTi problemebis, swavlaSi sir­
Tuleebis mqone, agreTve, yovel­­­mxrivi niWiT
dajildoebul moswavle­ebTan?
159
 inteleqti
radganac ganaTlebis sferoSi inteleqtis koncefcia ase mniSvne­
lovani, sadavo da xSirad gaugebaricaa, amis Sesaxeb msjelobas araerT
furcels davuTmobT. magram manamde visaubroT gansakuTrebul adami-
anTa inteleqtze, unarebsa da uunarobaze.

iarliyebi//gansakuTrebuloba
gansakuTrebuli moswavleebi
TiToeuli bavSvi gansxvavebuli niWis, SesaZleblobebisa da gaqa-
_ moswavleebi, romlebsac nebis mqonea. am TvalsazrisiT, yoveli bavSvi `gansakuTrebulia~. ma-
aqvT imdenad mniSvnelovani gram zogierTs `gansakuTrebul moswavles~ mxolod misTvis damaxasi-
gansakuTrebuli unarebi an aTebeli fizikuri, inteleqturi an qceviTi unar-Cvevebisa da nor­midan
problemebi, rom specialuri
sagrZnobi gadaxris (ufro maRla an dabla) gamo uwodeben. magaliTad,
midgoma an sxva resursebi
sWirdebaT potencialis
maT SeiZleba hqondeT gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebi da talanti,
sruli realizebisaTvis. urTierTobiTi problemebi, emociuri da qceviTi darRvevebi, inteleq-
turi, swavlis uunaroba an fizikuri nakli, vizualuri an smeniTi
prob­lemebi, autizmi, tvinis travmuli dazianeba an sxva problema
aqvT (Hardman, Drew, & Egan, 2005). aseTi terminebi frTxilad unda gamov-
iyenoT: moswavleTa gamorCeva sadavo sakiTxia.
gansakuTrebuloba ar gulisxmobs im meTodebs, romelTac moswav-
leebTan individualurad viyenebT. magaliTad inteleqturi uunaro-
bis `gamovlinebisas~ _ yovelTvis ar aris aucilebeli gansakuTrebuli
`mzrunveloba~, Sesabamisi swavlebis araerTi strategia da faqti arse-
bobs. metic, gansakuTrebuloba SeiZleba TviTrealizaciisTvis stimu­
lic ki gaxdes. yvelam _ maswavleblebma, mSoblebma, Tanaklaselebma da
TviT moswavleebmac ki gansakuTrebuloma SeiZleba aRiqvan, rogorc
stigma, ro­melic Secvlas aRar eqvemdebareba. sabolood gansakuTrebu­
loba situaciis asaxsnel araswor winapirobebs qmnis; magaliTad, `san-
tiago Cxubze gadadis, radgan mas qceviTi darRvevebi aqvs~. `saidan
iciT, rom qceviTi darRvevebi aqvs _ raki Cxubze gadadis?~
meore mxriv, moswavleebisTvis zogi pedagogi gansakuTrebulobas
maT `gansakuTrebul~ dacvad miiCnevs. Tu Tanaklaselebs ecodi­nebaT,
rom moswavles inteleqtualuri problemebi aqvs, maT meti mzaoba
eqnebaT am moswavlis qcevis misaRebad. ra Tqma unda, gansakuTrebul­
TaTvis specialuri programebis, saWiro informaciis, specialuri te-
qnologiisa da mowyobilobis an finansuri mxardaWerisaken gza xsni­
lia. gansakuTrebuloba Tan mastimulirebelia, Tan exmareba kidevac
moswavleebs (Hallahan, Lloyd, Kauffman, Weiss, & Martinez,2005; Hardman, Drew,
& Egan, 2005).

adamiani _ mTavaria, ras daarqmev. gansakuTrebulobasTan dakavSi­

rebuli ase­Ti sifrTxile skolaSi gagonil yoveldRiur ambebsac Seexe-
ba. dRes bevr adamians miaCnia, rom gansakuTrebulTa Soris `gonebrivad
CamorCenili an `xifaTiani~ moswavleebi xvdebian, radganac ada­mianis
oriode sityviT daxasiaTebisas gulisxmoben, rom gansakuTrebuloba
pirovnebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtia. sinamdvileSi individs bev-
ri SesaZlebloba aqvs da uunarobaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba adamians
cudi mxriT warmoaCens. alternativaa `adamiani – mTavaria, ras daar-
qmev~ an saubari `inteleqturad uunaro~ an `xifaTian moswavleebTan~.
am TavSi yurad­Reba, upirveles yovlisa, gamaxvilebulia moswavleebze

160
da ara im gansakuTrebul problemebze, romlebic maT SeiZleba Sex- darRveva _ farTo terminia,
vdes. sxva ma­galiTebi mikem (Meece, 2002, gv. 317) mogvawoda: romelic gulisxmobs zogad Se-
ferxebas fizikur an mentalur
funqcionirebaSi.
moswavle swavlis unarSezRudvebiT ar aris swavlis uunaro
moswavle unarSezRuduloba _ raime
specialuri ganaTlebis mimRebi moswavle ar aris specialuri saxis uunaroba, mag. siarulis
ganaTlebis moswavle an smenis.

epilefsiani pirovneba ar aris epileptiki

SezRuduli SesaZlebloba _
bavSvi fizikuri SezRudvebiT ar aris invalidi bavSvi garkveul situaciaSi gamov-
bavSvi autizmis diagnoziT ar aris autisti lenili uunaroba, romelic
zogjer garkveuli unaris
deficitiT aris gamowveuli.

darRvevebi, unarSezRuduloba
da arasrulfasovneba
kidev erTi terminologiuri gansxvavebaa mniSvnelovani. darRveva
farTo mniSvnelobis terminia _ fizikuri an mentaluri funqcioni-
rebis mTlianad moSla, magaliTad kavSiris damyarebis unaris dar-
Rveva. unarSezRuduloba aris is, rasac sityva gulisxmobs; konkre-
tulad raRacis keTebis _ sityvebis warmoTqmis, danaxvis an siarulis
SeuZlebloba. arasrulfasovneba calkeul situaciebSi uxerxuli md-
gomareobaa, romelic zogjer unarSezRudulobiTaa gamowveuli, magram
ara yvela situaciaSi. magaliTad, usinaTloba (danaxvis SeuZlebloba)
arasrulyofilebaa, Tuki gsurT manqanis marTva. xolo rodesac musi-
kas werT an telefonze saubrobT, usinaTloba ar aris arasrulfa-
sovneba. lui gerigis daavadebiT Sepyrobil udides fizikoss stiven
houkings siaruli da laparaki ar SeuZlia. erTxel man ganacxada, rom
bednieria, Teoretikosi fizikosi rom gaxda: `es mTlianad gonebaSia.
ase rom, Cemi uunaroba ar yofila seriozuli arasrulfasovneba~.
mniSvnelovania, rom uunarobaze reaqciiT arasrulfasovnebis SegrZne-
ba Cven Tavad ar gamoviwvioT maTSi: zogierTi pedagogi gvirCevs, rom
saerTod ar gamoviyenoT termini `arasrulfasovneba~, radganac am
sityvas damamcirebeli datvirTva aqvs. Handicap _ `arasrulfasovneba~
frazidan `cap-in-hand~ anu `qudiT xelSi~ warmodgeba, rac gamoyenebu­
lia sxvadasxva uunarobis mqone adamianebis dasaxasiaTeblad, vinc

rodesac upiratesoba indi-

vidualur maxasiaTeblebTan
SedarebiT gansakuTrebulobas
eniWeba, is Tavad qmnis aras-
rulfasovnebas. stereotipebs
gogonaze, rome­lic invalidis
etls iyenebs. mas unda daupi­
rispirdes Sexeduleba, rom am
gogonas sakuTari individual-
urobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
sxva niSan-Tvisebebic aqvs.

161

daukavSireT kvlevas da
ganavrceT
aq moyvanilia ramdenime idea
inteleqtis mniSvnelobaze:
• mizanmimarTuli adapturi
qceva
• arastandartuli prob-
lemebis gadaWris unari
• axali konceptualuri
sisteme­bis dauflebisa da
maTi meSveobiT azrovnebis
unari
• problemis gadaWris unari
• dagegmva da sxva metakogni-
turi unar-Cvevebi
• mexsierebis unaris Sesabami-
si sis­w­rafe
• is, rasac xalxi fiqrobs
inte­leqtualurobaze (rac
xalxs Wkvianuri hgonia)
•is, rasac IQ testebi
gansazRvravs.
inteleqti _ problemebis
gadasaWrelad da garesam­
yarosTan Sesagueblad codnis
SeZenisa da gamoyenebis unari/
unarebi.
162
erTxans maTxovrobiT irCenda Tavs (Hardman, Drew, & Egan, 2005).
adamianis yvelanair Taviseburebas, smenadaqveiTebuli mdgomareo-
biT dawyebuli da absoluturi siyruviT damTavrebuli, dinamikaSi gan-
vixilavT. TiToeul Cvengans am dinamikaSi raRac Cavardnebi gvaqvs
_ vicvlebiT cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad, sibereSi gvakldeba
smena, Tvalis Cini da inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis zogi aspeqtic
ki, rasac am TavSi SevexebiT.
inteleqti ganaTlebasa da cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebe-
lia. axla ki umTavresi SekiTxva...
ras niSnavs inteleqti?
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT vin iyo Tqvens skolaSi yvelaze
inte­leqtualuri? dawereT saxeli da pirveli, rac TavSi mogivaT, 4, 5
sityva am pirovnebis Sesaxeb. riT aRgafrTovanaT man?
idea, rom adamianebi inteleqtis mixedviT gansxvavdebian, didi xni­
saa. masze platoni jer kidev 2000 wlis win msjelobda. inteleqtis
bunebis Sesaxeb adrindel TeoriaTa umravlesoba Semdegi sami Temidan
erTs an mets moicavs: 1) swavlis SesaZlebloba; 2) SeZenili sruli
codna; da 3) axal situaciebsa da gare samyaroSi warmatebiT adap-
tirebis zogadi unari.
gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi azrebi inteleqtis mniSvnelobis Se­
sa­xeb seriozuli msjelobis sagani iyo. 1921 wels cameti, xolo 1986
wels 24 fsiqologi Sexvda erTmaneTs inteleqtis Sesaxeb msjelobi-
saTvis. orive SemTxvevaSi TiToeul fsiqologs inteleqtualurobis
bunebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli xedva hqonda (Neisser da sxvebi, 1996; Sten-
berg & Detterman, 1986). orivejer, eqspertTa daaxloebiT naxevari, inte­
leqtis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis TvalsazrisiT, ufro maRali donis
azrovnebis iseT procesebze miuTiTebda, rogoricaa abstraqtuli msje­
loba da problemis gadawyvetis unari. 1986 wlis formulirebas da­
emata metakognituroba (Metacognition) da SemsruleblobiTi procesebi
(sakuTari fiqrebis monitoringi), codnis urTierTqmedeba mentalur
procesebTan da kulturuli konteqsti _ mocemuli kulturiT dafase-
buli inteleqtis Semadgeneli nawilebi. magram verc 1921 da verc 1986
wels, fsiqologebi ver SeTanxmdnen inteleqtis struqturaze _ erTi,
Tu bevri gansxvavebuli unari (Gustaffson & Undheim, 1996; Louis, Subotnik,
Breland, & Lewis, 2000; Sattler, 2001; Sternberg, 2004).
inteleqti: erTi unari Tu bevri? zogierT Teoretikoss miaCnia, rom
in­teleqti ZiriTadi unaria, romelic moqmedebs Sesrulebasa da Sem-
ecnebaze orientirebul yvela amocanaze, maTematikuri gamTvliTi te-
qnikis sirTuleebidan dawyebuli da poemebisa Tu gamocanebis Seqm-
niT damTavrebuli. es pozicia kvlevidan kvlevamde TvalsaCino xdeba
saSualodan Zlieramde dadebiTi korelaciis dadgeniT calkeul in-
teleqtualur unarTa Sefasebis gansxvavebul testebs Soris (Carroll,
1993; McNemar, 1964). ras gvaZlevs es Sedegebi? Carlz spirmeni (Charles
Spearman, 1927) varaudobs, rom arsebobs erTi mentaluri niSani, ro­me­l­­
sac man General intelligence anu g, zogadi goniereba, uwoda; g-s gamoyeneba
nebismieri gonebrivi testis Sesasruleblad SeiZleba, magram TiToeu-
li testi g-ze damatebiT ramdenime specifikur unars moiTxovs. maga­
liTad, garkveuli raodenobis cifrebis damaxsovreba, albaT, moicavs
rogorc g-s, ise raRac gansakuTrebul unars – uSualo aRdgenas.
spirmeni va­raudobs, rom individebi gansxvavdebian rogorc zogadi
gonierebis, ise specifikuri SesaZleblobebis TvalsazrisiT. orive
faqtori erTad ki gansazRvravs mentalur amocanebze warmoCenas.
gansxvavebuli xedva, romelic drois testzea agebuli, raimond
ke­telisa da jon hornis mdinari (fluiduri) da kristalizebuli inte­
leqtis Teoriaa (Cattell, 1963; Horn,1998). mdinari inteleqti mentaluri
codnaa, romelic arsiT kulturis miRma dgas da araverbaluria. in-
teleqtis es aspeqti gardatexis periodamde viTardeba, radganac igi
tvinis ganviTarebas eyrdnoba, Semdeg ki asakis momatebasTan erTad
TandaTanobiT klebulobs. fluiduri inteleqti mgrZnobiarea da-
zianebis mimarT. fluidurisgan gansxvavebiT, kristalizebuli in-
teleqti kulturuli TvalsazrisiT miRebuli meTodebiT problemis
gadaWris SesaZleblobaa. radganac igi naswavl unar-Cvevebsa da iseT
codnas moicavs, rogoricaa sityvaTa maragi, faqtebi, taqsis gamoZa-
xeba, sabnis Sekerva an kolejSi swavla, kristalizebuli inteleqti
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba gaizardos. problemebis gadaWraSi
mdinari (fluiduri) inteleqtis CarTviT Cven viviTarebT kristali-
zebul inteleqts, magram cxovrebis bevri amocana, magaliTad maTema-
violinoze dakvrisas es moswavleebi
tikuri msjeloba, rogorc fluidur, ise kristalizebul inteleqts
rogorc zo­gad, ise gansakuTrebul
moicavs (Finkel, Reynolds, McArdle, Gatz, & Peterson, 2003; Hunt, 2000). SesaZleblobebs amJRavneben?
dRes yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba inteleqtze aris
is, rom inteleqts, iseve, rogorc `me-koncefias~, aqvs mravali saxe da
aris unarTa ierarqia, romelic dagvirgvinebulia zogadi gonierebiT,
ufro specifikuri unarebi ki ierarqiis dabal doneebzea ganlagebuli
(Sternberg, 2000).
erl hantma (Earl Hunt, 2000) mimdinare msjeloba inteleqtualurobis
struqturis Sesaxeb mokled ase Camoayaliba:
TiTqmis saukunis ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli kvlevis Semdeg, es
struq­­­tura sakmaod Camoyalibebulia. arsebobs mniSvnelovani SeTanx-
meba inteleqtis modelis samiarusiani badis ori qveda donisTvis.
fskerze mocemulia elementaruli informaciuli damuSavebis moqme­
debani, uSualod maT zemoT ki rvamde meoradi unaria warmodgenili.
amaT garda, aris daaxloebiT rva meoreuli unari. es aris zogadad
gansazRvruli unarebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa xanmokle da xangrZliv mex-
sierebaSi informaciis Senaxva da gadamuSaveba, da rac yvelaze mniS-
vnelovania, `inteleqtualur~ SesaZleblobaTa trio: kristalizebuli
inteleqti, fluiduri inteleqti da vizualur _ sivrciTi azrovnebis
unari, romelic sxvadasxva unaridan specifikur sensorul modalo-
baSi kodirebuli informaciis marTvaSi, albaT, yvelaze TvalsaCino
rols asrulebs. (gv.123)
inteleqtis samdoniani xedvis magaliTis gacnobisTvis gaecaniT 4.1
fluiduri/mdinari inteleq-
sqemas. jon keroli (1997), gamoyofs erT zogad inteleqts, ramden- ti _ gonebrivi efeqturoba,
ime farTo unars (rogoricaa fluiduri da kristalizebuli unarebi, araverbaluri unarebi, rom-
swavla da mexsiereba, mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi aRqma, gadamuSavebis lebic dafuZnebulia tvinis
ganviTarebaze.
siswrafe) da sul mcire 70 gansakuTrebul unars, rogoricaa enis
ganviTareba, mexsierebis diapazoni da elementaruli reaqciis dro. kristalizebuli inteleqti
zogadi inteleqti Tavis tvinis Sublis wilis momwifebasa da funq- _ problemebis gadasaWrelad
cionirebas SeiZleba davukavSiroT, rodesac specifikuri unarebi tvi- kulturaSi aRiarebuli meTo-
debis gamoyenebis unari.
nis sxva nawilebs SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes (Byrnes & Fox,1998).

163
sqema 4.1
inteleqtis ierarqiuli modelis magaliTi
mesame doneze gansakuTrebuli unar-Cvevebi SesaZleblobaTa nawi­lia. kerolma 70-ze meti
gansakuTrebuli unari gaaerTiana.

zogadi goniereba
(g)

fluiduri kristali- zogadi farTo farTo farTo farTo gadamuSa-

inteleqti zebuli mexsiereba vizua- smeniTi aRdgenis kognituri vebis
inteleqti da swavla luri aRqma unari siswrafe siswrafe
aRqma (gadawy-
veti-
lebis
siswrafe)

donis donis donis donis donis donis siCqaris siCqaris

faqtorebi faqtorebi faqtori faqtori faqtorebi faqtori faqtorebi faqtorebi
zogadi enobrivi mexsie- vizuali- mosmena origina- amoca- martivi
msjeloba ganviT- rebis mo- zacia da mety- loba/krea naTa reaqciis
piaJeseuli areba culoba veleba tuloba gadawy- dro
msjeloba gageba siCqaris musika- vetis gonebrivi
xarisxis faqtorebi luri siCqaris done Sedarebis
siCqaris siCqaris faqtorebi sivrciTi niWi faqtorebi cif- siswrafe
faqtorebi faqtorebi asociaci- mimarTe- sityvam- ruli
msjelobis metyvelebis uri mexsi- bebi Wevroba unarebi
siCqare sisxarte ereba aRqmis figuraTa
weris vizualuri siswrafe aRdgenis
unari mexsiereba siswrafe

wyaro: wignidan “The Three-Stratum Theory of Cognitive abilities” by J.B. Carroll. In D.B. Flanagan, J.L. Genshaft, and P.L. Harrison
(Eds.), Contemporary Intellectual Assessment: Theories, Tests and Issues. Copyright © 1996 by Guilford Publications, Inc. adaptirebulia
gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

mravalgvari inteleqtis Teo-
ria _ gardneris inteleqtis
TeoriaSi, rva unari, romelsac
flobs adamiani: logikur-
maTematikuri, lingvis-
turi, musikaluri, sivrciTi,
sxeulebriv-kinesTetikuri,
interpersonaluri, intraper-
sonaluri, naturalisturi.
emociuri inteleqti _ emo-
ciuri informaciis zustad da
efeqturad gadamuSavebisa da
gamoyenebis unari.
mravalgvari inteleqti
gansxvavebul testebs Soris korelaciis miuxedavad, zogierTi
fsiqologi daJinebiT amtkicebs, rom arsebobs ramdenime calkeuli
gonebrivi SesaZlebloba (Gardner, 1983; Guilford, 1988). gardneriseuli mra-
valgvari inteleqtis Teoriis (1983, 2003) mixedviT, sul cota rva
saxis inteleqti arsebobs: lingvisturi (verbaluri), musikaluri, sivr-
ciTi, logikur-maTematikuri, sxeulebriv _ kinesTetikuri (moZraoba,
gadaadgileba), interpersonaluri (sxvaTa gageba), intrapersonaluri
(sakuTari Tavis gageba) da naturalisturi (bunebrivi da adamianis mier
Seqmnili sistemebis dakvirveba da gageba). gardneri inteleqtis meti
saxeobebis gamovlinebis SesaZleblobazec miuTiTebs – rva ar aris
magiuri cifri. ukanasknel xans igi varaudobs, rom SesaZloa arsebob-
des sulieri inteleqti da egzistencialuri inteleqti – seriozuli
kiTxvebis gansaxilveli unari cxovrebis azris Sesaxeb (Gardner, 2003).

164
 cxrili 4.1
rva saxis inteleqti
hovard gardneriseuli mravalgvari inteleqtis Teoria varaudobs, rom arsebobs adamianis
unarTa rva saxeoba. pirovnebas erTi an ramdenime mimarTulebiT Zlieri an susti mxare
SeiZleba hqondes.

inteleqti miznobrivi mdgomareoba Sida komponentebi

logikur-maTematikuri maTematikosi logikuri da cifruli nimuSebis gansxvavebisadmi

midrekileba da niWi; msjelobis grZeli jaWvis
dalageba-marTvis unari.
lingvisturi
poeti, Jurnalisti mgrZnobiaroba bgerisadmi, ritmebisa da
sityvebis mniSvnelobebisadmi; mgrZnobiaroba enis
sxvadasxva funqciisadmi.
musikaluri
kompozitori, mevioline ritmis, musikaluri tonis, tembris Seqmnisa da
Sefasebis unari; musikaluri eqspresiis formebis
dafaseba.

sivrciTi navigatori, skulptori samyaros sworad warmosaxvis vizualur-sivrciTi

unari da adamianis pirveladi Semecnebisa da
aRqmis transformaciis warmodgena.

sxeulebriv- mocekvave, aTleti moZraobebis kontrolis unari da sagnebis

kinesTetikuri marTvis xelovneba.

interpersonaluri Terapevti, gamyidveli sxva adamianebis ganwyobebis, temperamentis,

motivaciisa da miswrafebebis gansxvavebis
danaxvisa da maTze Sesaferisad reagirebis unari.

pirovneba sakuTari Tavis sakuTar grZnobebSi garkvevisa da maTi marTvis

intrapersonaluri
Sesaxeb zedmiwevniT unari; sakuTari Zlieri da susti mxareebis,
CaRrmavebuli codniT swrafvebisa da inteleqtis Sefaseba.

naturalisturi mcenareebisa da cxovelebis, bunebriv samyaroSi

botanikosi, fermeri,
gansxvavebebis Secnobis, sistemebis gagebisa da
monadire
kategoriebis gansazRvris (SeiZleba inteleqtis
kategoriebisac ki) unari.

wyaro: wignidan `Multiple Intelligence Go to School” by H.Gardner and T. Hatch, Educational Researcher, 18(8), p.6. Copyright ©
1989 by The American Educational Research Association. ibeW­deba gamomcemlis nebarTviT. Also Educational Information and
Transformation, edited by J. Kane. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2002 by Premtice Hall. ibeWdeba Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, NJ nebarTviT.

gardneri gansxvavebul unarTa Sesaxeb msjelobas afuZnebs im aS­

kara garemoebaze, rom tvinis dazianeba xSirad erTi mimarTulebis
funqcionirebaze – magaliTad, metyvelebaze moqmedebs, magram es gav-
lenas ar axdens sxva sferoebze. SesaZloa, am rva unaridan adamianebi
erT romelime sferoSi gamoirCeodnen, magram am unars danarCen Svid
sferoSi ar amJRavnebdnen. cxrili 4.1 mokled ganixilavs am rva in-
teleqts.

ra inteleqtia es? gardners (1998, 2003) miaCnia, rom inteleqti aris

problemebis gadaWris da iseTi ramis Seqmnis unari, rac faseulia
kul­turisTvis. istoriulad sxvadasxva kulturasa da sxvadasxva peri-
odSi gansxvavebulad fasdeboda rva saxis inteleqti. naturalisturi
in­teleqti arsebiTia fermeruli kulturisTvis, xolo verbaluri da

165
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITMM-s
da ganavrceT
mravalgvari inteleqti (I, BI):
bevri maswavlebeli SecdomiT
varaudobs, rom yoveli
gakveTili rvave inteleqtis
mqone bavSvebze unda iyos
gaTvlili. rogori gavlena
aqvs sinamdvileSi am Teorias
swavlebaze?
166
maTematikuri ki _ teqnologiuri kulturebisTvis. gard­neris azriT,
inteleqts biologiuri safuZveli aqvs. inteleqti `biologiuri da
fsiqologiuri potencialia; es potenciali SeiZleba ufro didi an mci­
re masStabiT gamovlindes, rogorc adamianze moqmedi gamocdilebis,
kulturuli da motivaciuri faqtorebis Sedegi~ (1998, gv. 62).
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri pedagogi aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda, gard-
neriseulma mravalgvari inteleqtis Teoriam mecnierul wreebSi didi
mxardaWera ver moipova. zogierT kritikoss miaCnia, rom zogierTi
in­teleqti (sxeulis-kinesTetikuri unari, musikaluri) an pirovnu-
li Strixebi (interpersonaluri), sinamdvileSi talantia. sxva `in-
teleqtebSi~ ki saerTod araferia axali. bevri mkvlevari verbalur da
sivrciT unar-Cvevebs inteleqtis Semadgenel nawilebad miiCnevs. amas-
Tanave, rva saxis inteleqti ar aris damoukidebeli; arsebobs unar-
Cvevebs Soris kavSiri. faqtobrivad, logikur-maTematikuri da sivr-
ciTi inteleqtebi erTmaneTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli (Sattler,
2001). amgvarad, es `gansxvavebuli unar-Cvevebi~ sinamdvileSi SeiZleba
arc ise gansxvavdebodes. musikalur da sivrciT inteleqtTan dakav-
Sirebulma bolodroindelma mtkicebulebebma gardners inteleqtebs
Soris SesaZlo kavSirze afiqrebina (Gardner, 1998).
gardneri kritikosebs sapasuxod (1998, 2003) mravalgvari inte­
leqtis Teoriisa da swavlebis Sesaxeb ramdenime miTsa da gaugebro-
baze miuTiTebs. sxvadasxvagvari inteleqti da swavlebis stili erTi
da igivea. (gardneri ar Tvlis, rom adamianebs Tanmimdevruli swavlis
stili aqvT). meore gaugebroba ki isaa, rom TiTqos mravalgvari in-
teleqtis Teoria g-s ideas ar aRiarebs. gardneri ar uaryofs zogadi
unaris SesaZleblobis arsebobas, magram svams kiTxvas, ramdenad gamoy-
enebadia g adamianTa miRwevebis asaxsnelad.
mravalgvari inteleqti skolaSi. gardneris Tvalsazrisis upira­tesoba
isaa, rom igi afarToebs maswavleblis azrovnebas swavlebis unar-
Cvevebisa da gzebis mimarT, magram igi damaxinjebulad iyo gamoyenebu-
li. zogierTi maswavlebeli gamartivebul versias iyenebs. isini yovel
gakveTilSi yovel `inteleqts~ CarTaven da yuradRebas ar aqceven See-
sabameba, Tu ara igi Temas. 4.2 cxrilSi moyvanilia gardneris ideebis
arasworad da sworad gamoyenebis magaliTebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri maswavlebeli skolebSi gardneris ide­
ebs enTuziazmiT ekideba, dRes ar arsebobs damajerebeli kvleviTi
mtkicebuleba imisa, rom mravalgvari inteleqtis Teoriis aTviseba
­aum­jobesebs swavlas. erT-erT kargad SemuSavebuli SefasebaSi ka-
lahenma, tomlinsonma da plakerma (Callahan, Tomlinson, & Plucker, 1997)
START-Si monawile moswavleebSi ver aRmoaCines TvalsaCino sargebeli
verc warmatebis da verc TviTSefasebis TvalsazrisiT, mravalgvari
inteleqtis idea TiTqos im moswavleebis talantis gamomJRavnebasa da
xelSewyobazea gaTvlili, vinc `Cavardnis~ safrTxis winaSea. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom codnis dauflebis mravalnairi gza arsebobs, swavla
kvlav mZime Sromad rCeba. peri klains (Perry Klein, 2002) miaCnia, rom
imis gasagebad, rogor unda aswavlon esa Tu is sagani, maswavleblebis­
Tvis mravalgvari inteleqtis Teoria zedmetad vrcelia. `magaliTad,
imis codna, rom kalaTburTi asaxavs `sxeulebriv-kinesTetikur in-
teleqts~, ara­fers eubneba mwvrTnels misi moTamaSeebis swavlebisTvis
saWiro unarebze~ (gv. 228).
 cxrili 4.2

mravalgvari inteleqtis Teoriis arasworad da sworad

gamoyeneba
bolo xans gardnerma sakuTari Teoriis gamoyenebis uaryofiTi da dadeb-
iTi mxareebi aRwera. msjelobis saganze citatebi mas ekuTvnis.

araswori gamoyeneba:
1. yvela saxis inteleqtis gamoyenebiT, yvela cnebisa Tu sagnis Ses­
wavlis mcdeloba: `aranairi niSani ar arsebobs imis varaudisa, rom
yoveli subieqti efeqturad SeiZleba iTavsebdes Tundac Svid in-
teleqts da drois uazro kargvaa sawinaaRmdegos fiqri.~
2. dauSviT, rom savsebiT sakmarisia gamoiyenoT gansazRvruli in-
teleqti da ara aqvs mniSvneloba, rogor gamoiyenebT mas: magali-
Tad sxeulebriv-kinesTetikuri inteleqtisTvis `kunTebis SemTxveviT
moZraobebi ar ukavSirdeba gonebis ganviTarebas~.
3. inteleqtis amofareba sxva moqmedebebisTvis, rogoricaa dakvra,
rodesac moswavleebs maTematikaSi problemebi aqvT mosagvarebeli.
`musikis funqcia TiTqos didad araa gansxvavebuli onkanidan wylis
wanwkaris an ventiliatoris xmaurisagan~.
4. sxva sasurvel TvisebebTan inteleqtis Sereva: magaliTad, inter-
personaluri inteleqti `xSiradaa damaxinjebuli, rogorc licenzia
erToblivi swavlebisaTvis~, xolo intrapersonaluri inteleqti `xSir-
ad damaxinjebulia, rogorc TviTSemecnebis programebis logikuri
safuZveli~.
5. inteleqtTa saxeebis Seafaseba an Tundac daxarisxeba konteqstis
gareSe: `adamianebSi mcire gansxvavebas vxedav. `lingvisturebi~ an `sxe-
ulebriv-kinesTetikuri~ terminebis mixedviT.
swori gamoyeneba:
1. sasurveli niWis ganviTareba: `skolebma iseTi niWi da Cvevebi unda
ganaviTaron, romlebic Rirebulia Temsa da gacilebiT did sazoga-
doebaSi.~
2. koncefciis, sagnis mniSvnelobis, disciplinis sxvadasxva gziT aT-
viseba: skolebi Zalian emsgavsebian erTmaneTs. `gacilebiT sasargebloa
drois xarjva mniSvnelovan wamyvan koncefciebze, generaciul ideebze,
arsebiT sakiTxebze da moswavleTa mier am sferoebis aTvisebasa da
maT samomavlo SedegebisaTvis zrunvaze.~
3. ganaTlebis personalizacia: `MI perspeqtivis mTavari RerZi – Teoriasa
da praqtikaSi – [aris] adamianebs Soris seriozuli gansxvaveba.~

wyaro: `Reflections on Multiple Intelligences: Myths and Messages”, by H. Gardner, 1998. In A.

Woolfolk (Ed.), Readings in Educational Psychology (2nd ed.) gv. 64-66, Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Copyright © 1998 by Phi Delta Kappan.

emociuri inteleqti
rogoria Tqveni azri?
saSualo skolaSi apireb muSaobis dawyebas, vTqvaT gasaubrebisas
dagisves SekiTxva: `ras fiqrobT emociuri inteleqtis ideis Ses-
axeb? amas Tqvens klasSi SeaswavlidiT?

167
emociuri inteleqti (EQ) _
emociuri informaciis zustad
da efeqtianad gadamuSavebis
da gamoyenebis unari.
168
hovard gardneris mravalgvari inteleqtis Teoria intraperson-
alur da interpersonalur inteleqts _ anu sakuTari Tavisa da sxve­
bis gagebis inteleqts _ moicavs. amasTan dakavSirebuli TvalsazrisiT
aq ganvixilavT emociur inteleqts.
yvelam viciT codniTa Tu artistuli niWiT dajildoebuli, magram
warumatebeli adamianebi. maT skolaSi, sasiyvarulo urTierTobebsa
da samsaxurSi problemebi aqvT da situaciasac TiTqos gaumjobesebis
piri ar uCans. zog fsiqologs miaCnia, rom sirTuleebis wyaro emo-
ciuri inteleqtis naklebobaa. emociuri inteleqti pirvelad peter
saloveim da jon maierma gansazRvres, rogorc emociuri informaciis
zustad da efeqturad gadamuSaveba (Mayer & Cobb, 2000; Mayer & Salovey,
1997; Roberts, Zeidner, & Matthews, 2001). daniel golemanma (Daniel Goleman, 1995)
saloveisa da maieris naSromze dafuZnebuli Tavisi wigniT emociuri
inteleqtis (E-IQ an EQ) ideis popularizacia moaxdina. wigni bestsel-
erad iqca.
ra aris EQ? emociuri inteleqtis centrSi oTxi farTo unaria:
aRq­ma (amocnoba) integracia, gageba da emociebis marTva (Mayer & Cobb,
2000). Tu ar SegiZliaT Tqveni grZnobebis aRqma (amocnoba), rogor
SeZ­lebT samsaxuris, urTierTobebis, drois menejmentis da Tundac
garTobis Taobaze kargi arCevanis gakeTebas (Baron, 1998)? maT, visac
SeuZlia sxvebis emociebis aRqma da gageba (rogorc wesi usityvod
gageba araverbaluri miznebis amokiTxviT) da Sesabamisi pasuxis gacema
ufro warmatebulni arian xalxTan urTierTobisas da xSirad xdebian
liderebi (Wood &Wood, 1999). Tu ar SegiZliaT situaciis Sesaxeb saku-
Tari emociebis integrireba sakuTar fiqrebTan da sakuTari emociebis
gageba, rogor SeZlebT grZnobebis gasagebad miwodebas sxvebisaTvis?
am dros megobrebs yovelTvis uCndebaT kiTxva: `ra xdeba?~ da Tqven
pasuxobT _ `araferi!~
bolos unda SegeZloT marToT sakuTari emociebi, miT umetes ise­
Ti uaryofiTi emociebi, rogoricaa brazi an depresia. es sulac ar
niSnavs emociebis daTrgunvas, magram arc Tavad unda iyoT am emo-
ciebiT daTrgunuli. emociebis marTva moicavs energiis, TavSekavebu-
lobis mokrebas, impulsebis kontro-
lisa da dakmayofilebis gadadebis,
gadavadebis unars. emociebis marTva
skolaSi gadamwyvetia. magaliTad, im
4 wlis bavSvebisgan gansxvavebiT, rom­
lebic TavianT impulsebs maSinve av-
lenen, is 4 wlianebi, visac aqvT unari,
Tavi SeikavoT impulsis pirdapiri da-
kmayofilebisgan, bevrad ukeTesi mo-
swavleebi gamodian saSualo skolaSi
(Shoda, Mischel, & Peake, 1990).
warmatebis miRweva saWiroebs mets, vidre
SemecnebiTi unar-Cvevebi: aseve mniSvnelova-
nia emociuri `siWkviane~. maswavleblebs Seu-
ZliaT daexmaron bavSvebs rogorc emociuri,
ise SemecnebiTi inteleqtis ganviTarebaSi.
 zogma mkvlevarma EQ-s cneba gaakritika. maTi azriT, emociu­ri
in­teleqti ara mxolod SesaZleblobaTa nazavia, aramed pirovnuli
ma­xasiaTeblebis erTgvari nakrebi an socialur situaciebSi zogadi
in­teleqtis gamoyeneba (Izard, 2001; Nestor-Baker, 1999). inteleqti awvdis
informacias emocias da `vWkviandebiT~ sakuTari grZnobebisa da impul­
sebis marTvisas, Tu piriqiT emocia awvdis informacias inteleqts ise,
rom gvexmareba miviRoT gadawyvetilebebi da usityvod gavugoT sxva
adamianebs? albaT, orive marTalia. mTavari ki isaa, rom cxovrebiseu-
li warmateba SemecnebiT unar-Cvevebze mets iTxovs da maswavleblebs
SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani daxmareba gauwion moswavleebs yovelgvari
SesaZleblobis ganviTarebaSi.

EQ skolaSi. zogierTi mkvlevari varaudobs, rom moswavleTa dax­­­­ma­­­-

rebis programebi, romlebic moswavleebs exmareba emociu­ri unar-
Cvevebis CamoyalibebaSi, efeqturia sxvebTan urTierTobis ga­um­jo­
besebis TvalsazrisiTac da mniSvnelovania iseTi antisazogadoebrivi
qmedebebis dasaZlevad, rogoricaa qedmaRloba da garSemomyofTa dam-
cireba. magaliTad norma feSbaxma (Norma Feshbach, 1998, 1997) dawyebiTi
klasebis moswavleebisTvis gulisxmierebis grZnobis ganmaviTarebeli
36-saaTiani programa SeimuSava. programa specialuri kiTxvebisa da sa-
varjiSoebisagan Sedgeboda, magaliTad, `ra saCuqars isurvebda yvelaze
metad ojaxis nebismieri wevri sakuTar dabadebis dReze~ an `rogor
mogeCveneboda samyaro, kata rom yofiliyavi~. moswavleebi agreTve
moT­x­­robebidan sxvadasxva personaJis TvalsazrisiT, Tavidan yvebodnen
am­bavs, TamaSobdnen yvela personaJis rols, video-Canawerebis safuZ-
velze aanalizebdnen, rogor gamoiyurebodnen adamianebi da ras am-
bobdnen rolis morgebisas. sandra gremis (Sandra Graham, 1996) programa,
romelic agresiuli biWebis mier sxvebis miznebis amocnobis unaris
gamomuSavebas emsaxureboda, rolebis Sesrulebas da sxvaTa emociebis
wakiTxvis praqtikasac moicavda. TiToeuli am programis mixedviT,
aRzrdas TvalsaCino Sedegi aqvs moswavlis agresiis Sesustebisa da
gulisxmierebis momatebis TvalsazrisiT, Tanac es unar-Cvevebi mo-
swavles klasgareSe cxovrebisTvisac amzadebs.

gafrTxileba. aRzrdis fsiqologiis inovaciebTan dakavSirebuli erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi problema isaa, rom isini xSir SemTxvevebSi,
zedapirulad an arasworadaa ganxiluli fsiqologiisa Tu pedagogi-
kis arasrulyofilad mcodne mwerlebisa da Jurnalistebis mier da
popularul mediaSi arasworadaa aRwerili. emociuri inte­leqtis kon-
cefciac erTi im inovaciaTagania, romelsac es safrTxe emuq­reba. dar-
wmundiT, rom Tqveni wakiTxuli literaturuli wyaroebi safuZvlian
gamokvlevas emyareba.

inteleqti rogorc procesi

rogorc xedavT, spirmenis, ketelisa da hornis, kerolisa da gard- warmatebuli inteleqtis
neris Teoriebi aRwers, rogor gansxvavdebian individebi inteleqtis triarqiuli Teoria _ gon-
ragvarobis TvalsazrisiT _ gansxvavebuli inteleqtis adamianebs gan- ebrivi unarebis samnawiliani
aRwera (gansjis procesi, axal
sxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi aqvT. kognitur fsiqologiaSi bolodroin-
gamocdilebasTan gamklaveba,
deli naSromebi ki piriqiT, TiToeuli adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli konteqstTan Segueba), rasac
saerTo azrovnebis procesebs emyareba. rogor agroveben da iyene- ufro metad an naklebad
ben adamianebi informa­cias problemebis mosagvareblad da gonivruli inteleqtualur qcevamde
qcevisTvis? inte­leqtis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove Sexedulebebs am wignSi mivyavarT.

ar ganvixilavT.

169
 robert sternbergis (Robert Sternberg, 1985, 2004) warmatebuli in-
teleqtis triarqiuli Teoria cdilobs, axsnas inteleqti rogorc
kognituri procesi. `warmatebuli inteleqti~ moicavs `cxovrebiseuli
warmatebisaTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebsa da codnas, romelic eyrdnoba
am adamianis warmatebis gansazRvras misi sakuTari sociokulturuli
konteqstis farglebSi~ (Sternberg, 2004, gv. 326). sternbergi irCevs ter-
mins _ `warmatebul inteleqts~, raTa xazi gausvas imas, rom inteleqti
metia, vidre testebiT `gazomili~ mentaluri unari _ inteleqti da-
kavSirebulia cxovrebiseul warmatebasTan. sternbergis Teoria sami
– analitikuri, SemoqmedebiTi da praqtikuli (ix. 4.3 cxrili) nawilisa-
gan Sedgeba.

cxrili 4.3

sternbergiseuli inteleqtis triarqiuli Teoria

sternbergi varaudobs, rom inteleqtualuri (gonieri) qceva saazrovno strategiebis gamoy-
enebis, axali problemebis SemoqmedebiTad da swrafad gadawyvetis da konteqstTan adapta-
ciisTvis garemos SerCevis, misTvis axali formis micemis produqtia.

analitikuri kreatiuli praqtikuli

komponenturi cdiseuli konteqsturi

inteleqti inteleqti inteleqti
gansazRvreba abstraqtulad az- axali ideebis Camoyali- cvalebad garemosTan
rovnebis unari, infor- bebis da daukavSirebeli Seguebasa da umetes
maciis gadamuSaveba; faqtebis kombinirebis SesaZleblobaTa gansaxor­
verbaluri unar-Cvevebi unari; kreatiuloba _ cieleblad saWiro gare-
axali situaciisaTvis mos Seqmnis unari – gan-
Tavis garTmevisa da axal sakuTrebul situaciebSi
gadawyvetilebaTa avto- problemis gadaWra.
maturad miRebis uari.

magaliTebi analogiebisa da silo- manqanis Zravis prob- telefonis `ar Semi-

gizmebis gadawyveta, lemebis diagnostika; SaloT xeli~ reJimze
leqsikonis Seswavla axali proeqtisTvis dayeneba.
resursebis moZieba.

analitikuri/komponenturi inteleqti individis mentalur, met-nak­

lebad inteleqtualuri qcevis gamomwvev procesebs moicavs. es proces-
ebi ganisazRvreba Semadgeneli komponentebis mixedviT _ elementaruli
informaciuli procesebi, romlebic klasificirebulia imis mixedviT,
ra funqciebs emsaxureba da ramdenad zogadia. metakom­ponentebi aris
ufro maRalganviTarebuli funqciebi _ dagegmva, stra­tegiis arCeva
da monitoringi. arCeuli strategiebis Sesruleba warmodgeniTi kom-
ponentebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, axali codnis daufleba _ cod-
na-SeZenis komponentebiT. amis magaliTia axal koncefciaSi garkvevis
mcdelobisas mniSvnelovani da naklebad mniSvnelovani informaciebis
garCeva (Stenberg, 1985).
zogi komponenti gansakuTrebulia. isini aucilebelia saqmis mxo­
lod erTi konkretuli nawilisTvis, rogoricaa analogiebis gakeTeba.
sxva komponentebi ki Zalian zogadia da, savaraudod, saWiroa TiTq-
mis yvela SemecnebiTi amocanisTvis. magaliTad, metakomponentebi yov-
elTvis moqmedebs strategiebis arCevisas, agreTve, winsvlisTvis. es,
SesaZloa, yvela tipis mentaluri testebs Soris korelaciebis axsna-

170
Sic dagvexmaros. adamianebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT problemebis sworad insaiti _ sakiTxis gadaWris
gzis uecari gacnobiereba;
mogvareba, progresis monitoringi, maTi warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi
axali situaciebis warmatebiT
axal modgomebze gadanacvleba testebis nebismier saxeobaSi, rogorc gamklavebis unari sternber-
wesi, warmatebulebi arian. metakomponentebi, SesaZloa, spirmenis g-s gis inteleqtis triarqiul
Tanamedrove versiac iyos. TeoriaSi
sternbergis triarqiuli Teoriis meore nawili, SemoqmedebiTi/cdi­ avtomaturoba _ unari, imo-
seuli inteleqti, axali gamocdilebis aTvisebis unars moicavs. in- qmedo daswavlili amocanebis
teleqturi qceva xasiaTdeba ori niSan-TvisebiT: (1) ganWvretis unari Sesabamisad gonebrivi Zalisx-
mevis gareSe.
anu axlad Seqmnil situaciasTan dakavSirebuli efeqtiani qmedeba, da
(2) avtomatizmi – sxarti azrovneba da problemebis swrafad mogva- yofiTi codna _ codna,
romelsac viRebT yoveldRi-
rebis unari. amgvarad, inteleqti gulisxmobs rogorc axali prob-
uri cxovrebiT da ara saswav-
lemebis mogvarebas, ise gadawyvetilebebis swrafad miRebasa da yovel- lebelSi (ufro metad codna
dRiur cxovrebaSi maT danergvas didi kognituri Zalisxmevis gareSe. imisa, Tu `rogor”, vidre imisa,
sternbergis Teoriis mesame nawili _ praqtikul/konteqsturi in- Tu `ra”).

teleqti _ arCevanis mniSvnelobas cxovrebisa da samuSaoze warmatebis

didi albaTobis konteqstSi warmoaCens; aucilebelia am konteqstTan
morgeba da saWiroebisas, misi Secvla. am SemTxvevaSi kultura warmate-
buli arCevanis, adaptaciisa da formis gansazRvris umTavresi faqto-
ria. magaliTad, unar-Cvevebi, romlebic sofelSi mcxovreb adamians
warmatebas moutans, SeiZleba qalaqSi an dabaSi usargeblo aRmoCndes.
warmatebuli adamianebi xSirad eZeben situacias, romlebSic maTi SesaZ­
leblobebi gamovlindeba, raime sisustis kompensirebis mizniT ki bevrs
muSaoben am unar-Cvevebis gaZlierebaze. amgvarad, inteleqti aq mesame
mniSvnelobiT, moicavs praqtikul sakiTxebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
karieris arCeva da socialuri unar-Cvevebi. ruseTis qalaqSi Catare-
buli eraT-erTi farTomasStabiani kvlevisas, elena grigorenkom da
robert sternbergma (2001) aRmoaCines, rom SedarebiT maRali donis
praqtikuli da analitikuri inteleqtiT dajildovebuli mozardebi,
rogorc mentaluri, ise fizikuri TvalsazrisiT, maT qveyanaSi momx-
dari didi cvlilebebiT gamowveul stress ukeT umklavdebodnen.
praqtikuli inteleqti qmedebaze orientirebul farul codnazea age-
buli. amgvari codna skolaze metad yoveldRiur cxovrebiseul gamoc-
dilebas moaqvs – is ufro aris `vici, rogor~, vidre `vici es~ (Sternberg,
Wagner, Williams, & Horvath, 1995). sternbergma da misma kolegebma moswavleTa
saskolo warmatebisaTvis kiTxvis, weris, saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis
da amocanebis amoxsnis efeqturi strategiebis miwodebis meSveobiT,
praqtikuli inteleqtis ganviTarebis programa SeimuSaves (Sternberg, 2002;
Williams da sxvebi, 1996). rogorc mokled naxavT, adapturi unari (rac
praqtikuli inteleqtis magvaria) ganixileba maSin, rodesac moswavleTa
inteleqtualuri unarSezRudulobis identifikacia xdeba (American As-
sociation on Mental Retardation [AAMR], 2002; Cuskelly, 2004).

inteleqtis gazomva warmatebuli inteleqtis

triarqiuli Teoria _
mentaluri unarebis samnawil-
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT romelia safrangeTis dedaqalaqi?
iani (gansjis procesi, axal
riTi hgavs inCi mils? ra igulisxmeba xmaurSi, mousvenrobaSi? gaimeore gamocdilebasTan gamklaveba,
cifrebi ukuRma 8 5 7 3 0 2 1 9 7. romel or SemTxvevaSi sjobs naTura konteqstTan Segueba)
aRwera, rasac ufro metad
sanTels? Tuki tansacmlis sawyisi fasi ganaxevrebulia da Rirs 123 an naklebad inteleqtualur
dolari, ramdeni yofila am tansacmlis sawyisi fasi? qcevamde mivyavarT.

171

es biWi cdilobs wiTeli da
TeTri kubebis garkveuli
formiT dawyobas. amisaTvis
mas daniSnuli aqvs dro.
veqsleriseuli inteleqtis
skalis es damatebiTi testi
bavSvebis sivrciTi SesaZle-
blobebis ganmsazRvrelia.
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
IQ-s gadaxris maCvenebeli
iTvaliswinebs variaciebs
SesrulebaSi garkveul
asakSi asakobrivi jgufis
saSualoebidan individual-
uri gadaxrebis gamoTvlis
gziT. es mosazreba ufro
srulyofilad me-14 TavSia
ganxiluli.
172
satleris naSromidan (Sattler, 2001, gv. 222) aRebuli es kiTxvebi
bavSvebisTvis Seqmnili inteleqtis gamosavleni testebis verbalur
kiTxvebs Seesabameba. testis SekiTxvebis meore nawili aseTia: bavSvma
unda Tqvas, ra aklia suraTs, suraTebi ganalagos ise, rom gamovides
ambavi, blokebis meSveobiT gaimeoros dizaini, aawyos e.w. `fazli~,
gadaxatos simboloebi. fsiqologebs gansxvavebuli azri romc hqon-
deT inteleqtis Sesaxeb, isini namdvilad daeTanxmebian erTmaneTs,
rom standartuli testebiT Sefasebuli inteleqti skolaSi swavlis
SesaZleblobebs Seesabameba. ratomaa ase? es nawilobriv inteleqtis
sawyis ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba.
bines dilema. 1904 wels parizSi sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis mi­
nis­trma alfred bines (Alfred Binet) Semdegi problemebi wauyena: sanam
maRal klasebSi problemebi Segveqmneba, dawyebiT klasebSive rogor
amovicnoT moswavleebi, romlebsac specialuri instruqtireba da dax-
mareba sWirdebaT? bine bavSvebis uflebebis damcveli politikuri
aq­­tivisti gaxldaT. mas miaCnda, rom swavlis SesaZleblobebis obieq-
turad Sefaseba daexmareboda Rarib ojaxebSi aRzrdil bavSvebs, rom-
lebic skolis datovebis saSiSroebis winaSe aRmoCndebodnen, rogorc
diskriminaciis msxverplni an rogorc susti moswavleebi.
bines da mis TanamSromel Teodor simons (Theodore Simon) surdaT
ara saskolo warmatebebis, aramed im moswavleTa inteleqtualuri un-
arebis Sefasebac, visac skolaSi kargad swavlis moTxovnileba aqvT.
bevri gansxvavebuli testirebisa da ubralo gasaubrebis Catarebis
Semdeg, romlebic warmatebul da warumatebel moswavleebs ar ganasx-
vavebda, sabolood, binem da simonma, 3-dan 13-wlamde asakis yve­­la jgu-
fisTvis gansxvavebuli 58 testi gamoyves. bines testebi bavSvis gon-
ebrivi asakis gansazRvras iTvaliswinebs. magaliTad, bavSvs, romelmac
6 wlis asakisTvis gaTvlili kiTxvebis umetesobas warmatebiT upasuxa,
6 wlis bavSvis gonebrivi asaki aqvs, Tundac is 4, 6 an 8 wlisa iyos.
bines tests daemata inteleqtis koeficientis, (igive IQ) koncef-
cia, romelic gaigzavna amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, gadamuSavda sten­
fordis universitetSi da sabolood stenford-bines testis saxiT Ca­
moya­libda. IQ –s maCvenebeli gamoiTvleba gonebrivi asakis SefardebiT
qronologiur asakTan. formula Semdegnairia:
inteleqtis koeficienti = gonebrivi asaki/qronologiuri asaki X 100
stenford-bines adreuli testi xuTjer gadaakeTes, sabolood man
saxe 2003 wels Seicvala (Roid, 2003). gonebrivi asakis daTvla garkveul
problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli, radgan gonebriv asakze agebuli IQ
bavSvis zrdasTan erTad icvleba. am problemis Tavidan asacileblad
Semotanil iqna IQ-dan gadaxris cneba. IQ-dan gadaxra, rogorc amas
Semdeg ixilavT, aris ricxvi, romelic zustad gvamcnobs, ramdenad
maRla an dabla dgas testirebuli pirovneba jgufis sxva wevrebis
saSualo maCvenebelTan SedarebiT.
jgufuri da individualuri IQ testebi. stenford-bines inte­leqtis
testi individualuria. igi gamocdili fsiqologis mier, moswavles
daaxloebiT 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi unda utardebodes. Se­kiTxvaTa
umetesoba zepiria da kiTxviTi Tu weriTi formiT Sesrulebas ar sa­
Wiroebs. am SemTxvevaSi moswavle ufro mobilizebulicaa da zrdas-
rul adamianTan produqtiuli muSaobisaTvis motivirebulic.
 fsiqologebma SeimuSaves jgufuri testebic, romlebic mTel klass mentaluri asaki _ inteleqtis
testSi, saSualo maCvenebeli am
an mTel skolas utardeba. individualur testTan SedarebiT, jgufuri
Tu im asakobrivi jgufisaTvis
testi bevrad naklebi sizustiT asaxavs TiToeuli pirovnebis SesaZle-
blobebs. moswavleebs uWirT jgufurad testebis Sesruleba, radgan inteleqtis koeficienti _
maCvenebeli, romelic dgindeba
ver igeben instruqcias, gaWirvebiT kiTxuloben, utydebaT fanqrebi, gonebrivi asakis qronologiur
kargaven pasuxebis furcels, yuradReba efantebaT (Sattler, 2001). asakTan SefardebiT.
amitom, maswavlebelma didi sifrTxile unda gamoiCinos jgufuri tes-
gadaxra IQ-dan _ statisti-
tebis Sedegebis mixedviT IQ-s Sefasebisas.
kuri maCvenebeli, romelic
efuZneba individis monacemebis
ras niSnavs IQ-s maCvenebeli? inteleqtis testebis umravlesoba isea Sedarebas imave asakobrivi
Sedgenili, rom mas garkveuli statistikuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. mag- jgufis saSualo monacemebTan.

aliTad, saSualo Sefaseba aris 100; testis SemsrulebelTa 50%-ze

meti iRebs 100 an met qulas, 50% ki _ 100 qulaze naklebs. monawileTa daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
mTliani ricxvis 68% IQ-s maCveneblebs 85-dan 115-mde miiRebs, monawile- ganavrceT
Ta daaxloebiT 16% ki _ 85 qulaze naklebs da 16% _ 115-ze mets. Tumca inteleqtis testi (II, CI,4)
sazogadoeba inteleqtis
mniSvnelovania, rom es cifrebi asaxavs mkvidri amerikeli TeTrkaniani
tests zogjer arasworad
mosaxleobis Sedegebs, romelTa salaparako mSobliuri ena inglisuria. igebs. iyaviT mzad, pasuxi
eTnikur umciresobebis warmomadgenel moswavleTa Soris IQ testebis gasceT inteleqtis tes-
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb cxare kamaTia gaCaRebuli. CanarTi `rekomenda- tebis Sesabamisi gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb dasmul SekiTxvebs.
ciebi~ dagexmarebaT IQ maCvenebelTa realistur SefasebaSi.
ra Seusabamobebi gvxvdeba am
testebSi?
flinis efeqti: vWkviandebiT? me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi IQ-s testebis
Seqmnis Semdeg 20 ganviTarebul da zogierT, SedarebiT tradiciu-
li kulturis mqone qveyanaSi testirebis Sedegebi gaizarda (Daley, flinis efeqti _ termini,
Whaley, Sigman, Espinosa, & Neumann, 2003). faqtobrivad, Taobebis mixed- romelic gamoiyeneba Taobidan
viT IQ-s standartuli testirebis maCvenebelma daaxloebiT 18 quliT TaobaSi IQ-s zrdis tendenciis
aRsaniSnavad. ukeTesi janmrT-
win waiwia – SeiZleba marTlac ufro Wkviani xar Sens mSoblebTan
elobis, ufro mcirericxovan
Seda­rebiT! amas flinis efeqti ewoda mas Semdeg, rac politologma ojaxis, garemos garTulebisa
jeims flinma axal fenomens miagno. zogi TvalsazrisiT, amas ganapi- da swavlebis meTodebis
robebs gaumjobesebuli kveba da samedicino mzrunveloba, azrovnebis gaumjobesebis gamo testebis
Sedegebi sul ufro izrdeba.
ganvi­Tarebis xelSemwyobi garemo, ufro mcirericxovan da bavSvisadmi
ufro yuradRebiani ojaxebi, mSoblebis nakiTxoba, meti da ukeTesad
swavla skolaSi da testebis ukeT momzadeba.
flinis efeqtis erT-erTi Sedegi isaa, rom qulebis gansasxvave-
blad gamoyenebuli normebi (normebis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT me-14
TavSi iqnea msjeloba) mudmiv Sesworebebs unda eqvemdebarebodes. sxva
sityvebiT, Tu gvinda saSualo maCveneblad 100 qula SevinarCunoT,
testebi unda garTuldes. es IQ-s nebismier test-programas exeba. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, testis SekiTxvebis garTulebis gamo, wina Taobis zogi-
erTi `saSualo~ moswavle amJamad inteleqtualuri SezRudvebis mqone
pirovnebad daxasiaTdeba (Kanaya, Scullin, & Ceci, 2003).

inteleqti da warmateba. inteleqtis testebi saskolo miRwevebis prog­

nozirebis kargi saSualebaa, gansakuTrebiT did jgufebTan muSaobi-
sas. magaliTad, skolis niSnebsa da bavSvebis inteleqtis veqsleri-
seul testis (WISC-III) Sedegebs Soris korelacia daaxloebiT 0,4-0,5-ia.
warmatebisa da inteleqtis standartuli testebis qulebs Soris ko-
relacia 0.5-dan 0.7-ia (Sattler, 2001). es gasakviri arc aris, rad­gan tes-
tebi saskolo warmatebebis prognozirebisTvisaa Sedgenili. gaixseneT,
binem amoagdo iseTi testebi, romlebic ver ansxvavebdnen Zlier da
sust moswavleebs.

173
 rekomendaciebi: -s maCveneblis interpretacia
SeamowmeT, maCvenebeli individualuri, Tu
jgufuri testis mixedviTaa miRebuli
magaliTebi
1. individualuri testebi veqsleriseuli ska­
lis CaTvliT (WPPSI, WISC_III, WAIS Abbrevi-
ated), stenford-bine, bavSvTa unar-Cvevebis
makartiseuli skala, vudkok-jon­­­­­soniseuli
fsiqoganaTlebis batarea, kaufmaniseuli
Semfasebeli batarea bavSvebisaTvis, kaufma-
nis inteleqtis testebi mozardTaTvis da
mozrdilTaTvis (KAIT) da das-nalieriseuli
Semecnebis Semafasebeli sistema.
2. jgufuri testebi moicavs (CogAT-Tavda-
pirvelad lorg-Torndaikis inteleqtis testebi), Semec-
nebiTi potencialis analizs, kulman-an-
dersonis inteleqtis testebs, otis-lenonis
saskolo unar-Cvevebis testebs (Tavda-
pirvelad otis-lenonis inteleqtis testi) da
skolis da kolejis unar-Cvevebis testebs
(SCAT).
gaxsovdeT, rom IQ testebi mxolod swav-
lisadmi zogadi midre­kilebis Sefasebas
axdens
magaliTebi
1. moswavleTa qulebs Soris mcire gansxvave-
bas yuradRebas nu miaq­cevT.
2. daimaxsovreT, rom moswavleTa individual-
uri testirebisas miRebuli qulebi, droTa
ganmavlobaSi, sxvadasxva mizeziT SeiZleba
Se­icvalos, rac Sefasebis dros daSvebul
Secdomasac gulisxmobs.
3. icodeT, rom saboloo Sefaseba, saerTod,
sxvadasxva tipis SekiTxvebze pasuxebis sa­
Sualo maCveneblis mixedviTaa gakeTebu­li.
saSualo an masTan daaxloebuli maCvene-
beli SeiZleba imis maniSnebeli iyos, rom
moswavlem saSualo Sedegi aCvena yvela sax-
is kiTxvebis mixedviT an Tavi ga­mo­iCina zo-
gierT sferoSi (mag. verba­lur amo­canebSi)
da gacilebiT susti aRmoCnda sxva sferoe-
bSi (mag. maTematikur amoca­nebSi).
gaxsovdeT, rom IQ testebi moswavleTa ga-
mocdilebasa da swavlebis dones asaxavs.
magaliTebi
1. ganixileT es maCveneblebi saskolo unar-
Cvevebis wina pirobad da ara Sinagani in-
teleqtualuri unaris sazomad.
2. Tuki moswavle Zlieria, erTi dabali qu-
lis gamo nu SeicvliT warmodgenas masze.
3. sifrTxile gamoiCineT IQ-s maCveneblebTan
dakavSirebiT moswavleTa umciresobisa da
im moswavleTa mimarT, visi mSobliuri enac
inglisuri ar aris.
4. gaxsovdeT, rom adaptaciis unar-Cvevebi da
qulebi, `kulturulad Ta­visufali~ tes-
tebis maCveneblebic ufro dabalia riskis
qveS myofi moswavleebisTvis. IQ testebSi
inteleqturi SesaZleblobebi da SezRudva
gansasxvavebladaa gamoyenebuli.
IQ-s maCveneblebTan dakavSirebiT damatebiTi in-
formaciisaTvis ix.: http://www.wilderdom.com/per-
sonality/L2-1UnderstandingIQ.html

arian ki warmatebulni cxovrebaSi is adamianebi, vinc IQ-s maRal

maCveneblebs iRebs? amis calsaxa pasuxi ar arsebobs. cxadia, rom g
anu zogadi goniereba korelaciaSia `realuri msoflios akademiur, so-
cialur, profesiur miRwevebTan~ (Ceci, 1991), Tumca korelaciis zomasa
da mniSvnelobaze cxared kamaToben (Current Directions in Psychological Science,
1993; McClelland, 1993). inteleqtis testebSi ufro maRali qulebis mqone
skoladamTavrebuli axalgazrdebi, rogorc wesi ufro didxans swav-
loben da ufro prestiJul samuSaos pouloben. Tumca, rodesac ram-
denime wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlebis done ucvlelia, IQ-s maCveneblebi
da saskolo miRwevebi ar aris Zlier korelaciaSi materialur Semo-
savalsa da momaval warmatebasTan. am mxriv gansxvaveba SeiZleba sxva
faqtorebma gamoiwvios, rogoricaa motivacia, socialuri unar-Cvevebi
da iRbali (Goleman, 1995, Neisser da sxv., Stenberg & Wagner, 1993).

174
inteleqti: memkvidreoba Tu garemo? arc erT sferoSi ar aris iseTi
cxare debatebi bunebisa da aRzrdis Sesaxeb, rogoric inteleqtis
sferoSi. SeiZleba Cveni inteleqti ganvixiloT, rogorc potenciali,
romelic zRvardadebulia Cvenive genetikiT Tu inteleqti individis
inteleqtualuri donis amsaxvelia misi gamocdilebisa da ganaTlebis
gavleniT? faqtobrivad, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia `genebiT~ da `gamoc-
dilebiT~ gansazRvruli inteleqtis gamocalkeveba. dResdReobiT fsi­
qologTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom inteleqtualuri gansxvavebebi
rogorc genuri struqturis, ise garemoebis Sedegia da es proporcia
bavSvebisTvis, savaraudod, daaxloebiT Tanabaria (Petrill & Wilkenson,
2000). `genebi ar gansazRvravs qcevas. isini ufro garemo pirobebidan ga-
momdinare ganapirobeben SesaZlo gamocdebze adamianis reaqciebs Sesa-
Zlo reaqciaTa ranJirs im SesaZlo gamocdilebis ranJiris Sesabamis-
ad, romelic SeiZleba garemom warmoSvas. (Weinberg, 1989, gv. 101). garemos
zegavlena ki moicavs yvelafers, orsulobis periodSi dedis janmrT-
elobiT dawyebuli, bavSvis swavlebis xarisxiT damTavrebuli.
TqvenTvis, rogorc maswavleblisTvis, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
imis gacnobiereba, rom sxva unar-Cvevebis msgavsad, kognituri unar-
Cvevebis gaumjobeseba yovelTvis SesaZlebelia. inteleqti aris mim-
dinare saqmianobis amsaxveli mdgomareoba, romelzec gavlenas axdens
warsuli gamocdileba da Riaa momavali cvlilebisTvis. maSinac ki, Tu
inteleqts SezRuduli potenciali aqvs, potenciali mainc sak­­maod far-
Toa da yoveli maswavleblisTvis gamowvevaa. magaliTad, iaponeli da
Cineli moswavleebi amerikelebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ukeT swavloben
maTematikas, magram inteleqtis testebSi amerikelTa msgavsi maCvene-
blebi aqvT. maTematikaSi upiratesoba, savaraudod, dakavSirebulia, am
sagnis swavlebis gansxvavebulobasTan, amasTan, bevri azieli moswavlis
TviTmotivirebis unar-CvevebTan (Baron, 1998; Stevenson & Stigler, 1992).
axla, raki ukve gvaqvs warmodgena inteleqtis Sesaxeb, modiT, dav-
fiqrdeT, rogor gavarTvaT Tavi swavlebis dros sxvadasxvagvar kog-
nitur unar-Cvevebs.

SesaZleblobaTa gansxvavebebi da swavleba

rogoria Tqveni azri?

Tqven axlad gaxsnil saSualo skolaSi gsurT muSaobis dawyeba da
imyofebiT gasaubrebaze. daaxloebiT oTxwuTiani mokle saubris
Semdeg kurikulumis zedamxedveli gekiTxebaT: `Cven am raionSi
araerTgzis cxared gvikamaTia moswavleTa jgufebad dayofisa da
gancalkevebis Sesaxeb, ras fiqrobT am sakiTxze?

am qveTavSi SevexebiT akademiuri SesaZleblobebis gansxvavebebTan

sxvadasxvagvar damokidebulebas. am nawilis dasrulebisas vupasuxebT
zemoT dasmul SekiTxvebs. aris ki unar-Cveevebis mixedviT moswavleTa
jgufebad dayofa problemis mogvarebis saSualeba?

175
 argumenti / kontrargumenti
aris Tu ara jgufebad dayofa efeqturi strategia?
moswavleTa jgufebad dayofa sxvadasxva klassa
da ganayofSi (kolejisTvis mosamzadebeli, profe-
siuli, Terapiuli, niWierTa da a. S.). standartuli
proceduraa bevr skolaSi, magram aris ki es efeq-
turi? kritikosebi Tvlian, rom es saziano proce-
sia, mxardamWerebi ki amboben, rom jgufebad dayofa
sasargebloa, Tumca bevr winaaRmdegobasTanaa dakav-
Sirebuli.
A skola naadrevad miatova, meorem ki skolis Semdegac
argumenti jgufebad dayofa sazianoa da
unda aRmoifxvras.
tom lavlesma (Tom Loveless) Educational Leadership-
is 1999 wlis aprilis gamoSvebaSi dawera: `gamoCenili
mkvlevrebi da nacionaluri kvlevebi amtkiceben, rom
dayofa xels uSlis bavSvebs, miiRon Tanabari gana-
Tleba (gv. 28).
lavless mohyavs jgufebad dayofis sawinaaRm-
dego citatebi bradokisa da slavinis (Braddock &
Slavin, 1993), karnegis mozardTa ganviTarebis sabWos
(1995), ouqsisa (Oakes, 1985) da uilokisgan (Wheelock,
1992) namuSevrebidan. ra aZlevs mas amis safuZvels?
magaliTad, kargad Sesrulebulma da organizebulma
kvlevebma daamtkica, rom maRali da dabali moswrebis
moswavleTa dayofa gansxvavebas Semdegnairad zrdis
– amcirebs dabali moswrebis moswavleTa miRwevebs
da zrdis maRali moswrebis mqone moswavleebisas (Ga­
moran, 1987; Kerckoff, 1986). gamoranma isic aRniSna,
rom gansxvaveba aseT moswavleTa Soris ufro did-
ia, vidre im or moswavles Soris, romelTagan erTma
gaagrZela swavla. radgan dabali socioekonomiuri
statusis mqone da feradkaniani moswavleebi Warboben
dabal jgufebSi, dayofiT isini yvelaze metad zian-
debian (Oakes, 1990b; Oakes & Wells, 2002). yvelaferi
asea Tu ara?
kontrargumenti jgufebad dayofis aRmofxvra
bevr moswavles avnebs.
mkvlevrebma, romlebmac guldasmiT Seiswavles
jgufebad dayofa, aRiares, rom es meTodi SeiZleba
vnebs zog moswavles, magram ara yvelas da yovelT-
vis. upirveles yovlisa, rogorc umetesoba aRiarebs,

klasebs Soris ganawileba un-
arebis mixedviT _ dajgufebis
iseTi sistema, romlis mixedvi-
Tac moswavleebi nawildebian
klasebSi gazomili unarebisa
da miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT
unarebis gauTvaliswnebloba
_ skolaSi klasebis iseTi orga-
nizeba, roca moswavleebi maTi
unarebis mixedviT aRar arian
dajgufebulni.
joplinis gegma/uniSno swav-
lebis elementaruli skola
_ asakisa da Sefasebebis miuxe-
davad moswavleTa dajgufeba
maTi unarebis mixedviT.
klasTaSorisi dajgufeba
rodesac yoveli klasi dakompleqtebulia unar-Cvevebis mixedviT,
am process klasebs Soris unar-Cvevebis ganawilebas an `kalapotSi Cas-
mas~ uwodeben. es xSiria saSualo da dawyebiTi skolebSi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom erTi SexedviT es swavlebisTvis efeqturi saSualebaa, kv-
levebi ganuwyvetliv gviCvenebs, rom unar-Cvevebis mixedviT dacalkev-
ebas sargebloba SesaZloa mxolod warmatebuli da ara warumatebeli
moswavleebisTvis mohqondes (Castle, Deniz, & Tortora, 2005; Garmon, Nystrand,
Berends, & LePore, 1995; Committee on Increasing High School Students’ Engagement
and Motivation to Learn, 2004; Oakes & Wells, 1998; Robinson & Clinkenbeard, 1998).
dabali SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavleebiT dakompleqtebul kla­
sebSi, rogorc wesi, swavlebis done dabalia. maswavleblebi yuradRe-
bas aqceven dabali donis miznebsa da rutinul procedurebs, swavle-
baze ki naklebad arian orientirebulni. xSirad moswavleTa qcevasTan
dakavSirebuli meti problema iCens Tavs da am problemebTan erTad
matulobs maswavlebelTa stresuli mdgomareoba da klebulobs enTu­
ziazmi. swavlebisadmi amgvari gansxvavebuli midgoma da maswavlebel-
Ta negatiuri ganwyoba xels uwyobs moswavleebSi xalisisa da ime-
dis CaxSobas. amis Sedegad moswavleTa TviTrwmena qreba da daswrebis
maCvenebeli ecema. dabal `kalapotSi~ xSirad araproporciulad bevri
umciresobaTa warmomadgeneli da ekonomiurad gaWirvebuli moswavle
aRmoCndeba, amdenad, unaris mixedviT dajgufeba, sinamdvileSi, skola-
Si segregaciamde midis. sxvadasxva klasis moswavleebs erTmaneTTan

176
dayofas dadebiTi efeqti aqvs maRali moswrebis mo-
swavleTa Soris. niWierTaTvis Sedgenili programebi,
rogorc Cans, Sedegiania (Fuchs, Fuchs, Hamlett & Karns,
1998; Robinson & Clinkenbeard, 1998). aravis, gansa-
kuTrebiT mSoblebs, ar surs am programebis dadebiTi
efeqtis aRmofxvra. xolo afroamerikel moswavleTa
10%-s meti Sansi aqvs, moxvdes maRali donis jgufSi.
ase rom, jgufebis gauqmeba maT gansakuTrebiT cud
samsaxurs gauwevs (Gamoran & Mare, 1989).
ra moxdeba, Tu skolaSi jgufebad dayofa aikrZa-
leba? lavlesi (1999) acxadebs, rom farTomasStabi-
ani kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, rodesac dabali mos-
wrebis meaTeklaselebs heterogenul klasebSi svamen,
DSedegebi 5%-iT ezrdebaT. amasTanave, heterogenul
klasebSi Cveulebrivi moswavleebis qulebi 2%-iT ik-
lebs, maRali moswrebis mqone moswavleebi ki daax-
loebiT 5 qulas kargaven.
Sedegebis gansxvaveba namdvilad mcirdeba, magram
saSualo da maRali moswrebis jgufebSi myofi moswav-
leebis xarjze, romlebic SeerTebul StatebSi meaTek-
laselTa 70%-s Seadgenen (Loveless, 1999; gv. 29).
kidev erTi Sedegi dajgufebis moSlisa aris
WkvianTa moswavleTA wasvla skolidan. rogorc afro­
amerikeli, ise TeTrkaniani mSoblebi Sereul klasebs
undoblobas ucxadeben (sazogadoebrivi dagegmvis
fondi, 1994).
zog klasSi SereulunarianTa struqtura yvela
moswavlis war­matebas aferxebs. magaliTad, moswavle­
ebi algebris heterogenul gak­veTilebze gacilebiT
naklebs iswavlian, vidre jgufebad dayofis SemTx-
vevaSi _ es exeba moswavleTa nebismier dones (Epstein
& Maclver, 1992). moswavleTa TviTSemecnebis metaana-
lizis Sedegebis mixedviT, dabali donis dayofil
klasebSi myof moswavleebs heterogenuli klasis
mos­wavleebze naklebi TviTSefaseba ar aRmoaCndaT
(Kulik & Kulik, 1997).
maS, ra aris pasuxi? albaT yvelaferi ufro rTu-
lia, vidre ubra­lod jgufebad dayofisa da misi aR-
mofxvris Sedareba. TiToeuli moswavlis miRwevebis
frTxili Seswavla sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva pasuxs
gvaZlevs.
rogoria Tqveni azri?
gamoxateT sakuTari mosazreba veb-gverdze:
www.mylabschool.com

damegobrobis SesaZleblobebic ezRudebaT. klasebSi moswavleebs xSi­

rad IQ testebis da ara TviT sagnis mixedviT arCeven. aseT dros ki
IQ-s testebi bevrs arafers gvamcnobs imaze, aris Tu ara moswavle
mzad, Seiswavlos garkveuli sagani (Corno & Snow, 1986; Garmon, Nystrand,
& LePore, 1995; Kulik & Kulik, 1982; Slavin,1990).
amJamad mimdinareobs msjeloba daunawileblobaze, anu sxvadasxva
SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavleTa Sereul jgufebSi swavlebaze, ma-
gram damatebiTi daxmarebiT im moswavleTaTvis, visac uWirs, xolo
swrafad SemTvisebeli moswavleebisaTvis programis gamdidreba (Corno,
1995a; Oakes & wells, 2002). jeni ouqsma da emi uelsma (Jeannie Oakes & Amy
Wells, 2002) aRweres saSualo skolebSi danawilebis gareSe efeqturi
swavlebis sxvadasxva gza.
gamoricxeT koreqciuli kursebi da iqonieT erTi Cveulebrivi da
erTi winwasuli `kalapoti~.
moswavleebs SesTavazeT rTuli davalebebi da yovel kursSi izru-
neT klasgareSe RonisZiebebis mowyobaze.
moiTxoveT, rom yvela moswavlem gaiaros aucilebeli praqtika da
Semdeg sakuTari survilisamebr airCios Sesaswavli sagani.
xeli SeuwyveT, rom umciresobaTa jgufebi aqtiurad CaerTon `win
waweuli~ swavlebis procesSi.
sesiebs Soris gamoyaviT dro, rom damatebiT daexmaroT sust
moswavleebs
uzrunvelyaviT daxmareba moswavleTaTvis skolamde da da skolis
Semdeg

177
 maswavleblebisgan, mSoblebisa da sxva moxaliseebisgan SeadgineT
saSinao davalebebis damxmare jgufi.
rTuli masalis gaadvilebis nacvlad, moswavleebs SeaswavleT prob-
lemis daZlevis individualuri strategia.
magram yvela ar eTanxmeba im azrs, rom daunawilebloba kargia. es
ufro efeqturia dawyebiT klasebSi. am sakiTxs ganvixilavT momdevno
CanarTSi _ `argumenti/kontrargumenti~.
kvlevebis zogad daskvnaSi imis Taobaze, rom klasTaSorisi daj­
gufeba dabali miRwevebis wina pirobaa, ori gamonaklisi arsebobs.
pir­veli _ niWierTa klasSi ukeTesi unaris mqone moswavleebi ukeT
swavloben, vidre msgavsi SesaZleblobis mqoneni Cveulebriv klasebSi
(Kulik & Kulick, 1997). joplinis gegmis mixedviT, moswavleebi Cveulebriv
Sereul klasebSi rCebian, magram maTi sxvadasxva doned ga­dajgufeba
kiTxvis gakveTilze xdeba. amrigad, kiTxvis gakveTilze SeiZleba iyvnen
sxvadasxva asakis, magram kiTxvis erTnairi donis mqone bavSvebi.

klasSida da moqnili dayofa

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT ganaTlebis fsiqologiis profe­
soris rCevis mixedviT amzadebT masalas sayofacxovrebo Temaze mos­
wav­leTa codnis Sesamowmeblad. saboloo testis variants winaswar
aZlevT moswavleebs da uxsniT, rom testi ar Sefasdeba. moswavleebi
TiTqos mTeli seriozulobiT moekidnen testebis Sevsebas. im RamiT,
namuSevrebis Sesworebisas, gancvifrebuli darCiT: moswavleebis meo-
Txedma miiRo saboloo gamocdaSi 90%. ramdenimem sworad amoxsna amo-
canebis naxevari, magram danarCeni arafris azrze ar aris. meore dRes,
rodesac erT-erT moswavles hkiTxeT, rogor dawera testi ase kargad,
man agixsnaT, rom SarSan bunebismetyvelebis gakveTilebze misma jguf-
ma specifikuri samuSao proeqtisTvis Temad sasicoxlo garemo airCia.
Tqven gada­xedeT gakveTilebis gegmas da naxeT, rom es gegma am klasis
arc erT mos­wavles ar miesadageba. rogor moiqceviT?
msgavsi gansxvavebebi xSiria skolebisa da klasebis umravlesobaSi
(Castle, Deniz & Tortora, 2005). maSinac, Tuki gadawyvetT, rom ubralod
gaagrZeloT mTeli klasisaTvis erTi da imave masalis swavleba, marto
ar darCebiT. erT-erTma kvlevam aCvena, rom 46 sxvadasxva gakveTilze
RonisZiebebis 84% maRali da saSualo moswrebis moswavleebisTvis
msgavsi iyo (Westberg, Archambault, Dobyns & Slavin, 1993). yvelaze didi
winaaRmdegoba, rasac maswavleblebi awydebian, moswavleTa arasaTanado
bazisuri codnaa. gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tuki sagani aTvisebul masalasa
da unarzea agebuli. magaliTad, aseTebia, maTematika da sabunebism-
etyvelo sagnebi (Loveless, 1998).
dResdReobiT bevr dawyebiT skolaSi klasebs jgufebad yofen kiTx-
vis gakveTilebze, xandaxan maTematikis Seswavlisasac, Tumca ar arsebobs
naTeli damamtkicebeli sabuTi, rom klasis SigniT unaris mixedviT
dayofa saukeTeso meTodia. guldasmiT Sedgenili jgufebi maTematikasa
da kiTxvaSi SeiZleba efeqturi iyos, magram sxva meTodebic arsebobs,
magaliTad, kooperaciuli swavla. am dajgufebiTi strategiis mizani
Se­sabamis gamowvevaTa uzrunvelyofa, mxardaWera unda iyos – anu is,
ris miRwevac SeuZliaT bavSvebs TavianTi `uaxloesi ganviTarebis zo-
nis~ farglebSi (Vygotsky, 1997). erT-erTi SesaZlo variantia moqnili
dajgufeba.

178
dajgufebis moqniloba. moqnil dajgufebaSi moswavleebi swav-
lis moT­xovnilebis mixedviT jgufdebian. Sefaseba xdeba mud-
mivad. moswavleTa dayofa SeiZleba moxdes patara jgufebad, mapatie, Cemi jgufis
gareT vinmesTan
wyvilebad, individebad an klasi arc daiyos – gaaCnia, rome­li
dalaparakebi neba ar maqvs.
areali esadageba moswavlis akademiur codnas. xSirad jgufebis
moqnilad dayofis midgoma TiToeuli moswavlisTvis maRali
donis swavlebasa da moTxovnebs niSnavs. qalaqis maRali moT­
xov­nilebis mqone dawyebiT skolaSi moqnili dayofis erT-erTma
xuTwlianma kvlevam gamoavlina, rom (Castle, Denis, & Tortora, 2005)
sxvadasxva sagansa da klasSi moswavleTa moswreba 10-dan 57%-
mde gaizarda. maswavleblebma specialuri treningebi gaiares
Sefasebasa da swavlebis strategiebSi. swavlebis wlis bolo-
sken maswavlebelTa 95% jgufebis moqnilad dayofis me­Tods
iyenebda. rogorc maswavleblebi amtkiceben zogierTi miRweva
imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom moswavleebi ufro mobilizebuli da Schoolies © 1999 John P. Wood.
ibeWdeba nebarTviT.
Tavdajerebuli iyvnen.
dajgufebis moqnilobis kidev erTi saxea iseTi dawyebiTi skola, sa-
dac klasebi ar arsebobs. klasSi erTad arian sxvadasxva asakis moswav-
leebi (6, 7, 8) romlebsac erTnairi Sedegebi da motivacia aqvT da erTi
sagniT arian dainteresebuli. arsebobs jvaredini dajgufebebic, rac
efeqtiania yvelanairi SesaZleblobis mqone nebismieri moswavlisTvis,
Tuki es dajgufeba maswavlebels saSualebas miscems, rom meti pirda-
piri instruqcia miawodos jgufebs. magram jgufebis jvaredini dayo-
fisas sifrTxile gmarTebT. mesame, meoTxe da mexuTeklaselebis erTad
dasma maTematikis an kiTxvis gakveTilebze _ Tu maT ganaTlebis erT-
nairi done aqvT _ mizanSewonilia, Tumca meoTxeklaselis meore klasSi
Seyvana, sadac igi `TeTri yvavis rolSi~ aRmoCndeba, karg Sedegs ar
moitans. jvaredini dajgufeba dadebiT Sedegs ar iZleva arc maSin, Tu
es xdeba im mizniT, rom erTi klasSi cota moswavlea da ara imitom,
rom moswavleebs ukeTesi codna miscen (Veenman, 1997).
Tu odesme klasSi SesaZleblobebis mixedviT dayofas gadawyvetT,
qvemoT mocemuli `rekomendaciebi~ dagexmarebaT (Good & Brophy, 2003).

swavlis stili
unarebis mixedviT dajgufeba
klasis SigniT _ dajgufebis
rogoria Tqveni azri? iseTi sistema, roca moswav-
leebi klasis SigniT iyofian
or an sam jgufad maTi unarebis
Tqven imyofebiT gasaubrebaze skolaSi da ganyofilebis ufrosi
mixedviT. es sistema cdilobs
geubnebaT: `gvWirdeba profesiuli ganviTarebis programa swavlis gansxvavebuli unaris mqone
stilis Sesaxeb. ras SemogvTavazebT?~ moswavleebis erTmaneTze
morgebas.
swavlis stili aris gza, romelsac pirovneba irCevs raimes swav- moqnili dajgufeba _ swavlis
lisas da swavlebisas miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs bevri sxvadasxva moTxovnilebis mixedviT
stili, erTi Tema, romelic swavlis sxvadasxva stilis umravlesobas moswavleTa dajgufeba da
gadajgufeba.
aerTianebs aris gansxvaveba saswavlo situaciebSi informaciis gada-
muSavebisadmi Rrma da zedapirul midgomebs Soris (Snow, Korno & Jack- swavlis stili _ mecadineo-
son, 1996). is, visi midgomac informaciis Rrmad gadamuSavebas gulisx- bisa da swavlisadmi midgoma
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
mobs, swavlis mimarT ufro Segnebuli damokidebulebiTac gamoirCeva. gaTvaliswinebiT.

179
 rekomendaciebi: miRwevebis mixedviT dajgufeba
jgufebis formireba an reformireba 3. SeqmeniT patara, 2-3 kaciani jgufebi ise,
moswavleebis mimdinare moswrebis rom rac SeiZleba meti pirdapiri swav-
mixedviT im saganSi, romelsac aswavlian. leba uzrunvelyoT. moswavleebis didi
xniT marto datoveba swavlis xarisxis
magaliTebi daqveiTebas gamoiwvevs.
1. kiTxvis da maTematikuri jgufebis Camo­
SeecadeT, rom maswavleblebi, meTodebi da
yalibebisas gamoiyeneT Sefaseba kiTx-
swavlebis tempi mi­esadagebodes jgufis
vaSi, moswreba maTematikaSi.
moTxovnilebebs.
2. moswavleTa Sedegebis cvlis Sesabamisad
xSirad cvaleT jgufebi.
magaliTebi
ar waaxalisoT dapirispireba jgufebs So- 1. organizeba gaukeTeT da aswavleT jgu­
ris. waaxaliseT klasSi moswavleTa erTsu- febs ise, rom dabali moswrebis moswav-
lovneba. leebma damatebiTi instruqciebic mi-
iRon.
magaliTebi 2. scadeT dajgufebis alternativebi – ar-
sebobs klasSida gadaj­gufebis sxvadasx-
1. kiTxvisa da maTematikis gakveTilebis
va gza, romlebic zogierTi sagnisTvis
garda es jgufebi ar dasvaT erTad sxva
ufro efeqtiania. divein meisonma da tom
gakveTilebze.
gudma 1993 wels aRmoaCines, rom maTema-
2. Tavi aarideT jgufebisTvis saxelebis
tikaSi, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mTeli
darqmevas.
klasisTvis instruqciebisa da Seswore-
bebis miwodeba, ukeTes Sedegs iZleva
bavSvebi SesaZleblobebis mixedviT
jgufebad dayofasTan da am jgufebis
daajgufeT erT an maqsimum or saganSi.
calke swavlebasTan SedarebiT.

magaliTebi
1. darwmundiT, rom jgufis wevrebi bevr
proeqtSi iReben monawileobas.
2. CaatareT eqsperimentebi swavlebis stra­
tegiebze, aqcenti gaakeTeT TanamSrom-
lobaze.
klasis SigniT jgufebad dayofis Sesaxeb dam-
atebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.nasponline.org/information/prosper_ag.html
http://www.nwrel.org/scpd/sirs/1/cu2.html

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITMM-s da
ganavrceT
swavlis/kognituri stili
(I,B1)
gaecaniT swavlis stilTan da-
kavSirebul mTavar Temebs da
gamoiyeneT isini gakveTilis
Catarebisas.
isini cdiloben Caswvdnen arssa da mniSvnelobas, mecadineoben swavlis
siyvaruliT da sxvebis mier TavianTi miRwevis Sefasebaze naklebad
fiqroben. xolo moswavleebi, romlebic zedapirulad udgebian swavlas
(informaciis zedapiruli gadamuSaveba), yuradRebas amaxvileben masa-
lis ara gagebaze, aramed damaxsovrebaze, arian motivirebulni niSnebiT,
jildoebiT, gare standartebiT da surT, rom maTi miRwevebi sxvebmac
dadebiTad Seafason. ra Tqma unda, situaciam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos
informaciis Rrma an zedapirul gadamuSavebas, magram arsebobs aSkara
tendencia, rom individebs midrekileba aqvT saswavlo situaciebs erTi
an meore damaxasiaTebeli gziT miudgnen. (Biggs, 2001; Coffield, Moseley, Hall,
& Essestone, 2004; Pintrich & Schrauben, 1992; Tait & Entwistle, 1998).

180
 upiratesobis miniWeba swav-
sifrTxile swavlaSi upiratesobis lisas _ swavlis garkveuli
meTodisadmi upiratesobis
miniWebasTan dakavSirebiT miniWeba, magaliTad, teqstis
nacvlad vizualuri masalis
70-iani wlebis meore naxevris Semdeg swavlis procesSi raimesTvis gamoyeneba, sxva adamianebTan
upiratesobis miniWebis Sesaxeb bevri daiwera (Dunn, Dunn & Price, 2000; erTad mecadineoba, struq-
Dunn & Griggs, 2003; Gregorc, 1982, Keefe, 1982). am naSromebSi raimesTvis upi- turirebul an arastruqturi-
rebul garemoSi mecadineoba
ratesobis miniWebas swavlis erT-erT stilad moixsenieben, magram Cemi
da a.S.
azriT, `stils~ gansazRvravs is upiratesoba, romliTac sargebloben Individuals with Disabilities Edu-
sxvadasxva garemoSi – magaliTad sad, rodis, visTan erTad, ramdenad cation Improvement Act (IDEIA)
ganaTebul garemoSi, saWmlis an musikis TanxlebiT moswonT mecadineo- Latest amendment of PL 94-142,
guarantees a free public educa-
ba. magaliTad, me momwons mecadineoba da wera drois didi monakveTis tion to all children regardless of
– mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc wesi, virCev dedlains, rom mTeli disability.
kvira (an metic) vimuSao am Temaze da movaswro dedlainisTvis (bolo
vada); Semdeg, erTi dRe davisveneb. rodesac vgegmav an vfiqrob, azri
werilobiT unda Camovayalibo. myavs kolega, romelic mosaubris smeni-
sas da moxsenebis dagegmvisas, urTierTobebis diagramebs xazavs. Tu
vinmesTan erTad mecadineobas aniWebT upiratesobas, SeiZleba is `vinme~
Tqvennairi an gansxvavebuli iyos, Tumca mainc efequrad muSaobdeT er-
Tad. mniSvnelovania Tu ara mecadineobis aseTi stili swavlis dros?
arsebobs moswavleTa swavlis upiratesobebis Sesafasebeli ram-
denime xerxi: swavlis stilis aRwera (Dunn, Dunn & Price, 1989), swavlis
stilTa aRwera (ganaxlebuli) (Kolb, 1985) da swavlis stilis profili
(Keefe & Monk, 1986). magram es testebi Zalian gakritikebulia dama-
jereblobisa da validurobis naklebobis gamo (Snider, 1990; Wintergerst,
DeCapua, & Itzen, 2001). faqtobrivad, swavlis stilis xerxebis eqstensiur
kvlevaSi swavlis unar-Cvevebis kvlevis inglisis centris mkvlevrebma
daaskvnes: `danis da danis (seqcia 3.2), gregorcis (seqcia 3.1) da raid-
ingis (seqcia 4.1) maTi swavlis stilis xerxebis Semowmebis Semdeg
dabejiTebiT girCevT, ar gamoiyenoT isini ganaTlebasa da biznesSi”
(Coffield da sxv., 2004, gv.127).
swavlis stilis zogi mxardamWeri amtkicebs, rom moswavleebi uf­
ro kargad iTviseben, rodesac maTTvis sasurvel garemoSi mecadi-
neoben (Dunn, Beaudry, & Klavas, 1989; Lovelace, 2005). aseve arsebobs mtki­
ce­buleba, rom Zalian Wkviani moswavleebi ganmartoebulad, mSvid
garemoSi mecadineobas amjobineben da naklebi struqtura sWirdebaT
(Torrance, 1986). magram ganaTlebis fsiqologebis umravlesoba saswavlo
upiratesobebs afasebs: `mkvlevrebi davoben swavlis stilis kvlevebis
Taobaze, radgan ver moxerxda imis damtkiceba, rom bavSvebis mier
swavlisas stilis sxvadasxva raimesTvis upiratesobebis miniWeba maTi
swavlis xarisxs aumjobesebs, (Stahl, 2002 gv. 99). maS ratom aris es idee-
bi ase popularuli? nawilobrivi pasuxi: `ganviTarebuli komerciuli
industria imisTvisacaa Seqmnili, menejerebs swavlis stilis Sesaxeb
rCeva SesTavazos. es rCevebi umetesad gadaWarbebuli moTxovnebisa
da uyuradRebo daskvnebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic arsebul codnasa da
calkeul TeoretikosTa specifikur rekomendaciebs scildeba~ (Coffield
da sxv., 2004 gv. 127). swavlebis zogi idea gamosadegia, magram ar aris
aucilebeli imitom, rom swavlis stilzea dafuZnebulia.
ase rom, sanam TiToeul moswavleze swavlis stilis morgebas Se-
ecdebiT, daimaxsovreT, rom axalbeda moswavleebi xSirad TavisiT
ver gansazRvraven, rogor unda imecadinon. xandaxan moswavleebi,
gan­­sakuTrebiT isini, visac siZneleebi aqvs, upiratesobas advil da
mo­xerxebul gzebs aniWeben; namdvili swavla ki SeiZleba rTuli da

181

daukavSireT swavlebas
da ganavrceT
rodesac moswavleebi ver
asruleben kurss, maT masa-
las ukeTesi Sedegis miRw-
evis mizniT ameorebineben.
gamoiyeneT swavlis kognituri
stilis cneba am meTodis
sawinaaRmdegod.
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
Jurnalis `Teoria praqti-
kaSi~ 1996 wlis zamTris
gamoSveba eZRvneba Temas _
`inkluziuri skola: debatebis
gagrZeleba~. ix. veb-gverdi
http://www.coe.ohio-state.edu/
TIP. es gazeTi specialurad
pedagogebisTvisaa.
individualuri gansxvavebebi da kanoni
182
Semawuxebeli iyos. moswavleebi zogjer erTi stiliT mecadineobas
am­jobineben, radganac alternativa ar gaaCniaT. aseTi moswavleebis­
Tvis SeiZleba sasargeblo da ufro efeqtiani aRmoCndes mecadineo-
bis axali stilis SemuSaveba. sayuradReboa kidev erTi ram – swavlis
mravali stilis arseboba swored imaze mianiSnebs, rom mniSvnelovania
moswavleTa gansxvavebulobis faqtori. magram moswavleebze uaxlesi
dakvirvebebi gviCvenebs, rom swavleba-swavlis mTliani sistema uke-
Tesi gzaa moswavlis mier swavlis procesis gasagebad (Coffield da sxv.,
2004). amas Semdeg TavSi SevexebiT, sadac kulturasa da swavlis stilze
visaubrebT.
vizualur/verbaluri gansxvavebebi
arsebobs swavlis stilis erTi ganmasxvavebeli, rac kvleviTaa da-
dasturebuli. riCard maierma Seiswavla vizualur da verbalur mo-
swavleTa gansxvavebebi da aRmoaCina, rom vizualur da verbalur gan-
zomilebebs aqvs sami punqti: kognitur-sivrciTi unari (dabali an
maRali), kognituri stili (vizualuri, verbaluri) da upiratesi swavla
(vizualurad swavlobs, Tu verbalurad). rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi
4.4-Si (Mayer & Massa, 2003), suraTi ufro rTulia, vidre, ubralod, mo-
swavleTa vizualur an verbalur kategoriebad dajgufeba. moswavleebi
SeiZleba suraTebiT Seswavlas aniWebdnen upiratesobas, magram maTi
dabali sivrciTi unari ilustrirebuli swavlis efeqtianobas amcireb-
des. am gansxvavebebis sandod gazomva SesaZlebelia, magram mkvlevrebs
am stiliT swavlebis Sedegebi ar daudgeniaT. arada, informaciis sxva­
dasxva modalobaSi warmodgena SeiZleba sasargebloc ki iyos.
swavlis stilis ganxilvis mniSvneloba. miuxedavad imisa, rom swav­
lis stilisa da upiratesobis miniWebis swavlebasTan damakavSirebe­
li naSromebis umravlesoba arasando gazomvisa da gaurkveveli moT­
xovnilebis gamo eWvqveSaa, amaze fiqrs mainc aqvs azri. upirveles
yovlisa, Tu moswavleebs mecadineobaze dafiqrebaSi daexmarebiT,
SesaZlebelia maT ukeTesi TviTkontroli da TviTanalizis unari ga-
moumuSaoT. Semdeg TavebSi ganvixilavT TviTanalizis efeqts swavlasa
da motivaciaze. garda amisa, moswavleTa individualur swavlis stil-
ze dakvirvebiT, maswavleblebs gansxvavebuli moswavleebis dafaseba,
miReba da maTi gansxvavebebis Segueba uwevT (Coffield da sxv., 2004; Rosen-
feld & Rosenfeld, 2004).
aqamde, ZiriTadad, yuradRebas moswavleebis sxvadasxva unarsa da
stilze vamaxvilebdiT. am TavSi yuradRebas mivaqcevT moswavleebisT-
vis swavlaSi xelSemSlel garemoebebs. maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelova-
nia, rom am sakiTxebze warmodgena hqondes, radgan bolo 30 wlis
gan­mavlobaSi politika Seicvala da TiToeuli moswavlisadmi maswav-
leblis pasuxismgebloba gaizarda.
SeCerdi dafiqrdi dawere gqoniaT Tu ara SemTxveva, rom jgufSi
aRmoCe­nil­xarT erTaderTi, romelsac uWirs raRacis keTeba? rogor
igrZnobdiT Tavs skolaSi, yoveli dRe aseTi rom yofiliyo? danarCeni
 cxrili 4.4

vizualuri da verbaluri daswavlis ganzomilebis sami aspeqti

arsebobs sami ganzomileba vizualuri an verbaluri daswavlisa: unari, stili
da raimesTvis upiratesobis miniWeba. pirovnebebs SeiZleba am sami ganzomilebis
dabali an maRali unari hqondeT.

aspeqti moswavleTa tipebi ganmarteba

kognituri maRali sivrciTi unaris mqone suraTebisa da sivrciTi informaciis

unari Seqmnis, damaxsovrebisa da gamoyenebis
Zlieri unari

kognituri dabali sivrciTi unaris mqone suraTebisa da sivrciTi informaciis

stili Seqmnis, damaxsovrebisa da gamoyenebis
susti unari

daswavlis vizualurad moazrovne fiqrisas iyenebs suraTebsa da

vizualur informacias
verbalurad moazrovne
fiqrisas iyenebs sityvebsa da
SerCeuli vizualurad Semswavleli verbalur informacias
meTodi verbalurad Semswavleli amjobinebs ilustrirebul
instruqciebs
amjobinebs sityvier instruqciebs

wyaro:…F rom R.E. Mayer, & L.J. Massa (2003). “Three facets of visual and verbal learners: Cognitive ability, cognitive
style and learning preference.” Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), p.838.

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s

bevrad iolad arTmevs Tavs samuSaos. ra saxis xelSewyoba da swavleba da ganavrceT
dagWirdebodaT, rom mcdeloba ar SegewyvitaT? individualuri ganviTarebis
programebi (I, B3)
aSS-SiPL-94-142-iT (unarSezRudulebis ganaTlebis aqtiT) 1975 wels rodesac xels awerT IEP-
s, xels awerT mniSvnelovan
daiwyo kanonTa seriebi, romlebmac SezRuduli SesaZleblobis bavS-
saganmanaTleblo da legalur
vebis ganaTlebaSi revoluciuri cvlilebebi Seitana. SezRuduli Se­ dokuments. darwmundiT, rom
saZ­leblobis individTa ganaTlebis gaumjobesebis aqtis saxeliT SegiZliaT axsnaT am doku-
cnobili kanonmdebloba ganaxlda 1990, 1997 da 2004 wlebSi. wignSi es ab­ mentis mizani, amoicnoT misi
reviaturis IDEA an IDEIA-s saxiT SegxvdebaT. kanoni, zogadad, mo­iTxovs, komponentebi da aRweroT masSi
gadmocemuli informacia.
rom aSS-Si unarSezRuduli moswavleebis ufaso da sajaro ganaTleba
TiToeulma Statma uzrunvelyos (FAPE). gamonaklisebi ar arsebobs –
nulovani uari (Zero reject
kanoni moiTxovs nulovan uaryofas. es exeba gadamdeb daavadebebsac,
) – bazisuri principi, rom
iseTs, rogoricaa Sidsi. xarjebis dafarva sazogadoebis valdebulebad arcerT unarSezRuduls,
iTvleba. SevamowmoT am kanonebis moTxovnebi. maswavleblebisTvis sami ramdenad mZime darRvevac ar
yvelaze saintereso punqtia: individualuri ganaTlebis programa, (IEP) unda hqondes, ar SeiZleba
unarSezRuduli moswavleebisa da maTi mSoblebis uflebebis dacva da uari eTqvas Tavisufal sajaro
ganaTlebaze.
`minimalurad SemzRudveli garemos~ cneba.
ganaTlebis individualizeb-
uli programa (IEP) – progra-
individualuri ganaTlebis programa mis yovelwliuri gadasinjva
potenciuri moswavlisaT-
kanonmdeblobis TvalsazrisiT, TiToeuli moswavle unikaluria, vis, miRwevis im droisaTvis
romelsac SeiZleba sWirdebodes ganviTarebisTvis specialurad Se- arsebuli xarisxis, miznebis,
strategiebis gaTvaliswineba
qmnili programa. individualuri ganaTlebis programa IEP aris Se-
maswavleblebis, mSoblebis,
Tanxmeba mSoblebsa da skolas Soris am momsaxurebis Sesaxeb. IEP Se- specialistebis mier da, Tu
SesaZlebelia, moswavlis mona­
wileobiTac.

183

minimalurad SemzRudveli
garemo (LRE) – saswavlo
garemo, TanatolTa wre,
Cveulebrivi saklaso situacia,
romelic gulisxmobs aucileb-
el xelSewyobas unarSezRudu-
li moswavleebis ganaTlebi-
sTvis. TiTqmis igivea, rac
`meinstrimingi~.
`meinstrimingi~ _ unarSez-
Ruduli bavSvebis swavleba
Cveulebriv klasebSi drois
garkveul SualedSi an mTeli
dRiT.
integracia _ specifikuri
saWiroebebis mqone bavSvis
CarTva klasis arsebul struq-
turaSi.
inkluzia _ yoveli moswavlis
integracia Cveulebriv klasSi,
imaTic visac mZime unarSez-
Ruduloba aReniSnebaT.
184
muSavebulia jgufis mier, romelic moswavlis mSoblis an meurvis, misi
piradi maswavleblis, zogadi ganaTlebis maswavleblis, specialuri
sagnebis maswavleblis warmomadgenlisa da moswavlisgan Sedgeba (Tu
es misaRebia) skolisa da mSoblis SeTanxmebis Sedegad, jgufs bavSvis
gansa­kuTrebuli Tvisebebis mcodne sxva pirovnebac SeiZleba daematos,
(magaliTad fsiqoTerapevti). programa yovelwliurad gadamuSavdeba
da masSi unda iyos Semdegi punqtebi:
1. moswavlis mimdinare akademiuri miRwevebi da funqciaTa
gamovli­neba.
2. gazomvadi moqmedebis wliuri mizani. mSoblebs saxlSi unda miewo-
debodes moxsenebiTi baraTi progresis Sesaxeb.
3. moswavlisTvis specialuri ganaTlebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli
momsaxurebis detaluri aRwera. aseve miTiTebuli unda iyos mom-
saxurebis dawyebis TariRi.
4. ganmarteba, moswavlis programis ra nawili ar Catardeba Cveu-
lebriv skolasa da klasSi.
5. informacia, rogor miiRebs moswavle monawileobas Statisa da
ubnis masStabis, gansakuTrebiT aqtis _ No Child Left Behind _ mier
moTxovnil RonisZiebebSi.
6. 14-dan 16 wlamde bavSvebisTvis Sedgenili cvalebadi momsaxu­
re­bis dokumentacia, raTa moswavleebi Semdgomi ganaTlebis an
dasaqmebis sferoSi gadavidnen.
sqema 13.3-Si (me-13 Tavi) SexvdebiT IEP-dan amonawers 15 wlis biWis
Sesaxeb.
moswavleTa da maTi ojaxebis uflebebi
am kanonebis ramdenime punqti mSobelTa da moswavleTa uflebebs
icavs. skolam maTi konfidencialuroba unda daicvas. testirebam sxva­­
dasxva kulturuli warmomavlobis moswavleTa diskriminacia ar unda
moaxdinos. Tuki es SeZlebelia, moswavleebs mSobliur enaze un­­da Cau-
tardes testireba. mSoblebi werilobiT unda daTanxmdnen Tavi­anTi Svi-
lis sawyis Sefasebasa da ganaTlebis programaze. isini bavSvis testire-
basTan, swavlebasa da adgilsamyofelTan dakavSirebiT yvela amonaweris
naxvis uflebiT sargebloben. survilisamebr, mSoblebs SeuZliaT miiRon
bavSvis Sefasebis furceli da IEP-is Sexvedraze miiyvanon iuristi. Tu
mSobeli miuwvdomelia, moswavles surogati mSobeli unda daeniSnos.
mSoblebma gegmaSi raime cvlilebis Setanamde werilobiTi Setyobineba
(mSobliur enaze) unda miiRon. dabolos, mSob­lebs maTi SvilisTvis Sed-
genili programis gaprotestebis ufleba aqvT. Tuki moswavlis ojaxTan
problemebs waawydebiT, dagexmarebaT CanarTi `rekomendaciebi~, ro-
melic ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromlobis sakiTxs eZRvneba.
minimalurad SemzRudveli garemo
kanoni moiTxovs, rom TiToeulma bavSvma minimalurad Se­z­­Rudvel
garemoSi, SeZlebisdagvarad tipur saklaso oTaxSi, TanatolebTan
erTad miiRos ganaTleba. maSasadame, moswavlis IEP unda asaxavdes,
rom igi ganaTlebas Tavisi saWiroebis Sesabamisad, minimalurad Semz-
Rudvel garemoSi iRebs. wlebis ganmavlobaSi midgomam meinstrimidan
(gansakuTrebuli moTxovnilebebis mqone bavSvebis CarTva Cveulebriv
 ojaxisa da sazogadoebis partnioroba

rekomendaciebi: produqtiuli Sexvedrebi

dagegmeT da moamzadeT produqtiuli Sex-
vedrebi.
magaliTebi
1. gqondeT gansazRvruli mizani da SeagroveT
saWiro informacia. Tu gsurT, rom ganix-
iloT moswavlis winsvla, warmoadgineT
amis maga­liTebi.
2. ojaxebs gaugzavneT SekiTxvebis nusxa, ra­
Ta SexvedrisTvis informacia Seagrovon.
sanimuSo SekiTxvebi frendisa da bursu-
kis mixedviT (Friend & Bursuck, 2002):
ra aris Tqveni Svilis sayvareli sas-
kolo aqtivoba?
gamoxatavs Tu ara Tqveni Svili wuxils
romelime saklaso saqmianobis Taobaze?
romeli saqmianobebia es?
ra aris TqvenTvis prioritetuli Svi-
lis mimdinare wlis ganaTlebaSi?
ra SekiTxvebi gaqvT wels Cems klasSi
Tqveni Svilis ganaTlebasTan dakavSire-
biT?
rogor SeuZlia skolas, aqcios mimdi-
nare weli Tqveni SvilisTvis yvelaze
warmatebulad?
aris Tu ara Temebi, romlebic gsurT
rom ganixiloT Sexvedraze? dadebiTi
pasuxis SemTxvevaSi gTxovT winaswar
macnoboT, rom movemzado.
gsurT Tu ara, rom sxvebic daeswron
Sexvedras? dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxveva-
Si, gTxovT, momawodoT maTi sia.
aris Tu ara raime gansakuTrebuli sas­
kolo informacia, romelic gsurT,
rom mogawodoT Sexvedrisas?Tu asea,
gTxovT, macnoboT amis Sesaxeb.
Sexvedris mimdinareobisas SeqmeniT da Sein-
arCuneT urTierTpativiscemisa da TanamS-
romlobis atmosfero.
magaliTebi
1. moawyveT oTaxSi Sesaferisi garemo piradi
saubrebisaTvis, karze da­­kideT niSani sau-
bris Sewyvetis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.
ukeTesi urTierTgagebisa da kolabora-
ciis mizniT, Sexvedra moawyeT sakonferen-
cio magidasTan.
2. ojaxis wevrebs mimarTeT `batono~ da `qa-
lbatono~ da ara `deda~, `mama~ `bebia~. mo-
swavleebi moixsenieT saxelebiT.
3. mousmineT ojaxis wuxils da yuradReba
gaamaxvileT bavSvebis Sesaxeb mas mosazre-
bebze.
Sexvedris Semdeg CainiSneT da ganavrceT
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dro.
magaliTebi
1. moawesrigeT Canawerebi.
2. werilobiT SeajameT gadawyvetilebebi da
daugzavneT ojaxsa da sxva maswavleb-
lebs.
3. daukavSirdiT ojaxebs sxva SemTxvevebSic,
miT umetes, Tuki raime kargi ambavi gaqvT
gasaazrebeli.
mSoblebTan Sexvedrebis Sesaxeb damatebiTi in-
formaciisTvis ix.: http://teacher.scholastic.com/pro-
fessional/parentconf

klasSi) integraciamde (bavSvis morgeba klasis arsebul struqturas-

Tan) da inkluziamde (saganmanaTleblo garemos rekonstruqcia yvela
moswavlis sasargeblod) gadainacvla (Avarmidis, Bayliss, & Burden, 2000;
Friend & Bursuck, 2002).
inkluziis mimdevrebs sjeraT, rom unarSezRuduli bavSvebisTvis
sasargebelo iqneba, Tuki ganaTlebas Cveulebrivi Tanatolebis gver-
diT, regularul skolaSi miiReben, Tundac es ganaTlebis moTxovnile-
bebis, gansakuTrebuli daxmarebis, momsaxurebisa da maswavlebelTa
swavlebis meTodis Secvlas iTxovdes (Haager & Klingner, 2005; Stainback

185

seqcia 504 – aSS ganaTlebis
Sesa­xeb Tanamedrove kanonis
nawili romelic miiRo saSualo
skolis federalurma fondma
da icavs unarSezRudulebs.
1990 wlis sakanonmdeblo aqti
unarSezRudul amerikelTa
Sesaxeb _ kanoni, romelic
krZalavs unarSezRuduli
adamianebis diskriminacias
dasaqmebisas, transportirebi-
sas, sazogadoebaSi integri-
rebisas, krZalavs diskrimina-
cias adgilobriv mTavrobaSi,
telekomunikaciebSi.
186
& Stainback, 1992). Tumca zogierTi mkvlevari frTxilobs da fiqrobs,
rom inkluzia yvela bavSvisTvis ar aris saukeTeso gamosavali (John-
son, Duffett, Farkas, & Wilson, 2002). magaliTad, naumi zigmundma (Naomi Zig-
mond) da misma kolegebma 1995 wlis moxsenebaSi, romelic 6 dawyebiTi
skolis Seswavlis Sedegebs moicavda, aRniSnes, rom am meTodma unar-
SezRuduli bavSvebis mxolod naxevarSi gaamarTla. moswavleebma Sesa­
bamis garemoSi gamocdilebis efeqturad gamoyeneba rom Seiswavlon,
sxvadasxva momsaxureba unda iyos SemuSavebuli, igi SeiZleba iyos
yvelanairi _ nawilobrivi inkluziiT dawyebuli da specialuri skole-
biT damTavrebuli.
seqcia 504 dacva
IDEIA-sa da kanoniT gansazRvruli momsaxureba ver moicavs yvela
moswavles, romelic specialur akomodacias saWiroebs, magram am mo-
swavleebis ganaTleba SeiZleba sxva kanonis farglebSi ganxorciel-
des. 1960-70-iani wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis Sedegad,
federalurma mTavrobam 1973 wlis profesiuli reabilitaciis aqti
SeimuSava. am kanonis 504-e seqcia krZalavs sajaro skolebisa da sxva
saxelmwifo dafinansebis mqone programebis mier unarSezRuduli ada-
mianebis diskriminacias.
am seqciis mixedviT, skolis RonisZiebebSi monawileobis misaRebad
yvela bavSvs Tanabari saSualeba eZleva. `unarSezRudulebis~ ganmarte-
ba farToa. Tu moswavlis mdgomareoba zRudavs mis monawileobas Ro­
nisZiebaSi, skolam damxmare gegma (oRond damatebiTi Tanxis miRebis
gareSe) unda SeimuSaos. amisTvis moswavleebi unda Seafasos jgufma,
romelic SemdgomSi SeimuSavebs am gegmas. IDEIA-gan gansxvavebiT, 504
seqcias naklebi wesebi aqvs amis Taobaze, Sesabamisad, zogi skola sa-
kuTar procedurebs adgens (Friend & Bursuck, 2002). ixileT 4.5 cxrili
akomodaciis magaliTebisTvis, romlebic moswavleebs did daxmarebas
gauwevs da Zalian efeqturia. Tumca, Cemda gasakvirad, SevniSnav, rom
bevri maswavlebeli moswavleebs kalkulatoris an diqtofonis gamoy-
enebis uflebas ar aZlevs, radgan `maT unda iswavlon sxvebis msgavsad
muSaoba!~ 504-e seqciis akomodaciebi or ZiriTad jgufzea gaTvlili:
janmrTelobis problemebis mqone (diabeti, wamalze damokidebuleba,
mwvave alergia, gadamdebi daavadebebi, droebiTi unarSezRuduloba
ubeduri SemTxvevisa da alkoholizmis fonze) da yuradRebis defici-
tisa da hiperaqtiuri darRvevis mqone moswavleebi, Tu isini ukve ar
arian gadafarulni IDEIA- s mier.
1990 wlis aqti unarSezRudul amerikelTa Sesaxeb krZalavs unar-
SezRudulobis sababiT pirovnebaTa diskriminacias dasaqmebaSi, trans-
portirebisas, adgilobriv mmarTvelobasa da telekomunikaciaSi. es
kanoni 504-e seqciis gatarebas varaudobs skolisa da samuSao adgilis
miRmac _ biblioTekebSi, adgilobriv da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi,
restornebSi, sastumroebSi, TeatrebSi, maRaziebSi, sazogadoebriv
transportsa da bevr sxva garemoSi.
amjerad ganvixilavT zogierT winaaRmdegobas, romelTac SeiZleba
moswavleebi waawydnen.
 cxrili 4.5
akomodaciis magaliTebi 504-e seqciis mixedviT
504-e seqciis gegmaSi Cawerili akomodaciis tipebi praqtikulad
usazRv­roa. zogi akomodacia SeiZleba garemos fizikur cvlile-
bebTan iyos dakavSirebuli (mag. alergenis mosaSoreblad haeris
filtrebis dayeneba). Tumca bevr moswavles aqvs swavlisa da yo-
faqcevis darRvevebi da maTi moTxovnebi axlosaa unarSezRudulTa
moTxovnebTan. qvemoT mocemulia is instruqciebi, romlebic 504-e
seqciis gegmaSi SeiZleba CarToT.

moswavleebi maswavlebelTan rac SeiZleba axlos dasviT.

moswavleebi dasviT iseT TanatolebTan, romlebsac maTTvis
daxmarebis gaweva SeuZliaT saWiroebisamebr.
moswavleebi dasviT karebisa da fanjrebisagan Sors, rom yu­
rad­Reba ar gaefantoT.
davalebis furclebi gayaviT Suaze, raTa moswavleebi ar aRel­
dnen Sesasrulebeli samuSaos sididis gamo.
gamoiyeneT mokle da naTeli miTiTebebi.
mieciT kalkulatorisa da diqtofonis gamoyenebis ufleba.
gamoiyeneT xmis amomcnobi kompiuteruli programebi weriTi
da­valebebisTvis.
aRniSneT mxolod swori pasuxebi.
miawodeT saxlSi dasatovebeli saxelmZRvaneloebis nusxa, ra­
Ta moswavles ar dasWirdes maTi tareba.
iqonieT wignebis audioversiebi, raTa moswavleebs wakiTxvis
gareSe SeeZloT davalebebis Sesruleba.
am punqtebis ganxilviT darwmundebiT, rom mravali maTgani ub­ralod
kargi instruqciaa. isini gansakuTrebuli moTxovnilebebis mqo­ne
moswavleebs warmatebiT swavlaSi efeqtur daxmarebas uweven.

wyaro: wignidan Including Students with Special Needs: A Practical Guide for Classroom
Teachers, 3/e by Marilyn Friend & William D. Bursuck. Published by Allyn & Bacon, Boston,
MA. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

gavrcelebuli sirTuleebi

4.6. cxrilidan Cans, rom IDEIA-s momsaxurebis qveS myof TiTqmis

sam milion moswavles aReniSneba swavlis specifikuri unarSezRudu-
loba, xolo erT milions metyvelebisa da enis problemebi aqvs. Tu
am maCvenebels inteleqtualurad unarSezRudul bavSvebsa (romleb-
sac 4.6 cxrilSi `mentalurad CamorCenilebi~ ewodaT) da emociuri
problemebis mqone moswavleebs daumatebT, naxavT, rom moswavleTa
TiTqmis 90% IDEIA-s momsaxurea. axali politikisa da kanonSi Setanili
uaxlesi cvlilebebis fonze, gakveTilze aucileblad geyolebaT am
kategoriis ramdenime moswavle mainc.
specialuri ganaTlebis servisis mimReb moswavleTa naxevars yve­laze
gavrcelebuli, kognituri unarSezRudulobis, diagnozi aqvs dasmuli.

187

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
rasel gerStenisa da Seron
vonis (Russel Gersten & Sharon
Vaughn) redaqtorobiT 2001
wlis ianvarSi gamocemuli
dawyebiTi skolis Jurnali
mTlianad eZRvneba `swavlis
unarSezRuduli moswavlee-
bisTvis misawodebel in-
struqciebs~. aq ganxilulia
iseTi Temebi, rogoricaa
mxatvruli wera, ganaTleba,
TviTSefaseba da
maRalkvalificiuri swavla.
daswavlis unaris darRveva
_ enis Seswavlasa da mis gamoye­
nebasTan dakavSirebuli prob-
lemebi; SeiZleba gamovlindes
wera-kiTxvis, azrovnebis,
angariSis gaZnelebaSi.
188
daswavlis unaris darRvevis mqone moswavleebi
`rogor axsnas movuZebniT moswavles, romelsac uWirs kiTxva, wera
an maTematikis swavla, imis miuxedavad, rom mas ar aqvs inteleqtual-
uri darRvevebi, emociuri problemebi an saganmanaTleblo Seferxebebi;
xedavs, esmis da metyvelebs normalurad. erT-erTi axsnaa moswavlis
daswavlis unaris darRveva. es aris gansakuTrebul moswavleTa Sedar-
ebiT axali, magram sakamaTo kategoria. ar arsebobs am cnebis sabolood
SeTanxmebuli ganmarteba _ gvaqvs rva sxvadasxvagvari ganmarteba (Hal-
lahan da sxv, 2005) maT Soris erT-erTi IDEIA-s ekuTvnis: `erTi an meti
sabazo fsiqologiuri procesis darRveva, romelic zepiri an weriTi
metyvelebis gagebasa da gamoyenebaze aisaxeba~ (gv.15). ganmartebaTa
umetesoba erTmaneTs eTanxmeba imaSi, rom am moswavleTa SesaZleblo-
bebis fonze maTi warmatebebi swavlaSi mosalodnelze mcirea.
2001 wels aSS-is specialuri ganaTlebis ofisis departamentma
swavlis uunarobis (SLD) sakiTxebSi Sexvedra moawyo. swavlis specifi-
kuri uunaroba am Sexvedraze ase ganmartes.
swavlis specifikuri unarSezRudvis (SLD) ZiriTadi arsi pi­
rovnebis swavlebisa da Semecnebis Sinagan darRvevebs gulisxmobs.
SLD specifikuria imitom, rom TiToeuli am darRvevaTagani mniS-
vnelovan gavlenas axdens SedarebiT viwro aka­demiur Sedegebze.
swavlis specifikuri unarSezRudva (SLD) SeiZleba Segvxvdes sxva
unarSemzRudvel mdgomareobasTan kombinaciaSi, rogoricaa men-
taluri CamorCena, yofaqcevis problemebi, swavlis SesaZleblobis
arqona an pirveladi sensoruli deficitebi. Tumca, swavlis uuna­
roba arc erTi maTganis mier ar aris gamowveuli (Bradley, Danielson, &
Hallahan, 2002, gv. 792).
zog pedagogsa da fsiqologs miaCnia, rom termins _ swavlis una­­ris
darRvevebi, metismetad xSirad iyeneben. maTi azriT, bevri moswavle,
ro­mel­sac swavlaSi unarSezRuduls uwodeben, ubralod, sxvebTan Se-
darebiT nela iTvisebs masalas an ucxoenovani moswavlea da aqvs enis
problema anda Tanatolebs CamorCnen xSiri gacdenis an skolis xSiri
Secvlis gamo (Finlan, 1994).
moswavleTa maxasiaTeblebi. swavlis unarSezRuduli yvela moswavle
erTnairi ar aris. yvelaze xSirad mJRavndeba sirTuleebiT erT an
met akademiur sferoSi; cudi koordinaciiT, yuradRebis probleme-
biT: hiperaqtiulobiTa da impulsurobiT; problemebiT vizualuri da
mos­menili informaciis sworad dalagebasa da TargmnaSi; azrovnebis,
mexsierebis, metyvelebisa da smenis darRveviT; da sirTuleebiT me-
gobrebis SeZenasa da SenarCunebaSi. (Hallahan & Kauffman, 2006; Hunt &
Marshall, 2002). rogorc xedavT, zogi es maxasiaTebeli bevri sxva saxis
unarSezRudvis (mag. yuradRebis deficiti) mqone moswavleebs da Cveu-
lebriv moswavleebsac SeiZleba aReniSnebodes. garda amisa, situacias
kidev ufro arTulebs is, rom swavlis unarSezRudul zog moswav-
les es problemebi ara aqvs da mxolod mcire raodenobiT SeiZleba
hqondes yvela problema. erTi moswavle SeiZleba sami wliT CamorCe-
bodes kiTxvaSi, magram maTematikaSi uswrebdes Tavis klass, meore
moswavles sapirispiro Zlieri da susti mxareebi hqondes, xolo mesa-
mes problemebi TiToeuli sagnis swavlebasa da organizirebulobaSi
aRmoaCndes, rac gavlenas axdens yvela sferoze.
 cxrili 4.6

IDEIA-s momsaxurebis qveS myof

6-21 wlis moswavleTa raodenoba
aRsaniSnavia am kategoriis moswavleTa raodenobis zrda 1991 wlis
Semdeg. autizmisa da tvinis dazianebis kategoriis sferoSi mox-
senebebi 1991-1992 wlebSi nebayoflobiT keTdeboda, magram 1992-
1993 wlebSi aucilebel moTxovnad iqca. amgvarad, didi procentu-
li zrda nawilobriv moxsenebaTa savaldebulo xasiaTiT aixsneba.

unarSezRuduloba 1991-1992 2000-2001 raodenobis %-li

cvlileba
swavlis 2,247,004 2,887,217 28.5
specifikuri
uunaroba
metyvelebis an 998,904 1,093,808 9.5
enis problemebi
gonebrivi 553,262 612,978 10.8
CamorCena
emociuri 400,211 473,663 18.4
problemebi
mravalgvari 98,408 122,559 24.5
unarSezRudvebi
smenis daqveiTeba 60,727 70,767 16.5
orTopediuli
darRvevebi
janmrTelobis 51,389 73,057 42.2
sxva darRvevebi
mxedvelobis 58,749 291,850 396.8
daqveiTeba
autizmi 24,083 25,975 7.9
siyrue-sibrmave 5,415 78,749 1,354.3
tvinis travmuli 1,427 1,320 -7.5
dazianeba 245 14,844 5,958.8
ganviTarebis
Seferxeba
yvela - 28,935 -
unarSezRuduloba 4,499,824 5,775,722 28.4

wyaro: U.S Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs, Data Analysis System
(DANS), cited in the Twenty-fourth Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (2002), p. II-21.

daswavlis unaris darRvevis mqone moswavleTa umravlesobas kiTxva

uWirs. 4.7 cxrili moicavs yvelaze xSir problemebs, Tumca es sir-
Tuleebi yovelTvis swavlis unarSezRudvaze ar migvaniSnebs. rogorc
Cans, isini gamowveulia bgerisa da asos dakavSirebis problemiT, rac
werasac arTulebs. (Stanovich, 1994; Willcut da sxv., 2001).

189
 cxrili 4.7

daswavlis unaris darRvevebis mqone moswavleTa kiTxvis

Cvevebi da Secdomebi
axasiaTebs es niSnebi Tqvens romelime moswavles? es SeiZleba aRniSnuli
indikatori iyos.

cudi kiTxvis Cveva

xSirad kargavs adgils;
Tavs aqnevs;
xSirad tiris da kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaze uars ambobs;
kiTxvisas amjobinebs wigni saxesTan axlos miitanos
kiTxvisas iZabeba, mag. kiTxulobs gaubedavad, ikvnets tuCebs, SfoTavs.

Secdomebi sityvebis amocnobisas

sityvis (artiklis) gamotoveba
sityvis Camateba
sityvis Canacvleba
sityvebis an asoebis amobruneba
sityvebis araswori warmoTqma
asoebis an sityvebis gadaadgileba
ucnobi sityvis nacnob nawilebad dayofa wakiTxvis mcdelobis gareSe
mZimed kiTxva (20-30 sityvaze naklebi).

gagebis Secdomebi
mniSvnelovani faqtebis gaxseneba (magaliTad, ar SeuZlia axlad wakiTxuli
abzacidan kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema)
Tanmimdevrobis gaxseneba (magaliTad, ver xsnis moTxrobaSi gadmocemul
movlenaTa Tanmimdevrobas)
mTavari Sinaarsis gaxseneba (magaliTad, ver swvdeba moTxrobis dedaazrs)

wyaro: wignidan Child and Adolescent Development for Educators, by J.L. Meece. Published
by McGraw-Hill. Copyright © 1997 McGraw-Hill. ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

unarSezRuduli moswavleebisTvis meore yvelaze xSiri problemaa

maTematika _ angariSic da amocanis amoxsnac. zogi maTgani wers da me-
tyvelebs gaurkvevlad, araorganizebulad. daswavlis unaris darRveve-
vis mqone moswavleebi xSirad davalebebisadmi midgomis efeqturi gze-
bis deficits ganicdian. maT ar ician, rogor gaamaxvilon yuradReba
mniSvnelovan informaciaze, iyvnen organizebulni, gamoiyenon swavlis
strategiebi da unar-Cvevebi, araefeqturobis SemTxvevaSi Secvalon
damokidebuleba an Seafason TavianTi mecadineoba. isini midrekilni
arian pasiuri swavlisken, radgan ar ician, rogor unda imecadinon.
damoukideblad mecadineoba gansakuTrebulad Znelia, amitom xSirad
saSinao davaleba bolomde ver sruldeba (Hallahan da sxv., 2005).
adreuli diagnozi imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom moswavleebma ar igrZ­­
non imedgacrueba da ar dakargon SemarTeba. TviT moswavleebi ver
xvdebian, ratom uWirT swavla da xSirad SeZenili ususurobis msxver­
p­lni xdebian. es mdgomareoba pirvelad cxovelebze Catarebuli eqs­
perimentebis dros aRiniSna. cxovelebi moaTavses garemoSi, sadac maT
cudad epyrobodnen (eleqtruli SokiT), romlis kontrolic ar See-
ZloT. mogvianebiT, rodesac situacia icvleboda da Sokis Tavidan
acileba SeeZloT, saamisod aRarc irjebodnen (Seligman, 1975). isini
umweo msxverplobas Seeguen. daswavlis unaris darRvevevis mqone mo-
swavleebsac miaCniaT, rom ar SeuZliaT sakuTari swavlis kontroli

190
 sazogadoebriv urTier-
TobebSi xSiria siZneleebi
swavlis unarSezRudvis,
yuradRebis deficitisa da
hiperaqtiurobis darRvevisa
da sxva unarSezRudvebis
dros.

da gamosworeba. isini arasodes cdiloben, Secvalon mecadineobis sti-

li da amgvarad pasiurni da umweoni rCebian.
TavianTi problemebis miCqmalvas cdiloben arasakmirisi mecadine­
obiT an imis SiSiT, rom Sesasrulebel samuSaos ver gaumklavdebian,
Tavs arideben zogierT sagans. amis Tavidan asacileblad, maswavleb­
lebma moswavleebi skolaSi saTanado profesionalebs rac SeiZleba
swrafad unda warudginon.

daswavlis unaris darRvevis mqone moswavleTa swavleba. aseTi moswav-

leebis dax­ma­rebis sakiTxi kvlav msjelobis sagania. erT-erTi warmate-
buli meTodia swavlis unarisa da mocemuli sagnis (mag.aliTad, kiTxva
an maTematika) Se­saxeb informaciis damuSaveba. me-7 da me-8 TavebSi
mocemuli Semec­nebiTi swavlebis principebi SeiZleba daexmaros yvela
moswavles yuradRebis, mexsierebis da amocanaTa amoxsnis unaris gan-
viTarebaSi (Sawyer, Graham, & Harris, 1992). gTavazobT hardmanis, driusa
da iganiseul (Hardman, Drew, & Egan, 2005) zogierT strategias.

skolamdeli wlebi daukavSireT kvlevas

da ganavrceT
verbaluri instruqciebi iyos martivi da mokle.
SeZenili ususurobis cnebas
konteqstis sirTule didi sifrTxiliT miusadageT bavSvis me-5 TavSi kvlav ganvixilavT,
ganviTarebis dones. rogorc Rarib bavSvTa waru-
mniSvneblobis asaxsnelad mouyvaneT ramdenime mateblobis mizezs, xolo me-
magaliTi. 10 TavSi rogorc motivaciaze
gavlenis mqone faqtors.
mieciT axal masalasTan meti praqtikis SesaZlebloba.
dawyebiTi skolis wlebi
gamoiyeneT mokle da martivi verbaluri instruqciebi; moswav-
leebs gaameorebineT miTiTebebi, raTa darwmundeT, rom gaiges.
gamoiyeneT mnemonika (mexsierebis strategiebi) moswavleTaTvis
mexsierebis gamosamuSaveblad.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi ramdenjerme gaimeoreT. swavlebasa da praq-
tikas damatebiTi dro gamouyaviT – aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi
Tavidan SeaswavleT.
SeZenili umweoba _
sabazo skola da gardatexis asaki
gamocdilebaze damyarebuli
uSualod SeaswavleT TviTmonitoringis strategiebi; aswavleT, molodini, rom individis
sakuTar Tavs dausvan SekiTxvebi, magaliTad: `vaqcevdi yoveli mcdeloba marcxiT
yuradRebas~? dasruldeba.

191

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
(ADHD) (I, B2)
axali moswavlis mSobeli
girekavT da gamcnobT, rom
misi Svilis diagnozi ADHD-a.
ra tipur qcevebs eliT am
moswavlisgan? ra zomebs mi-
iRebT, raTa xeli SeuwyoT
am moswavlis ganviTarebas?
darRveva-yuradRebis defi-
citi, hiperaqtiuroba (ADHD)
_ gulisxmobs qcevis im dar-
Rvevebs, romlebic xasiaTdeba
zeaqtiurobiT, yuradRebis
mokrebis uunarobiT, an impul-
surobiT
192
axali masala daukavSireT.moswavleTa codnis marags.
moswavleebs SeaswavleT gare mexsierebis strategiebisa da apa­
ratebis gamoyeneba (audio-Canawerebs, SeniSvnebis wignakis, Ca­mo­
naTvalis gakeTeba da a.S.).
albaT, fiqrobT, rom bevri moswavlisaTvis, visac meti xelSewyoba
da unar-Cvevebis ufro dawvrilebiT swavleba esaWiroeba, es kargi
ideaa. Tqven marTali brZandebiT.
kiTxvis swavlebis dros, asoebisa da bgerebis (fonetikuri) codna,
sityvis amocnobis strategiebis swavlebis kombinacia efeqturi aR-
moCnda. magaliTad, morin loveti da misi kolegebi (Lowett da sxv., 2000)
kanadaSi kiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva problemebis mqone mo-
swavleebs aswavlidnen sityvis amocnobis oTx gansxvavebul strategias:
(1) sityvebis amocnobas analogebis saSualebiT, (2) sityvis im nawilis
moZebnas, romelic ician, (3) sxvadasxva xmovan bgeraTa warmoTqmasa da
(4) mravalmarcvlian sityvebSi prefiqsebisa da sufiqsebis `mocilebas~.
maswavleblebi TiToeul moswavlesTan muSaobdnen sityvaSi bgerisa Tu
zogjer Sereuli bgerebis gaanalizebasTan erTad, am oTxi strategiis
Seswavlasa da praqtikaSi gamoyenebaze. unar-Cvevebisa da strategiebis
gamudmebuli swavleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kiTxvasTan daka-
vSirebuli sxvadasxva problemis mqone moswavleebisTvis.
hiperaqtiuri da yuradRebis deficitis
mqone moswavleebi
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT Tuki moswavles problemebi aqvs
drois ganawilebasa da saorganizacio sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, ra
tipis akomodaciebs SeamzadebT?
albaT gagigiaT Tanamedrove termini `hiperaqtiuroba~ da gamo-
giyenebiaT kidec. 50-60 wlis win hiperaqtiuri bavSvebi ar arsebobd­
nen. mark tvenis mier Seqmnili gmiris _ heklberi finis tipis bavSvebi
mi­iCneodnen meamboxe, zarmac an `mousvenar~ bavSvebad (Nylund, 2000).
dRes aseT bavSvebs hiperaqtiurebs uwodeben da es termini zedmetad
xSi­rad da zedmetad farTo mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. Cems programaSi
bevr maswavlebels hyavs klasSi 5-6 `hiperaqtiuri~ moswavle, erT-erT
klasSi maTma ricxvma 10-s miaRwia. faqtobrivad, hiperaqtiuroba ar
aris erTi gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba, es ori sxvadasxva problemaa,
romlebic erTad an cal-calke gvxvdeba: yuradRebis darRvevebi da
impulsur-hiperaqtiuri problemebi.
gansazRvrebebi. dRes fsiqologTa umetesoba Tanxmdeba, rom hiperaq­
tiur moswavleTa umTavresi problema maT mier ara ubralod fizikuri
aqtiurobis kontrols, aramed yuradRebis marTvasa da SenarCunebas
ukavSirdeba. amerikis fsiqiatrTa asociaciam am problemis mqone bavS-
vebis gamosavlenad SeimuSava diagnostikuri kategoria ADHD _ `yur-
adRebis deficitisa da hiperaqtivobis sindromi~ . 4.8 cxrilSi moyva-
nilia zogierTi indikatori.
hiperaqtiuri bavSvebi sxva bavSvebTan SedarebiT ara mxolod fi­
zikurad aqtiurni, uyuradReboni da daudevarni arian, aramed aRe­
niSnebaT Sesabamis pasuxis gacemasTan da miznis (sakuTari miznisac)
misaRwevad saWiro muSaobis arcodnasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebic.
damatebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, mcire period-
Sic ki, maT ar SeuZliaT sakuTari qcevis kontroli. zogadad, qceviTi
problemebi aSkaraa TiToeul maswavlebelTan da nebismier situaciaSi.
Znelia imis gansazRvra, ramdeni bavSvi SeiZleba iyos klasificirebu-
li, rogorc hiperaqtiuri. dawyebiT skolaSi 3-dan 5%-mdea aseTi bavS-
vi. aqedan naxevarze mets, rogorc yuradRebis, aseve hiperaqtiurobis
darRveva aReniSneba (Hardman da sxv., 2005; Sagvolden, 1999). gogonebTan
SedarebiT, daaxloebiT 3-4-jer meti hiperaqtiuri biWia gamovleni-
li, magram es gansxvaveba mcirdeba (Hallahan da sxv., 2005). cota xnis
win fsiqologTa umravlesoba Tvlida, rom es sindromi mozardobam-
deOADH klebulobda, magram dRes zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia, rom prob-
lemebi SeiZleba gadavides zrda­srul asakSic (Hallowell & Ratey, 1994).
mozardoba – dakavSirebuli puber­taciis Tanamdev mzard stresebTan,
saSualo an maRal klasebSi gadasvlasTan, metad momTxovn akademiur
muSaobasTan da STanmTqmel sazogadoebriv urTierTobebTan – ADHD-is
mqone moswavleebisTvis SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT Zneli periodi iyos
(Taylor, 1998).

ADHD-is mqone moswavleTa swavleba. amJamad ADHD-is samkur­na­

lod uf­ro da ufro xSirad iyeneben preparatebiT Terapias. faqtob­
rivad 1990-dan 1998 wlamde aSS-Si ritalinis warmoeba 700%-iT gaiz-
arda (Diller, 1998). ritalini da eqimebis mier gamowerili aderalisa
da kilertis tipis medikamentebi erTgvari stimulatorebia, oRond
gar­kveuli doziT; maT ADHD-is mqone bavSvebSi SeiZleba paradoqsuli
efeqti hqondes. mcire periodis efeqti sazogadoebriv qcevaSi, ro-
goricaa kooperacia, yuradRebianoba, gaumjobesebas moicavs. kvleva-
Ta Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom ADHD-is mqone bavSvebis 70-dan 80%-mde,
mkurnalobis dros advilad marTvadia, magram arsebobs uaryofiTi
Tanamovlenebic _ gulis aCqareba da momatebuli wneva, zrdis Sefer-
xeba, uZiloba, wonaSi kleba da Rebineba (Friend & Bursuck, 2002; Hallahan
da sxv., 2005; Panksepp, 1998). medikamenturi Terapiis xangrZlivi gamoy-
enebis Sesaxeb ki cota ramaa cnobili, ase rom frTxilad unda viyoT.
mravali mkvlevari askvnis, rom medikamentebiT mkurnalobis Sedegad
gaumjobesebuli qceva iSviaTad axdens dadebiT gavlenas, rogorc
akademiur swavlaze, ise TanatolebTan urTierTobaze _ or sfero-
Si, sadac ADHD-is mqone bavSvebs didi sirTuleebi eqmnebaT. radgan
moswavleebs yofaqceva uumjobesedebaT, mSoblebi da maswavleblebi
mSviddebian da SeiZleba ifiqron, rom problema mogvarebulia. sinamd-
vileSi es ase ar aris _ moswavleebs kvlav gansakuTrebuli daxmareba
sWirdebaT swavlaSi (Doggett, 2004; Purdie, Hattie & Carroll, 2002). avstra-
liaSi Catarebuli erTi didi kvleva askvnis:
xangrZlivi cvlilebis misaRwevad yvelaze efeqturia Carevisadmi
mravalmodaluri midgoma. umravlesobaze, magram ara yvela bavSvsa
da mozardze, fsiqostimulatorebiT mkurnalobas dadebiTi efeq-
ti moaqvs, Tanac es miRebulia mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis mier
SemuSavebuli mkurnalobis, msjelobisa da bavSvis qcevis marTvis
Sedegad. ase rom, gansxvavebuli profesiis mqone pirTa daxmareba
aucilebelia (van Kraayenoord, Rice, Carroll, Fritz, Dillon, & Hill, 2001, gv.7).
ris gakeTeba SeuZliaT maswavleblebs? Bbevrma davalebam SeiZleba
avnos yuradRebis deficitis mqone moswavleebs, amitom Tavs nu moax-
vevT bevr problemas, masalis bolomde dasaufleblad advilad gas-
agebi da dasaswavli patar-patara davalebebi mieciT. kidev erTi efeq-

193
 cxrili 4.8
ADHD-is maniSneblebi: yuradRebis deficiti, hiperaqtiuri
darRveva (ADHD)
avlens Tu ara Tqveni romelime moswavle am niSnebs? es SeiZleba
ADHD-is indikatori iyos.

uyuradRebobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

xSirad ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas detalebze an uSvebs daude-
var Secdomebs.
amocanis amoxsnis da aqtiuri TamaSebis dros ver axerxebs
yuradRebis koncentracias.
ver axerxebs mosmenas, roca elaparakebian.
swavlebas Tanmimdevrulad ver mihyveba da saSinao davalebeb-
sac bolomde ver asrulebs (ara sijiutis an imis gamo, rom
axsna ver gaigo).
uWirs davalebis an saqmianobis organizeba.
Tavs aridebs da ar moswons imis keTeba, rac mentalur daZab-
vas iTxovs (rogoricaa saSinao davaleba).
kargavs sxvadasxva davalebebis Sesasruleblad da RonisZie-
bebisaTvis saWiro aucilebel nivTebs.
advilad efanteba yuradReba.
gulmaviwyia.
impulsis kontrolTan dakavSirebuli problemebi
xSirad SekiTxvis dasrulebamde wamoiZaxebs pasuxs.
uWirs Tavisi rigis dalodeba.
xSirad awyvetinebs an iWreba sxvebis saubarSi an TamaSSi.
hiperaqtiuroba
xSirad iqnevs xel-fexs an izniqeba savarZelSi.
xSirad dgeba adgilidan, rodesac unda ijdes.
xSirad zedmets darbis (mozardebSi amas SesaZloa mousvenro-
bis subieqturi gancda ganapirobebdes).
xSirad TamaSs an garTobas wynarad ver axerxebs.
bevrs laparakobs.
xSirad `daqoqiliviT~ iqceva da wynarad yofna ar SeuZlia.
wyaro: ibeWdeba nebarTviT wignidan Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
Fourth Edition, Text Revision. (Copyright 2000). American Psychiatric Association.

tiani midgomaa swavlis instruqciebisa da mexsierebis strategiebis

kombinacia, rasac Tan motivaciuri varjiSi erTvis. mizani isaa, rom
miRwevebis gasaumjobeseblad davexmaroT moswavleebs ganiviTaron
`unari da nebisyofa~ (Paris, 1988). maT aseve unda SeaswavloT sakuTari
qcevis monitoringi, raTa ar iyvnen meryevni da SeZlon sakuTari Tavis
gakontroleba (Reid & Borkowski, 1987).
kontrolis qveS yofna im axali Terapiuli strategiis nawilia,
romelsac saqme aqvs ADHD-Tan da xazs usvams pirovnul aqtivobas.
devid nailundis (David Nylund, 2000) mosazrebiT, bavSvis problemis
mkurnalobaze mTavari, misive problemebis dasamarcxeblad misi Zli­
eri mxareebis aRricxvaa _ akontroleT bavSvi. nailundi cdilobs, romADH,

194
gaWirveba, mowyeniloba da sxva uaryofiTi emociebi Sinagan probleme- daukavSireT swavlebas da
bze metad, bavSvis gare samyarodan gamomdinare dagvanaxos – eSmakebi- ganavrceT
ADHD-s mqone moswavlee-
sa da sxvadasxva daudgeneli moCvenebis damarcxeba bavSvis survilebs
bma aseTi rekomendaciebi
asaxavs. mTavaria gadawyvetilebebi. SMART midgomis stadiebia: Seadgines TavianTi maswavleb­
lebisaTvis (Nylund, 2000).
ADHD-s problemis bavSvisgan gamoyofa, gamocalkeveba
gamoiyeneT bevri ilus-
(Separating); tracia (gzamkvlevi), raTa
ADHD-s zegavlenis gansazRvra (Mapping) bavSvsa da ojaxze; damexmaroT swavlaSi.
ADHD-Tan dakavSirebul gamonaklisebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba gaiTvaliswineT kulturu-
(Attending); li da rasobrivi identoba.
icodeT, rodis gadauxvioT
ADHD-s diagnozis mqone bavSvebis gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblo-
wesebs.
bebis gamoyeneba (Reclaiming); dainaxeT da aRniSneT,
axali ambis moyola (Telling) da sixaruliT aRniSvna rodesac kargad vakeTeb.
(Nylund, 2000, gv. xix). ar uTxraT sxva bavSvebs,
rom ritaliniT
daukvirdiT SemTxvevebs, rodesac moswavle dainteresebulia Tun- vmkurnalob.
dac mcire xniT. ra aris gansxvavebuli aseT SemTxvevebSi? gamoavlineT momeciT arCevanis saSu-
bavSvis Zlieri mxareebi da ahyeviT, TiTqos maT CagiTries. swavlebis aleba
Wkuas nu maswavliT –
meTodSiG SeitaneT iseTi cvlilebebi, romlebic moswavles daexmareba
es Tavs mabezrebs.
raimes gakeTebis mcdelobis survilis gaRvivebaSi. nailunds mohyavs gaacnobiereT, rom Wkviani
Semdegi magaliTi: cxra wlis krisma da misma maswavlebelma misis beik- var.
erma, krisis uyuradRebobis dasaZlevad, erTad gadawyvites muSaoba. momeciT saklaso oTaxSi
misis beikerma krisi klasSi wina merxze dasva. maT SeimuSaves krisis seirnobis saSualeba.
nu maZlevT tonobiT
yuradRebis samobilizacio niSani da krismac moawesriga Tavisi areul-
saSinao davalebas.
dareuli merxi. es gvagonebs 504-e seqciaSi moyvanili 4.5- cxrilis zo- momeciT meti Sesvenebis
gierT akomodacias. krisis koncentraciis gaumjobesebis aRsaniSnavad, saSualeba.
biWunas wveuleba mouwyves. krisma aRwera, rogor iswavla man mosmena iyaviT momTmenni.
klasSi: `am dros unda iyo Zalian mobilizebuli da ADHD-sa da mowy-
enilobas uTxra, rom ar Segawuxon~ (Nylund, 2000, gv.166).
zemoT CamoTvlili meTodebi medikamentur Carevamde safuZvlianad
aris Seswavlili. maSinac ki, rodesac Tqveni moswavleebi ukve medi-
kamentebiT mkurnaloben, aucilebelia, rom Seiswavlon is akademiuri
da socialuri unar-Cvevebi, romlebic maT cxovrebaSi gamoadgebaT. es
maSinac ki ar xdeba, rodesac qceva medikamentebis meSveobiT umjobes-
deba (Purdie da sxv., 2002).

gza yovel moswavlemde: umaRlesi

donis azrovneba
daswavlis unaris darRvevis mqone moswavleTa kiTxviT swavleba ar
unda ukavSirdebodes dabali donis unar-Cvevebs. joana uiliamsma
(2002) ganaviTara Temis identifikaciis programa sxvadasxva tipis
das­­wavlis unaris darRvevis mqone moswavleebisTvis, raTa maT gaigon
da gamoiyenon literaturuli Temebis abstraqtuli idea, rogorc es
mokledaa aRwerili 4.9 cxrilSi.
daswavlis unaris darRvevis mqone moswavleebs zogjer sxva prob-
lemac aqvT, kerZod, yuradRebis darRvevebi. faqtobrivad, zogi mkvlev­
ris azriT, swavlis unarSezRudva da yuradRebis darRveva erTmaneTs
25-dan 70%-mde gadafaravs (Hardman da sxv., 2005). cudi yofaqcevis
moswavleebs aqvT depresia, gulyra, SeiZleba aRmoaCndeT ADHD-s simp-
tomebic (Doggett, 2004). am darRvevebs mogvianebiT davubrundebiT.

195

metyvelebis darRveva _
laparakisas bgerebis sworad
gamoTqmis uunaroba.
artikulaciis darRveva _
raime saxis darRveva lapara-
kisas, magaliTad, bgerebis
Canacvleba, damaxinjeba,
Caylapva.
bgeris, xmis problemebi _
bgerebis warmoTqmis darR­
veuli intonacia, registri,
intensivoba an xarisxi.
196
komunikaciis darRvevebis mqone moswavleebi
komunikaciis darRvevebis mqone 6-dan 21 wlamde asakis moswavleebi
meore udidesi jgufia, romelic gansakuTrebul Seswavlas moiTxovs.
aseTia moswavleTa 19%. metyvelebis darRvevebma SeiZleba Tavi iCinos
mravalmxriv, radganac individis uamravi sxvadasxva aspeqti ganapiro-
bebs enis Seswavlas. smenadaqveiTebuli bavSvi Cveulebrivi gziT enas
ver Seiswavlis. travmebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios nevrologiuri prob-
lemebi, metyvelebis Seferxeba. bavSvebs, romlebsac ar usmenen an visi
Sexedulebac samyaros Sesaxeb damaxinjebulia emociuri problemebis
gamo, es winaaRmdegobebi aesaxebaT metyvelebis ganviTarebaze. radganac
laparaki CairTavs moZraobebsac, masTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri ma-
moZravebeli funqciis daqveiTebam SeiZleba metyvelebis darRveva
gamoiwvios. radgan metyvelebis ganviTareba da azrovneba ase mWidro
kavSirSia erTmaneTTan, SemecnebiTi funqcionirebis nebismierma prob-
lemam SeiZleba gavlena iqonios enis gamoyenebis SesaZ­leblobaze.
metyvelebis darRvevebi. moswavleebi, romelTac ar SeswevT lapa­rakisT­
vis bgerebis mkafiod gamoTqmis unari, iTvlebian metyvelebis dar-
Rvevebis mqoneebad. skolis asakis bavSvebis daaxloebiT 5%-s mainc
aqvs metyvelebasTan dakavSirebuli raRac problema. artikulaciis
problemebi da enabluoba yvelaze gavrcelebulia.
artikulaciis darRvevebi. xSiria erTi bgeris meoriT Secvla, (thunthine
Sunshine-is nacvlad), bgeris damaxinjeba (shoup soup-is nacvlad), bgeris
gagrZeleba (ideer idea-is nacvlad) an bgerebis gamotoveba (po-y pony-is
nacvlad) (Smith, 1998). unda gvaxsovdes, rom 6-dan 8 wlamde bavSvebis
umravlesoba ver axerxebs Cveulebrivi saubrisas inglisuri bgerebis
srulfasovnad warmoTqmas. l,r,y,s da z Tanxmovnebisa da narev Tanxmov-
anTa sh, ch, zh da th warmoTqma bolos ixveweba. amasTan erTad arsebobs
dialeqturi gansxvavebebi, rac artikulaciis problemebad ar unda
aRviqvaT. Tqvens klasSi gadmosulma bavSvma SesaZloa `idea~-is nacv-
lad `ideer~ warmoTqvas, magram metyvelebis defeqti ar hqondes.
bavSvi, ZiriTadad, enas 3-dan 4 wlamde ukidebs. amis mizezebi ar
aris naTeli, magram SesaZloa misi gamomwvevi iyos emociuri, nervuli
problemebi an naswavli qceva (SeZenili Cvevebi). rac unda iyos, enab-
luoba bavSvs winaaRmdegobebs uqmnis. Tuki enabluoba weliwadze met­
xans grZeldeba, sasurvelia, bavSvi logopedTan miiyvanoT. droulma
Carevam SeiZleba sagrZnobi Sedegi mogceT (Hardman da sxv., 2005).
bgeris, xmis problemebi metyvelebis damaxinjebis mesame tipia, romel­
sac Tan erTvis laparakis dros Seusabamo daZabuloba, arasaTanado
aqcentebi, maRali xma an monotonuroba (Hallahan & Kauffman, 2006). sa-
survelia, am problemis mqone bavSvi logopedTan miiyvanoT. upirveles
yovlisa, unda CaswvdeT problemis arss. yuradRebiT iyaviT im bavS-
vebis mimarT, romelTa maRali xma, sityvebis gamoTqma, aqcenti, gamox-
atvis unari an xarisxi gansxvavdeba maTi Tanatolebisgan. yuradReba
miaqcieT im bavSvebsac, romlebic iSviaTad laparakoben. daakvirdiT,
isini ubralod morcxvoben, Tu metyvelebasTan dakavSirebuli prob-
lemebi aqvT?
enobrivi darRvevebi.gansxvavebuli metyveleba yovelTvis rodi niS-
navs enobriv darRvevebs. es ukanaskneli imaT aReniSnebaT, romelTa
cxrili 4.9

umaRlesi donis gageba da Zlieri saswavlo unarSezRudvebi

Temis identifikaciis programaSi (Williams, 2002), saSualo skolis
unar­SezRudulma moswavleebma literaturuli Temebis abstraqtuli
ideebi gaiges da gamoiyenes. maswavleblebma 12 moTxrobaze agebuli
12 gansxvavebuli gakveTili Caatares. mokled gadmogcemT, rogor
mimdinareobda TiToeuli gakveTili (ufro vrclad gasagebad ixileT
statia).

kiTxvamde: maswavlebeli gansazRvravs Temas da am Temis irgvliv msj-

elobis warmarTvis meTodikas, rac moswavleTa pirad gamocdilebas
eyrdnoba.
kiTxva: maswavlebeli kiTxulobs moTxrobas da kiTxvis procesSi
svams kiTxvebs, raTa moswavleebs im sakiTxebTan kavSiris damyarebaSi
daexmaros, rac maT gaiges moTxrobis kiTxvisas. kiTxvis dasrulebis
Semdeg klasi msjelobs moTxrobis dedaazris Sesaxeb da maswavlebeli
ajamebs moTxrobis mTavar aspeqtebs.
diskusia Temis sqemis gamoyenebiT: maswavleblebi da moswavleebi
arCeven mniSvnelovan informacias eqvsi Camoyalibebuli SekiTxvis
gamoyenebiT. pirveli oTxi SekiTxva moTxrobis Sinaarss exeba:
vin iyo mTavari gmiri?
ra iyo misi problema?
ra gaakeTa man?
ra moxda moTxrobis bolos?
bolo ori SekiTxva moswavleebs exmareba azris CamoyalibebaSi:
rac moxda, kargia Tu cudi?
ratom iyo es kargi an cudi?
TemaSi garkveva: Semdeg moswavleebi Temas standartuli formiT ad-
genen:
[mTavarma gmirma] iswavla, rom mas (ar) SeeZlo ---------
Cven (ar) SegveZlo --------
moTxrobis Tema aris --------
Temis gamoyeneba: moswavleebi Temidan saboloo azris gamosatanad
swavloben sami SekiTxvis dasmas:
SegiZlia daasaxelo vinme, vinc (ver) SeZlebda --------?
rodisaa es mniSvnelovani im adamianisTvis, rom gaakeTos
an ar gaakeTos.
ra situaciaSi iqneba es daxmareba?
multimodaluri aqtivoba: pirvelis Semdeg yoveli gakveTili mo­­
icavda Temis mixedviT rolebis Sesrulebas. moswavleebs `saaSkaraoze
gamohyavdaT~ moTxrobis gmirebi, Temis saCveneblad iyenebdnen de­
koraciebs an musikalur aqtivobebs.
mimoxilva: Temis agebulebis mokled gameoreba da momavali gak­veTi­
lis winaswari mimoxilva.

wyaro: unarSezRudul moswavleTaTvis ufro maRali donis unar-Cvevebis Seswavlis

meTodebis Semajamebeli kvlevis Sedegebis Sesaxeb ixileT: “Research on Interventions
for Adolescents with Learning Disabilities: A Meta-analysis of Outcomes Related to Higher-order
Processing,” by H.L. Swanson, 2001, The Elementary School Journal, 101, 332-348. Copyright ©
2001 by The University of Chicago Press. adaptirebulia nebarTviT.

197

inteleqtis unarSezRudulo-
ba/gonebrivi CamorCeniloba
_ saSualoze mniSvnelovnad
dabali inteleqti da arasak-
marisad adapturi socialuri
qceva. vlindeba 18 wlamde.
198
enis gagebisa da gamoxatvis SesaZleblobebic maTi asakisa da kul-
turuli jgufis sxva moswavleebTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad dabalia
(Owens, 1999). moswavleebi, romlebic cota sityvebs iyeneben, Zalian
mokle winadadebebiT da iSviaTad laparakoben an kavSirs mxolod Jes-
tikulaciis saSualebiT amyareben, sasurvelia, Sesamowmeblad an dasak-
virveblad skolis kvalificiur specialistTan moxvdes. 4.10 cxrilSi
mocemulia nebismieri moswavlisTvis enis ganviTarebis mastimulire-
beli ideebi.
inteleqtualuri unarSezRudvebis mqone moswavleebi
inteleqtualuri unarSezRudva zusti gansazRvraa gonebrivi
CamorCenilobisa. rogorc amerikis mentaluri Seferxebis asociaciam
(AAMR) (2002, gv. 1) gansazRvra, `gonebrivi CamorCeniloba unarSez-
Rudvaa, romlis damaxasiaTebelia niSandoblivi SezRudvebi, rogorc
inteleqtualuri funqcionirebis, aseve qcevis adaptaciis Tvalsaz-
risiT da gamoxatulia konceptualuri, socialuri da praqtikuli
adaptaciis unar-CvevebSi. es unarSezRudva Tavs iCens 18 wlamde~.
inteleqtualuri funqcia, rogorc wesi, IQ-s testebiT fasdeba,
70 qulaze naklebi mianiSnebs gonebaSezRudulobaze. magram IQ-s 70-
ze naklebi maCvenebeli sakmarisi ar aris inteleqtualuri unarSez-
Rudulobis diagnostikisTvis. unda arsebobdes qcevis adaptaciasTan,
damoukidebel cxovrebasa da socialur funqcionirebasTan dakavSire-
buli problemebic. es momenti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rodesac
gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone moswavleTa qulebis interpretacia
komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi
mniSvnelovani komponen-
tia moswavleTa IEP-Tvis.
komunikacia exmareba mas,
monawileoba miiRos saerTo
saganmanaTleblo RonisZie-
bebSi.
 cxrili 4.10
metyvelebis darRveva _
metyvelebisas bgerebis sworad
enis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba gamoTqmis uunaroba.

esaubreT bavSvebs maTTvis saintereso sakiTxebze.

mieciT bavSvebs liderobis saSualeba. gamoexmaureT maT ini-
ciativebsa da komentarebs. gaiziareT maTi emociebi.
ar dasvaT bevri SekiTxva. gamoiyeneT Semdegi tipis kiTx-
vebi – rogor gaakeTa/akeTebs... ratom gaakeTa/akeTebs... ra
moxda... amas ufro mkafio da naTel pasuxebamde mivyavarT.
waaxaliseT bavSvebi SekiTxvebis dasasmelad. upasuxeT gulax-
dilad da alalad. Tu ar gsurT SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema,
nu upasuxebT, oRond auxseniT, ratom (am SekiTxvaze minda
pasuxis gacema; es Zalian piradulia).
SearCieT sasiamovno xmis tembri. ar aris aucilebeli, iyoT
ko­mi­kosi, magram SegiZliaT iyoT gaxsnili da iumoriT aR-
savse. bavSvebs uyvarT, roca ufrosebi cota suleloben.
nu iqnebiT mkacri da nu dascinebT moswavleTa `enas~. Tu
kriti­kulebi iqnebiT da Secdomebs wamdauwum gausworebT,
bavSvebi aRar isaubreben TqvenTan.
mieciT bavSvebs sakmarisi dro pasuxisTvis.
moepyariT bavSvebs siyvaruliT, nu SeawyvetinebT saubars.
CarTeT bavSvebi saojaxo da saklaso diskusiebSi, mouwodeT
aqtiurobisken da mousmineT maT ideebs.
aRiareT da miiReT bavSvebi da maTi `ena~. keTilganwyobasa da
aRiarebas SeiZleba didi dro dasWirdes.
bavSvebs SeuqmeniT kargi atmosfero, raTa gamoiyenon ena da
enaze muSaoba warmarTeT maTi miznebis misaRwevad.

wyaro: wignidan Language Disorders, 3/e by Robert E. Owens, Jr. Published by Allyn &
Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright © 1999 by Pearson Education. ibeWdeba gamomcemlis ne-
barTviT.

xdeba. Seferxebis gansazRvram mxolod testis maCveneblebiT SeiZleba

migviyvanos iqamde, rasac zogierTi kritikosi `6 saaTian gonebaSez-
Rudulobas~ uwodebs _ am kategoriaSi Sedian is moswavleebi, rom-
lebsac axasiaTebT Seferxeba dRis raRac monakveTSi, kerZod skolaSi
yofnis dros.
AAMR-is gansazRvris mixedviT, moswavleTa mxolod erTma procent-
ma gamoavlina Seferxeba, rogorc inteleqtualuri funqcionirebis,
ise qcevis adaptaciis mxriv. wlebis ganmavlobaSi Seferxebis maCvene-
beli ase daiyo-msubuqi (IQ 50-69), saSualo (IQ 35-49), Zlieri (IQ 20-34),
Zalian Zlieri (IQ 20-s qvemoT). am sistemas bevri skola, agreTve,
msoflio janmrTelobis organizacia iyenebs. Tumca IQ-s maCveneble-
bi zedmiwevniT ar asaxavs pirovnebis SesaZleblobebs. amitom AAMR
gvTavazobs klasifikaciis sqemas, romelic dafuZnebulia `pirovnebis
umaRles doneze funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro~ mxardaWeris xarisxebze
(Taylor, Richards & Brady, 2005). momdevno gverdze mocemuli 4.11 cxrili
ganaxlebuli klasifikaciis sistemis Sejamebas axdens.
rogorc maswavlebels, SesaZlebelia, ar SegxvdeT bavSvebi, rom-
lebsac sWirdebaT intensiuri daxmareba, rasac Tqveni skola ver gana­

199

gardamavali programa _
gansakuTrebuli moswavleebis
momzadeba Semdegi safexuri-
saTvis.
200
cxrili 4.11
gonebrivi CamorCenilobis klasifikaciis sqema
AAMAR-is mixedviT
klasifikaciisTvis axali sqema dafuZnebulia daxmarebis xarisxze,
romelsac moswavle saWiroebs imisaTvis, rom sakuTari SesaZleblo-
bebi maqsimalurad gamoavlinos.
perioduli _ mniSvnelovania meryevi adamianisTvis. mas yovelT-
vis ar sWirdeba daxmareba, an sWirdeba mxolod cxovrebis gardama-
val periodebSi (mag. samuSaos dakargvis an janmrTelobis krizisis
gamo). meryevi adamianis daxmareba, situaciis mixedviT, SeiZleba
rogorc didi, ise mcire intensivobiT xorcieldebodes.
SezRuduli (limitirebuli) _ daxmareba droSia gansazRvruli,
magram xSirad ar meordeba, SeiZleba saWiroebdes ufro nakleb
personals da mxardaWeris ufro maRal donesTan SedarebiT nak-
lebi jdeba (mag., samuSao treningi garkveuli droiT an gardatexis
asakSi Sualeduri mxardaWera).
eqstensiuri _ regularuli xelSewyoba (mag. yoveldRiuri) zo-
gierT garemoSi mainc (magaliTad, samuSaoze an saxlSi) da droSi
ar aris limitirebuli (mag. xangrZlivi saojaxo xelSewyoba)
perversiuli _ yvelanair garemoSi sWirdeba didi intensivobiT
mudmivi xelSewyoba. misTvis es sicocxlis SenarCunebas udris. ase-
Ti xelSewyoba ufro met TanamSromels da met Carevas moiTxovs,
sxva SemTxvevebTan SedarebiT.
wyaro: wignidan Mental Retardation: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Support (10th
ed., p.152), by AAMR Ad Hoc Committee on Terminology and Classification, 2002. Copyright ©
1999 by the American Association of Mental Retardation. ibeWdeba AAMR-is nebarTviT.
xorcielebs. aseTi daxmareba specialuri mTliani programiTaa (rac
am TavSi ukve aRvwereT) gansazRvruli. Tumca, savaraudod, muSaoba
mainc mogiwevT mcire Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebTan. rogorc wesi,
aseTi moswavleebi dabal klasebSi TanaklaselebTan SedarebiT ufro
nela iTviseben masalas. maT swavlisTvis ufro meti dro da praqtika
esaWiroebaT da uWirT erTi sakiTxidan meoreze gadasvla, sxvadasxva
amocanis srulyofilad amoxsnisTvis yvela SesaZleblobas ver uyrian
Tavs. CanarTSi `rekomendaciebi~ mocemulia rCevebi saSualoze dabali
inteleqtis mqone moswavleTa swavlebisTvis.
9-dan 13 wlamde asakis inteleqtualuri unarSezRudvis mqone bev­
ri moswavlis mizania: icodes kiTxva, wera, ariTmetika, hqondes adgi­
lobrivi garemos Sesaxeb codna, socialuri qceva da pirovnuli in-
teresebi. dabal da saSualo klasebSi aqcenti keTdeba profesiul
da saSinao unar-Cvevebze, yofiT gamocdilebaze (satelefono wignakis
gamoyeneba, sxvadasxva niSnebis, abrebis, sagazeTo reklamebis kiTxva;
samuSaod miRebis Taobaze gancxadebis dawera); samsaxurTan dakavSire-
bul moqmedebebze, rogoricaa etiketi da punqtualuroba; sakuTar
janmrTelobaze zrunva; moqalaqeobrivi unar-Cvevebi. dReisaTvis aq-
centi gamaxvilebulia gardamaval programaze – moswavlis Semzadeba
sociumSi cxovrebisa da muSaobisTvis. rogorc am TavSi ukve gaecaniT,
kanoni skolebisgan IEP-s models an unarSezRudvis mqone yoveli bavS-
visTvis individualur programas iTxovs. ITP ganviTarebis individu-
aluri gegma Seferxebis mqone moswavleTaTvis, SesaZloa, IEP-s nawili
iyos (Friend, 2005).

emociuri an qceviTi darRvevebis mqone moswavleebi

Cveulebriv klasSi emociuri da qceviTi darRvevebis mqone moswav­ emociuri da qceviTi dar-
leebi SeiZleba yvelaze Znelad iTvisebdnen masalas. maT gamo maswav- Rveva _ is qceva da emociebi,
lebleblebi, rogorc wesi, nerviuloben (Avramdis, Bayliss, & Burden, romlebic imdenad gadaxrilia
2000). ganaTlebis sferoSi momuSave profesionalebis azriT, qceviTi normisgan, rom aferxebs
bavSvis zrda-ganviTarebas da
darRvevebi normaluri qcevidan iseTi donis gadaxraa, romelic xels
arTulebs garSemomyofebis
uSlis Tavad bavSvis zrdasa da ganviTarebas an/da sxva adamianebis cxovrebasac. esaa araadekva-
cxovrebas. sinamdvileSi, es standartidan gadaxraa, qcevebis stand- turi qcevebi, depresia, SiSebi,
artebi ki erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia situaciebis, asakobrivi jgu- SfoTva, problemebi urTier-
fis, kulturis, eTnikuri jgufisa da istoriuli periodis mixedviT. TobaSi.
is, rac iTvleba Cveulebriv gulSematkivrobad stadionze, restoranSi
an bankSi anomaliad CaiTvleba. amasTan erTad, qcevidan gadaxra Sei-
Zleba iyos ufro meti, vidre stresiT gamowveuli movlenebis droebi-
Ti gamoZaxili; is SeiZleba sxvadasxva situacias kidec Seeferebodes,
magram ar unda iyos moswavlis pasuxi ama Tu im gakveTilze (Forness &
Knitzer, 1992).
arsebobs sxva gadaxrebic. IDEIA-s ena aRwers emociur SfoTvas (ED),
romelic moicavs araadekvatur qcevas, ubedurebis gancdas, depresias,
SiSsa da urTierTobis problemebs. amerikis fsiqologTa asociacia da
medikosTa sazogadoebac aRweren mentalur darRvevebs (Friend, 2006).
4.12 cxrilSi aRwerilia zogierTi specifikuri darRveva, romelsac
moicavs `mentaluri darRvevebis diagnostikuri da statistikuri mar-
Tva~, sxvanairad DSM-IV-TR.
gansazRvris miuxedavad, 2000-2001 saswavlo wels gamovlenilia emo­
ciuri darRvevebis mqone TiTqmis 475 000 moswavle, ramac momsaxurebis
saWiroebis mqone, sididiT meoTxe jgufi Seadgina. 1991-1992 wlebis
Semdeg es maCvenebeli 18%-iT gaizarda. swavlis unarSezRudvebiTa da
ADHD-s diagnoziT ki biWebi gogonebs sWarboben. qceviTi darRvevebis
TvalsazrisiT, biWebi gogonebs 6 da 9-jer uswreben. SemaSfoTebeli
faqtia, rom am kategoriaSi afroamerikeli moswavleebi Warboben. isi-
ni mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 15%-s Seadgenen, magram maTi fenidan ga-
mosul moswavleTa daaxloebiT 27%-s emociuri da qceviTi darRvevebi
aReniSnebaT.
emociuri da qceviTi darRvevebis amplituda farToa. sxva unar-
SezRudvebis mqone moswavleebs swavlisa da inteleqtualuri unarSez-
Rudvebis an ADHD, magaliTad skolaSi gaWirvebiT swavlisas, SesaZloa,
agreTve, emociuri da qceviTi problemebic hqondeT. qcevis analizis
miRebuli meTodebi (Tavi 6) da socialuri unar-Cvevebis pirdapiri
swavleba (Tavi 3) ori gamosadegi midgomaa. kidev erTi SesaZlebloba,
rasac am moswavleebisTvis daxmarebis gaweva SeuZlia, aris struq-
turis, saorganizacio xelsawyoebisa da arCevanis uzrunvelyofa. aq
moyvanilia teri suansonis (Terri Swanson, 2005) ramdenime idea:
SeqmeniT garemos struqtura vizualuri mxaris minimalizaciiTa da
auditoruli stimulaciiT, rac gamokveTil vizualur sazRvrebs
qmnis im areebs Soris, sadac gansxvavebuli qmedebaa mosalod-

201
 rekomendaciebi: saSualoze dabali inteleqtis mqone
moswavleTa swavleba
1. gansazRvreT mzaoba: rac unda cota
icodes bavSvma, igi mzadaa Semdegi safex-
uris saswavlad.
2. miawodeT da warudgineT sagnebi martivad.
3. specifikuri sagnebis Seswavla daafuZneT
bavSvis Zlieri da susti mxareebis sas-
wavlo analizze.
4. masala miawodeT patara da logikuri na­
bijebiT. eqtensiuri praqtika gaiareT Sem­
deg safexurze gadasvlis win.
5. mozardis cxovrebiseuli moTxovnebidan
gamomdinare, imuSaveT praq­tikul unar-
Cvevebsa da cnebebze.
6. nu gamotovebT safexurebs. saSualo donis
inteleqtis mqone moswavleebs SeuZliaT
ori safexuris SemaerTebeli konceptua-
luri xidis ageba, magram saSualoze dab-
ali inteleqtis mqone bavSvebi TiToeuli
safexuris gavlas saWiroeben da xidis
agebas mxolod amis Semdeg axerxeben
(aCveneT kavSirebi, nu eliT, rom isini
TviTon SeZleben dakavSirebas).
7. mzad iyaviT erTsa da imave ideis bevri
gansxvavebuli gziT warsadgenad.
8. Tuki moswavle ver mogyvebaT, daubrun-
diT kvlav martiv dones.
9. gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile gamoiCineT mo-
swavlis waqezebisa da xelSewyobis dros.
10. moiZieT iseTi masalebi, romelic moswav-
les Seuracxyofas ar miayenebs. saSualo
skolis moswavles SeiZleba `See Spot run~-
is (martivi wigni patarebisaTvis) sWird-
ebodes, magram personaJebis asakisa da
moTxrobis Sinaarsis gamo Seuracxyofili
darCes.
11. miznad daisaxeT ramdenime qceva an unar-
Cveva, raTa Tqvenc da Tqvenma moswavlee-
bmac warmatebiT tkboba SeZloT. nebismi-
er adamians sWirdeba dadebiTi energia.
12. gaiTvaliswineT, rom saSualoze dabali
inteleqtis moswavleebma saSualo in-
teleqtis mqone moswavleebze meti unda
iswavlon, praqtika gaiaron da gaimeoron.
maT unda Seiswavlon, rogor iswavlon
da SeZlon axlad SeZenili unar-Cvevebis
praqtikulad gamoyeneba sxvadasxva situa­
ciaSi.
13. didi yuradReba miaqcieT socialur urT-
erTobebs. saSualoze dabali inteleqtis
mqone moswavleebis ubralod CarTva Cveu-
lebriv klasSi imis garantias ar iZleva,
rom maT miiReben an aq SeiZenen da Sein-
arCuneben megobrebs.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.aamr.org/Policies/mental_retardation.shtml
http://www.ed.wright.edu/~prenick/karen.htm

neli; an ganaTavseT masalebi gamosayeneblad advil garemoSi.

daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
da ganavrceT
me-12 TavSi Tqven aRmoaCenT
ideebs, romlebic dagvaax-
loebs dabalidan saSualo
qceviTi problemebis gadaw-
yvetasTan.
SeqmeniT ganrigi yovelTviuri da yoveldRiuri safosto gzavnile-
biT, iqonieT mkafio dasawyisisa da daboloebis maniSneblebi da
samuSaod misabrunebeli aseve mkafio procedurebi.
SeqmeniT aqtivobebis struqtura, sagnebi gadaanawileT sxvadasxva
feris folderebSi (mag., cisferi maTematikisTvis). vizualur man-
iSneblebTan erTad miawodeT sityvieri masala da instruqciebi.
SeqmeniT wesebi da Sina ganawesi. magaliTad, urCieT moswavleebs
gamoiyenon `skriptebi~ (sqema), werilobiT mimarTon sxva moswav-
leebs, rom surT TamaSi SeimuSaveT pozitiuri mimarTulebis we-
sebi an SeamzadeT moswavleebi SinaganawesSi cvlilebebis gansax-
orcieleblad. magaliTad, sagazafxulo ganixileT moswavleebis
mier am Temaze Seqmnili naxatebis mixedviT.
SesTavazeT arCevani saSinao davalebis an proeqtis dasrulebis al-
ternativaTa mokle nusxidan.
radgan emociuri da qceviTi problemebis mqone moswavleebi xSirad

202
 cxrili 4.12

emociuri da qceviTi darRvevebis magaliTebi mentaluri darRvevebis diagnostikuri

da statistikuri marTvis organizaciis mixedviT
IDEA-s mixedviT emociuri da qceviTi darRvevebis gansazRvra mTli­anobaSi xdeba: igi ar
ayenebs gansakuTrebul pirobebs. Tumca, medikosTa sazogadoebaSi bevri specifikuri dar-
Rvevaa identificirebuli da maT mentaluri darRvevebis diagnostikuri da statistikuri
marTvis organizacia moicavs (meoTxe gamocema, teqstis gadasinjva) (DSM-IV-TR). emociuri
darRvevebis magier, isini mentaluri darRvevebis saxiT aris warmodgenili. qvemoT mocemuli
cxrili, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar aris dasrulebuli, moicavs am publikaciaSi warmodgenil
mentalur darRvevaTa magaliTebs, romelTac ganaTlebis specialistebi emociur da menta-
lur darRvevebs miakuTvneben:

SfoTviT gamowveuli darRvevebi. SfoTviT gamowveuli darRvevebi Tavs iCens maSin,

rodesac moswavleebi iZenen Zlieri SiSis an Zrwolvis gancdis gamocdilebas. amis erT-
erTi magaliTia obsesiur-kompulsuri darRveva (OCD), romelis drosac moswavleebi
Zlierad SfoTaven raimeze, magaliTad mikrobebze. sxva magaliTebi moicavs fobiebs
(specifikuri SiSebi sagnebisa Tu arsebebis, magaliTad, obobis, garkveuli qmedebebisa
Tu skolaSi siarulis SiSi) da posttravmul dazianebas (PTSD), anu moswavleebi acocx-
leben moCvenebebsa da im travmul warsulTan dakavSirebul movlenebs, romelTa mow-
menic Tavad iyvnen.
damangreveli qceviT gamowveuli darRvevebi. es kategoria darRvevaTa sam saxeobas
moicavs:
yuradRebis deficitisa da hiperaqtivibis sindromi. xasiaTdeba uyuradRebobiT, aqti-
vobisa da impulsurobis maRali doniT an maTi kombinaciiT. magram yuradReba miaqcieT,
xSirad es ar niSnavs unar­SezRudvas.
gamomwvevi dapirispirebiT gamoxatuli darRveva (ODD) Tavs iCens maSin, ro­desac moswav-
leebi mozrdilebs gamomwvevad eqcevian, Tanatolebis mimarT ki SuRliTa da boRmiT
arian gamsWvalulebi, rac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba.
qceviTi darRvevebi Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac moswavleebi Cxuboben, gamomwvevad iqce-
vian, sastikad epyrobian cxovelebsa da adamianebs an gamudmebiT uxeSad arRveven
kanonebs.
kvebiTi darRvevebi. yvelaze gavrcelebuli kvebiTi darRvevaa _ anoreqsia-nervoza,
roca moswavleebs miaCniaT, rom maT Warbi wona aqvT da amitom aRar Wamen, maSinac ki,
rodesac SimSilis zRvars uaxlovdebian.
guneba-ganwyobis darRvevebi. uwodeben afeqtiT gamowveul darRvevebsac. es jgufi
moicavs Cveulebriv depresias da bipola­rul anu maniakalur depresias, romelSic mo-
swavleTa guneb-ganwyoba eqstremaluri simaRlidan (maniakaluri) umdablesamde (depre-
sia) meryeobs.
tikebi. tiki aris kunTebis gansakuTrebuli jgufis uneblie, swrafi, stereotipuli
moZraobebi. tikiani moswavleebi gamudmebiT apaWuneben Tvalebs-samwvera nervis nevral-
giiT gamowveuli yvelaze ufro cnobili darRveva turetis sindromia. es mravalmxrivi
darRvevaa, romelic pirisaxisa da sxva fizikur tikTan erTad, bgeriT tiksac _ `yefas~
an lanZRva-gineba moicavs.

wyaro: wignidan `Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health~ in Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School
Professionals by M. Friend. Published by Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. ibeWdeba ga-
momcemlis nebarTviT.

arRveven wesebs, maswavleblebi maT mimarT mkacr zomebs iReben. seri-

ozul emociur problemaTa mqone moswavleTaTvis SeniSvnis micemisas

203
 Tu maTi dasjisas, darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom samarTliani xarT
(Yell, 1990). amgvar situaciebSi SeiZleba `rekomendaciebi~ dagexmaroT.
ganvixiloT is sfero, sadac maswavlebels SeuZlia problemis aR-
moCena da raRacis Secvla – TviTmkvleloba.

TviTmkvleloba. ra Tqma unda, SesaZloa, rom emociuri da qceviTi

problemebis mqone yoveli moswavle TviTmkvlelobaze ar fiqrobdes,
maSin, rodesac am problemebis armqone bevr adamians is gamosavlad
miaCndes. magram depresia xSirad TviTmkvlelobasTan asocirdeba. mo-
zardTa 10%-ze mets TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba hqonia kidec, ufro
mets ki amis Sesaxeb ufiqria mainc. mkvidri amerikelebi da sofelSi
mcxovrebi moswavleebi TviTmkvlelobisadmi metad arian midrekilni.
arsebobs umTavresi oTxi risk-faqtori, romlebic Seexeba rogorc
mamrobiTi, ise mdedrobiTi sqesis afroamerikel, laTinuri warmoSobis
da TeTrkanian mozardebs. esenia: depresia da realobis siZu­lvili;
warsulSi ojaxSi momxdari TviTmkvleloba; stresi; ojaxuri daZabu-
loba an konfliqti. zemoT CamoTvilili xifaTis erT faqtorze metis
arseboba gansakuTrebiT saSiSia (Steinberg, 2005). amasTan, dResdReobiT,
SeSfoTebas gamoxataven imis gamo, rom depresiis sawinaaRmdego zo-
gierTi medikamentis miRebam SeiZleba mozardebSi TviTmkvlelobis
safrTxe gazardos.
xSirad TviTmkvleloba cxovrebiseuli problemebis gamoZaxilia
– im problemebisa, romlebic mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs mxedvelo-
bidan gamoeparaT. arada arsebobs saSiSroebis zrdis maCvenebeli ara
erTi niSani. Tvalyuri adevneT, xo mar Seicvala kvebisa an Zilis
reJimi, aseve ganwyoba, xom ar moimata wonaSi an xom ar gaxda; rogor
epyroba megobrebs, axalisebs Tu ara is, rac adre saxaliso iyo misT-
vis... safrTxis winaSe mdgomi moswavleebi zogjer uecrad gaaCuqe-
ben xolme TavianT nivTebs – stereos, CD-s, tansacmels an sayvarel
cxovelebs. isini depresiulad gamoiyurebian an hiperaqtiurni arian,
SesaZloa, msgavs frazebsac ambobdnen: `axla ukve sulerTia~, `Sen Cem­
ze dardi aRar mogiwevs~, an `mainteresebs, rogoria sikvdili~. isini
acdenen skolas da davalebebsac aRar asruleben. gansakuTrebiT sa-
SiSia, rodesac moswavle ara mxolod TviTmkvlelobis, aramed amis
ganxorcielebis gegmazec saubrobs.
Tuki fiqrobT, rom problema ukve arsebobs, moswavles uSualod
unda gaesaubroT. SegrZneba, romelic TviTmkvlelobaze fiqriT Sepy-
robil adamianebs euflebaT, iseTia, TiTqos aravin iRebs maT serio-
zulad. `TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb SekiTxva ar iwvevs TviTmkvlelobas.
marTlac, Tineijerebi (da gardatexis asakSi myofni) xSirad SvebiT
amoisunTqaven, rodesac viRac sabolood gabedavs SekiTxvis dasmas~
(Range, 1993, gv.145). iyaviT realisti, caSi nu ifrenT, roca saubari
TviTmkvlelobas exeba. hkiTxeT Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb da moswavles
moekideT seriozulad. icodeT, rom mozardTa TviTmkvleloba xSi-
ria im jgufebSi, sadac romelime moswavle marTlac moiklavs Tavs
an TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb informacias media avrcelebs. aseT dros
izrdeba sxva mozardebis mier TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobis riski (Le-
winsohn, Rohde & Seeley, 1994; Rica & Dolgin, 2002).
4.13 cxrilSi asaxulia TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb miTebi da faqtebi.

narkotikebis borotad gamoyeneba.miuxedavad imisa, rom narkotikebis

borotad gamoyeneba yovelTvis ar aris asocirebuli emociur an qce-
viT problemebTan, radgan adamianebi am problemebis gareSec iReben

204
 rekomendaciebi: disciplina emociuri problemebis mqone
moswavleebTan
gamoiCineT sifrTxile, rom ar daarRvioT
moswavleTa uflebebi – moswavleebma da
mSob­lebma unda icodnen, ra mohyveba sa-
varaudo qcevebsa da cud moqcevas.
magaliTebi
1. Tqveni azri da gadawyvetileba werilo-
biTi formiT naTlad SeatyobineT.
2. mSoblebsa da moswavleebs sTxoveT, klas­
Si dadgenili wesebis asli iqonion.
3. wesebi da daskvnebi klass gadaeciT da
ganaTavseT klasis veb gverdzec.
didi sifrTxile gamoiCineT Zlieri sasje-
lis gamoyenebisas, ramac, SesaZloa, klasSi
mimdinare saswavlo procesidan moswavlis
didi xniT amovardna gamoiwvios. aseTi sas­
jelis gamoyeneba cvlilebas iwvevs bavSvis
ganaTlebis programaSi (IEP) da saWiroebs Se­
sabamis process.
magaliTebi
1. 10 dReze meti gacdenis SemTxvevaSi
saWiroa Sesabamisi Careva.
2. skolis gacdenisas SeiZleba saWiro gax-
des Sesabamisi Careva.
Zlieri emociuri problemebis mqone moswav-
leebis dasja unda emsaxurebodes mxolod
gamokveTil saganmanaTleblo mizans.
magaliTebi
1. dasjas an SeniSvnebs Tan daayoleT ax-
sna. aman, SesaZloa, moswavles swavlis
survili gauRvivos da klasSi sxvebzec
iqonios gavlena.
2. gamoiyeneT qceviTi kontrastebi, rasac
werilobiTi ganmartebebic daurTeT.
darwmundiT, rom es wesebi da sasjeli go­
nivrulia.
magaliTebi
1. ifiqreT moswavlis asaksa da fizikur
narkotikebs, emociuri problemebis mqone bevri mozardic iyenebs nar-
kotikebs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi bevri gamanadgurebeli procesia.
mdgomareobaze.
2. Seesabameba sasjeli danaSauls da ag­
reTve imas, rogor eqceviT klasSi sx-
vebs?
3. msgavs situaciebSi sxva maswavleblebi
TqvensaviT iqcevian?
4. erideT momabezrebel SeniSvnebs. iya-
viT momTmeni. Tuki SedarebiT susti
sasjeliT Sedegs ver miaRwevT, gadam­
Wrel qmedebebs mxolod amis Semdeg
mimarTeT.
iqonieT dadebiTi Canawerebi da imuSaveT
erToblivad.
magaliTebi
1. yvela moswavlis dasjis Taobaze infor-
macia SeitaneT JurnalSi an wignakSi. un­
da eweros, ra procedurebi iqna gamo-
yenebuli, ramden xans gastana dasjam;
aseve, rezultatebi, dasjis modifika-
cia da Sedegebi.
2. CainiSneT ojaxebTan, pedagogebTan da
direqtorTan Sexvedrebi.
3. SeimuSaveT ojaxebTan da sxva maswavle-
blebTan erToblivi moqmedebis gegma.
yovelTvis uaryofiTTan erTad dadebiTi
daskvnebic gaakeTeT.
magaliTebi
1. Tuki moswavle kanons daarRvevs, miu­
TiTeT gamosworebis gzebze.
2. gaamxneveT sul patara warmatebis dro-
sac ki _ ar TqvaT `es im dros Seexeba,
Sen rom...~
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.nasponline.org/publications/cq262discipline.
html
http://www.wrightslaw.com/
http://www.schwablearning.org/
205
 cxrili 4.13

miTebi da faqtebi TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb

miTi: is, vinc saubrobs TviTmkvlelobaze, Tavs ar iklavs.
faqti: aTidan rva adamiani TviTmkvlelobamde vinmes mainc
eubneba sakuTari survilis Sesaxeb.
miTi: adamianTa mxolod garkveuli tipi iklavs Tavs.
faqti: nebismieri tipis adamiani iklavs Tavs – mamakaci da
qali, axalgazrda da asakovani, mdidari da Raribi,
sofleli da qalaqeli. es xdeba nebismier rasobriv,
eTnikur da religiur jgufSi.
miTi: rodesac adamiani TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb saubrobs,
Tqven SegiZliaT Tavidan amoagdebinoT ganzraxva.
faqti: SegiZliaT maTi seriozulad miReba. yuradRebiT
usmineT, rasac geubnebian, mieciT maT sakuTari
grZnobebis gamovlenis Sansi. agrZnobineT, rom
yvelaferi gaigeT da SegiZliaT daexmaroT.
miTi: TviTmkvlelebis umravlesobas realurad surs
sikvdili.
faqti: TviTmkvlelebis umravlesoba daTrgunulia im
azriT, rom sikvdili unda. TviTmkvleloba xSirad
igegmeba, rogorc daxmarebis Txovna.

wyaro: wignidan Changing Bodies, Changing Lives: A Book for Teens on Sex and Relationships
(p.142), by R.Bell, 1980, New York: Random House.

miaqcieT yuradReba mesijebs _ filmebisa da bilbordebze ganTvasebul

mesijebs. `mSvenieri~, popularuli adamianebi TavianT janmrTelobaze
naklebad zrunven, etanebian alkohols da ewevian sigarets. Cven viye­
nebT medikamentebis Warb raodenobas umniSvnelo avadmyofobis dro-
sac ki; dilas viwyebT yavis smiT, viRviZebT da vamTavrebT abis miRe-
biT, moswavleebs ki vmoZRvravT `nu gamoiyenebT wamlebs~!
wamlebis gamoyeneba moswavleebSi problemad iqca. zusti statis-
tika Zneli dasadgenia, magram miCiganis universitetis mier gansaz-
Rvruli momavlis monitoringis Sefasebebis Tanaxmad, merveklaselTa
15%, meaTeklaselTa 31% da meTormeteklaselTa 39% gasul wels iye­
nebda akrZalul medikamentebs, romelTa Soris marixuana dominireb-
da. 2001 wlidan narkotikebis gamoyenebam saSualo skolis moswavleTa
Soris daiklo an stabiluri mdgomareoba SeinarCuna, Tumca aseTi
cvlileba toqsikomanebs ar Sexebia. toqsomanebi (iaf da xelmisawv-
dom produqts moixmaren (webo, fanqris guli, acetoni, aerozolebi
da sxv.). moswavleebi ver acnobiereben, rom toqsikuri nivTierebebis
gamoyenebiT travmis an sikvdilis saSiSroebis winaSe dgebian. aseT mo-
swavleTa umetesobas miaCnia, rom toqskuri nivTierebebi maT sicocx-
les safrTxes ar uqmnis (Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman & Schulenberg, 2004).
erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT narkotikebze `eqsperimentis Cat-
areba~ da misi xSiri gamoyeneba. bevri moswavle romelime wveulebis
dros narkotiks sinjavs, magram mis regularul momxmareblad ar
iqceva. im moswavleTa dasaxmareblad, vinc veRar axerxebs narkotikze

206
uaris Tqmas, saukeTeso saSualebaa TanatolTa programebi, romlebic
aswavlian, rogor Tqvan damajerebeli `ara~.

prevencia. informaciis gavrcelebas an `daSinebiT~ taqtikas, (ase-

Tia, magaliTad, DARE narkotikebis Tavidan acilebis programa) didi
efeqti ar hqonia; SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos kidevac cnobismoyvareobisa
da eqsperimentirebis Catarebis survilis gaRvivebas (Dusenbury & Falco,
1995; Tobler & Stratton, 1977). yvelaze efeqturi prevenciuli programebi
moicavs ganviTarebis Sesabamisi enisa da cnebebis mignebas; moswav-
leebs aswavleT sazogadoebrivi zemoqmedebis mimarT winaaRmdegobis
gaweva; miawodeT zusti informacia qcevis normebis Sesaxeb (yvela ar
akeTebs amas); gamoiyeneT swavlebis interaqtiuri meTodebi, magali-
Tad, roluri TamaSebi an patara jgufebad dayofa; CaatareT treningi
im unarebSi, romlebic gamosadegia bevr situaciaSi, magaliTad, me-12
TavSi aRwerili problemis gadaWris 6 safexurian strategiaSi; ga­
arkvieT sakiTxis arsSi; iyaviT kulturis TvalsazrisiT senzitiuri.
debra stipekma (Debra Stipek) da misma kolegebma (1999) aRweres sas-
kolo sagnebisa da informaciuli msjelobisTvis maswavleblebis mier
gamoyenebuli cxovrebiseuli gakveTilebis bevri meTodi. magaliTad,
klasis wesia pativiscemis xazgasma (`suleluri SekiTxva ar arsebobs~);
moswavleebi swavloben, rom sjobs, sakiTxi `dadebiTad Seafason da
ara uaryofiTad~; ecnobian istoriuli pirebis cxovrebas, rac xels
uwyobs arCevanis Sesaxeb msjelobas da stresTan gamklavebas gvaswav-
lis. amasTan erTad moswavleebs micemuli aqvT bukleti _ `gamklavebis
instrumentebi~, romelSic mocemulia problemebTan gamklavebisTvis
saWiro rCeva-darigebebi. buklets mohyveba danarTic, sadac moswav-
lem unda CainiSnos sxvadasxva mZime situacia, incidenti, gulist-
kivili. Exit da U-turn niSnebi moswavleebs mianiSnebs, rom situaciidan
saukeTeso gamosavali SeiZleba `gasvla~ iyos. `yovelgvari axsnis gare­
Se usafrTxo adgilze gasvla miCneulia, rogorc sicocxlis gadar-
Cenis erT-erTi moxerxebuli da usafrTxo saSualeba~ (Stipek da sxv.,
1999, gv. 443). adrindeli maCveneblebis mixedviT moswavleebi am una­
rebis gamoyenebas Seiswavlian.

naklebad gavrcelebuli problemebi/

ufro Zlieri unarSezRudvebi

am qveTavSi vimsjelebT ufro mZime unarSezRudvis mqone moswav-

leebze, romelTa msgavsnic SesaZloa maswavleblobis sawyis wlebSi
arc SegxvedriaT.

moswavleebi gauaresebuli janmrTelobiT

zogi moswavle iZulebulia, isargeblos specialuri damxmare niv­
TebiTa da xelsawyoebiT (rogoricaa aWimi, specialuri fexsacmeli,
yavarjnebi an invalidis etli), raTa SeZlos Cveulebriv skolaSi sia-
ruli. Tuki skolaSi aris aucilebeli mowyobilobebi, vTqvaT speci­
aluri daRmarTi etlisTvis, elevatorebi, dasasvenebeli oTaxebi da
maswavleblebi iTvaliswineben amgvar moswavleTa fizikur SezRudvebs,

207
cerebraluri dambla _
mdgomareoba, roca tvinis
dazianebis gamo darRveulia
motorika da koordinacia.
spastikuroba _ kunTebis Zl-
ieri daZabuloba da daWimulo-
ba, rac axasiaTebs cerebral-
uri damblis zogierT formas
epilefsia _ darRveva, ro-
melic gamoxatulia gulyre-
biT da gamowveulia tvinSi
aranormaluri eleqtruli
ganmuxtviT.
generalizebuli darRveva _
dazianeba, romelSic CaTreu-
lia tvinis didi nawili.
fizikuri da instruqciuli
akomodaciebi saSuale-
bas aZlevs bevri saxeobis
unarSezRudul moswav-
leebs, rom iswavlon saerTo
saganmanaTleblo klasebSi.
specialurad mowyobili
merxi cerebruli dambliT
daavadebul gogonas klasSi
damoukideblad muSaobis
saSualebas aZlevs.
208
maSin Cveulebriv saganmanaTleblo programaSi bevri araferi iqneba
Sesacvleli. janmrTelobis ori sxva tipis dazianeba ki cerebruli da
apopleqsiuri dambla _ sagulisxmo da rTulia.
cerebruli dambla da mravalmxrivi darRvevebi. tvinis dazianebam
da­badebamde, dabadebisas an Cvilobis periodSi, SeiZleba bavSvSi gamo­
iwvios sxeulis moZraobisa da koordinirebis sirTuleebi. problema
SeiZleba Zalze umniSvnelo iyos da am SemTxvevaSi bavSvi mxolod
odnav mouqneli iqneba, mZime SemTxvevis dros ki cerebruli dambliT
daavadebul bavSvebs damoukideblad gadaadgileba praqtikulad ar
SeuZliaT. cerebruli damblis yvelaze xSiri formisTvis damaxasi-
aTebelia spastiuroba (kunTebis zedmeti daWimva). bevr bavSvs cere-
braluri dambliT gamowveuli meoradi naklic (dabrkoleba) aqvs (Kirk,
Gallagher, & Anastasiow, 1993). isini yvelaze met mzrunvelobas saWiroe-
ben. es aris umTavresi sakiTxi, rasac maswavlebelma yvelaze meti yu-
radReba unda miaqcios. magaliTad, cerebraluri dambliT daavadebul
bevr bavSvs mxedvelobisa da metyvelebis problemebi da mcire inte­
leqturi SezRudvebic aReniSneba. aseT situaciaSi am TavSi moyvanili
strategiebi dagexmarebaT.
gulyra (epilefsia). gulyra qcevaTa jgufia, romelic Tavs iCens tvin­­­­Si
aranormaluri neiroqimiuri aqtivobis dros (Hardman, Drew & Egan, 2005).
epilefsiiT daavadebul adamianebs aReniSnebaT ganmeorebiTi Setevebi,
magram yoveli Setevis mizezi epilefsia rodi gaxlavT; ise­Ti droebiTi
mdgomareobebic, rogoricaa cieb-cxeleba an infeqcia, SeiZleba Setevis
mizezad iqces. gulyris sxvadasxva forma arsebobs. isini erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeba xangrZlivobiT, sixSiriT da damaxasiaTebeli moZraobebiT.
martivi an rTuli kerovani saxis Seteva tvinis mxolod mcire nawils
moicavs, generalizebuli Seteva ki _ bevrad mets.
didi Setevebis (mas grand mal-sac uwodeben) umravlesoba xasiaTdeba
arakontrolirebadi mkveTri moZraobebiT, rac, rogorc wesi, 2-dan 5-
wuTamde grZeldeba. SesaZlebelia nawlavebisa da sisxlis mimoqcevis
kontrolis dakargvac, araTanabari sunTqva da Sedegad Rrma Zili an
koma. gons mosvlis Semdeg moswavle SeiZleba Zalian gadaRlili da
darcxvenili iyos an saswrafod moundes daZineba. SetevaTa umete-
soba samedicino Carevas eqvemdebareba. Tuki klasSi SetevasTan erTad
moswavles konvulsiac, Zlieri krunCxvebic aqvs, maswavlebeli unda
Caerios, rom moswavle ar daziandes. mTavari saSiSroeba ki isaa, rom daukavSireT veb-gverds
da ganavrceT
mZime konvulsiis dros, moswavle, magar zedapirze dacemisas, SeiZleba
damatebiTi informaciisaT-
daSavdes. aseTi Setevisas SeinarCuneT simSvide da daawynareT mTe- vis ix.: Epilepsy Foundation of
li klasi. ar ecadoT bavSvis moZraobebis Sekavebas; Setevis SeCereba America-s veb-gverdi http://
SegiZliaT misi dawyebis dros. frTxilad daawvineT bavSvi iatakze, www.epilepsyfoundation.org/an-
swerplace/.
kedlebisa da inventarisgan Soris. moaSoreT magari, wvetiani sagnebi,
SeuxseniT sayelo, rom moswavles sunTqvaSi xeli ar SeuSalos. TavqveS
frTxilad amoudeT rbili tansacmeli an Salis gadasafarebeli. ara-
sodes CaudoT raime pirSi – ar aris marTali, rom Setevisas SeiZleba
ena gadauvardes. xelovnuri sunTqvis Catarebas mxolod maSin eca-
deT, roca SeteviT gamowveuli dasrulebis Semdeg moswavle kvlav ar
isunTqebs. gaigeT mSoblebisgan, rogor umklavdebian Setevebs; xom
ar mosdevs erT Setevas meore, rogoria Setevebis mier gamowveuli da-
zianebis niSnebi an Seteva xuT wuTze met xans xom ar grZeldeba, aseT
SemTxvevaSi swrafi samedicino daxmareba gamoiyeneT (Friend, 2005).
yoveli Seteva dramatizmiT ar gamoirCeva. zogjer moswavle mxo­
lod wamierad iTiSeba. aseT dros SeiZleba gaSterdes, SekiTxvebs ver
upasuxos, dayaros sagnebi da ver gaixsenos, ra moxda bolo 1 wami-
dan 30 wamis ganmavlobaSi. erTxans amas `petit mal~ uwodebdnen, magram
droebiTi gaTiSva _ darRveva,
dRes igi Sefasebulia, rogorc droebiTi gaTiSva. aseTi Setevebis
romelSic CarTulia tvinis mxo­
Sem­­deg bavSvs ar ecodineba, ra xdeboda klasSi garkveul dros an lod mcire nawili, rac bavSvs
ar axsovs, ra xdeboda im momentSi, rodesac SekiTxvas usvamdiT. am mcire xniT kontaqtis unars
Sem­T­xvevaSi mimarTeT skolis fsiqologs an meddas. mcire Setevebis ukargavs.

mqone moswavleebis umTavresi problema isaa, rom isini klasSi mimdi-

nare movlenebTan kavSirs kargaven _ aseTma Setevebma dReSi 100-jer
SeiZleba iCinos Tavi. Tuki Setevebi xSiria, moswavleebs gakveTilebi
damTrgunveli eCveneba. kiTxvebi dausviT aseT moswavleebs, raTa dar-
wmundeT, rom namdvilad esmiT Tqveni. nu daizarebT, Tu raimes gameo-
reba ramdenjerme mogiwevT.

moswavleebi smenis problemebiT

ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi smenadaqveiTebul mo-
swavleTa raodenobam iklo, magram rodesac problema Tavs iCens, sas-
wavlo Sedegebi seriozulia (Hunt & Marshall, 2002). smeniTi problemebis
mqone bavSvebi mosaubres cal yurs uSveren, saubris dros upirate-
sobas yovelTvis erT yurs aniWeben an saubars ver igeben, Tu mosau-
bris saxes ver xedav, ar reagireben mimarTvaze, drodadro ipyrobT
dabneuloba da iTrgunebian; xSirad gTxoven, rom naTqvami gaumeoroT,
axali sityvebsa da saxelebs damaxinjebiT warmoTqvamen da klasis dis-
kusiebSi TiTqos iZulebiT monawileoben. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
miaqcieT moswavleebs, romlebsac xSirad stkivaT yuri, sasqeso orga-
noebSi ganicdian infeqciur wvas an alergias.
warsulSi pedagogebi bWobdnen, ra iyo umjobesi yru da smena daq­ daukavSireT veb-gverds
veiTebuli bavSvebisTvis _ oraluri Tu manualuri swavleba. ora­luri da ganavrceT
usinaTloTaTvis amerikis
midgoma gulisxmobs xmamaRal kiTxvas tuCebiT da smenis nebismieri beWdviTi saxlis instruqci-
xarisxis daqveiTebis SemTxvevaSi moswavleTa mier am xerxiT varjiSs. uli masalebis sakavSiro
manualuri midgoma moicavs simboloTa enasa da xelebiT saubars. centrs (http://www.aph.org/)
kvle­vebi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi, romlebic manualuri meTodiT swav- mxedvelobiTi problemebis
mqone moswavleTaTvis aqvs
loben, skolaSi Tavs ukeT warmoaCenen da sazogadoebaSic Tavs ufro instruqciuli masalebis kata-
daxvewilad avlenen im moswavleebTan SedarebiT, romlebic mxolod logebi.

209

axlomxedveloba _ mxedve­
loba, romelic SezRudulia
axlos mdebare sagnebiT.
usinaTloTa ganaTleba _
brailis masalebis gamoyenebis
aucilebloba mxedveloba
daqveiTebul moswavleTa
swavleba/swavlisaTvis.
210
oraluri meTodiT swavloben. dRes am orive midgomis kombinirebis
tendencia aRiniSneba (Hallahan & Kauffman, 2006).
arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, rom smenadaqveiTebuli adamianebi gansxva­
vebuli kulturis nawils warmoadgenen eniT, faseulobebiT, sazoga-
doebrivi institutebiTa da literaturiT. hants da marSals (Hunt
& Marshall, 2002) erTi smenadaqveiTebuli profesionalis naTqvami mo-
hyavs: `gana esiamovnebodaT qalebs, arasrulfasovnebad Seefasebina
isini vinmes? an TeTrkanianebisTvis ewodebina vinmes Savkanianebi? me
ar var arasrulfasovani, me yru var!~ (gv. 348). aqedan gamomdinare,
Cveni mizania, rom smenadaqveiTebuli bavSvebi bilingvebad vaqcioT da
bikulturulad aRvzardoT, raTa qmediTi gavxadoT orive kulturaSi.
iseTma teqnologiurma inovaciebma, rogoricaa telefonebi, komuni-
kacia eleqtronuli fostiT da internetiT, yvela adamianisTvis, maT
Soris, smenadaqveiTebulebisTvisac, advilad dakavSirebis SesaZle-
blobebi gazarda.
moswavleebi mxedvelobis problemebiT
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1000 moswavlidan mxolod erTs aRe­
niSneba mxedvelobis daqveiTeba, magram misi problemebi imdenad se-
riozulia, rom aseTi bavSvebi specialur saganmanaTleblo serviss
saWiroeben. maT susti mxedvelobis mqoneebs uwodeben. kiTxvisas isini
lupebian saTvales an did Sriftian wignebs iyeneben. moswavleTa Se-
darebiT mcirericxovani jgufi (2500-dan daaxloebiT 1) ki usinaTloa.
aseTma moswavleebma swavlis umTavres wyarod smena da Sexeba unda
gamoiyenon (Kirk, Gallagher, & Anastasiow, 1993).
xSirad, mxedvelobis problemebis mqone moswavleebi, kiTxvisas
wigns TvalebTan Zalian axlos an Zalian Sors ikaveben xolme. SesaZ­
loa, isini Tvalebs aelmebdnen da a faxurebdnen, uCiodnen Tvalebis
wvasa da qavils; SeSupebas an SewiTlebas. mxedvelobis problemebis
mqone moswavleebma SeiZleba dafaze dawerili sityvebi arasworad wa­
ikiTxon, ise aRweron TavianTi Sexedulebebi, TiTqos burusSi arian,
si­naTleze hqondeT mgrZnobeloba an Tavi mudmivad gverdze hqondeT
gadaxrili. isini SeiZleba gaRiziandnen, an klasSi Sesasrulebeli sa-
muSaos mimarT dakargon interesi. (Hunt &Marshall, 2002). nebismieri am
niSnis SemCnevis SemTxvevaSi, amis Sesaxeb unda SeatyobinoT skolis
Sesabamis specia­lists.
Cveulebriv klasebSi amgvar moswavleTa aqtiurobisTvis saWiro ma­
sala-mowyobilobebidan mniSvnelovania msxvili SriftiT dabeWdili
wignebi; kompiuteruli programebi, romelTac beWdviTi masala audi­
oSi an usinaTloTa SriftSi gadahyavs; personaluri damxmare saSua­
lebebi: sasaubro daniSnulebis mqone wignebi an cnobarebi, cvalebadi
siCqaris magnitofonebi (isini maswavlebels droSi Sek­vecili audioCa-
nawerebis gamoyenebis saSualebas aZlevs, romelTa siswrafis momate-
bac laparaks aCqarebs xmis tembris cvlilebis gareSe); specialuri
kalkulatorebi; saangariSo; samganzomilebiani rukebi; grafikebi da
nimuSebi; specialuri gamzomi mowyobilobebi. mxedvelobis problemebis
mqone moswavleTaTvis xSirad beWdvis xarisxi da asoebis zoma Zalian
mniSvnelovania, amitom Tavi aarideT Znelad amosakiTx da uxaris­xod
gadaRebul masalas.
oTaxis mowyobac mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. mxedvelobis proble­me­
bis mqone moswavleebma unda icodnen nivTebis adgili, ase rom, mniSv­
nelovania wesrigi _ adgili yvelafrisTvis da yvelaferi Tavis ad­
gilze. oTaxsa da derefanSi samoZraod didi adgili datoveT. Tu
oTaxs gadaaxalisebT da avejsa da sagnebs gadaaadgilebT, mxedvelo­
biTi problemis mqone moswavleebs mieciT cvlilebebTan Seguebis
SesaZ­lebloba.

autizmis speqtris darRvevebi

termini `autizmi~ SeiZleba gsmeniaT kidec. 1990 wels autizmi, IDEA-s
CamonaTvals daemata, rogorc specialuri servisis saWiroebis mqone
unarSezRudva. igi ganisazRvra, rogorc `ganviTarebadi unarSezRudva,
romelic SesamCnevad moqmedebs verbalur da araverbalur komunika-
ciebsa da sazogadoebriv urTierTobebze; Tavs iCens sami wlis asakamde
da pirdapir zegavlenas axdens bavSvis mier codnis gamovlenaze~ (reg-
ulirebis 34-e federaluri kodi 300.7). me gamocdili profesionalebis autizmi _ ganviTarebis Sez-
mier SemoTavazebul termins _ `autizmis speqtris darRvevebi~ _ viy- Ruduloba, romelic mniS-
eneb imis xazgasasmelad, rom autizmis simZime Zalian did sazRvrebSi vnelovnad aferxebs verbalur
da araverbalur komunikacias,
meryeobs. adreuli asakidan bavSvebs, romlebsac aReniSnebaT autizmi,
socialur urTierTobebs da
SeiZleba sazogadoebaSi problemebi SeeqmnaT. maT ar SeuZliaT sxvebT- sxvadasxva xarisxiT vlindeba
an urTierTobis damyareba, eridebian Tvalis kontaqts, an ar iziareben 3 wlis asakidan.
sxvebTan erTad sixaruls da sxvebis interesebs. komunikacia darRveu-
lia. aseT moswavleTa daaxloebiT naxevari `damunjebulia~; maT Zalian
SezRuduli an ararsebuli sametyvelo unar-Cveva aqvT. zogi sakuTar
enasac ki igonebs. aseTi bavSvebi SeiZleba daJinebiT moiTxovdnen maTi
garemos ucvlelobas – cvlilebebi maTTvis metad Semawuxebelia. maT
axasiaTebT erTi da imave qmedebis gameoreba, aqvT SezRuduli intere-
sebi, gauTaveblad ucqeren erTsa da imave DVD-s; SesaZloa gaurbod-
nen sinaTles, xmas, Sexebas an sxva sensorul informacias; magaliTad,
bgera SeiZleba tkivilis momgvreli iyos. maT SeiZleba raRac sityvebi
da nabijebi moifiqron problemis gadasaWrelad, magram ara Sesabamisi,
Zalian daiTrgunon situaciis Secvlis an SekiTxvebis sxvagvarad das-
mis SemTxvevaSi (Friend, 2006).
aspergeris sindromi autizmis speqtrSi Semavali erT-erTi unar-
SezRudvaa. am sindromiT daavadebul bavSvebs zemoT CamoTvlili bev-
ri simptomi aReniSnebaT, magram maTi umTavresi problema socialuri
urTierTobebia, ena aq nakleb rols TamaSobs. isini SeiZleba kargad
saubrobdnen, magram uCveulod urevdnen erTmaneTSi, magaliTad, `me~
da `YSen~-s (Friend, 2006). autizmis mqone bevri moswavle aseve ganicdis
saSualo an met inteleqtualur SezRudvas, magram rogorc wesi, as-
pergeris sindromis mqone moswavleebis inteleqtis maCvenebeli sa-
Sualo da saSualoze maRlia.

azrovnebis Teoria. autizmisa da aspergeris sindromis Tanamedrove

axsna isaa, rom amgvari darRvevebis mqone bavSvebi azrovnebis Teoriis
naklebobas ganicdian – maT uWirT imis gageba, rom Tavadac da sxva
adamianebic azrovneben, fiqroben da emociebi aqvT. isini ver xsnian
sakuTar saqciels, ver acnobiereben, rom sxvebs sakuTari grZnobebi
aqvT da uWirT imis gansazRvra, ra zegavlenas moaxdens raime qmede-
ba emociebze. magaliTad, aseT moswavles SeiZleba ar esmodes, ratom
abezrebs Tavs Tanaklaselebs erTi da imave ambebis gauTavebeli moyo-

211

niWieri moswavle _ moswavle,
romelic gamoirCeva naTeli
gonebiT, kreatulobiT,
talantiT.
212
liT. aseTi moswavle urTierTobisas SeiZleba zedmetad axlos an Sors
idges da ver acnobierebdes, rom garSemomyofT Tavisi saqcieliT dis-
komforts uqmnis (Friend, 2006).
Careva. adreuli da intensiuri Careva, romelic emsaxureba komunika­
ciur da socialur urTierTobebs, autizmis speqtris darRvevebiT
daavadebuli bavSvebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. erT-erTi
aseTi Carevaa dawyebiT skolaSi Sesvla. zogierTi bavSvi SeiZleba stu-
ruqturirebul garemoSi an speciazebul klasebSi aRmoCndes. umete-
soba ki _ am ori mimarTulebis gamaerTianebel klasSi. aseT SemTxveva-
Si, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maswavleblebsa da ojaxebs Soris
TanamSromlobac. dabal klasebSi swavlisas, aseTi moswavle stresis
dros iseve usafrTxod unda grZnobdes Tavs, rogorc sakuTar saxlSi;
swavleba unda iyos Tanmimdevruli (Friend, 2006). cxovreba, muSaoba da
socialuri unar-Cvevebi gardatexis asakSi mniSvnelovani saganmana-
Tleblo miznebia.
am Tavs davasrulebT gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebis mqone sxva jgu-
fiT, romelsac IDEIA an 504 seqcia ar moicavs. aseT jgufebSi erTian-
debian maRali inteleqtiTa da niWiT dajildoebuli moswavleebi.
niWieri moswavleebi
CaTvaleT, rom es sinamdvilea.
latoia ukve kargad kiTxulobda, rodesac qalaqis erT-erTi
raionis did skolaSi pirvel klasSi Seiyvanes. maswavlebelma
SeniSna, rom latoiam klasSi rTuli teqstebis Semcveli wignebi
Seitana da yovelgvari daZabvis gareSe waikiTxa. wakiTxvis Se-
fasebis Semdeg skolis konsultantma kiTxvis sakiTxebSi ganacxa-
da, rom latoia mexuTe klasis moswavlis doneze kiTxulobda.
latoias mSoblebma ki amayad ganacxades, rom maTma Svilma kiTxva
jer kidev sami wlis asakSi damoukideblad daiwyo _ `kiTxulobda
yvela wigns, razedac xeli miuwvdeboda~ (Raisi da sxv., 2002).
gavida dro. skolaSi latoiasTvis xeli gansakuTrebiT ar Seu-
wyeviaT. mexuTe klasSic ise kiTxulobda, rogorc es mexuTe kla-
sis bavSvs Seesabameboda. misi maswavlebeli verc warmoidgenda, rom
latoia odesRac gansakuTreli niWiT dajildoebuli bavSvi iyo.
latoia erTaderTi ar aris. arsebobs gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis
mqone moswavleTa jgufi, romelTac skolebi xSirad jerovan yuradRe-
bas ar aqceven. eseni arian niWieri moswavleebi. warsulSi, rodesac
waxalisebuli iyo zedmiwevniT gafarToebuli swavleba, gansakuTrebiT
naTeli gonebis mqone niWier moswavleebs aRiqvamdnen, rogorc antide-
mokratiulsa da eliturs. dRes arsebobs Sexeduuleba, rom niWier mo-
swavleebs sajaro skolaSi jerovnad ar afaseben. kvlevam dagvanaxva,
rom niWier moswavleTa 1,5-ze meti skolaSi Tavisi unar-SesaZleblo-
bebis Sesabamis warmatebebs ver aRwevs (Tomlinson, Keasey, 1990). 1988 wels
federalurma mTavrobam miiRo niWier moswavleTa saganmanaTleblo
aqti, romelic aRiarebs, rom am moswavleebs specialuri momsaxureba
sWirdebaT, magram kanoni ar avaldebulebs Statebs iseTi servisebiT
uzrunvelyofas, romlebic latoias msgavs moswavleebs Sesabamis ga-
naTlebas miscems.

vin arian es moswavleebi

niWierebis gansazRvris bevri meTodi arsebobs, radgan adamianebs
bevri sxvadasxva niWi aqvT. gardnerma (2003) gansazRvra rva gansxva­
vebuli `inteleqti~, xolo sternbergi (1997) triarqiul models gvTa­­
vazobs. renzulis da raisis (Renzulli & Reis, 2003) niWierebis gansazRvris
gansxvavebuli samnawiliani koncefcia gulisxmobs: saSualoze maRali
zogadi unari, kreatiulobis maRali done da sapasuxismgeblo amoca­
nebis Sesrulebisa da motivaciis bolomde miyvanis maRali done. erT-
erTi yvelaze mravlismetyveli gansazRvra amerikis ganaTlebis depar-
taments ekuTvnis (1993):

gansakuTrebiT niWieri bavSvebi da mozardebi avlenen Ses-

rulebis gacilebiT ufro maRal potencials, vidre imave asa-
kis, imave gamocdilebisa da garemos sxva bavSvebi da mozardebi.
aseTi bavSvebi da mozardebi avlenen inteleqtualur, Semoq-
medebiT, artistul, lideris araCveulebriv unars an swavlebis
sferoSi gansxvavebul niWs. maT mier moTxovnil momsaxurebasa
da qmedebebs skolebi, rogorc wesi, ver akmayofileben. gansa-
kuTrebuli niWi gvxvdeba bavSvebsa da mozardebSi, romlebic
nebismier kulturul jgufSi nebismier ekonomikur fenaSi, ada-
mianis nebis­mieri miswrafebebis sferoSi (gv. 26).

WeSmariti niWiT dajildoebuli bavSvebi ubralod imiT ki ar ga­

moirCevian, rom yvelafers Zaldatanebis gareSe, uceb Seiswavlian. niWi­
eri moswavleebis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao originalobiT gamoirCeva,
asaks win uswrebs da didi potenciis mauwyebelicaa. maT sul mcire dax-
mareba sWirdebaT, ra­Ta 3-4 wlis asakSi ukve kargad kiTxulobdnen.
isini SeiZleba gamocdili mozrdilis msgav­sad ukravdnen romelime
musikalur instrumentze, marketSi sayidlebze wasvla gadaaqcion
maTematikur fazad. Tanaklaselebisgan gansxvavebiT, aRfrTovaneb-
ulebi arian algebruli amocanebiT (Winner, 2000). niWierebaze bolo-
droindeli Sexedulebebi gafarTovda da axla is mniSvnelobas aniWebs
bavSvebis kulturas, enas da gansakuTrebulobas (niWierTa asociacia,
2001). swored aseTi axali Sexedulebebia asaxuli CanarTSi `istoriebi
swavlis Sesaxeb – xarki swavlebas~, sadac avtori kerelis msgavsi bavS-
vebis Tvisebebis gamoavlenas cdilobs.
ra viciT aseTi SesaniSnavi pirovnebebis Sesaxeb? akademiuri da in­
teleqtualuri niWiT dajildoebuli adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebis klasikuri Seswavla, aTeuli wlebis winaT, liuis termanma da
misma kolegebma (1925, 1947, 1959; Holahan & Sears, 1995) daiwyes. uzarmaz-
ari proeqti 1,528 niWieri mamakacisa da qalis cxovrebas akvirdeba da
gagrZeldeba 2010 wlamde. aq warmodgenili yoveli sagnis IQ-s maCvene-
beli mosaxleobis saukeTeso 1%-Sia (stenford-bines inteleqtis tes-
tis mixedviT 140 qula an meti). isini SearCies am testis Sedegebis
sa­fuZvelze da maswavlebelTa rekomendaciiT.
termanis da misi kolegebis dakvirvebiT, CveulebrivTan SedarebiT,
niWieri bavSvebi ufro didebi, Zlierebi da janmrTelebi aRmoCndnen.
isini, xSirad, ufro adre iwyeben siaruls da ufro Ronierebic arian.
TanatolebTan SedarebiT emociurad ufro mdgrad da gawonasworebul

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 istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb
xarki swavlebas
kereli mesameklaseli `kerels TiTqos Sia, magram ara sinamdvileSi, kerelis
afroamerikeli bavSvia, ro­ msgavsad motivirebuli bav­­
saWmeli, aramed codna.~
melic xvdeba, rom TavisiT Svebi cotani arian. is mar­
araferi ga­modis. mas mud- Tlac kerketi kakalia. aq­
mivi sacxovrebeli ar gaaCnia. wlis umetes dros tiurobs, sinaTlisa da sicocxlis magaliTia,
saxlSi ver atarebs. igi mSoblebs Zalian uyvarT kontaqturi da komunikabeluria. kereli wers da
da yvelaferSi exmarebian. kerelis deda adgilo- hyveba ambebs. igi jgufis lideria ara imitom, rom
briv hospitalSi muSaobs, mama ki swrafi kvebis fizikurad Zlieria, aramed rogorc jgufis kargi
restoranSi, misi TqmiT, `burgerebs~ atrialebs. warmmarTveli. misi meore klasis maswavlebeli
kerelis skola sxva ubanSi mdebareobs. is yov- ambobs: `is Zalian niWieria werasa da kiTxvaSi.
el diliT dedasTan erTad jdeba did avtobusSi. kereli SemoqmedebiTi naturaa, Zlieria xelovne-
Semdeg dedamisi samuSaosken gzas sazogadoebrivi baSi da saerTod yvela saganSi.~ kerelis naxatebi
transportiT agrZelebs. avtobusis Seferxebebis skolis derefans didxans amSvenebda.
gamo kereli skolaSi zogjer erT saaTsac ki agvi- niWier moswavleTa Sesaxeb wyaroebis mosaZie-
anebs, magram klasSi SesvlisTanave swrafad erTveba blad ixileT jons hopkinsis axalgazrda talan-
klasis muSaobaSi. kerelis maswavlebeli fiqrobs, tebis sauniversiteto centris veb-gverdi: http://
rom xangrZlivi mgzavroba kerelze TiTqos arc www.jhu.edu/~gifted/

ki moqmedebs.
kereli TiTqos mSieria da mas unda ara saW-
meli, aramed codnis miReba. igi xSirad iTxovs
damatebiT davalebas. maswavlebeli kerels ase
moixseniebs: `kereli Cemi sixarulia, me bednieri
wyaro: wignidan `Challenging Expectations: Case Studies of
High Potential, Culturally Diverse Young Children,” by C. Tom-
linson, C. Callahan, and K. Lelli, Gifted Child Quarterly, 41(2),
pp. 5-17. ibeWdeba National Association of Gifted Children-is
nebarTviT.

var, rom klasSi aseTi moswavle myavs~

adamianebad izrdebian, vidre saSualo SesaZleblobis individebi. maT

danaSaulis, emociuri sirTuleebis, ganqorwinebis, narkotikuli prob-
lemebisadmi midrekilebis ufro dabali maCvenebeli aRmoaCndaT. ra
Tqma unda, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom termanis naSromSi nominaciebis
Semdgenelma maswavleblebma, SesaZloa, is moswavleebi SearCies, rom-
lebic gawonasworebulobas sawyis etapze amJRavnebdnen. gaxsovdeT,
rom termanis Catarebuli kvleva akademiuri niWiT dajildoebul mo-
swavleebs exeba. niWis bevri sxva gamoxatulebac arsebobs.

ra aris niWis saTave? wlebis ganmavlobaSi mkvlevarebi kamaTobdnen gan-

sakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebisa da niWis mqone adamianebis `buneba/aRzr-
da~ sakiTxze. aSkaraa, rom orive saWiroa. niWieri da geniosi adamianebis
Sesaxeb kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom bevr sferoSi umaRlesi safexurebis mis-
aRwevad, aucilebelia Rrma da xangrZlivi praqtika. magaliTad, niutons
sawyisi ideebidan mecnierebaSi saboloo wvlilis Setanamde 20 weliwadi
dasWirda (Howe, Davidson & Sloboda, 1998; Winner, 2000).
vixseneb niWierebis Sesaxeb blumis kvlevis moxsenebis mosmenis
periods (1982). blumis mkvlevarTa gundi esaubreboda msoflios sa­
ukeTeso CogburTelebs, maT mwvrTnelebs, mSoblebs, debs, Zmebsa da

214
megobrebs. erT-erTi mwvrTnelis sityvebiT, Turme axalgazrda aT-
lets misi rCeva gauTvaliswinebia da ramdenime dRis Semdeg saukeTeso
Sedegic uCvenebia. amis Semdeg mSoblebi yvebodnen, rogor varjiSobda
maTi Svili saaTobiT gadamwyveti moZraobis dasamuSaveblad da rogor
gamoadga mwvrTnelis rCeva. rogorc xedavT, praqtika did rols Ta-
maSobs. niWieri bavSvebis ojaxebi bavSvebze arian koncentrirebulni
da did dros uTmoben maTi talantis ganviTarebas. blumis mkvlevarTa
gundi aRwers mSoblebis udides Zalisxmevasac: mzis amosvlamde adgo-
ma manqaniT bavSvis wasayvanad mwvrTnelTan sxva qalaqSi, or adgilze
muSaoba an Tundac mTeli ojaxis gadabargeba qveynis sxva mxareSi,
bavSvisTvis saukeTeso maswavleblebis an mwvrTnelebis mosaZieblad.
mSobelTa mondomebas bavSvebi ufro meti SromiT pasuxoben, amis
Semxedvare mSoblebi ki Zalisxmevas ar iSureben, raTa Svilebs kidev
meti SesZinon.
Tumca, mxolod mZime Sroma verasodes mogvcems msoflio klasis
CogburTels an niutons. am SemTxvevaSi bunebac mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs. blumis mier Seswavlili bavSvebis magaliTiT vxedavT
garkveul sferoebSi adreul asakSi cxadad gamomJRavnebul talants,
ramac momavalSi ganviTareba pova. bavSvobaSi didi moqandakeebic
ganuwyvetliv xatavdnen da momavali maTematikosebi aRfrTovanebaSi
mohyavda sxvadasxva tipis ciferblatebsa Tu mowyobilobas. mSobelTa
investiciebmac ar daayovna mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebma niWi adreuli
asakSi gamoavlines (Winner, 2000; 2003). uaxlesi kvlevebi gvamcnobs,
rom maTematikaSi, musikasa da saxviT xelovnebaSi gansakuTrebuli
niWiTa da SesaZleblobebiT dajildoebul bavSvebs SeiZleba tvinis
uCveulo organizacia hqondeT, rac upiratesobebTan erTad winaaRm-
degobebsac ganapirobebs. niWiereba maTematikaSi, musikasa da saxviT
xelovnebaSi vlindeba momatebul vizualur-sivrciT unarSi da aviTa-
rebs tvinis marjvena naxevarsferos. amgvari talantis mqone bavSvebi
marjvena xels aniWeben upiratesobas da enasTan dakavSirebuli prob-
lemebi aqvT. tvinis gansxvavebuloba TvalnaTlivia _ `niWieri bavSvebi,
vunderkindebi da mecnierebi ara raime niSnis qveS, aramed uCveulo
tviniT arian dabadebulni, rac SesaZlebels xdis, rom garkveul sfer-
oebs swrafad daeuflon~ (Winner, 2000, gv. 160).

ra problemebi xvdebaT niWier adamianebs? blumisa da termanis Cat-

arebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebis miuxedavad, araswori iqneboda, TuU
vityviT, rom yvela niWieri moswavle gawonasworebuli da emociurad
jansaRia. faqtobrivad, niWieri moswavleebi (gansakuTrebiT gogonebi)
depresiulni arian xolme da xSirad yvebian TavianTi socialuri da
emociuri problemebis Sesaxeb (Berk, 2005). niWier bavSvs bevri winaaRm-
degoba aqvs gadasalaxi. mowyenis, mobezrebis, aseve TanatolTa mxri-
dan izolaciisa da flustraciis CaTvliT. Tanaklaselebi SeiZleba
Tavs iklavdnen beisbolis TamaSiT da brazdebodnen, roca maTemati-
kas Tavs ver arTmeven. niWieri bavSvi ki aRfrTovanebulia mocartiT,
yuradRebas aqcevs sazogadoebriv sakiTxebs an mTel dros uTmobs
kompiuters, Teatrsa Tu geologias. niWieri bavSvebi SeiZleba gaRizi-
andnen megobrebis, mSoblebisa da im maswavleblebis mimarTac, vinc
ar iziarebs maT interesebsa da SesaZleblobebs. radgan ena kargad
uWriT, SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom trabaxoben. isini did mgrZnobelo-
bas iCenen sxvebis molodinisa da grZnobebis mimarT, amitomac, aseTi
moswavleebi SeiZleba avadmyofurad ganicdidnen kritikasa da dacin-
vas. mizandasaxulobisa da mobilizebulobis gamo isini SeiZleba jiu-

215
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
fsiqologia skolebSi 2001
wlis seqtembris gamocema Sei-
cavs ramdenime statias niWier
moswavleTa gamovlenisa da
swavlebis Sesaxeb.
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
niWierTa saganmanaTleblo
programaSi warmodgenilia
moswavleTa sami jgufi: qa-
lebi, swavlis unarSezRuduli
moswavleebi da Raribi mo-
swavleebi (Stormont, Stebbins &
Holliday, 2001).
gogonebi da niWiereba
rodesac patara gogonebi
gardatexis asakSi identobas
aviTareben, xSirad uaryofen
TavianT niWierebas. ufro did
mniSvnelobas aniWeben aRi-
arebulobasa da popularobas
- `morgebuloba~ SeiZleba
ufro mniSvnelovani gaxdes,
vidre miRwevebi (Basow &
Rubin, 1999; Stormont da sxv.,
2001). rogor gaagebinon mas-
wavleblebma am gogonebs, rom
niWierni arian? aq moyvanilia
sami idea:
CainiSneT, saSualo an
maRal klasebSi rodidan
iklebs niWieri gogonebis
testis qulebi.
waaxaliseT asteriuloba
sakuTari Tavis rwmena,
warmatebebi, maRal miznebi-
sken swrafva da mosTxoveT
muSaoba yvelasTan erTad.
ganavrceT warmatebis
modeli mosaubreebsa da
wamkiTxvelebs Soris.
eZieT da mouwoneT niWi-
ereba aka demiur miRwevebze
metad.
216
tad da araTanamSromlobiTad mogveCvenon, iumoris kargi grZnoba ki
iaraRad gamoiyenon maswavleblebisa da Tanaklaselebis mimarT. gare-
mosTan morgeba, umaRlesi akademiuri SesaZleblobebis mqone gansa-
kuTrebulad niWieri bavSvebisaTvis lamis umTavresi problemaa (mag.,
ix. zemoT 180 IQ) (Hardman, Drew, & Egan, 2005; Robinson & Clinkenbeard, 1998).
niWieri bavSvebis aRmoCena da swavleba
rogoria Tqveni azri?
samsaxurSi misaReb gasaubrebaze kidev erTi SekiTxva dagvisves:
aRwereT klasisTvis saswavlo RonisZiebis gegma da is gzebi,
romlebic miusadageT TiToeuli bavSvis moTxovnebs.
niWieri bavSvebis aRmoCena yovelTvis araa advili, maTi swavleba
ki SeiZleba ufro metad winaaRmdegobrivi iyos. bevri mSobeli sa-
kuTari bavSvebs ganaTlebas adreul asakSive aZlevs. adreul wlebSi
kiTxvis unariT gansakuTrebulad dajildoebuli bavSvebic ki ver
mogvcemen imis garantias, rom ramdenime wlis Semdeg isini aseve
kargad gaarTmeven Tavs amocanas (Mills & Jackson, 1990). dabal da maRal
klasebSi zogi moswavle specialurad iRebs ufro dabal qulebs, rac
xels uSlis maTi niWis gamoaSkaravebas (Berk, 2005).
talantis aRmoCena. TavianTi unaris damalvisken gansakuTrebiT go-
gonebi arian midrekilni. merilin frendi (Marilyn Friend, 2005) talantis
aRmosaCenad ramdenime kiTxvas sTavazobs: vis SeuZlia iseTi abstraq-
tuli simboloebis sistemis advilad marTva, rogoric maTematikaa?
vis SeuZlia xangrZlivad koncentrireba pirovnul interesebze? vis
amaxsovrdeba axlad axsnili masala advilad? am Tavis dasawyisSi aR-
werili latoias msgavsad vin iTvisebs metyvelebas da kiTxvas adre?
vin aris cnobismoyvare da interesdeba bevri ramiT? visi namuSevaria
originaluri da SemoqmedebiTi? aseTi moswavleebi SeiZleba cal-
ke muSaobas amjobinebdnen, samarTlianobisa da wesierebis grZnobis
simZafriT gamoirCeodnen, iyvnen energiulebi, daJinebulni da mego-
brebisadmi (xSirad maTze ufrosi moswavleebis) pasuxismgeblobiT
aRsavseni da ibrZvian srulyofilebisTvis (prefeqcionizmi).
jgufze gaTvlili warmatebebisa da inteleqtis testi gansakuT­re­
biT naTeli gonebis mqone bavSvebis IQ-s saTanadod ver afasebs. jgu-
furi testebi SeiZleba Sesamowmeblad mosaxerxebeli iyos, magram am
sistemaze dayrdnobiT raime Zireuli daskvnebis gamotana ver xerxde-
ba. niWieri bavSvebis aRmosaCenad bevri fsiqologi konkretuli Sem-
Txvevis kvlevis (case study) meTods gvTavazobs. es niSnavs mravalgvari
informaciis Segrovebas sxvadasxva konteqstSi: testis maCveneblebs,
xarisxs, Sesrulebuli samuSaos magaliTebs, proeqtebsa da portfo-
lioebs, samezoblodan an eklesiidan mowodebuli daxasiaTebis weri-
lebsa da Sefasebebs, TviTSefasebebs, bavSvis wardgenis nebarTvas mas-
wavleblebisa da Tanatolebisagan da a.S. (Renzulli & Reis, 2003; Sisk, 1988).
SeiZleba gansakuTrebuli artistuli talantis aRmosaCenad, bavSvis
SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis gansjisTvis, sxvadasxva sferoSi mo-
muSave eqspertebis mowveva gaxdes saWiro. mecnieruli proeqtebi, ga­
mofenebi, warmodgenebi, saubrebi da mosmenebi – yvelaferi SeiZleba
gakeTdes. SemoqmedebiTma testebma SeiZleba warmoaCinos bevri is-
eTi bavSvi, romlebsac sxva sagnebSi gansakuTrebuli miRwevebi ar
 niWieri moswavleebi swavlis
cxrili 4.14 unarSezRudviT: ormagi gam-
onaklisi
niWieri moswavleebisaTvis Sinaarsis aq moyvanilia ormagi gamon-
aklisis moswavleTa mxar-
modificirebis magaliTebi dasaWeri ramdenime idea
(McCoach, Kehle, Bray, & Siegle,
sagani 2001):
aseTi moswavleebis iden-
modifikacia maTematika metyvelebis socialuri tifikaciisaTvis didi xnis
mecniereba
kultura mecnierebebi ganmavlobaSi daakvirdiT
maT miRwevebs.
aqseleracia me-5 klasis adreuli qimia gramatikuli msoflio istoriis gaaumjobeseT unar-Cvevebi,
algebra da fizika struqturis Seswavla adreul amasTanave SeicaniT da
adreuli asakSi ganavrceT talanti da
Seswavla biografiebis Zlieri mxareebi.
gamdidreba cifrul eqsperimenti kiTxva istoriuli uzrunvelyaviT emociuri
mxardaWera. es aucilebe-
sistemebSi da monacemTa mokle Sinaarsi xedvis
lia yvelasaTvis, gansa-
bazisebis Segroveba da sonetebis da gamosamuSaveblad kuTrebiT ki am jgufis
daxvewa cvlileba a.S. wera ekonomikis moswavleTaTvis.
ariTmetikis fizikis principebis daexmareT moswavleebs,
wesebSi kanonebis Teatraluri Seswavla da iswavlon saswavlo prob-
daostateba Seswavla warmodgenebis, gamoyeneba lemebis kompensireba da
xeli SeuwyveT Zlieri
siaxle sonetebis da a.S.
mxareebisa da winaaRmdego-
struqturuli momaval
bebis `CawvdomaSi~.
Taviseburebebis sazogadoebebsa da
albaToba da mecniereba da daufleba maT marTvaze
statistika misi gavlena Seqspiris warmodgenis
sazogadoebaze tragediebis Seqmna
Secvla kargi
dasasruliT

wignidan niWieri bavSvis swavleba, 4/e by 4J.J. Gallagher & S.A. Gallagher. Published by Allyn
& Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright © 1994 by Pearson Education. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis
nebarTviT.

aqvT. garkveulwilad es exeba bavSvebs, romlebmac `Caaflaves~ testis

sxva magaliTebi (Maker, 1987). gaxsovdeT, Tuki moswavle erT romelime
sferoSi saocar SesaZleblobebs avlens, SeiZleba sxva mimarTulebe-
biT nak­lebi niWiT gamoirCeodes. faqtobrivad, amerikis skolebSi is-
eTi niWieri moswavleebis ricxvma, romlebic yvela sagans saTanadod
ver swavloben, SeiZleba 180,000-mde moimatos (Davis & Rimm, 1985).

niWier moswavleTa swavleba. zog pedagogs miaCnia, rom niWieri mo-

swavleebi yvelafers swrafad unda iTvisebdnen _ swrafad gadadiod-
nen maRal klasebSi. pedagogTa nawili ki codnis gamdidrebis momxrea
– moswavleebs unda mivawodoT damatebiTi, garTulebuli da dasa-
fiqrebeli samuSao, oRond asakis Sesabamisad. sinamdvileSi, orive
meTodi misaRebia (Torrance, 1986). amis ganxorcielebis erTi gza kuriku-
lum Sesabamisobaa _ moswavleTa codnis Sefaseba swavlis sazomiT da
Semdeg swavleba mxolod im miznebis gansaxorcieleblad, romlebic
jer ar aris miRweuli. Tavisufali dro SeiZleba daeTmos im miznebis
Camoyalibebas, romlebic Seexeba gamdidrebas, daxvewas, siaxles (Reis
& Renzulli, 2004). gaecaniT 4.14 cxrils imis magaliTebis sanaxavad, ro-
gor SeiZleba Sinaarsis modifikacia. aqseleraciis, gamdidrebis, gar-
Tulebisa da siaxleebis gamoyenebiT.
bevri adamiani aqseleraciis winaaRmdegia, magram frTxil gamokvle­

217
Raribi niWieri moswavleebi vaTa umravlesoba miuTiTebs, rom namdvilad niWieri bavSvebi, dawye-
janmrTelobis problemebi, biT, saSualo, maRal klasebSi, kolejsa da magistraturaSic ki, Ta-
resursebis ukmarisoba,
vidanve kargad an ukeT euflebian sagnebs, romelTac Cveulebrivi
usaxlkaroba, usafrTxoe-
basa da gadarCenasTan SesaZleblobebis bavSvebi normaluri ganviTarebis tempiT Seiswavlian.
dakavSirebuli SiSi, xSiri socialuri da emociuri morgeba ar iwvevs miRwevebis gauaresebas. ni-
adgilmonacvleoba, ojaxis Wieri bavSvebi ufrosebTan urTierTobas amjobineben da SeiZleba mo-
wevrebisgan mzrunvelobaze sawyenad eCvenoT TanatolTa wreSi yofna. konkretuli moswavlisTvis
pasuxismgebloba _ yivelive es
klasebSi `gadaxtoma~ SeiZleba arc iyos swori gadawyvetileba, magram
arTulebs skolaSi Sedegebis
miRwevas. niWier moswavleTa arc imdenad cudi, rogorc bevrs hgonia (Jones & Southern, 1991; Kulik &
aRmosaCenad: Kulik, 1984; Richardson & Benbow, 1990). klasebSi `gadaxtomis~ alternativa
isargebleT alternatiuli erT an or gamorCeul saganSi moswavleTa daCqarebuli tempiT swavle-
SefasebiT, maswavleblis baa – imdenad daCqarebuli tempiT, rom romelime kolejis Sesabamis
arCevaniTa da Semoqmedebi-
kursebzec kia SesaZlebeli moswavlis Caricxva, magram sasurvelia,
Ti testebiT.
gulisyuriT moekideT rom aseTma moswavlem skola TanatolebTan erTad daamTavros (Robin-
faseulobebis mixedviT son & Clinkenbeard, 1998). gansakuTrebuli inteleqtiT dajildoebuli
kulturul gansxvavebebs moswavleebisTvis (mag., inteleqtis testis mixedviT visi maCvenebelic
raimes erToblivad Tu 160 an ufro metia) mxolod praqtikuli gadawyvetileba Tu daaCqarebs
damoukideblad Sesrulebis
maT ganaTlebas. (Hardman, Drew, & Egan, 2005; Hunt & Marshall, 2002).
Taobaze (Ford, 2000).
rasobrivi identobis niWierTa swavlebis meTodebma SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos abstraqtul
miRwevisa da ganviTarebis azrovnebas (procesis sworad marTvis mofiqreba), SemoqmedebiTobas,
xelSewyobisTvis gamoiyeneT Zneli da originaluri teqstebis wakiTxvis, damoukideblobis una-
multikulturuli strat- ris ganviTarebas da ara mxolod meti faqtebis swavlas. erTi aseTi
egiebi.
meTodi (romlis perspeqtiulobasac ver vxedavT) niWier moswavleTa
sxvadasxva SesaZleblobis jgufebSi erToblivi muSaobaa. niWieri mo-
swavleebi, Tu isini sxva didi SesaZleblobis moswavleebTan erTad
muSaoben, swavlas ufro gulmodgined ekidebian (Fuchs, Fushs, Hamlett, &
Karns, 1998; Robinson & Clinkenbeard, 1998). niWier moswavleebTan muSaobisas
maswavlebeli unda iyos warmosaxvis unaris mqone, moqnili, toler-
antuli da, rac mTavaria, moswavleTa gansakuTrebuli talanti masze
damTrgunvelad ar unda moqmedebdes. maswavlebeli sakuTar Tavs unda
ekiTxebodes: yvelaze metad ra undaT am bavSvebs? ris saswavlad ari-
an mzad? vin damexmareba maT gamowvevaSi? nebismieri moswavlisaTvis
gamowveva da xelSewyoba umTavresia. magram aseTi niWieri moswavleebi,
romelTac skolaSi yvelaze meti ician istoriis, musikis, mecnierebisa
Tu maTematikis Sesaxeb, ukve xom gamowvevaa! pasuxebs axlos mdebare
skolebis an umaRlesi saswavleblebis maswavlebelTagan, pensioner
profesionalTagan, wignebidan, muzeumebidan an ufros moswavleTagan
unda velodoT. strategiebi iseTive calkeuli SemTxvevebis mixedviT
unda iyos SemuSavebuli, rogoric bavSvisTvis Semdegi klasis maTema-
tikis saxelmZRvanelos SeTavazebaa. arCevnis sxva variantia sazaf-
xulo institutebi; axlomdebare kolejebis kursebi; leqciebi adgi-
lobriv xelovan adamianebTan, musikosebTan an mocekvaveebTan erTad;
damoukidebeli kvleviTi proeqtebi; umcros moswavleTaTvis saSua-
lo skolis SerCeuli klasebi; friadosan moswavleTa klasebi; gansa-
kuTrebuli interesebis klubebi (Mitchell, 1984).
problemebTan gamklavebisas ar dagaviwydeT mxardaWerac. Cven, yve­
las, araerTxel gvinaxavs mSobelTa, mwvrTnelTa an maswavlebelTa
mu­qariT aRsavse mzera, romelTac surT niWieri bavSvis garTobidan
`mogleja~. ufrosebi bavSvis interesebis sawinaaRmdegod misgan ga­
mud­mebul muSaobas, gaumjobesebasa da srulyofas iTxoven. zustad
iseve, rogorc ar unda wavaxalisoT bavSvTa Zalisxmevis Seferxeba
Ta­vianTi talantis ganviTarebaSi _ investirebaSi _ (`o, miqelanjelo,
morCi sulelur jRabnas, gadi gareT da iTamaSe~), aseve unda veridoT

218
 cxrili 4.15
mimarTulebis micema
1. daukavSirdiT moswavlis mSoblebs. sakuTari gadawyvetilebis miRebamde mniSvnelovania
mSoblebTan saubari moswavlis problemebze.
2. strategiis arCevamde SeamowmeT moswavlis Sesaxeb yoveli saklaso Canaweri:
SeufasebiaT igi odesme fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT?
esaWiroeba gansakuTrebuli momsaxureba?
miuRia monawileoba sxva specialur programebSi (mag. daCagruli bavSvebis metyvelebis
Terapia)?
xom ar daagrova standartuli testebis saSualo maCvenebelze naklebi qula?
eCxubeboda vinme?
CanawerebSi aRniSnulia:
aris Tu ara STambeWdavi progresi zogierT saganSi da umniSvnelo progresi sxva sa-
gnebSi?
xom ar aReniSneba raime fizikuri an janmrTelobis problema?
iRebs moswavle wamlebs?
3. moswavlesTan dakavSirebuli sazrunavis Sesaxeb gaesaubreT sxva maswavleblebsa da pro-
fesional mxardamWer personals. am moswavlesTan sxva maswavleblebsac xom ar SeqmniaT
sirTuleebi? xom ar aqvT mignebuli moswavlesTan urTierTobis mogvarebis warmatebuli
gzebi? daafiqsireT (CawereT) klasSi Tqven mier gamoyenebuli strategiebi, romlebic ex-
maureboda moswavlis ganaTlebis moTxovnilebebs. Tqveni Sedgenili dokumenti moswavlis
daxmarebis saukeTeso saSualebaa, radgan igi SeiZleba moswavlis Semfasebelma profesion-
alTa komitetma moiTxovos da ixelmZRvanelos kidevac am dokumentiT. Tqveni damokide-
bulebis demonstrireba oqmis saxiT moaxdineT. Tqveni SeniSvnebi iseT sakiTxebs SeiZleba
moicavdes, rogoricaa:
konkretulad ram miipyro Tqveni yuradReba
ratom SewuxdiT am sakiTxze
dRe, adgili da dro, sad da rodis SeamCnieT problemebi
ra konkretul zomebs mimarTeT am problemis mosagvareblad
vinmesTan erTad xom ar SeimuSaveT Tqveni gamoyenebuli strategiebi da gegmebi
strategiis warmatebis an warumateblobis TvalsaCino dasturi
gaxsovdeT, rom moswavlisTvis mimarTulebis micema mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SegiZliaT, Tu
darwmunebuli xarT, rom specialuri ganaTleba sWirdeba.
moswavlisTvis specialuri ganaTlebis micema xangrZlivi, Zviri da mZime procesia,
romelmac SeiZleba moswavles mravalmxrivi ziani moutanos.

wyaro: wignidan What Should I Know about Special Education? Answers for Classroom Teachers, by P.L. Pullen & J.M. Kauffman,
1987. Copyright © 1987 PRO-ED, Austin, Texas. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

bavSvis Sinagani motivaciis ngrevas mZime zewoliT an zedmeti qebiTa

da dajildoebiT.
es iyo bavSvTa moTxovnilebebis mokle ganxilva. Tuki gadawyviteT,
rom Tqveni klasis yovel bavSvs nebismieri saxis specialuri momsax-
ureba sargebels moutans, upirveles yovlisa, mimarTuleba unda air-
CioT. am procesSi 4.15 cxrili me-12 TavSi, rodesac swavlebis meTo-

219
 debis efeqturobaze vimsjelebT, ganvixilavT kidev ufro met gzas,
romlebic dagexmarebaT, yovel moswavlemde miaRwioT.

swavlis SesaZleblobaTa mravalgvarovneba da msgavseba

mravalgvaroba
miuxedavad imisa, rom specialuri saganmanaTleblo gadawyvetile-
bebis misaRebad arsebobs bevri kargi testi da frTxili RonisZiebebi,
unarSezRudulTa programebSi mainc Warboben rasobriv da eTnikur um-
ciresobaTa moswavleebi. isini naklebad arian warmodgenili niWierTa
programebSi. magaliTad, IDEIA-s mixedviT unarSezRudul moswavleTa
saerTo raodenobis TiTqmis 20% afroamerikelia, oficialuri mona-
cemebiT ki afroamerikelebi moswavleTa saerTo raodenobis mxo­lod
15%-s Seadgenen. procentuli maCvenebeli ufro matulobs, rodesac
gansakuTrebul kategoriebs vecnobiT: inteleqtualuri SezRudvis an
men­taluri SeferxebiT diagnozis mqone moswavleTa saerTo ricxvis
34% da emociur problemebi an moswavleTa 27% afroamerikelia, anu
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi afroamerikeli moswavleebis procen-
tul maCvenebelze dayrdnobiT, mosalodnelze orjer meti. mTavari
saganmanaTleblo sistemis gareT am moswavleTa darCenis albaToba
TeTrkanian an aziel moswavleebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT didia. axla
SevadaroT _ afroamerikeli da laTinosi moswavleebi niWierTa pro-
gramaSi mxolod 8%-s Seadgenen (Friend, 2006).
TiTqmis oTxi aTwleulis manZilze pedagogebi ibrZvian imis gasa­
gebad, ra aris amgvari zedmetad warmoCenis an daufaseblobis mizezi.
daskvnebis CamonaTvalSi afroamerikul da laTinur ojaxTa siRaribis
maRali maCveneblebia moyvanili, rac jer kidev bavSvis dabadebamde
iwvevs mzrunvelobis moklebas, kvebisa da janmrTelobis problemebs;
amas mohyveba maswavleblebis mxridan swavlebisa da mimarTulebis ar-
Cevis procesis mixedviT sistematurad tendenciuri da usamarTlo
mopyroba; maswavlebelTa arasakmarisi mzadyofna eTnikur umciresoba-
Ta warmomadgenel moswavleebTan samuSaod (Friend, 2006). mimarTulebis
arCevis problemis mosagvareblad pedagogebi gvTavazoben meti in-
formaciis Segrovebas moswavlis Sesaxeb arCevanis oficialurad ga-
keTebamde. magaliTad, ramdeni xania, rac moswavle aSS-Si imyofeba?
rogor icis inglisuri? usaxlkarobis msgavsi raime problema xom ar
aqvs? asaxavs kurikulumi moswavlis kulturuli codnis dones? (Tavi
3) kulturuli TvalsazrisiT aris klasi Sesabamisi (Tavi 5) da mim-
zidveli (Tavi 11)? aris maswavlebeli am moswavlis kulturis mcodne
da pativs scems mas? SeiZleba, rom moswavlis SesaZleblobebi Seva-
fasoT sxvadasxva alternatiuli meTodiT, rogoricaa SemoqmedebiTi
testebi, portfolioebi an warmodgenebi (Tavi 15)? skolis gareT mo-
swavlis yofa-cxovrebis codna maswavleblebs daexmareba bavSvisTvis
Sesabamisi programebis ukeTesad SerCevaSi (Friend, 2006; Gonzales, Brusca-
Vega, & Yawkey, 1997; National Alliance of Black School Educators, 2002). faq-
tobrivad, swavlebis diferencireba ufro Tanabrad SeiZleba ganxor-
cieldes, rac yvela moswavlis moTxovnas daakmayofilebs. amas me-13
TavSi vixilavT.

220
 daukavSireT swavlebas/
msgavseba portfolios da ganavrceT
SidsiT daavadebul moswav-
Tavi Seexeba – pirovnebebs Soris mraval gansxvavebas _ unarsa da leebs SeiZleba aRmoaCndeT
uunarobas, swavlis stils da romelime meTodisTvis upiratesobis am TavSi moyvanili bevri
miniWebas, Zlier mxareebsa da winaaRmdegobebs. magram miuxwedavad problema: inteleqtualuri
mra­valgvarobisa, individebs Soris gansxvavebebi gacilebiT naklebia uunaroba, yuradReba-defi-
cituri hiperaqtiuroba, gu-
im damaxasiaTebel niSnebTan SedarebiT, romelTac Cven gamovyofT.
lyra, cerebruli damblisa da
magaliTisTvis moviyvanoT rasa. erTi rasis warmomadgeneli sruliad qceviTi darRvevebis msgavsi
SemTxveviT arCeuli nebismieri ori adamianisTvis maTi genetikuri ko- nevrologiuri dazianebebi.
debis anbanuri rigis mxolod 0,012%-is (1%-is daaxloebiT measedi) qveynebis umetesobas Se-
saSualo maCvenebelia gansxvavebuli (Myers, 2005). muSavebuli aqvs specialuri
politika, romelic SidsiT
meore msgavseba SeiZleba moviZioT testirebis SedegebSi. rogorc
daavadebul bavSvebs exmareba,
vnaxeT, inteleqtis testebi TandaTan sagrZnoblad ganviTarda; es, ganaTleba miiRon Cveulebriv
na­wilobriv, Raribi ojaxebis bavSvebis uflebebis dasacavad moxda, skolaSi.
radgan SesaZloa isini ar dauSvan ganaTlebis misaRebad im usafuZvlo
mizeziT, TiTqos ar SeuZliaT swavla. aseve davinaxeT, rom inteleqtis
testebi gansxvavebuli rasebisa da Semosavlis mqone moswavleTaTvis
saskolo warmatebebis prognozirebas erTnairad axdenen. miuxedavad
amisa, es testebi arasodes iqneba Tavisufali kulturuli Sinaarsisa-
gan, ase rom, isini yovelTvis iqneba erTgvarad subieqturi. CaibeWdeT
es TavSi, roca Tqveni moswavleebis nebismieri testis qulebs uyu­
rebT. sabolood ki gaxsovdeT, rom nebismieri moswavlis nebismieri
Sefasebis Sedegi SeiZleba gamoiyenoT moswavlis swavlebis, ganviTa-
rebisa da efeqturi praqtikis aTvisebis mxardasaWerad da ara moswav-
lis SesaZleblobebis an Sesaferisi swavlebis uarsayofad.

Sejameba

inteleqti gansxvaveba uunarobasa da nakls Soris. uunaroba

ra upiratesoba da ra nakli aqvs kategori­ebad
dayofas? gamorCe­uli moswavleebis ka­­tegoriebad
da­yofa da diagnostikuri klasifikacia advi­
lad SeiZleba iqces rogorc stigmis, damRis,
ise TviTrealizaciis wina pirobad, amave dros,
SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos specialuri programebi-
sa da maswavlebelTa dasaxmareblad Sesabamisi
saswavlo strategiebis moZiebas.
ra aris dedaena? `dedaena~ `inteleqtualu­rad
unarSezRuduli mos­­wav­leebi~ `riskis qveS myo-
fi moswavleebis~ da a.S. kategoriebad dayo­fis
alternativaa, es kategoriebi aRweren rTul
adamians erTi an ori sityviT, imis gaTva­lis­
wi­nebiT, rom raime kategoriaSi gaerTianeba pi­
rovnebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtia. roca
dedaenasTan dakavSirebiT vsaubrobT, aqcenti
moswavleze keTdeba da ara im gansakuTrebuli
pirovnebisTvis upirveles enasTan mimarTebaSi,
aqcenti moswavleze keTdeba da ara im gansa-
kuTrebul winaaRmdegobebze, rasac isini Sex-
vdebian.
raimes (mag., danaxvis an siarulis) SeuZleblobaa.
nakli uxerxul mdgomareobas qmnis garkveul
situaciebSi. maswavleblebi aseT bavSvebs unda
gauf­rTxildnen.
ras niSnavs g? spirmeni varaudobs, rom arse-
bobs erTi mentaluri atributi, romelsac man
g an zogadi inteleqti uwoda. igi gamoiyeneba
yoveli mentaluri testis Sesadgenad, magram
TiToeuli es testi, g-Tan erTad raRac gan-
sakuTrebul SesaZleblobebs iTxovs. `zogadi
plus specifikuri unarebis~ Teoriis Taname-
drove versiaa. kerolis naSromi, romelic aRi-
arebs sul ramdenime zogad unars, (rogoricaa
swavla da mexsiereba, vizualuri aRqma, Tavisu-
flad metyveleba) da 70-mde specifikur unars.
kvlevaTa umravlesobaSi farTo unar-Cvevebi
fluiduri da kristalizeburi inteleqtis maga­
liTze ganixileba.
rogoria gardneris Tvalsazrisi inteleqtsa da
g-ze? gardneri ar eTanxmeba azrs, rom in-

221
teleqti problemaTa gadasaWreli biologiuri
da fsiqologiuri potencialia. misi azriT,
Sedegebi kulturul faseulobebTanaa dakav-
Sirebuli. inteleqtis sxvadasxva saxe vlindeba
gamocdilebis, kulturuli da motivaciuri
faqtorebis met-naklebi gavleniT. inteleqti
SeiZleba iyos: lingvisturi, musikaluri, sivr-
ciTi, logikur-maTematikuri, sxeulis-kinesTe-
tikuri, interpersonaluri, intrapersonaluri,
naturalisturi da SesaZloa egzistencialuri.
gardneri ar uaryofs g-s arsebobas, magram ain-
teresebs, ram­denad gamosadegia g adamianebis
miRwevaTa asaxsnelad. emociuri inteleqtis
(igi­veEQ) koncefcia didad emsgavseba gardneris
intrapersonalur da interpersonalur inte­
leqts.
ra elementebisagan Sedgeba sternbergis inteleqtis
Teoria? sternbergis inteleqtis triarqiu­li
Teoria aris inteleqtis, rogorc kognituri
procesis gageba. analitikur/struqturu­li in-
teleqti Semadgeneli komponentebiT gansazRv­
rul mentalur procesebs moicavs. ro­goricaa:
metakomponenetebi, moqmedi komponentebi da cod-
na-SeZenili komponentebi. kreatiul/gamocdile-
biTi inteleqti moicavs axal gamocdilebasTan
gamklavebas wvdomisa da avtomturi moqmedebis
meSveobiT. praqtikul/konteqsturi inteleqti
moicavs cxov­­rebiseul da samuSao arCevans iseT
pirobebSi, romelSic war­mateba am pirobebTan,
konteqstTan morgebis SemTxvevaSia mosalodne­
li da aucileblobis Sem­T­xvevaSi _ konteqstis
Secvlas. praqtikuli inte­leqti umetesad ma-
Sin yalibdeba, rodesac saqme gvaqvs moqmedebaze
orientirebul yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi miRebul
farul codnasTan.
rogor izomeba inteleqti da ras gulisxmobs IQ-
s maCveneblebi? inteleqti individualuri da
(stan­ford-bine, veqsleri da a.S) jgufuri (kog-
nituri unar-testebi, swavlis potencialis ana­
lizi, skolisa da kolejis unar-testebi da
a.S) testebis SedegebiT izomeba. individualur
testTan SedarebiT jgufuri testi bevrad nak-
lebi sizustiT gviCvenebs TiToeuli pirovnebis
SesaZleblobebs. saSualo maCvenebelia 100. mo-
saxleobis daaxloebiT 68%-is IQ-s maCveneble-
bi meryeobs 85-sa da 115-s Soris. mxolod 16%
iRebs 85-ze dabal da 115-ze met qulas. aseTia
amerikis im mkvidri TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis
Sedegi, romlis mSobliuri enac standartuli
222
inglisuria. inteleqti saskolo warmatebebis wi-
napirobaa, magram naklebad moaswavebs cxovrebi-
seul warmatebas, rodesac mniSvneloba ukve ga-
naTlebis dones eniWeba.
ra aris flinis efeqti da ras gulisxmobs igi?
1900-iani wle­­bidan moyolebuli, IQ-s maCvene-
blebi izrdeba. imisaTvis, rom 100 kvlav saSua-
lo maCvenebeli iyos, saWiroa SekiTxvebis gar-
Tuleba, rac sawyisi moTxovnebis nawilis saxiT,
IQ-s qulebis dasaTvlel gamoyenebul nebismier
programul testze aisaxeba. magaliTisTvis,
moswavleebi, romelTa msgavsnic wina TaobaSi
inteleqtualurad SezRudulebad ar moiazre-
bodnen, dRes SeiZleba uunaroebad CaiTvalon.
amis mizezi ki SekiTxvebis garTulebaa.
gansxvavebebuli SesaZleblobebi
da swavleba
ra problemebi SeiZleba hqondes unarebis
mi­xedviT klasTaSoris dayofas? akademiuri Se­­
saZleblobebis mixedviT dajgufebas moswav­
leTaTvis da maswavlebelTaTvis, rogorc da­
debiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi aqvs. Tumca,
da­­bali SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavleebisT-
vis, mTlianobaSi, uaryofiTi efeqti SeiZleba
mohyves. es aisaxeba war­matebebze, sazogadoe-
basTan morgebasa da TviTSefasebaze. dabali
warmatebis mqone klasSi momuSave maswavleble-
bi, dabali donis miswrafebebsa da erTferovan
qmedebebze amaxvileben yuradRebas. xSirad Tavs
iCens yofaqcevis problemebi, maswavlebelTa
stresi, imedgacrueba da enTuziazmis kleba.
unar-Cvevebis mixedviT dajgufebam SeiZleba
skolebis SigniT segregacia gamoiwvios.
klasis SigniT dayofis ra xelmisawvdomi alterna-
tiva arsebobs moqnili dayofis CaTvliT? skolaSi
sagnebis mixedviT asakob­ri­vi dayofa moswavleTa
gansxvavebuli unaris gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZle-
ba efeqturi saSualeba iyos. SesaZleblobebis
mixedviT klasSida dayofas, Tuki es sensiti-
urad da moqniladaa organizebuli, dadebiTi
efeqti SeiZleba hqondes, magram, SeiZleba uke-
Tesic iyos erToblivi swavlis alternativa.
swavlis stili da preferencia
swavlis stili aris swavlisa da kvlevisad­
mi pirovnebis midgomis damaxasiaTebeli gzebi.
swavlis preferencia aris swavlis gansakuTreb-
uli formisadmi da garemosadmi individualuri
upiratesobis miniWeba. Tumca swavlis stili da
swavlis preferencia ar aris damokidebuli in-
teleqtsa da Zalisxmevaze, isini zemoqmedebas
axdenen saskolo Sesrulebaze.
unda miusadagon Tu ara maswavleblebma swavlebis
meTodi individualuri swavlebis stils? zogier-
Ti kvlevis Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom moswavleebi
ukeT swavloben TavianT arCeul garemoSi da
sakuTari stiliT, magram zogadad, kvlevaTa
umravlesoba warmatebul Sedegs ar gviCvenebs.
bevri moswavle davalebas Seasrulebda ukeT,
Tuki daeufleboda swavlisTvis axal da efeq-
tur gzebs.
swavlis romeli stilia yvelaze ukeT das-
abuTebuli kvlevebiT? upir­veles yovlisa, aR-
saniSnavia, kvlevebSi mudam ganmeorebuli da-
pirispireba – gadamuSavebis zedapiruloba
siRrmiseulis winaaRmdeg. swavlis procesSi
Rrmad CarTuli adamianebi am process aRiqva-
men, rogorc safuZvelSi arsebuli cnebebis an
mniSvnelobebis gagebis meTods. moswavleebi,
romlebic zedapirulad erTvebian procesSi,
yuradRebas amaxvileben dasaswavli masalis
damaxsovrebaze misi gagebis gareSe. meore mniS-
vnelovani sakiTxia is, rom maieris vizualur-
verbaluri ganzomileba sam aspeqts moicavs:
kognitur sivrciT unars (dabali an maRali),
kognitur stilsa (vizualisti mosaubris sapir-
ispirod) da swavlaSi upiratesobebis miniWebas
(verbalisti Semswavleli vizualurad Semswav-
lelis sapirispirod).
individualuri gansxvavebebi
_ da kanoni
aRwereT umTavresi legaluri moTxovnebi, romle-
bic unarSezRudul moswavleebs Seexeba. viwyebT
94-142 (1975) sajaro kanoniT da vagrZelebT bev-
ri araerTxel miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT, ro-
melic unarSezRudul moswavleTa ganaTlebis
gaumjobesebis aqtsac (2004) moicavs. unarSez-
Rudul moswavleTa swavlebis mimarT moTxovne-
bi garkveulia. individualur saganmanaTleblo
programaze (IEP) dayrdnobiT, gansakuTrebuli
moTxovnebis mqone yovel gamonaklis moswavles
(nulovani uaryofa) SeuZlia ganaTlebis miRe-
ba minimalurad SemzRudvel garemoSi. kanoni
aseve icavs gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebis mqone
moswavleTa uflebebs da daxmarebas uwevs maT
mSoblebs. amasTan erTad, 1973 wlis profesiu-
li reabilitaciis aqtis 504-e seqcia krZalavs
unarSezRuduli bavSve­bis diskriminacias saja-
ro skolebisa da saxelmwifos mier dafinanse-
buli sxva programebis mier. am seqciis mixed-
viT, yvela bavSvs eZleva Tanabari saSualeba,
raTa skolis RonisZiebebSi miiRos monawileoba.
`unarSezRudulis~ farTo gansazRvra seqcia
504-sa da unarSezRuduli amerikelebis Sesaxeb
aqtSia mocemuli.
gavrcelebuli sirTuleebi
ra aris daswavlis unaris darRveva? es aris erT
an met sabazo fsiqologiur procesSi daswavlis
unaris darRveva, romelic metyvelebas, gagebasa
da gamoyenebas moicavs. es SeiZleba Seexos mos-
menas, metyvelebas, weras, kiTxvas, msjelobas
an maTematikur unar-Cvevebs. es aris individis
Sida darRvevebi, rasac, savaraudod, central-
uri nervuli sistemis disfunqcia ganapirobebs
da cxovrebis ganusazRvrel periods moicavs.
daswavlis unaris darRvevis mqone moswavleebi
veRar iswavlian, Tu daijereben, rom ar gaaC-
niaT swavlis gaumjobesebis unari da amitom
warmatebas ver miaRweven. swavlebis strate-
giebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba xSirad exmareba
aseT moswavleebs.
ra aris ADHD da rogor unda gavarTvaT mas
Tavi skolaSi? yuradRebis defici­tisa da hiper-
aqtivobis sindromi – (ADHD) terminia, romelic
gamoiyeneba nebismieri asakis individis aRsaw-
erad, romelic hiperaqtiuria da yuradRebis
sirTuleebi aReniSneba. ADHD-is samkurnalod
medikamentebis gamoyeneba sadavoa, magram dRes-
dReobiT es meTodi farTod inergeba. bevri mo-
swavlisTvis amas uaryofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs.
amasTan erTad, ucnobia, xangrZliv medikamen-
tur Terapias ra efeqti SeiZleba hqondes. isic
ar viciT, SeiZleba Tu ara, rom wamlebi akade-
miuri swavlebisa da TanatolebTan urTierTo-
bis mogvarebis gaumjobesebis aucilebeli wina
piroba iyos. arsebobs ori saimedo midgoma, rac
qmediT modifikaciasa da meTodikas emyareba.
igi aerTianebs motivaciur trenings swavlebis
223
instruqciebTan da mexsierebis strategiebTan.
sxva saSualebaa bavSvebis SesaZleblobebze ko-
munikaciuri fokusireba SMART midgoma.
romelia yvelaze xSiri komunikaciuri darRveva?
xSiri komuni­kaciuri darRveva moicavs me-
tyvelebis darRvevas (artikulaciuri darRve-
va, enaborZikoba da xmis problemebi) da zepiri
metyvelebis darRvevebs. Tuki am problemebs
Tavidanve mixedavT, SesaZlebelia didi progre-
sis miRweva.
ra aris inteleqtualuri unarSezRudvis ganmsaz-
Rvreli? 18 wlamde asakis moswavleebma in-
teleqtis standartuli donis mixedviT 70
qulaze naklebi unda daagrovon. amasTan er-
Tad, problemebi unda hqondeT adaptur qcev-
aSi, yoveldRiur damoukidebel cxovrebaSi da
sazo­gadoebasTan urTierTobaSi.
romeli midgomaa saukeTeso emociuri da qceviTi
darRvevebis mqone moswavleebisTvis? gamoyenebi-
Ti bihevioraluri analizi da socialuri unar-
Cvevebi ori sasargeblo meTodia. moswavleebma
aseve SeiZleba pa­suxismgebloba aiRon garemos
Seqmnasa da organizebaze, sxvadasxva RonisZie-
bebsa da wesebze.
ra sagangaSo maxasiaTeblebi aqvT potenciur TviT-
mkvlelebs? TviTmkvlelobaze fiqriT Sepyrobil
moswavleebs SeiZleba daetyoT cvlilebebi kvebi-
sa da Zilis CvevebSi, wonaSi, swavlis xarisxSi,
ganwyobaSi, aqtivobis doneSi, inte­re­sebSi mego-
brebTan urTierTobisas. zogjer uceb gaaCuqeben
xolme TavianT nivTebs – stere­os, CD-s, tansac-
mels an sayvarel cxovelebs, depresiulad an
hiperaqtiurad gamoiyurebian, SeiZleba skolis
gacdena daiwyon da davalebebic aRar Seasrulon.
gansakuTrebiT saSiSia, Tu moswavle ara mxolod
TviTmkvlelobis, aramed amis ganxorcielebis
gegmazec saubrobs.
naklebad gavrcelebuli problemebi /
ufro mZime unarSezRudvebi
rogor SeuZliaT skolebs fizikuri unarSezRudvebis
mqone moswavleebis moTxovnebis uzrunvelyofa?
Tuki skolaSi aris aucilebeli mowyobilobebi,
magaliTad, specialuri daRmarTi etlisTvis,
lifti, Sesabamisi dasasvenebeli oTaxebi, amas-
Tanave, maswavleblebi iTvaliswineben moswavle-
224
Ta fizikur SezRudvebs, maSin bevri araferia
Sesacvleli Cveulebriv saganmanaTleblo pro-
gramaSi. SeaCvieT Tanatolebi, rom daxmareba
gauwon gadaadgilebisas.
rogor gavumklavdeT epilefsiur Setevas klasSi?
nu ecdebiT SeakavoT bavSvis moZraobebi; frTx-
ilad daawvineT iatakze, kedlebisgan da avejis-
gan mocilebiT. moaSoreT magari sagnebi. bavSvs
Tavi gverdze frTxilad gadauwieT da TavqveS
amoudeT rbili tanisamosi an sabani. arasodes
CaudoT raime pirSi. gaigeT mSoblebisgan, ra sa-
SualebebiT ebrZvian Setevebs. Tu erT Setevas
meore mosdevs, Setevebs Soris gonze ar modis,
orsuladaa, an Seteva xuT wuTze metxans Tu
gagrZelda, samedicino daxmareba gamoiZaxeT.
ra niSnebiT gamoirCeva smenisa da mxedvelobis
daqveiTeba? smeniTi problemebis niSnebia cali
yuris miSvera mosaubrisTvis greTve ignorireba
mimarTvebze, drodadro dabneuloba da daTrgu-
nuloba, naTqvamis gameorebis moTxovna, axali si-
tyvebisa da saxelebis damaxinjebiT warmoTqma da
klasis diskusiaSi TiTqos iZulebiT monawileoba.
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcieT im moswav-
leebs, visac yuri xSirad stkiva, sasqeso organoe-
bSi aqvs infeqiuri wva an alergia. kiTxvisas wigni
TvalTan Zalian axlos miaqvs an Zalian Sors uWi-
ravs, aReniSneba sielme, paWuni, dafaze daweril
sityvebs arasworad kiTxulobs – yvelaferi es
Tvalis problemebis maniSnebelia.
rogor ganvasxvavoT autizmi aspergeris sindromis-
gan? aspergeris sindromi autistur speq­trSi
Semavali erT-erTi darRvevaa. autizmis mqone
bevr moswavles aseve aqvs saSualodan mZime­mde
inteleqtualuri SezRudva, magram aspergeris
sindromis mqone moswavleebs, rogorc wesi,
aqvT saSualo da saSualoze maRali inteleqti
da maTi metyvelebis unari autizmis mqone sxva
bavSvebTan SedarebiT, ukeTesia.
niWiT dajildoebuli
moswavleebi
ra maxasiaTebeli niSnebiT gamoirCevian niWi-
eri moswavleebi? niWieri moswavleebi saskolo
masalas advilad da swrafad iTviseben da
imaxsovreben; Tavisuflad ayalibeben sakuTar
azrs; ician bevri ram, rac sxva bavSvebma ar
ician; aqvT sityvebis didi maragi, romelsac
Tavisuflad da sworad iyeneben, moxerxebulebi
da Zalian dakvirvebulebi arian, swrafad pa-
suxoben; maRalmotivirebulni arian da mtkiced
icaven sakuTar mosazrebas zog sakiTxSi. arian
SemoqmedebiTni da saintereso kavSirebs amyare-
ben. maswavleblebma gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva
unda gamoiCinon daufasebeli niWieri moswav-
leebis – gogonebis, aseve niWier, swavlis unar-
SezRudvebis mqone moswavleebis da siRaribeSi
mcxovrebi bavSvebis mimarT.
aris Tu ara niWieri moswavleebis daCqarebuli
swavleba swori meTodi? bevri adamiani aqsel-
eraciis winaaRmdegia, magram frTxil gamokvl-
evaTa umravlesoba adasturebs, rom namdvilad
niWieri bavSvebi, romlebic daCqarebas Tavi-
danve advilad uReben alRos, rogorc wesi,
ukeT euflebian sagnebs, romelTac Cveulebri-
vi SesaZleblobebis bavSvebi normaluri tem-
piT Seiswavlian. niWieri bavSvebi ufrosebTan
urTierTobas amjobineben da SeiZleba sastikad
mosawyenad eCvenoT TanatolTa wreSi yofna.
konkretuli moswavlisTvis klasidan `gadax-
toma~ SeiZleba arc iyos swori gadawyvetileba,
magram ara gansakuTrebuli inteleqtiT dajil-
doebuli moswavleebis SemTxvevaSi (visi maCvene-
belic inteleqtis testis mixedviT 160 an ufro
metia), mxolod praqtikuli gadawyvetileba Tu
daaCqarebs maT ganaTlebas.

Mylabschool es aris eleqtronul instrumentTa nakrebi, romelic dagexmarebaT am kursis

warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul
karieraSi. ix.: www.mylabschool.com

eleqtronuli gzamkvlevi proforientaciis centri resursebiT:

video qeisebi realuri klasebidan
naSromebis Sesrulebisas daixmareT kv-
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- gakveTilis dagegmva

225
maswavleblis
Canawerebi: PRAXIS IITM
saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi maswavleblebi
aTasobiT gadawyvetilebas iReben, romlebic
dafuZnebulia inteleqtze, SemecnebiT Sesa-
Zleblobebze, jgufebad dayofis praqtikaze,
swavlis unarSezRudvis, niWierebis, fizikuri
SezRudvebisa da sitauciasTan dakavSirebuli
federaluri kanonis codnaze, faqtobrivad,
PRAXIS IITM-is CaTvliT, salicenzio gamocdebis
umravlesoba Tqvengan iTxovs inteleqtis, Sesa-
rogor moiqceodnen?
qvemoT mocemulia, rogor reagirebs maswav-
lebeli moswavleTa unarisa da uunarobis im
farTo speqtrze, romelzec am Tavis dasawyis-
Sia msjeloba.
debora p. ridi
derbi vudsis dawyebiTi skola,
galovei, ohaio
tomas g. ridi
bikroftis saSualo skola
kolambusi, ohaio
Cveulebrivi da gansakuTrebul moTxovnile-
baTa mqone moswavleebis gancalkevebis stand-
artebTan misadagebuli programis Sedgenisas,
moswavleTa Sefasebamde Tadarigi unda davi-
WiroT, raTa zustad ganvsazRvroT moswavlis
SesaZleblobebi da situaciebTan adaptirebis
testebSi xSirad gamoyenebuli sarkisebri Se-
fasebebis meTodika-teqnikiT visargebloT.
yoveldRiuri swavleba SeiZleba ise moewyos,
rom TiToeulma moswavlem miiRos monawileoba
saswavlo aqtivobis yovel aspeqtSi; gamoiyeneT
swrafi qmedebis SemecnebiTi Sefasebebi, ro-
goricaa `morbenali~ Canawerebi da werilobiTi
nimuSebi, rogorc wliuri progresis sazomi mo-
swavleTa Sefasebisas, kiTxvasa da maTematikaSi
zrdis Tanamdevi indikatorebi.
aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi isargebeleT mra-
val jgufad dayofis sqemiT, raTa erTmaneTis
msgavsi SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebis mqone mo-
swavleTa jgufebis swavleba SeZloT; gamoiy-
eneT saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi daxmarebebi da
moxaliseebi wyvilebad da mcire jgufebTan
226
Zleblobebis mixedviT jgufebad dayofis praq-
tikis, swavlis stilis, inkluziis da IDEIA-s
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebis safuZ-
vlian codnas.
am TavSi Tqven gaecnobiT situaciebs, ro­
melTac yvelaze gamocdili maswavlebelic ki
SeiZleba gadaeyaros. Tqven pirvelsave klasSi
SeiZleba SegxvdeT amgvari winaaRmdegobebi.
erTad amuSaveT. rodesac Tqvens gankargule-
baSi sxva mozrdilebi ar imyofebian, SeqmeniT
gaerTianebuli jgufebi, romlebSic romelime
garkveul standartSi daostatebul moswavlee-
bs sxva moswavleebisTvis azris gaziarebisa da
daostatebis saSualeba eqnebaT.
debbi iangbladi me-6 klasis eTikisa
da fizkulturis maswavlebeli
hiliard sitis skolebi, hiliardi, ohaio
standartebs misadagebuli kurikulumis
SeqmnisTvis, romelic nebismier moswavles po-
tencialis srulad gamomJRavnebis saSualebas
miscems da standartebTan dakavSirebiT maT
gamocdilebas cxadyofs, upirveles yovlisa
Sevudgebodi klasis ZiriTadi daniSnulebis
sferoebisTvis mimdinare standartebis misad-
agebas. zeda da qveda klasebsac vaswavli da
TiToeuli moswavlis SemecnebiTi moTxovnile-
bebis gansasazRvrad, mTavari koncefciebis
kurikulum gegmas vadgen. Semdeg Zlieri da
susti mxareebis gansasazRvrad, moswavleTa
warmatebis testebis Sedegebs Sevamowmebdi. ga-
varkvevdi, Cems romelime moswavles xom ar hqo-
nia individualuri saganmanaTleblo an 504-is
gegma. TiToeul moswavlesTan kanoniT aucile-
beli gansazRvruli SeTanxmebis miRwevis Sem-
deg, yoveli moswavlis garkveul saWiroebebs
kurikulumis Sesabamis dones mivusadagebdi
da swavlebis Sesabamis meTods SevimuSavebdi
TiToeuli maTganis SesaZleblobis gaTval-
iswinebiT. saukeTeso praqtikisa da amosavali
wertilebis gansasazRvrad inglisuri enis wi-
namorbed maswavlebelTa daxmarebiTa da reko-
mendaciebiT visargeblebdi. skolasa da saxls
Soris sakomunikacio enad ki moswavlis mSob-
liur enas vaqcevdi. gavarkvevdi moswavlis
smenis daqveiTebis xarisxs da misi momavali
warmatebebisTvis SeZlebisamebr visargeblebdi
gamocdilebiT.
rendal g. sempsoni mTavari asistenti,
jenoas saSualo skola, uestervili, ohaio.
saganmanaTleblo liderma (mTavari/Semec-
nebiTi damrigebeli) saswavlo-swavlebis matri-
cis akademiuri Sefaseba unda uzrunvelyos.
matrica maswavleblebs standartuli testebis
Sedegebis mixedviT gakeTebul individualur
saWiroebaTa CamonaTvals awvdis. matricas Seu-
Zlia ucbad gaacnos maswavleblebs aucilebe-
li moswrebis monacemebi moswavleTa saswavlo
moTxovnilebebis ufro metad da efeqturad
dasakmayofileblad. aseTi matrica maswavleb-
lebs TiToeul moswavlesTan damokidebulebaSi
gansxvavebuli instruqciebis ZiebasTan erTad,
individualuri swavlebis meTodebis ufro in-
tensiurad gamoyenebis saSualebas aZlevs. ase-
Ti praqtika arsebiTia `No Child Left Behind Act~
2001 wlis mandatis mixedviT TiToeuli moswav-
lis moTxovnilebis aRsaqmelad da dasakmayo-
fileblad, agreTve, yovelwliuri progresis
kriteriumis dasadgenad.
u. Son kerni yofili mTavari asistenti,
galen r. elolfis dawyebiTi skola,
konversi, texasi.
icodeT kanoni da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
damatebiTi treningi CaatareT. gansakuTreb-
uli saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebis mqone mo-
swavleebs aqvT ganaTlebis individualizebuli
gegma, romelsac maSinac ki unda mihyveT, rode-
sac saklaso oTaxSi yvelanairi momsaxurebis
uzrunvelyofa ver xerxdeba. Tavdapirvelad
Tqven moswavleTa gansakuTrebul moTxovnebSi
gaerkvieT, gaiareT treningebi Tqvens raionSi.
Tuki Tqveni raionidan mxardaWera ar geqne-
baT, treningebi da resursebi raionis gareT
moiZieT. azriani treningi gaaumjobesebs mo-
swavleebisTvis Tqven mier miwodebuli codnis
xarisxs. dabolos, imuSaveT kolegebTan erTad.
Tuki es aris raionis axali farTomasStabiani
strategia, maSin Tqveni klasis sxva sagnebis
maswavleblebic imave mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnde-
bian. mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi gakveTilebis
mosamzadeblad erTad imuSaveT da kargad moq-
medi strategiebi daxveweT.
feliCia loumen-saiqsi sabavSvo baRis
maswavlebeli.
medouvius dawyebiTi skola, medouviu,
vankuveri
saklaso oTaxs gakveTilebis sxvadasxva me­
TodiT Casatareblad viyeneb. es exeba moswav-
leTa swavlebis gansxvavebul stils, maTTvis
gakvTilis Catarebis nebarTvis micemas. oTaxSi
oTxi gansxvavebuli centri gvaqvs da TiToeul
centrSi moswavleebi 15 wuTs monacvleobiT at-
areben. biblioTekis centrSi wignebi wakiTxvis
sirTulis donis mixedviTaa dalagebuli, rac
gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebis mqone moswavleebs
wina saskolo donis sakiTxavi wignebis povnas
uadvilebs. fonetikur centrSi moswavleebs swav-
lis dasaxmareblad xmovani anbanis gamoyenebis
saSualeba eZlevaT, magaliTad, xmebis mixedviT
cxovelTa suraTebi daaxarisxon. leqsikonebis
centrSi moswavleebi axal sityvebs swavloben
da iyeneben. gansakuTrebul saWiroebaTa mqone
moswavleebs dRis ganmavlobaSi gamoyenebuli
umTavresi axali sityvebis aRsawerad, am si-
tyvebis winadadebebSi gamoyenebisa da dawer-
is nacvlad, maTi ilustrireba SeuZliaT. maT
suraTebiani leqsikonebis Sedgenis saSualebac
eZlevaT. sabolood ki moswavleebTan erTad
vmuSaob nebismier axlad SemuSavebul cnebaze,
romelic dasaxvewia. TiToeul patara jgufs
Sesabamis fers vaniWeb, Semdeg yoveli jgufis
individualur samuSaos Sesabamis folderSi
vaTavseb. msgavsi moTxovnebis mqone moswavlee-
bi erT jgufSi arian, rac maT TavianTi swavlis
doneze muSaobis saSualebas aZlevs. es formati
aseve advilad SeiZleba Seicvalos maTematikis,
sabunebismetyvelo Tu sazogadoebrivi sagnebis
gakveTilebis moTxovnebis mixedviT.
227
 5
Tavi

maswavlebis Canawerebi :
rogor moiqceodiT?
Tanamedrove mravalferovani

kultura da klasebi


individebi, jgufebi da
sazogadoeba

gansxvavebuloba


multikulturuli ganaTleba
amerikuli kulturuli
mravalferovneba
sxvadasxva ekonomikuri da
socialuri klasi
socialuri klasi da sesi
siRaribe da saskolo moswreba
eTnikuri da rasobrivi gansxvaveba
cvalebadi demografiuli
mdgomareoba: kulturuli
gansxvaveba
eTnikuri da rasobrivi
gansxvavebulobis gavlena
saskolo miRwevebze
diskriminaciis memkvidreoba
stereotipuli safrTxe
gogonebi da biWebi : gansxvavebebi
klasSi
sqesobrivi identoba
genderuli rolis identoba
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
genderuli crurwmnebis
aRmofxvra
enobrivi gansxvavebebi klasSi
dialeqti
bilingvizmi
gza yovel moswavlemde :
niWieri orenovavni moswavleebis
amocnoba
orenovani (bilingvuri)
ganaTleba
kulturulad inkluziuri
klasebis Seqmna
kulturulad Sesatyvisi
pedagogika
sicocxlisunarianobis
gamomuSaveba
gansxaveba da konvergenacia
gansxvaveba swavlaSi
konvergenacia (daaxloeba)
TiToeuli moswavlis swavleba
Sejameba
maswavleblis Canawerebi :
kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM- Tan /
rogor moiqceodnen?

228
 rogor moiqceodiT?
wels Tqveni saSua-
maswavleblis
lo safexuris klasebi
Canawerebi TiTq­mis Tanabrad iyofa
sam jgufad _ afro­ame­
rikel, aziel da laTino-amerikel moswavleebad.
TiTo­euli jgufis SigniT wevrebi erTmaneTis
mimarT erTgulebas iCenen da iSviaTad megobro-
ben sxva jgufis moswavleebTan. rodesac sTxovT
maT, proeqtisTvis SearCion partniori, mas saku-
Tari jgufidan irCeven. drodadro jgufebi erT-
maneTs Seuracxyofas ayeneben, klasSi viTareba
iZabeba. azieli da laTino-amerikeli moswavleebi
erTmaneTSi xSirad saubroben mSobliur enaze
_ im enaze, romelic Tqven ar gesmiT _ da maTi
mzerisa da sicilis gamo ggoniaT, rom xumroba
Tqven gexebodaT.
a merikuli klasebis kulturuli Semadgenlo-
ba icvleba. dRes igive SeiZleba iTqvas bevr
qveyanaze. frank paJaresma, padagogiuri fsi­
qologiis erT-erTma uWkvianesma specialis­tma,
amerikis saganmanaTleblo kvlevaTa asociaciis
winaSe ganacxada, rom `ganaTlebasTan dakavSire-
buli kritikuli kiTxvebi Seicavs sakiTxebs,
romelTa gadawyveta SeuZlebelia sauniversite-
to instruqciebiT. zemoT aRniSnulis mixed-
viT, yuradReba unda mivaqcioT Cveni cxovrebis
ganmsazRvrel kulturul Zalebs~ (Pajares, 2000,
gv.5). vfiqrob, rom igi sworia, am TavSi Cven
ganvixilavT bevr kulturas, romelic Cveni sa­
zogadoebis struqturas qmnis. daviwyebT imiT,
rom Tvals gadavavlebT sxvadasxva eTnikuri da
kulturuli jgufisTvis gankuTvnil skolebs
da ganvixilavT mravalkulturul swavlebas.
kulturis farTo gagebaze dayrdnobi^T, ganvixi-
lavT TiToeuli moswavlis identobis sam mniS-
vnelovan ganzomilebas: soci­alur klass, eT-
nikurobasa da sqess. Semdeg vims­jelebT enaze
da orenovan swavlebaze. Tavis bo­lo nawilSi
swavlebis sam mTavar princips war­­mogidgenT.
kritikuli azrovneba
ra aris aq namdvili problema?
rogor moagvarebT aseT situacias?
rogor aswavliT moswavleebs, Tavi ufro kom-
fortulad igrZnon erTmaneTTan?
am problemis gadawyvetisas, ra aris Tqveni
pirveladi miznebi?
ra zegavlenas moaxdens es sakiTxebi im klase-
bze, romlebsac aswavliT?
kolaboracia
klasis 4 an 5 wevrTan erTad rac SegiZliaT
meti azriani gamosavali gansazRvreT `tvinis
SturmiT~. airCieT problemis gadawyvetis ori
saukeTeso varianti da dasabuTebasTan erTad wa-
rudgineT klass.
am Tavis dasrulebis Semdeg SeZlebT upasu­
xoT kiTxvebs:
ra gansxvavebaa `gadasadnob qvabsa~ (melting
pot) da mravalkulturul swavlebas Soris?
ra aris kultura da romeli jgufebi ayali-
beben Tqvens kulturul identobas?
ratom aqvT dabalSemosavliani ojaxis bavS-
vebs saSualo moswreba da maRali Semosavlis
mqone ojaxis bavSvebze ufro dabali mos-
wreba?
daasaxeleT saojaxo da saskolo kulturebs
Soris winaaRmdegobisa da SeTavsebadobis maga­
liTebi;
rogoria skolis roli genderuli gansxvave-
bulobis ganviTarebaSi?
rogori swavlebaa efeqtiani orenovan kla­
sebSi?
daasaxeleT kulturis Sesabamisi pedagogi-
kis magaliTebi, romlebic miesadageba Tqvens
sagansa da swavlebis safexurs;
rogor SeiZleba SeqmnaT sicocxlisunariani
klasi?
229

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
mravalkulturuli swavleba
(III, B).
gaecaniT mravalkulturuli
swavlebis mTavar aspeqtebs.
aRwereT am aspeqtebis erTma-
neTze zemoqmedeba.
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
ix.: Banks, J. da sxvebi (2001).
Diversity within unity: Essen-
tial principles for teaching and
learning within a multicultural
society. Phi Delta Kappan, 83,
196-212, gansxvavebulobisa da
ganaTlebis Seswavlis sin-
TezisaTvis.
`moTuxTuxe qvabi~_ meta-
fora, imigrantebis Serwyma da
asimilireba wamyvan sazoga-
doebaSi imgvarad, rom qreba
eTnikuri sxvaobebi.
230
Tanamedrove mravalferovani klasebi
vin arian dRes amerikeli moswavleebi? ai, ramdenime statistikuri
mo­nacemi (Banks, 2002; bavSvTa dacvis fondi, 2005; Duncan & Brooks-Gunn,
2000; Grant & Sleeter, 1989; Halford, 1999; McLoyd, 1998; Meece & Kurtz-Costes, 2001;
Payne & Biddle, 1999):
yoveli meeqvse amerikeli bavSvi siRaribeSi, yoveli meToTxmete ki
ukidures gaWirvebaSi cxovrobs. afroamerikel bavSvTa daaxloebiT
50% xelmoklea.
Rarib bavSvTa ricxvi aSS-Si TiTqmis 50%-iT metia, vidre nebismier
dasavlur ganviTarebul saxelmwifoSi da 5-8-jer meti, vidre bevr
cnobil industriul qveyanaSi.
orjer meti albaTobaa imisa, rom siRaribeSi gazrdili bavSvebi
CamorCebian swavlaSi, ver SeZleben skolis damTavrebas an Caidenen
Zaladobriv danaSauls.
yoveli mesame bavSvi qorwinebis gareSe ibadeba. yoveli mexuTe bavS-
vis dedas ara aqvs saSualo ganaTleba. yoveli mesame bavSvi erT
mSobelTan, rogorc wesi, momuSave dedasTan cxovrobs.
83-dan1 bavSvi oci wlis Sesrulebamde Statis an federalur cixeSi
xvdeba.  339-dan 1 oci wlis asakamde cecxlsasroli iaraRiT iRupeba.
aSS-s mosaxleobis 18% saxlSi inglisurad ar laparakobs _ am oja­
xebis naxevari espanurad saubrobs.
2020 wlisTvis amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi skolis asakis bavS-
vTa 66%-ze meti iqneba afroamerikeli, azieli, espaneli an mkvidri
amerikeli, bevric- axali imigrantebis Svili.
2050 wlisTvis aSS-Si ar iqneba rasobrivi an eTnikuri umravlesoba;
yvela amerikeli umciresobis jgufis wevri iqneba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom moswavleebi ufro da ufro gansxvavdebian
ra­sobrivad, eTnikurad, enobrivad da ekonomikurad, maswavleblebi
naklebad gansxvavdebian _ TeTrkanian maswavlebelTa procentuli
maCvenebeli izrdeba (daaxloebiT 91%), Savkanian maswavlebelTa pro-
centuli maCvenebeli ki iklebs daaxloebiT 7%-mde. yovelive es namd-
vilad mniSvnelovania maswavlebelTaTvis, raTa maT ukeT gaugon yvela
moswavles da ufro efeqturad imuSaon maTTan.
individebi, jgufebi da sazogadoeba
meoce saukunis dasawyisidan imigrantebis nakadma SeaRwia gaerTiane­
bul samefoSi, dasavleT evropaSi, kanadaSi, avstraliaSi, amerikis
SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva ganviTarebul qveynebSi. es axali (ZiriTa-
dad, evropeli) imigrantebi imedovnebdnen, rom SeuerTdebodnen damx-
vdur kulturas (kulturebis `moTuxTuxe qvabs~) da adre Camosulebs
daemsgavsebodnen. wlebis ganmavlobaSi amerikuli skolis mizani iyo
emigrantebs asimilaciaSi daxmareboda (`moTuxTuxe qvabis~ qveS dan-
Tebuli cecxlis roli Seesrulebina). sxva enaze mosaubre, gansxvave-
buli religiuri da kulturuli memkvidreobis mqone imigrant bavS-
vebs xels uwyobdnen, raTa evloT skolaSi, dauflebodnen inglisurs
da namdvil amerikelebad gadaqceuliyvnen. ra Tqma unda, skolebis
udidesi nawili asec iqceoda, Tumca, iZulebiT imigrantebs, aSS-Si
Za­­liT gadayvanili monebis STamomavlebs, kulturebis `gadasadnob qv- kulturuli deficis modeli
abSi~ xSirad gulTbilad ar xvdebodnen. _ modeli, romelic xsnis, Tu
ratom aqvT eTnikuri umci-
60-70-ian wlebSi ganaTlebis zogi specialisti varaudobda, rom
resobebis warmomadgenel
feradkanian da Rarib moswavleebs skolaSi problemebi hqondaT maTi moswavleebs naklebi miRw-
`kulturuli usargeblobisa~ da `kulturuli CamorCenilobis~ gamo. evebi. igulisxmeba, rom maTi
es kulturuli deficitis modeli miiCnevda, rom moswavleTa mSob- kultura araadekvaturia da ar
liuri kultura mdare iyo da ar exmareboda maT, morgebodnen skolas. amzadebs maT saskolo warmate-
bebisTvis.
dRes ganaTlebis fsiqologia uars ambobs kulturuli deficitis
ideaze da miiCnevs, rom arc erTi kultura araa naklovani, magram
SesaZlebelia moswavlis saojaxo da saskolo kulturebs Soris uTanx-
moeba arsebobdes (Gallimore & Goldenberg, 2001).
imave periodSi gaizarda interesi samoqalaqo da adamianis ufle-
bebis mimarT, xolo eTnikur jgufebSi moimata SegrZnebam, rom maT
ar surT ZiriTad, amerikul sazogadoebaSi sruli asimilacia. ufro
sworad, maT, rogorc farTo sazogadoebis sapatio nawils, TavianTi
kulturisa da identobis SenarCuneba surdaT. multikulturuloba
mizani gaxda.

sqema 5.1.

multikulturuli ganaTlebis benqsiseuli aspeqtebi

multikulturuli ganaTleba saswavlo gegmis Secvlaze ufro metia. swavleba
rom yvela moswavlisaTvis xelsayreli gavxadoT, sxva aspeqtebic unda gaviTval-
iswinoT.N WeSmarit multikulturul swavlebas xels uwyobs mravali elementi,
rogoricaa sportisa da programebis struqtura, swavlebis meTodi, gakveTilebi
crurwmenebis, codnis perspeqtivis Sesaxeb.

Sinaarsis integracia codnis konstruirebis

sakuTari disciplinis (sagnis) swavlebisas,
magaliTebisa da Sinaarsebis gamoyeneba
sxvadasxva kulturidan da jgufidan ZiriTadi
cnebebis, principebis, ganzogadebebisa da
Teoriebis sailustraciod.
procesi
daexmareT moswavleebs, gaigon saswavlo
disciplinaze gaucnobierebeli kulturuli
warmodgenebi ra zegavlenas axdenen am dargSi
codnis konstruirebis procesze.

miukerZoebeli pedagogika
akademiuri moswrebis multiku- crurwmenaTa Semcireba
gaumjobesebisaTvis SeurCieT lturuli moswavleTa rasis mimarT atitudebis
Sesabamisi swavlebis stili sxvadasxva TaviseburebaTa dadgena da swavlebis
ganaTleba
rasobrivi, kulturuli da socialuri procesSi maTi Secvlis gzebis
jgufis moswavleebs. gansazRvra.

xelSemwyobi saskolo kultura da sazogadoebrivi wyoba

jgufebisaTvis iarliyebis mikuTvnebis ganxilva, sportSi
Tanamonawileoba, TanamSromlebis urTierToba eTnikur da
rasobriv jgufebTan ganapirobebs yvela moswavlisaTvis Tanabari
uflebis mimniWebeli saskolo kulturis Seqmnas.

wyaro: wignidan Cultural Diversity and Education: Foundations, Curriculum, and Teaching, 5/e, J.A. Banks.
Published by Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright (c) 2006 by Pearson Education. adaptirebulia gamom-
cemlis nebarTviT.

231
multikulturuli ganaTleba
ganaTleba, romelic uzrun-
velyofs saswavlo procesSi
yvela yvela moswavlis Tanas-
worobas.
kultura _ codna, Rirebule-
bebi, atitudebi, tradiciebi,
romelic gezs aZlevs adamianTa
garkveuli jgufis qcevas da
saSualebas aZlevs gadawyviton
sasicocxlo problemebi Tavi-
anT garemoSi.
232
multikulturuli ganaTleba
multikulturuli ganaTleba aris `saswavlo are, romelic mowyobi-
lia yvela moswavlis saganmanaTleblo Tanasworobis gazrdisaTvis~
(Banks & Banks, 1995, gv.xii). multikulturuli swavleba aris reaqcia
ro­gorc moswavleTa mzard gansxvavebulobaze, aseve yvela jgufis
Tanasworobis moTxovnaze. multikulturuli swavlebis alternatiu-
li midgomebis ganxilva, ganaTlebis fsiqologiis sazRvrebs, scdeba
magram cxadia, rom `saukeTeso~ meTodTan dakavSirebiT sayovelTao
Tanx­moba ar arsebobs.
jeims benqsi (2006) miiCnevs, rom multikulturuli ganaTleba 5.1
sqe­maze naCvenebi xuTi aspeqtiT xasiaTdeba. mravali adamianisTvis
mxolod Sinaarsis integraciaa nacnobi, isini sagnis swavlebisas sx-
vadasxva kulturidan magaliTebsa da Sinaarss iSvelieben. maT sjeraT,
rom multikulturuli ganaTleba mxolod da mxolod saswavlo gegmis
cvlilebaa. zog maswavlebels miaCnia, rom is uadgiloa maTematikisa da
sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis swavlebisas. magram Tuki gaiTvaliswinebT
danarCen aspeqtebsac _ daexmarebiT moswavles, gaigos Sexedulebebis
gavlena codnaze, SeasustebT crurwmenebs, SeqmniT yvela moswavlis
swavlisa da ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayrel socialur struqturas da
gamoiyenebT yvela moswavlisaTvis misaReb meTodebs _ darwmundebiT,
rom multikulturuli ganaTleba marTebulia yvela sagnisa da mo-
swavlis mimarT.
multikulturuli ganaTleba uaryofs `gadasadnobi qvabis~ ideas
da mxars uWers sazogadoebas, romelic mravalferovnebas _ salaTi
ufro bevri komponentiT (Banks, 1997, 2006; Sleeter, 1995)-afasebs. modiT,
ufro yuradRebiT davakvirdeT gansxvavebebs, romlebic kulturuli
mravalferovnebis mozaikas qmnis.
amerikuli kulturuli mravalferovneba
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT SeisveneT da CarTeT televizori.
ipoveT arxi, sadac reklamebi gadis (darwmunebuli var, ufro rTulia
iseTi arxis povna, sadac reklama ar aris). mousmineT TxuTmetamde
reklamas. TiToeul klipSi daakvirdiT, xma an personaJi romeli sqe-
sisaa? asakovania Tu axalgazrda? ekonomikurad privilegirebulia
Tu Raribi? rogoria personaJis eTnikuri an rasobrivi kuTvnileba?
swrafad daasaxeleT ganxiluli magaliTebis raodenoba TiToeul kate­
goriaSi.
am TemaSi vrclad ganvmartavT kulturasa da multikulturul ga-
naTlebas, ganvixilavT socialur klass, rasas, eTnikurobasa da sqess,
rogorc mravalferovnebis aspeqtebs. daviwyebT kulturis mniSvne­
lo­biT. bevri adamiani am cnebas ukavSirebs kulturuli movlenebis
gverds gazeTSi _ samxatvro galereebi, muzeumebi, Seqspiri, klasikuri
musika da a. S. kulturas bevrad farTo mniSvneloba aqvs; is ada­mianTa
jgufis mTeli cxovrebis gzas moicavs.
kultura da jgufis wevroba. kulturis mravali ganmarteba arsebobs.
umravlesoba moicavs codnas, unar-Cvevebs, wesebs, tradiciebs, rwme-
nasa da Rirebulebebs, romlebic calkeuli jgufebis qcevas gansaz-
Rvravs da iseve, rogorc xeloba da artefaqtebi, gadadis Semdeg Tao-
baze (Betancourt & Lopez, 1993; Pai & Alder, 2001). jgufi qmnis kulturas
_ cxovrebis programas _ da programas wevrebs uziarebs. jgufebi
Se­iZleba ganisazRvron regionuli, eTnikuri, religiuri, rasobrivi,
sqesobrivi, socialuri da sxva principebiT. TiToeuli Cvengani bevri
jgufis wevria da mravali gansxvavebuli kulturis gavlenas ganicdis.
zogjer zegavlena SeuTavsebeli da sawinaaRmdegoc kia. magaliTad,
Tu feministi da YTan romaeli kaTolike xarT, SeiZleba problema
SegeqmnaT qalis sasuliero pirad kurTxevis Sesaxeb ori gansxvave-
buli kulturis Tvalsazrisis gamo. Tqveni piradi Sexeduleba gadamw-
yveti iqneba imis mixedviT, ramdenad Zlierad da rogor aigivebT Tavs
TiToeul jgufTan (Banks, 1994).
yovel Tanamedrove qveyanaSi mravali gansxvavebuli kultura arse-
bobs. aSS-Si Great Plains patara provinciul qalaqSi, didi qalaqis cen-
trsa da floridis gareubanSi mcxovrebi moswavleebi gansxvavebuli
kulturuli jgufis wevrebi arian. kanadaSi torontos gareubanSi,
vankuveris maravalsarTulian saxlsa da kvebekis fermaSi mcxovrebi
moswavleebi namdvilad bevri ramiT gansxvavdebian. patara qalaqis
maRaziis muSakis Svili did qalaqSi mcxovreb eqimis SvilTan Sedar-
ebiT gansxvavebul kulturul garemocvaSi izrdeba. afrikelebis,
azi­­elebis, espanelebis, adgilobrivi amerikelebisa da evropelebis
STa­momavlebs TiToeulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciebi da isto-
ria aqvT. mamakacisa da qalis mimarT damokidebuleba gansxvavebulia
TiTqmis yvela eTnikur da ekonomikur jgufSi. calkeul qveyanaSi
mcxovrebi yvela adamiani mraval gavrcelebul Sexedulebasa da Ri-
rebulebas iziarebs, gansakuTrebiT masobrivi sainformacio saSuale-
bebis zegavleniT. magram maTi sicocxlis sxva aspeqtebi gansxvavebuli
kulturuli foniT aris Camoyalibebuli.

sayuradRebo sakiTxebi kulturuli mravalferovnebis ganmar­tebisas.

kulturuli mravalferovnebis Seswavlisas ori ram unda gvaxsovdes.
calke ganvixilavT socialur, eTnikur da sqesobriv kuTvnilebas, rad­
gan arsebuli gamokvlevebis umravlesoba amaTgan mxolod erT-erT
cvladze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. ra Tqma unda, bavSvebi ar arian mxo­
lod afro-amerikelebi an saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi, an mxo­
lod ,mdedrobiTi sqesis; isini kompleqsuri arsebebi da mravali jgu-
fis wevrebi arian.
meore gafrTxilebis avtori jeims benqsia (1993), romelmac multi-
kulturul ganaTlebas ramdenime wigni miuZRvna:
`miuxedavad imisa, rom sqesobrii, rasobrivi, eTnikuri, soci­
aluri an religiuri jgufis wevrobis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZle-
ba pirovnebis qceva kargad avxsnaT, igi ver mogvcems qcevis
winas­war ganWvretis saSualebas. calkeuli jgufebis wevroba ki
ar gansazRvravs qcevas, aramed garkveuli tipis qcevas ufro
Se­saZ­lebels xdis.“
es gaiTvaliswineT, rodesac ekonomikurad arauzrunvelyofil,
aziel-amerikel da mamrobiTi sqesis moswavleebis damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebebze waikiTxavT. informacia, romelsac SeviswavliT, tenden-
ciebsa da SesaZleblobebs asaxavs. is ar mogiTxrobT gansakuTrebul
moswavleze, romelsac unda aswavloT. magaliTad, Tu Tqven moswav-

233

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
ganavrceT
ekonomikuri pirobebi/so-
cioekonomikuri statusi
(ses-i) (IV, b2). icodeT so-
cioekonomikuri statusis Ses-
aZlo zemoqmedeba moswavlis
miRwevebze. moifiqreT, ra
nabijebi unda gadadgas mas-
wavlebelma am zemoqmedebis
Sesamcireblad.
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
bavSvTa dacvis fondi: 2004
wels amerika sxva industri-
ul qveynebTan SedarebiT iyo:
1-li _ samxedro teqnolo-
giebSi;
1-li _ iaraRis eqsportSi;
1-li _ msxvilfexa saqonlis
moSenebaSi;
1-li _ milionerebisa da mil-
iarderebis raodenobiT;
1-li _ jandacvis teqnolo-
giebSi;
1-li _ Tavdacvis xarjis
mixedviT;
12-e _ Raribi mosaxleobis
sacxovrebeli pirobebis
mixedviT;
13-e _ mdidrebsa da Raribebs
Soris sxvaobis mixedviT;
14-e _ bavSvebisTvis siR-
aribidan Tavis daRwevis
xelSewyobaSi;
16-e _ dabali Sobadobis
maCveneblis mixedviT;
18-e _ Rataki bavSvebis raode-
nobis mixedviT;
23-e _ arasrulwlovanTa
sikvdilianobiT;
bolo _ iaraRis Zaladobisgan
bavSvebis dacvaSi.
socioekonomikuri statusi
(ses)_ individis Sefardeb-
iTi adgili sazogadoebaSi,
romelic ganisazRvreba misi
SemosavliT, ZalauflebiT,
prestiJiT.
234
leTa mcire jgufi xSirad agvianebs, SesaZlebelia, moswavle skolamde
muSaobdes, didi manZilis gavla uwevdes, skolaSi umcrosi da-Zma mo-
hyavdes an sulac skolis eSinodes.
sxvadasxva ekonomikuri da socialuri klasi
bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom socialuri klasi adamianis cxovrebis
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi kulturuli aspeqtia. magram, amave dros,
mkvlevrebs garkveuli siZneleebi aqvT socialuri klasis ganmartebi-
sas (Liu da sxvebi, 2004). gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva termini _ socialuri
klasi, socioekonomikuri statusi (ses), ekonomikuri foni, simdidre,
siRaribe an upiratesoba. zogi ganixilavs mxolod ekonomikur gansx-
vavebulobas; sxvebi aseve msjeloben Zalauflebaze, gavlenaze, mobi-
lurobaze, finansebis gakontrolebasa da prestiJze.
socialuri klasi da sesi
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi simdidre, Zalaufleba da prestiJi
yovelTvis erTad ar Tanaarsebobs. zogi adamiani _ magaliTad, uni-
versitetis profesorebi _ udavod maRali socialuri statusis mqone
profesiis warmomadgenlebi arian, magram, daijereT, mdidrebi ar arian
da mcire Zalauflebas floben. zogs mxolod politikuri Zalaufleba
aqvs, simdidre ki _ ara; zogi qalaqis sazogadoebrivi sakrebulos
wevria, miuxedavad imisa, rom mis ojaxSi fuli aRar aris. Cveulebriv,
adamianTa umravlesobas gacnobierebuli aqvs sakuTari socialuri
klasi _ maT Segnebuli aqvT, rom socialur klasSi zogierTi jgufi
maTze maRla an dabla dgas, SesaZlebelia `klasizmic~ ki axasiaTeb-
deT (rogorc rasizmi da sqesobrivi diskriminacia anu seqsizmi), sje-
rodeT, rom ufro dabali socialuri klasis wevrebTan SedarebiT
`ukeTesebi~ arian da maTTan urTierTobas Tavs aridebdnen.
gamokvlevebSi Cveulebriv gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli mosazreba klaso-
briv mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb. sociologebi da fsiqologebi simdid-
ris, Zalauflebis, finansebis kontrolisa da upiratesobis variantebs
sociALUalurekonomikuri statusis anu ses-is indeqsSi aerTianeben.
socialuri klasisgan gansxvavebiT, adamianebis umravleobas ar aqvs
gacnobierebuli sakuTari ses-is maCvenebeli. adamianebs maCveneblebs
mkvlevrebi miaweren; ses-is ganmsazRvrelma sxvadasxva formulam Sesa-
Zlebelia gansxvavebuli maCvenebeli daadginos (Liu da sxvebi, 2004). arc
erTi calkeuli maxasiaTebeli, Semosavalic ki, ar aris ses-is efeq-
turi sazomi. mkvlevarTa umravlesoba iziarebs ses-is oTx sazogado
dones: maRals, saSualos, muSaTa da dabali klasebisas. am oTxi donis
mTavari maxasiaTeblebi 5.1 cxrilSia Sejamebuli. ses-is dabali donis
mqone ramdeni adamiani iyo sareklamo rgolebSi (CanarTi `SeCerdiT/
dafiqrdiT/dawereT~)?
siRaribe da saskolo moswreba
yoveli meeqvse arasrulwlovani amerikeli siRaribeSi cxovrobs.
2005 wels aSS-is jandacvis departamentma siRaribis zRvrad miiCnia
oTxkaciani ojaxisaTvis $19,350 Semosavali ($24,190 alaskaSi da $22,260
havaiSi). am sazRvris qvemoT 13 milionamde bavSvi moxvda. aSS-Si sxva
ganviTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT bavSvTa siRaribis done yvelaze
maRalia, 5-8 jer meti, vidre sxva industriul saxelmwifoebSi. am
bavSvebis naxevarze meti siRatakeSi cxovrobs – ojaxebSi, romelTa
Semosavali siRaribis zRvarze 50%-iT naklebia. garkveuli xniT mdgo-
mareoba gaumjobesda. 2000 wels Raribi ojaxebis raodenoba bolo 21
wlis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze dabali, daaxloebiT 6.2 milioni iyo (aSS-is
aRweris biuro, 25 seqtemberi, 2001 weli), magram mas Semdeg maCvene-
belma isev mateba daiwyo.
2003 wels Rarib bavSvTa raodenoba daaxloebiT erTnairi iyo ara­
espanel TeTrkanian bavSvebSi (4.2 mln), laTinoamerikelebsa (4.1 mln)
da SavkanianebSi (3.9mln). magram siRaribis maCvenebeli Savkanian da
laTinoamerikel bavSvebSi ufro maRalia _ Savkaniani bavSvebis 34%
da laTinoamerikeli bavSvebis 30% 2003 wels siRaribeSi cxovrobda,
maSin, roca azieli bavSvebis mxolod 12.5% da araespaneli TeTrkani-
ani bavSvebis 9.8% iyo Rataki. mravali stereotipis sawinaaRmdegod,
Raribi bavSvebis umravlesoba ara centralur qalaqebSi, aramed ga-
reubnebsa da soflebSi cxovrobs. amasTan, Rarib ojaxebSi, saSualod
2.2 bavSvia (bavSvTa dacvis fondi, 2005).

cxrili 5.1.

sxvadasxva socialuri klasis saukeTeso maxasiaTeblebi

maRali klasi saSualo klasi muSaTa klasi dabali

klasi

Semosavali $160,000 da meti $80,000-$160,000 $25,000-$40,000 $25,000-ze

$40,000-$80,000 naklebi

saqmianoba korporaciuli, TeTrsayeloianebi, lurjsayeloia- minimaluri

profesiuli, kvalificiuri nebi xelfasi
ojaxuri biznesi lurjsayeloianebi arakvali-
ficiuri
muSaxeli

ganaTleba prestiJuli uni- saSualo skola, uni- saSualo skola saSualo

versiteti versiteti an profe- skola
an profesiuli siuli saswavlebeli an arasruli
saswavlebeli saSua
lo ganaTleba
uZravi qoneba erTi saxli mainc Cveulebriv, saxli daaxloebiT ara
aqvT naxevars saxli aqvs

jandacva sruli Cveulebriv, arsebobs SezRuduli ara

mezobloba gansakuTrebuli komfortuli mokrZalebuli waxdenili

da komfortuli

bavSvebis mier advilad Cveulebriv iSviaTad ara

umaRlesi ganaTlebis
miRebis SesaZleb
loba

politikuri erovnuli, Statis Statis an adgilo- SezRuduli ara

Zalaufleba da adgilobrivi brivi

wyaro: Sociology (9th ed.) (pp. 276-280), by J. J. Macionis, 2003, Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

235

Raribi bavSvebi orjer
metad CamorCenilebi arian
skolaSi. siRaribe skolam-
del asakSi bavSvze udides
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens.
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
Gabelko, N.H & Sosniak, L.A.
(2002). Someone just like me:
When academic engagement
trumps race, class, and gender.
Phi Delta Kappan, 83, 400-405.
daukavSireT kvlevas da
ganavrceT
ix.: Jurnalis – Theory Into
Practice _ 2005 wlis zamTris
gamocemaSi statia Closing the
Achievement Gap: What Will it
Take? (Vol. 44, No. 1). Guest
Editors: Cynthia L. Uline and
Joseph F Johnson, Jr.
236
maRali ses-is mqone nebismieri eTnikuri jgufis moswavleebs maRa-
li moswreba aqvT da testebSic maRal qulebs iReben; isini daba-
li ses-is mqone moswavleebze ufro metxans rCebian skolaSi (Gutman,
Sameroff, & Cole, 2003; Mcloyd, 1998). Raribi, bavSvebi sul cota, orjer
metad SeiZleba CamorCnen skolaSi. siRaribe skolamdel asakSi bavS-
vze udides negatiur gavlenas axdens. saubedurod, patara bavSviani
ojaxebi xSirad Raribad cxovroben, radgan axalgazrda mSoblebs da-
balanazRaurebadi samuSao aqvT an saerTod umuSevrebi arian. rac
ufro didxans cxovrobs bavSvi siRaribeSi, miT ufro metia siRaribis
gavlena mis ganviTarebaze. mSoblebis ganaTlebis gaTvaliswinebis Sem-
TxvevaSic, bavSvis klasSi Catovebisa da specialuri swavlebis jgufSi
gadayvanis albaToba siRaribeSi gatarebul TiTo weliwadze 2-3%-iT
izrdeba (Ackerman, Brown, & Izard, 2004; Bronfenbrenner, McClelland, Wethington,
Moen, & Ceci, 1996; Sherman, 1994).
rogor zemoqmedebs socialurekonomikuri statusi am moswavleebis
dabal saskolo moswrebaze? mravali faqtori amyarebs siRaribes – da
ara mxolod erTi mizezi (Evans, 2004). dedisa da bavSvis janmrTelobaze
mwiri zrunva, saxifaTo an arajansaRi garemo, SezRuduli resursebi,
ojaxuri stresi, skolaSi swavlis Sewyveta, Zaladobisgan daucveloba,
gadatvirTva, usaxlkaroba, diskriminacia da sxva faqtorebi iZleva
siRatakeSi Sobil kidev erT Taobas, romelsac skolaSi warumatebloba
da dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao emuqreba. garsia (Garcia, 1991), evansi
(Evans, 2004) da mkloidi (McLoyd, 1998) sxva SesaZlo mizezebs aRweren.
modiT, TiToeuli maTgani ufro detalurad ganvixiloT.
janmrTeloba, garemo da stresi. Raribi bavSvebi ufro dabinZurebul
haers sunTqaven da dabinZurebul wyals svamen (Evans, 2004). bavSvebs,
romlebic Zvel, tyviis saRebaviT SeRebil da tyviis Semcvel milebian
saxlebSi cxovroben, sisxlSi tyviis meti koncentracia aqvT. Raribi
bavSvebi minimum orjer ufro xSirad arian tyviiT mowamlulni, rac
dabal akademiur moswrebasa da Sorsmimaval neirologiul darRvevebs
iwvevs (Mcloyd, 1998). pedro noguera (Pedro Noguera, 2005) darwmunebulia,
rom `Cveni cxovrebidan tyviis gaZevebiT gavrcelebuli stensfordis 9
testis Sedegebs 10 niSnuliT gavzrdiT~. Raribi amerikelebis 55% wlis
ganmavlobaSi seriozul xelmokleobas da stress ganicdis, kerZod _
saWmeli aklia, gadatvirTul an arastandartul saxlSi cxovrobs, ara
aqvs qura da macivari. Rarib bavSvebSi 15-jer ufro metadaa mosa-
lodneli, gamoscadon SimSilis grZnoba (bavSvTa dacvis fondi, 2005).
Rarib ojaxebs orsulTa da bavSvTa jandacvasa da kvebaze naklebad
miuwvdebaT xeli. arasrulwlovani dedebis naxevarze meti saerTod
ar iRebs saorsulo daxmarebas. Raribi dedebisa da arasrulwlovani
dedebis umravlesobas daugegmavi bavSvebi hyavs, rac dakavSirebulia
bavSvis kognitur da swavlis problemebTan. Raribi bavSvebi ufro
xSirad moixmaren daSvebul (nikotini da alkoholi) da akrZalul (ko-
kaini, heroini) preparatebs. narkotikis momxmarebeli orsuli dedebis
Svilebs SesaZlebelia organizebulobasTan, yuradRebis koncentracia-
sTan da metyvelebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi aReniSnoT.
dabali molodini _ dabali saswavlo TviTSefaseba. imis gamo, rom
Rarib moswavleebs Zveli tansacmeli acviaT, dialeqtze laparakoben
an xeli ar miuwvdebaT wignebsa da saskolo nivTebze, maswavleblebma
da sxva moswavleebma SeiZleba eWvi Seitanon maT, gonebagaxsnilobaSi.
araa gamoricxuli, maswavlebeli gaurbodes maTTan saubars, raTa da-
icvas araswori pasuxiT gamowveuli dabneulobisgan an sakuTar Tavs daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
aaridos uxerxuloba. amrigad, dabali molodini institucionalize- da ganavrceT

buli xdeba da saganmanaTleblo resursebi am SemTxvevaSi araadek- klasSi kulturul gansxvave-

bulobaze msjelobisas Zalian
vaturia (Borman & Overman, 2004). sabolood bavSvebi rwmundebian, rom
mniSvnelovania warmodgenebi
saskolo samuSaos kargad ver asruleben (Elrich, 1994). qvemoT moyvani-
maswavleblebis molodinis
li namdvili ambavi gviCvenebs, rogori Zlieri zegavlena SeiZleba
zegavlenasa da asrulebul
moaxdinos dabalma TviTSefasebam saswavlo TviTSefasebaze. terens winaswarmetyvelebaze. es
quini, niu-iorkis dawyebiTi skolis direqtori, dilas skolidan eqvsi warmodgenebi sruladaa ganxi-
kvartalis moSorebiT mdebare socialuri TavSesafris mcxovreblebs luli me-13 TavSi.
yaviTa da RvezelebiT umaspinZldeba, Tan mSoblebs arwmunebs, bavSvebi
skolaSi gauSvan. daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
da ganavrceT
aseT TavSesafarSi mcxovrebi meeqvseklaseli Jaklini ga- swavlis uunaroba, rogorc
sul gazafxuls skolaSi gamosamSvidobebeli sityvis wasakiTxad swavlis uunaro moswavleTa
SearCies. oficialur gancxadebamde erTi TviT adre Jaklini dabali miRwevebis erT-erTi
quinis kabinetSi Sevida da direqtors piradi saubris nebarTva mizezi, ganxiluli iyo me-4
sTxova. man hkiTxa: `namdvilad SeuZlia vinmes, vinc TavSesafa- TavSi. mas kvlav ganvixilavT
rSi cxovrobs, waikiTxos gamosamSvidobebeli sityva?~ (Reed & me-10 TavSi, rogorc moti-
Sautter, 1990, gv. K2). vaciaze zegavlenis mqone
faqtors.
dabalma molodinma, dabali xarisxis saganmanaTleblo gamocdi­
le­basTan erTad, SeiZleba wina TavSi aRweril umweobis gancdamde daukavSireT swavlebas/port-
migviyvanos. ekonomikurad arauzrunvelyofili moswavleebi (mudmivad folios da ganavrceT
daukmayofilebelni) ijereben, rom skolaSi karg Sedegs ver miaRweven. ra aris multikulturul
marTlac, Raribi bavSvebis erTi meoTxedi skolas damTavrebamde ane- ganaTlebaze, dajgufebaze
bebs Tavs an skolidan ricxaven (Bennett, 1995). moswavleebs, romlebsac Tqveni pozicia? daumateT
es mosazrebebi pedagogi-
ar eqnebaT umaRlesi skolis diplomi, samuSao sivrceSi mcire gasam-
uri filosofiis Tqveneul
rjelo elodebaT. maTTvis xelmisawvdomi samuSao cxovrebisTvis sak-
mtkicebas. CaurTeT ideebi
maris anazRaurebas iSviaTad iZleva. Tu ojaxis ufrosi erTdroulad
multikulturuli masalebis
sam dabalanazRaurebad samuSaoze sruli datvirTviT Sromobs, ojaxis SeerTebis Sesaxeb.
Semosavali mainc siRaribis zRvars qvemoT iqneba. dabali ses-is bavS-
vebi, romlebic rasobriv diskriminaciasac Seejaxnen, ,,rwmundebian,
rom kargi akademiuri SedegebiT sazogadoebaSi dawinaureba rTuli da
SeuZlebelic ki aris~ (Goleman, 1988).

TanatolTa zegavlena da SewinaaRmdegebis kultura. zogi mkvlevari winaaRmdegobis kultura

varaudobs, rom dabali ses-is moswavleebi SeiZleba winaaRmdegobis _ jgufis Rirebulebebi da
kulturis nawili gaxdnen. am kulturis warmomadgenlebi skolaSi rwmenebi, romlebic ewinaaRm-
Tavs `saSualo klasis~ adamianebad asaReben. jgufSi identobisa da degeba dominanturi kultu-
statusis dasamtkiceblad dabali ses-is moswavleebi uaryofen qce- ris qceviT Taviseburebebs,
damokidebulebebs, atitudebs.
vas, romelmac SeiZleba warmateba moutanos, kerZod _ mecadineobas,
mas­wavleblebTan TanamSromlobas, daswrebas (Bennett, 1995; Ogbu, 1987,
1997). jon ogbum Raribi laTinoamerikelebis, mkvidri amerikelebisa da
afroamerikelebis SewinaaRmdegebis kulturebis kavSiris Seswavlisas
msgavsi reaqciebi aRmoaCina Rarib TeTrkanian moswavleebs Soris, ro-
gorc aSS-Si, ise inglisSi (Willis, 1977) da papua _ axali gvineis saSualo
skolaSi (Woolfolk Hoy, Demerath, & Pape, 2002). es imas ar niSnavs, rom dabali
ses-is yvela moswavle winsvlis winaaRmdegia. axalgazrdebi, romelTa
mSoblebi afaseben saswavlo warmatebebs, cdiloben, msgavsi Rirebule-
bebisa da msoflmxedvelobis mqone megobrebi SearCion (Berndt & Keefe,
1995). bevri axalgazrda, Jaklinis msgavsad, ekonomikuri mdgomareo-
bisa da TanatolTa uaryofiTi zegavlenis miuxedavad, warmatebulia
(O’Connor, 1997). ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom saskolo cxovrebis zogi
aspeqti _ advili Tu rTuli SedarebiTi Sefaseba, sajarod sayveduris

237

unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT
ganawileba _ moswavleTa
sxvadasxva klasebSi ganawileba
miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
da ganavrceT
me-4 TavSi mocemulia informa-
cia SesaZleblobebis mixedviT
dajgufebisa da ganawilebis
Sedegebis.
238
gamocxadeba, daZabuli testirebebi, repeticiebi _ SesaZlebelia, wi-
naaRmdegobas iwvevdes yvela moswavleSi (Okagaki, 2001).
kategoriebad ganawileba: susti swavleba. dabali ses-is moswavleebis
dabal miRwevebs unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganawileba da gansxvave-
buli socializacia iwvevs. sinamdvileSi maT gansxvavebulad aswavlian
(Oakes, 1990b). Tu isini moxvdebian `dabali SesaZleblobebis~ an `Cveu-
lebriv~ klasSi, maT SeiZleba iswavlon dazepireba da gaxdnen pasiurni.
arada, saSualo klasebis moswavleebs ufro metad ubiZgeben fiqrisa
da SemoqmedebiTobisken (Anyon, 1980). rodesac dabali ses-is moswav-
leebi ver iReben rigian ganaTlebas, maT cudad uviTardebaT saWiro
unar-Cvevebi da cxovrebiseuli SesaZleblobebi ezRudebaT. adam gamo-
ranma (1987) aRmo­aCina, rom dabal da maRal kategoriebad ganawilebul
moswavleebs So­ris gansxvaveba ufro metia, vidre saSualo skolidan
garicxulTa da kursdamTavrebulTa Soris. jonaTan kozolma marj Ser-
erTan (1993) saubarSi daaxasiaTa kategoriebad ganawilebis ulmobeli
perspeqtivebi:
`kategoriebad ganawilebiT winaswar gansazRvrav raRac-raRacebs.
patara gogonas, romelic meore klasSi susti kiTxvis jgufSi CarCa,
merve klasSi, namdvilad, kosmetologiis meti interesi aqvs, vidre
algebrisa. Tu manamde skolidan ar garicxes, meaTe klasSi kolejis
nacvlad profesiul kursebze iswavlis (gv.8)~.
gadanawilebis gareSec, dabali Semosavlis mqone moswavleebi mcire
resursian da SedarebiT susti maswavleblebiT dakompleqtebul sko-
lebSi dadian (Evans, 2004).
ojaxuri garemo da resursebi. Rarib ojaxebs iSviaTad miuwvdebaT
xe­­li maRalkvalificiur skolamdel aRzrdaze. gamokvlevebma cxadyo,
rom skolamdeli aRzrda xels uwyobs SemecnebiT da sazogadoebriv
ganviTarebas (Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 2000). Raribi bavSvebi naklebs kiTxu-
loben da met dros televizorTan atareben; maT naklebad miuwvde-
baT xeli wignebze, kompiuterebze, biblioTekaze, mogzaurobasa da
muzeumebze (Evans, 2004). arada, es resursebi skolisgan Tavisufal
drosac _ zafxulSi, skolaSi Sesvlamde _ bavSvebze udides zemoq-
medebas axdens. magaliTad, entvislma, aleqsanderma da olsonma (1997)
aRmoaCines, rom dabali da maRali ses-is mqone moswavleebs kiTxvasa
da maTematikaSi SesaZlebelia daaxloebiT erTnairi Sedegebi hqondeT,
magram zafxulis ganmavlobaSi dabali ses-is moswavleebi miRweuls
ver inarCuneben, maRali ses-is mqone moswavleebi ki ardadegebzec
mecadineoben. sxva gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom saxlSi mecadineobis Sew-
yveta iwvevs swored imas, rom mesamedidan naxevramde Rarib bavSvebs
arasakmarisi zepiri, kiTxvisa da maTematikuri unari aqvT (Korenman,
Miller, & Sjaastad, 1995).
Tumca kidev vimeoreb, yvela dabalSemosavliani ojaxi rodia Sesa-
Zleblobis armqone. bevri aseTi ojaxi uzrunvelyofs sakuTar bavSvebs
mdidari saswavlo garemoTi. rodesac nebismieri ses-is mSobeli xels
uwyobs da axalisebs bavSvs – ukiTxavs wignebs, amaragebs wignebiTa da
saswavlo saTamaSoebiT, mihyavs biblioTekaSi, samecadinod drosa da
adgils gamouyofs, _ bavSvebi ukeTesi, ufro enTuziasti mkiTxvelebi
xdebian (Morrow, 1983; Peng & Lee, 1992; Shield, Gordon, & Dupree, 1983).
 eTnikuri da rasobrivi gansxvaveba

eTnikuroba gamoiyeneba `saerTo erovnebis, kulturisa an enis dam-

axasiaTebeli jgufebis~ aRsaniSnad (Betancourt & Lopez, 1993, gv. 631).
yvelas gvaqvs eTnikuri memkvidreoba, Cveni foni xom italiuri, ebrau-
li, ukrainuli, Cinuri, iaponuri, navahuri, havaiuri, puerto-rikou-
li, kuburi, ungruli, germanuli, afrikuli an irlandiuria. rasa ki
ganmartebulia, rogorc `mamakacTa da qalTa jgufi, romlebic iziare-
ben socialurad mniSvnelovan,Tandayolil saerTo biologiur niSnebs, daukavSireT kvlevas da ga-
kerZod _ kanis fersa da Tmis struqturas (Macionis, 2003, gv. 354). imis navrceT
mixedviT, romel nakvTebs afasebT da romel Teorias misdevT, sami- ix.: Educational Psychologist-is 2001
dan samasamde rasa arsebobs. sinamdvileSi, rasa iarliyia, romelsac wlis zamTris gamocema, ro-
melic eZRvneba sakiTxs `eTni-
garegnobaze dayrdnobiT adamianebi sakuTar Tavs da sxvebs akuTvne-
kur umciresobaTa bavSvebisa da
ben. ar arsebobs biologiurad sufTa rasa (Betancourt & Lopez, 1993). faq- axalgazrdebis skolaSi swavla~.
tobrivad, rogorc meoTxe TavSi aRvniSneT, SemTxveviT arCeuli nebis- mowveuli avtorebi arian: Judith
mieri ori adamiani, mTeli mosaxleobis saSualod 0,012% (daaxloebiT Meece da Beth Kurtz-Costes.
erTi procentis erTi measedi), maTi genetikuri kodis anbanuri Tan-
eTnikuroba _ kulturuli mi-
mimdevrobiT, rasis mixedviT gansxvavdeba (Myers, 2005). da mainc, rasa
kuTvnebuloba, romelic saerToa
mZlavri KONkonstruqtia. pirovnul doneze, rasa Cveni identobis nawi­ adamianTa garkveuli jgufisaTvis.
lia _ rogor vugebT sakuTar Tavs da vurTierTobT sxveb­Tan. jgufur
doneze, rasa CarTulia ekonomikur da politikur struqturaSi (Omi rasa _ adamianTa jgufi saerTo
& Winant, 1994). biologiuri TaviseburebebiT,rac
am jgufis adamianebis mier aRiqmeba
sociologebi zogjer iyeneben termins umciresoba, raTa aRniS-
rogorc TviTganmsazRvreli.
non adamianTa jgufi, romelsac uTanasworod epyrobian. mkacrad
rom vTqvaT, termini damokidebulia mTel mosaxleobasTan umcireso­ umciresoba _ araxelsayrel
bis ricxobriv mimarTebaze. Tumca, zogjer, calkeuli rasis eTnikuri mdgomareobaSi myofi, socialurad
um­­ciresobisTvis mikuTvneba garkveul situaciebSi teqnikurad aras- warumatebel adamianTa jgufi.
aucilebeli ar aris es jgufi ra-
woria, radgan gansazRvrul adgilebSi, rogoricaa Cikago an misisipi,
odenobrivad marTlac umciresoba
`umciresoba~ _ afroamerikelebi _ sinamdvileSi umravlesobaa. adami- iyos.
anTa umciresobebad gaerTianeba rasobrivi an eTnikuri kuTvnilebis
gamo, gaakritikes, radgan xSirad arasworia.

aSS-Si warmodgenilia mravali

kultura, rasa da eTnosi da
demografiuli cvlilebebi
winaswar gansazRvrulia.

239

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
ufro didi sazogadoeba (IV,
b1,3)
gaecaniT aSS-is mosaxleobis
winaswargansazRvrul cv-
lilebebs momdevno aTwleu-
lebSi. rogor imoqmedebs es
cvlilebebi ganaTlebaze? ra
SeuZliaT gaakeTon skolebma
da maswavleblebma, rom am
cvlilebebma uaryofiTi
Sedegi ar gamoiRos?
240
cvalebadi demografiuli mdgomareoba:
kulturuli gansxvaveba
1981-dan 1990 wlamde aSS-Si Semosul emigrantTa ricxvi yvelaze
didi iyo. 2020 wlisTvis saskolo asakis mosaxleobis TiTqmis ori
mesamedi afroamerikeli, azieli, laTinoamerikeli an sxva eTnikuri
jgufebis warmomadgenlebi iqnebian (Meece & Kurts-Costes, 2001). ase rom,
aSS-Si mravali gansxvavebuli kulturaa warmodgenili.
rikardo garsia (1991) kulturas aisbergs adarebs. aisbergis mesa-
medi nawili Cans, danarCeni damaluli da ucnobia. kulturis aSkara
niSnebi, rogoricaa Cacmuloba da qorwinebis tradiciebi, kulturebs
Soris sxvaobis mxolod mcire nawils asaxavs. gansxvavebaTa did nawils,
Seadgens angariSmiucemeli, usafuZvlo qvecnobieri miswrafebebi da
Sexedulebebi (Casanova, 1987; Sheets, 2005). magaliTad, `zedapiris miRma~
kulturebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba adamianebTan urTierTobaSi
qcevis wesebiT. zog jgufSi mosaubris mimarT yuradRebis saCvene-
blad msmeneli Sorisdebulebis gamoyenebiTa da Tavis msubuqi moZ-
raobiT uCvenebs mosaubres, rom yuradRebiT usmens. zogi kulturis
warmomadgeneli ki Jestikulaciis gareSe ismens an pativiscemis niSnad
Tvaldaxrilia. zog kulturaSi maRali statusis pirovnebebi saubars
iwyeben da SekiTxvebs svamen, xolo dabali statusis mqone adamianebi
mxolod pasuxoben. sxva kulturebSi ki sapirispiro modelia.
kulturuli zegavlena farTod gavrcelebuli da yovlismomcve-
lia. zogi fsiqologi varaudobs, rom kultura gansazRvravs gonebriv
unars. magaliTad, balis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi sxeulis floba
aucilebelia da amitomac, am kulturaSi, moZraobebis flobis unari
gonierebis niSania. dasavlur kulturebSi mniSvnelovania moxerxebuli
sityvebi da ricxvebi, ase, rom, Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebi aseT kultureb-
Si gonierebis maCvenebelia (Gardner, 1983). magram araswori iqneba, Tu
davuSvebT, rom kulturuli jgufis yvela wevris Sexedulebebi, qmede-
bebi da Rirebulebebi erTmaneTis msgavsia. evgeni garsia (2002) Tvlis,
rom kultura ` atributebia, romlebic Rirebulia jgufis wevrebisaT-
vis, magram SeiZleba yvela wevri ar iziarebdes maT~ (gv. 93).
kulturaTa konfliqtebi. gansxvaveba kulturebs Soris SesaZlebelia
TvalSisacemi iyos, kerZod, rogorc sadResaswaulo wes-Cveulebebi, ise
saubris warmarTvis wesic ki. magram rac ufro SeumCneveli da gaucno-
bierebelia, miT ufro rTulia misi Secvla da amocnobac ki (Casanova,
1987). Cveulebriv, kulturaTa konfliqtebi TvalSisacem gansxvavebaTa
miRma imaleba, radgan kulturaTa faruli gansxvavebebis Sexvedrisas,
uTanxmoeba gardauvalia. konfliqti SeiZleba warmoiSvas maSin, rode-
sac skolaSi `normaluri~ qcevis dadgenisTvis gamoiyeneba dominan-
turi, ZiriTadi kulturis Rirebulebani. aseT SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebe-
lia, miviCnioT, rom gansxvavebul kulturaSi Camoyalibebuli bavSvebi
Seufereblad iqcevian, wesebs ar icaven, uxeSebi da uzrdelebi arian,
arada maTi qceva savsebiT Seesabameba maTs mSobliur kulturas.
roza hernandes Siti (Rosa Hernandez Sheets, 2005) aRwers, rogor cdi-
lobda xuTi wlis meqsikel-amerikeli gogona saskolo samxrisTvis
gamoyofili funTuSa umcrosi ZmisTvis waeRo. am dros mSoblebi ama­
yobdnen qaliSviliT, radgan is Zmas sakvebs uyofda, xolo skolis xel­
mZRvanelebi pirebi funTuSis gadagdebas aiZulebdnen, radgan skolis
wesebi krZalavda kafeteriidan saWmlis gatanas. am SemTxvevaSi, gogo-
nas ojaxis kulturuli faseulobani saskolo wesebs daupirispirda.
maswavlebelma es problema kafeteriis mzareulTan saubriT moagvara.
mzareuli SefuTul funTuSas gogonas zurgCanTaSi udebda, raTa
saxlSi waeRo.

kulturuli SeTanxmebuloba. yvela kulturul gansxvavebas rodi mivy-

avarT saskolo konfliqtamde. gamokvlevam, romelic CineTSi mcxovre-
bi Cinel-amerikeli da TeTrkaniani (kavkasiel-amerikeli) dedebis ga-
naTlebis motivaciisa da Rirebulebebis Sedarebas isaxavda miznad,
dramatuli gansxvavebebi gamoavlina (Hess, Chin-Mei, & Devitt, 1987). magal-
iTad, TeTrkanian (kavkasiel-amerikel) dedebze ufro xSirad, CineTis
saxalxo respublikaSi mcxovrebi dedebi skolaSi warumateblobas
Svilebis mondomebis naklebobas, sizarmaces miaweren; Cinel-amerikeli
dedebi ki, kavkasiel-amerikel dedebze metad, magram Cinel dedebze
naklebad Tvlian mondomebis naklebobas warumateblobis mizezad.

sqema 5.2.

saswavlo moswreba
es grafiki 25-29 wlis TeTrkanianTa, afroamerikelTa da laTino-amerikelTa
saswavlo moswrebas adarebs 1971 wlisa da 2000 wlis martis TveebSi.
rasisa da eTnikurobis mixedviT 25-29 wlis adamianebis (romlebmac swavlebis
dasaxul dones miaRwies) procentuli maCvenebeli 1971 da 2000 wlis martSi

TeTrkanianebi

afroamerikelebi

laTinoamerikelebi

saSualo saSualo bakalavris an saSualo saSualo skolisa bakalavris an

skolis skolisa meti xarisxis mqone skolis da kolejis meti xarisxis
kursdamTav- da kolejis saSualo skolis kursdam- kursdamTav- mqone saSualo
rebulni kursdamTav- kursdamTav- Tavrebu- rebulni skoli
rebulni rebulni lni kursdam-
Tavrebulni
1971 weli 2000 weli

wyaro: wignidan National Center for Education Statistics, US Department of Education, veb-gverdidan
gadmotanilia 5/14/02-Si: http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2001/section3/indicator31.html#info

241
 magram es mainc ar niSnavs, rom yvela Cinel-amerikel bavSvs ameri-
kul skolaSi warmatebiT swavla SeuZlia. bavSvebi SeiZleba kargad as-
rulebdnen testebsa da sagamocdo davalebebs, magram sazogadoebriv
situaciebSi Tavs uxerxulad grZnobdnen, radgan SeuCveveli wesebi
maTTvis ucxoa (Casanova, 1987; Yee, 1992). Semdeg Cven SeviswavliT mo-
swavleTa kulturebTan klasis Sewyobis sxvadasxva gzas. upirveles
yovlisa, moswavleTa miRwevebze kulturuli konfliqtebisa da dis-
kriminaciis zemoqmedebis zogierTi Sedegi unda ganvixiloT.

eTnikuri da rasobrivi gansxvavebulobis gavlena

saskolo miRwevebze
skolebSi mTavari sazrunavi aris is, rom romelime eTnikuri jgufi
yvela moswavlisTvis saSualo maCvenebels kanonzomierad ver scdeba
(Byrnes, 2003; Uline & Johnson, 2005). Sedegebis es nimuSi moicavs standar-
tuli moswrebis yvela tests, magram ukanaskneli ori Tu sami deka-
dis ganmavlobaSi sxvaoba Semcirda. 5.2 sqemis mixedviT, saswavlo mo-
swrebac gaumjobesda. 2000 wels 25-29 wlamde mozrdil TeTrkanianTa
94%-ma, afroamerikelTa 87%-ma da laTinoamerikelTa 63%-ma saSualo
skola daamTavra.
miuxedavad imisa, rom eTnikuri jgufebis mixedviT SemecnebiTi
unar-Cvevebis testebSi kanonzomieri gansxvavebebi arsebobs, mkvlev-
arTa umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom am gansxvavebebs ZiriTadad diskrimi-
nacia, kulturuli uTanasworoba an dabali ses-is garemoSi aRzrda
iwvevs. radgan bevri moswavle, romlis ojaxi erovnul umciresobas
miekuTvneba da ekonomikurad araa uzrunvelyofili, mniSvnelovania
am or saswavlo miRwevaze zegavlenis mizezis Sedegebis gancalkev-
eba. rodesac msgavsi ses-is, magram sxvadasxva rasisa da warmoSo-
bis moswavleebs erTmaneTs vadarebT, maT moswrebaSi gansxvaveba ik-
lebs (Gleitman, Fridlund, & Reisberg, 1999). magaliTad, saswavlo progresis
erovnuli Sefasebis (NAEP) maTematikis testebis Sedegebis analizisas
jeims birnesma (James Byrnes, 2003) aRmoaCina, rom maTematikuri testebis
qulaTa gansxvavebulobis 5%-ze naklebi dakavSirebuli iyo rasasTan,
xolo sxvadasxvaobas, romelic ses-is gansxvavebidan modis-daaxloe-
biT 50%, motivaciebi da saswavlo SesaZleblobebiT (sakurso samuSao,
kalkulatoris gamoyeneba, saSinao davaleba da sxv.) uzrunvelyofa
ganapirobebda.

diskriminaciis memkvidreoba
rogoria Tqveni azri?
sabazo skolaSi gasaubrebaze yofnisas wamyvani maswavlebeli gekiT­
xebaT: `aRwereT, rogor dagvexmareba cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba
Cveni miznis miRwevaSi _ moqmedi antirasistuli skolis SeqmnaSi?~

dabali ses-is moswavleTa saskolo problemebis ganxilvisas, ase­

Tebad davasaxeleT sakuTari Tavis rwmenis arqona da maswavlebelTa
da megobar moswavleTa cudi gavlena. yovelive amas eTnikuri umci-
resobis moswavleTa gamocdilebac erTvis. warmoidgineT, rom qve-
moaRwerili bavSvi Tqveni Svilia. ras moimoqmedebT?

242
 kanzasis Statis qalaq topekaSi ministri saxlidan oTxi
kvarta­lis moSorebiT mdebare dawyebiT skolaSi, Svidi wlis qa-
liSvilTan xelCakidebuli mivida. linda brauns meore klasSi
Caricxva surda, mag­ram skolam mis miRebaze uari ganacxada.
sajaro skolis xelmZRvanelebma mas urCies, ori milis moSore-
biT mdebare skolisTvis miemrTa. bavSvs avtobusis gaCerebamde,
sadac transports zogjer na­xevar saaTs elodeboda, eqvsi kvar-
tali unda gaevlo. cud amindSi lin­da brauni avtobusis mos-
vlamde mTlianad dasveldeboda; erTxel avtobusis gaCerebaze
mas ise Sescivda, rom saxlSi dabrunda. ratom ar SemiZlia oTxi
kvartaliT daSorebul skolaSi siaruli? _ hkiTxa man mSoblebs
(macionis, 2003, gv. 353).
sxva gulnatkeni ojaxebis daxmarebiT, misi mSoblebis pasuxi sas-
kolo politikisTvis didi gamowveva aRmoCnda. TqvenTvis cnobilia
1954 wlis ,,brauni topekas ganaTlebis saministros winaaRmdeg~ sa-
samarTlo gadawyvetileba. `gancalkevebuli, magram Tanaswori~ skole-
bi Savkaniani bavSvebisTvis uTanasworod gamocxadda. miuxedavad imisa,
rom segregacia (gamoyofa) skolebSi 50 welze metia aikrZala, af- cxra wlis linda brauni, mo-
roamerikeli moswavleebis daaxloebiT ori mesamedi dResac iseT sko- sarCele saqmeSi _ `brauni
topekas ganaTlebis saminis-
lebSi swavlobs, sadac umciresobis warmomadgenlebi skolis moswav-
tros winaaRmdeg~.
leTa naxevars mainc Seadgenen. segregacia SemorCenilia samezobloSic
ki da zogierT raionSi sxvadasxva rasis moswavleebs moajirebis sa-
SualebiT ganzrax acalkeveben (Kantor & Lowe, 1995; Ladson-Billings, 2004;
Schofield, 1991).
mravalwlianma gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom kanoniT gansazRvruli
integracia ar aris saukunovani rasobrivi uTanasworobis mavne Se­dege­
bisgan TavdaRwevis swrafi gza. nawilobriv imitom, rom Savkanian mos­
wavleTa raodenobis zrdasTan erTad TeTrkanian moswavleTa raodeno-
ba mcirdeba, dResdReobiT qalaqis bevri skola ufro segregaciulia,

- salami, ase - albaT, ufro advilia - ra? - ebraelebi? o!

gaagrZele damsax- dazepireba, rodesac - me naSvilebi var, nurafers ityvi!
urebuli stipendi- aziur ojaxSi xar Cemi mSoblebi - arc vapirebdi!
isTvis, kim! sruli gazrdili, ara?- ar ebraelebi arian.
saSinelebaa! vici.
– madloba, Son

Doonesbury. Copyright © 1988 Garry B. Trudeau. ibeWdeba Universal Press Syndicate-is nebarTviT. yvela ufleba daculia.

243

crurwmena _ winaswar Seqmnili
ganwyobileba, iracionaluri
ganzogadeba adamianTa mTel
jgufze an movlenaze, romelic
ar aris dadasturebuli
faqtebiT.
244
vidre umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier saerTo avtobusebisa da sxva anti-
segregaciuli RonisZiebebis damtkicebamde iyo. los-anjelesis, maia-
mis, baltimoris, Cikagos, dalasis, memfisis, hiustonisa da detroitis
skolebSi 11%-ze naklebi espanuri warmoSobis TeTrkaniani moswavlea.
xolo afroamerikelebiTa da laTinoamerikelebiT dakompleqtebuli
TiTqmis 90% skolebis moswavleTa naxevari mainc siRaribeSi cxovrobs,
ase rom, rasobrivi segregacia SemdegSi ekonomikur segregaciadac
iqceva (Ladson-Billings, 2004; Orfield & Frankenverg, 2005).
xSirad, umciresobis jgufis moswavleebi integrirebul skolebSic
ki gamoiyofian mcire SesaZleblobebis kategoriad. ubralod, moswav-
leebis erT SenobaSi moTavseba kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom isini moma-
valSi erTmaneTs pativs scemen da iseTive donis ganaTlebas miiReben
(Ladson-Billings, 2004; Pettigrew, 1998).
ra aris crurwmena? sityva crurwmena, cru Sexeduleba axlos aris
winaswari gadawyvetasTan. crurwmena aris mtkice da ugunuri ganzo-
gadeba _ gadwyvetilebis winaswar miReba _ adamianebis mTlian jgufze.
crurwmena Sedgeba rwmenis, grZnobebisa da calkeuli moqmedebebisa-
gan. magaliTad, Tqven cru Sexeduleba gaqvT Warbwonian adamianebze,
Tuki gjeraT, rom isini zarmacebi arian (rwmena), maT mimarT zizRs
grZnobT (grZnoba) da ar midixarT maTTan paemanze (moqmedeba) (My-
ers, 2005). crurwmena SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi da uaryofiTi; anu Tqven
SegiZliaT gqondeT, rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi iracionaluri
rwmena jgufis mimarT, magram msoflio, Cveulebriv, uaryofiT ati-
tudebs iyenebs. crurwmenis obieqti SeiZleba iyos rasa, eTnikuroba,
religia, politikuri Sexeduleba, geografiuli mdebareoba, ena, seq-
sualuri orientacia, sqesi an garegnoba.
farTodaa gavrcelebuli rasobrivi crurwmena. aSS rasistuli
sa­ zogadoebaa da es rasizmi erTi jgufiT ar Semoifargleba (Clark,
Anderson, Clark, & Williams, 1999). aSkara crurwmena ukanaskneli 30 wlis
ganmavlobaSi Semcirda. magaliTad, 1970 wels amerikelTa 50%-ze meti
imis momxre iyo, rom umciresobebs maT mezoblad ar unda ecxovraT.
1995 wels raodenoba 10%-mde Semcirda (Myers, 2005), Tumca SeniRbuli
rasizmi grZeldeba. policielTa mier ramdenime Savkanianis mkvlelobis
Semdeg mecnierebma Seqmnes videoTamaSTa seria, sadac naCvenebi iyo
TeTrkanian, an Savkanian, adamiani iaraRiT, eleqtronuli fanriT an
safuliT. kvlevis dros TamaSis monawileebs sTxovdnen, `esrolaT~,
Tu videoTamaSSi vinmes iaraRiT xelSi dainaxavdnen. rasa saerTod
ar iyo naxsenebi. miuxedavad amisa, monawileebi ufro swrafad da
ufro xSirad Savkanian SeiaraRebul samizneebs esrodnen da ara
TeTrkanianebs, xolo SeuiaraRebeli TeTrkaniani samizneebisaTvis
sro­la ver gadaewyvitaT (Greenwald, Oakes, & Hoffman, 2003). rodesac
meore kvlevis monawileebi policiis oficrebi iyvnen, isini, SecdomiT,
mosaklavad Savkanian msxverpls ufro imetebdnen, vidre TeTrkanians
(Plants & Peruche, 2005).
crurwmenis ganviTareba. crurwmenebis gamovlineba adreul asakSi
iw­yeba. aSS-Si gamokvleuli daaxloebiT 6 wlis asakis TeTrkaniani
bavSvebis naxevarze metsa da kanadeli moswavleebis 85%-s SavkanianTa
mimarT cru damokidebuleba hqondaT. ori gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba
arsebobs: 1) patara bavSvebs umanko damokidebuleba aqvT kanis feris
mimarT da 2) ar amoZravebT cru damokidebuleba, Tuki mSoblebi ar
Caunergaven maT crurwmenas. momxibvlelobis miuxedavad, es Sexedule-
bebi mecnierulad damtkicebuli ar aris. bevr bavSvs mSoblebis uSu-
alo zemoqmedebis gareSec uviTardeba rasobrivi crurwmena. crurw-
menis ganviTarebis zusti axsna individualur da socialur faqtorebs
aerTianebs (Katz, 2003).
crurwmenis erT-erTi wyaro sazogadoebis or kategoriad dayo-
fis tendenciaa _ pirveli jgufi _ Cven da meore jgufi _ isini anu
jgufSi da mis gareT myofebis aseTi gayofa SesaZlebelia rasis, re-
ligiis, sqesis, asakis, eTnikurobisa da sportuli jgufis wevrobaze
Sexedulebis mixedviTac ki. Cven midrekilni varT, CavTvaloT, rom
jgufis gareT darCenilebi uaresebi, Cvengan gansxvavebulebi, magram
erTnairebi arian (Aboud, 2003; Lambert, 1995). metis (meti fulis, social-
uri statusis, prestiJis) mqone adamianebma, SesaZlebelia, gaamarT-
lon TavianTi privilegia, radgan varaudoben, rom ukeTesebi arian
da yvelafers saukeTesos imsaxureben. aman SeiZleba msxverplis dada-
naSaulebamde migviyvanos: aseTi adamianebi miiCneven, rom siRatake-
Si mcxovrebi adamianebi an gaupatiurebuli qalebi sakuTari qceviT
iwveven am problemebs _ anu maT es `daimsaxures~. mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs emociebic. rodesac problemebi warmoiSoba, veZebT dam-
naSave pirs an mTel jgufs. magaliTad, 11 seqtembris tragikuli mov-
lenebis Semdeg zogi adamiani sibrazes udanaSaulo arab-amerikelebze
TavdasxmiT gamoxatavs (Myers, 2005).
magram crurwmena ufro metia, vidre jgufebad ganawileba, saku-
Tari Tavis gamarTleba an emociuri reaqcia _ is kulturuli Rireb-
ulebaTa sistemaa. bavSvebi ojaxisgan, maswavleblebisgan, megobrebisa
da mTeli samyarosgan swavloben mniSvnelovan Taviseburebebsa da dam-
axasiaTebel niSnebs. davubrundeT sareklamo rgolebis analizs _ bevri
feradkaniani mamakaci da qali SeamCnieT? wlebis ganmavlobaSi wignebSi,
satelevizio filmebSi, da reklamaSi warmodgenil modelTa umravle-
sobas, warmoadgenen saSualo da maRali klasis evropel-amerikelebi.
gansxvavebuli eTnikuri da rasobrivi warmomavlobis mqone adamianebi
iSviaTad iyvnen `gmirebi~ (Ward, 2004). es mdgomareoba icvleba. 2002 wels
oskaris dajildoebis ceremoniaze prizebi saukeTeso msaxiobi qalisa
da mamakacis nominaciaSi afroamerikelebma miiRes, miuxedavad imisa,
rom denzel vaSingtoni borotmoqmeds asaxierebda. 2005 wels jeimi
foqsi dajildovda rei Carlzis SesaniSnavi prototipis SeqmnisTvis.

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT CamoTvaleT Semdegi adamianebis

sami yvelaze arsebiTi Tavisebureba:
pirvelkurselebi ..........................................................................................
politikosebi .................................................................................................
sportsmenebi .................................................................................................
budistebi .........................................................................................................
msrolelTa erovnuli asociaciis wevrebi ..........................................

crurwmenasTan Widili rTulia, radgan is Cveni azrovnebis nawil-

ia. meore TavSi vnaxeT, rom bavSvebi SeimuSavebdnen sqemebs sagnebis,
movlenebisa da moqmedebebis Sesaxeb. Cven gvaqvs sqemebi, romlebic
gansazRvraven warmodgenas nacnob adamianebze, sityvaTa mniSvnelobas,
sawrupi CxiriT wylis dalevis wessa da Cvens yoveldRiur moqmede-
bebs. rodesac asrulebT davalebas: CamoTvaleT pirvelkurselebis,
politikosebis, sportsmenebis, budistebisa da msrolelTa erovnuli
asociaciis wevrebis sami yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba _ albaT
SeZeliT amis gakeTeba _ CamonaTvali cxadyofs, rom gaqvT stereotipi

245

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
rasobrivi mikerZoeba (IV, B4)
aRwereT rasobrivi diskrimi-
naciis SesaZlo Sedegebi da
gavlena umciresobaTa jgufis
moswavleebze. skolasa da
mawavlebels ris gakeTeba
SeuZlia diskriminaciis
uaryofiTi Sedegebis Tavidan
asacileblad?
stereotipi _ sqema, romelic
awesrigebs kategoriis Sesaxeb
codnas an aRqmas.
diskriminacia _ Cagvra an
usamarTlod moqceva garkveu-
li adamianebis mimarT.
246
_ sqema _ romelic jgufis Sesaxeb Tqveni codnis (da rwmenis) organi-
zebas axdens (Wyler, 1988).
sakuTar stereotipebs nebismieri sqemis msgavsad viyenebT, raTa
samyaroze warmodgena SDeviqmnaT. meSvide TavSi ixilavT, rogor dagvex-
mareba sqema informaciis swrafad da nayofierad damuSavebaSi, magram
aseve, iZleva saSualebas, Secvalo informacia da moargo is sqemas
(Macrae, Milne, & Bodenhausen, 1994). es aris rasobrivi da eTnikuri stereo-
tipebis damaxasiaTebeli safrTxe. Cven vamCnevT sakuTari stereotipis
_ sqemis _ sapirispiro an Sesabamis informacias, xolo Seusabamo infor-
macias gamovtovebT. magaliTad, Tu nafic msajuls aziel-amerikelebis
mimarT uaryofiTi stereotipi aqvs da sasamarTloSi aziel-amerikelis
saqme ganixileba, SesaZlebelia msajulma mtkicebuleba ufro mkacrad
ganixilos. msajulma SeiZleba daiviwyos dacvis damamtkicebeli sab-
uTebi da mxolod braldebis mtkicebulebani axsovdes. es kidev erTx-
el adasturebs imas, rom stereotipis Sesa­bamisi informacia ufro
swrafad muSavdeba (Anderson, Klatzky, & Murray, 1990; Baron, 1998).
uwyveti diskriminacia. crurwmena Sedgeba adamianTa mTeli kategoriis
mimarT, Sexedulebebisa da grZnobe­bisgan (Cveulebriv uaryofiTisgan).
crurwmenis mesame elementi moqmedebisken midrekilebaa, romelsac
diskriminacia hqvia. diskriminacia aris adamianTa cakeuli jgufebis
mimarT uTanasworo damokidebuleba. bevri amerikeli yoveldRe xvdeba
uCinar Tu aSkara crurwmenasa da diskriminacias. erT-erTi yvelaze
pesimisturi aRmoCena, romelic am Tavze muSaobisas gavakeTe, aris is,
rom warmatebuli industriuli da momsaxure kompaniebis ufros mene-
jerTa mxolod 6%-ia afroamerikeli. 2001-2002 saswavlo wels maTema-
tikaSi doqtoris xarisxi moipova aSS-is 465-ma moqalaqem da rezident-
ma, romelTa mxolod 6%-s Seadgendnen Savkaniani, laTinoamerikelebi
da mkvidri amerikelebi (Herzig, 2004). aSS-Si mecnierTa, inJinerTa da
maTematikosTa 10%-ze naklebia afroamerikeli an espanel-amerikeli
maSin, roca mTeli mosaxleobis 25% am jgufebs ekuTvnis; miuxedavad
imisa, rom mecnierebisa da maTematikisadmi isini ufro met interess
iCenen, vidre TeTrkanianebi, Savkaniani da laTino-amerikeli moswav-
leebi CamorCenas iwyeben dawyebiT skolaSive. maT iSviaTad anawileben
niWierTa klasSi da iSviaTad rTaven daCqarebul da datvirTul progr-
amebSi. ufro xSirad isini `Cveulebriv klasebSi~ xvdebian. pirvel-meore
kursze swavlisas, umaRles skolasa da kolejSi miRwevebis meoxebiT,
isini mecnierebebis SemqmnelTa rigebSi ewerebian. Tuki isini sim­tkices
gamoiCenen, kargi mecnierebi da inJinrebi romc gaxdnen, imave saqmeSi
TeTrkanianebze nakleb, qalebis msgavs anazRaurebas miiReben.
stereotipebiTa da crurwmeniT gamowveuli akademiuri moswre­bis
xelSemSleli sxva problemac arsebobs _ esaa stereotipuli safrTxe.
stereotipuli safrTxe
stereotipuli safrTxe aris ,,stereotipis ganmtkicebis SiSi~ (Ar-
onson, 2002, gv. 282). mTavari azri isaa, rom stereotipis zegavlenis
qveS myofi adamianebi udides emociur da kognitur tvirTs atareben.
`tvir­Tia~ sxvebisa da sakuTari TavisTvis stereotipis dadasturebis
SesaZlebloba. amgvarad, rodesac gogonebs sTxoven, amoxsnan rTuli
maTematikuri amocana, isini sayovelTaod aRiarebuli stereotipis _
maTematikaSi gogonebi biWebze sustni arian _ dadasturebis riskis wi-
naSeE dganan. aucilebeli ar aris pirovnebas sjerodes stereotipebisa.
saqme isaa, rom mas Segnebuli aqvs stereotipi da surs arasaxarbielo
Sexedulebis uarsayofad Tavi sakmaod kargad warmoaCinos (Aronson, stereotipuli safrTxe _
Lustina, Good, Keough, Steele, & Brown, 1999). ra SeiZleba iyos stereotipuli damatebiT emociuri da kog-
nituri tvirTi, rom adamianis
safrTxis Sedegebi? Tanamedrove gamokvlevebma yvela maswavleblisT-
miRwevebi akademiur situa-
vis saintereso pasuxebi miiRo.
ciebSi SeiZleba ganmtkicdes
mis mimarT stereotipuli
moklevadiani Sedegebi: testis Sesruleba. mokle droSi uaryofiTi damokidebulebiT.
ste­reotipis damtkicebis SiSma, SesaZlebeloa, Sesasrulebeli testis
gamo nerviuloba da Sedegad naklebi qula gamoiwvios. joSua aronsoni,
klod stili da maTi kolegebi eqsperimentebis Sedegis gaT­­valiswinebiT
acxadeben, rom Tu kolejis afroamerikeli an la­Tinoamerikeli mo-
swavleebi stereotipuli safrTxis gamomwvev mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnde-
bian, maTi Sedegi uaresdeba (Aronson, 2002; Aronson & Salinas, 1998; Aronson &
Steele, 2005; Aronson, Steele, Salinas, & Lustina, 1999). magaliTad, stensfordis
universitetSi damamTavrebeli kursis Savkanian da TeTrkanian studen-
tebs uTxres, rom momzadebuli testi zustad asaxavs maTs verbalur
unars. msgavs jgufs ganucxades, rom es testi saWiroa fsiqologiisT-
vis _ verbaluri problemebis gadawyvetisa da ara konkretuli adamia-
nis SesaZleblobis gansazRvrisaTvis. 5.3 sqemidan Cans, rom verbaluri
unarebis dadgenisTvis Sevsebul testSi afroamerikelma moswavleebma
TeTrkanian moswavleebze orjer uaresi Sedegi aCvenes. Cveulebriv
mdgomareobaSi ki orive jgufis Sedegi erTnairi iyo.
ara marto umciresobaTa jgufis moswavleebma, aramed yvelam Sei-
Zleba iwvnios stereotipuli safrTxe. erTi eqsperimentisas, maTema-
tikaSi Sesasrulebeli testis win, rogorc Zlier TeTrkanian moswav-
leTa naxevars auxsnes, testis mizani iyo, daemtkicebina, rom aziel
moswavleebs TeTrkanianebze ukeTesi Sedegebi aqvT. meore naxevars
araferi uTxres. jgufs, romelsac stereotipuli safrTxe _ `azielebi
ukeTesni arian~ _ Seuqmnes, SesamCnevad dabali qulebi hqondaT (Aron-
son da sxvebi,1999).
stereotipuli safrTxis mimarT mowyvladoba individualuria. erT-
erTi gamokvlevisas, aronsonma da inclixtma (Aronson & Inzlicht, 2004)
aRmoaCines, rom kolejis afroamerikel moswavleebs, romlebic mt-
kivneulad ganicdidnen stereotipul safrTxes, testebSi ufro susti
Sedegebi hqondaT. arada, swored maSin maTi saswavlo unari dRiTi dRe
farTovdeboda. maS, vin ufro mtkivneulad ganicdis stereotipul
safrTxes? vinc ufro mets swavlobs da kargi Sedegebi aqvs. testi-
`arc erTi bavSvi uyuradRebod~ zrdis mowyvladobas.
ratom zemoqmedebs stereotipuli safrTxe testis Sedegebze? erT-
erTi mizezia mRelvareba. jeison osborni (Jason Osborne, 2001) Seiswav-
lida TeTrkaniani, afroamerikeli da laTinoamerikeli moswavleebiT
dakompleqtebuli gamosaSvebi klasis axalgazrdebs, romlebic `mosw­
rebisa~ da `SfoTvis~ testebs erdroulad asrulebdnen. TeTrkanian
mowavleTa qulebi mniSvnelovnad maRali aRmoCnda, raSic mniSvnelovani
roli SfoTvam Seasrula. wina akademiur moswrebasTan Sedarebis Sede-
gad aRmoCnda, rom rasobrivi gansxvavebiT gamowveuli SfoTva TiTqmis
erTi mesamediT cvlis qulebs. SfoTva da dabneuloba kolejis mo-
swavleTa mTavari problemac aris. afroamerikeli moswavleebi testze
muSaobisas ufro metad fiqrobdnen stereotipebze (Spencer, Steele, &
Quinn, 1999).

247
 sqema 5.3
stereotipuli safrTxis zegavlena kolejis moswavleTa
standar­tuli testis Sedegebze
kolejis afroamerikel moswavleebs testirebis miznad maTi
verbaluri SesaZleblobebis dadgena dausaxeles (stereotipu-
li safrTxe). maT orjer dabali Sedegi aCvenes afroamerikel
moswavleTa meore jgufTan SedarebiT, romlelTaTvisac tes-
tis mizani cnobili ar iyo. TeTrkaniani (kavkasieli) moswavle­
ebis Sedegi safrTxis pirobebSi ar Secvlila.

amoxsnil sakiTxTa saSualo r-ba

(Sesworebulia SAT-is mier) afroamerikelebi
TeTrkanianebi

stereotipuli safrTxe arastereotipuli safrTxe

wyaro: wignidan The Effects of Stereotype Threat on the Standardized Test Performance of Col-
lege Students, By J. Aronson, C.M. Steele, M.F. Salinas, and M.J. Lustina in Readings about the
Social Animal, 4th ed., Elliot Aronson (Ed.), Worth Publishers, 1973, 1977, 1981, 1984, 1992, 1995,
1999. ibeWdeba Joshua Aronson, Ph.D.-is nebarTviT

xangrZlivi Sedegebi: gaucxoeba. swavlasTan dakavSirebuli TviTSefa­

sebis dasacavad moswavleebi Tavdacvis strategias SeimuSaveben. isi-
ni midian skolidan, Civian arasakmaris mzrunvelobaze, arasakmarisad
mondomebulebi arian swavlisTvis an skolidanac ki iricxebian _ isini
fsiqologiurad uars amboben am sferoSi warmatebaze da acxadeben:
`maTematika mosabezrebeli adamianebisTvisaa mogonili~ an `skola –
uiRbloebisaTvis~. erTxel moswavleebma ganacxades, rom swavla `tex-
avs~ (uncool). amis Semdeg gasakviri arcaa, rom isini arc ki cdiloben,
kargad iswavlon. dadgenilia, rom saswavlo procesTan gaucxoeba, pro-
cesidan amovardna, yvelaze xSirad Savkanian biWebs axasiaTebT (Cokley,
2002; Major & Schmader, 1998; Steele, 1992). sxva mecnierebmac miaqcies amas
yuradReba. afroamerikelTa jgufebSi ganaTleba istoriulad fasobda
(Walker, 1996). erTi gamokvleviT dadginda, rom `TeTr kulturasTan~
identificirebuli mozardebisgan gansxvavebiT, afroamerikeli mo-
zardebi, romelTac Zlieri afrocentruli Sexedulebebi axasiaTebT,
maRali moswrebisken iswrafvian (Spencer, Noll, Stoltzfus, & Harpalani, 2001).
es miniSneba unda iyos maswavleblisTvis, raTa daexmaros yvela mo-
swavles, kargi moswreba eTnikuri, rasobrivi da sqesobrivi identobis
Semadgenel nawilad miiCnios.

brZola stereotipul safrTxesTan. stereotipebi yovlismomcveli da

rTu­li Sesacvlelia. cvlilebebis molodins ajobebs am warmodgenaTa
arsebobis aRiareba da moswavleebis daxmareba stereotipebis gadalax-

248
vaSi. me-10 TavSi Cven ganvixilavT SfoTvis tests da mRelvarebis
uaryofiTi Sedegebis daZlevis saSualebebs. am strategiaTa umravle-
soba moswavleebs stereotipuli safrTxis gadalaxvaSic daexmareba.
aronsoni (2002) gonierebasTan dakavSiruli Sexedulebebis cvli-
lebaTa mniSvnelobas gviCvenebs. afroamerikel da TeTrkanian stu-
dentebs sTxoves, saSualo skolis `riskis jgufis~ moswavleebisTvis
werili mieweraT da SeegulianebinaT,slolaSi darCeniliyvnen. werilSi
studentTa nawili asabuTebda, rom SesaZlebelia inteleqtis gaum-
jobeseba da moswavleebs urCevdnen, es informacia amxanagebisaTvis ga­
eziarebinaT. sxvebi gansxvavebuli tipis inteleqtze saubrobdnen, magram
ar miuTiTebdnen, rom es mravalmxrivi SesaZleblobebi SeiZ­leba gaum-
jobesdes. sinamdvileSi am studentebis saSualo skolis mos­wavle re-
spodentebi ar arsebobdnen, magram werilis weris procesi in­teleqtis
gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb damarwmunebeli aRmoCnda. kolejis afroamerikel
da naklebad aqtiur TeTrkanian moswavleebs, romlebmac daijeres, rom
inteleqtis gaumjobeseba SesaZlebelia, momdevno trimestrSi ufro
maRali saerTo maCvenebeli hqondaT da saskolo Se­xvedrebiTac ufro
kmayofili iyvnen. ase rom, gonebrivi ganviTa­rebis rwmenam, SesaZlebelia,
moswavleebs stereotipuli safrTxe Tavidan aacilos.

gogonebi da biWebi: gansxvavebebi klasSi

rogoria Tqveni azri?

gasaubrebas gadixarT meore-mesame klasis maswavleblis vakansiis
dasakaveblad. skola mdidar raionSi mdebareobs. ramdenime ASekiTx-
vis Semdeg direqtori interesdeba: `gjeraT, rom biWebi da go-
gonebi gansxvavebulad swavloben?~ ras upasuxebT?

wignis wina gamocemis teqsts vaTvalierebdi. am gverds matareb­liT

mgzavrobisas vkiTxulobdi. konduqtori Cem zurgsukan gaCerda da Tqva:
`mapatieT, Zvirfaso, saSinao davalebis Sesrulebas rom gawyvetinebT,
bileTi Tu gaqvT?~ mis (darwmunebuli var uneblie) seqsizmze unda
gamRimeboda. veWvob, aseve miemarTa gasasvlelis meore mxares mjdomi
mamakacisTvisac, romelic rveulSi raRaceebs iniSnavda. rasobrivi dis-
kriminaciis msgavsad, seqsizmis niSnebic Znelad SesamCnevia.
am qveTavSi SeviswavliT diskriminaciis SesaZlo ori urTierTda-
kavSirebuli safuZvlis _ sqesobrivi da genderuli identobis _ Ca­
moyalibebas. yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT qalebisa da kacebis social-
izaciaze, agreTve maswavlebelTa rolze orive sqesisTvis Tanaswor
swavlebaSi.

sqesobrivi identoba
sityva genderi, ZiriTadad, iseT Taviseburebebsa da qcevas gulisx-
mobs, romelsac calkeuli kulturebi qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis
Sesaferisad miiCneven. amis sapirispirod, sityva sqesi biologiur gan-
sxvavebulobas gulisxmobs (Brannon, 2002; Deaux,1993). sqesobrivi idento-
ba genderul identobas, genderul qcevas da seqsualur orientacias
moicavs (Patterson,1995). genderuli identoba pirovnebis kacad an qa-

249

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
ix.: Jurnalis _ Theory Into
Practice _ 2004 wlis gazafxu-
lis gamocemaSi statia Sexual
Identities and Schooling (Vol. 43,
No. 2). Guest Editors: Mollie V.
Blackburn and Randal Donelson.
sqesobrivi identoba _
rwmenebisa da orientaciebis
rTuli kombinacia genderuli
rolisa da seqsualuri orien-
taciis Sesaxeb.
250
lad yofnis TviTidentifikaciaa. genderulia qceva da Taviseburebani,
romlebsac kultura TiToeul sqesTan akavSirebs, xolo seqsualuri
orientacia moicavs pirovnebis mier sqesobrivi partnioris arCevas.
am sam elements Soris kavSiri kompleqsuria. magaliTad, qali SeiZle-
ba ganixilavdes Tavs mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlad (genderuli
identoba), magram iqceodes genderul rolTan Seusabamod (TamaSobdes
fexburTs) da iyos heteroseqsualuri, biseqsualuri an homoseqsual-
uri orientaciis. ase rom sqesobrivi TviTmyofadoba Sexedulebebis,
damokidebulebisa da qcevis rTuli nakrebia.
seqsualuri orientacia. mozardobisas biWebis daaxloebiT 8% da go-
gonebis 6% CarTulia imave sqesis warmomadgenlebTan garkveul sqe-
sobriv urTierTobaSi an maT mimarT Zlier ltolvas grZnobs. biWe­bi
mozardobisas gogonebze xSirad amyareben kavSirs imave sqesis partnior-
Tan, gogonebi ki ufro gvian, kolejSi swavlisas. realurad, ufro cota
mozardia homoseqsualuri da biseqsualuri orientaciisa _ mozardebis
daaxloebiT 4% sakuTar Tavs `gead~ (mamakaci irCevs mamakac partniors),
lesboselad (qali irCevs qal partniors) an biseqsualad (orive sqesis
partniori hyavT) miiCnevs. es ricxvi zrdasrul asakSi daaxloebiT 8%-
mde matulobs (Savin-Williams & Diamond, 2004; Steinberg, 2005).
mecnierebi davoben homoseqsualurobis gamomwvev mizezebze. gamok­
vlevaTa umravlesoba mamakacebs ukavSirdeboda, amitom qalebis Ses-
axeb naklebia cnobili. Tumca, Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom homoseqsualad
CamoyalibebaSi orive _ biologiuri da socialuri _ faqtori monaw-
ileobs. magaliTad, erTi kvercxujredis tyupebisTvis ufro damaxasi-
aTebelia erTmaneTis msgavsi seqsualuri orientacia, vidre sxvadasxva
kvercxujedis tyupebisTvis, magram yvela erTkvercxujrediani tyupi
erTi orientaciisa rodia (Berk, 2005). seqsualuri orientaciis Camoya-
libebis Zalian cota sqema arsebobs. umravlesoba fokusirebulia mo-
zardis mier geis, lesboselisa da biseqsualis identobis Camoyalibe-
baze. Cveulebriv, sqemebi Seicavs Semdeg an msgavs stadiebs (Berk, 2005;
Yarhouse, 2001):
gansxvavebulobis SegrZneba _ daaxloebiT eqvsi wlis asakidan bavS-
vi, SesaZlebelia, nakleb interess iCendes imave sqesis bavSvebis
aqtivobebis mimarT. zogierTma bavSvma SeiZleba gansxvaveba prob-
lemurad CaTvalos da SeeSindes, rom `gamoavlenen~, zogs ki es ar
aRelvebs.
dabneulobis SegrZneba _ rodesac mozardebs asakSi imave sqesis
warmomadgenlebisadmi ltolvis grZnoba uCndebaT, moswavleebi ibn-
evian, sevda ipyrobT, xdebian martosulni da ar ician, ra moimoqme-
don. xSirad xelovnurad cdiloben Seicvalon _ heteroseqsualuri
stereotipebis Sesabamisad iqcevian da paemanze dadian.
miReba _ bevri aseTi axalgazrda ufrosebis msgavsad agvarebs seq-
sualuri orientaciis sakiTxebs da sakuTari Tavis identificirebas
axdens gead, lesboselad an biseqsualad. SesaZlebelia, rom maT
TavianTi seqsualuri orientaciis Sesaxeb sajarod ar ganacxadon,
magram ramdenime megobars ki gauziareben.
identobis fazebis modelebis problema isaa, rom miRweuli iden-
toba saboloo stadiad aris miCneuli. sinamdvileSi, axali sqemebi
 sqema 5.2.

moswavleebis daxmareba sqesobrivi identobis Camoyalibebisas

es ideebi ekuTvnis umaRles momxsenebelTa biuros da aris axalgazrdobis umaRlesi centris
programa, romliTac pedagogebi da skolaSi, sxvadasxva organizaciasa da jandacvis dawe-
sebulebebSi axalgazrdebTan momuSave muSakebi axalgazrdobasTan axlo kavSiris damyarebas
swavloben.

dakavSireba
Tuki lesboseli, gei, biseqsuali, transseqsuali an sakuTar seqsualur TviTmyofadobaSi
gaurkveveli axalgazrda daxmarebisTvis mogakiTxavT, gaxsovdeT Semdegi xuTpunqtiani gegma:
mousmineT _ yvelaze ukeTesia Tavidan, saSualeba misceT gaixsnas da moyves, ra xdeba mis
cxovrebaSi.
daarwmuneT _ uTxariT, rom `marto ar aris~ _ es gadamwyvetia. bevri l/g/b/t/g axalgazrda
Tavs gariyulad grZnobs, radgan naklebad hyavs Tanatolebi, visTanac SeuZlia seqsualur ori-
entaciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze saubari. imis gageba, rom arseboben msgavs mdgomareobaSi
myofi sxva axalgazrdebi, maTTvis fasdaudebelia.
mieciT mimarTuleba _ ar xarT valdebuli, eqsperti iyoT. am sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad
mcodne pirovnebasTan moswavlis gagzavna misTvis jildoa, Tqven ki _ pasuxismgeblobisgan
gaTavisufleba.
gaamaxvileT yuradReba devnaze (Cagvraze) _ uyuradRebod ar dagrCeT seqsualur orienta-
ciasTan dakavSirebuli verbaluri Tu fizikuri devna. mniSvnelovania, SeqmnaT da SeinarCunoT
yvela axalgazrdisaTvis komfortuli da keTilganwyobili garemo.
daakvirdiT - SeamowmeT pirovneba da darwmundiT, rom mdgomareoba gamosworda. dafiqrdiT,
SegiZliaT Tu ara, kidev raime moimoqmedoT.

TqvenTvis, rogorc pirovnebisTvis arsebobs ramdenime mniSvnelovani rCeva, raTa ukeT daexma-
roT l/g/b/t/g axalgazrdebs da sxvebs, seqsualur orientaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis
mogvarebaSi:

imuSaveT sakuTar Tavze, rom Tavisuflad isaubroT seqsualur orientaciasa da seq-

sualurobis sakiTxebze.
gaiareT treningi seqsualur orientaciasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis efeqturad
gadmosacemad.
faqtebiT gaaqarwyleT seqsualur orientaciasTan dakavSirebuli miTebi da msmenels
gaacaniT es informacia.
gancalkevebiT imuSaveT sakuTar crurwmenebze, raTa ukeT daexmaroT moswavleebs seq-
sualur orientaciasa da seqsualurobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi.
wyaro: Figure 3. Copyright © The Attic Speakers Bureau and Carrie E. Jacobs, Ph.D. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

asaxavs, rom seqsualuri orientacia SesaZlebelia elastikuri, rTuli

an mravalsaxovani iyos da cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi Seicvalos. magali­
Tad, cxovrebis erT etapze adamianebi qorwindebian sapirispiro sqesis
partniorze, magram SeiZleba, mogvianebiT, sakuTari sqesis adamianis
mimarT gauCndeT ltolva (Garnets, 2002). mSoblebi da maswavleblebi mo-
zardis seqsualur identobasTan dakavSirebuli mRelvarebis Sesaxeb
iSviaTad igeben pirvelebi. magram Tuki moswavle mogmarTavT rCevisT-
vis, 5.2 cxrili dagexmarebaT.

251

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
genderisa da sqesis termi-
nebis Sesaxeb debatebisaTvis
ix. Psychological Science-is 1993
wlis martis gamocema.
genderuli rolis identoba
_ Sexedulebebi im Tavisebure-
bebisa da qcevebis Sesaxeb,
romlebic asocirdeba erT
sqesTan, rogorc meoris sapir-
ispirosTan.
252
genderuli sqemebis, rogorc
warmatebisaTvis potenciuri
xelSemSleli faqtorebis, aRqma
SesaZlebelia bavSvebis arCevans
naklebad marTavdes. 2002 wlis filmi
`iTamaSe bekhemiviT~, romelSic
tradiciul indur ojaxSi aRzrdili
gogona gadawyvets profesiul
fexburTSi miaRwios warmatebas,
aRmoaCens, ra Sesabamis aqtivobebs
gogonebisa da biWebisaTvis awesebs
sazogadoeba da gansxvavebuli
kulturebi.
genderuli rolis identoba
genderuli identoba aris individis warmodgena sakuTar Tavze,
rogorc mamakacuri an qaluri Tvisebebis matarebelze_ es me-koncef-
ciis nawilia. eriqsoni da mravali sxva fsiqologi masze adre Tvlida,
rom sakuTari Tavis genderuli identifikacia da genderuli rolis
uSualod ukavSirdeboda erTmaneTs; Tqven ubralod acnobierebdiT,
rom mamakaci an qali xarT da Sesabamisad iqceodiT. magram dRes
viciT, rom zogi adamiani upirispirdeba sakuTar genderul identobas.
magaliTad, transeqsualebi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom araswor sxeulSi
yofnis gancda aqvT, Tavs galiaSi grZnoben, Tavs qalad aRiqvamen,
Tumca maTi sqesi mamrobiTia an _ piriqiT (Berk, 2005; Yarhouse, 2001).
rogor viTardeba genderuli rolis identoba? ori wlis asakSi
bavSvebi aRiqvamen genderul gansxvavebas _ maT ician gogonebi arian
Tu biWebi, ician, rom dedikoebi gogonebi arian, mamikoebi _ biWebi.
rogorc Cans, aq biologia TamaSobs rols. hormonebi Tavidanve ax-
dens gavlenas aqtiurobis donesa da agresiaze, biWebi aqtiur, uxeS
da xmaurian TamaSs aniWeben upiratesobas. oTxi wlis bavSvebi iwyeben
genderuli rolis SegrZnebas _ maT sjeraT, rom zogi saTamaSo bi-
WebisTvisaa (magaliTad, traqtori), zogi ki _ gogonebisTvis (Tojina),
zo­gi samuSao gogonebisTvisaa (ZiZa), zogi _ biWebisaTvis (policiis
ofi­croba) (Berk, 2005). TamaSis saerTo stili bavSvebs xels uwyobs,
part­niorad imave sqesis warmomadgeneli airCion, ase rom, oTxi wlis
asakis bavSvi imave sqesis warmomadgenlebTan samjer metxans TamaSobs,
vidre sapirispiro sqesis warmomadgenelTan; eqvsi wlis asakisaTvis es
monacemia 11/1 (Benenson, 1993; Maccoby, 1998). ra Tqma unda, es saSualo
maCvenebelia da calkeuli individebi yovelTvis ar Seesabamebian saSu-
alo monacemebs. damatebiT, bevri sxva _ sazogadoebrivi Tu kognituri
_ faqtori axdens gavlenas genderuli rolis identobaze.
mSoblebi ufro dadebiTad reagireben vaJiSvilebis TviTdamkvidre-
biT qcevasa da qaliSvilebis emociurobaze (Brody, 1999; Fagot & Hagan,
1991). ojaxTan, TanatolebTan, maswavleblebTan da zogadad, gare sa-
myarosTan urTierTobisas, bavSvebi genderuli sqemebis Camoyalibe- genderuli sqemebi _
bas iwyeben. isini acnobiereben, ras niSnavs, iyo qali an mamakaci. codnis organizebuli qseli

gen­deruli sqemebi bavSvebs exmareba samyaros aRqmasa da sakuTari imis Sesaxeb, ras niSnavs qalad
an mamakacad yofna.
qcevis warmarTvaSi (ix. 5.4 sqema). ase rom, gogona, romlis mier `go-
gonebisTvis~ Sedgenili sqema Seicavs debulebebs: `gogonebi TamaSo-
ben TojinebiT da ara traqtorebiT~ an `gogonebs ar SeuZliaT iyvnen
mecnierebi,~ met yuradRebas miaqcevs Tojinebs, vidre traqtorebs da
Tavs aaridebs samecniero aqtivobebs (Berk, 2005; Liben & Signorella, 1993).

sqema 5.4.

genderuli sqemis Teoria

genderuli sqemis Teoriis mixedviT, samyaroze warmodgenaTa gasaazreblad
da dasajgufeblad bavSvebi da mozardebi iyeneben genders, rogorc maorga-
nizebel Temas.

gavlenas axdens
sazogadoebrivi
informaciis
aRqmis procesebze
(yuradReba,
mexsiereba da sxv.)
sazogadoebis
Sexedulebebi qalisa genderuli
da mamakacis Sesaxeb sqema
gavlenas axdens
TviTSefasebaze
(misaRebia mxolod
genderuli sqemis
Sesabamisi qceva da
damokidebulebani)

genderuli rolebis stereotipizacia skolamdel asakSi. sxvadasxva

sqe­­sis warmomadgenlebis mimarT gansxvavebuli mopyroba da genderul
rolTa stereotipizacia adreul bavSvobaSic grZeldeba. mkvlevrebma
daadgines, rom biWebs samezobloSi gadaadgilebis meti Tavisufleba
aqvT da gogonebisgan gansxvavebiT, potenciurad saSiSi aqtivobebisgan,
ufro mcire periodis ganmavlobaSi arian daculni (magaliTad, basri
makratliT TamaSi an gzaze marto gadasvla). mSoblebi cdiloben, qa-
liSvilebs rac SeiZleba swrafad daexmaron, magram imavdroulad ur-
CevniaT, rom vaJebma sakuTari problemebi Tavadve gadaWran. aqedan
gamomdinare, damoukideblobisa da iniciativis ganviTarebas biWebSi
ufro uwyoben xels (Brannon, 2002; Fagot, Hagan, Leinbach, & Kronsberg, 1985).
mniSvnelovania saTamaSoebic! maRaziaSi saTamaSoebis seqciaSi gai-
areT da naxeT, ras sTavazoben gogonebisa da biWebisTvis. aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi gogonebisTvis mxolod Tojinebi da samzareulos kom-
pleqti, xolo biWebisTvis saTamaSo iaraRebi arsebobda. magram arse-
bobs ufro Znelad SesamCnevi miniSnebebi. margoT miflini Tavisi oTxi
wlis SvilisTvis aragenderuli tipis saTamaSos sayidlad mivida da
Wee Waffle farm kompleqts miagno. Semdeg man aRmoaCina, rom fermeri
traqtorSi jdeboda, dedamisi ki _ vera (Mifflin, 1999, p.1). magram mxo­
lod saTamaSoebis mwarmoeblebs ver davadanaSaulebT. zrdasrulebi

253
genderuli tendenciebi _
mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi
sqesis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli
Sexedulebebi, romlebic
xSirad ama Tu im sqesis
upiratesobas usvams xazs.
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
genderuli tendenciebi
(IV, B4)
skolaSi genderul mikerZoe-
basTan dakavSirebiT araerTi
debati gamarTula. rogorc
maswavlebels, ris gakeTeba
SegiZliaT genderuli crur-
wmenebis da misi moqmedebis
Semcireba-aRmofxvrisaTvis?
254
genderul saTamaSoebs Tavad aniWeben upiratesobas, mamebi ki, TavianT
vaJebs `gogonebis~ saTamaSoebiT TamaSsac ukrZalaven (Brannon, 2002).
4-5 wlis asakisTvis bavSvebs uyalibdebaT gogonebisa da biWebisTvis
`Sesaferi~ tansacmlis, TamaSebis, saTamaSoebis, qcevisa da karieris
amsaxveli genderuli sqema (Brannon, 2002). bevr maswavlebels ukvirs,
roca bavSvebi genderul rolze laparakoben. Tanabari SesaZleblo-
bebis progresis dRevandel pirobebSic ki ufro meti albaTobaa, rom
skolamdeli asakis gogonas surdes ZiZoba (da ara inJinroba). skolaSi
sqesobrivi stereotipebis safrTxeze mosmenili leqciis Semdeg, ko-
legam mcirewlovani qaliSvili Tavis skolaSi moiyvana. moswavleebma
patara gogonas hkiTxes: `vin ginda gaxde, roca gaizrdebi?~, bavSvma
dauyovnebliv upasuxa _ `eqimi~, mis profesor dedas siamayiT gaubrwy-
inda Tvalebi. Semdeg gogonam wina rigSi moswavleebs CurCuliT uTxra:
`sinamdvileSi minda ZiZa viyo, magram deda amis uflebas ar momcems~.
realurad es patara bavSvebis Cveulebrivi reaqciaa. skolamdeli asakis
bavSvebs, ufros bavSvebTan SedarebiT, sqesobriv rolze ufro stereo-
tipuli warmodgena aqvT, amasTanave, yvela asakSi, mamakacis saqmiano-
basTan dakavSirebiT ufro mkacri, rigiduli da tradiciuli warmod-
genebi arsebobs, vidre qalis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT (Berk, 2005).
kurikulumTan dakavSirebuli genderuli crurwmenebi. dawyebiT kla­
sebSi bavSvebi ganagrZoben Secnobas, ras niSnavs, iyo mamakaci an qali.
samwuxarod, skolebi, xSirad, sxvadasxva gziT xels uwyoben gende-
ruli tendenciebis Camoyalibebas. 1970 wlamde arsebul dawyebiTi
klasebis saxelmZRvaneloebSi mamakacebi da qalebi stereotipulad
iyo asaxuli. gamomcemlebma am problemebisgan asacileblad Seadgines
miTiTebebi, magram Tqveni saswavlo masalebis Semowmeba mainc saWiroa.
magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT sabavSvo wignebSi qali
da mamakaci personaJebi Tanabari raodenobiTaa warmodgenili, dasax-
elebebsa da ilustraciebSi mainc ufro meti mamrobiTi sqesis war-
momadgenelia da personaJebi kvlav stereotipulad iqcevian. biWebi
ufro agresiulebi da CxubisTavebi arian, gogonebi ki _ ufro eqspre-
siulebi da nazebi. gogo personaJebi xSirad scildebian genderul
sazRvrebs da met aqtiurobas iCenen, magram biWi personaJebi Zalian
iSviaTad avlenen `feminur~ niSan-Tvisebebs (Brannon, 2002; Evans & Davies,
2000). videomasalebSi, kompiuterul programebsa da testebSi aqcenti
xSirad biWebze keTdeba (Meece, 2002).
kidev erTi `teqsti~, romelsac moswavleebi skolamde ecnobian, te­
levizoria. satelevizio reklamebis analizma cxadyo, rom TeTrkani-
ani mamakaci personaJebi ufro xSirad Candnen. im SemTxvevebSic ki,
roca mxolod msaxiobis xma ismoda, mamakacebi aTjer ufro xSirad ac­
xadebdnen sareklamo informacias. `avtoritetul xmasTan~ dakavSire-
buli msgavsi situacia iyo didi britaneTis, evropis, avstraliisa da
aziis televiziebSi. qalebs metwilad aCvenebdnen saSinao da mamakacze
damokidebul mdgomareobaSi (Brannon, 2002). amdenad, moswavleebi skol-
amdel da skolis periodSi mamakacebis mier warmoTqmul teqstebs
xSirad ismenen.
sqesobrivi diskriminacia klasSi. sxvadasxva sqesis moswavleebis mi­
marT maswavleblis damokidebulebis Sesaswavlad Zalian cota kvlevaa
Catarebuli. unda icodeT, rom maTi umravlesoba TeTrkanian moswav-
leebze iyo gaTvlili, amitom am qveTavSi moyvanili Sedegebi, ZiriTa-
dad, TeTrkanian gogonebsa da biWebze vrceldeba. bolo ocdaxuTi
wlis saukeTesod argumentirebuli aRmoCenaa is, rom maswavleblebs
biWebTan ufro xSiri da uaryofiTi urTierTdamokidebuleba aqvT
(Jones & Dindia, 2004). ase grZeldeba kolejSi swavlamde. maswavleblebi
biWebs met SekiTxvas usvamen, met sapasuxo reaqcias aZleven (Seqeba,
kritika da SeniSvna-Sesworebebi), met specifikur da Rirebul komen-
tars ukeTeben. wlidan wlamde gogonebs saTqmeli sul ufro naklebi
rCebaT. kolejis periodis moaxloebasTan erTad, biWebi gogonebze
orjer ufro xSirad akeTeben komentars (Bailey, 1993; Sadker & Sadker,
1994). am gansxvavebaTa Sedegia, rom skolamdeli periodidan kolejSi
swavlis CaTvliT gogonebi, saSualod, 1 800 saaTiT nakleb yuradRe-
basa da miTiTebebs iReben (Sadker, Sadker, & Klein, 1991). rasakvirvelia,
es gansxvavebebi araTanabradaa gadanawilebuli. zogierTi kargi mo-
swrebis mqone TeTrkanian biWs maswavlebeli ufro met yuradRebas
aqcevs, vid­re imave moswrebis mqone gogonas.
maswavleblis yuradRebis araTanabari ganawileba maTematikisa da
sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis gakveTilebze dramatul xasiaTs iRebs.
erT-erTma gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi bi-
Webs 80%-iT mets ekiTxebodnen (Baker, 1986). maswavleblebi met dros
aZleven biWebs sapasuxod da detalurad ganixilaven maT pasuxs (Meece,
2002; Sadker & Sadker, 1994). biWebi gogonebze dominireben saskolo labo-
ratoriebSic, xSirad Slian xelsawyos, sanam gogonebs eqsperimentis
Catarebis Sansi miecemaT (Rennie & Parker, 1987).
stereotipebi SeiZleba aSkara an Znelad SesamCnevi iyos. standar-
tizebul maTematikur testebSi maRali Sedegebis mqone biWebs, imave
qulebis mqone gogonebTan SedarebiT, maTematikis garTulebul jguf-
Si moxvedris meti Sansi aqvT. skolis konsultantebi, mSoblebi da
maswavleblebi, xSirad ar aprotesteben moazrovne gogonas maTema-
tikisa da sabumebismetyvelo sagnebis mitovebis survils, magram Tu
imave unar-SesaZleblobebis mqone biWi moindomebs maTematikisa da
sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis Seswavlaze uaris Tqmas _ SeewinaaRmde-
gebian. mas­wavleblebis umetesoba qalia, mamakacebi ki ufro xSirad
administratorebi, mwvrTnelebi, garTulebuli maTematikisa da sa­
bumebismetyvelo sagnebis maswavleblebi arian. am gziT moswavleTa
stereotipuli molodini Zlierdeba (Sadker & Sadker, 1994).

gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis sqesobrivi

gansxvavebebi
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mecnierTa mxolod 23% da fizikos-
Ta mxolod 10%-a qali, miuxedavad imisa, rom qimiaSi, biologiasa da
maTematikaSi bakalavris xarisxis mqoneTa naxevars, xolo fizikasa da
sainJinro specialobebSi 20%-s qalebi Seadgenen (Angier & Chang, 2005;
Bleeker & Jacobs, 2004). Tumca, arsebobs sferoebi, sadac biWebi gogonebs
CamorCebian. magaliTad, im qalebis raodenoba, romelTac moipoves
ba­­kalavris xarisxi, zogadad 30%-iT aRemateba mamakacebisas, xolo
ma­gistris xarisxis mqoneebisa _ 50%-iT. amJamad, afroamerikel mamak- daukavSireT kvlevas
acebTan SedarebiT orjer meti afroamerikeli qali iRebs kolejis da ganavrceT
ix. Latham, A. S. (1998). Gender
xarisxs (Hulbert, 2005). meoTxeklaselebSi kiTxvis unaris saerTaSor-
differences on assessments. Edu-
iso Sedarebam (Mullis, Martin, Gonzalez, & Kennedy, 2003) gamoavlina, rom cational Leadership,
34 qveyanaSi meoTxeklaseli biWebi gogonebs kiTxvaSi CamorCebodnen. 55 (4), 88-89.

255
 damokidebulia Tu ara es gansxvaveba SesaZleblobaze, interesze, kul-
turaze, socialur zegavlenaze, diskriminaciaze? vnaxoT, CavwvdebiT
Tu ara am sakiTxis arss.
skolamdeli asakis bavSvebze Cvilobidan Catarebuli gamokvlevebis
umravlesobam biWebisa da gogonebis zogad gonebriv da motorul gan­
viTarebaSi, aseve specifikur SesaZleblobebSi mcire gansxvavebebi ga-
moavlina. skolaSi swavlis periodSi da Semdegac fsiqologebma zogad
inteleqtSi gansxvaveba ver aRmoaCines _ es testebi sqesis gamo gan-
sxvavebebis Semcirebis mizniT Seiqmna da standartizacia ganicada.
amis miuxedavad, specifikuri unaris dadgenis zogierTi testi sqeso-
briv gansxvavebebze miuTiTebs. magaliTad, dawyebiTidan maRali kla­
boni besleri, prinstonis
universitetis moleku-
sebis CaTvliT, gogonebs, biWebTan SedarebiT, ukeTesi Sedegebi aqvT
luri biologiis asocire- wera-kiTxvis Sesamowmebel testebSi da mxolod ramdenime gogona Tu
buli profesori, romelic saWiroebs kiTxvis unaris daxvewas (Berk, 2005; Halpern, 2000). aSS-Si niWi-
baqteriebis mier urTierT- er biWebs, gogonebTan SedarebiT, garTulebuli maTematikis testeb­Si
kavSirisas gamoyenebul
ukeTesi Sedegebi aqvT. 2001 wels gogonebze orjer metma biWma SAT-
qimiur sasignalo meqanizms
Seiswavlis da samecniero
is maTematikis testebze 700-ze meti qula daagrova, magram amasTan
sferoSi qalebis warmatebu- erTad gogonebze ufro meti Secdoma hqondaT (Angier & Chang, 2005).
lobaze arsebul stereotips sinamdvileSi, biWebis Sedegebi ufro mravalferovania anu maT raode-
uaryofs. nobrivad meti maRali da dabali testuri Sedegebi aqvT (Berk, 2005; Will-
ingham & Cole, 1997). aseve, biWebs Soris ufro xSirad gvxvdebian swavlis
unarSezRuduli, yuradRebis deficitis sindromis mqone hiper­aqtiuri
(ADHD), autisti bavSvebi. gavecnoT diana helpernis (2004) gamokvlevis
Sedegebs:

gogonebisa da biWebis moswrebis saerTo maCvenebeli da kog-

nituri testis Sedegebi gansxvavdeba. gogonebi skolaSi ufro
maRal Sefasebebs imsaxureben, weriT da Sinaarsis gadmocemis
testebSi ukeTesi Sedegebi aqvT maSin, rodesac testebSi moce-
mul sakiTxebs skolaSi Seiswvlian, moipoveben kolejis jil-
doTa umravlesobas da mamakacis saqmed aRiarebul profesias
euflebian. amis sapirispirod, biWebi maTematikisa da samecnie-
ro standartizebul testebSi ukeTes Sedegebs aRweven. es tes-
tebi ar aris uSualod dakavSirebuli saskolo programasTan.
biWebs didi upiratesoba aqvT sivrciT-vizualur testebSi (gan-
sakuTrebiT im aTSi, romlebic swrafad gadawyvetas moiTxovs
da sam ganzomilebaSi moZraobas Seicavs), ukeT erkvevian geogra-
fiasa da politikaSi (gv.135).

mniSvnelovania, rom sqesobriv gansxvavebaTa Sesaxeb gamokvleva-

Ta umetesoba rasasa da ses-s ar iTvaliswinebs. rasobrivi jgufebis
calke Seswavlisas dadginda, rom umaRlesi skolis afroamerikeli
gogonebi afro-amerikel biWebs maTematikis swavlaSi sjobnian; aziel-
amerikel gogonebisa da biWebis mier maTematikisa da mecnierebebis
swavlaSi didi gansxvaveba ar aris (Grossman & Grossman, 1994; Yee, 1992).
maTematikis gakveTilze gogonebi biWebTan SedarebiT ukeTes Sefase-
bebs iReben (Halpern, 2004). 41 qveyanis 15 wlis mozardebze Catarebulma
saerTaSoriso dakvirvebamac cxadyo, rom maTematikis testebis Sedegi
umetes qveyanaSi, sqesis mixedviT ar gansxvavdeboda. gamonaklisi iyo
islandia, sadac gogonebma biWebs yvela maTematikur testSi ajobes,
iseve, rogorc maTematikis erovnul gamocdebze (Angier & Chang, 2005).
ra ganapirobebs gansxvavebas? pasuxi rTulia. magaliTad, biWebi
zogadad ukeT arTmeven Tavs testebs, romlebic sivrceSi figuris

256
 rekomendaciebi: seqsizmisTvis Tavis arideba saswavlo procesSi
darwmundiT, rom Tqven mier gamoyenebul sa­
xelmZRvaneloebsa da sxva masalebSi qalTa
da mamakacTa SesaZleblobebi samarTlianad
aris warmodgenili.
magaliTebi
1. aRwereT orive sqesis warmomadgenlebi yve­­
la situaciaSi: samsaxurSi, dasvenebis dro­
sa da saxlSi.
2. ganixileT Tqveni mosazrebebi moswavlee-
bTan erTad da daixmareT isini sqes­Tan
da­kavSirebuli winaswari Sexedulebebis
sxva­­­gan (magaliTad, Jurnalis reklameb-
Si, sa­informacio da sxva satelevizio ga­
dacemeb­Si) aRmoCenaSic.
yuradRebiT miadevneT Tvali Tqvens sakla­
so praqtikaSi arasasurvel tendenciebs.
magaliTebi
1. garkveuli aqtivobebisas moswavleebs
ajgufebT sqesis mixedviT? marTebulia
es dajgufeba?
2. konkretuli pasuxis misaRebad iZaxebT
Tu ara bavSvebs sqesis mixedviT (mag.: bi-
Webs maTematikaSi, gogonebs poeziaSi)?
3. gamoiyeneT metaforuli gamoTqmebi. sTxo­
veT moswavleebs `SeeWidon problemas~.
gaarkvieT, rogor izRudeba Tqvens skolaSi
gansxvavebuli sqesis SesaZleblobebi.
magaliTebi
1. ras urCeven skolis konsultantebi mo-
swavleebs mimarTulebasa da karieras-
Tan dakavSirebiT?
2. aris Tu ara gogonebisa da biWebisTvis
kargi sportuli programebi?
3. xels uwyoben Tu ara gogonebs, gaiaron
gaZlierebuli kursebi sabunebismetyve-
lo sagnebsa da maTematikaSi, biWebma ki
_ inglisursa da ucxo enebSi?
SeZlebisdagvarad gamoiyeneT `genderulad
gadaadgilebas, moZravi sagnis mosalodneli traeqtoriis gansazRvras
axerxeben moiTxoven da ukeTesebi arian navigaciaSi. zogi mkvlevari
amtkicebs, rom evoluciam es unar-Cvevebi mamakacs uboZa (Buss, 1995;
Tavisufali~ metyveleba.
magaliTebi
1. axsenebT Tu ara `wesrigis damcvel ofi-
cers~ da `fostis kuriers~ `policiel
isa~(`policeman~) da `fostalionis~ (`mail-
man~) nacvlad?
2. uwodebT Tu ara komisiis xelmZRvanels
`Tavs~ (`head~) Tavmjdomaris (`chairman~)
nacvlad?
gaacaniT misabaZi adamianebi.
magaliTebi
1. miuTiTeT mecnieri an maTematikosi qa-
lebis daweril statiebze profesiul
Jur­nalebSi.
2. kolejis Sesaxeb sasaubrod moiwvieT
Tqveni skoladamTavrebuli gogonebi,
rom­­­lebic ganagrZoben specializacias
mec­nierebaSi, maTematikaSi, sainJinro an
sxva teqnikur sferoebSi.
3. orive sqesis moswavleebisTvis SeqmeniT
eleqtronuli mentoruli programebi
maT­Tvis saintereso sferoebSi momuSave
zrdasrul adamianebTan dasakavSireb­
lad.
darwmundiT, rom yvela moswavles aqvs kom-
pleqsuri, teqnikuri samuSaos Sesrulebis
Sansi.
magaliTebi
1. scadeT auxsnaT jgufs, rom gogona yov-
elTvis ar gamova mdivani, xolo biWi
– teqnikosi.
2. jgufSi gadaaTamaSeT davalebebi an Sem-
TxveviTi wesiT daakisreT moswavleebs
valdebulebebi.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.tolerance.org/teach/magazine/features.
jsp?p=0&is=36&ar=563#
257
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
ganavrceT
kulturuli da genderuli
gansxvavebebi klasSi (III, B)
ra aris klasSi kulturuli
da genderuli gansxvavebebiT
gamowveuli SesaZlo gauge-
brobis mizezi moswavleTa da
maswavlebelTa Soris? gansaz-
RvreT maswavleblis nabijebi
am problemis SemcirebisaTvis.
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
Sadker, D. (1998). Gender equity:
Still knocking at the classroom
door. Educational Leadership,
56(7), 22-27. specialuri
nawili genderuli Tanasworo-
bis Sesaxeb, Phi Delta Kappan,
tomi 84, #3, 2002, gv. 235-245.
258
Geary, 1995, 1999), magram sxvebi amas mamakacTa aqtiur TamaSis stilsa da
sportul aqtivobebSi monawileobas miaweren (Linn & Hyde, 1989; Newcomber
& Baenninger, 1990; Stumpf, 1995). kulturaTa Sedarebebma gamoavlina, rom
maTematikur qulebSi sxvaoba ukavSirdeba swavlas da ara biologiidan
miRebul unarebs. gamokvleva, romelmac ganixila xuTi quliT metad
Sefasebuli `joni maqqeis~ da Sesabamisad naklebad Sefasebuli `joana
maqqeis~ igive naSromi, amtkicebs, rom gavlenas axdens diskriminaciac
(Angier & Chang, 2005).
genderuli crurwmenebis aRmofxvra
arsebobs monacemebi, rom maTematikur klasebSi maswavleblebi go-
gonebsa da biWebs gansxvavebulad epyrobian. magaliTad, dawyebiTi
skolis zogi maswavlebeli biWebTan met dros maTematikis, xolo go-
gonebTan _ kiTxvis gakveTilze atarebs. erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegebis
mixedviT, umaRlesi skolis geometriis maswavleblebi met SekiTxvas
biWebs usvamdnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom gogonebi ufro xSirad svam-
dnen SekiTxvebs da pasuxis gacemisasac aqtiurobdnen. ramdenime mkv-
levarma daadgina, rom maswavleblebi gogonebisgan araswor pasuxebs
elodnen da aseT SemTxvevaSi ambobdnen: `ara uSavs, mTavaria, rom
scadeT.~ biWebis araswor pasuxze maswavleblebi ambobdnen: `kidev
Seecade, aucileblad gamogiva.~ es drodadro ganmeorebadi miniSne-
bebi gogonebs arwmunebs, rom maTematikas verasodes gaarTmeven Tavs
(,,gogonebis maTematikuri moswreba,~ 1986; Horgan, 1995). Tu hgavxarT
maswavleblebs, romlebic `marTla ver itanen maTematikas~, gTxovT,
nu gadascemT Tqvens damokidebulebas moswavleebs. SesaZloa, Tavad
iyaviT sqesobrivi diskriminaciis msxverpli. swavlebis procesSi seq­
sizmisTvis Tavis aridebis damatebiTi ideebi mowodebulia CanarTSi
`rekomendaciebi~. zogi maTgani aRebulia rofisgan (Rop, 1997/1998).
zogierTi popularuli avtori amtkicebda, rom biWebi da gogonebi
gansxvavebulad swavloben da skola xels uwyobs gogonebis pasiur
da TanamSromlobiT qcevas (Gurian & Henley, 2001). sxvebs miaCniaT, rom
skola `atyuebs~ gogonebs, rac `swori ar aris~ (American Association of
University Women [AAUW], 1991; Sadker & Sadker, 1995). momdevno CanarTi `ar-
gumenti/ kontrargumenti~ ikvlevs am sakiTxebs.
enobrivi gansxvavebani klasSi
klasSi zogi ram enis meSveobiT miiRweva. rogorc am TavSi ukve
vnaxeT, urTierTobaze, romelic swavlebis sawyisi da safuZvelia, gav-
lenas axdens kultura. am qveTavSi, ganvixilavT enobrivi gansxvave-
bebis or tips _ dialeqtur gansxvavebebsa da bilingvizms.
dialeqti
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT roca gsurT, miirTvaT ualkoho­
lo sasmeli, ras uwodebT amas? rogor fiqrobT, amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis sxva adgilebSi xalxi imave termins iyenebs?
roca texasSi vizrdebodiT, vsvamdiT Semdeg SekiTxvas, `ginda `ko­
ka~ (coke)? dadebiTi pasuxisas Semdegi SekiTxva iyo – `romeli, _ kola,
rutbiri, limonis Tu forToxlis?~ niu-jersSi cxovrebisas, kokas
(coke) misaRebad unda meTxova sodiani (soda). oci wlis Semdeg ohaioSi
wveulebaze Cemma kolumbiaSi gazrdilma kolegam miTxra: `mogiwevs
Suadasavluri dialeqtis swavla da Semdeg ‘bottlapop’-is SekveTa~. sx-
vadasxva regionSi sxvadasxvanairad laparakoben _ gansxvavebuli aq-
centi da sityvebis maragi aqvT.

dialeqti garkveuli jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebelia salaparako enis na­

irsaxeoba. Eugenia garsia (EUgene Garcia, 2002) dialeqts ase ganmartavs:
`enis regionuli nairsaxeoba, romelic xasiaTdeba garkveuli grama- dialeqti _ ZiriTadi enis
tikiT, leqsikiTa da prononsiT (warmoTqmiT)~ (gv. 218). dialeqti jgu- saxecvlili varianti,
fis koleqtiuri identobis nawilia. faqtobrivad, am wignis nebismieri romelzec metyveleben
mkiTxveli, sul mcire, erT dialeqtze saubrobs, SesaZloa metzec, garkveuli jgufebi.

radgan aravin metyvelebs absolutur standartul inglisur enaze.

inglisur enas ramdenime dialeqti aqvs, magaliTad, avstraliuri, ka­
naduri, britanuli da amerikuli. TiToeuli am dialeqtis ramdeni­
me varianti arsebobs. magaliTad, amerikuli inglisuris variantebia
sam­xreTuli, bostonuri, kajunis da adgilobrivi afroamerikuli di-
aleqti (garsia, 2002).
sxvadasxva dialeqti erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba prononsiT, grama-
tikiTa da leqsikiT, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom es gansxvavebebi Sec-
doma ar aris. TiToeuli dialeqti logikuria, kompleqsuria da wesebs
eqvemdebareba. amis magaliTia ormagi uaryofis gamoyeneba. amerikuli
inglisuris bevr variantSi ormagi uaryofis Semcveli winadadeba,
rogoricaa `I don’t have no more~, arasworia. magram bevr dialeqtSi,
magaliTad, afroamerikul adgilobriv inglisur enasa da sxva enebSi
(rusulSi, frangulSi, espanursa da ungrulSi) ormagi uaryofa grama-
tikis wesebSi Sedis. `me araferi minda~ espanurad gamarTuli iqneba
`me ar minda araferi~ an `No quiero nada~.

dialeqtebi da prononsi. dialeqtebis gansxvavebis momdevno sfe­ro

pro­­­­­nonsia, ramac SesaZloa warmoTqmasTan dakavSirebul problemebi
gamoiwvios. adgilobrivi afrikul-amerikuli inglisuris zog saxe­sxva­
obaSi da samxreTul dialeqtebSi naklebi yuradReba eqceva sityvebis
daboloebebis warmoTqmas. bolo Tanxmovnebis, magaliTad `s~-s `Cay-
lapvam~, SesaZloa gaugebroba gamoiwvios yola-qonis mxolobiTi ricx-
vis III piris zmnis formisa da mravlobiTi ricxvis gansazRvrisas.
aqe­dan gamomdinare, John’s book gaiJRerebs rogorc John book, gansx-
vaveba ar iqneba arc Semdegi sityvebis _ thinks, wasps, lists _ mxolobiT
da mravlobiT ricxvSi warmoTqmisas. moumzadebeli maswavleblisTvis
sityvebis daboloebebis STanTqmis SemTxvevaSi, moswavlis laparakSi
meti omonimebia mosalodneli (omonimebi _ sityvebi, romlebsac msgav-
si JReradoba, magram gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs). inglisur enaSi
dialeqturi gansxvavebebiT gamowveuli gaugebrobis gareSec bevri
omonimia. magaliTad, spent da spend erTnairad JRers. amgvar sityvebs,
rogorc wesi, marTlweris gakveTilebze gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
eqceva. Tu maswavleblebisaTvis cnobilia moswavlis dialeqtisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli garkveuli omonimebi, maT SeuZliaT uSualod es gan-
sxvavebebi aswavlon.

dialeqtebi da swavleba. ra mniSvneloba aqvs yovelive amas maswavleble­

bisTvis? rogor unda areguliron maT enobrivi gansxvavebebi klasSi?
upirveles yovlisa, isini yuradRebiT unda iyvnen gansxvavebul di-

259
 argumenti / kontrargumenti
swavloben Tu ara gogonebi da biWebi gansxvavebulad?
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, arsebobs gonebrivi Ses-
aZleblobebis mravali genderuli gansxvaveba.
iwvevs Tu ara es skolaSi gansxvavebulad swavlas
da Sesabamisad - gansxvavebul moTxovnilebebs?
argumenti diax, gogonebi da biWebi gan-
sxvavebulad swavloben.
jer kidev 1960 wlidan arsebobda kiTxvebi imis
Sesaxeb, ra samsaxurs uwevs skola biWebs. skolebis
mier `biWebis kulturis~ ganadgurebis mcdeloba-
sa da maTze `feminuri arsis~ gavrcelebasTan da-
kavSirebulma braldebam sazogadoebrivi aRelveba
gamoiwvia (Connell, 1996).
gogonebis diskriminacia dasrulda. rasakvir­
velia, feminizmis gaTvaliswinebiT gogonebs
specialuri mopyroba da programebi aqvT.
rac Seexeba biWebs, axla swored biWebi ufro
nela swavloben kiTxvas, ufro xSirad anebe-
ben swavlas Tavs, maT metad akontroleben
mSoblebi Tu maswavleblebi da isini xSirad
monawileoben gansakuTrebuli moTxovnile-
bebis mqone bavSvTa programebSi. skolaSi go-
gonebi ukeT swavloben, biWebi ki CamorCebian,
amitom specialuri programebi swored biWebi-
saTvis aris saWiro (Connell, 1996, p. 2007).
maikl gurianma da patricia henlim (Michael Gu-
rian & Patricia Henley, 2001) wignSi “gogonebi da bi-
Webi gansxvavebulad swavloben~ gamoTqves msgavsi
azri imis Sesaxeb, rom gogonebsa da biWebs swav-
lebis gansxvavebuli meTodi sWirdebaT. j. stiven
svoboda (J. Steven Svoboda, 2001) wignis mimoxilvi-
sas wers:
rogorc Cans, Cveni skolebi gogonebze aSka-
ra, zemoqmedebas, xolo biWebze farul ze-
moqmedebas axorcieleben. am Zaldatanebis
gamo mamakacis hormonebi da tvini iTxovs
gan­sxvavebul skolas, romelic xels uwyobs
axlo urTierTobebs, mcirericxovan klasebs,
met verbalizacias, biWebis nakleb izola-
cias, ukeTes disciplinas da biWebis swavlis
sti­lis mimarT meti yuradRebis gamoCenas.
upirveles yovlisa, biWebs skolaSi mamak-
acebi sWirdebaT (dawyebiTi klasebis mas-
wavleblebis 90% qalebi arian.): kaci maswav-
leblebi, kaci asistentebi, kaci moxaliseebi
mSobelTa rigebidan da ufrosi moswavle-
biWebi. Tanatolebis mentoringi saswavlo
wlebis ganmavlobaSi yvelasaTvis sasikeToa.

aleqtze mosaubre bavSvebTan mosalodneli uaryofiTi stereotipebis

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
ix.: Jurnalis – Theory Into
Practice _ 2000 wlis Semodgo-
mis gamocemaSi statia Children
and Languages in School’. ix.:
http://www.coe.ohio-state.edu/
TIP, romelic specialurad
pedagogebisTvisaa.
mimarT. meorec, moswavleebis mier maswavleblis miTiTeba-davalebebis
sxvadasxva sityvebiT gameorebam, perifrazirebam da magaliTebis moyva-
nam, SesaZloa gaamartivos Cawvdoma-gagebis procesi.
rac Seexeba `saSinao enas~, swavlebis saukeTeso midgomaa bavSvebis
salaparako enis namdvil da swor sistemad miReba-aRiareba. magram
imavdroulad maT unda Seiswavlon inglisuri enis (an Tqvens qveya-
naSi dominanturi enis) alternatiuli formebi, romlebsac mimarTaven
formalur samuSao garemoSi an werisas, rac moswavleebisTvis mraval
SesaZleblobas xelmisawvdoms gaxdis. magaliTad, liza delfiTi (1995)
gvamcnobs qalbaton marTa demienTifis, patara sofel aTabaskaneli
bavSvebis adgilobrivi alaskeli maswavleblis muSaobas. maswavleb-
lis mizania, moswavleebma Tavisuflad isaubron orive dialeqtze.
igi erT-erTs uwodebs `memkvidrul inglisurs~, xolo meores _ `ofi-
cialur inglisurs~, romelic samsaxurSi an soflis gareT gamoadge-
baT. igi uxsnis moswavleebs, rom soflis gareT mcxovrebi adamianebi
maTze warmodgenas maTi metyvelebisa da weris safuZvelze Seiqmnian.
igi ganagrZobs axsnas:
Cven maT unda TanavugrZnoT, radgan mxolod erT enaze SeuZliaT
saubari. amas ornairad SevZlebT. erTi iqneba Cveni memkvidruli
ena, romelzec Sin vlaparakobT, meore ki _ oficialuri ingli-
suri ena. Semdeg, roca wavalT samsaxuris saSovnelad, SevZlebT
im adamianebis msgavsad visaubroT, romlebmac mxolod erTi ena
ician da mxolod erTi ena esmiT. SesaZloa, samsaxuris Sovnis

260
 rac Seexeba gogonebs, guriani da henli gvir­
Ce­ven maTi lideruli unar-SesaZleblobebis gan-
viTarebas, gogonebis waqezebas jansaR Se­jibrSi
monawileobis misaRebad, teqnologiebis xelmis-
awvdomobis uzrun­velyofasa da daxmarebas TviT-
Sefasebaze garemos gavlenis gacnobierebaSi.
kontrargumenti ara, gansxvavebebi imdenad
umniSvnelo an araTanmimdevrulia, rom maTi gaT­
valiswineba swavlebisas ar Rirs.
gurianisa da henlis kvlevaSi genderul gan-
sxvavebebTan dakavSirebuli bevri mosazreba eyrd-
noba tvinis genderul gansxvavebebs. jon brueris
(John Bruer, 1999) azriT:
marTalia, mamakacebi qalebze ukeT axerxe-
ben mentalurad (gonebaSi, warmosaxvaSi) sagnebis
Semotrialebas, magram albaT es erTaderTi spe­
cifikuri sakiTxia, romelSic fsiqologebma gan-
sxvaveba aRmoaCines. ufro metic, mecnierTa mier
dafiqsirebuli genderuli gansxvavebebi, Zalian
mcire aRmoCnda. fsiqologebma da neirobiolo-
gebma, romlebmac es kvleva Caatares, erTpirovnu-
lad aRniSnes, rom nebismieri arsebuli genderuli
gansxvaveba sainteresoa tvinis mecnieruli Seswav-
lisTvis, magram ar aris praqtikuli Tu saganmana-
Tleblo mniSvnelobisa.
realurad erT klasSi erTmaneTis gverdiT
gvxvdebian warumatebeli da warmatebuli biWebi;
maTematikaSi Zlieri da susti gogonebi; biWebi,
romlebic enebs iolad an Znelad iTviseben. cno-
bilia, rom maTematikis Seswavlisas gamoyenebulma
zogierTma aqtivobam SesaZloa gogonebSi gansx-
vavebuli Sedegebi gamoiRos. dawyebiT klasebSi
go­gonebi ukeT iTviseben maTematikas, Tu swavlas,
Sejibris nacvlad, TanamSromlobis xasiaTi aqvs.
rasakvirvelia, mniSvnelovania TanamSromlobisa da
Sejibris gawonasworeba, raTa moswavleebs, rom-
lebic erTi romelime meTodiT swavlebis SemTx-
vevaSi ukeT swavloben, Tanabari SesaZleblobebi
hqondeT (Fennema & Peterson, 1988).
gonivrulia moswavleebisvTis swavlis sxvadasx-
va gzis SeTavazebac, raTa Tqveni swavlebis mniS-
vnelovani Sedegebi yoveli maTganisTvis xelmisawv-
domi iyos. Tqvens damokidebulebasa da xelSewyobas
mniSvneloba aqvs orive sqesis moswavleebisTvis,
raTa sakuTari Tavi irwmunon rogorc mwerlebma,
maTematikosebma, mxatvrebma an sportsmenebma.
rogoria Tqveni azri?
gamoxateT sakuTari mosazreba veb-gverdze:
www.mylabschool.com

Semdeg davexmaroT maT, gaigon, ras grZnob, roca meore enac ici.
aucileblobisas, maT msgav­sad vilaparakebT, magram yovelTvis
gvecodineba, rom Cveni saubris forma saukeTesoa (gv. 41).

or sametyvelo formas Soris gadanacvlebas kodis gadarTvas uwo-

deben. zogjer es aris saganmanaTleblo da profesiuli urTierTobi-
sTvis damaxasiaTebeli oficialuri metyvelebis, zogjer ki – mego-
brebTan da ojaxSi gamoyenebuli araoficialuri saubris normebi.
zogjer gadarTva xdeba erTi dialeqtidan meoreze. patara bavS- kodebis gadarTva _
vebic ki amCneven maT Soris gansxvavebas. delfiTi (Delpit, 1995) aRwers situaciasTan morgebis
Tavisi erT-erTi pirvelklaseli moswavlis reaqcias kiTxvis pirvel mizniT erTi kulturidan
meore kulturaSi warmatebuli
gakveTilze. roca maswavlebelma daasrula maswavleblis saxelmZR-
gadarTva enis, dialeqtis,
vanelos Sesavlis citireba, erT-erTma moswavlem xeli aswia da ikiTxa:
an araverbaluri qcevis
`maswavlebelo, ratom saubrobT TeTrkanian pirovnebasaviT? Tqven
SecvliT.
zustad ise laparakobT, rogorc dedaCemi telefonze saubrisas~.
kargi magaliTebis, naTeli miTiTebebisa da WeSmariti praqtikis
SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebis umravlesobisTvis enis alternatiuli variantis
Seswavla iolia.

bilingvizmi
bilingvizmis Tema mwvave debatebsa da uamrav emocias iwvevs.
erT-erTi mizezia am TavSi ukve ganxiluli demografiis cvlilebebi.
SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 18% saxlSi inglisurad

261
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
kvlevaze dafuZnebuli
principebi inglisuri
enis SemswavlelTaTvis
inglisuris SemswavlelTa
codnis baza Sedgenilia
braunis universitetis sa-
ganmanaTleblo gaerTianebis
mier da aRwers inglisuri
enis SemswavlelTa kvlevaze
dafuZnebul cxra princips. es
principebi SegiZliaT ixiloT
veb-gverdze: http://www.help-
forschools.com/ELLKBase/guide-
lines/PrinciplesELL.shtml
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
daumateT 5.4 cxrilSi
moyvanili “swavlebis gaum-
jobesebisa da enis daufle-
basTan dakavSirebuli
ideebi~ swavlebis Tqveneul
resursebs.
bilingvizmi _ Tavisuflad
metyveleba or enaze.
262
ar laparakobs _ am ojaxebis naxevari saubrobs espanur enaze. bolo
10 wlis ganmavlobaSi espanurenovani moswavleebis raodenoba 65%-iT,
xolo aziur enebze mosaubre moswavleebis raodenoba TiTqmis 100%-
iT gaizarda. zog StatSi moswavleebis TiTqmis meoTxedis mSobliuri
(mTavari) ena espanuria (Gersten, 1996a). 2050 wlisTvis mosalodnelia,
rom amerikis Statebis mosaxleobis meoTxedi laTinoamerikeli iqneba.
(Yetman, 1999). dRes, inglisuri enis 100 Semswavlelze erTi kvalifici-
uri maswavlebeli modis ( Hawkins, 2004).
bilingvizmTan dakavSirebuli ori termini SegxvdebaT, esenia: ing-
lisuri enis Semswavlelebi (ELL – English language learners) – gulisxmobs
moswavleebs, romelTa mTavari an memkvidruli ena araa inglisuri; da
inglisurs, rogorc meore enas (ESL – English as a Second Language), anu
moswavleebi Seiswavlian inglisur enas.
ras niSnavs bilingvizmi? bilingvizmis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT
araerTi uTanxmoebaa. zogi ganmarteba mxolod enis mniSvnelobazea
fokusirebuli: bilingvuri adamianebi anu bilingvebi or enaze saubro-
ben. magram es SezRuduli ganmarteba ar asaxavs bilingvuri moswavlee-
bis mniSvnelovan problemebs. ganixileT ori moswavlis sityvebi:
me-9 klaseli biWi, romelic cota xnis win meqsikidan kaliforniaSi
gadmovida, ambobs: `aq Zlieri diskriminacia da siZulvilia, Tanac ara
marto amerikelebisgan, aramed meqsikeli bavSvebisganac, romlebic uf­
ro didi xania aq cxovroben. isini ar gvepyrobian rogorc Zmebs, maT
ufro metadac ki vezizRebiT. isini ufro adgilobrivebad grZnoben
Tavs da undaT, iyvnen amerikelebi. ar surT CvenTan espanurad lapara-
ki; ukve floben inglisurs da ician, rogor imoqmedon. CvenTan yofnis
dros sxvebi maT ise eqcevian, rogorc aralegalur emigran­tebs, ami-
tomac Tavs gvarideben~ (Olsen, 1988, p.36).
me-10 klaseli Cinel-amerikeli gogona, romelic ukve ram-
denime welia amerikaSi cxovrobs, ambobs: `me ar vici vin var,
kargi Cineli gogona? Tu amerikeli Tineijeri? ase mgonia, me-
gobrebTan yofnisas Cems mSoblebs vRalatob, radgan am dros
amerikulad viqcevi, Tumca yovelTvis vgrZnob, rom arasodes
viqnebi namdvili amerikeli~ (Olsen, 1988, p.30).
am ori moswavlis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom bilingvizmi ufro
metia, vidre ubralod or enaze saubari. sakuTari identobis Senar-
Cunebis pararelurad unda gqondes or kulturas Soris lavirebis
unaric (Hakuta & Garcia, 1989). iyo orenovani da bikulturuli, niSnavs,
daeuflo or kulturasTan urTierTobisTvis aucilebel codnas da
SegeZlos, gaumklavde potenciur diskriminacias. rogorc maswavle-
beli, aucileblad unda daexmaroT moswavleebs, aiTvison es unar-
Cvevebi.
bilingvizmis Camoyalibeba. meore enis codnas ori calke aspeqti
aqvs: pirispiri urTierToba (cnobilia, rogorc enis sabaziso an kon-
teqsturi unari) da enis akademiuri gamoyeneba, anu srulyofili
wera-kiTxva (cnobilia, rogorc akademiuri inglisuri ena) (Fillmore &
Snow, 2000; Garcia, 2002). maRali donis programebSi monawile moswavleebs
meore enaze pirispiri urTierTobis unaris ganviTarebisTvis 2-3 weli
sWirdebaT, akademiuri enis unar-Cvevebis asaTviseblad ki _ 5-dan 7
wlamde. amgvarad, moswavleebi, romlebic saubrisas, erTi SexedviT,
 sqema 5.3

miTebi orenovan studentebze

am cxriliSi e1-iT aRiniSneba pirveli (ZiriTadi ena), e2-iT meore ena.

miTi WeSmariteba

meore enis (e2) swavlas mcire dro da um- inglisuris, rogorc meore enis Seswavlas
niSvnelo mcdeloba sWirdeba. sWirdeba 2-3 weli salaparako, xolo 5-7
weli akademiur doneze dauflebisTvis.

enis yvela unar-Cveva (mosmena, metyveleba, kiTxva is unaria, romelic yvelaze swrafad
kiTxva, wera) gadaecema e1-dan e2-s. gadaecema.

kodis gadarTva (code-switching) enis arasru-
lyofili codnis (enis arevis) niSania.
orenovani adamianebi advilad inarCuneben
orive enas.
bavSvebi ar iviwyeben pirvel enas.
kodebis gadarTva miuTiTebs enis maRali
donis unar-Cvevebze, rogorc e1-Si,
ise e2-Si.
orive enaSi maRali donis unar-Cvevebis
SenarCuneba did mcdelobasa da yuradRebas
moiTxovs.
xSirad meore enis SemswavlelTa problema
e1-is daviwyeba da e2-is arasakmarisi ganvi-
Tarebaa (semilingualuri e1-sa da e2-Si).

inglisurenovan garemoSi yofna sakmarisia e2-is Sesaswavlad moswavleebs ingli-

e2-is Sesaswavlad. surenovnebTan urTierToba, informaciis
mimocvla, mxardaWera, ukukavSiri da dro
sWirdebaT.

inglisuris saswavlad mSoblebma saxlSi bavSvebma orive ena mraval konteqstSi unda
mxolod inglisurad unda isaubron. gamoiyenon.

e1-ze kiTxva sazianoa inglisuri enis Ses- ganaTlebuli garemo, rogorc e1-Si, ise
wavlisTvis. e2-Si xels uwyobs kiTxvis dauflebis win
aucilebeli unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas.

enis arasrulyofili codna inglisur enis codnaSi xarvezebis (codnis aras-

enaze Sedgenili testebiT unda ganisazRv- rulyofilebis) gamovlenisTvis bavSvebma
ros. orive enaSi unda gaiaron testireba (e1-sa
da e2-Si).

wyaro: wignidan The Hispanic Child: Speech, Language, Culture and Education by Alejandro E. Brice. Published by Allyn and
Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

`floben~ meore enas, SesaZloa, am enaze rTuli saskolo davalebebis

Sesrulebisas, siZneleebs waawydnen (Cummins, 1994; Ovando, 1989). qvemoT
moyvanilia universitetSi saswavlad da doqtoris xarisxis mosapove-
blad wasuli espanurenovani studentis magaliTi, romelic kolejSi
teqstebis Sesrulebisas siZneleebis gadaawyda:
miWirda imis gageba, ratom vswavlobdi ase cudad da uSedegod.
wesiT, Zalian kargad vflobdi gramatikas da marTlweras. didi dro

263

semilingvuri _ gauwafavi yve-
la enaSi; metyveleba ramdenime
enaze, magram araadekvaturad.
264
damWirda imis gasacnobiereblad, rom inglisuri enis wyoba mniSvnelov­
nad gansxvavdeba romanuli enis, kerZod _ espanuris wyobisgan.
es procesi moicavda kulturul aspeqtebze dafuZnebuli ri­
torikuli wesebis sxvadasxva nakrebs. arasodes msmenia Tezisis
formulirebis, wyobis (organizaciis), koheziis, koherentulo-
bis an diskursis sxva maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb (Sotillo, 2002, p.280).
bilingvizmis Camoyalibebaze araerTi cru warmodgena arsebobs. 5.3
cxrili moicavs ramdenime maTgans (wignidan Brice, 2002). akademiur in-
glisurTan dakavSirebuli siZneleebis gamo, SesaZloa Zalian Wkviani
orenovani moswavlec ki SeumCneveli darCes da ver miiRos monaw-
ileoba niWierTa programebSi. momdevno qveTavSi mocemulia amgvari
situaciisTvis Tavis aridebis gzebi.
gza yovel moswavlemde: niWieri orenovani
moswavleebis amocnoba
niWieri orenovani moswavlis aRmosaCenad SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT Se­
sabamisi midgoma, romelic moicavs: mSoblebTan da TanatolebTan ga­
saubrebis, oficialuri da araoficialuri Sefasebebis, monacemebis,
moswavlis Sesrulebuli samuSaos nimuSebisa da moswavlis TviTSe-
fasebebi Segrovebas. qvemoT moyvanilia kastelanos da diasis mier
(Castellano & Diaz, 2002) mowodebuli sasargeblo rekomendaciebi. daak-
virdiT moswavleebs, romlebic:
swrafad iTviseben inglisur enas;
cdiloben inglisur enaze urTierTobis damyarebas;
damoukideblad iReben praqtikas inglisur enaSi;
arian adgilobriv inglisurenovan TanatolebTan saubris ini-
ciatorebi;
iolad ar nebdebian da ar yrian far-xmals.
cnobismoyvareni arian, ainteresebT axali sityvebi da frazebi
da cdiloben praqtikaSi maT gamoyenebas.
ebadebaT kiTxvebi sityvebis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT, mag-
aliTad, `rogor SeiZleba `bat~ Ramurac aRniSnavdes da xelket-
sac?~ (bat-Ramura, бита)
msgavsebas eZeben mSobliur da inglisur enaSi sityvebs Soris;
unari SeswevT, sakuTar enas saxe Seucvalon naklebad niWieri
inglisurenovanTaTvis;
lideris unar-Cvevebis gamosavlenad inglisur enas iyeneben,
magaliTad, uTanxmoebebis gadasaWrelad da TanamSromlobiTi
saswavlo jgufebis dasaxmareblad;
urCevniaT damoukideblad an im moswavleebTan erTad muSa­oba,
romelTa inglisuris codnis done maTsas aRemateba;
SezRuduli inglisuri leqsikis miuxedavad, SeuZliaT abstraq-
tuli, verbaluri cnebebis (mniSvnelobebis) gamoxatva;
aqvT inglisuri enis SemoqmedebiTad gamoyenebis unari; magali­
Tad, SeuZliaT inglisur enaze sityvebiT TamaSi (kalamburi),
leqsisa da moTxrobebis dawera, xumrobebis mofiqreba;
advilad bezrdebaT rutinuli davalebebi, erTi da igive sa-
muSao;
 Zalian cnobismoyvareni arian;
mondomebulebi da bejiTebi arian;
damoukideblebi arian;
didxans SeuZliaT yuradRebiT mosmena;
itacebT sakuTari arCeuli problemebi, Temebi da sakiTxebi;
martivad iTviseben da imaxsovreben axal informacias;
sazogadoebaSi da saxlSi axdenen TavianTi warmatebebis demon-
strirebas.

orenovani (bilingvuri) ganaTleba

faqtobrivad, yvela eTanxmeba imas, rom moqalaqeebma unda iswavlon
TavianTi qveynis oficialuri ena. magram rodis da rogor unda dai-
wyon am enis Seswavla? marTalia, debatebi zogjer mwvavea, mag­ram isic
naTelia, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebs es problema jer ar gadau-
wyvetia. magaliTad, espanurenovani moswavleebis testirebis Sedegebi daukavSireT swavlebas/
(maSinac ki, roca espanur enaze gadian swavlebasa da testi­rebas) 32%- portfolios da ganavrceT
amerikis SeerTebul Stateb-
iT CamorCeba Sesabamis adgilobriv jgufebs (romlebic inglisurad
Si kulturuli mraval-
swavloben da abareben testebs)“ (Goldenberg, 1996, p.353). ferovnebis mateba ufro mniS-
xom ar ajobebs, inglisuri enis Semswavlelebma (ELL) Tavdapir- vnelovans xdis ucxo enebis
velad mSobliur enaze daiwyon kiTxva? Tu ukeTesi iqneba, pirdapir (mag.: espanuris) Seswavlas
inglisurad Seudgnen swavlas? xom ar sWirdebaT am bavSvebs kiTxvis aSS-s skolebSi imasTan Sedar-
ebiT, vidre es iyo warsulSi?
swavlis efeqtianobisTvis winaswari zepiri gakveTilebi inglisur ena-
Si? iqneb sjobs, rom inglisuris kargad dauflebamde, bavSvebma sxva
sagnebi, magaliTad, maTematika da sazogadoebrivi sagnebi, mSobliur
enaze iswavlon? am SekiTxvebTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs ori pozi­cia,
romlebmac safuZveli Cauyara swavlebis or sapirispiro midgomas: er­­Ti
maTganis mixedviT, inglisur enaze gadasvla, SeZlebisdagvarad, swrafad
unda moxdes, meores mixedviT ki saWiroa mSobliuri enis SenarCuneba
da gaumjobeseba, misi ZirTadi swavlebis enad arCeva, sanam unar-Cveve-
bi inglisur enaSi srulyofilad ar ganviTardeba.
inglisur enaze swrafad gadasvlis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom ingli-
suris gacnoba rac SeiZleba adre unda moxdes; isini amtkiceben, rom
mSobliur enaze swavlis SemTxvevaSi swavlebisTvis sasargeblo dro
ikargeba. dResdReobiT, bilingvuri programebis avtorTa umravlesoba
am azrs iziarebs. mSobliur enaze swavlebis momxreebi oTx mniSvnelo-
van aspeqtze amaxvileben yuradRebas (Gersten, 1996b; Goldenberg, 1996; Hakuta
& Garcia, 1989). pirveli _ moswavleebs, romlebic iZulebulni arian, maT-
Tvis ucxo enaze Seiswavlon maTematika da sabunebismetyvelo sagnebi,
aucileblad eqnebaT problemebi; warmoidgineT, rom iZulebuli iya-
viT fizika da biologia geswavlaT enaze, romelsac mxolod erTi se-
mestri gadiodiT. zogi fsiqologi darwmunebulia, rom aseTi midgoma
moswavleebs semilingualad gardaqmnis, rac imas niSnavs, rom maT arc
erTi (arc mSobliuri da arc meore) ena ar ecodinebaT srulyofilad.
SesaZlebelia, semilingualoba laTinoamerikeli moswavleebis skoli-
dan garicxvis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezia (Ovando & Collier, 1998).
meore _ moswavleebs SeiZleba SeeqmnaT warmodgena, rom maTi ena
(Sesabamisad, maTi ojaxebi da kultura) meorexarisxovania. am qveTavis
dasawyisSi ori moswavlis Sesaxeb moyvanil magaliTebSi aseTi grZno-
bebis Sedegebi ukve ixileT.
mesame _ akademiuri masala (maTematika, sazogadoebrivi da sa­bu­

265
inglisuri enis Semswav-
lelebi (ELL) – moswavleebi,
romelTaTvisac inglisruri
ena dedaena ar aris.
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
Thomas W.P., & Collier, V.P.
(1998). Two Languages are better
than one. Educational Leadership,
55(4), 23-27. statia naTelyofs
im faqts, rom rogorc imaT-
Tvis, visTvisac inglisuri
mSobliuri enaa, aseve imaT-
Tvisac, visTvisac inglisuri
ar aris mSobliuri, orive
enaze erTdrouli swavla
sasargeblo da Sedegiania.
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
ganavrceT
bilingvizmTan dakavSire-
buli sakiTxebi (IV, B4)
gansazRvreT bilingvuri
ganaTlebis debatebTan daka-
vSirebuli mTavari sakiTxebi.
axseniT bilingvuri gana-
Tlebisadmi mTavari midgome-
bi, aRwereT maswavleblis
nabijebi arainglisurenovani
moswavleebis swavlisa da enis
dauflebis xelSewyobisTvis.
inglisuri, rogorc meore ena
_ saswavlo gegmaSi inglisuris
enis CarTva im moswavleebi-
saTvis, visTvisac es ar aris
mSobliuri ena.
266
nebismetyvelo sagnebi, istoria da a.S.), romelsac moswavleebi saku­
Tar enaze Seiswavlon, efeqturia _ maT ar aviwydebaT miRebuli codna
da unar-Cvevebi, da maSinac Tavisuflad iyeneben, roca ukve SeuZliaT
inglisurad laparaki.
meoTxe – mas kenji hakuta (Kenji Hakuta, 1986) uwodebs „erTi mxriv
aRfrTovanebul paradoqsul damokidebulebas skolaSi miRweuli bil-
ingvizmis mimarT da, meore mxriv, zizRisa da sircxvilis gancdas
Sinauri imigrantuli bilingvizmis mimarT“ (gv. 229). bedis ironia isaa,
rom im droisTvis, roca moswavleebi mSobliuri enis dakninebis para-
lelurad akademiur inglisurs euflebian, isini saSualo skolis dam-
amTavrebel etapze (9-12 klasi) arian da eZlevaT meore enis Seswavlis
saSualeba. hakutas (1986) miaCnia, rom saganmanaTleblo sistemis mizani
unda iyos yvela moswavlis, rogorc srulfasovani bilingvualis gan-
viTareba. aSS `im ramdenime qveyanas miekuTvneba, romlebic mxolod
erT enaze laparakiT amayoben~ (Noguera, 2005, p.13).
am miznis miRwevis erT-erTi midgomaa iseTi klasebis Seqmna, sadac
Sereuli iqnebian meore enis Semswavleli da inglisurenovani (adgi-
lobriv enaze mosaubre) moswavleebi. amis Sedegad orive jgufi orive
enas kargad aiTvisebs (Sheets, 2005). `Cemma qaliSvilma zafxulSi kve-
bekSi amgvar programaSi miiRo monawileoba da mas Semdeg frangulSi
yelas sjobda. efeqturi bilingvuri ganaTlebisTvis bevri orenovani
maswavlebeli dagvWirdeba. Tu sxva enac iciT, unda gqondeT misi sru-
lyofilad dauflebis survili, raTa Semdeg swavlebisas gamoiyenoT~.
bilingvuri programebis kvleva. bilingvur ganaTlebaze debatebSi
rTu­­­lia swavlebis politikis praqtikisgan gamijvna. naTelia, rom ma­
Rali donis bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebs dadebiTi Sedegebi aqvs.
moswavleebi mSobliur enaze ukeT swavloben, amave dros izrdeba maTi
inglisuri enis codna da TviTSefasebac (Crawford, 1997; Hakuta & Gould,
1987; Wright & Taylor, 1995). inglisuris, rogorc meore enis (ESL) pro-
gramebi dadebiT Sedegebs iZleva wakiTxulis ukeT gaazrebaSi (Fitzger-
ald, 1995). magram dRes yuradRebam zogad midgomebTan dakavSirebuli
debatebidan gadainacvla efeqtian saswavlo strategiebze. am wignSi
kidev araerTxel naxavT, rom swavlebis naTeli miznebisa da aucile-
beli unar-Cvevebis pirdapiri swavlebis kombinacia, kerZod, saswavlo
strategiebi da taqtika, maswavleblis an Tanatolebis daxmarebiT
miRebuli praqtika, namdvili da saintereso davalebebi, saintereso
akademiuri saubrebi da urTierTobis SesaZleblobebi, maswavleblebis
mxridan Tbili damokidebuleba da xelSewyoba (Chamot & O’Malley, 1996;
Gersten, 1996b; Goldenberg, 1996). efeqturi da Sedegiania. 5.4 cxrilSi moce-
mulia swavlebis srulyofisa da enis dauflebis meTodebi, romlebic
CamoTvlil meTodebsac moicavs.
am TavSi ganvixileT mravalricxovani gansxvavebebi. rogor Seu-
ZliaT maswavleblebs yvela moswavlis uzrunvelyofa saTanado ga-
naTlebiT. amis miRwevis erT-erTi gzaa kulturulad inkluziuri kla­
sebis Seqmna.
 kulturulad inkluziuri klasebis Seqmna

SiTsi (2005) `kulturulad inkluziur klasebs~ uwodebs klasebs, rom- kulturis TvalsazrisiT
lebic uzrunvelyofen sxvadasxva kulturis moswavleebisTvis swavleba- inkluziuri klasebi _ swav-
leba, romlis procedurebi,
swavlis procesis Tanaswor misawvdomobas. kulturulad inkluziuri wesebi, dajgufebebis strat-
klasebis Seqmnis mizania rasizmis, seqsizmis, klasizmisa da crur- egiebi da saswavlo meTodebi
wmenebis gamoricxva da likvidacia yvela moswavlis moTxovnebis gaT- uzrunvelyofs gansxvavebuli
valiswinebisa da masze swavlebis meTodebis morgebis pararelurad. kulturebis warmomadgeneli
moswavleebis erT saswavlo
winaT, dabalSemosavliani ojaxis bavSvebis (rasobrivi, eTnikuri an procesSi CarTvas konfliqtis
enobrivi umciresobis jgufebidan) swavlebisas meti yuradReba eqceo- gareSe.
da problemebis gadawyvetas an TvalSi sacemi naklis daZlevas. dRes
aqcenti keTdeba swavlebaze, romelic mimarTulia moswavleTa si-
Zlierisa da gamZleobisken. momdevno qveTavSi ganvixilavT or dadeb-
iT midgomas _ kulturulad mniSvnelovan pedagogikas da gamZleobis
(amtanobis) xelSewyobas.
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
kulturulad Sesatyvisi pedagogika ix.: Jurnalis _ Theory into
Practice _ 2003 wlis zaf-
ramdenime mkvlevarma yuradRebiT Seiswavla im maswavlebelTa muSa­ xulis gamoSvebaSi statia
oba, romlebmac gansakuTrebul warmatebas miaRwies feradkanian da Teacher Reflection and Race in
Rarib moswavleTa swavlebisas (Delpit, 1995; Ladson-Billings, 1994, 1995; Moll, Cultural Contexts (Vol. 42, No.
Amanti, Neff & Ginzalez, 1992; Siddle Walker, 2001). amis kargi magaliTia Gglo- 3). Guest Editor: H. Richard
Milner.
ria ledson-bilingsis naSromi (Gloria Ladson-Billings, 1990, 1992, 1995). igi
sami wlis ganmavlobaSi Seiswavlida kaliforniis skolis saukeTeso
maswavleblebis muSaobas, romlebic afroamerikul mosaxleobas em- daukavSireT kvlevas
saxurebodnen. maswavleblebis SesarCevad man mSoblebsa da direq- da ganavrceT
torebs mimarTa. mSoblebma daasaxeles is maswavleblebi, romlebic Menkart, D. J. (1999). Deepening
maT pativs scemdnen, bavSvebSi aRvivebdnen swavlis enTuziazms da the meaning of heritage months.
esmodaT, ra sWirdebodaT maT Svilebs or gansxvavebul samyaroSi (Sin Educational Leadership, 56(7),
19-21. statia asaxavs moswav-
da gareT `TeTr samyaroSi~) warmatebiT moqmedebisTvis. direqtorebma
leebis mier memkvidreobis
waradgines maswavleblebi, romlebsac hqondaT ramdenime disciplin- gagebas samzareulosa da dRe-
uri mimarTuleba, maRali Sedegebi standartizebul testebSi da das- saswaulebis daxmarebiT.

267
 cxrili 5.4.

ideebi swavlisa da enis dauflebis xelSesawyobad

bilingvur da im klasebSi, sadac ingli-
suri meore enaa, moswavleTa efeqtiani swavleba
moicavs mraval strategias _ pirdapir miTiTe-
bebs, Suamavlobas, wvrTnas, ukukavSirs, mod-
elirebas, xelSewyobas, gamocdasa da namdvil
aqtivobebs.
1. struqturebi, CarCoebi, sqemebi da stra­te­
giebi.
daexmareT moswavleebs `xmamaRla fiq­riT~
moswavleTa wvlilis gamosavlenad.
gamoiyeneT vizualuri organaizerebi, ru­
kebi da sxva damxmare saSualebebi moswav-
leTa mier informaciis Tavmoyrisa (or-
ganizebis) da misi gamoyenebis (marTvis)
xelSesawyobad.
2. Sesaferisi sabazo codna da leqsikis sakvan-
Zo cnebebi.
uzrunvelyaviT moswavleTa araformal-
uri Sefaseba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moswavle­
ebs sawyisi codna ukve aqvT.
yuradReba miaqcieT leqsikis sakvanZo si-
tyvebs da gamoiyeneT Sesabamisi ena.
mizanmimarTulad CarTeT moswavleebis
mSob­­­liuri ena.
3. Suamavloba/ukukavSiri.
reagirebisas yuradReba miaqcieT Sina­arss
da ara gramatikas, sintaqssa Tu gamoTqmas.
gqondeT xSiri da gasagebi sapasuxo re­
aqcia.
miawodeT moswavleebs miniSneba an gaaca-
niT strategiebi.
dausviT moswavleebs SekiTxvebi sawyisi de-
bulebebis ukeT gasagebad an gasavrcobad.
uzrunvelyaviT moswavleebi iseTi aqti­
vobebiTa da davalebebiT, romelTa Ses-
rulebac SeuZliaT.
moswavleebTan aRniSneT maTi warmate-
bebi.
SeasrulebineT zomieri aqtivobebi, nu mo­
sTxovT zedmets, amiT imedgacruebisgan
da­icavT.
miiReT pasuxebi mSobliur enaze (roca
konteqsti sworia).
yuradReba gamoiCineT meore enis dauf­
lebisas mosalodneli problemebis mi­marT.
4. monawileoba.
xeli SeuwyveT yvelas, maT Soris cudi mos­
wrebis mqone moswavleebis aqtiur monaw-
ileobas swavlis procesSi.
imsjeleT yvelam erTad.
5. gamocda (rTuli amocana), gamowveva.
implicituri (kognituri gamocda, umaR-
lesi rigis SekiTxvebis gamoyeneba).
eqsplicituri (maRali, magram gonivruli
molodini).
6. kulturuli da pirovnuli gansxvavebebis pa-
tiviscema da gaTvaliswineba.
gamoavlineT pativiscema moswavlis, ro-
gorc pirovnebis, misi kulturisa da oja­
xis mimarT. gaiTvaliswineT moswavlis naT­
qvami. SeiZineT kulturul gansxvavebebTan
dakavSirebuli codna.
daakavSireT moswavleTa gamocdileba
(cod­na) werisa da metyvelebis aqtivo-
bebTan.
masalis ukeT gasagebad es masala dauka-
vSireT moswavleTa cxovrebas da gamoc-
dilebas.
ganixileT gansxvaveba, rogorc sasargeb-
lo Tviseba, yuradRebas nu miaqcevT kul-
turuli naklis arsebobas.
wyaro: wignidan Literacy Instraction for Language-Minority
Students: The Transition Years, by R. Gersten, 1996, The Elemen-
tary School Journal, 96, pp. 241-242. Copyright© 1996 by the
University of Chicago Press. adaptirebulia nebarTviT.

wrebis maRali koeficienti. ledson-bilingsma SeZlo orive mxaris-ro-

kulturis Sesatyvisi
pedagogika _ aq: feradkaniani
moswavleebis swavleba, ro-
melic gulisxmobs warmatebul
swavlebas, kulturuli kompe-
tenciebis zrda-ganviTarebasa
da kritikuli cnobierebis gan-
viTarebisTvis biZgis micemas.
gorc mSoblebis, ise direqtorebis mier wardgenili 9 maswavleblidan
8 maswavleblis saqmianobis dakvirvebiT Seswavla.
kvlevaze dayrdnobiT, ledson-bilingsma ganaviTara swavlebis xe-
lovnebis (srulyofilebis) koncefcia. qvemoT moyvanil sam sakiTxze
damyarebuli swavlebis dasaxasiaTeblad igi iyenebs cnebas _ `kul-
turulad Sesatyvisi pedagogika~. moswavleebisTvis saWiroa:
akademiuri warmatebis miRweva.`socialuri uTanasworobisa da klasSi
mtruli garemos miuxedavad, moswavleebma unda ganiviTaron akademiuri
unar-Cvevebi, romelTa ganviTarebis gzebi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes,
magram saerTo isaa, rom demokratiaSi aqtiuri monawileobisTvis yve-

268
la moswavles sWirdeba wera-kiTxvisa da angariSis codna, teqnologi-
uri, socialuri da politikuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba~(Ladson-Bill-
ings, 1995, p. 160).

kulturuli kompetenciis ganviTareba-/SenarCuneba. akademiuri unar-Cve­

vebis ganviTarebis paralelurad moswavleebi sakuTari kulturul
kompetencias inarCuneben. `kulturulad relevanturi maswavleblebi
moswavleTa kulturas iyeneben rogorc swavlebis gzas (Ladson-Billings,
1995, p. 161). magaliTad, erT-erTi maswavlebeli reps (mus. mimarTuleba)
poeziaSi pirdapiri da figuraluri mniSvnelobis, aliteraciis, ono-
matopeis saswavleblad iyenebda. meorem moswavleebTan samuSaod moi-
wvia sazogadoebaSi Tavisi tkbili kartofilis namcxvriT ganTqmuli
eqsperti, radgan momdevno (bolo) gakveTilebi exeboda George Washing-
ton Carver-is tkbili kartofilis Seswavlas, gemos sinjis ricxobriv
analizs, namcxvris gayidvis marketingul gegmebsa da Sef-mzareulisT-
vis saWiro codnis ganxilvas.

kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTareba arsebuli mdgomareobisTvis biZ- daukavSireT kvlevas

da ganavrceT
gis misacemad. akademiuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebasa da kulturuli Midobuche, E. (1999). Respect in
kompetenciis SenarCunebasTan erTad, gamorCeuli maswavleblebi mos­ the classroom: Reflections of a
wavleebs exmarebian, `ganiviTaron ufro farTo sazogadoebriv-poli- Mexican-American educator. Edu-
cational Leadership, 56(7), 80-83.
tikuri azrovneba, romelic maT SemdegSi saSualebas miscems, kriti-
istoria inglisur samyaroSi
kulad Seafason is sazogadoebrivi normebi, faseulobebi, tradiciebi espanurenovani bavSvis ad-
da organizaciebi (ganaTleba), romlebic xels uwyobs sazogadoebrivi reul saskolo
usamarTlobis warmoqmnasa da SenarCunebas~ (Ladson-Billings, 1995, p. 162). gamocdilebaze.
magaliTad, erT-erT skolaSi moswavleebma gulistkivili gamoTqves Ta-
vianTi moZvelebuli saxelmZRvaneloebis gamo. isini gaecnen dafinan-
sebis wesebs, romelTa mixedviTac saSualo skolis moswavleebs SeeZloT
hqonodaT ufro axali wignebi, am usamarTlobis gasarkvevad gazeTis
redaqtors werili misweres da sabolood, TavianTi wignebis teqsti
ganaaxles sxva wyaroebidan miRebuli Tanamedrove informaciiT.
ledson-bilingsi (1995) aRniSnavda, rom bevri adamianis azriT, misi
sami principi `ubralod kargi swavlebaa~. is eTanxmeba imas, rom karg
swavlebas aRwers, magram SekiTxvasac svams: `ratom ar xerxdeba am
`kargi swavlebis~ gamoyeneba afroamerikelTa klasSi~(gv.159). msgavsi
midgomis aRsawerad, jeneva gei (Geneva Gay, 2000) iyenebs cnebas `kul-
turulad pasuxismgebeli swavleba~, romelic `eTnikurad gansxvave-
buli moswavleebis kulturul codnas, sawyis gamocdilebas, urTier-

kulturulad kompe-
tentur maswavleblebs
swamT TavianTi moswav-
leebis SesaZleblobebi,
iTvaliswineben maT
cxovrebasa da kul-
turas da swavloben,
vin arian isini sinmd-
vileSi.

269
 Tobis sqemasa da moqmedebis stils swavlebis meti mniSvnelobisa da
efeqturobisTvis iyenebs. es moswavleebs gamowvrTnis~ (gv. 29).?
liza delfiTi (2003) kulturulad relevantur pedagogikasTan da-
kavSirebuli feradkaniani moswavleebis swavlebis sam safexurs aRwers:
(1) maswavlebeli darwmunebuli unda iyos Tavisi moswavleebis Tanday-
olil inteleqtual SesaZleblobebSi, humanurobasa da sulierebaSi _
mas unda sjerodes bavSvebis SesaZleblobebisa. im skolebis mravali
magaliTi arsebobs, sadac dabalSemosavliani afroamerikeli bavSvebi
klasis Sesabamis doneze ukeT kiTxuloben da gaZlierebul maTema-
tikasac arTmeven Tavs. dabali Sefasebebi ara moswavleebis, aramed
ganaTlebis bralia. (2) maswavleblebi unda SeebrZolon im sisuleles,
rom testirebisas miRebuli maRali qulebi da Sablonuri gakveTile-
bi kargi swavlisa da kargi swavlebis damadasturebelia. delfiTis
azriT, warmatebuli swavleba “mudmivi, detaluri da disciplinire-
bulia, dakavSirebulia moswavleebis kulturasTan, maT inteleqtual
memkvidreobasTan, xels uwyobs kritikul azrovnebasa da problemebis
gadaWras, rac ase sasargebloa skolis miRma~ (gv. 18). (3) maswavlebleb-
ma unda Seiswavlon sakuTari moswavleebi da maTi kulturuli memkvi-
dreoba. amis Semdeg moswavleebs SeeZlebaT sakuTari inteleqtualuri
memkvidreobis Seswavla da akademiuri, sazogadoebrivi, fizikuri da
moraluri srulyofilebis mniSvnelovani mizezebis gageba _ ara mxo­
lod `samsaxuris saSovnelad~ aramed, `sazogadoebisTvis, winaprebisa
da momdevno TaobebisTvisac~ (gv. 19).
ledson-bilingsma da geim TavianT naSromSi moixsenies segregaciis
periodSi afroamerikuli warmoSobis bavSvebTan momuSave ramdenime
kargi maswavlebeli da aRweres maTi muSaobis meTodebi (Siddle Walker,
2001). moswavleebis daxasiaTebiT, samagaliTo afroamerikel maswavle-
blebs mkacri swavlebis stili aqvT da karg Sedegsac iReben. isini
moswavleebisgan swavlas iTxoven, maSinac ki, roca amas moswavleebTan
muSaobis damatebiT saaTebi sWirdeba gakveTilebis Semdeg da uars
amboben standartebis donis dawevaze. am samagaliTo maswavleblebs
xSirad meti ganaTleba aqvT, vidre imave Statis `TeTrkanian~ maswav-
leblebs. amave dros, es maswavleblebi TavianT moswavleebze Tavdau-
zogavad mzrunveli, sazogadoebis pativcemuli wevrebi arian. es naT-
lad Cans ganaTlebis sferoSi profesoris vivian gan morisis (Vivian
Gunn Morris) ambavSi, romelic CanarTSia mocemuli.

sicocxlisunarianobis gamomuSaveba
sicocxlisunarianoba _ skolis asakis bavSvebis 12-15%, romlebsac gadaudebeli sazoga-
siZneleebis miuxedavad doebrivi da emociuri xelSewyoba sWirdebaT, am daxmarebas ver iRe-
adaptirebis warmatebiT ben. xSirad sazogadoebasa da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis organizaciebs
dasrulebis unari. xeli ar miuwvdebaT maRali riskis qveS myof bavSvebamde. Tumca aka-
demiuri warumateblobis riskis qveS myofi bevri bavSvi ara mxolod
gadarCeba, aramed warmatebasac aRwevs. isini amtani moswavleebi arian.
ra SegviZlia viswavloT am moswavleebisgan? ra SeuZliaT moimoqmedon
maswavleblebma da skolebma sicocxlisunarianobis xelSesawyobad?

sicocxlisunariani moswavleebi. adamianebi gansxvavdebian amtanobis

mixedviT. moswavleebi, romlebsac, seriozuli siZneleebis miuxeda-
vad, warmatebis miRwevis unari aqvT, aqtiurad arian Cabmuli sas-
kolo saqmianobaSi. isini gamoirCevian urTierTobis kargi unariT,

270
 istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb
xarki swavlebas
CemTvis misis uili mei tomp- `skolam Cemi azrovnebis Tavad Sevkere. gamimarTla,
soni, Cemi meojaxeobis maswav- radgan gansakuTrebuli da
lebeli, mzrunvelobis gansax-
horizonti gaafarTova~ mzrunveli bevri sxva mas-
iereba iyo. Cemi biologiuri wavlebelic myavda.
dedis da sayvareli deidis (Earline) Semdeg mesame saskolo gamocdilebis suraTi zedmetad ide-
dedad mimaCnda. Cven da Cemi megobrebic mezoblad aluri rom ar gamovides, aRvniSnav, rom Cems dros
vcxovrobdiT (iseve, rogorc Cveni administra- bavSvebi iseTebive iyvnen, rogorebic dRes arian.
cia da maswavlebelTa umravlesoba). ojaxebis sxvisi daSineba mozardebis sayvareli meTodia da
umetesoba SavkanianTa 4 eklesiidan erT-erTSi Cems mogonebebSic ukavia adgili. pirvel klasSi
dadioda. aqedan gamomdinare, zogi maswavlebeli ramdenime Tanaklaselma Cemi daSineba gadawyvita
sakvirao skolaSic gvaswavlida. Cven winaswari da roca skolidan saxlSi vbrundebodi, qvebi
darekvis gareSe, nebismier dros SegveZlo misis damiSines. am SemTxvevis Sesaxeb Cemi pirveli kla-
tompsonTan stumroba. amitomac araa gasakviri, sis maswavlebels misis magnolia uoTkinss vuTx-
rom meojaxeoba Cemi sayvareli sagani iyo. mom- ari. misis uoTkinsi Caeria da aseTi ram aRar
wonda, axali naswavlis maSinve ganxorcieleba ganmeorebula.
rom SemeZlo. Cemi meojaxeobiT Cemi mSoblebi wyaro: wignidan No More Cotton Picking: African American
erTobodnen, rodesac sxvadasxva kerZs axali da Voices from a Small Southern Town, by Vivian Gunn Morris
and C. L. Morris. In Gloria Swindler Boutte (Ed.), Resound-
gansxvavebuli gziT vamzadebdi. skolam gaafar-
ing Voices: School Experiences of People from Diverse Ethnic
Tova Cemi azrovnebis horizonti. misis tomp- Backgrounds. Published by Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copy-
sonis wyalobiT, meSvide klasSi gavlili meo- right © 2002 by Pearson Education ibeWdeba gamomcemlis
jaxeobis Semdeg, Cemi tansacmlis umetesi nawili nebarTviT.

darwmunebulni arian sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi, skolis mimarT aqvT

dadebiTi damokidebuleba, amayoben sakuTari eTnikuri warmomavlobiT
da maRali molodini aqvT (Borman & Overman, 2004; Lee, 2005). maRali in-
teleqtis an aucilebeli unar-Cvevebis mqone moswavleebi riskisganac
metad arian daculebi. msubuqi da optimisturi ganwyobac amtanobas-
Tanaa dakavSirebuli. moswavlisTvis mniSvneloba aqvs gare faqtoreb-
sac _ pirovnul urTierTobebsa da sazogadoebriv mxardaWeras. mSo-
belTan, romelic Svilisgan bevr warmatebas moelis da amitom mas
saxlSi mecadineobisTvis saWiro pirobebs uqmnis, Svils ufro Tbili
urTierTobebi Camouyalibdeba. magram aseTi mSoblis garda, kompeten-
tur adamianTan Zlier kavSirsac (magaliTad, babuasTan an bebiasTan,
deidasTan, biZasTan, maswavlebelTan, mwvrTnelTan an sxva mzrunvelT-
an) SeuZlia mxardamWeri funqcia Seasrulos. skolis, sazogadoebis an
religiur aqtivobebSi monawileobisas, zrdasrulebTan urTierToba
ufro xSiria da, Sesabamisad, bavSvi maTgan sazogadoebriv da lidero-
bis unar-Cvevebs iTvisebs (Berk, 2005).

sicocxlisunariani klasebi. moswavles individualurobas an mSob-

lebs ver aurCevT. es romc SegeZloT, ar daiviwyoT rom yvelaze
am­tani moswavleebic ki ar arian dazRveuli stresisgan. beT dolis
da misi kolegebis azriT (2005), bavSvebi ki ara, swavlis procesi

271
 ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba
rekomendaciebi: swavlis xelSemwyobi sazogadoebis Seneba
jois epsteini (Joyce Epstein, 1995) aRwers
ojaxi/skola/sazogadoebis eqvs tips. mom-
devno rekomendaciebi am eqvs kategorias
efuZneba: parentuli TanamSromloba: dae-
xmareT oja­xebs saxlSi saswavlo garemos
SeqmnaSi.
magaliTebi
1. SesTavazeT mSoblebs seminarebi, vid-
eoCanawerebi, leqciis kursebi, ojaxTan
dakavSirebuli literatura da sxva sain-
formacio programebi, rac, maTi azriT,
daexmareba aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli
situaciebidan gamosavlis povnaSi.
2. ganaviTareT ojaxis mxardamWeri progr-
amebi kvebis, janmrTelobisa da social-
uri damxmarebis sferoSi;
3. daexmareT ojaxebs, gauziaron skolas in-
formacia maTi Svilebis kulturuli mem-
kvidreobis, talantisa da moTxov­nilebebis
Sesaxeb. iswavleT ojaxebisgan.
urTierToba: SeqmeniT skola-saxlis da saxli-
skolis efeqturi urTierTobis forma.
magaliTebi
1. darwmundiT, rom urTierToba Seesabameba
ojaxis moTxovnilebebs. uzrunvelyaviT
yvelafriT, rac saWiroa efeqturi urT-
ierTobisTvis _ magaliTad, TargmanebiT,
vizualuri da msxvilSriftiani masale-
biT.
2. estumreT ojaxebs maTgan nebarTvis
miRebis Semdeg. ndobis mopovebamde nu
eliT ojaxis wevrebisgan skolaSi mosv-
las.
3. problemebTan dakavSirebuli Setyobinebe-
bi gaawonasworeT, SeamsubuqeT miRwevebze
laparakiT da dadebiTi informaciiT.
moxaliseoba: moiwvieT mSoblebi da SehpirdiT
daxmarebasa da mxardaWeras.
magaliTebi
1. baraTebis saSualebiT CaatareT yovelwli­
uri gamokiTxva ojaxis, niWis, inte­resebis,
Tavisufali droisa da zogi sakiTxis gaum-
jobesebis winadadebebis gan­sazRvrisTvis.
2. yvela ojaxi unda iyos informirebuli
(telefoniT an sxv.). ar gamogrCeT utele-
fono ojaxebi.
3. Tu SesaZlebelia, moxaliseTa Sexvedrebi-
sTvis da proeqtebisTvis gamoyaviT calke
oTaxi.
272
saxlSi swavla: miawodeT ojaxebs Svilebis
da­valebis Sesrulebisa da aqtivobisTvis dam­
xmare informacia da ideebi.
magaliTebi
1. miawodeT davalebis gegma, saSinao samuS-
aos Sesrulebis strategia da miuTiTeT,
rogor Seuwyon xeli davalebis Sesrule-
bas aqtiuri Carevis gareSe.
2. CarTeT ojaxis wevrebi swavlebis kursis
dagegmvaSi, esaubreT maT aqtivobebis Ses-
axeb, moismineT maTi ideebic.
3. gaugzavneT saxlSi saxaliso saswavlo aq-
tivobebis masalebi, gansakuTrebiT das-
venebis dReebsa da zafxulSi.
TanamSromloba gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi:
ojaxebi monawileoben saskolo gadawyveti­
lebebis miRebaSi, hyavT ojaxisa da sazoga-
doebis liderebi da warmomadgenlebi.
magaliTebi
1. SeqmeniT ojaxis sakonsultacio komiteti
mSobelTa warmomadgenlebisTvis.
2. darwmundiT, rom yvela ojaxs aqvs kavSiri
TavianT warmomadgenelTan.
sazogadoebrivi Tanamegobroba: saskolo
prog­­­ramebis, ojaxSi swavlebis (praqti-
kis), moswavleTa swavlisa da ganviTarebis
gasaZliereblad gansazRvreT da gamoiyeneT
sazogadoebrivi resursebi da samsaxurebi
(kavSirebi, saSualebebi).
magaliTebi
1. gaaanalizeT arsebuli resursebi _ Seqme-
niT monacemTa baza;
2. gansazRvreT samuSaos proeqtebi moswav-
leTaTvis.
3. daukavSirdiT axlad skoladamTavrebu-
lebs da CarTeT isini saskolo progr-
amebSi.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.ssta.sk.ca./EducationServices/Edu-
ationalIssues/ParentSchoolPartnership/Types.htm
wyaro: wignidan School/Family/Community Partnerships:
Caring for Children We Share, by J. L. Epstein, Phi Delta Kap-
pan, 76, pp. 701-712. Copyright © 1995 by Phi Delta Kappan.
ibeWdeba Phi Delta Kappan-isa da avtoris nebarTviT.
unda SevcvaloT, radgan `alternatiuli strategiebi ufro myari da
warmatebulia bavSvis irgvliv arsebul mxardaWeris bunebrivad arse-
bul sistemaSi [magaliTad, skolaSi] integrirebis SemTxvevaSi~ (gv.3).
aqve davamatebT, arsebobs mtkicebulebebi, rom cvlilebebi klasSi _
rogoricaa mcirericxovani klasebi da maswavleblebTan mxardamWeri
urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba, laTinoamerikel da TeTrkanian moswav-
leebTan SedarebiT, met gavlenas axdens afro-amerikeli moswavleebis
akademiur Sedegebze (Borman & Overman, 2004). amgvarad, rogor Segi-
ZliaT amtanobis mxardamWeri klasis Seqmna?
bormanma da overmanma (2004) gansazRvres skolebis ori maxasiaTe-
beli, romlebic akademiur amtanobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. usafrTxo,
mSvidobiani garemo da maswavlebel-moswavlis pozitiuri urTierTo-
bebi. dolma da misma kolegebma (2005) TavianT wignSi sicocxlisunari-
ani klasebis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoikvlies Raribi da uunaro bavSvebis
saukeTeso swavleba-praqtika ganaTlebisa da fsiqologiis sferoSi. ar-
sebobs elementebis ori jgufi, romlebic moswavles saklaso sazoga-
doebasTan akavSirebs. erT-erTi xazs usvams moswavleTa TviTdaxmare-
bas _ unars, Tavad daisaxon miznebi da damoukideblad miaRwion maT;
meore xazs usvams klasisa da mTlianad skolis mzrunvelobas da axlo
urTierTobebs.

TviTdaxmareba
akademiuri TviTefeqtianoba, swavlis sakuTari SesaZleblobis rwme­
na, akademiuri miRwevebis erT-erTi yvelaze Tanmimdevruli winas-
warmetyvelebaa. me-9 da me-10 Tavebis Seswavlisas darwmundebiT,
rom TviTefeqtianoba izrdeba, roca moswavleebi xsnian rTul amo-
canebs, asruleben mizanmimarTul davalebebs saWiro daxmarebis sa-
SualebiT da akvirdebian moswavleebs, romlebic imaves akeTeben.
amaSi maT maswavleblebis yuradReba da mxardaWerac exmarebaT.
qceviTi TviTkontroli an moswavlis TviTregulacia usafrTxo da
mSvidobiani saswavlo garemos safuZvelia. me-6, me-9 da me-12 Taveb-
Si ixilavT, rogor unda daexmaroT moswavleebs TviTregulaciis
codnis miRebasa da Sesabamisi unarebis ganviTarebaSi.
akademiuri damoukidebloba, arCevanis gakeTeba, miznis dasaxva da
misi miRweva mesame rgolia TviTdaxmarebis jaWvSi. rogorc me-10
Tavidan gaigebT, damoukidebeli moswavleebi metad motivirebuli
da swavlis erTgulni arian.

urTierToba
mzrunveli maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobebi karg swav-
lebasTan erTad, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im moswavleebi-
sTvis, romlebic seriozul siZneleebs awydebian. me-3 TavSi ukve
ganvixileT mzrunveli maswavleblis SesaZlebloba da me-11 TavSi
am Temas davubrundebiT.
TanatolebTan efeqturi urTierToba agreTve mniSvnelovania mo-
swavleTaTvis saskolo cxovrebaSi.
efeqturi saxli-skolis urTierTobebi bolo elementia moswav-
leebis mzrunveli, mWidro urTierTobebis SenebaSi. jeims komerma
SeniSna, rom mSoblebis monawileobis SemTxvevaSi, maTi Svilebis
Sefasebebi da testuri qulebi umjobesdeba (Comer, Haynes, & Joyner,
1996). CanarTSi `ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba~ mocemu-
lia ramdenime idea ojaxebTan urTierTobis Taobaze.

273
 sqema 5.5
sicocxlisunariani klasebis Seqmna
qvemoT moyvanilia moswavlesTan maswavleblis urTierTobis kiT­x­varis magaliTi. erTma
maswavlebelma, Ellie-im am kiTxvaris Sedegebis mixedviT Seqmna moswavleebTan urTierTobis
gaumjobesebis gegma, risTvisac qvemoT mocemuli gegmis Canaweris furceli gamoiyena.

kiTxvari
Ellie-is moswavleebs TiToeul mocemul SekiTxvaze sami SesaZlo pasuxidan erT-erTi
unda amoerCiaT:

1. roca vlaparakob, maswavlebeli yuradRebiT mis- Ddiax, zogjer, arasdros

mens.
2. roca daxmareba mWirdeba, maswavlebeli mexmareba. Ddiax, zogjer, arasdros
3. maswavlebeli pativs mcems.
4. maswavlebels sjera, rom am klasis mniS- Ddiax, zogjer, arasdros
vnelovani wevri var. Ddiax, zogjer, arasdros
5. maswavlebeli klasSi mxiarul da saintereso
garemos qmnis. Ddiax, zogjer, arasdros
6. maswavlebeli Cems mimarT samarTliania.
Ddiax, zogjer, arasdros

gegmis Canaweri
klasi: elis mesame klasi Canaweris TariRi: _____
Sesrulda Tu ara?
aqtivoba 1.
ra unda gakeTdes? lanCze rigrigobiT daeTmos `gansakuTrebu- diax
li dro~ yvelaze moCxubar bavSvebs: meTius,.
lisets, arnis.

vin gaakeTebs amas? eli nawilobriv

rodis? yovel samSabaTs da xuTSabaTs lanCis
sad? dros. ara
saklaso oTaxSi.
aqtivoba 2.
ra unda gakeTdes? daigegmos mxiaruli saswavlo TamaSi Ses- diax
venebisTvis.

vin gaakeTebs amas? eli da klasi. nawilobriv

rodis? yoveldRe dRis 10-dan 10:20-saaTamde.
saklaso oTaxSi. ara
sad?

aqtivoba 3.
ra unda gakeTdes? damzaddes megobrobis samajurebi, raTa diax
gvaxsovdes, rom klaselebs kargad unda
movepyroT.

vin gaakeTebs amas? klasis moswavleebi. nawilobriv

rodis? kvira 1.
sad? saklaso oTaxSi. ara

wyaro: wignidan Resillient classrooms: Creating healthy environments for learning by B. Doll, S. Zucker, & K. Brehm. Copyright
© 2004 Guilford Press. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

274
 daukavSireT kvlevas
sicocxlisunariani klasebis Seqmna. moswavlis TviTdaxmarebisa da ur­Ti­ da ganavrceT
gamoiyeneT ojaxisa da
erTobebis uzrunvelyofisTvis (sicocxlisunarianobis ori Semadgeneli)
sazogadoebis Tanamegobrobis
dolma da misma kolegebma (2005) klasis Sesaxeb informaciis Sesagrove- miTiTebebi bavSvis swavlaSi
blad mogvawodes moswavlis kiTxvarebi. 5.5 cxrili am kiTxvaris erT- ojaxis monawileobasa da
erTi nawilis _ `maswavlebelTan urTierTobis~ _ magaliTia. daxmarebasTan dakavSirebuli
erTma maswavlebelma gamoiyena es kiTxvari da aRmoaCina, rom mo- damatebiTi ideebisTvis.

swavleebis TiTqmis naxevari ar usmens yuradRebiT an ver xedavs klas-

Si verafer sainteresosa da saxalisos. isini ambobdnen, rom maswav-
lebeli usamarTloa da ar exmareba maT, pativs ar scems, ar sjera
ma­Ti SesaZleblobebisa. asaxavs maswavleblis mier kiTxvaris Sedegebis
safuZvelze SemuSavebul 5.5 cxrili gegmas.

gansxvaveba da konvergencia (daaxloeba)

es Tavi mTlianad eTmoboda gansxvavebebs, amitom aq ganvixileT is
oTxi sfero, romelmac, SesaZloa, klasSi gansxvavebul moswavleTa swav-
laze iqonios gavlena. esenia: sazogadoebrivi organizacia; kulturuli
daukavSireT kvlevas
faseulobebi da saswavlo upiratesobani (arCevani); socilongvistika; da ganavrceT
cifruli dayofa (dajgufeba). am Tavis dasasruls yvela moswavlisTvis im moswavleTa ganaTlebis
misaReb ideebs gagacnobT. Sesaxeb sruli informaci-
isTvis, romlebic rTul
amocanebs awydebian, ixileT

gansxvaveba swavlaSi Stringfield, S., & Land, D. (2002).

Educating at-risk students: Year-
book of the National Society for
roland Tarpi (Roland Tharp, 1989) gamoyofs ramdenime mniSvnelovan
the Study of Education (NSSE)
aspeqts, romlebic asaxavs klasSi moswavleTa gansxvavebas. es aspeqte- (Vol. 2). Chicago, IL: University
bi _ sazogadoebrivi organizacia, kulturuli faseulobebi, swavlis of Chicago Press.
saxeebi (stili) da sociolingvistika _ SeiZleba Seicvalos moswavleTa
gamocdilebasTan (warmomavlobasTan) ukeT mosargebad.

sazogadoebrivi organizacia. rogorc Tarpi (1989) acxadebs, `ganaT­

lebis gegmis mTavari amocanaa swavlebis, swavlisa da Sesrulebis ise
organizeba, rom igi Seesabamebodes sazogadoebriv struqturebs, rom-
lebSic moswavle ufro nayofierad muSaobs, CarTulia procesSi dain-
teresebulia da ukeT swavlobs~(gv. 350). sazogadoebrivi struqtura
an sazogadoebrivi organizacia am konteqstSi adamianebis garkveuli
miznebis miRwevis gzebs gulisxmobs. magaliTad, havais sazogadoebrivi
socialuri organizacia mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli TanamSromlo-
baze. bavSvebi TamaSoben megobrebTan da da-ZmebTan, ufros bavSvebTan
erTad, romlebic xSirad umcrosebze zrunaven. roca havais skolaSi
4-5 gogonasa da biWisgan Semdgari TanamSromlobiTi jgufebi Seiqmna,
moswavleebis swavla da erToblivi muSaoba gaumjobesda (Okagaki, 2001).
maswavlebeli intensiurad muSaobda erT-erT jgufTan, sanam bavSvebi
danarCen jgufebSi erTmaneTs exmarebodnen. magram roca imave sqemis
gamoyeneba navahoSi scades, moswavleebma erTad ar imuSaves. am bavS-
vTa sazogadoeba ganapirobebs sxvebisgan maT gaucxoebas da imas, rom
sapirispiro sqesis warmomadgenlebTan ar TamaSoben. amis Semdeg, erTi
da imave sqesis ori-sami bavSvis dajgufebiT, maswavlebelma xeli Seuw­
yo maT urTierTdaxmarebas. Tu gansxvavebuli kulturis moswavleebi
gyavT, SesaZloa maTi dajgufeba sxvadasxva sqemiT dagWirdeT.

275

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
O’Neil, J. (1990). Link between
style, culture proves divisive.
Educational Leadership, 48(2), 8.
sakvanZo kiTxva: ratom aris
zogi pedagogi kulturul
gansxvavebebTan swavlis sti-
lis (saxeebis) dakavSirebis
winaaRmdegi?
276
kulturuli faseulobebi da saswavlo upiratesobebi. roza hernandes
Siti (2005) kulturis mixedviT inkluziuri klasebis maswavlebelTa sam
maxasiaTebels aRwers: (1) maswavleblebi amoicnoben moswavleTa unar-
Cvevebis gamomJRavnebis sxvadasxva gzas; (2) iyeneben swavlebis iseT
meTods, romelic moswavleebs urCevniaT; da (3) esmiT, rom garkveuli
jgufis kulturuli gamocdileba, faseulobebi da saswavlo upirate-
sobebi, SesaZloa, am jgufis yvela wevrze ar vrceldebodes.
zogi mkvlevris azriT, espanel-amerikeli moswavleebi did mniSv­
nelobas aniWeben ojaxs da jgufis loialobas (erTgulebas). am mo-
swavleebs urCevniaT TanamSromlobiTi aqtivobebi da ar moswonT am­
xanagebTan gajibreba (Garcia, 1992; Vasquez, 1990). ai, oTxi faseuloba,
romelsac bevri laTinoamerikeli moswavle iziarebs (yvela ara _ gaix-
seneT zemoT moyvanili Sheet-is mesame maxasiaTebeli):
familizmo (Familizmo) _ mtkice ojaxebi. ojaxuri problemebis an bi-
znesis ganxilva araloialurad iTvleba.
simpaTia (Simpatia) _ pirovnebaTaSorisi harmoniis faseuloba. piradi
azrebis Tavdajerebulad gancxadeba da kamaTi arasworia.
respeqto (Respecto) _ Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis, magaliTad, mas-
wavleblebis an mTavrobis wevrebis mimarT pativiscema.
personalizmo (Personalismo) _ axlo pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis
dafaseba; diskomfortis gancda distanciuri, civi, profesiuli
urTierTobebis dros (Dingfelder, 2005).
afroamerikelTa swavlis stili SesaZloa, SeuTavsebeli iyos sas­
kolo meTodebTan. amgvari swavlebis stilisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
ufro vizualur-globaluri (zogadi) midgoma, vidre verbalur-anali-
tikuri; formalur logikasTan SedarebiT _ daskvnebis mixedviT ga-
keTebuli analizis upiratesoba; adamianebsa da urTierTobebze foku-
sireba; erTdroulad ramdenime aqtivobaSi intensiuri monawileobis
upiratesoba, rutinul nabij-nabij swavlebasTan SedarebiT; ricxvebis,
sivrcisa da drois miaxloebis tendencia; araverbalur urTierTobe-
bze meti damokidebuleba. feradkaniani moswavleebi, romlebic misde-
ven TavianT tradiciul kulturas, ukeT pasuxoben SekiTxvebze, rom-
lebsac ramdenime SesaZlo pasuxi aqvs, vidre calsaxa pasuxis mqone
SekiTxvebs. mniSvnelobasa da „did suraTze“ orientirebuli SekiTxvebi
SeiZleba ufro produqtiuli iyos, vidre detalebze fokusirebuli
SekiTxvebi (Bennett, 1999; Gay, 2000; Sheets, 2005).
adgilobrivi amerikelebis swavlis stilic ufro globaluri (sa­
erTo) da vizualuria. magaliTad, navahos moswavleebs moTxrobis epi-
zodebis ganxilvamde, misi Tavidan bolomde mosmena urCevniaT. maT
ucnaurad eCvenebaT maswavleblebi, romlebic SekiTxvebs aRar svamen
da, maTi azriT, xels uSlian swavlis process (Tharp, 1989). agreTve, es
moswavleebi aSkara upiratesobas aniWeben cdisa da Secdomebis ga-
mosworebis gziT piradad swavlas da ara Secdomebis saxalxod ga-
momzeurebas (Vasquez, 1990).
aziel-amerikelebis swavlis stilis Sesaswavlad, cota kvlevaa Ca­
tarebuli, albaT imitom, rom isini `warmatebul umciresobad~ iTv­
lebian. zogi pedagogi Tvlis, rom azieli bavSvebisTvis faseulia
maswavlebelTa keTilganwyoba da isini ukeT muSaoben mSvid struq-
turul saswavlo garemoSi, sadac naTeli miznebi da sazogadoebrivi
mxardaWera (Manning & Baruth, 1996) aqvT. magram arsebobs safrTxe, rom
Seiqmneba rogorc azieli, ise aziel-amerikeli moswavleebis, wynari,
gv. 196 mindorze
mSromeli da pasiuri stereotipebi. suzukus azriT (1983), amgvari sociolingvistika _ gadmo-
praqtika „aZlierebs morCilebas da Trgunavs kreatulobas (Semoq- satania.
medebiTobas). amis gamo aziel da wynari okeanis sanapiroze mcxovreb pragmatika – gadmosatania.
monawileobiTi struqtura _
amerikel moswavleebs, xSirad, ver uviTardebaT verbaluri TviT-
gadmosatania.
gamoxatvis unari da maTgan bevri teqnikur/samecniero sferos irCevs.
Sedegad, bevri maTgani zedmetad morCilia“(gv. 9).
suzukis mosazrebebi swavlis stilis eTnikuri gansxvavebebis kvle-
vis kritikosebma TavianT naSormebSi asaxes (Yee, 1992).

swavlis sxvadasxva stilis kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli gafrTxilebani.

swavlis stilis am kvlevis gaTvaliswinebisas ori ram unda gaxsovdeT.
pirveli: rogorc ukve viciT wina Tavidan, swavlis stilis zogi kvle-
vis Sedegebis marTebuloba eWvqveSaa. meore: eTnikuri gansxvavebebisa
da upiratesobebis gaTvaliswinebiT swavlebis stilis gansazRvra mw-
vave debatebs iwvevs. ismeba kiTxva: xom ar aris es saSiSi rasistuli,
seqsisturi moqmedeba. sazogadoebaSi „gansxvavebis“ azridan „naklis“
da stereotipebis ideaze swrafad gadavdivarT (Gordon, 1991; O’Neil, 1990).
aq CavrTe swavlebis stilis gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb informacia, radgan
mjera, rom gonivrulad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi es informacia Tqveni
moswavleebis ukeT gageba-gacnobaSi dagexmarebaT.
miuxedavad amisa, warmodgena, rom yoveli pirovneba jgufSi erTi
da imave swavlis stils iziarebs, arasworia. maswavleblebisTvis sa­
ukeTeso rCevaa _ yuradRebiT moekidon moswavleTa pirovnul (indi­
vidualuri) gansxvavebebs da swavlis alternatiuli gzebi maTTvis
xelmisawvdomi gaxadon. moswavlis eTnikurobisa Tu rasis safuZvelze
winaswar nurasodes gansazRvravT, rodis iswavlis igi ukeT _ jer kar-
gad SeiswavleT pirovneba.

sociolingvistika. sociolingvistika aris „sxvadasxva kulturis ada-

mianisTvis saubris etiketisa da wesebis swavleba (Tharp, 1989, p. 351).
sociolingvistikis codna dagexmarebaT klasSi rTuli urTierTobebis sociolingvistika _ form-
garkvevaSi. skola gansakuTrebuli garemoa urTierTobis gansazRvru- aluri da araformaluri
wesebis Seswavla imis Sesaxeb,
li wesebiT; mas Tavisi wesebi aqvs, rodis, rogor, visTan, ra sakiTxze
Tu rogor, rodis, ris Sesaxeb,
da ra enobrivi normebiT ganxorcieldes komunikacia. rogorc adre visTvis, ramdenad didxans unda
vnaxeT, zogjer moswavleTa sociolingvisturi unar-Cvevebi ar Seesab- ilaparako kulturaTSorisi
ameba maswavleblebisa da mrCevlebis molodins. saubrebis dros.

warmatebebis misaRwevad moswavleebma unda icodnen urTierTobis

pragmatika _ wesebi imis Ses-
wesebi. amisTvis maT unda gaigon klasis pragmatika _ rodis, sad da axeb, rodis da rogor gamoiy-
rogor warmarTon urTierToba. es arc ise advili amocanaa. klasis eno metyveleba, raTa efeq-
aqtivobebis SecvlasTan erTad wesebic icvleba. zogjer saWiroa xe- turi urTierTobebi awarmoo
garkveul kulturebSi.
lis aweva (maswavleblis gakeTebuli prezentaciis ganmavlobaSi), ma-
gram zogjer - ara (xaliCaze zRapris moyolisas). zogjer SekiTxvis monawileobis struqturebi _
dasma kargia (ganxilvis dros), zogjer _ ara (SeniSvnis dros). am aq- mocemul aqtivobaSi monawile-
tivobebis gansxvavebul wesebs monawileobiT struqturebs uwodeben. obis miRebis formaluri da
araformaluri wesebi.
isini gansazRvraven TiToeul aqtivobaSi klasis Sesabamis monawileo-
bas, klasebis umravlesobas monawileobis bevri sxvadasxva sqema aqvs.
imisaTvis, rom klasSi iyos kompetenturi, moswavles uwevs odnav Sesa-
mCnevi, araverbaluri niSnebis amocnoba, romlebic im momentSi monawi­
leobis struqturaze miuTiTebs. magaliTad, erT klasSi, roca maswav-
lebeli oTaxis garkveul adgilas idga doinjSemoyrili da odnav win

277
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
ix.: Jurnalis Theory into
Practice, 2003 wlis Semodgo-
mis nomerSi statia “Class-
room Management in a Diverse
Society~ (Vol. 42, No. 4). Guest
Editor: Carol Weinstein.
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
kulturuli stilisa da klas-
Si maTi SesaZlo Sejaxebis
mokle ganxilvisTvis ixileT
Hilliard, A. G., III (1989). Teach-
ers and cultural styles in a plu-
ralistic society. NEA Today, 7(6),
65-69. hilardi aRniSnavs: ~ Tu
maswavlebeli qceviT stils
ver gaigebs, SeiZleba gamorC-
es miRwevebi iseT akademiur
sferoSi, rogoricaa krea-
tiuloba. bevr maswavlebels
sworxazovani Txrobis stili
aqvs. bevri afroamerikeli
bavSvi ki avlens e.w. `spi-
raluri~ Txrobis stils,
romelic xasiaTdeba mTavari
stilisgan xSiri daSoreba-da-
brunebiT. bevr maswavlebels
ar SeuZlia mihyves bavSvebis
am urTierTdakavSirebuli
istoriebis xazs. zog maTgans
hgonia, rom am istoriebs
saerTod ar gaaCnia erTmaneT-
Tan logikuri kavSiri. zogi
kargavs moTminebas da askvnis,
rom es bavSvebi cudad swav-
loben~ (gv.69).
278
ixreboda, es imis niSani iyo, rom klasSi bavSvebi „gaCerebuliyvnen da
gaSeSebuliyvnen“ da yuradReba mieqciaT maswavleblisTvis (Shultz &
Florio, 1979).
gaugebrobis wyaroebi. zogi bavSvi, ubralod, sxvebze ukeT erkveva
klasSi arsebul situaciaSi, radgan skolaSi TanamonawileobiTi struq­
turebi maT saxlSi naswavl struqturebs emTxveva. skolis si­tuaciaTa
umravlesobisTvis urTierTobis wesebi saSualo klasis ojaxebis we-
sebis msgavsia, amitomac, aseT ojaxebSi aRzrdili bavSvebi urTierTo-
bebs ufro advilad amyareben. maT ician dauwereli wesebi. gansxvave-
buli kulturuli gamocdilebis mqone bavSvebis TanamonawileobiTi
struqturebi SesaZloa ar emTxveodes skolaSi miRebul qcevas. mag-
aliTad, erT-erTi gamokvlevis mixedviT, havaieli bavSvebis ojax-
uri saubris stilisTvis damaxasiaTebelia laparakSi aqtiuri Careva,
rac skolaSi saswavlo procesisTvis miuRebelia. rodesac erT-erTi
skolis maswavleblebisTvis cnobili gaxda es gansxvavebebi, maT kiTx-
vis jgufebi daamsgavses moswavleTa ojaxuri saubris jgufebs. amis
Sedegad havaielma bavSvebma kiTxvaSi warmatebebs miaRwies (Au, 1980;
Tharp, 1989).
gaugebrobis wyaro SeiZleba sociolingvisturi gansxvaveba iyos;
ma­galiTad, ramden xanSi reagirebs maswavlebeli moswavlis pasuxze.
uaiTma da sarfma (1988) daadgines, rom roca navahoeli moswavleebi
pauzas akeTebdnen pasuxis gacemis dros, inglisel maswavlebels eg-
ona, rom maT daasrules laparaki. amis gamo maswavlebeli uneblieT
awyvetinebda moswavleebs. sxva gamokvlevis mixedviT, pueblos indiel
moswavleebs orjer ukeTesi Sedegebi hqondaT im klasebSi, sadac mas-
wavleblebi met dros aZlevdnen sapasuxod. didxans lodini gogonebs
exmareba, ufro Tamamad miiRon monawileoba maTematikasa da sabunebi-
smetyvelo sagnebSi (Grossman & Grossman, 1994).
maswavleblebis enaze molaparake moswavleebsac SeiZleba hqondeT
urTierTobis problemebi da, Sesabamisad, sagnebis swavlasTan dakav-
Sirebuli problemebi, Tu maTi pragmatikis codna ar ergeba skolis
situacias. ris gakeTeba SeuZliaT maswavleblebs? dawyebiT klasebSi
unda ecadoT, rom aqtivobebisTvis saWiro urTierTobis wesebi naTeli
da martivi iyos. nu ifiqrebT, rom moswavleebma ician, ra gaakeTon.
gamoiyeneT raime niSnebi moswavleTaTvis cvlilebebis misaniSneblad.
axseniT swori qceva da moaxdineT misi demonstrireba. minaxavs mas-
wavleblebi, romlebic moswavleebs maTi “Sinagani xmis~ gamoyenebas an
CurCuliT laparaks aswavlidnen. erTma maswavlebelma uTxra Tavis mo-
swavleebs: `Tu gWirdebaT Cemi yuradReba, roca sxva bavSvebTan vmuS-
aob, Cumad damideqiT gverdiT da damelodeT, sanam SevZleb Tqvens
daxmarebas~. moswavleTa mimarT iyaviT miukerZoebeli. Tuki moswav-
leebma, Cveulebisamebr, xeli unda aswion, nu gamoiZaxebT imaT, xels
vinc ar aswevs. moswavleebs ase aswavliT skolaSi qcevis normebs.
rasobrivi da eTnikuri umciresobis moswavleTa ojaxebs sifxizle
marTebT diskriminaciisgan TavianTi bavSvebis dasacavad. maT SeuZli-
aT aswavlon bavSvebs SesaZlo diskriminaciis `SemCneva~ da misTvis
winaaRmdegobis gaweva. maswavleblebma SeiZleba uneburad awyeninon
eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenel bavSvebs, Tu isini yuradRebiT
ar iqnebian diskriminaciis SesaZlo gzavnilebis mimarT. karol oranj-
ma (2005) aRwera maswavlebeli, romelmac saxlebSi daagzavna kvireuli
samuSaos aRricxvis furceli, romelic Seicavda klasis yvela moswav-
lis sias anbanis mixedviT. sami moswavlis gvari ar iyo saerTo siaSi
da xeliT iyo miwerili mindorze. am moswavleTagan ori laTinosi
iyo, xolo erTi _ afroamerikeli . afroamerikeli moswavlis dedas
Zalian daswyvita guli im faqtma, rom misi Svilis gvari mindorze xe-
liT miwerili aRmoaCina. es sami moswavle klass mogvianebiT, saerTo
siis Sedgenis Semdeg Seemata. maswavlebels SeeZlo, Tavi aeridebina
am uneblie wyenisTvis da xelaxla daebeWda sia, sadac anbanis rigze
daalaga yvela moswavlis gvari.

cifruli dayofa. teqnologiis gamoyeneba swavlebis is sferoa, ro-

melic moswavleebs xSirad riskis qveS ayenebs. bevr moswavles saxlSi
Tu sazogadoebaSi teqnologiiT sargeblobis SezRuduli SesaZleb­loba dayofa cifruli teqnolo-
aqvs. magaliTad, 2003 wels TeTrkanianTa TiTqmis 26%-s (3 wlis asakis giebis mixedviT _ ganxvavebe-
dazeviT), afroamerikelebis 14%-s,aziel-amerikelebisa da wyna­ri okean- bi teqnologiebis gamoyenebis
TvalsazrisiT Rarib da ufro
is sanapiroebidan Camosuli amerikelebis 34%-s, laTinoamerikelebis
SeZlebul moswavleebsa da
13%-s saxlSi farTo SesaZleblobebi hqondaT. Tu ojaxis Semosavali
ojaxebs Soris.
24000$- an naklebi iyo, teqnologiis gamomyenebelTa raodenoba 10%-ze
naklebi iyo, maSin roca 150000 $- Semosavlis SemTxvevaSi 58%-s ma­­Ral
teqnologiebze xeli miuwvdeboda (nacionaluri telekomunikaciebi
da informaciis administracia 2004). teqnologi­ebis xelmisawvdomobis
mixedviT dayofas cifruli dayofa uwodes.

konvergencia (daaxloeba):
TiToeuli moswavlis swavleba
rogoria Tqveni azri?
grZeldeba skolaSi samuSao adgilis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli gas-
aubreba. Tqven gisvamen momdevno SekiTxvas: `aRwereT, rogor gamoxa­
tavT moswavleebisadmi Tqvens damokidebulebas~. ras upasuxebT?

am Tavis mizania skolebSi dRevandel da xvalindel gansxvavebaTa

mniSvnelobis Cveneba da Tqveni daxmareba multikulturul klasSi
swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli rTuli amocanebis gadawyvetis dros. ro-
gor gaigebT Tqveni moswavleebis yvela kulturas? rogor gaarTmevT
Tavs sxvadasxva enas? qvemoT moyvanilia swavlebis sami ZiriTadi prin-
cipi, romlebic dagexmarebaT am SekiTxvebze pasuxis mignebaSi.

gaicaniT Tqveni moswavleebi. kargad unda vicnobdeT Cvens moswaav-

leebs da maTs kulturul memkvidreobas (Delpit, 2003). kulturuli gan-
sxvavebebis Sesaxeb TavSi mocemuli informacia moswavleTa cxovrebis
ukeT gasacnobad ar aris sakmarisi. girCevT, kolejSi gaiaroT dam-
atebiTi kursi da waukiTxeT sxvadasxva kulturis Sesaxeb arsebuli
literatura. magram kiTxva da swavla ar aris sakmarisi. unda gaecnoT
Tqveni moswavleebis ojaxebsa da sazogadoebas. elba reisi, gansakuT­
rebuli moTxovnilebebis bavSvebis warmatebuli orenovani maswavle-
beli, Tavis midgomas ase aRwers:

`Cemi azriT, mSoblebis gacnoba maTive garemoSi ufro momge-

biania. es ndobis gaCenisa da mSobelTa warmodgenebis gagebis

279
 rekomendaciebi: kulturulad relevanturi swavleba
scadeT moswavleebis sxvadasxvanairad daj­
gufeba socialuri harmoniisa da TanamSrom-
lobis misaRwevad.
magaliTebi
1. scadeT swavlaSi Seamxanagebuli jgu­
febis Seqmna da wyvilebad muSaoba.
2. SeqmeniT 4-5 bavSvisgan heterogenuri
jgufebi.
3. ufrosi moswavleebisTvis SeqmeniT uf­
ro didi gundi.
masalis Sesaswavlad SesTavazeT swavlis sxva­
dasxva stili.
magaliTebi
1. kiTxvis sxvadasxva safexurze moswav-
leebs miawodeT verbaluri masala.
2. SesTavazeT vizualuri masala – sqemebi,
diagramebi, modelebi.
3. moasmenineT da ayurebineT video da au-
dioCanawerebi.
4. moifiqreT aqtivobebi da proeqtebi.
pirdapir aswavleT saklaso procedurebi, is-
eTic ki, romelic, Tqveni azriT, yvelam icis.
magaliTebi
1. aswavleT moswavleebs, rogor miiqcion
maswavleblis yuradReba.
2. auxseniT, daxmarebis saWiroebis SemTx-
vevaSi, rodis da rogor Seawyvetinon
maswavlebels.
3. aCveneT moswavleebs, romeli masalis
aReba SeuZliaT nebarTviT da unebarT-
vod.
4. aCveneT sxva moswavleebTan kamaTis an
Sejibris misaRebi formebi.
gaigeT, ras niSnavs Tqveni moswavleebis sxva­
dasxvanairi qceva?
magaliTebi
1. hkiTxeT moswavleebs, ras ganicdian,
roca aqebT an SeniSvnas aZlevT. ras
aZlevs es maT?
280
2. gaesaubreT ojaxis, sazogadoebis wev­
rebsa da sxva maswavleblebs TqvenTvis
ucxo gamonaTqvamebis, Jestebis an sapa-
suxo reaqciis mniSvnelobis gasagebad.
xazi gausvaT swavlebis mniSvnelobas.
magaliTebi
1. darwmundiT, rom moswavleebma gaiazres
wakiTxuli.
2. gamoiyeneT zepiri Txroba.
3. gamoiyeneT magaliTebi, romlebic aka-
vSireben abstraqtul cnebebs yovel-
dRiur gamocdilebasTan.
SeiswavleT Tqveni moswavleebis adaT-wesebi,
tra­diciebi da faseulobebi.
magaliTebi
1. dResaswaulebi gamoiyeneT, rogorc tra­
diciebis warmoSobisa da mniSvnelobis
ganxilvis Sansi.
2. gaaanalizeT sxvadasxva tradicia.
3. daeswariT adgilobrivi Temebis sazoga-
doebriv RonisZiebebsa da dResaswau-
lebs.
daexmareT moswavleebs rasistuli da seqsis-
turi gamovlinebebis aRmoCenaSi.
magaliTebi
1. SeiswavleT cru stereotipebis Sesaxeb
arsebuli saswavlo masala.
2. daexmareT moswavleebs crurwmenebis
ga­movlenaSi.
3. ra unda gaakeToT moswavleebis uaryo­
fiTi stereotipuli urTierTobisas? ga­
nixileT am problemis gadaWris gzebi.
4. ganixileT cru warmodgenis (magaliTad,
antisemitizmis) gamovlinebebi.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://preservicetech.edreform.net/techindicator/
culturallyrelevantpedagogy
 gasaRebia. jer gaicaniT garemo. gaarkvieT, sad aris adgilob­
rivi marketi da ras akeTeben moswavleebi skolis Semdeg. amis
Semdeg, mSoblebisTvis mosaxerxebel dros, dagegmeT maTTan
stum­roba. Sinaur garemoSi warumatebloba, rogorc wesi, iSvia-
Tia. me davkvirvebivar warmatebul bavSvebs saxlSi, magaliTad,
maT Se­uZliaT motociklis marTva an sadilis momzadebaSi mix-
mareba (Bos & Reyes, 1996, p. 349).~

ecadeT, gaataroT dro moswavleebTan da mSoblebTan erTad skolis

gareT. sTxoveT mSoblebs klasSi daxmareba an moswavleebTan saubari
TavianT samsaxurze, hobize, istoriasa da eTnikur memkvidreobaze.
Tu dawyebiTi klasis maswalebeli xarT, ecadeT, rac SeiZleba male
gaicnoT Tqveni moswavleebis ojaxis wevrebi. Tvalyuri adevneT mo-
swavleTa qcevas, gqondeT moswavleebTan mimowera. isauzmeT erT an
or moswavlesTan erTad, gaatareT maTTan Tavisufali dro.

pativi eciT moswavleebs. moswavleebis gacnobis Semdeg maT mimarT

pa­tiviscemiT unda ganimsWvaloT. yovelTvis unda gjerodeT Tqveni
moswavleebis SesaZleblobebisa (Delpit, 2003). bavSvis TviTSefasebis gan-
viTarebisTvis misi gulwrfeli aRiareba aucilebeli pirobaa. zogjer
skolaSi swavlis dawyebis pirvel wlebSi mcirdeba eTnikuri umcire­
sobis bavSvebis warmodgenebi da miswrafebebi sakuTar Tavze. Sesa-
Zloa amas iwvevs umravlesobis kulturis faseulobebze, miRwevebsa da
isto,riaze xSiri aqcentireba. Tu eTnikuri jgufis garkveuli wevrebis
miRwevebs yovelTvis aRniSnavT an am jgufis kulturas klasSi Semoi-
tanT (literaturis, xelovnebis, musikis an sxv. saxiT), amiT daexmare-
biT moswavleebs maTi kulturuli jgufis mimarT siamayis grZnobis
SenarCunebaSi. kulturis amgvari integracia SeiZleba `tokenizmze~ (sim-
boluri Jesti), eTnikuri kerZebis gasinjvasa da tradiciuli kosti-
umebis tarebaze meti iyos. moswavleebma unda icodnen sxvadasxva jgu-
fis sazogadoebrivi da inteleqtualuri wvlilis Sesaxeb. warmoSobis
Sesaxeb informaciis, istoriis, moswavleTa gansxvavebuli jgufebis
swavlebis strategiebis Sesaxeb bevri SesaniS­navi kursi arsebobs (mag.,
Banks, 2002; Gay, 2000; Irvine & Armento, 2001; Ladson-Billings, 1995).

aswavleT Tqvens moswavleebs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac SegiZliaT

gaakeToT Tqveni moswavleebisTvis, aris mudmivi, mkacri, kulturulad
dakavSirebuli miTiTebebis (swavlebis, instruqciebis) gziT maTTvis
wera-kiTxvis, laparakis, angariSis, fiqrisa da kreatulobis swavleba
(Delpit, 2003). Zalian xSirad dabali ses-is an umciresobis warmomadgene-
li moswavleebis miznebi mimarTulia mxolod ZiriTad, unar-Cvevebi-
sken. moswavleebs aswavlian sityvebsa da bgerebs, magram varaudoben,
rom moTxrobis Sinaarsis aRqma ufro gvian xdeba. knafi, tornbuli da
Sildsi (Knapp, Turnbull, & Shields, 1990, gv. 5) gvirCeven:
yovelTvis miaqcieT yuradReba arssa da mis gagebas _ magali-
Tad, SemecnebiT sakiTxavze orientirebiT, teqstSi mniSvnelovani
ideebis dakavSirebiT, striqonebs Soris arsebuli cnebebis gaaz-
rebiT; ganavrceT kvlevisas
Jurnalis _ `Theory into Prac-
swavlebis adreuli etapebidanve gaawonasworeT rutinuli dava-
tice~ _ 1995 wlis zafxulis
lebebi uCveulo (axali) da kompleqsuri amocanebiT;
gamoSveba eTmoba `Culturally
axseniT, ratomaa saWiro unar-Cvevebis daufleba; Relevant Teaching~. ix.: http://
iqonieT gavlena akademiuri sakiTxebis, unar-Cvevebisa da codnis www.coe.ohio-state.edu/TIP, ro-
mimarT damokidebulebasa da warmodgenebze; melic pedagogebisTvisaa.

281
 swavlebis procesSi gamoricxeT zedmetobebi (magaliTad, yovelw-
liurad erTi da imave maTematikur unar-CvevebTan dakavSirebuli
swavlebis gameoreba).

dabolos, aswavleT moswavleebs, ras niSnavs, iyo ubralod moswav-

le. adreul wlebSi es niSnavs klasSi Tavazianobis pirdapir swavlebas:
rogor moipovon laparakis ufleba, rodis da rogor Seawyvetinon mas-
wavlebels, rodis iCurCulon, rogor miiRon daxmareba mcirericxovan
jgufSi, rogor miscen xelSemwyobi axsna-ganmarteba. zeda klasebSi es
gulisxmobs Tqveni sagnisTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebis Seswavlas. damci-
rebis gareSec SegiZliaT sTxovoT moswavleebs, iswavlon. skolaSi da
Sinaur atmosferoSi SekiTxvebis dasmis stili erTmaneTisgan gansx-
vavdeba, magram moswavleebs orive gzis aTviseba SeuZliaT romelime
maTganisTvis upiratesobis miniWebis gareSe. damatebiTi informaci-
isaTvis ixileT CanarTi `rekomendaciebi~.

Sejameba

da arsebobis programaa. yoveli adamiani geo-

Tanamedrove mravalferovani klasebi
gansxvaveba`moTuxTuxe qvabsa~ damultikultu­ra­lizms
Soris. statistikosebi ame­rikis sazoga­do­ebaSi
mzard kulturul gansxvavebebze miuTiTeben.
Zveli warmodgenebi, rom umciresobis jgufis
wevrebi da imigrantebi kargaven TavianT kul-
turul individualurobas da amerikul kul-
turasGTan srulad asimilirdebian an kulturu-
lad arasrulyofilebad iTvlebian, icvleba
ax­­liT, romlebSic aqcenti keTdeba multikul-
turalizmze, ganaTlebis obieqturi (Tanabari)
SesaZleblobebisa da kulturuli gansxvavebebis
warmatebaze.
ra aris multikulturuli ganaTleba?mul­tikul­
tu­ruli ganaTleba Seqmnilia yvela moswavlis­
Tvis Tanabari saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobe­
bis uzrunvelsayofad. multikulturuli ideis
mixedviT, aSS unda gadaiqces gansxvavebaTa
damfasebel sazogadoebad. jeims benqsis az-
riT, multikulturuli ganaTleba eyrdnoba 5
princips. esenia: integracia, moswavleebisTvis
codnaze arsebuli warmodgenebis gaazrebaSi dax­
marebis gaweva, crurwmenebis gamoricxva, sko­
laSi yvela moswavlis swavlisa da ganviTarebis
xelSemwyobi sazogadoebrivi struqturebis Se-
qmna da yvela moswavlisaTvis efeqtiani swavle­
bis meTodebis gamoyeneba.
ra aris kultura? kulturis mravali koncefcia
arsebobs. maTgan umravlesoba moicavs adamian-
ebis garkveuli jgufis qcevis mmarTvel cod-
nas, unar-Cvevebs, wesebs, tradiciebs, Sexed-
ulebebsa da faseulobebs: kultura cxovrebisa
grafiuli regioniT, erovnulobiT, eTnikuro-
biT, rasiT, sqesiT, sazogadoebrivi klasiTa da
religiiT ganpirobebuli kulturuli jgufis
wevria. garkveuli jgufis wevroba araerTmniS-
nvelovnad gansazRvravs qcevasa da faseulo-
bebs, magram garkveul faseulobebsa da qcev-
ebs ufro metad SesaZlebels xdis. TiToeuli
jgufi mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba.
ekonomikuri da socialur-klasobrivi
gansxvavebebi
ra aris sesi da riT gansxvavdeba is sazogado­
ebrivi klasisgan? socialuri klasi asaxavs sazo­
gadoebaSi jgufis prestiJsa da Zalauflebas.
adamianTa umravlesobam icis, romel klass mi­­
ekuTvneba. sociologebis mier gamoyenebuli
so­­cia­lurekonomikuri statusi (ses) Semosav-
lis, Zalauflebis, resursebis kontrolisa da
prestiJis amsaxveli terminia. socioekonomi-
kur statuss ramdenime faqtori gansazRvravs
(ara mxolod Semosavali); xSirad is Crdilavs
sxva kulturul gansxvavebebs. ses-is zusti Se-
fasebis kriteriumi ar arsebobs. mkvlevarTa
umravlesoba ses-is oTx dones gamoyofs: ze-
das, saSualos, muSaTa da dabali klasebisas.
am oTxi donis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi moyva-
nilia 5.1 cxrilSi.
ra damokidebulebaa ses-sa da saskolo miRwevebs
Soris? socialurekonomikuri statusi da sas-
kolo moswreba erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia.
dabali ses-is mqone moswavleebTan SedarebiT,

282
maRali ses-is moswavleebi (nebismieri eTnikuri
jgufisas) ufro maRali Sefasebebs imsaxure-
ben testebSi da skolaSic bolomde rCebian.
siRaribe skolamdel wlebSi bavSvze uaryofiT
gavlenas axdens. rac ufro didxans cxovrobs
bavSvi gaWirvebaSi, miT metad moqmedebs siRa-
ribe mis Sedegebze. riTia ganpirobebuli ses-
isa da saskolo miRwevebis urTierTkavSiri?
bavSvebze uaryofiTad moqmedebs arasrulfa-
sovani jandacva, maswavleblebis mcire molo-
dini bavSvebis swavlis mimarT, dabali TviTSe-
faseba, ususurobis SegrZneba, winaaRmdegobriv
kulturebSi yofna, skolaSi kategoriebad ga-
nawileba da pasiuri ojaxuri garemo. samwux-
aro faqtia, rom dabali ses-is bavSvebis akade-
miuri codna arasaskolo periodSi, kerZod _
zafxulis ardadegebze, mcirdeba, maRali ses-
is bavSvebi ki ardadegebis drosac ganagrZoben
ganviTarebas.
eTnikuri da rasobrivi gansxvavebebi
gansxvaveba eTnikurobasa da rasas Soris. eTni-
kuroba (kulturiT gadacemuli Taviseburebebi)
da rasa (biologiurad gadacemuli fizikuri
Taviseburebebi) socialurad mniSvnelovani
kategoriebia, romlebsac adamianebi sakuTari
Tavisa an sxvebis dasaxasiaTeblad mimarTaven.
umciresobaTa jgufebi (ricxobrivad an isto-
riulad) swrafad izrdeba mosaxleobaSi.
rogor moqmedebs maswavleblebisa da moswavleebis
eTnikuri gansxvavebebi saskolo cxovrebaze? kon-
fliqti maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs Soris
SeiZleba gansxvavebuli kulturuli warmod-
genebis, faseulobebisa da molodinis safuZ-
velze aRmocendes. kulturuli gansxsvavebebis
Sejaxebisas azrTa sxvadasxvaoba Cveulebrivi
movlenaa. zogierTi kulturis moswavleebi iT-
viseben damokidebulebebsa da qcevebs, romle-
bic skolis molodins ufro metad Seesabameba.
eTnikuri jgufebis SemecnebiTi da akademiuri
unar-SesaZleblobebis gansxvavebebi ZiriTa-
dad rasobrivi segregaciis, xangrZlivi crur-
wmenebisa (araswori warmodgenebis) da diskrimi-
naciis nayofia.
gansxvaveba crurwmenas, diskriminaciasa da stereo-
tipul safrTxes Soris. crurwmena adamianebis erT
mTel kategoriasTan dakavSirebuli uxeSi da ab-
surduli mosazrebaa _ raimeze cru warmodgena
an damokidebuleba. crurwmena SeiZleba mimar-
Tuli iyos adamianebisken garkveul rasobrivi,
eTnikur, religiur, politikur, geografiul,
enobriv jgufebSi an pirovnebis genderuli an
seqsualuri orientaciisken. diskriminacia ada-
mianebis garkveuli kategoriis mi­marT uTanas-
woro damokidebuleba an qmedebaa. stereoti-
puli safrTxe aris gansakuTrebuli emociuri
da kognituri tvirTi, rom Tqveni moqmedeba
skolaSi Tqvens Sesaxeb Camoyalibebul stereo-
tipebs daemTxveva. sulac ar aris aucilebe-
li, rom individs sjerodes am stereotipisa.
mTavaria, rom pirovnebisTvis cnobili iyos am
stereotipis Sesaxeb da arasaxarbielo molo-
dinis gasaqarwyeblad Tavis ukeT warmoCenas
cdilobdes. uaryofiTi stereotipebis damTx-
vevis SiSidan gamomdinare, savsebiT SesaZlebe-
lia aReldeT da testic saTanadod ver Seasru-
loT. garkveuli drois Semdeg stereotipuli
safrTxis gancdam, SesaZloa, swavlasTan da sas-
kolo moswrebasTan dakavSirebuli seriozuli
problemebi gamoiwvios.
gogonebi da biWebi:
gansxvavebebi klasSi
ra stadiebiT xasiaTdeba homoseqsuali axalgaz-
rdebis seqsualuri orientaciis formireba? Sesa-
Zloa homoseqsuali moswavleebis seqsualuri
orientacia Semdegi sqemiT ganviTardes _ dis-
komforti, sircxvili, realobis aRqma. zogi
mkvlevris azriT, seqsualuri identoba yov-
elTvis mudmivi rodia- is SeiZleba wlebis gan-
mavlobaSi icvlebodes.
ra aris genderuli TviTmyofoba da rogor viTar­
deba igi? genderuli rolis identoba aris TiTo­
euli pirovnebis warmodgena sakuTar Tavze,
rogorc qalze an mamakacze _ is `me _ konce-
fciis~ TviTSefasebis nawilia. did rols as-
rulebs hormonebi, iseve, rogorc mSoblebisa
da maswavleblebis qceva biWebisa da gogonebis
mimarT. ojaxTan, TanatolebTan, maswavleblebT-
an da, zogadad, gare samyarosTan urTierTobis
paralelurad, bavSvebSi yalibdeba genderuli
sqemebi; isini iReben Sesabamis codnas da iaz-
reben, ras niSnavs iyo mamakaci an qali. gamokv-
leva cxadyofs, rom genderul stereotipebs
safuZveli skolamdel wlebSi eyreba da grZel-
deba swavlebis procesSi warmoSobili genderul
crurwmenebisa da klasSi arsebuli sqesobrivi
diskriminaciiis saxiT. maswavleblebi xSirad
uneburad axangrZliveben am problemebs.
aris Tu ara sqesobrivi gansxvaveba SemecnebiT unar-
SesaZleblobebSi? Sefasebebma da unar-Cvevebis
testebma (SAT) sqesTan dakavSirebuli gansxvave-
bebi, gansakuTrebiT gamoavlina verbalur da
maTematikur unar-CvevebSi. biWebi warmosaxviT
savarjiSoebs ukeTesad asruleben, gogonebi ki
ukeT iTviseben da iyeneben verbalur infor-
macias. am gansxvavebebis mizezTa kvleva TiTq-
mis uSedego aRmoCnda _ saskolo socializaciis
procesSi da maTematikis gakveTilebze gogonebi-
sa da biWebis mimarT maswavleblis damokide-
bulebis faqtori Zalian mniSvnelovania. cru
warmodgenebis aRmosafxvrelad maswavlebels
mravali strategiis gamoyeneba SeuZlia.
283

enobrivi gansxvavebebi klasSi
ra aris klasSi enobrivi gansxvavebis wyaro? mo-
swavleTa Soris enobrivi gansxvaveba dialeqte-
bze, bilingvizmsa da kulturazea dafuZnebuli.
dialeqti ar aris meorexarisxovani ena da masze
molaparake adamianebs pativi unda vceT. Tumca,
akademiuri miznebisTvis saWiroa formaluri
inglisuris Seswavla.
dialeqti gavlenas axdens sityvebis war-
moTqmaze, amitom maswavleblebma unda Se-
Zlon Secdomisa da dialeqturi gansxvavebebis
erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. dialeqtze mosaubre
da orenovani moswavleebi sxvadasxva jgufSi
urTierTobisTvis xSirad kodebis `gadarTvas~
mimarTaven.
ra aris orenovani ganaTleba? orenovani moswav-
leebis pirveli ena ar aris inglisuri. isini
inglisurs ise swavloben, rogorc meore enas,
SeiZleba SezRudulad flobdnen inglisurs da
xSirad kulturasTan dakavSirebul socialur
problemebTan Sejaxeba uwevdeT. Tumca, ore-
novani moswavleebisaTvis inglisuri enis Ses-
wavlaSi dasaxmareblad araerTxel gamarTula
debatebi. gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom saukeTe-
so variantia, Tu maT pirvel enis daviwyebas
ar aiZuleben. rac ufro kargad icis moswav-
lem pirveli ena, miT ufro swrafad iTvisebs
meores. nebismieri axali enis akademiuri unar-
Cvevebis dauflebas 5-7 weli sWirdeba.
kulturulad inkluziuri
klasebis Seqmna
ra aris kulturulad relevanturi pedagogika?
kul­turulad relevanturi pedagogika midgo-
maa, romelic swavlasTan Sexebis meti mniSvn-
elobisa da efeqturobisTvis, eTnikurad gan-
sxvavebuli moswavleebis kulturul codnas,
gamocdilebas, rekomendaciebis sqemebsa da swav-
lis sxvadasxva stils mimarTavs. is iyenebs da
aZlierebs moswavleTa SesaZleblobebs~ (Gay,
2000). Ggloria ledson-bilingsi aRwers swav-
lebis kulturulad relevantur sam princips:
akademiuri warmatebis miRwevas, kulturuli
kompetenciis ganviTareba/SenarCunebasa da kri-
tikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas arsebuli md-
gomareobisTvis biZgis misacemad.
ra elementebisgan Sedgeba sicocxlisunariani kla­
sebi? arsebobs elementebis ori jgufi, romlebic
moswavleebs klasis sazogadoebasTan akav­­­Sirebs.
erTi xazs usvams moswavleTa TviTdax­marebas _
miznebis dasaxvisa da maTi miRwevis unars. es
moicavs akademiur TviTefeqturobas, TviTkon-
trolsa da damoukideblobas. meore yuradRe-
bas amaxvilebs axlo urTierTobaze maswavle-
blebTan, TanatolebTan da ojaxis wevrebTan.
gansxvaveba da konvergencia
sociolingvistika formaluri da arafor-
maluri wesebis swavleba _ rogor, rodis, ra
sakiTxze, visTan da ramden xans isaubron moce-
muli kulturis jgufis SigniT.
Mylabschool es aris eleqtronul instrument-
Ta nakrebi, romelic dagexmarebaT am kursis
warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis
Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul kari-
eraSi. ix.: www.mylabschool.com

Mylabschool es aris eleqtronul instrumentTa nakrebi, romelic dagexmarebaT am kursis

warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul
karieraSi. ix.: www.mylabschool.com

eleqtronuli gzamkvlevi proforientaciis centri resursebiT:

video qeisebi realuri klasebidan
naSromebis Sesrulebisas daixmareT kv-
leviTi navigatori
- Ppraqtikisa da licenzirebisaTvis
mzadeba
- profesiuli portfolios gan­viTareba
- samsaxuris Zieba da gasaub­rebis teqnika
- gakveTilis dagegmva

284
maswavleblis
Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM-Tan
klasi moswavleTa erTobaa, romelic `maswavleblis
CanawerebSi~ ramdenime mimarTulebiT aris ganxilu-
li. danawevrebasa da damokidebulebas, romelic Zirs
uTxris am erTobis mizans _ swavlas _ samarTlianad,
mtkiced da taqtianad unda vebrZoloT. Tqveni, rogorc
am erTobis lideris saqmianoba da damokidebuleba gad-
amwyveti faqtori iqneba, romelic erTobis miznisaken
swrafvas ganapirobebs.
rogor moiqceodnen?
qvemoT mocemulia praqtikosi maswavleblis reaqcia am Tavis dasawyisSi mocemul saswavlo situaciaze, roca
klasi eTnikuri niSniT aris dayofili.
jamaal alani, me-7 klasis metyvelebis
maswavlebeli
j. v. pointeris saSualo skola, hilsboro, oregoni
saSualo skolaSi xSirad socialuri sakiTxebi uf-
ro mniSvnelovnad miiCneva, vidre akademiuri. arsebi-
Tia, rom yovel moswavles identoba aqvs Tavis jgufSi,
magram am identobis SiSi kroskulturuli urTierTo-
bebisas qreba. metyvelebis swavlebisas kulturuli
gaTviTcnobierebisaTvis mravali savarjiSo arsebobs,
rac klass mravalferovan garemoSi urTierTobisas
da­exmareba. am asakis moswavleebs unda vaswavloT gan-
sxvavebebiT siamaye da ara maT gamo SiSi. ignorirebisa
da miCumaTebis nacvlad, problemaze Riad unda im-
sjelon moswavleebma. yovel maTgans imis codna sWird-
eba, rom misi identoba da kulturuli warmomavloba
daculi iqneba maSinac, roca is ufro didi da mraval-
gvari sazogadoebis wevri gaxdeba. (imisaTvis, rom xeli
SeuwyoT integracias klasSi adgilebisa da jgufebis
SerCevisas, yoveli moswavlis saxeli patara baraTze
dawereT, baraTebi patara tomaraSi CayareT da moswav-
leebs sTxoveT tomridan amoRebuli baraTis mixedviT
dajgufeba.
debora p. ridi
darbi vudsis dawyebiTi skola, galovei, ohaio
tomas g. ridi
biCkroftis saSualo skola, kolumbusi, ohaio
kulturulma gansxvavebebma, miuxedavad maTi eTni-
kuri, socialur-klasobrivi, Tu geografiuli fesvebi-
sa, SeiZleba moswavleTa gaucxoeba da swavlaze gulis
acrueba gamoiwvios.miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari gancda
SeiZleba skolis an sazogadoebisaTvis iyos damaxasi-
aTebeli, Tqven SegiZliaT minimumamde SeamciroT kul-
turuli zewola da xeli SeuwyoT individualuri da
kulturuli gansxvavebebis safuZvlian gacnobierebas.
magaliTad saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi yuradRebiT
daawyvileT an daajgufeT moswavleebi da sTxoveT 10-15
wuTiani kolaboraciuli samuSaos Sesruleba. aseTi sa-
muSaos Sesrulebisas gamoiyeneT gunduri savarjiSoebi,
rac saSualebas miscems moswavleebs meti gaigon erT-
maneTis, rogorc individebis da ara rogorc didi kul-
turuli jgufis wevrebis Sesaxeb. moiwvieT zrdasrulebi
klasSi gunduri samuSaos modelirebisa da im gzebze sa-
saubrod, romliTac maT kulturuli codna moagroves.
kulturuli barierebisa da mikerZoebebis gadalax-
vis kvalobaze moswavleebs Tavisive kulturis war-
momadgenlebTan standartebze dafuZnebul saklaso
PRAXIS IITM-Si warmogidgenT scenarebsa da kiTx-
vebs, romliTac SeamowmebT Tqvens codnas mzardi sir-
Tulis erTobaSi, sadac maswavleblebi da moswavleebi
cxovroben. Tqvens winaSe dadgeba im strategiebisa da
gamocdilebis danergvis amocana, romelic xels uwyobs
erTobis wevri gansxvavebuli moswavlis swavlas.
proeqtebze kolaboraciuli muSaobis neba mieciT da
sTxoveT namuSevris warmodgena maTi kulturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri gziT. proeqtis gamo sx-
vadasxva jgufebTan Sexvedrebis dros sTxoveT maT
mSobliur enaSi pativiscemis gamomxatveli gavrcele-
buli sityvebisa da frazebis swavleba. es moswavleebT-
an urTierTgagebis damyarebaSi dagexmarebaT da isini
darwmundebian, ramdenad afasebT klasSi maT wvlils.
debbi iangbladi, me-6 klasis eTikisa da
fizkulturis maswavlebeli
hiliard sitis skolebi, hiliardi, ohaio
Cemi upirvelesi mizania usafrTxo saklaso gare-
mos Seqmna, sadac moswavleebi iswavlian, erTmaneTs
daexmarebian, garemo, sadac daSinebas adgili ar eqne-
ba da gansxvavebas Rirseulad daafaseben. muSaobas im
qcevis modelirebiT daviwyebdi, romlis molodinic
maqvs maTgan da visaubrebdi imis Sesaxeb, maTi azriT
ra dagvexmareboda mxardamWeri saklaso garemos Seqm-
naSi. davwerdiT saklaso qcevis kodeqss, romlis xel-
mowerasac moswavleTa erTobis yvela wevrs vTxovdiT.
saklaso kodeqsis `gamoqveynebis~ Semdeg davavalebdi
Jurnalebis, saojaxo fotoebis, naxatebis, sityvebisa da
prazebis gamoyenebiT individualuri kolaJebis Seqmnas:
`Tqveni azriT, vina xarT?~ TiToeulis Sesaxeb SeZlebi-
sdagvarad uxvi informaciis gacnobis Semdeg daviwyeb-
diT gaugebrobisa da kulturuli crurwmenebis kedlis
ngrevas. arsebiTad mimaCnia saWiro drois investireba
saklaso klimatis ise SecvlisaTvis, rom yvela moswav-
lisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdes akademiuri winsvla.
rendal g. sempsoni, mTavari asistenti
jenoas saSualo skola, uestervili, ohaio.
mniSvnelovania skolis xelmZRvanelisa da maswav-
leblis TanamSromloba. me, rogorc xelmZRvaneli mas-
wavlebels vurCevdi moswavleebisaTvis mravali gzis
SeTavazebas Sinaarsobrivi standartebis personifici-
rebisa da maTi pirovnulobis gaTvaliswinebiT. maswav-
lebeli unda daexmaros moswavleebs individualuri
kulturebis gamo pirovnuli mxardaWerisa da siamayis
grZnobis gaRvivebaSi weriTi namuSevrebis, kvlevisa da
prezentaciis sxvadasxva saSualebebiT. maswavlebeli
moswavleebs sakuTari kulturis pativiscemis SesaZle-
blobas aZlevs da amiT akademiuri efeqtianobisa da
saswavlo Sinaarsis aTvisebis safuZvels qmnis. amgvari
safuZvlis wyalobiT moswavleebi SeZleben Tanak-
laselebis gamocdilebis gagebas, rasac Sedegad Tana-
tolta pativiscemis kultura mohyveba.
285
 6
Tavi

maswavleblis Canawerebi :

bihevioristuli rogor moiqceodiT?

ra aris swavla
swavla: gansazRvreba

Sexedulebebi
swavla yovelTvis ar aris is,
rac erTi SexedviT Cans
swavlis adreuli Teoriebi: ideaTa

swavlis Sesaxeb
asociacia da klasikuri ganpirobeba
operantuli ganpirobeba : axali
sapasuxo reaqciebis mosinjva
SedegTa tipebi
ganmtkiceba
winamZRvrebi da qcevis cvlileba
gamoyenebiTi bihevioruli analizi
qcevis waxalisebis meTodebi
arasasurvel qcevasTan gamklaveba
TiToeul moswavlemde miRweva:
funqcionaluri bihevioristuli
Sefaseba da pozitiuri qcevis
mxardaWera
swavlebisa da menejmentisadmi
bihevioristuli midgomebi
jgufuri midgomebi
pirobiTi kontraqti
simboluri ganmtkiceba
TiToeul moswavlemde miRweva:
mwvave qceviTi problemebi
dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli swavla
da qcevis modifikacia : qcevis
gacnobiereba
dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli swavla
dakvirebaze dafuZnebuli swavlis
elementebi
dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli swavla
swavlebaSi
TviTmenejmenti
qcevis kognituri modifikacia
da TviTinstruqtireba

problemebi da sakiTxebi
bihevioristuli meTodebis kritika
eTikuri sakiTxebi
bihevioristuli swavlis
mravalferovneba da konvergencia
mravalferovneba
konvergencia
Sejameba
maswavleblis Canawerebi:
kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM- Tan /
rogor moiqceodnen?

286
 roror moiqceodiT?
maswavleblis ianvarSi Tqven agi-
yvanes klasSi wasuli
Canawerebi kla­­­sis xelmZRvanelis
sa­­­nacvlod. es aris Sesa­
niS­­navi olqi da SesaniSnavi skola. Tu dava-
lebas Tavs kargad gaarTmevT, SeiZleba moma-
vali wlidan ZiriTad StatSi moxvdeT. rodesac
skolas gacnobdnen, momavali kolegebi Tana-
grZnobiT gimzerdnen da bevri maTgani daxmarebas
gTavazobdaT. `miTxariT, Tu daxmareba dagWird-
ebaT, ar mogeridoT~.
pirveli gakveTilis Semdeg ukve xvdebiT, ra-
tom gTavazobdaT amdeni maswavlebeli da kolega
daxmarebas. rogorc Cans, winamorbed damrigeb-
els menejmentis aranairi sistema – aranairi
wesrigi ar gaaCnda. Tqveni saubris paralelu-
rad, ramdenime moswavle dadioda klasSi, xels
giSlidaT jgufTan muSaobisas, erTmaneTs awva-
lebdnen, xsnidnen TavianTi (an sxvebis) lanCis
yuTebs wasaxemseblad. klasSi aris erTi metad
qarizmatuli lideri, romelic regularulad
iwvevs areulobas, ar cnobs Tqvens avtoritets
da xels uSlis Tqvens mcdelobas, SeinarCunoT
klasSi wesrigi. ubralo saubari da pirveli sa-
varjiSos wardgena 10 wuTs gagrZelda. pirveli
a m Tavs viwyebT `swavlis~ zogadi gansazRvre-
biT, romelic sxvadasxva Teoriis mimdevar-
Ta gansxvavebul midgomebsac iTvaliswinebs. am
TavSi ganvixilavT TeoretikosTa erTi jgufis
_ bihevioristi Teoretikosebis Sexedulebebs,
meore umsxvilesi jgufis _ kognituri Teo-
retikosebis Sexedulebebs me-7 da me-8 TavebSi,
xolo konstruqtivizmis mimdevarTa Sexedule-
bebs me-9 TavSi ganvixilavT.
am TavSi yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT swavlis
oTx qceviT anu biheviorul procesze: ideuri
asociacia, klasikuri pirobiTi refleqsis ga-
momuSaveba, operantuli ganpirobeba da swavla
dakvirvebiT. bolo or procesze ufro xazgas-
miT visaubrebT mas Semdeg, r ac gavecnobiT
swavlebis procesSi gamoyenebiTi analizis mniS-
vnelobas. aseve ganvixilavT swavlis bihevioris-
tuli midgomis or Tanamedrove mimarTulebas:
TviTmenejmentsa da kognituri qcevis modifi-
kacias, Tavis damTavrebisas Tqven SegeZlebaT
pasuxis gacema Semdeg kiTxvebze:
dRis dasrulebis Semdeg Tqven araqaTgamocli-
li da gabrazebuli xarT, xmac dakargeT. Tqven
gsurT, SeimuSaoT efeqtiani menejmentis siste-
ma da moamzadoT moswavleebi sagazafxulo ga-
mocdebisaTvis.
kritikuli azrovneba
rogor miudgebodiT situacias?
pirvelad romel problemasTan SeecdebodiT
gamklavebas?
am SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo iqneboda Tu ara
dasjisa da dajiloebis meTodebi?
rogorc dadebiTi, ase uaryofiTi pasuxebis
SemTxvevaSi axseniT, ratom.
kolaboracia
Tqveni klasis or moswavles Soris gaiTama-
SeT saorientacio Sexvedra; erTi maTgani iqneba
axali maswavlebeli, xolo meore _ mis dasax-
mareblad daniSnuli mentori maswavlebeli.
rogor unda moamzados mentorma axali maswav-
lebeli? ra gegmis SemuSavebaa SesaZlebeli am
situaciis dasaZlevad?
ra aris `swavla~?
ra msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi arsebobs ide-
aTa asociacias, klasikur ganpirobebasa da
operantul ganpirobebas Soris?
ra oTxi ZiriTadi Sedegi mosdevs ama Tu im,
nebismier qcevas da ra efeqti SeiZleba iqo-
nios TiToeulma maTganma?
rogor gamoiyenebdiT qcevis gamoyenebiT an­a­­
lizs (jgufuri Sedegebi, SemTxveviTi Se­Tan­
xmebebi, simboluri ekonomika [token eco­­­­nomies,
fsiqoTerapiis tipi _ kargi saq­ci­eli­saTvis
ada­mianis dajildoeba simboluri jildoTi,
romelic SeiZleba namdvil privilegiaSi gac­
valos. red. Sen.] an funqciuri bihevioris-
tuli analizi) saerTo akademiuri da qcevis
problemebis gadasaWrelad?
ris swavla SeuZliaT moswavleebs dakvirvebis
Sedegad da rogor?
ra aris qcevis kognituri modifikacia da
ro­gor gamoiyeneba is swavlebis procesSi?
287

swavla _ procesi, romlis meS-
veobiTac gamocdileba iwvevs
mudmiv cvlilebas codnaSi an
qcevaSi.
288
ra aris swavla
sityva `swavlis~ gagonebisas bevri Cvengani fiqrs maSinve skolaze
iwyebs. Cven vfiqrobT im sagnebsa da unarebze, romelTa dauflebac
gvinda, magaliTad: algebraze, espanurze, qimiaze da karateze. Tum-
ca, swavla mxolod skoliT ar Semoifargleba. adamiani dabadebidan
yoveldRe swavlobs raRacas: Cvilebi swavloben fexebis qnevas Tavi-
anTi sawolis dasarwevad; Tineijerebi swavloben sayvareli simRerebis
teqstebs; Suaxnis adamianebi swavloben TavianTi kvebisa da varjiSis
CvevebSi cvlilebis Setanas. yovel wels vswavlobT Cacmis axal stils,
roca Zveli stili (erT dros sayvareli) gadadis modidan. es bolo
magaliTi cxadyofs, rom swavla yovelTvis ar aris gamiznuli. Cven ar
gvaqvs ganzraxuli nerviuloba, roca stomatologis kbilis burRis
xma gvesmis an roca scenaze avdivarT, magram amas mainc vakeTebT. maS,
ra aris es Zlevamosili fenomeni _ `swavla~?
swavla: gansazRvreba
yvelaze farTo gagebiT, `swavlas~ adgili aqvs maSin, roca gamoc­
dilebis SeZena adamianebis codnasa da qcevaSi mudmiv cvlilebas iwvevs.
es cvlileba SeiZleba iyos gamiznuli an uneblie, swori an araswori,
gacnobierebuli an gaucnobierebeli (Hill, 2002). imisaTvis, rom swavlad
CaiTvalos, cvlileba gamocdilebiT unda iyos gamowveuli – adamia-
nis urTierTobiT mis garemosa da garemocvasTan. mxolod momwifebiT
gamowveuli cvlileba, iseTi, rogoricaa simaRleSi zrda da gaWaRa-
raveba, ar iTvleba swavlad. droebiTi cvlilebebi, romelTac iwvevs
avadmyofoba, daRla an SimSili, aseve ar Sedis swavlis gansazRvrebaSi.
ori dRis uWmeli adamiani ar swavlobs SimSils, arc avadmyofi ada-
miani swavlobs nela sirbils. rasakvirvelia, swavla Tavis rols Ta-
maSobs SimSilisa da avadmyofobisadmi Cveni reaqciisa da nacvalgebis
CamoyalibebaSi.
ra aris swavla? bihevioristuli Teoriebi xazs usvamen gareSe stimulis rols,
yuradRebas amaxvileben qcevasa da dakvirvebad reaqciebs.
 Cveni gansazRvrebis mixedviT, swavlis Sedegad gaCenili cvlilebe-
bi adamianis codnasa da qcevaSi gamoixateba. fsiqologTa umravlesoba
iziarebs am debulebas, magram zogi xazs codnas usvams, sxvebi ki _
qcevas. kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic yuradRe-
bas codnis cvlilebaze amaxvileben, fiqroben, rom swavla Sinagani
gonebrivi saqmianobaa, romelze pirdapiri dakvirvebac SeuZlebelia.
rogorc Semdeg TavSi naxavT, swavlis procesis Semswavleli kognitu-
ri fsiqologiis mimdevrebi dainteresebulebi arian iseTi gonebrivi
saqmianobiT, rogoricaa fiqri, maxsovroba da problemebis gadawyveta
(Schwartz, Wasserman, & Robbins, 2002).
am TavSi CamoTvlili fsiqologebi, zemoT aRwerilisgan gansxvave-
swavlis bihevioristuli
biT, swavlis bihevioristul Teorias aniWeben upiratesobas. bihevior- Teoriebi _ swavlis iseTi
istuli Sexeduleba gulisxmobs, rom swavlis Sedegi qcevis cvlilebaa zogadi axsna, romelic xazs
da xazs usvams adamianze gareSe movlenebis gavlenis mniSvnelobas. usvams qcevis dakvirvebad
biheviorizmis zogierTi adrindeli warmomadgeneli, maT Soris j.b. komponentebs-stimulebsa da
uoatsoni, radikaluri poziciis gamomxatvelia. misi azriT, fiqris, reaqciebs.
ganzraxvisa da sxva Sinagani fsiqikuri movlenebis mecnierulad da
srulyofilad Seswavla SeuZlebelia. es `mentalizmebi~, rogorc is
uwodebs, saerTod ar unda yofiliyo moxseniebuli swavlis axsnisas. bihevioraluri miznebi _
sanam Cven bihevioristul axsnebs CavuRrmavdebodeT, modiT, namdvil swavlebis miznebi, romlebic
saklaso oTaxSi SevixedoT da swavlis SesaZlo Sedegebs davakvirdeT. formulirebulia dakvirveba-
di qcevis terminebiT.

swavla yovelTvis ar aris is,

rac erTi SexedviT Cans
elisabedi kvirebis ganmavlobaSi emzadeboda kolega maswavlebelT-
an socialur swavlebaTa merve klasSi gakveTilis Casatareblad da
ukve mzad iyo damoukideblad moqmedebisaTvis. rodesac is saklaso
oTaxis kars miuaxlovda, dainaxa, rom sxva adamianic uaxlovdeboda am
klass. es mister rosi iyo, misi kolejis xelmZRvaneli. uceb elisa-
beds saxisa da kisris kunTebi saocrad daeZaba, xelebi aukankalda.
_ Tqveni swavlebis meTodebze dasakvirveblad Semoviare, _ Tqva
mister rosma, _ es Cemi pirveli daswreba iqneba. wuxel RamiT ver
dagikavSirdiT, amis Sesaxeb rom meTqva.
elisabedi Seecada daemala Tavisi emocia, magram rodesac gakveTil-
isaTvis saWiro masalebs agrovebda, xelebi isev ukankalebda.
_ modiT dRes viTamaSoT. me vityvi sityvebs, Semdeg Tqven mety-
viT im sityvas, romelic pirvelad mogivaT TavSi. xelis aweva ar aris
saWiro. ubralod, sityvebi xmamaRla wamoiZaxeT da me maT dafaze
Camovwer. magram yvelani erTdrouladac nu ilaparakebT. daicadeT,
sa­nam Tqveni amxanagi daasrulebs da Semdeg ukve Tqven wamoiZaxeT. maS
ase, pirveli sityvaa: `monoba.~
`samoqalaqo omi.~ `,linkolni.~ `Tavisufleba.~ `emansipaciis prokla-
macia.~ pasuxebi male gaisma. elisabedmac Sveba igrZno, radgan mixvda,
moswavleebma gaiges TamaSis wesebi.
_ Zalian kargi _ axla Semdegi sityva: `samxreTi.~
`samxreTi karolina.~ `samxreTi dakota.~ `sazRvao porti saut-
stritSi.~ `ara, konfederacia, Se sulelo.~ `civi mTa.~ `jud lo.~ am
ukanasknel pasuxze klasSi sicili atyda.
_ jud lo! _ Tqva elisabedma RimiliT, _ `civi mTa~ gadioda wina
kviras televizorSi.~ Semdeg TviTonac gaicina. sul male yvela moswav-
le icinoda. _ kargiT, dawynardiT. ai Semdegi sityva: `CrdiloeTi.~

289
 `enZelebi~. _ moswavleebma kvlav sicili daiwyes. `mucliT mocek-
vaveebi.~ saklaso oTaxSi sicilma imata, viRacam saTanado imitaciac
ki gaakeTa.
_ erTi wuTiT, _ Seawyvetina elisabedma, _ Tqvenma sityvebma co­ta
gadauxvia mimarTulebidan.
_ mimarTulebidan gadauxvia? beisboli! _ daiZaxa biWma, romelmac
pirvelad jud lo axsena. is adga da megobars qaRaldis burTebi es-
rola oTaxis boloSi, Tan rojer klemenis TamaSis stils imeorebda.
`niu iork metebi.~ `ara astorebi.~ `burTis TamaSebi.~ `hoT dogebi.~
`popkorni.~ `kinoebi.~ `DVD~ `civi mTa.~ `jud lo.~ pasuxebi axla imdenad
swrafad modioda, rom elisabeds maTi SeCereba aRar SeeZlo. jud los
wamoZaxilma ratomRac kidev ufro gaaZliera sicili da uceb elisa-
bedi mixvda, rom man dakarga klasis kontroli.
_ kargiT. radgan amdeni iciT samoqalaqo omis Sesaxeb, daxureT
wignebi da amoiReT saweri kalmebi, am testis dasamTavreblad 20 wuTi
gaqvT _ Tqva man ukve gabrazebiT. man Camoariga samuSao furclebi,
romelTa Sevsebas klasSi Riad, erToblivi ZalisxmeviT apirebda.
_ Tqven ar giTqvamT, rom testi gveqneboda! es usamarTlobaa. Cven
jer ar gagvivlia es masala bolomde. me araferi damiSavebia! _ klasSi
wuwuni da ukmayofileba gaisma. elisabedma ramdenjerme yvelaze be-
jiTi moswavleebis zizRiani gamoxedvac ki daiWira. _ me Tqven direq-
torTan giCivlebT, es moswavleTa uflebebis darRvevaa!
bolo komentari mizanSi moxvda. klass axlaxan gaevlo adamianTa uf­
lebebi, samoqalaqo omze gadasasvlelad mosamzadebeli masalis saxiT.
roca maT protestebs ismenda, elisabedi Tavs saSinlad grZnobda. ro-
gor unda Seefasebina mas es `testebi~? samuSao furclebis pirvel se-
qciaSi mocemuli iyo samoqalaqo omis faqtebi, meoreSi ki moswavleebs
unda SeedginaT omSi monawileebTan interviuebis axali programa.
_ kargiT, es ar iqneba testi. magram Tqven mogiwevT am furclebis
Sevseba niSnisTvis. me TqvenTvis erToblivad muSaobis ufleba unda
momeca, magram Tqvenma dRevandelma saqcielma damanaxva, rom Tqven ar
xarT mzad jgufuri muSaobisTvis. Tu Tqven pirvel nawils Cumad da
uxmaurod gaakeTebT, maSin meore nawilze erToblivad muSaobis nebas
mogcemT. _ elisabedma icoda, rom mis moswavleebs uyvardaT intervi-
uebis Sedgenis programebze erTad muSaoba.
elisabeds Tavisi damkvirveblisken gaxedvisac ki eSinoda, neta ras
werda is Tavis SeniSvnaTa blankSi?
erTi SexedviT, elisabedis klasSi swavlis procesi TiTqmis ar
mimdinareobda. elisabeds hqonda ramdenime kargi idea, magram man ram-
denime Secdoma dauSva swavlis miseuli principebis gamoyenebaSi. mo-
cemul epizods am TavSi ramdenjerme mivubrundebiT, raTa ganvixiloT
da gavaanalizoT momxdaris sxvadasxva aspeqti. upirvelesad, aRsan-
iSnavia oTxi movlena, romelTagan TiToeuli ukavSirdeba sxvadasxva
saxis swavlis process.
1) moswavleebma SeZles daekavSirebinaT sityvebi karolina da dakota
samxreTTan. 2) elisabeds xelebi ukankalebda, roca misi kolega zedamxedve-
li saklaso oTaxSi Sevida. 3) mas Semdeg, rac elisabeds moswavlis komen-
tarze gaecina, klasi mas sicilSi ahyva. 4) saswavlo procesi gamoxatavs
ideaTa asociacias, klasikur ganpirobebas (pirobiTi refleqsebis gamo-
muSavebas), operantul ganpirobebas da dakvirvebiT swavlas. qvemoT Cven
ganvixilavT swavlis am oTx saxes; daviwyebT ideaTa asociaciiT.

290
 swavlis adreuli Teoriebi:
ideaTa asociacia da klasikuri ganpirobeba
swavlis yvelaze adreuli axsna aristoteles (384-322 ww. Cv. w. daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
aR-mde) ekuTvnis. man Tqva, rom Cven sagnebs erTad vimaxsovrebT, 1 _ da ganavrceT
swavla asociaciebiT (I, AI)
roca isini msgavsia, 2 _ roca isini erTmaneTis sapirispiroa da 3 _
swavlis didi nawili SeiZleba
roca mosazRvrea. es bolo principi yvelaze mniSvnelovania, radgan miewerebodes ideaTa aso-
is asociaciiT swavlis yvela axsnaSia nagulisxmebi. dawyvilebis prin- ciacias. gaixseneT SemTxveva,
cipis mixedviT, rodesac ori an ramdenime SegrZneba erTdroulad roca maswavlebelma naswavli
sak­maod xSirad warmoiSveba xolme, isini erTmaneTTan asocirebuli rame stimulTan daawyvila
(mag. anbanis asoebis saxelebi
xdeba. mogvianebiT, rodesac am SegrZnebaTagan (stimulTagan) mxolod
da a.S.).
erT-erTi iCens Tavs, meoresac maSinve ixseneben xolme (sapasuxo reaq-
cia) (Richlin, 1991; Wasserman & Miller, 1997). magaliTad, rodesac elisa-
bedma axsena sityva `samxreTi~, mosawavleebma is maSinve `dakotasTan~
da `karolinasTan~ daakavSires. maT es sityvebi erTad ramdenjerme
mousmeniaT. SeiZleba am frazebis Seswavlisas swavlis sxva procesebic
iyos CarTuli, magram ideaTa asociacia umTavresi faqtoria. ideaTa
asociacia aseve did rols asrulebs klasikuri ganpirobebis saxeliT
cnobil saswavlo procesSi.

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT daxuWeT Tvalebi da naTlad war- dawyvileba _ ori movlenis
dakavSireba maTi ganmeorebi-
moidgineT Semwvari franguli kartofili; is momenti, roca skolaSi
Ti Tanxvedris gamo.
Zalian SercxviT; Sokoladis filis gemo; stomatologis burRis xma.
ra SeamCnieT am suraTebis warmodgenisas? stimuli _ movlena,
romelic iwvevs qcevas.
Tu Cemnairi xarT, stomatologis burRis xmis warmodgena Tqvenc
dagiWimavT kisris kunTebs. me marTlac nerwyvi madgeba Semwvari fran- pasuxi _ dakvirvebadi
guli kartofilisa da Sokoladis warmodgenisas. skolaSi gancdili reaqcia stimulze.

pirveli sircxvili, rac gamaxsenda, is iyo, roca saltos gakeTebisas klasikuri ganpirobeba _
mTeli skolis Tvalwin daveci. mcire usiamovnebis grZnoba mainc ax- i. pavlovis mixedviT, avtoma-
lavs am mogonebas. klasikuri ganpirobeba (pirobiTi refleqsis gamo- turi reaqciebis dakavSireba
muSaveba) yuradRebas amaxvilebs iseT uneblie emociur da fsiqolo- neitralur stimulTan, ro-
melic ganmeorebis Sedegad
giur reaqciebze, rogoricaa SiSi, kunTebis SekumSva, nerwyvis gamoyofa
TviTonve xdeba pirobiTi
an oflianoba. amaT zogjer respondentebs eZaxian, radgan es stimulze stimuli-iwvevs refleqss an
avtomaturi reagirebaa. klasikuri pirobiTi refleqsis gamomuSavebis emociur reaqcias
meSveobiT SesaZlebelia adamianebsa da cxovelebs aswavlo iseT stim-
ulebze avtomaturi da uneburi reagireba, romlebsac adre araviTari respondentebi _ pasuxebi,
rogorc wesi, avtomaturi da
efeqti ar hqonia, an SeiZleba Zalian gansxvavebuli reagireba mohyve-
uneblie, gamovlenili konkre-
boda xolme. stimuli avtomaturad iwvevs sapasuxo reaqcias. tuli stimulis mier.
klasikuri pirobiTi refleqsi 1920-ian wlebSi aRmoaCina ivan pav-
lovma, rusma fiziologma, romelic cdilobda daedgina; Wamidan ram- neitraluri stimuli _
stimuli, romelic ar aris
deni xnis Semdeg gamoyofda ZaRli kuWis wvens. man daadgina, rom drois
dakavSirebuli reaqciasTan.
intervalebi gamudmebiT icvleboda. pirvelad ZaRlebma gamoyves nerw-
yvi, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, Wamis dros. Semdeg _ rogorc ki sakvebi upirobo stimuli (US) _ stim-
dainaxes, xolo mere _ rogorc ki gaiges, rom mecnieri la­boratorias uli, romelic avtomaturad
uaxlovdeboda. pavlovma gadawyvita, xeli aeRo Tavis pirvandel cde- iwvevs emociur an fiziolo-
giur reaqcias.
bze da am moulodnel urTierTdamokidebulebebze gadarTuliyo.
Tavis pirvel eqsperimentSi pavlovi akvirdeboda ZaRlebis reaq- upirobo reaqcia (UR) _
cias Canglis xmaze. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, am dros araviTari bunebrivad aRZruli emociuri
da fiziologiuri reaqcia.
nerwyvis gamoyofa ar dawyebula. am momentisaTvis Canglis xmauri ne­
itraluri stimuli iyo, radgan is ar iwvevda nerwyvis gamoyofas. Sem-

291
pirobiTi stimuli (CS) _
neitraluri stimuli, romelic
ganmtkicebis Semdeg aRZravs
emociur an fiziologiur
reaqcias.
pirobiTi reaqcia _
(CR) daswavlili reaqcia
manamde neitralur stimulze.
deg pavlovma aWama ZaRlebs. amis reaqcia ukve iyo nerwyvis gamoyofa.
sakvebi am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens upirobo stimuls; radganac ara-
viTari winaswari wvrTnebi an `kondicireba~ ar aris saWiro nerwyvis
gamoyofasa da sakvebs Soris bunebrivi kavSiris dasadgenad. nerwyvis
gamoyofa sakvebze upirobo sapasuxo reaqcia iyo, imitom, rom man es
avtomaturad gamoiwvia _ ar iyo saWiro araviTari ganpirobeba.
am sami elementis _ sakvebis, nerwyvis gamoyofisa da Canglis xmis _
gamoyenebiT pavlovma gviCvena, rom SesaZlebelia ZaRli mieCvios ner-
wyvis gamoyofas Canglis xmis gagonebisas. man es moaxerxa Canglis xmis
sakvebTan asocirebiT. is aaxmaurebda xolme Cangals da Semdeg aWmevda
ZaRlebs. mas Semdeg, rac pavlovma es ramdenjerme gaimeora, ZaRlebs
nerwyvis gamoyofa Canglis xmis gagonebisTanave ewyebodaT, sakvebis
miRebamde. axla sakvebi ukve ganpirobebuli (pirobiTi refleqsis
gamosamuSavebeli) stimuli gaxda, xolo reaqcia Canglis xmaze _ gan-
pirobebuli sapasuxo reaqcia.
Tu Tqven fiqrobT, rom pavlovis pirobiTi refleqsi mxolod
is­­toriuli mniSvnelobis matarebelia, maSin ganvixiloT mcire mon-

rekomendaciebi: klasikuri pirobiTi refleqsis gamoyeneba

daakavSireT saswavlo davalebebTan
pozitiuri, sasiamovno movlenebi.
magaliTebi
1. xazi gausviT jgufur Sejibrs da TanamS-
romlobas. bevr moswavles individualur
Sejibrsa da konkurenciaze negatiuri re­
aqcia aqvs, romelic SeiZleba swavlazec
ganzogaddes.
2. ecadeT rom savarjiSoTa ganawilebis pro­
cesi sasiamovno iyos. ufleba mieciT mo-
swavleebs, Tavad gadawyviton, Tavisufali
dro rogor gaanawilon racionalurad.
3. gaxadeT bavSvebisaTvis nebayoflobiTi kiT­
x­va mimzidveli. moawyveT komfortuli sa­
kiTxavi kuTxe baliSebiT, feradi wig­nebiT.
(damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. Morrow &
Meinstein, 1986).
daexmareT moswavleebs, nebayoflobiT ga­
riskon da miaRwion war­matebas SfoTvis ga-
momwvev situaciebSi.
magaliTebi
1. daavaleT morcxv moswavles, aswavlos or
Tanaklasels rukasTan muSaobisas davale­
bis ganawileba.
S­no Seufasebeli testebi.
3. Tu moswavles eSinia klasis winaSe saubris,
mieciT mas ufleba, mcire jgufis wi­naSe,
damjdarma waikiTxos moxseneba, Semdeg igi­
ve gaakeTebineT ukve fexze dgomiT, mere
daavaleT mas, moxseneba gaakeTos patara
Ca­nawerebs rveulidan sityvasityviT wa­kiTx­
vis nacvlad. bolos ki daavaleT, moxseneba
mTeli klasis winaSe waikiTxos.
daexmareT moswavleebs, gaarCion situacia-
Ta msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi ise, rom maT
SeeZloT Sesabamisad movlenebis ganzogade-
ba da gansxvaveba.
magaliTebi
1. auxseniT maT, rom unda eridon ucnobebs,
romlebic maT saCuqrebsa da sadme miyvanas
sTavazoben, magram miiRon es SemoTavaze-
bebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es mSoblebis Tan-
daswrebiT moxdeba.
2. daarwmuneT moswavleebi, romlebic Zalian
Relaven kolejis misaRebi gamocdebis Ta­
obaze, rom es gamocdebi ar gansxvavdeba
maT mier Cabarebuli sxva nebismieri ga­
mocdi­sgan.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.: http://www.class.uidaho.

2. gadadgiT mcire nabijebi didi miznis mis- edu/psyc390/lessons/lesson02/lesson2.htm

aRwevad. magaliTad, yoveldRe da Semdeg, http://www.dushkin.com/connectext/psy/ch06/ccapps.mhtml

kviraSi erTxel CautareT moswavleebs u­ni­

292
akveTi USA Today-is statiidan, sadac aRwerilia `Y TaobisaTvis~ _
1977-1994 wlebSi dabadebuli adamianebisTvis gaTvlili produqtebis
sareklamo kampania:

`Mountain Dew~-s aRmasruleblebs sareklamo strategi­isTvis

sakuTari termini aqvT: `pavloviseuli kavSiri~. serfingis,
snoubordisa da skeitbordis turnirebze nawarmis Camorigebi-
sas deiv burviki, pepsis marketingis umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli
direqtori (pepsi maunTin dius produqciaSi Sedis) acxadebs:
`brendsa da gasarTob gamocdilebas Soris pavloviseuli kav-
Siri arsebobs.~ (Hovoritz, April 22, 2002, p.B2)

SesaZlebelia, rom bevri Cveni emociuri reaqcia sxvadasxva situa-

ciaze SeZenili da naswavli iyos nawilobriv-klasikuri ganpirobebis
gziT. eqimebs aqvT termini `TeTri xalaTis sindromi~. amiT aRweren
adamianebs, romelTac wneva uwevT (uneblie sapasuxo reaqcia) eqimis
kabinetSi TeTrxalaTiani adamianis danaxvisas. msgavsi sapasuxo reaq-
cia _ elisabedis akankalebuli xelebi Tavisi kolegis danaxvisas _
SeiZleba gamoewvia misi saqmianobis Semowmebis arasasiamovno gamoc-
dilebas. axla imis ubralo gafiqrebac ki, rom mas amowmeben, iwvevs
gu­liscemis aCqarebas da xelisgulebis gaoflianebas. klasikuri pi-
robiTi refleqsi moqmedebs rogorc maswavleblebze, ise marketingis
menejerebzec. gaxsovdeT, rom emociebi da damokidebuleba, iseve ro-
gorc faqtebi da ideebi, saklaso oTaxebSi iswavleba. am emociurma
swavlam zogjer SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos akademiur swavlaze.
klasikur pirobiT refleqsze damyarebuli procedurebi SeiZleba im-
isTvisac gamoyenebul iqnes rom daexmaros adamianebs adaptaciis xel-
Semwyobi sapasuxo emociuri reaqciebis swavlasa da gamomuSavebaSi,
rogorc `rekomendaciebSia~ naCvenebi.

operantuli ganpirobeba: axali sapasuxo reaqciebis mosinjva

aqamde Cven yuradRebas vamaxvilebdiT uneblie sapasuxo reaqciebis daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
avtomatur ganpirobebaze, rogoricaa, magaliTad, nerwyvis gamoyofa da ganavrceT
operantuli pirobiTi re-
da SiSi. cxadia, adamianis swavlis yvela aspeqti ar aris ase avtoma-
fleqsis gamomuSaveba safuZ-
turi da umizno. qcevaTa umravlesoba ar warmoadgens uneblie sapa- vlebi (I, AI)
suxo reaqcias. adamianebi aqtiurad zemoqmedeben TavianT garemosa da gqondeT imis unari da Sesa-
garemocvaze sasurveli Sedegebis misaRebad. am ganzrax Cadenil qmede- Zlebloba, rom axsnaT swavla
bebs operantebi (specifikuri sapasuxo reaqcebi) ewodeba. operantul bihevioristuli perspeqtivi-
dan. CaurTeT Tqvens axsnebs
qcevaSi CarTul saswavlo process ewodeba operantuli pirobiTi re-
sasjelisa da jildos konce-
fleqsis gamomuSaveba (operantuli ganpirobeba). vmoqmedebT ra Cvens fciebi. kargad unda gesmo-
garemoze, Cven vswavlobT qcevis konkretul wesebs. deT swavlaze ganmtkicebis
zogadad, miCneulia, rom operantuli pirobiTi refleqsis gamo- zegavlenis mniSvnelobac.
muSavebis koncefcia b. f. skinerma SeimuSava (B. F. Skinner, 1953). skiner­
ma daiwyo imis mtkicebiT, rom klasikuri pirobiTi refleqsis gamo-
muSavebis koncefcia samarTliania saswavlo qcevis mxolod mcireodeni
magaliTebis mimarT. adamianTa qmedebebis umravlesoba operantulia
da ara sapasuxo. klasikuri ganpirobeba aRwers mxolod imas, Tu ro-
gor SeiZleba dawyvildes arsebuli qceva axal stimulTan. is ar xsnis
imas, Tu rogor iZens xalxi axal operantul qcevas.

293

operantebi _ nebelobiTi da
mizandasaxuli qceva, romelsac
axorcielebs adamiani an
cxoveli.
operantuli ganpirobeba _
swavla, romelSic swori reaq-
cia an qcevis cvlileba ganmt-
kicdeba an Sesustdeba SedegiT
an warsuli gamocdilebiT. mas
aseve uwodeben instumentul
daswavlasac.
wanamZRvrebi _ movlenebi,
romlebic win uswrebs qcevas.
Sedegi _ movlena, romelic
mosdevs aqtivobas.
ganmtkiceba _
Sedegebis gamoyeneba qcevis
gaZlierebisaTvis.
ganmamtkicebeli _ qcevis
Sedegi, romelic zrdis reaq-
ciis ganmeorebiT ganxor-
cielebis albaTobas.
294
qceva, rogorc sapasuxo reaqcia an qmedeba, aRniSnavs imas, Tu ras
moimoqmedebs adamiani konkretul situaciaSi. Cven SegviZlia qceva
warmovidginoT or, dawyvilebul garemoebiT gavlena: qcevis wanamZR-
varsa da mis Semdgom Sedegs Soris moqceul `sendviCad~ (Skinner, 1950).
amis magaliTi Zalian advilad SeiZleba davinaxoT wina piroba-qceva-
Sedegis, an A-B-C nimuSze. roca mimdinareobs moqmedeba, mocemuli
Sedegi xdeba momdevno A-B-C ciklis winapiroba. operantuli pirobiTi
refleqsis gamomuSaveba aCvenebs, rom qceva icvleba winapirobis da
Sedegebis cvlilebebiT, an oriveTi erTad. adreul kvlevebSi yur-
adReba ZiriTadad Sedegebze iyo gamaxvilebuli.
SedegTa tipebi
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT gaixseneT Tqveni maswavleblebi,
romlebic dasjisa da dajildoebis meTodebs iyenebdnen. ecadeT, gaix-
senoT dajildoebis tipebi:
konkretuli jildoebi (stikerebi, sakvebi,
prizebi, serTifikatebi)
saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli jildoebi
(Tavisufali dro, Tavisufali kiTxva,
savarjiSo gamocanebi)
`ganmaTavisuflebeli~ jildoebi
(araviTari saSinao davaleba,
sakvirao testis gauqmeba)
socialuri jildoebi
(aRiareba, qeba)
sasjelis formebi:
privilegiebis dakargva (ar SegiZlia dajde sadac ginda, imuSao megob­
rebTan erTad)
jarima (qulebis, niSnebis,
fulis dakleba)
zedmeti samuSao (saSinao davaleba, sportuli
datvirTvebi, aWimvebi)
bihevioristuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, Sedegebi didwilad gana-
pirobebs imas, gaimeoreben Tu ara adamianebi am Sedegebis gamomwvev
qcevas. Sedegis tipsa da dros SeuZlia gaaZlieros an Seasustos qceva.
pirvel yovlisa qmedebis gamaZlierebel Sedegebs ganvixilavT.
ganmtkiceba. imis miuxedavad, rom ZiriTadad ganmtkicebas `jildod~
miiCneven, am termins fsiqologiaSi specifikuri mniSvneloba aqvs. ganm­
tkiceba nebismieri Sedegia, romelic aZlierebs mis Tanamdev saqciels.
amrigad, gansazRvrebis mixedviT ganmtkicebuli qcevebi zrdis maTs
sixSiresa da xangrZlivobas. rogorc ki SeamCnevT, rom garkveuli
qce­va drois gasvlasTan erTad matulobs da narCundeba, SegiZliaT
daaskvnaT, rom am qcevaSi CarTuli adamianisTvis qcevis Sedegebic
mtkicdeba (Landrum & Kauffman, 2006). ganmtkicebis procesis diagrama
Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
Sedegi efeqti
qceva ganmamtkicebeli ganmtkicebuli an ganmeorebadi qmedeba
 SegviZlia dabejiTebiT vamtkicoT, rom sakvebi mSieri cxovelisT- daukavSireT kvlevas
vis ganmamtkicebeli iqneba, magram ram SeiZleba Seasrulos igive fun- da ganavrceT
imisaTvis, rom gaigoT Tu
qcia adamianisTvis? ar aris garkveuli ratom iZens raime movlena
ramdenad gavrcelebulia
adamianisTvis ganmamtkiceblis daniSnulebas, magram araerTi Teoria ganmtkiceba adamianTa yovel-
arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor moqmedeben ganmamtkiceblebi. magali- dRiur cxovrebaSi awarmoeT
Tad, zogi fsiqologis mtkicebiT, ganmamtkiceblebi moTxovnilebebs Canawerebi nebismier dros,
akmayofileben, maSin, roca sxvebi Tvlian, rom gamamtkiceblebi xs- roca gascemT an miiRebT
gamtkicebas. eZieT poziti-
nian daZabulobas da axdenen tvinis garkveuli nawilis stimulirebas
uri an negatiur gamtkicebas
(Rachlin,1991). ganmtkicdeba Tu ara raime movlenis Sedegebi, damokide- da awarmoeT ganrigi. kidev
bulia adamianis mier movlenaTa aRqmis unarsa da misTvis am movle- erTi SesaZleblobaa CainiS-
nis mniSvnelobaze. magaliTad, moswavleTaTvis, romlebsac TavianTi noT gamtkicebani saklaso
saqcielisaTvis pedagogebi regularulad gzavnian direqtoris kabi- da kolejis oTaxebSic ki. ra
saxis gamaZliereblebi SeiniS-
netSi, am Sedegidan maTTvis raRac ganmamtkiceblis funqciis matare- neba Tqvens klasSi?
belia, Tumca Cven amaSi verafers vxedavT sasurvels. sxvaTa Soris,
skiners araferi uTqvams imaze, Tu ratom aZlierebs ganmamtkicebeli daukavSireT kvlevas
qcevas. misi TqmiT, usargeblo iyo iseT `warmosaxviT konstruqciebze~ da ganavrceT
saubari, rogoricaa mniSvneloba, molodini, saWiroeba an daZabulo- dadebiTi ganmtkiceba: qeba
kargi niSnebisaTvis, testebze
ba. skineri ubralod aRwerda mocemuli operantis zrdis tendencias
maRali qulebi, moawyveT kla-
garkveuli Sedegebis Semdeg (Hill, 2002; Skinner, 1953,1989). sis dResaswauli, Tu mTeli
arsebobs ori saxis ganmtkiceba. dadebiTi ganmtkiceba (pozitiuri) Tavs klasi testebSi 85-ze maRal
iCens, ro­ca qceva iwvevs axal stimuls. magaliTad, axali tanisamosis tareba Sedegs aCvenebs. uaryofiTi
iwvevs komplimentebs, skamidan gadmovardna iwvevs sicils klasSi da a.S. gamtkiceba: fexsacmlidan
qvis gamoReba, movuwodoT
aRsaniSnavia, rom dadebiTi ganmtkiceba maSinac ki iCens Tavs, roca siCumisken bavSvs, romelic
gan­samtkicebeli qceva (skamidan gadmovardna) maswavleblis Sexedule- ganmgelebiT iwevs xels da
biT sulac ar aris dadebiTi. metic, Seuferebel qmedebaTa dadebiTi yviris `me vici, me vici!~
ganmtkiceba bevr saklaso oTaxSi ganzrax ar xdeba. maswavleblebi (Tqven uaryofis ganmtkice-
bas iRebT, radgan xmauri
xels uwyoben problemuri qcevis SenarCunebas maTi araadekvaturad
wydeba), mogzaurobisas iseTi
gan­mtkicebis gziT. magaliTad, elisabeds SeeZlo uneburad ganemt- fexsacmlis tareba, romelic
kicebina problemuri qceva klasSi, roca biWis pirvel wamoZaxilze _ fexs ar gtkenT, meuRles-
`jud lo~_ gaecina. problemuri qceva SeiZleba sxva mizezebiTac gan- Tan mobodiSeba misi sibra-
mtkicebuliyo, magram elisabedis sicils moyolili Sedegi umTavres zis Tavidan asacileblad.
prezentaciuli sasjeli:
rols TamaSobda.
damatebiTi SeniSvnebis micema,
rodesac qmedebis gamaZlierebeli Sedegi, axali gamaRizianeblis cudi niSnebis wera, fizi-
gaCenas (damatebas) iwvevs, amas dadebiTi ganmtkiceba ewodeba. amis- kuri sasjeli. CamorTmevis
gan gansxvavebiT, process, roca moqmedebis gamaZlierebeli Sedegebi sasjeli: jarimebi, gamoketva,
iwvevs gamaRizianeblis gaqrobas (gamoklebas), uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba eqskursiaze da Sesvenebaze ar
gaSveba, samsaxuridan daTxova.
(negatiuri) ewodeba. Tu garkveuli movlena iwvevs arasasiamovno situa-
ciis Ta­vidan acilebas, safiqrebelia, rom msgavs situaciaSi es moq- pozitiuri ganmtkiceba _
medeba ga­meordeba. erT-erTi magaliTia manqanis usafrTxoebis Rvedis sasurveli stimuliT qcevis
sasignalo zari. rogorc ki Rveds gaikeTeb, es gamaRizianebeli xmac ganmtkicebis uzrunvelyofa. .
wydeba. Tqven imeorebT am moqmedebas (ikeTebT usafrTxoebis Rveds,
negatiuri ganmtkiceba _
ro­gorc ki manqanaSi jdebiT) momavalSi, radgan Tqveni saqcieliT
qcevis ganmtkiceba usiamovno
uaryofT gamaRizianebels – signals aCerebT. ganvixiloT aseve moswav- stimulis moSorebiT.
leebi, romlebic `avad~ xdebian zustad testirebis dawyebis win da
maT skolis eqimTan agzavnian. es qmedeba saSualebas aZlevs moswavles,
Tavi daaRwios arasasiamovno situacias – testirebas. amrigad, `avad~
gaxdoma nawilobriv SenarCunebulia uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis gziT. mas
uaryofiTi ewodeba, radgan am dros gamaRizianebeli (testi) qreba da
gaZlierebulia, radgan is qceva, romelmac gamRizianeblis gaqroba ga­
moiwvia, izrdeba da meordeba.
SesaZlebelia aseve, rom Tavisi roli klasikuri pirobiTi refleq-
sis gamomuSavebamac Seasrulos. SeiZleba moswavleebs gamoumuSavdeT

295
aversiuli _ mtkivneuli an
usiamovno gamRizianebeli.
dasja _ procesi, romelic
asustebs an krZalavs qcevas.
prezentaciuli sasjeli _
usiamovno stimulis gamoy-
eneba arasasurveli qcevis
albaTobis Semcirebis mizniT.
aseve uwodeben pirveli tipis
dasjas.
CamorTmeva/jarima _ qcevis
ganmeorebiT ganxorcielebis
albaTobis Semcireba sasia-
movno stimulis moSorebiT, mas
agreTve uwodeben meore tipis
dasjas.
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
gaixseneT raime sasjeli,
romelic Tavad iwvnieT
cxovrebis romeliRac peri-
odSi. ra grZnobebi dagebadaT
am dros? CamoTvaleT es Seg-
rZnebebi (negatiuri SegrZne-
bebi, rogoricaa sircxvili,
sibraze da tkivili, aRSfoTe-
ba da a.S, SemTxvevaTa 90%-Si
iCens Tavs). moqmedebs Tu
ara sasjeli? ra negatiuri
efeqtebi mohyveba sasjels?
Tu sasjeli araefeqturia da
gverdiTi movlenebic aqvs,
ratom iyeneben mas maswav-
leblebi?
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
rodesac maswavlebeli arasa-
surveli qcevis ignorirebas
axdens, am qcevis gaqrobamde
xSirad xdeba xolme misi
gaZliereba (gaxSireba).
rogor axsniT am fenomens?
296
refleqsi da testirebis dros arasasiamovno fiziologiur reaqciebs
ganicdidnen.
sityva `uaryofiTi~ uaryofiT ganmtkicebaSi sulac ar gulisxmobs
imas, rom ganmtkicebuli moqmedeba aucileblad negatiuri an cudi
unda iyos. am konteqstSi es sityva ufro uaryofiTi ricxvebis mniSvn-
elobis, minusis, gamoklebis msgavsia. warmovidginoT, rom dadebiTi an
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba aris qcevis Tanamdevi raRacis mateba an kleba,
rac ganamtkicebs Tavad qcevas.
sasjeli uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba xSirad erevaT xolme sasjelTan. gan-
mtkicebis procesi (dadebiTi an uaryofiTi) yovelTvis iwvevs qcevis
gaZlierebas. sasjeli ki, meore mxriv, iwvevs qcevis CaxSobas da Ses-
ustebas. is qceva, rasac sasjeli mohyva, naklebad mosalodnelia, rom
momavalSi ganmeordes. es is efeqtia, sadac Sedegs sasjelis saxe aqvs,
magram sxvadasxva xalxi sasjels sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqvams. erTi mo-
swavlisaTvis skolidan gagdeba SeiZleba sasjeli iyos, im dros, roca
sxvisTvis amas araviTari mniSvneloba ar eqneba. sasjelis procesi Se­
iZleba Semdeg diagramaze gamoisaxos:
Sedegi efeqti
qceva damsjeli Sesustebuli da Semcirebuli Qqceva
ganmtkicebis msgavsad, sasjelsac ori forma, ori saxe aqvs. pirve-
li saxis sasjels ewodeba sasjelis I tipi, magram amgvari ganmarteba
naklebi informaciis Semcvelia, amitom gamoviyenebT termins _ prezen-
taciuli sasjeli. is Tavs iCens maSin, roca qcevis Tanamdevi stimuli
Trgunavs an asustebs qcevas. rodesac maswavleblebi weren dabal
niSnebs yofaqcevaSi, zedmet samuSaos aZleven moswavleebs da a.S.,
am dros isini iyeneben prezentaciul sasjels. meore saxis sasjeli
(sasjels II tipi) CamorTmevis sasjelia, radgan is gulisxmobs stimu-
lis gaqrobas/CamorTmevas. roca maswavleblebi an mSoblebi bavSvebis
cudi qcevaze sapasuxod maT arTmeven privilegiebs, isini mimarTaven
CamorTmevis sasjels. orive SemTxvevaSi mizania im qcevis Sesusteba,
romelmac gamoiwvia sasjeli. 6.1 cxrilSi naCvenebia gamtkicebisa da
sasjelis procesebi.
ganmtkicebis ganrigi
qcevis axali wesis Seswavlisas, adamiani ufro swrafad iswavlis
mas, Tu misi qmedeba yovel swor pasuxze waxalisebiT ganmtkicdeba. es
aris gangrZobadi ganmtkicebis ganrigi. Semdgom, roca adamiani axal
unars ukve daeufleba, misi ukeT SenarCuneba SesaZlebeli iqneba misi
periodulad da ara yovel jerze ganmtkicebiT. perioduli ganmtki­
cebis ganrigi exmareba moswavleebs im unar-Cvevebis SenarCunebaSi,
romelTac ar sWirdeba mudmivi ganmtkiceba.
arsebobs perioduli ganmtkicebis ori tipi. pirveli _ saxelwodebiT
intervaluri ganrigi _ emyareba ganmtkicebaTa Soris arsebul drois
intervalebs; meore _ proporciuli ganrigi ki _ sapasuxo reaqciaTa
ricxvs, romelsac moswavleebi iZlevian ganmtkicebebs Soris. inter-
valuri da proporciuli ganrigi SeiZleba iyos myari (ganWvretadi)
da cvladi (ganuWvretadi). 6.1 cxrilSi mocemulia ganmtkicebis xuTi
SesaZlo ganrigi (gangrZobadi da oTxi tipis perioduli ganrigebi).
 ganmtkicebis uwyveti reJimi
sqema 6.1. _ ganmtkicebis micema yoveli
swori pasuxis Semdeg.

ganmtkicebisa da sasjelis tipebi ganmtkicebis wyvetili re-

uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba da sasjeli xSirad erTmaneTSi erevaT. Jimi _ ganmtkicebis micema
maT gansasxvaveblad unda gaxsovdeT, rom ganmtkiceba yovelT- garkveul, magram ara yvela
vis qcevis gaZlierebas iwvevs, sasjeli ki miznad isaxavs qcevis reaqciaze.
daTrgunvasa da Semcirebas. intervalis reJimi _ drois
intervali ganmtkicebebs
waxalisebuli qceva daTrgunuli qceva Soris.

dadebiTi ganmtkiceba prezentaciuli sasjeli

proporciuli normis reJimi
(`jildo~) (I tipis sasjeli) mag:
gakveTilebis Semdeg datoveba _ ganmtkicebis perioduli re-
mag: maRali niSnebi
Jimi, romelic emyareba swori
pasuxebis raodenobas.

micemuli
stimuli

negatiuri ganmtkiceba negatiuri dasja

(`Tavis daRweva~) mag: saxlis (II tipis sasjeli)
samuSaosgan gaTavisufleba mag: araviTari televizori
erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi
CamorTmeuli
an dayovnebuli
stimuli

rogor moqmedebs sxvadasxva ganrigi? Sesrulebis siCqare damokide-

bulia kontrolze. Tu ganmtkiceba damokidebulia Tqven mier micemul
sapasuxo reaqciaTa ricxvze, maSin Tqven metad akontrolebT ganmt-
kicebas: rac ufro swrafad daagrovebT swor sapasuxo reaqciaTa ra-
odenobas, miT ufro swrafad moxdeba ganmtkiceba. maswavlebeli, ro-
melic ambobs: `rogorc ki Tqven am 10 davalebas sworad SeasrulebT,
SegiZliaT daisvenoT~, Sesrulebis ufro maRal dones unda moelodes,
vidre maswavlebeli, romelic ambobs: `imuSaveT am davalebebze mom-
devno 20 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg me Sevamowmeb Tqvens namuSevrebs
da visac 10 swori pasuxi eqneba, SeeZleba dasasveneblad wasvla.~
Sesrulebisas xangrZlivoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad Se­
iZleba reaqciis ganWvreta. gangrZobadi ganmtkiceba da orive saxis my-
ari ganmtkiceba (proporciuli da intervaluri) advilad da swrafad
ganWvretadia. Cven ganmtkicebas veliT garkveul momentebSi da male
vnebdebiT, roca ganmtkiceba Cvens molodins ar Seesabameba. sapasuxo
reaqciis dasafiqsireblad cvladi ganrigi yvelaze Sesaferisia. marT-
lac, Tu ganrigi TandaTan icvleba, sanam is ise ar Sesustdeba, rom
ganmtkiceba mxolod bevri sapasuxo reaqciis an drois didi interva-
lis Semdeg Cndeba, adamianebma SeiZleba iswavlon xangrZlivi drois

297
 cxrili 6.1.
ganmtkicebis ganrigi

ganrigi gansazRvreba magaliTi sapasuxo reaqcia, romelic

reaqciaTa nimuSebi ganmtkicebis SeCerebas
mohyveba

gangrZobadi gaZliereba televizoris sapasuxo reaqciebis Zalian mcire xangrZlivoba,

yoveli sapasuxo CarTva swrafi swavla sapasuxo reaqciis swrafi
reaqciis Semdeg gauCinareba

myari gaZliereba yovelkvireu- sapasuxo reaqciaTa mcire xangrZlivoba. sapasuxo

intervali drois li testi ricxvi matulobs reaqciaTa sixSiris swrafi
garkveul ganmtkicebis drois vardna, rodesac ganmtkicebis
periodSi moaxloebasTan dro gavlilia da ganmamtkice-
erTad, Semdeg klebu- beli ar Cans.
lobs

cvladi ganmtkiceba daugegmavi sapasuxo reaqciaTa meti xangrZlivoba, sapasuxo

intervali drois cvladi testi neli, Tanabari done, reaqciaTa donis neli dacema
periodebis ganmtkicebis Semdeg
Semdeg Zalian mcire pauza

myari ganmtkiceba klasgareSe swrafi sapasuxo mcire xangrZlivoba, sapa-

proporcia mTel rig socialuri reaqcia, pauza suxo reaqciaTa donis swrafi
sapasuxo muSaoba ganmtkicebis vardna; sapasuxo reaqciebi
reaqciaTa Semdeg ukve miRebulia da ganmtkiceba
Semdeg aRar iqneba

cvladi ganmtkiceba saTamaSo sapasuxo reaqciaTa yvelaze Zlieri xangrZlivoba;

proporcia cvladi avtomatebi Zalian maRali done, sapasuxo reaqciaTa done
sapasuxo ganmtkicebis Semdeg maRali rCeba da TandaTanobiT
reaqciebis mcire pauza klebulobs
Semdeg

gan­mavlobaSi muSaoba yovelgvari ganmtkicebis gareSe. sakmarisia, sa-

TamaSo avtomatTan azartul moTamaSeebs SevxedoT, rom davinaxavT,
raoden efeqturia susti ganmtkicebebis ganrigi.
ganmtkicebis ganrigebi gavlenas axdens stimulis gaqrobis Semdeg
Cveni sapasuxo reaqciis xangrZlivobaze. ra xdeba maSin, roca stimuli
saerTod aRar aris?

Caqroba. klasikur pirobiT refleqsSi sapasuxo reaqcia qreba, roca

aris pirobiTi stimuli, magram mas ar mohyveba upirobo stimuli (gais-
ma Canglis xma, magram amas ar mohyva sakvebi). operantul ganpirobebaSi
adamiani an cxoveli ar gaagrZelebs qcevas; Tu Cveuli ganmamtkice-
beli didxans ar gaCndeba. sabolood ki es qceva gaqreba. magaliTad,
Tu Tqven mudmivad ugzavniT profesors werilebs internetiT, magram
is arasdros gpasuxobT, Tqven SeiZleba Tavi daaneboT maT gagzavnas.
ganmtkicebis erTbaSad Sewyveta iwvevs qcevis Caqrobas. am process
SeiZleba raRac periodi dasWirdes. Tqven es kargad gecodinebaT, Tu

298
 kazinos saTamaSo
avtomatebi Seyovnebuli
ganmtkicebis kargi magali-
Tia: adamianebi daJinebiT
`swavloben~ sakuTari fulis
dakargvas, radgan aseTi da-
kargvis jildo SesaZlebelia
iyos (Tumca iSviaTi da
gauTvaliswinebeli kuSi).
gamocdili gaqvT bavSvebis ucabedi sibrazisa da sijiutis gamoxdome-
bi, romelTa Semcirebas ignorirebis gziT cdilobT. xandaxan bavSvi
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
stimulis kontrolis mag-
aliTebi: xSirad aRmomiCenia,
rom samsaxurSi wasvlisas, me
Zveli Senobis avtosadgomTan
mivdiodi maSinac, roca Cveni
axali Senoba qalaqis meore
boloSi gadaitanes. Zvel
signalebs/stimulatorebs me
avtomaturad Zvel SenobasTan
mivyavdi. kidev erTi magaliTi
_ bankis mZarcveli daiWires,
roca is devnisas avtomatu-
rad gaCerda SuqniSnis wiTel
Suqze. wiTeli Suqis stimulma
masze avtomaturi kontroli
daamyara.

imarjvebs _ Tqven Tavs anebebT ignorirebas. am drosD Caqrobis nacv-

daukavSireT swavlebas/
lad, Tavs iCens perioduli ganmtkiceba. cxadia, aman SeiZleba moma- portfolios da ganavrceT
valSi ufro xangrZlivi Wirveulobis gamoxdomebs Seuwyos xeli. CamoTvaleT is miniSnebebi da
signalebi, romlebic SeiZleba
gamoiyenoT Semdegi saqcielis
winamZRvrebi da qcevis cvlileba misaRwevad: (1) klasi giy-
urebT instruqciebis mosas-
operantuli pirobiTi Yrefleqsis winapirobani _ qcevis winamorbedi menad; (2) moswavleebi Slian
movlenebi _ atarebs informacias imis Sesaxeb, ra saxis qceva gamoi- wignebs saWiro gverdze zaris
wvevs dadebiT Sedegebs da romeli _ usiamovnos. skineris mtredebma darekvisas; (3) moswavleebi
mTel yuradRebas Tqven giT-
iswavles sakvebis kenkva, roca sinaTle CarTuli iyo. sibneleSi isini
moben; (4) moswavle ki ar mir-
amisaTvis aRar irjebodnen. sxva sityvebiT, maT iswavles wina piroba bis, midis karisken dasvenebis
_ sinaTlis gamoyeneba kenkvis dawyebis signalad. mtredebi sakenkis zaris darekvis Semdeg.
kenkvisas, stimuls akontrolebdnen, asxvavebdnen stimuls sinaTlis
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
xarisxis mixedviT.
ganavrceT winapirobani (I, Al)
Cven yvelani vswavlobT gansxvavebas _ situaciis wakiTxvas. rodis gaiazreT da gaaanalizeT,
unda sTxovoT megobars manqana _ didi uTanxmoebis, Tu mas Semdeg, rac rogor moqmedebs winapirobe-
wveulebaze erTad Zalian kargi dro gaatareT? winapirobis signali, bi swavlaze. kargad gaecaniT
signalebisa da miniSnebebis
roca; magaliTad; skolis direqtori holSi dgas, exmareba moswavleebs
efeqturad gamoyenebis
ganasxvaon gaqcevis Tu damalvis SesaZlo Sedegebi. Cven xSirad amgvari teqnikas.
winapirobis signalebze vreagirebT da bolomde ver vacnobierebT,
rom isini Cvens qcevaze axdenen gavlenas. Caqroba _ daswavlili, piro-
biTi reaqciis TandaTanobiTi
Sesusteba da Caqroba.
signalebi gansazRvrebis mixedviT signali aris winapirobiTi stimulis
stimulis kontroli _
gaCena garkveuli qcevis dawyebamde. signalis micema gansakuTrebiT
stimulis arsebobiT an
sasargebloa im qcevaTa dasadgenad, romlebmac garkveul dros unda ararsebobiT qcevis gamowvevis
iCinon Tavi, magram romlebic advilad miecema daviwyebas. mozard- SesaZlebloba.
ebTan muSaobisas, maswavleblebi maT saqciels mas Semdeg usworeben, signali/niSani _ stimuli,
rac faqti momxdaria: `rodis iswavli, rom ase ar unda moiqce xolme?~ romelic sasurvel qcevis ganx-
_ amgvari Sexsenebebi xSirad gaRizianebas iwvevs. Secdoma ukve daSve- orcielebas uzrunvelyofs.
bulia da mozards ori arCevani aqvs: misces maswavlebels piroba, rom
ase aRar moiqceva an Tqvas: `Tavs ratom ar damanebebT?~ arc erTi pa-
suxi ar iqneba damakmayofilebeli. amis nacvlad aragansjadi signalis
micemas SeuZlia dagvexmaros am negatiuri konfrontaciebis Tavidan
acilebaSi. roca moswavle signalis Semdeg Sesaferis saqciels sCadis,
maswavlebels SeuZlia ganamtkicos moswavlis es miRweva SeqebiT, imis
nacvlad, rom is SecdomisaTvis dasajos.

299
 cxrili 6.2
werilobiTi miniSnebani: saWiro nabijebis CamonaTvali
am CamonaTvalis gamoyenebiT moswavleebs axseneben, rogor unda gaxdnen efeqturi xelmZRvanelebi.
roca isini gamocdilebas iZenen, es CamonaTvali naklebad saWiro xdeba.

gaxsovdeT............ ..............1. yovelTvis ............. 2. isaubreT ............. 3. iyaviT ............. 4. daeTanxmeT

moamzadeT gakveTilebi; garkveviT; megobrulebi; moswavles,
roca is sworad pasuxobs;

............. 5. SeasworeT ............. 6. SeaqeT ............. 7. ecadeT, ............. 8. zedme- ............. 9. SeavseT ............. 10. SegiZliaT
Secdomebi. SeCerdiT! kargi namuSe- gakveTili mxia- tad nu daexmare- yoveldRiuri Tavad daamatoT
gaeciT swori pasuxi. vari; ruli da saxaliso biT furclebi;
rCevebi?
neba mieciT moswavles iyos; moswavleebs;
Tavad gaakeTos es;

wyaro: wignidan Achieving Educational Excellence: Behavior Analysis for School Personnel (Figure, p.89), by B. Sulzer-Azaroff and G.R. Mayer,
1994, San Marcos, CA: Western Image, P.O. Box 427. Copyright © 1994 by Beth Sulzer-Azaroff and G. Roy Mayer.
ibeWdeba avtorTa nebarTviT.

miniSneba _ Sexseneba, ro-

melic mosdevs signals imaSi
dasarwmuneblad, rom pirovne-
ba signalze reagirebs.
miniSneba zogjer moswavleebs sWirdebaT daxmareba, raTa iswavlon
sig­nalebze saTanado reagireba ise, rom signali ganmasxvavebel stimu-
lad iqces. erT-erTi gza am sakiTxis gadasaWrelad gvTavazobs kidev
erTi damatebiTi signalis gagzavnas. am meorad signalebs, romlebic
pirvels mihyvebian, miniSneba ewodeba. qcevis swavlebisaTvis miniS-
nebisa da signalis gamoyenebis ori gza arsebobs. pirveli: darwmun-
diT, rom is garemoebiTi signali, romlis gamoyenebasac gegmavT, win
uswrebs Tqven mier gamoyenebul miniSnebas. amrigad, moswavle iswavlis
signalze reagirebas da ar iqneba damokidebuli mxolod miniSnebaze;
da meore: gaaqreT es signali rac SeiZleba swrafad, raTa moswavle ar
gaxdes masze damokidebuli (Alberto & Troutman, 2006).
signalisa da miniSnebis magaliTebi moswavleTaTvis kargi TvalsaC-
inoebaa. 6.2 sqemaze mocemulia saWiro nabijebis CamonaTvali. wyvilSi
muSaoba signalia, CamonaTvali – miniSneba. roca moswavleebi daeuf­
lebian am procedurebs, maswavlebels SeeZleba Sewyvitos CamonaTva-
lis gamoyeneba, magram SeiZleba Seaxsenos moswavleebs nabijebi. ro­
ca aRarc weriTi da aRarc zepiri miniSnebebi aRar aris saWiro, es
niSnavs, rom moswavleebma iswavles wyvilSi muSaobisas garemo sig-
nalebze saTanadod reagireba. maT iswavles qceva situaciaSi, sadac
TviTon uwevdaT xelmZRvaneloba. amis miuxedavad, maswavlebeli unda
agrZelebdes situaciis dakvirvebasa da zedamxedvelobas, unda afaseb-
des karg namuSevars da asworebdes Secdomebs. swavlebis dawyebis win,

300
maswavlebelma SeiZleba mouwodos moswavleebs, daxuWon Tvalebi da
ise warmoidginon TvalsaCinoeba. im dros, roca moswavleebi saubro-
ben, maswavlebeli unda usmendes da agrZelebdes moswavleTa wvrTnas,
raTa isini ukeT daeuflon xelmZRvanelobis unar-Cvevebs.

gamoyenebiTi bihevioruli analizi

gamoyenebiTi bihevioruli analizi aris bihevioristuli swavlis daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
principebis gamoyeneba qcevis Sesacvlelad. am meTods xandaxan qce- da ganavrceT
gamoyenebiTi bihevioruli
vis modifikacias uwodeben, magram am termins bevri adamianisaTvis
analizi (I, C4)
uaryofiTi datvirTva aqvs da mas xSirad arasworad igeben (Alberto & roca maswavleblebs sWir­
Troutman, 2006; Kazdin, 2001). debaT Secvalon Seusabamo
idealur SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebiTi bihevioruli analizi moiTxovs da araefeqturi qceva klasSi,
im qcevis zust gansazRvras, romelic unda Seicvalos; aseve am saqcie- romelTa Secvlac ver mox-
erxda standartuli teqni-
lis frTxilad gazomvas, im winapirobisa da ganmamtkiceblis analizs,
kis meSveobiT, isini xSirad
romelTac SeuZliaT SeinarCunon Seuferebeli saqcieli; bihevioris- mimarTaven qcevis gamoyenebiT
tul principebze damyarebul intervenciebsa da cvlilebaTa frTxil analizs. gaecaniT am teqnikis
analizs. gamoyenebiTi bihevioruli analizis kvlevebSi xSirad gamoiy- intervenciaze damyarebul,
eneba ABAB dizaini (aRwerili I TavSi). es niSnavs, rom mecnierebi ba- ganviTarebisa da danergvis
nabijebs.
zisurad zomaven qcevas (A), Semdeg iyeneben intervencias (B), Semdeg
wyveten intervencias, raTa naxon, daubrundeba Tu ara qceva sawyis gamoyenebiTi bihevioruli
wertils (A), dabolos, kvlav agrZeleben intervencias (B). analizi _ bihevioruli swav-
klasTan muSaobisas, maswavleblebi ver mihyvebian bolomde ABAB lis principebis gamoyeneba
safexurebs, magram maT SeuZliaT gaakeTon Semdegi: qcevis gasagebad da Sesacv-
lelad.
1. cxadad daakonkreton qceva, romlis Secvlac surT, da aRniSnon ar-
sebuli done. magaliTad, Tu moswavle `udardeli da uyuradReboa~, qcevis modifikacia _ wanamZ-
niSnavs ki es 2,3,4 an met Secdomas angariSSi yoveli 10-dan? Rvrebisa da Sedegebis siste-
2. dagegmeT specifikuri intervencia winapirobis, Sedegebis an orives maturi gamoyeneba qcevis
erToblivi gamoyenebiT. magaliTad, SesTavazeT moswavles kom- Sesacvlelad.

piuterTan muSaobis zedmeti wuTebi uSecdomod dasrulebul yov-

el amocanaSi.
3. mudam misdieT gegmas, CainiSneT Sedegebi da, saWiroebis SemTxveva-
Si, ganaaxleT gegma.
modiT, ganvixiloT meore safexuris _ intervenciis miRwevis spe­
cifikuri meTodebi.

qcevis waxalisebis meTodebi

rogorc ukve ganvixileT, moqmedebis waxaliseba misi gaZlierebaa.
ix. `swavlis istoriebi~ imis sailustraciod, Tu rogor axsovs erT
ganmanaTlebels Tavisi maswavleblis dadebiTi magaliTebi naxevari
saukunis Semdegac ki. daukavSireT kvlevas
arsebobs ramdenime specifikuri gza arsebuli moqmedebis wasaxal- da ganavrceT
qcevis gamoyenebiT analizze
iseblad an axali moqmedebis saswavlad. maT Sorisaa qeba, e.w premakis
Tanamedrove TvalsazrisisT-
principi da pozitiuri praqtika. vis ix.: Kazdin, A.E. (2001).
Behavior modification in applied
ganmtkiceba maswavleblis yuradRebiT. bevri fsiqologi urCevs mas- settings (6th ed.). Belmont, CA:
wavleblebs, `CauRrmavdnen pozitiurs~ _ Seaqon moswavleebi kargi saq­ Wadsworth and Alberto, P.A., &
Troutman, A.C. (2006). Applied
cielisaTvis, ignorireba gaukeTon cud qcevas. zogi mecnieri imasac
behavior analysis for teach-
miiCnevs, rom SeiZleba `qebisa da yuradRebis sistematuri gamoyeneba ers (6th ed.). Saddle River, NJ:
SeiZleba iyos maswavlebelTaTvis yvelaze Zlieri motivacia da klasis Prentice Hall.

301
 istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb
xarki swavlebas
mesame klasSi maswavlebeli `is axerxebda, rom yvela saSinao davalebis SesrulebiT,
namdvilad mravalferovan pro- gamarjvebuli yofiliyo, kargi moqalaqeobiT. yvelas See-
gramas gvaswavlida. man SemoiRo Zlo kargi saCuqari daemsaxure-
Sromis saaTebi, gvikiTxavda is-
aravin marcxdeboda~. bina. ar iyo aucilebeli, friad-
toriebs, yvelafers akeTebda osani yofiliyavi. vfiqrob, is
imi­saTvis, rom Cveni SesaZleblobebi da Zala specialurad awyobda saqmes ise, rom saswavlo
gvegrZno. wlis ganmavlobaSi yvela moswavle misuliyo mas­
maxsovs, rogor Sevityve niu-iorkis Sesaxeb, Tan saxlSi. is axerxebda, rom yvela gamarjvebu­
roca is erT-erT moTxrobas gvikiTxavda. maSin me li yofiliyo, aravin marcxdeboda. roca masTan
gavifiqre: `erT dRes me waval niu-iorkSi.~ is saxlSi mivdiodiT, sadilis momzadebaSi vexmare-
gviyveboda mravalsarTulian saxlebsa da lift- bodiT. is gvaswavlida magidis gawyobas, radgan
ebze da aSkarad vgrZnobdi, rogor avdiodi da Cven ar gvqonda saxlSi vercxlis dana-Cangali. is
Cavdiodi liftiT. me arasdros menaxa lifti, gvaswavlida, rom Cangali marcxniv unda dagvedo,
misisipis erT dabaSi vizrdebodi. dana da kovzi ki marjvniv.
is yovelTvis aRgviZravda raimes keTebis sur- _ jorj binfordi, ganaTlebis konsultanti,
vils. klasidan or adamians airCevda xolme da riCmondi, virjiniis Stati.
kviraSi an TveSi erTxel saxlSi sadilze epatiJe-
boda. bevri saSualebiT SeiZleboda am `privilegi- wyaro: wignidan Mentors, Masters, and Mrs. MacGregor
(pp.229-230) by J. Bluestein. Copyright © 1995 by Health Com-
isaTvis~ migeRwia _ yoveldRe skolaSi siaruliT, munities. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis nebarTviT

marTvis saSualeba~ (Albert & Heward, 1997, p. 277; Albert & Heward, 2000). amasTan
dakavSirebuli strategiaa ganmasxvavebeli ganmtkiceba, an Seuferebeli
qcevis ignorireba, aseve kargi saqcielis waxaliseba. magaliTad, Tu mo-
swavle miCveulia usargeblo komentarebis (`rodisaa TamaSi paraskevs?~)
gakeTebas, Tqven amgvari wamoZaxili uyuradRebod unda datovoT, magram
rogorc ki Tavs iCens, maSinve unda aRniSnoT da xazi gausvaT sakiTxTan
dakavSirebul komentars (Landrum & Kauffman, 2006).
qeba-ignorirebis amgvari gamoyeneba SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos, ma-
gram nu gegonebaT, rom am gziT saklaso menejmentis yvela problemis
gadaWra SeiZleba. ramdenime gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom xelis SemSleli
qceva SenarCunebulia, roca maswavlebeli pozitiur Sedegebs (ZiriTa-
dad Seqebas) saklaso menejmentis erTaderT strategiad iyenebs (McGo-
ey & DuPaul, 2000; Pfiffner & O’Leary, 1987; Sullivan & O’Leary, 1990) agreTve, Tu
problemuri qceva TanatolTa yuradRebas iqcevs, maSin maswavleblis
mxridan misi ignorireba didad momgebiani da warmatebuli ver iqneba.
arsebobs meore Sexeduleba qebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. kvlevebiT
aRmoCenili dadebiTi Sedegebi Tavs iCens, roca maswavleblebi frTx-
ilad da sistematurad aqeben moswavleebs (Landrum & Kauffman, 2006).
mxolod `komplimentebis Camorigeba~ ver gamoasworebs qcevas. imis-
aTvis, rom qeba Sedegiani iyos: (1) igi unda ganamtkicebdes qcevas;
(2) man cxadad da xazgasmiT unda gamokveTos is saqcieli, romlis
ganmtkicebac unda; (3) igi unda iyos damajerebeli (O’Leary & O’Leary,
1977). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Seqeba unda iyos gulwrfeli aRiareba

302
kar­­gad Camoyalibebuli qcevisa ise, rom moswavleebma kargad gaigon,
ra gaakeTes aRiarebis misaRebad. maswavleblebi, romlebsac ara aqvT
gavlili specialuri treiningi, xSirad arRveven am pirobebs (Brophy,
1981). mosazrebebi Seqebis efeqturad gamoyenebis Taobaze, romelic
efuZneba brofix-is mier sakiTxis yovelmxriv Seswavlas, mocemulia
miTiTebebSi.
bevri fsiqologis azriT, qeba ganawyobs bavSvebs ara sakuTriv
swav­­lisTvis, aramed imisTvis, rom daimsaxuron sxvebis Seqeba. albaT
sa­ukeTeso rCeva iqneboda, kargad gagvecnobierebina qebis zedmetad
an arasworad gamoyenebis potenciuri safrTxeebi da amis Sesabamisad
mogvexdina lavireba.

ganmamtkiceblis arCeva: premakis principi.

bevr klasSi maswavleblis
yu­radRebaze ufro Zlieri da advilad xelmisawvdomia: magaliTad;
sxva moswavleebTan gaziarebis SesaZlebloba an klasis cxovelebis

rekomendaciebi: Seqebis sworad gamoyeneba

gamoiyeneT Seqeba mkafiod da sistematurad.
magaliTebi
1. ecadeT, rom qeba yovelTvis raime konkre-
tul qmedebas mohyves.
2. moswavle unda xvdebodes, ra specifikuri
qmedebisa da miRwevisTvis aqeben. moswavles
uTxariT: `Sen kedlis gazeTi droze Cam-
abare da Tan karg mdgomareobaSi.~ da ara:
`pasuxismgeblobis maRali grZnoba gaqvs.~
aRiareT namdvili miRwevebi.
magaliTebi
1. daajildoeT garkveuli miznis miRweva da
ara mxolod monawileoba
2. ar daajildooT moswavleebi, romlebic
procesSi ar monawileobdnen, mxolod imi-
tom, rom Cumad iyvnen da klass xels ar
uSlidnen
3. qeba moayoleT moswavlis gaumjobesebul
kompetencias an miRwevis xarisxs. uTxa­
riT: `SevamCnie, rom Sen pasuxebi orjer
gadaamowme. Seni niSanic Seni dakvirvebuli
samuSaos Sedegia,~
daaweseT individualur SesaZleblobebze an
SezRudul dafuZnebuli qebis standartebi.
daakavSireT moswavlis warmateba mondome-
basa da SesaZleblobasTan, raTa man irwmu-
nos, rom warmatebis miRweva kidev iqneba
SesaZlebeli.
magaliTebi
1. nu gaavrcelebT klasSi mosazrebas, rom
warmateba SeiZleba da­mokidebuli iyos iR-
balze, sxvis daxmarebaze, an masalis siad-
vileze.
2. sTxoveT moswavleebs, giambon, ra prob-
lemebs waawydnen muSaobisas da rogor ga­
daWres es problemebi.
ecadeT, qeba marTla ganmamtkicebeli iyos.
magaliTebi
1. nu ecdebiT gavlena moaxdinoT danarCen mo-
swavleebze ramdenime moswavlis SeqebiT. es
taqtika xSirad wamgebiania, radgan Tqven
SeiZleba uxerxuloba agrZnobinoT im mo-
swavles, romelsac aqebT.
2. nu SeaqebT daumsaxureblad moswavleebs,
mxolod imitom, rom daabalansoT Secdo­
mebi. es iSviaTadaa nugeSis mimcemi da xSi­
rad xazs usvams moswavlis uunarobas, nam-
dvilad daimsaxuros qeba.

magaliTebi
damatebiTi informaciisTvis ix.:
1. SeaqeT moswavle, Tu xedavT progress war-
http://moodle.ed.uiuc.edu/wiked/index.php/Praise
sulTan SedarebiT an SeqebiT aRniSneT misi
qebisadmi Tqveni moswavleebis damokidebulebis Sesa-
axali miRwevebi.
faseblad ix.: http://www.csu.edu.au/research/staff/burnett/
2. ecadeT, moswavlem yuradReba sakuTar miR- Praise/PerScale.html
wevebsa da progresze gaamaxvilos da ara
sxvebisaze.

303

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
qcevis waxasileba/CaxSoba
(I, B2)
gaigeT teqnikaTa Sesabamisi
moxmarebis wesebi, raTa waax-
asiloT an piriqiT, CaaxSoT
sxvadasxva saklaso saqmianoba.
gqondeT informacia am saxis
intervenciebTan dakavSire-
buli problemebisa da nak-
lovanebebis Sesaxeb.
304
gamokveba. magram maswavleblebi am SesaZleblobebs, rogorc wesi, sak-
maod araregularulad sTavazoben moswavleebs. iseve rogorc Seqebis
SemTxvevaSi, kargi swavlisa da qcevisaTvis privilegiebisa da jil-
doebis miniWebiTac maswavlebels SeuZlia gaaumjobesos swavla da sa-
surveli qceva.
efeqturi ganmamtkiceblebis arCevaSi dagvexmareba david premakis
(1965) pativsacemad wodebuli premakis principi. premakis principis
Tanaxmad, maRali sixSiris qmedeba (sayvareli saqmianoba) SeiZleba dab-
ali sixSiris qmedebis (naklebsasurveli saqmianoba) efeqturi ganmamt-
kicebeli gaxdes. amas xSirad `bebos wessac~ uwodeben: jer is gaakeTe,
rac me minda, Semdeg SegiZlia is gaakeTo, rac Sen ginda. elisabedma
es principi gamoiyena Tavis klasSi, roca uTxra moswavleebs, rom maT
SeeZloT erTad emuSavaT davalebis meore nawilze, maTTvis saintereso
programaze, Tu pirvels Cumad, sakuTari ZalebiT daasrulebdnen.
ra unda akeTos moswavlem, Tu ar iswavla? am kiTxvaze pasuxi mra-
val ganmamtkicebels SeiZleba gulisxmobdes da Seicavdes. bevri mo-
swavlisaTvis saubari, klasSi gadaadgileba, megobris gverdiT jdoma,
davalebebisa da testebis moSoreba, Jurnalebis kiTxva, kompiuterTan
muSaoba an TamaSi sayvarel saqmianobas warmoadgens. saukeTeso gza
imisaTvis, rom gaarkvioT Tqveni moswavleebis ganmamtkiceblebi, das-
venebebze maT saqmianobaze dakvirvebaa.
imisaTvis, rom premakis principi efeqturi iyos, saWiroa jer da-
bali sixSiris (naklebsasurveli) saqmianoba ganxorcieldes. momdevno
dialogSi daakvirdiT, rogor kargavs maswavlebeli premakis principis
gamoyenebis idealur Sanss:
moswavleebi: `o, ara! aucilebelia, rom dRes gramatikaze vimuSa­oT?
sxva klasebSi is filmebi ganixiles, am diliT auditoriaSi rom
vnaxeT.~
maswavlebeli: `magram sxva klasebma guSin daasrules gramatikaze mu­Sao­
ba. Cvenc TiTqmis movrCiT. Tu Cven ar davasrulebT am gakveTils,
Tqven guSin naswavli wesebi dagaviwydebaT.~
moswavleebi: `iqneb wesebi gakveTilis bolos ganvixiloT, axla ki­noze
visaubroT.~
maswavlebeli: `kargiT, oRond sityva momeciT, rom gakveTilis bolos
winadadebebs mivubrundebiT.~
filmis ganxilva SeiZleba gakveTilis dasrulebis ganmamtkicebeli
gamxdariyo. ase ki klasma SeiZleba mTeli gakveTili filmze saubarSi
gaataros. maSin, roca ganxilvebi yvelaze saintereso xdeba, maswavle-
beli iZulebulia, SeaCeros is da gramatikis gakveTils miubrundes.
formireba. ra xdeba maSin, roca moswavle mudmivad ganmamtkiceblis
ga­­­reSe rCeba, radgan ar SeuZlia davalebis Sesruleba? ganvixiloT
Sem­degi magaliTebi:
meoTxeklaseli moswavle uyurebs maTematikaSi Tavis bolo sa-
kontrolos Sedegebs: `amocanaTa naxevarSi niSani saerTod araa
warmatebuli, imitom, rom TiToeulSi suleluri Secdoma momivida.
ver vitan maTematikas!~
meaTeklaseli moswavle yoveldRe cdilobs, gamoigonos raime saba-
bi, rom Tavidan airidos burTiT TamaSi fizkulturis gakveTilze.
bavSvi ver iWers burTs da amitom cdazec ki uars ambobs.
orive situaciaSi moswavleebi TavianTi samuSaosTvis araviTar gan-
mtkicebas ar iReben, imitom, rom maTi saboloo samuSaos
Sedegi arc ise kargia. arsebobs imis mtkicebis sababic,
rom moswavle sul male gadaiyvarebs klass, sagans da,
SesaZloa, zogadad maswavlebelsa da skolas. amis Tavi­
dan acilebis erT-erTi gzaa formireba, mas, aseve, Tanda­
TanobiT miaxloebasac uwodeben. formireba gulisx­mobs
progresis ganmtkicebas, imis magivrad, rom srulyofile-
bas vucadoT.
formirebis misaRwevad, maswavlebelma unda aiRos is
kom­pleqsuri qceva, romlis daufleba da miRwevac surs
moswavles unda dayos mTel rig mcire nabijebad. amis erT-
`erTi wuTiT. . . Sen saSlelebs jildos saxiT
erTi saSualeba _ samuSao davalebebis analizi _ SeimuSava asufTaveb? me amas jildos saxiT vakeTeb!~
r. b. milerma (R. B. Miller, 1962). es teqnika man ga­moigona, © 1991 Tony Saltzmann ibeWdeba nebarTviT
raTa daxmareboda SeiaraRebul Zalebs personalis wvrT-
nasa da momzadebaSi. mileris sistema iwyeba saboloo miznis gansaz- d. premakis principi _ prin-
RvriT, romlis gakeTebac staJiors (an moswavles) programis dasas- cipi, romelic amtkicebs, rom
rulisTvis unda SeeZlos. Semdeg xazgasmulia TiToeuli is nabiji, ufro sasurveli moqmedebebiT
SeiZleba naklebad sasurveli
romelmac moswavle saboloo miznamde unda miiyvanos. es procedura
moqmedebebis ganmamtkiceba.
unarebsa da procesebs qveunarebad da qveprocesebad Slis.
mag. `megobrebTan waxval Tu
ganvixiloT samuSao davalebebis analizis magaliTi. vTqvaT, moswav-
gakveTilebs iswavli~
leebma unda daweron biblioTekur kvlevaze dafuZnebuli moxseneba.
ra moxdeboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maswavlebeli am davalebas auxsnelad formireba _ sasurveli
miscemda maT? moswavleebs masalebi erT-or enciklopediaSi SeiZleba miznisaken an qcevisaken
moeZebnaT, Semdeg ki mxolod enciklopediaSi amokiTxul informacia­ mimavali TiToeuli patara
ze dayrdnobiT daeweraT mokle reziume. moswavleTa meore jgufs safexuris ganmtkiceba.

SeiZleba kompiuteris, saTaurebisa da indeqsebis gamoyeneba scodno­

Tanmimdevruli miaxloeba _
da, magram daskvnebis gamotanaSi Seqmnoda sirTuleebi. maT SeiZleba kompleqsuri qcevis Semadgene-
CaebarebinaT sqeltaniani namuSevrebi, sadac sxvadasxva idea iqnebo- li mcire komponentebi.
da gaSlili. moswavleTa sxva nawils SeiZleba gamosvloda daskvnebi,
magram maTi naweri gaurkveveli da gramatikulad daulagebeli yo- amocanis analizi _ amocanis
filiyo da maswavlebeli ver mimxvdariyo, ras gulisxmoben moswav- dayofa Semadgenel elemen­
tebad.
leebi. davalebis Sesrulebas verc erTi jgufi ver SeZlebda, magram
sxvadasxva mizezis gamo.
samuSao davalebis analizi iZleva logikuri TanmimdevrobiT dala­
gebuli nabijebis suraTs, romelsac mivyavarT saboloo miznamde. am
Tanmimdevrobis codnam SeiZleba misces maswavleblebs imis garkvevis
saSualeba, aqvT Tu ara moswavleebs saWiro unari da SesaZleblobebi.
amasTan, Tu moswavleebi siZneleebs waawydnen, maswavlebels SeuZlia
zustad daadginos problemuri adgilebi. formirebis gziT mravali
saqcielis gamosworeba SeiZleba. gansakuTrebiT iseTebis, romlebic
mo­­iTxovs daJinebas, gamZleobas, did gulmodginebas, did siCqaresa
da praqtikas. radganac formirebis procesi bevr dros moiTxovs, ar
Se­iZleba misi gamoyeneba maSin, roca warmatebis miRweva SesaZlebelia
ufro advili meTodebiTac, magaliTad, signaliT.

dadebiTi (pozitiuri) praqtika. pozitiur praqtikaSi moswavleebi erT

qcevas meoreTi cvlian. es midgoma gansakuTrebiT efeqtiania saswavlo
SecdomebTan gasamklaveblad. roca moswavleebi Secdomas uSveben, maT
is maSinve unda gamoasworon da swori variantiT Secvalon (Gibbs & Luy-
ben, 1985; Kazdin, 1984). igive principi SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli, roca dadebiTi praqtika _
moswavleebi arRveven saklaso wesebs. imis magivrad, rom daisajos, Secdomis daSvebis Semdeg misi
mos­wavles SeiZleba sworad moqceva mosTxovon. dauyovnebeli gamosworeba.

305

daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
negatiuri gaZlierebis maga­
liTebi: meaTe klasis maswav-
lebeli eubneba klass, rom is,
vinc Caabarebs mas daude-
vrad, binZurad Sesrulebul
samuSaos, Tavisufal dros
mis gadakeTebas dauTmobs.
pirveli klasis maswavlebeli
eubneba gabrazebul biWunas,
dajdes xesTan da darCes iq
manam, sanam ar CaTvlis, rom
SeuZlia xelaxla SeuerTdes
TamaSs.
306
`rekomendaciebSi~ gTavazobT pozitiuri saqcielis wamaxalisebel
Sexedulebebs.
arasasurvel qcevasTan gamklaveba
rac unda warmatebiT arTmevdeT Tavs dadebiTi saqcielis waxali­
sebas, yovelTvis dgeba momenti, roca arasasurvel saqcielTan gamk­
laveba giwevT. SeiZleba imitom, rom sxva meTodebi ar amarTlebs, an
imitom, rom Tavad qcevaa saxifaTo da uSualo reagirebas iTxovs.
gamosavals gvTavazobs uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba, moyirWeba, SeniSvnis
micema, sapasuxo safasuri da socialuri izolacia.
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba. gavixsenoT uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis Zi­riTadi
principebi: Tu moqmedeba aCerebs an Tavidan icilebs raime usiamov-
nos, maSin msgavs situaciaSi es moqmedeba kvlav iCens Tavs. uaryofiTi
ganmtkiceba moqmedebda elisabedis klasSi, roca moswavleebi wuwun-
ebdnen da ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen, riTic Tavidan aiciles testi.
amrigad, uaryofiTi ganmtkicebiT maT SeeZloT eswavlaT meti wuwuni
da Civili momavalSi.
negatiuri ganmtkiceba SeiZleba swavlis procesis gasaumjobeseb­
ladac gamoiyenebodes. Tqven SegiZliaT SeuqmnaT moswavleebs usiamov-
no situacia, romlidan Tavis daRwevac maT kargi saqcielis meSveobiT
SeeZlebaT. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTebi:
maswavlebeli mimarTavs mesameklaselebs: `roca yvelaferi Tavis adgil­
ze ideba da Tqvenc wynarad isxdebiT merxebTan, gavalT gareT.
manamde Sesvenebaze ver gaxvalT.~
saSualo skolis maswavlebeli eubneba moswavles, romelic iSviaTad
as­rulebs saklaso davalebebs: `rogorc ki davalebas Seasruleb,
SegiZlia SeuerTde klass saaqto darbazSi. magram sanam muSaob,
unda darCe saklaso oTaxSi.~
simarTle rom iTqvas, WeSmariti bihevioristi SeiZleba ar daTanx-
meboda im azrs, rom es aris uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis magaliTi imitom,
rom mis asamuSaveblad moswavlis mxridan Zalian bevri fiqria saWiro.
maswavleblebi ver moepyrobian TavianT moswavleebs laboratoriis
sacdeli cxovelebiviT. magram maswavleblebs SeuZliaT darwmundnen,
rom usiamovno situacia gamoswordeba moswavleTa qcevis gamoswore-
basTan erTad.
Tqven SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, ratom ar iTvleba zemoT ganxiluli
uar­yofiTi ganmtkicebis magaliTebi sasjelad. cxadia, dasvenebisas
klasSi darCena da specialuri programis gacdena maSin, roca mTeli
Seni klasi eswreba mas, namdvilad sasjelia. magram TiToeul am Sem-
TxvevaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia garkveuli qmedebis ganmtkicebaze
(saklaso oTaxis milagebasa da saklaso samuSaos dasrulebaze). mas-
wavlebeli ganamtkicebs qcevas gamaRizianebeli, arasasurveli `sasje-
lis~ dasrulebiT, rogorc ki Tavs iCens sasurveli qceva. radganac
Sedegebi gulisxmobs stimulis CamoSorebas, `gamoklebas~, ganmtkiceba
uaryofiTia.
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba aseve aZlevs moswavleebs kontrolis Sanss.
dasvenebis gacdena da klasisgan CamorCena, marTalia, arasasiamovno
movlenebia, magram TiToeul SemTxvevaSi moswavleebi inarCuneben kon-
trols. rogorc ki isini saTanadod moiqcevian, usiamovno situacia
rekomendaciebi: pozitiuri saqcielis waxaliseba
darwmundiT, rom pozitiuri saqcielis Tqve­
neuli gageba moswavleebisTvisac mniSvne­
lovania.
magaliTebi
1. roca klass acnobT wesebs, maT Sesrulebi-
saTvis daadgineT pozitiuri Sedegebi,
darRvevisaTvis ki _ sasjeli.
2. miiReT Secdomebis gulwrfeli aRiareba
meore Sansis micemis gziT: ,,raxan aRiareb,
rom davaleba wignidan gadawere, me mogcem
uflebas xelaxla dawero is.”
3. SesTavazeT sasurveli jildoebi akademi-
uri moswrebisaTvis. magaliTad, gauzardeT
dro, gaaTavisufleT saSinao davalebebisa
da testebisgan an dauwereT bonus qulebi
rTuli samuSaosaTvis.
roca moswavleebi axal masalas eWidebian an
axal unarebs cdian, mieciT bevri ganmamt-
kicebeli.
magaliTebi
1. ipoveT da SeaqeT raime kargi TiToeuli
moswavlis pirvel namuSavarSi.
2. ubiZgeT moswavleebs, rom waaxalison erT-
maneTi: ,,franguli gamoTqma Tavidan Zneli
da ucnauria. modiT davexmaroT erTma-
neTs.~
mas Semdeg, rac klasSi axali qcevebi dain-
ergeba, awarmoeT spontanuri ganmtkiceba,
raTa uzrunvelyoT xangrZlivoba.
magaliTebi
1. SemoiReT klasSi siurprizebi kargi monaw-
ileobisaTvis.
2. daiwyeT gakveTili mokle werilobiTi tes-
tiT, sadac iqneba erTi zedmeti SekiTxva.
moswavleebs SeeZlebaT, ar upasuxon am
kiTxvas. magram kargi da swori pasuxi maT
bonus qulebs mianiWebs saboloo Sefasebi-
sas.
3. darwmundiT, rom kargi moswavleebi dro-
dadro qebas iReben. magram nu miaCvevT maT
daumsaxurebel qebas.
pozitiuri qcevis konstruirebis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciisaTvis
ix.: http://www. afcec.org/tipsforteachers/tips_c4.html
gamoiyeneT primakis principi, raTa daadgi-
noT efeqturi gamaZliereblebi.
magaliTebi
1. daakvirdiT, rogor atareben moswavleebi
Tavisufal dros.
2. daakvirdiT, romel moswavleebs uyvarT
erTad muSaoba. megobrebTan muSaobis Sansi
xSirad kargi ganmamtkicebelia.
gamoiyeneT maniSneblebi axali qcevis wese­
bis dasadgenad.
magaliTebi
1. dakideT klasSi sasacilo niSnebi, raTa mo-
swavleebs wesebi SeaxsenoT.
2. saswavlo wlis dawyebisas, rodesac bavS-
vebi saklaso oTaxSi Semovlen, daaxvedreT
im masalis sia, romelic maT mTeli wlis
ganmavlobaSi dasWirdebaT.
ecadeT, rom yvela moswavlem, maTac ki,
vinc xSirad problemebs giqmniT, miiRos
Tqvengan Seqeba, privilegiebi, an sxva saxis
jildo.
magaliTebi
1. drodadro gadaxedeT moswavleTa sias,
raTa darwmundeT, rom yvela bavSvi iRebs
Tqvengan Seqebas.
2. daadgineT standartebi ganmtkicebisT-
vis, raTa yvelas hqondes jildos miRebis
Sansi.
3. gadaxedeT Tqvens midrekilebebs. biWebi
meti privilegiebiT sargebloben Tu go-
gonebi? rogor gaqvT privilegiebi dan-
awilebuli sxvadasxva rasisa da erovnebis
moswavleebs Soris?
SeqmeniT ganmamtkiceblebis sia
magaliTebi
1. neba mieciT moswavleebs, Tavad SemogTava-
zon sxvadasxva ganmamtkicebeli an airCion
isini Tqveni `meniudan~.
2. esaubreT sxva maswavleblebsa da mSoblebs
ganmamtkiceblebis Taobaze.
307
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
satiacia: meeqvse klasis
maswavlebelma aRmoaCina,
rom erT-erTi misi moswavle
damoukidebeli samuSaos
Sesrulebisas, qaRaldis TviT-
mfrinavebs uSvebda. man misca
moswavles qaRaldebis dasta
da uTxra, ekeTebina qaRal-
dis TviTmfrinavebi, sanam
es dasta ar dasruldeboda.
pirveli 10 wuTis ganmav-
lobaSi moswavle amas xalisiT
akeTebda. magram bolos is
daiRala da gaCereba mounda.
am gamocdilebis Semdeg es
moswavle damoukidebeli
samuSaosTvis daTmobil dros
ukeT iyenebda.
\
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
rbili SeniSnvnebi: pirvel
klasSi kiTxvis gakveTilze
mis maqkormikma SeniSna, rom
erT moswavles yuradReba
gafantuli hqonda da wigns
ver kiTxulobda. am dros mas-
wavlebeli jgufTan muSaobda
da SeeZlo ubralod daeZaxa
misTvis: `keni, samuSaos daub-
rundi. yuradReba nu gefan-
teba.~ magram maswavlebelma
CaTvala, rom amiT moswavles
klasis win Searcxvenda da
Tan sxvebsac gaufantavda
yuradRebas. amis magivrad is
miuaxlovda kenis, dausva mas
ramdenime kiTxva da sTxova
Semdgom moeyola, rogor
mTavrdeboda moTxroba.
maswavlebelma mizans miaRwia
moswavlis Sercxvenis gareSe.
man misca kenis biZgi da mo-
tivi muSaobisaTvis.
moyirWeba _ individs uwevs
qcevis ganxorcieleba, imis
miuxedavad, ainteresebs Tu ara
is da aqvs Tu ara motivacia.
sayveduri _ SeniSvna cudi
qcevis gamo; gansja.
308
dasruldeba. amisgan gansxvavebiT, sasjeli faqtis Semdeg iwyebs mo-
qmedebas da moswavles ar SeuZlia misi ase advilad kontroli da
gansazRvra.
uaryofiT ganmtkicebas ramdenime wesi aqvs: aRwereT sasurveli cv-
lileba pozitiurad. ar moityuoT. darwmundiT, rom SegiZliaT Tqveni
usiamovno situaciis gaZliereba. mihyeviT bolomde, Civilis miuxe-
davad. moiTxoveT qceva da ar dasjerdeT pirobebs. Tu usiamovno
situacia sruldeba, roca moswavle gpirdebaT SemdegSi ukeT moqce-
vas, Tqven ase pirobebis micemas ganamtkicebT da ara qcevas (Alberto &
Troutman, 2006; O’Leary, 1995)
moyirWeba-satiacia. problemis gadaWris kidev erTi saSualebaa, daJi­
nebiT moiTxovoT, rom moswavlem ganagrZos moqmedeba, sanam ar daiR-
leba amis keTebiT. am proceduras ewodeba satiacia anu moyirWeba. am
process Zalian frTxili midgoma sWirdeba. imis daZaleba, rom moswav-
lem raRac xangrZlivad akeTos, SeiZleba moswavlisTvis emociurad da
fsiqologiurad saziano an saxifaTo aRmoCndes.
satiaciis Sesaferisi gamoyenebis magaliTi ukavSirdeba Krumboltz
and Krumboltz-s (1972). mecxre klasis algebris gakveTilze maswavle-
belma moulodnelad SeamCnia, rom oTxi moswavle ucnaur moZraobebs
akeTebda. maswavleblis daJinebuli kiTxvebis Semdeg, maT bolos aRi-
ares, rom isini kenwlavdnen warmosaxviT burTebs. maswavlebelma Tavi
moikatuna, TiTqos am axal ideas enTuziazmiT Sexvda da SesTavaza
klass, rom es yvelas gaekeTebina. Tavidan klasSi sicili da xumrobebi
gaisma. meore wuTSi ki xmauri Sewyda da erTma moswavlem warmosaxviTi
burTebiT `TamaSsac~ Tavi gaaneba. magram maswavlebelma daiJina, rom
yvelas gaegrZelebina TamaSi. xuTi wuTis Semdeg maswavlebelma misca
maT gaCerebis ufleba. mas Semdeg warmosaxviTi burTi klasSi aravis
aukenwlavs.
maswavlebelma SeiZleba moswavles imden xans acados raime qmedebis
gagrZeleba, sanam TviTon moswavle ar gaCerdeba, Tu, ra Tqma unda, es
saqcieli xels ar uSlis klasis saqmianobas. maswavlebelma SeiZleba
ubralod moaxdinos am qcevis ignorireba. gaxsovdeT, rom qcevaze
reagirebiT, romlis ignorirebac SesaZlebelia, SeiZleba es qmedeba
ganamtkicoT kidec.
satiaciis saSualebiT maswavlebeli unda ecados, ar danebdes, sa-
nam moswavleebi ar danebdebian. algebris maswavlebels rom eiZule-
bina bavSvebi 500-jer daeweraT furcelze `me aRarasodes avkenwlav
warmosaxviT burTs~, moswavleebi guls ijerebdnen weriT da ara bur-
Tis TamaSiT.
sayveduri. Junction Journal-Si, Cemi qaliSvilis dawyebiTi skolis gazeT-
Si, meoTxeklaseli moswavlis statiaSi: `ratom momwons skola~ _ Sem-
degi sityvebi amovikiTxe: `me Cemi maswavlebelic momwons. is mexmareba
gagebasa da swavlaSi. is yvelas kargad eqceva. me momwons, rom roca is
vinmeze brazdeba, yvelas winaSe ki ar uyviris, aramed calke elapara-
keba xolme.~
xelSemSleli saqcielis SemcirebisTvis rbili, mSvidi da piradi
SeniSvnebi ufro efeqturia, vidre xmamaRali, sajaro SeniSvnebi (Lan-
drum & Kauffman, 2006). kvlevebma cxadyo, rom Tu SeniSvna xmamaRalia da
is mTel klass esmis, maSin xelSemSleli saqcieli kidev ufro matu-
lobs an mudmiv xasiaTs iRebs. zog moswavles moswons, rodesac cudi
saqcielis gamo yuradRebas ipyrobs an ar moswons, roca klaselebi
xedaven, rogor `marcxdeba~ is maswavlebelTan. Tu moswavle ar aris daukavSireT swavlebas/
SeCveuli SeniSvnebs, Tu klasSi zogadad Tbili da pozitiuri atmos- portfolios da ganavrceT
rogoria Tqveni damokideb-
feroa, maSin is Zalian swrafad reagirebs pirad SeniSvnebze (Kaplan,
uleba swavlebaSi garegani
1991; Van Houten & Doleys, 1983). ganmamtkiceblis da sasjelis
mimarT? gasaubrebisas mzad
pasuxis safasuri. pasuxis safasuris koncefcia nacnobia yvelasTvis, iyaviT am kiTxvebze pasuxis
visac odesme jarima gadauxdia. wesebis darRveviT adamianebi kargaven gasacemad.
ganmamtkicebels_ fuls, dros, privilegias (Walker, Shea, & Bauer, 2004).
klasSi pasuxis safasuris gamoyeneba sxvadasxva saxiTa da gzebiT Sei-
Zleba. rodesac moswavle pirvelad daarRvevs wess, maSin maswavlebeli
mas gafrTxilebas aZlevs. meored darRvevis SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli pasuxis safasuri _ dasja
ganmamtkiceblis mocilebiT.
JurnalSi moswavlis saxelis gaswvriv niSans wers. moswavle kargavs
dasvenebis 2 wuTs yovel dagrovil cud niSanze. ufrosklaselebisaT-
vis cudma niSnebma SeiZleba asaxva povos klasTan jgufuri muSaobis
privilegiebis dakargvaSi an klasis eqskursiis gamotovebaSi.

socialuri izolacia. bihevioristul meTodTagan erT-erTi yvelaze socialuri izolacia _ dis-

sa­kamaToa socialuri izolaciis strategia, romelsac xSirad ganmt- ciplinis damrRvevi moswavlis
klasidan gaZeveba 5-10 wuTiT.
kicebisgan taim-auts uwodeben. procesi gulisxmobs urCi moswavlis 5-
10 wuTiT klasidan gaSvebas. moswavles martos toveben cariel oTaxSi
– am SemTxvevaSi sasjeli aris adamianebisgan sruli izolireba. direq-
toris kabinetSi gagzavnasa da saklaso oTaxis kuTxeSi dayenebas iseTi
didi efeqti ar aqvs, rogorc cariel oTaxSi marto jdomas.

sifrTxile. sasjeli TavisTavad ar iwvevs pozitiur qcevas. mkacrma

taim-auti _ yvela ganmamt-
sasjelma SeiZleba afiqrebinos moswavles, rom `Zlieria marTali~ da kiceblis moSoreba. praqti-
SurisZiebis survili gauRvivos (Alberto & Troutman, 2006; Walker da sx- kaSi _ moswavlis izolireba
vebi, 2004). amrigad, roca fiqrobT moswavlis dasjaze, amas ori mizani klasisgan mcire droiT.
unda hqondes. upirveles yovlisa, es unda iyos sasjeli, romelic
SeaCerebs arasasurvel moqmedebas; meore mizani ki aris is, rom aux-
snaT moswavles, rogor unda iqceodes da waaqezoT swori saqcieli.
aseTi moqmedebiT problemuri qceva iTrguneba, pozitiuri alterna-
tiva ki Zlierdeba. rogorc Semdgom vnaxavT, Tanamedrove midgomebi
gansakuTrebiT usvams xazs pozitiuri saqcielis waxalisebas. CanarTi
`rekomendaciebi~ gvawvdis ideebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gamoviyenoT
sasjeli dadebiTi miznebisaTvis.

kvlevam aCvena, rom

moswavlisaTvis yvelas
dasanaxad micemul
SeniSvnas an sayvedurs
sinamdvileSi misi
uaryofiTi qcevis
ganmtkiceba SeuZlia;
amrigad, mSvidi,
individualuri
sayveduri SesaZloa
ufro efeqtiani iyos.

309

sasurveli qcevis waxaliseba
_ problemuri qcevis im
sasurveli qceviT Canacvleba,
romelic moswavlisTvis imave
mizans emsaxureba.
funqcionaluri qceviTi
Sefaseba _ procedurebi,
romlebic gamoiyeneba qcevis
mizezisa an misi funqcioni-
rebis gansazRvrisaTvis
saWiro qcevis wanamZRvrebis,
uSualod qcevis, misi Sede-
gebis Sesaxeb informaciis
mosaZieblad.
310
TiToeul moswavlemde miRweva: funqcionaluri
bihevioristuli Sefaseba da pozitiuri qcevis
mxardaWera
Cveulebrivi da specializebuli klasebis maswavleblebi warmate-
biT iyenebdnen axal midgomebs. es procesi iwyeba SekiTxviT: `risi
miRweva surT moswavleebs TavianTi qceviT – ra daniSnuleba aqvs maTs
qmedebebs?~ am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba maxvildeba ara imaze, ra Caidina
moswavlem, aramed imaze, ratom Caidina es (Lane, Falk & Wehby, 2006). qce-
vis mizezebi, rogorc wesi, oTx kategoriaSi erTiandeba (Barnhill, 2005;
Maag & Kemp, 2003). moswavleebs TavianTi qceviT surT:
1. miipyron sxvebis _ maswavleblebis, mSoblebis, Tanatolebis _ yur-
adReba.
2. Tavi daaRwion usiamovno situacias _ akademiur an socialur moT­
xovnebs.
3. miiRon sasurveli sagani an saqme.
4. daikmayofilon sensoruli moTxovnilebebi, magaliTad autizmiT
daavadebuli bavSvebis moTxovnilebaa, aqnion mklavebi.
Tu cnobilia qcevis mizezi, maSin maswavleblebs SeuZliaT gamoimu­
Saon pozitiuri qmedebis xelSemwyobi iseTi saSualebebi, romlebic
`ratom~ funqcias emsaxureba. me vmuSaobdi saSualo skolis direq-
torTan. mas Zalian afiqrebda erTi biWis mdgomareoba, romelsac ram-
denime wlis win mama gardacvloda da axla ramdenime saganSi _ gan-
sakuTrebiT maTematikaSi _ seriozuli problemebi hqonda. moswavle
maTematikis gakveTils kviraSi minimum orjer Slida da Semdeg di-
reqtoris kabinetSi amoyofda xolme Tavs. direqtorisgan is srul
yuradRebas iRebda. gakicxvis Semdeg direqtori am moswavles sportze
esaubreboda; mas moswonda biWi da ganicdida, rom aravin hyavda is-
eTi, vinc misTvis misabaZi magaliTi gaxdeboda. am SemTxvevaSi advil-
ia klasSi areulobis funqciis dadgena _ misi meSveobiT xerxdeboda
maTematikis gakveTilisgan Tavis daRweva (1) (uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba),
an (2) direqtorTan yofna (dadebiTi ganmtkiceba, mcireodeni gakicx-
vis Semdeg). direqtorma, maswavlebelma da me SevimuSaveT maTematikis
gakveTilze am moswavlis pozitiuri qcevis waxalisebis gza. moswavles
daeniSna maTematikis damatebiTi gakveTilebi da maTematikis prob-
lemebis mogvarebis Semdeg mas eZleoda direqtorTan drois gatarebis
saSualeba. axali pozitiuri qcevebi imave miznebs emsaxureboda, rasac
Zveli problemuri qceva.
sasurveli qcevis waxaliseba meoTxe TavSi ganxiluli unarSezRudul-
Ta ganaTlebis gaumjobesebis aqti (Individuals with Disabilities Education
Improvement Act IDEIA, 2004) moiTxovs uunaro da gansakuTrebuli sa-
ganmanaTleblo riskis qveS myofi moswavleebisTvis sasurveli qcevis
waxalisebas. sasurveli qcevis waxalisebis (PBS) arsi is aris, rom
problemuri saqcieli Seicvalos iseTi axali qmedebiT, romelic mo-
swavlisaTvis imave mizans moemsaxureba. problemuri qcevis axsnisa da
gagebis process funqcionaluri qceviTi Sefaseba ewodeba (FBA). `es
aris meTodebisa da procedurebis nakrebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba uSu-
alod qcevisa da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb informaciis Sesagroveblad~
(Barnhill, 2005, p. 132). am SefasebaTagan miRebuli informaciis meSveobiT
maswavleblebs SeuZliaT SeimuSaon intervenciis meTodi ise, rogorc
Cven moviqeciT zemoaRweril situaciaSi, im moswavlesTan mimarTebaSi,
romelsac ar esmoda da ar moswonda maTematika.
rekomendaciebi: sasjelis gamoyeneba
scadeT situaciis ise struqturireba, rom
sasjelis nacvlad ufro uaryofiTi ganmt-
kiceba gamoiyenoT.
magaliTebi
1. mieciT moswavleebs imis saSualeba, rom
Tavi aaridon arasasiamovno situacias (da­­
matebiTi savarjiSoebis Sesruleba, yo­ve­
lkvireuli testireba), roca isini miaRw-
even kompetenciis garkveul dones.
2. nu miscemT moswavleebs imis uflebas, rom
Segacvlevinon SeTanxmebis pirobebi.
iyaviT Tanmimdevrulni sasjelis gamoye­
nebisas.
magaliTebi
1. nu gaaZlierebT uneblieT im saqciels,
rom­lis dasjasac cdilobT. konfronta-
cias nu gaaxmaurebT, raTa moswavleebi ar
gaxdnen e.w. gmirebi klasis TvalSi maswav-
lebelTan dapirispirebis gamo.
2. ecadeT, moswavleebma winaswar icodnen, ra
Sedegebi mohyveba saklaso wesebis darRve-
vas. amisaTvis umcrosklaselebs CamouwereT
ZiriTadi saklaso wesebi, maRalklaselebs
ki es wesebi da maTi darRvevis SesaZlo Se­
degebi silabusebSi CamouTvaleT.
3. uTxariT moswavleebs, rom sasjelis miRe-
bamde isini mxolod erT gafrTxilebas
miiReben. mSvidad gaafrTxileT da ga-
nagrZeT gakveTili.
4. SeecadeT sasjeli SeZlebisdagvarad myis-
ieri iyos.
yuradReba gaamaxvileT moswavlis qmede-
baze da ara mis pirad Tvisebebze.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.: http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/family/350-111/350-111.html
funqcionalur qceviT Sefasebaze damyarebuli sasurveli qcevis
waxaliseba SeiZleba daexmaros uunaro, CamorCenil moswavleebs, dae-
wion klass. magaliTad, oligofreniiT daavadebuli xuTi wlis biWis
destruqciuli qceva TiTqmis sruliad aRmofxvres SedarebiT mokle
droSi PBS intervenciis meSveobiT, romelic funqcionalur Sefasebaze
iyo dafuZnebuli. am proceduras asrulebdnen Cveulebrivi saswavlo
magaliTebi
1. SeniSvna mieciT mSvidi, magram mkacri xmiT.
2. erideT Surismgeblur da sarkastul tons.
am Tqvens intonacias moswavleebis imita-
ciiT SeiZleba mohkraT yuri.
3. xazi gausviT problemuri qcevis gamos-
worebis aucileblobas da ara Tqvens pi-
rad antipatias moswavlisadmi.
4. ar ganasxvaoT moswavleebi maTi erovnebi-
sa da rasis mixedviT.
SeusabameT sasjeli darRvevas.
magaliTebi
1. umniSvnelo darRvevas gaukeTeT ignori-
reba, SeaCereT es saqcieli mzeriT an
ubralod miuaxlovdiT xelisSemSlel mo-
swavles.
2. darwmundiT, rom sasjeli danaSauls See-
sabameba _ nu waarTmevT moswavles damsax-
urebul Tavisufal dros wesebis mxolod
erTxel darRvevisaTvis (Landrum & Kauff-
mann).
3. nu gamoiyenebT sasjelis saxiT saSinao
davalebas iseTi saqcielisaTvis, rogori-
caa saubari klasSi.
4. Tu moswavle cudad iqceva Tanaklaseleb-
Si avtoritetis mosapoveblad, efeqturi
sasjeli iqneba misi megobrebisgan Camo-
cileba.
5. Tu problemuri saqcieli didxans grZel-
deba, gaaanalizeT situacia da gamoiyeneT
axali midgoma. SesaZloa Tqveni sasjeli
ar iyo seriozuli an moqmedebas araadek-
vaturad aZlierebda.
311
 personali da sagangebod amisTvis gamoyofili maswavlebeli. inter-
vencia gulisxmobda kontrols _ iyo Tu ara micemuli davaleba sa-
Tanado sirTulis, am davalebebis SesrulebaSi moswavlis daxmarebas,
imis swavlebas, rogor moiTxovos man daxmareba da Sesvenebas micemuli
davalebisgan (Soodak & McCarthy, 2006; Umbreit). Tumca aseTi midgomebi mx-
olod gansakuTrebuli saWiroebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis ar aris gaTval-
iswinebuli. kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom disciplinuri iurisdiqciisaTvis
gansaxilvelad gadacemuli SemTxvevebis ricxvi mcirdeba, roca mTeli
skola yvela moswavlesTan mimarTebaSi iyenebs am midgomebs (Lewis, Sugai,
& Colvin, 1998). radgan disciplinuri iurisdiqciisaTvis gansaxilvelad
gadacemuli SemTxvevebis naxevari moswavleTa 5%-ze modis, logikuria
intervenciis principebis SemuSaveba am moswavleTaTvis. funqcionalur
Sefasebaze dafuZnebuli pozitiuri qcevis intervencia 80%-iT amci-
rebs qceviT problemebs (Crone & Horner, 2003).

funqcionaluri qceviTi Sefasebis ganxorcieleba. qcevis funqciis dad­­

genaSi SeiZleba sxvadasxva procedura dagvexmaros. Tqven SegiZ­liaT
ubralod gamokiTxoT moswavleebi mas qcevebTan dakavSirebiT. erT-
erTi kvlevisas moswavleebs ekiTxebodnen, ras akeTebdnen isini skolaSi
iseTs, rac maT problemebs uqmnida, ra xdeboda am qmedebis ganxor-
cielebis win da mis Semdeg. imis miuxedavad, rom moswavleebs xSirad
ar hqondaT gaazrebuli, Tu ratom iqceodnen gamomwvevad, Canda, rom
maTTvis mainc momgebiani iyo im ufrosTan saubari, romelsac situaciis
gageba surda da ara maTi gakicxva (Murdock, O’Neill, & Cunningham, 2005). mas-
wavleblebs SeuZliaT daakvirdnen aseT moswavleebs da scadon garkveva:
rodis da sad iCens Tavs problematuri qceva? ra saxis qmedeba da
adamianebi arian masSi CarTulni? ra xdeboda manamde _ ras ambobdnen
da akeTebdnen sxvebi da Tavad obieqti? ra xdeba moqmedebis Semdeg _
ra TqviT an gaakeTeT Tqven, sxva moswavleebma da Tavad obieqtma? ras
iRebs an ras aRwevs Tavs aseTi saqcieliT obieqti – ra icvleba mo-
swavlis saqcielis Semdeg? ufro struqturirebuli midgoma naCvenebia
6.3 naxaziT mocemul anketaze – romelic warmoadgens dakvirvebisa da
dagegmvis kiTxvars funqcionaluri qceviTi SefasebisTvis.

swavlebisa da menejmentisadmi bihevioristuli midgomebi

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s swavlisadmi bihevioristulma midgomam ramdenime seriozuli sa­

da ganavrceT kiTxi Seitana saswavlo amocanebis dadgenis, swavlebis srulyofisa
swavleba da menejmenti
da saxelmZRvanelo instruqciebSi (Cven am sakiTxebs me-13 TavSi ufro
(I, Ai; II, A3; I, C4)
gansazRvreT swavlebisa da
dawvrilebiT maSin mivubrundebiT, roca swavlebas ganvixilavT), aseve
klasis menejmentis qceviT saklaso menejmentis sistemebSi, rogoricaa: jgufuri Sedegebi, piro-
principebze dafuZnebuli biTi kontraqtebi da simboluri ekonomika (Landrum & Kauffman, 2006). es
ZiriTadi midgomebi da maTi
upiratesoba da naklovaneba.

dawyebiT klasebSi saklaso

oTaxSi gamokruli wesebi,
Sedegebi da jildoebi
sasurveli qcevis Sexse-
nebas emsaxureba.

312
sqema 6.3.
struqturirebuli dakvirvebis saxelmZRvanelo funqcionaluri
qceviTi bihevioristuli analizisaTvis
moswavlis saxeli: TariRi:
samizne qceva: operatiulad gansazRvreT qceva, romelic yvelaze metad uSlis xels saklaso oTaxSi mo-
swavlis funqcionirebas. aseve ar dagaviwydeT aRniSnoT, intensiuroba (maRali, saSualo, dabali), sixSire
da xangrZlivoba.

rodis, sad, visTan erTad, ra viTarebaSia samizne qceva yvelaze naklebad mosalodneli?

gare movlenebi da konteqsturi cvladebi (mag., SimSili, Zilis nakleboba, wamlebis miReba):

uSualo wanamZRvrebi & Sedegebi

wanamZRvari problemuri garemo Sedegebi

__moTxovna/Txovna __arastruqturirebuli garemo __qceva ignorirebulia
__rTuli davaleba __arastruqturirebuli aqtivoba __SeniSvnis micema
__dRis dro __individualuri samuSao __direqtivebis verbaluri Secvla
__qmedebis dadgenili wesis Sewyveta __jgufuri samuSao __taim-auti (xangrZlivoba:____)
__TanatolTa provocireba/ gaRizi- __sagangebo ram __iniciativis dakargva
aneba __specifikuri sagani/davaleba __direqtivebis fizikuri Secvla
__araviTari masala/aqtivoba __xalxmravali garemo __fizikuri SezRudva
__ver SeZlo sasurvelis miReba __xmauriani garemo __kabinetSi gagzavna
__adamianebi_____________ __sxva________________ __droebiTi daTxovna
__marto __sxva________________ __sxva_______________
__sxva________________

ra funqcias (ebs) emsaxureba moswavlis samizne qceva?

_Tavis daRweva: _moTxovnisgan _pirovnebisgan _aqtivobis/davalebisagan _skolisgan _ sxva______
_yuradReba: _ufrosisgan _Tanatolisgan _sxva__________________________
_miiRos sasurveli: _nivTisagan _aqtivobisagan _sferosagan _sxva___________________
_avtomaturi sensoruli stimulacia:

hipoTeza:
rodis Cndeba konteqstSi
(winapiroba) (problemuri garemo)
moswavle amRJavnebs im mizniT, rom
(samizne qceva) (SeZenili funqcia)
es qceva, rogorc wesi, Tavs iCens xolme
(gare movlenebi/konteqsturi cvladebi)

Semcvleli an konkurentuli qceva, romelsac moswavlisTvis igive funqcia SeeZlo Seesrulebina;

aris moswavlis repertuarSi SecvliTi qceva, Tu is pirdapir unda aswavlon?

Tuki aris, rogor unda aswavloT?

CamoTvaleT moswavlis ramdenime potenciuri motivacia:

wyaro: `Functional behavior assessment in schools’ by G.P. Barnhill, Intervention in School and Clinic, 40,p. 138. Copyright 2005 by PRO-
ED, Inc. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

313
 midgomebi sasargebloa maSin, roca mizani aris informaciis swavleba
an qcevis Secvla da roca masala aris Tanmimdevruli da faqtebze
dayrdnobili.
pirvel yovlisa ganvixiloT erTi elementi, romelic bihevioristu-
li swavlebis yvela programis nawilia – swori qcevis gansakuTrebuli
varjiSi. am SemTxvevaSi varjiSs ar mivyavarT qcevis srulyofamde.
amis magivrad, is ganxorcielebul qmedebas mudmivs, uSecdomos xdis.
amrigad, swori qmedebebis varjiSi Zalian mniSvnelovania. rodesac
Newsweek-is statiaSi devin gordoni taiger vudss aRwerda, man Tqva:

`taigeris Cveva golfis burTebis TiTqos umizno `darty­me­

bisa~ dilidan daRamebamde da xSirad turnirebis drosac, ukve
legendad iqca. e.w. `daRmasvlis~ periodSi is irwmuneboda, rom
ubralod dartymaze muSa­obda. es aravis sjeroda, sanam ta­igerma
turniri ar moigo~ (gv. 45).
eWvi ar aris, rom taigeri varjiSobda standartul dartymebSi, rom­
lebic turnirisTvis sWirdeboda.
bihevioristuli midgomis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis ganvixiloT jgu-
furi Sedegebi.

jgufuri Sedegebi
maswavlebelma SeiZleba ganamykicos klasi misi yvela wevris er-
Toblivi qcevis saSualebiT. rogorc wesi, es gulisxmobs TiToeuli
moswavlisTvis niSnis mimatebas klasis an jgufis erToblivi niSni-
saTvis. swori qcevis TamaSi am midgomis magaliTia. maswavleblebi da
moswavleebi erTad msjeloben, rogor SeiZleba, saklaso oTaxi ukeTesi
gaxdes. Semdeg isini gansazRvraven im qcevebsa da moqmedebebs, romle-
bic xels uSlis swavlis process. am ganxilvebze dayrdnobiT iqmneba
saklaso wesebi da klasi or jgufad iyofa. yovelTvis, roca moswavle
arRvevs romelime wess, mis jgufs ewereba niSani. wlis bolos im jgufs,
romelsac aseTi niSani yvelaze cota aqvs, eZleva specaluri jildo an
privilegiebi (ufro didi dasvenebebi da a.S.). Tu jgufebs aseTi niSnebi
cota eqnebaT, orive maTgani miiRebs jildos. kvlevaTa umravlesobis
Tanaxmad, imis miuxedavad, rom es TamaSi mxolod mcire gaumjobesebas
iwvevs akademiur moswrebaSi, samagierod mkveTrad aumjobesebs qcevebs
da aferxebs mravali qceviTi problemis aRmocenebas (Embry, 2002).
Tqven SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT jgufuri Sedegebic, klasis gundebad
dayofis gareSe. anu ganmtkiceba SeiZleba daefuZnos mTeli klasis
qcevas. vilsonma da hopkinsma (1973) jgufuri Sedegebis gamoyenebiT
awarmoes kvleva klasebSi xmauris Sesamcireblad. ganmamtkiceblis rol­
Si gamoiyeneboda radiomusika moswavleTa ojaxebSi da sxvadasxva kabi-
netSi. yovelTvis, roca xmauri klasSi dadgenil doneze dabla iwevda,
moswavleebs SeeZloT radios mosmena. xmauris momatebisas, radios
rTavdnen. am ubralo meTodis warmatebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es proce-
dura SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos nebismier gakveTilze, sadac musika
xels ar uSlis davalebis Sesrulebas.
jgufuri midgomebis gamoyenebisas sifrTxilea saWiro. mTeli jgu­
fi ar unda daisajos individis Secdomebisa da cudi saqcielis gamo,
Tuki jgufi realur gavlenas ar axdens am individze (Epanchin, Townsend,
& Stoddard, 1994). erTxel mowme gavxdi aplodismentebisa da mxiaruli
SeZaxilebisa, roca maswavlebelma erT-erTi Tanaklaseli biWis sxva

314
 daukavSireT swavlebas/
sqema 6.4. portfolios da ganavrceT
daumateT sqemebi 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

pirobiTi kontraqti davalebebis SesrulebisTvis da 6.6 swavlebis Tqveneul

resursebs.
moswavle da maswavlebeli Tanxmdebian TiToeuli davalebis Ses-
rulebis TariRze. grafikze is lurjad aris aRniSnuli. yovelTvis,
roca davaleba bardeba, misi Sesrulebis TariRi grafikze Savad
aRiniSneba. davalebis faqtobrivi Sesruleba dagegmil vadaze adre
xdeba, moswavle iRebs Tavisufal dros an SeTanxmebis mixedviT
dadgenil sxva saxis jildos.

oqtomberi
wyaro: wignidan Achieving Educational Excellence: Behavior Analysis for School Personnel (Fig-
ure, p. 89), by B. Sulzer-Azaroff and G. R. Mayer, 1994, San Marcos, CA: Western Image, P.O.
Box 427. Copyright © 1994 by Beth Sulzer-Azaroff and G. Roy Mayer. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

skolaSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb gamoacxada. oTaxSi gaisma SeZaxilebi: `aRa-

raviTari niSnebi, aRaraviTari niSnebi!~. es SeZaxilebi exeboda maswav-
leblis sistemas, daewera niSnebi mTeli klasisTvis yovelTvis, roca
viRac cdilobda gakveTilis msvlelobisaTvis xelis SeSlas. yove-
li niSani dasvenebis 5 wuTis dakargvas niSnavda. bevri aseTi niSani
swored am biWis gamo iyo dawerili. marTalia, is arasodes iyo Zalian
popularuli, magram niSanTa am sakmaod efeqturma sistemam, sakuTar
klasSi yvelasagan moZulebuli da gariyuli gaxada.
TanatolTa zemoqmedeba mxardaWerisa da waxalisebis formiT, SeiZ­
leba pozitiuri gavlenis matarebeli iyos. jgufuri Sedegebi iseT

315
kargi qcevis TamaSi _
klasi dayofilia jgufebad
da TiToeuli jgufi iRebs
uaryofiT qulebs miRebuli
wesebis yoveli darRvevisas.
jgufis Sedegebi _ klasis
wa­xaliseba da dasja qcevis
wesebis Sesrulebis an dar-
RvevisTvis.
pirobiTi kontraqti _ Se-
Tanxmeba maswavlebelsa da mo-
swavles Soris imis Taobaze, Tu
ra unda gaakeTos moswavlem,
rom miiRos gansakuTrebuli
jildo an privilegia.
JetoniT ganmtkicebuli
sistema _ sistema, romelSic
akademiur samuSaoSi da karg
yofaqcevaSi miRebuli Je-
tonebis (simboluri jildoe-
bis) gacvla SeiZleba romelime
sasurvel jildoze.
316
situaciebSia rekomendebuli, sadac moswavleebisTvis mniSvnelovania
TanatolTa aRiareba (Theodore, Bray, Khele, & Jensen, 2001). Tu zogi mo-
swavlis cud saqciels axalisebs da aZlierebs TanatolTa yuradReba
da sicili, am SemTxvevaSi jgufuri Sedegebi SeiZleba sasargeblo da
kargi damxmare saSualeba aRmoCndes. maswavleblebma SeiZleba aCvenon
moswavleebs, rogor unda aRmouCinon Tanaklaselebs Tanadgoma. im
moswavleebTan, romelTac siamovnebT am sistemis sabotaJi, calkeuli
molaparakebebi iqneba saWiro.
pirobiTi kontraqti
pirobiTi kontraqtis sistemis Tanaxmad, maswavlebeli TiToeul
moswavlesTan debs SeTanxmebas, romelSic dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili ra
unda gaakeTos moswavlem privilegiebisa da jildos misaRebad. zog
programaSi moswavleebi Tavad gansazRvraven gansamtkicebel qcevebsa
da jildoebs, romelTa mopovebac SeiZleba. am molaparakebis TviT
process TavisTavad ukve SeiZleba hqondes saganmanaTleblo mniSvn-
eloba, radgan moswavleebi swavloben sapasuxismgeblo miznebis dasax-
vasa da SeTanxmebis pirobebis Sesrulebas. Tu moswavleebi monawil-
eobas iReben miznebis dasaxvis procesSi, isini, rogorc wesi, ufro
TavdadebiT cdiloben am miznebis miRwevas (Locke & Latham, 2002; Pintrich
& Schunk, 2002).
davalebebis Sesrulebis kontraqtis (romelic mizanSewonilia sa-
Sualo da maRali klasebisTvis) magaliTi mocemulia 6.4 sqemaze. es
sqema warmoadgens kontraqts, asignaciur furcels, Canawers muSao-
bis msvlelobis Sesaxeb. informacias warmatebis Sesaxeb SeuZlia gaaZ­
lieros moswavlis motivacia (Schunk, 2004). amgvari procedurebi imaSic
gexmarebaT, rom Tqveni kolega pedagogebis klasebis davalebebisa da
maTi Sesrulebis vadebis Sesaxebac saqmis kursSi iyoT.
am TavSi warmodgenili ramdenime gverdi simboluri ganmtkicebisa
da pirobiTi kontraqtis Sesaxeb, ubralod, am programaTa mxolod Se­­
savalia. Tu gsurT SeqmnaT dajildoebis farTomasStabiani programa
klasSi, pirvel yovlisa albaT profesiuli rCeva unda miiRoT. am saq­­­meSi
xSirad skolis fsiqologs, mrCevels an direqtors SeuZlia TqvenTvis
daxmarebis gaweva.
simboluri ganmtkiceba
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT rodesme Tu migiRiaT monawileo-
ba programaSi, romelSic SesaZlebeli iqneboda qulebisa da niSnebis
dagroveba, romlebsac Semdgom jildoSi gacvlidiT? xarT Tu ara flyer
club-is wevri, Tu qulebs sakredito baraTze iRebT? agrovebT Tu ara
metros klubis markebs? sargeblobT Tu ara uflebiT, ufasod daes-
wroT kinoCvenebas yovel 10 nayid bileTze? axdens Tu ara gavlenas
amgvari programis wevroba Tqvens msyidvelobiT Cvevebze? ewvieT veb-
gverds http://www.bookitprogram.com da naxeT kiTxvis wamaxalisebeli
klubi picismoyvarulTaTvis.
yvela moswavlisaTvis, vinc amas imsaxurebs, xSirad Znelia dadebi-
Ti Sedegebis uzrunvelyofa. simboluri ganmtkicebis sistema iZleva
am problemis gadaWris saSualebas imiT, rom moswavleebs aZlevs saSu-
alebas simboluri niSnebi miiRon rogorc akademiuri moswrebisTvis,
ise kargi qcevisTvis. es simboluri niSnebi SeiZleba iyos qulebi,
spe­cialuri aRniSvnebi, saTamaSo fuli an nebismieri ram, rac moswav-
lis sakuTrebad CaiTvleba. periodulad, moswavleebi damsaxurebul
sim­bolur niSnebs sasurvel jildoSi cvlian (Kazdin, 2001; Alberto &
Troutman, 2006).
moswavlis asakis gaTvaliswinebiT, jildo SeiZleba iyos saTama-
Soebi, skolis aRWurviloba, gansakuTrebuli saklaso samuSao an sxva
privilegia. roca `simboluri ekonomikis~ (ase am saxis sistemas ewode-
ba) gamoyeneba iwyeba, jildoebis gacema samarTlianad da uwyveti gan-
rigis mixedviT unda xdebodes, aseve SesaZlebeli unda iyos simboluri
niSnebis raime saxis jildoze gacvla. roca sistema kargad amuSavdeba,
simboluri niSnebi ukve drogamoSvebiT unda gaices da maTi jilodze
gacvla ufro didi drois gasvlis Semdeg unda moxdes.
erT-erTi sxva variantis mixedviT, moswavles unda mieces saSua­
le­ba, klasSive daimsaxuros simboluri niSani da is jildoze saxl-
Si gacvalos. es gegma Zalian momgebiania, roca masSi monawileobis
miReba mSoblebsac surT. am dros, rogorc wesi, mSoblebi yoveldRe
an kviraSi orjer Rebuloben werilobiT Setyobinebas. SetyobinebaSi
mocemulia drois garkveul periodSi miRebuli niSnebis raodenoba. es
niSnebi SeiZleba gaicvalos televizorTan gatarebul wuTebze, gansa-
kuTrebul saTamaSoebze an mSoblebTan meti drois gatarebaze. SeiZ­
leba es niSnebi dagrovdes da Semdeg ufro did jildoze gaicvalos,
magaliTad, mogzaurobaze. Tumca, ar gamoiyenoT es procedura, Tu
eWvobT, rom cudi SedegebisTvis moswavles sastikad dasjian.
simboluri ganmtkicebis sistema Zalian rTuli da xangrZlivi pro-
cesia. rogorc wesi, igi sam SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba: 1) imisTvis, rom
SevuqmnaT motivacia moswavleebs, romlebsac ar ainteresebT swavla
da arc sxva midgomebze reagireben; 2) im moswavleebis wasaxaliseblad,
romlebsac yovelTvis dabali akademiuri moswreba hqondaT; (3) iseT
klasTan gasamklaveblad, romelic kontrols ar eqvemdebareba. ro-
gorc wesi, moswavleTa zogierTi jgufi ufro met sargeblobas iRebs
“simboluri ekonomikisgan“ vidre sxva jgufebi _ es aris moswavleTa
garkveuli kategoria _ bavSvebi mentaluri problemebiT, agreTve is
bavSvebi, romlebic xSirad ganicdian warumateblobas da mcire aka-
demiuri unarebisa da problemuri qcevis bavSvebi. isini dadebiTad
reagireben, roca simboluri ganmtkiceba pirdapiri da konkretulia.
sanam simboluri niSnebis sistemas mosinjavdeT, darwmundiT, rom
Tqveni swavlebis meTodebi da masala zustad Seesabameba mocemul
klass. zogjer klasis aSliloba da motivaciis nakleboba moiTxovs
cvlilebebs swavlebis praqtikaSi. SesaZloa, klasis wesebi bundovani
an Seuferebeli iyos; teqsti iyos zedmetad ioli an, piriqiT, zedme-
tad rTuli; an mimarTuleba iyos arasworad SerCeuli. amgvari prob-
lemebis SemTxvevaSi, simboluri niSnebis sistemam SeiZleba droebiT
gaaumjobesos situacia, Tumca moswavleebs mainc eqnebaT akademiuri
moswrebis problema.
sistematurad gamoyenebadi bihevioristuli principebis umravle-
soba yuradRebas amaxvilebs saklaso menejmentze. Semdeg TavSi aR-
werilia gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis mqone moswavleebis qcevis gas-
aumjobeseblad bihevioristuli principebis warmatebiT gamoyenebis
ori magaliTi.

317
 TiToeul moswavlemde miRweva:
mwvave qceviTi problemebi
maswavleblebs did sirTuleebs uqmnian is moswavleebi, romelTac
qcevaSi problemebi aqvT. Semdeg or kvlevaSi naCvenebia, rogor daex-
mareba aseT moswavleebs bihevioristuli principebi.
lea Teodore da misi kolegebi (Lea Theodore, 2001) muSaobdnen xuTi
mwvave emociuri aSlilobis mqone mamarobiTi sqesis mozardis maswav-
lebelTan. gamoqveynda wesebis mokle CamonaTvali (mag. araviTari uw-
mawuri sityvebi, daemorCile maswavleblis moTxovnas xuT wamSi da a.S.),
romelic dabeWdili iyo yvela moswavlis merxze mimagrebul baraTze.
maswavlebels Tavis magidaze hqonda moswavleTa sia, wesebis yoveli
darRvevis aRsaricxavad. am CamonaTvalis naxva advili SesaZlebeli
iyo, ase rom, moswavleebs SeeZloT enaxaT rogorc sakuTari, ise Tanak-

sqema 6.5.
ABAB dizainis gamoyeneba im moswavlis Sedegebis
gaumjobesebis gasazomad, romelsac qcevis seriozuli
problemebi hqonda.
cudi qcevis intervalebi %-Si

a b a b

moswavle 1

wyaro: am ori midgomis detalebisaTvis ix.: `Randomization of Group Contingencies and

Reinforces to Reduce Classroom Disruptive Behavior’, by L.A. Theodore, M.A. Bray, T.J. Kehle,
& W.R. Jenson, 2001. Journal of School Psychology, 39, 267-277 and ‘Token Reinforcement and
Response Cost Procedures: Reducing Disruptive Behavior of Preschool Children with Attention-
Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder’ by K.E. McGoey & G.J. DuPaul, 2000, School Psycology Quarterly,
15, 330-343.

laselebis Sedegebi. 45-wuTiani periodis bolos, moswavles unda amo-

erCia yuTidan `nominacia~. yuTSi moTavsebuli iyo Semdegi nominaciebi:
mTeli jgufis Sedegebi, saukeTeso niSnebis mqone moswavle, yvelaze
cudi niSnebis mqone moswavle, rigiTi moswavleebi, erTi Cveulebrivi
moswavle. Tu arCeul moswavles an moswavleebs wesebis darRvevisTvis
miRebuli hqondaT xuTi an naklebi SeniSvna, maSin mTeli klasi iRebda
jildos. SesaZlo jildoebi iyo: gaziani sasmeli, Cifsebi, kanfetebi an
klasSi gvian mosvlis ufleba. gamoiyeneboda ABAB dizaini – sabaziso
xazi, orkviriani intervencia an orkviriani CamoSoreba intervenciis-
gan da orkviriani dabruneba jgufuri Sedegebisken. yvela moswavlem
gaaumjobesa da ukeTesi Sedegi aCvena am wesebis Sesrulebisas, roca
dajildoebis sistema 6.5 nax-ze mocemuli sqemis mixedviT muSaobda.

318
moswavleebs moswondaT aRniSnuli midgoma da maswavleblebisTvisac
mosaxerxebeli da advili Sesasrulebeli iyo.
meore kvlevaSi kara maqgoi da jorj dupauli (Kara McGoey & George
DuPaul, 2000) muSaobdnen sami dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebTan. saqme
exeboda am skolebis oTx moswavles, romelTac maT hqondaT diag-
nozi _ yuradRebis deficiti, hiperaqtiuroba. maswavlebelma mosinja
rogorc simboluri _ JetoniT _ ganmtkicebis programa (moswavleebi
iRebdnen did da patara Jetonebs saklaso wesebis Sesrulebisas), ise
pasuxis safasuris sistema (moswavleebi iwyebdnen yovel dRes TiToeu-
li saklaso aqtiurobisaTvis jildod miRebuli xuTi patara da erTi
didi JetoniT, magram kargavdnen maT wesebis darRvevisaTvis). orive
procedura amcirebda wesebis darRvevas, magram maswavleblebisaTvis
pasuxis safasuris sistema ufro advilad gansaxorcielebeli iyo.
swavlis procesisadmi bihevioristuli midgomebis ganviTarebis
kvalobaze zogma mecnierma am Teoriebs axali elementi daumata _
qcevis gacnobiereba.

dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli swavla da qcevis modifikacia:

qcevis gacnobiereba

bolo wlebSi biheviorist fsiqologTa umravlesobam aRmoaCina, rom daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
operantuli ganpirobeba gvTavazobs swavlis Zalian SezRudul axsnas. da ganavrceT
bevrma fsiqologma gaafarTova swavlis Sesaxeb sakuTari Sexedule- dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli
ba da masSi kognituri procesebis Seswavla CarTo, romlebze pirda- swavla (II, B2)
daadgineT, aris Tu ara
piri dakvirvebac SeuZlebelia. am kognitur procesebs miekuTvneba
mocemuli situacia dakvirve-
molodini, azrovneba, gonebrivi rukebi da rwmenebi. am gafarToebuli baze dafuZnebuli swavlis
Sexedulebis sami magaliTia: dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli swavla, TviT- Sesaferisi da aRwereT efeq-
marTva da qcevis kognituri modifikacia. turi dakvirvebiTi swavlis
arsebiTi elementebi.

dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli swavla

daaxloebiT 30 wlis win albert banduram (Albert Bandura) aRniSna,
rom swavlis tradiciuli bihevioristuli Sexedulebebi swori iyo,
magram arasruli, radgan isini swavlis mxolod nawilobliv axsnas
iZleoda da mniSvnelovan elementebs, ZiriTadad socialur gavlenebs,
ar ganixilavda. swavlis Sesaxeb misi adreuli Sromebi efuZneboda
socialuri swavlis Teoria
ganmtkicebisa da dasjis bihevioristul principebs. Tumca, amas man
_ Teoria, romelic xazs us-
daumata swavla sxvebze dakvirvebiT. am Sexedulebas ewoda social- vams swavlas sxvaze dakvirvebis
uri swavlis Teoria da igi neobihevioristul midgomad iqna miCneuli gziT.
(Bandura, 1977; Hill, 2002, Zimmerman & Schunk, 2003).
bihevioristuli modelis garkveuli SezRudulobis asaxsnelad,
bandura erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebda codnis SeZenas (swavla) da am
codnaze dafuZnebul moqmedebas (qcevas). sxva sityvebiT, bandura Tv-
lida, rom Cven SeiZleba vicodeT imaze meti, vidre warmovaCenT. mag-
aliTebis moZebna banduras adreul kvlevebSi SeiZleba (Bandura, 1965).
dawyebiTi skolebis bavSvebma naxes filmi, sadac erTi bavSvi gamete-
biT urtyamda Tojinas. erTma jgufma naxa, rom bavSvi agresiisTvis
dajildovda, meorem – rom daisaja, mesamem ver naxa Sedegi. roca isini

319

dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli
swavlis xazgasasmelad albert
banduram ganavrco
bihevioristuli Teoriebi.
320
Tavad gadaiyvanes Tojinian oTaxSi, bavSvebma, romlebmac naxes film-
Si cemisa da dartymis ganmtkiceba, Tojinis cemisas gansakuTrebuli
agresiuloba gamoiCines. isini ki, vinc naxa TavdasxmisaTvis sasjelis
miReba, naklebi agresiulobiT gamoirCeodnen. magram roca bavSvebs
jildos dahpirdnen filmSi nanaxi agresiis mibaZvisTvis, yvela maT-
ganma gamoavlina, rom maT iswavles es qceva.
amrigad, wamaxaliseblebma SeiZleba gavlena iqonios qmedebaze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom swavlas SeiZleba hqonoda adgili, igi ar gamov-
lindeboda manam, sanam ar iqneboda an Sesatyvisi situacia, an wamax-
aliseblebi mis gamosavlenad. aman SeiZleba axsnas is faqti, ratom
ar imeorebs zogi moswavle `cud saqciels~, rac ufrosebTan, Tana-
tolebTan an mediis saSualebiT unaxavs da mousmenia, magaliTad, ar
eweva da ar igineba. amgvari saqcielis SesrulebaSi maT pirovnulma
daskvnebma SeiZleba SeuSalos xeli. sxva magaliTebSi bavSvebs SeiZleba
naswavli hqonodaT asoebis wera, magram cudad werdnen, radgan maTi
motoruli koordinacia SezRuduli iyo; an SeiZleba maT iswavles
wiladis gamartiveba, magram cudi Sedegebi hqondaT testebis mixed-
viT, radgan Relavdnen maTi Sevsebisas. am SemTxvevebSi bavSvebis mier
moqmedebis Sesruleba ar aris maTi codnis maCvenebeli.
bolo dros banduram yuradReba gaamaxvila iseT kognitur faq-
torebze, rogoricaa rwmena, TviTaRqma da molodini. aqedan gamom-
dinare, mis Teorias axla socialur-kognituri Teoria ewodeba (Hill,
2002). socialur-kognituri Teoria (dawvrilebiT me-9-10 TavebSi ganxi-
luli) erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs dadgenil da Canacvlebul swavlas.
dadgenili swavla aris swavla keTebiT da misi Sedegebis gancdiT. es
SeiZleba operantul ganpirobebas mogvagonebdes, Tumca isini gansx-
vavdebian Sedegebis mniSvnelobiT. operantuli ganpirobebis momxreebi
Tvlian, rom Sedegebi aZlierebs an asustebs qcevas, dadgenil swavlaSi
ki Sedegebi informaciis wyarod iTvleba. Sedegebis Cveneuli inter-
pretacia qmnis molodins, gavlenas axdens motivaciaze da ayalibebs
rwmenas (Schunk, 2004). am wignSi Cven dadgenili swavlis – anu keTebiT
swavlis kidev bevr magaliTs vnaxavT da ganvixilavT.
Canacvlebuli swavla gulisxmobs swavlas sxvebze dakvirvebiT. ada-
mianebs da cxovelebs SeuZliaT iswavlon imaze dakvirvebiT, Tu ro-
gor swavloben sxva adamianebi an cxovelebi. es faqti ewinaaRmdegeba
bihevioristul ideas, rom swavlis asaxsnelad kognituri faqtorebi
ar aris saWiro. Tu adamianebs SeuZliaT iswavlon cqeriT, isini unda
Zabavdnen TavianT yuradRebas, qmnidnen suraTebs, imaxsovrebdnen,
aanalizebdnen da iRebdnen gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic gavlenas ax-
dens swavlaze. amrigad, sanam moqmedeba da ganmtkiceba daiwyeba, gon-
ebaSi ukve bevri ram mimdinareobs. me-9 TavSi ganxiluli kognituri
swavla Canacvlebuli swavlis magaliTia – es aris swavla sxvebze
dakvirvebiT.
dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli swavlis elementebi
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT Tqven warmatebiT gadixarT gasau-
brebas saSualo skolaSi muSaobis dasawyebad. morigi SekiTxva aseTia:
`vin aris TqvenTvis maswavleblis nimuSi? dagiWeriaT Tu ara odesme
sakuTari Tavi sxva maswavleblebis qmedebisa da frazebis mibaZvaSi?
romeli wignis an filmis personaJ maswavlebels gindaT hgavdeT?
 dakvirvebiT swavlis meSveobiT Cven vswavlobT ara marto imas, Tu daukavSireT kvlevas
rogor ganvaxorcieloT esa Tu is qceva, aramed imasac, ra mohyveba da ganavrceT
socialur-kognituri Teor-
am qmedebis ganxorcielebas sxvadasxva situaciaSi. dakvirveba SeiZle-
iisa da saskolo miRwevebis
ba iyos swavlis Zalian efeqturi procesi. rodesac bavSvebi pirve- ukeT gasacnobad ix.: Schunk,
lad iReben xelSi savarcxels, finjans an Cogans, isini, rogorc wesi, D.H. (1999). Social-self interaction
ivarcxnian, svamen an urtyamen kunTovani sistemisa da koordinaciis and achievement. Educational
ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisad. modiT, ufro detalurad ganvixiloT, Psychologist, 34, 219-227

rogor mimdinareobs swavla. banduram (1986) aRniSna, rom dakvirvebiTi

swavla moicavs oTx elements: yuradRebis miqcevas, informaciisa da
STabeWdilebis damaxsovrebas, qcevis ganxorcielebasa da misi gameo-
rebis motivacias.

socialuri kognituri
yuradReba. imisaTvis, rom dakvirvebis Sedegad iswavlo, saWiroa yurad­
Teoria _ Teoria, romelic
Rebis miqceva. swavlebis periodSi unda ecadoT, gakveTilis masalis socialuri swavlis Teorias
na­Teli prezentaciebiTa da umniSvnelovanesi momentebis xazgasmiT mi- amatebs iseT kognitur faq-
ipyroT moswavleTa yuradReba. unaris demonstrirebisas (magaliTad, torebs, rogoricaa rwmenebi,
sakerav manqanaze an saxarato Carxze Wris swavla) , saWiroa moswavlee- me-koncefcia, molodinebi.

bi mxarzemodan unda gakvirdebodnen da giyurebdnen, rogor asrulebT

samu­Saos, xedavdnen Tqvens xelebs imave perspeqtividan, saidanac isini dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli
TavianT xelebs uyureben. es swor mimarTulebas aZlevs maTs yuradRe- swavla _ swavla sxvebze
bas da aiolebs dakvirvebiT swavlas. dakvirvebisa da imitirebis
gziT.

Senaxva. imisaTvis, rom gaimeoro modelis qceva, saWiroa misi damax­

sovreba. es gulisxmobs nimuSis moqmedebis gonebriv asaxvas verbal-
uri instruqciebis an vizualuri xatebis saxiT an oriveTi erTad.
Senaxva SeiZleba gaumjobesdes gonebrivi repeticiiT (qcevis imitaciis
warmodgena) an realuri varjiSiT. dakvirvebiT swavlis SenarCunebis
fazaSi varjiSi gvexmareba sasurveli qcevis elementebis (nabijebis
Tanmimdevrobis) damaxsovrebaSi.

qcevis ageba. maSinac ki, roca ukve `viciT~, rogor unda gamoiyure-
bodes qceva, da gvaxsovs misi yvela elementi da nabiji, SeiZleba es
qmedeba srulyofilad mainc ver ganvaxorcieloT. xandaxan Cven Za-
lian bevri varjiSi, ukukavSiri da gaZRola gvWirdeba modelis qcevis
gameorebisaTvis. qcevis agebis fazaSi varjiSi mas ufro srulyofilsa
da moqnils xdis.

motivacia da ganmtkiceba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, socialuri swavlis

Teoria erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs swavlasa da Sesrulebas. Cven Se­
iZleba daveufloT axal unars an qcevas dakvirvebiT, magram ver Sev-
ZlebT mis Sesrulebas, Tu ar gveqneba qcevis Sesrulebis motivacia an
wamaxalisebeli faqtori. ganmtkicebam SeiZleba garkveuli roli Sea-
srulos dakvirvebiT swavlaSi. Tu moveliT ganmtkicebas qcevis mod-
elis gameorebisaTvis, maSin Cven SeiZleba ufro metad viyoT motivi-
rebulni, rom yuradReba mivaqcioT, davimaxsovroT da gavimeoroT es
qceva. ganmtkiceba mniSvnelovania codnis SesanarCuneblad. adamiani,
romelic axali qmedebis mosinjvas cdilobs, ver gaakeTebs amas gan-
mtkicebis gareSe (Ollendick, Dailey, & Shapiro, 1983; Schunk, 2004). magaliTad,
Tu arapopularuli moswavle Caicvams skolaSi popularuli jgufis
stilSi, magram es jgufi mis ignorirebas moaxdens an dascinebs, maSin
naklebad mosalodnelia, rom am moswavlem gaagrZelos ase Cacma.
bandura gamoyofs ganmtkicebis sam formas, romelTac SeuZli-
aT waaxalison dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli swavla. 1) damkvirvebelma

321
dakvirvebaze dafuZnebul
swavlis TeoriebSi xazgas-
mulia keTebiTa da sxvebze
dakvirvebiT swavlis mniSvn-
eloba.
arapirdapiri, vikarozuli
ganmtkiceba _ modelze
dakvirvebiT gamowveuli
adamianis qcevis Nnebismieri
cvlileba-ganmtkiceba an
Sesusteba.
322
SeiZleba gaimeoros nimuSis qceva da miiRos pirdapiri ganmtkiceba.
magaliTad, roca tanmovarjiSe warmatebiT asrulebs bruns an sxva
varjiSs da mwvrTnelisgan (nimuSisgan) iRebs Seqebas.
ar aris aucilebeli ganmtkiceba pirdapiri iyos – arsebobs arapir-
dapiri Canacvlebuli ganmtkicebac. damkvirvebeli SeiZleba xedavdes
sxvebis ganmtkicebas garkveuli qcevis gamo da aman gazardos mis mier
am qcevis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, Tu Tqven SeaqebT
or moswavles maT moxsenebebSi lamazi ilustraciebis CarTvisaTvis,
ramdenime moswavlem, romlebic akvirdebian Tqvens Seqebas, SeiZleba
Semdeg jerze ilustrirebuli moxsenebebi CagabaroT. satelevizio
reklamebis umravlesoba am efeqtzea agebuli. adamianebi reklamebSi
Zalian kmayofilebi Canan imiT, rasac akeTeben da navaraudevia, rom
mayurebelsac imaves gakeTeba moundeba. mayureblis qceva Canacvlebu-
lad ganmtkicebulia msaxiobis aSkara siamovnebiT. sasjelic SeiZleba
iyos Canacvlebuli: Tqven magistralze siCqares aRar gadaaWarbebT,
roca naxavT, rogor daajarimes amisaTvis ramdenime adamiani.
ganmtkicebis ukanaskneli formaa TviTganmtkiceba an sakuTari gan-
mamtkiceblebis kontroli. am saxis ganmtkiceba mniSvnelovania ro-
gorc moswavleTaTvis, ise maswavleblebisTvis. Cven gvinda Cveni mo-
swavleebi ukeTesebi iyvnen ara imitom, rom garkveuli jildo miiRon,
aramed imitom, rom moswavleebma daafason TavianTi kompetenturobis
zrda da amiT siamovneba miiRon. maswavleblisTvis TviTganmtkiceba
xSirad saqmianobis, gagrZelebis erTaderTi saSualebaa.
dakvirvebaze dafuZnebul swavlaze moqmedi faqtorebi. ra ubiZgebs
adamianebs swavlisken da nimuSis qcevisa da unarebis gameorebisken?
rogorc 6.2 cxrilSia naCvenebi, aq ramdenime faqtori moqmedebs. dam-
kvirveblis ganviTarebis done cvlis swavlis process. rac ufro iz-
rdebian bavSvebi, ufro xangrZlivad SeuZliaT yuradRebis fokusireba,
damaxsovrebis strategiebis gamoyeneba informaciis Sesanaxad da saku-
Tari Tavis motivireba meti varjiSisTvis. meore gavleniani faqtoria
nimuSis statusi. bavSvebi ufro metad im adamianis qcevebs baZaven,
vinc ufro kompetenturad, prestiJulad, Zlierad da xalisianad miaC-
niaT. amrigad, mSoblebi, maswavleblebi, ufrosi da-Zma, sportsmenebi,
filmebis gmirebi, musikosebi SeiZleba nimuSebad iqcnen. es damokide-
bulia bavSvis asaksa da interesebze. mesame faqtori isaa, rom sxvebze
dakvirvebiT vxvdebiT, romeli saqcieli ufro Segvefereba konkretu-
lad Cven. amrigad, iseTi misabaZi nimuSebi, romlebic adamians Tavisi
msgavsi hgonia, ufro advilad da swrafad iqceva mibaZvis obieqtad daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
(Pintrich & Schunk, 2002). yvela moswavle saWiroebs warmatebul, unarian da ganavrceT
TviTefeqtianobis grZnoba
misabaZ nimuSebs, romlebic masaviT gamoiyurebian da masaviT iqcevian,
ufro vrclad ganxilulia me-
miuxedavad gansxvavebuli eTnikuri warmomavlobisa, socialur-eko- 9 TavSi, iseve, rogorc masTan
nomikuri statusisa Tu sqesisa. dakavSirebuli koncefcia
maswavleblis efeqtianobis
Sesaxeb. banduras wignebi

sqema 6.2. TviTSefasebis Temaze: Bandura

A. (1997). Self-efficiency: The
exercise of contro. New York:
dakvirvebaze dafuZnebul swavlaze moqmedi faqtorebi Freeman. Bandura A. (Ed.). 1995.
Self-efficacy in changing societies.
New York: Cambridge University
modelirebis damaxasiaTebeli efeqtebi
Press.

ganvi- ganviTarebis srulyofa-gaumjobeseba gulisxmobs ufro

Tarebis xangrZliv yuradRebas da informaciis gadamuSavebis,
statusi strategiebis gamoyenebis, qmedebisa da mexsierebiTi
reprezentaciebis Sedarebis, agreTve Sinagan motivatorebze
dayrdnobis gazrdil unars.

nimuSis damkvirveblebi ufro did yuradRebas aqceven kompetentur

prestiJi da maRali statusis mqonde modelebs. modelirebuli qcevis
da kompe- Sedegebi Seicavs informacias funqcionaluri Rirebulebis
tencia Sesaxeb. damkvirveblebi cdiloben iswavlon is qmedeba, rom-
lis Sesrulebac, maTi azriT, momavalSi mouwevT.

Canacvle- modelisaTvis Sedegi atarebs informacias qcevis Sesatyvi-

buli sobisa da qmedebis mosalodneli Sedegebis Sesaxeb. Rireb-
Sedegebi ulebis mqone Sedegebi axdens damkvirveblebis motivirebas.
maxasiaTeblebisa da kompetenciebis msgavseba aris Sesatyvi-
sobis mauwyebeli da AaZlierebs motivacias.

Sedegis damkvirveblebi ufro iseTi qcevis imitacias axdenen,

molodini romlebic, maTi azriT, maTTvis Sesaferisia da mogebas
an jildos moutons.

miznis damkvirveblebi iseTi nimuSis qcevas imeoreben, romelic

dasaxva exmareba maT miznis miRwevaSi.

TviTefeq- damkvirveblebi mimarTaven nimuSs, roca sjeraT, rom SeuZ­

tianoba liaT nimuSis qcevis swavla da Sesruleba. msgavs nimuSebze
dakvirveba gavlenas axdens damkvirveblis TviTefeqtiano-
baze. (`Tu mas SeuZlia amis gakeTeba, mec SevZleb~).

wyaro: wignidan Learning Theories: An Education Perseptive (4th ed.), by D.H. Schuk. Pub-
lished in Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall. ibeWdeba Pearson Education, Inc.-is
nebarTviT, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

ixileT cxrili 6.2, sadac CamoTvlili moqmedi faqtorebidan bolo

TviTganmtkiceba _ individis
sami moicavs miznebsa da gamocdilebas. Tu damkvirvebels aqvs molo- mier sakuTari ganmamtkice-
dini, rom nimuSis garkveuli saqcieli konkretul Sedegs moitans blebis kontroli.
(rogorc; magaliTad, garkveuli savarjiSo reJimi iwvevs sportuli
TviTefeqtianoba _ pirov-
formisa da moqmedebis gaumjobesebas) da misTvis es Sedegi Rirebulia, nebis rwmena sakuTari kompe-
maSin mosalodnelia, rom damkvirvebeli met yuradRebas miaqcevs ni- tenturobis Sesaxeb garkveul
muSs da ecdeba gaimeoros misi qmedeba. dabolos, ufro didi albaToba situaciaSi.

323

`mam, SegiZlia waikiTxo?~
ras swavlobs es biWi mamaze
dakvirvebiT?
© The New Yorker Collection
1990 Peter Steiner from cartoon-
bank.com.
yvela ufleba daculia.
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
mibaZva, modelireba (II, B2)
maswavleblebi xSirad mimar-
Taven mibaZvas, modelirebas,
raTa aswavlon moswavleebs
axali qceva. gansazRvreT is-
eTi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic
nimuSs efeqturs xdis.
talRis efeqti _ qcevis
gavrceleba imitaciis gziT.
modelireba _ cvlileba
qcevaSi, azrovnebaSi,
emociebSi, rac xorcieldeba
sxva pirovnebaze, modelze
dakvirvebiT;
swavla dakvirvebisa
da wabaZvis gziT.
324
arsebobs imisa, rom damkvirveblebi ukeT iswavlian nimuSis-
gan, Tu maT maRali TviTefeqtianobis done aqvT – anu Tu
maT sjeraT, rom SeuZliaT miznis misaRwevad saWiro qmedebis
Sesruleba an am qmedebis swavla mainc (Bandura, 1997; Pintrich &
Schunk, 2002). miznebs, molodinebsa da TviTefeqtianobas ufro
vrclad me-10 TavSi ganvixilavT.
dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli swavla swavlebaSi
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT rogor CarTavT dak-
virvebaze dafuZ­nebul swavlas swavlebis Tqveneul meTodeb-
Si? ra saxis unaris, da­mokidebulebisa da strategiis aReba
SeiZleba nimuSad Tqveni sagnidan?
arsebobs dakvirvebiT swavlis xuTi SesaZlo Sedegi: yuradRebis
mi­marTva, arsebuli qcevis waxaliseba, akrZalvebis Secvla, axali qcev-
isa da damokidebulebis swavleba da emociebis gaRviZeba. ganvixiloT
TiToeuli maTgani.
yuradRebis mimarTva. sxvebze dakvirvebiT Cven vswavlobT ara mar-
to qmedebas, aramed vamCnevT am qmedebaSi CarTul, gamoyenebul obi-
eqtebsac. magaliTad, dawyebiT klasSi, roca bavSvi enTuziazmiT iwyebs
TamaSs yvelasgan ignorirebuli saTamaSoTi, sxva bavSvebsac undebaT am
saTamaSoTi TamaSi. es xdeba imitom, rom bavSvis yuradReba am konkre-
tulma saTamaSom miipyro.
ukve naswavli qcevis regulireba. yovel Cvengans gamoucdia sakuTar
Tav­ze, ucxo situaciaSi rogor cdilob `daiWiro~ sxva adamianebi-
sagan wamosuli miniSnebebi da signalebi. ucxo adamianebis qcevaze
dakvirveba gvkarnaxobs, ukve naswavli qcevebidan romeli gamoviyenoT
da avamoqmedoT: romeli Cangali vixmaroT salaTis saWmelad, rodis
davtovoT TavSeyris adgili, rogor visaubroT da a.S. satelevizio
da musikis varskvlavebis Cacmisa da garegnobis stilis gadaRebac am
efeqtis erT-erTi magaliTia.
akrZalvebis gaZliereba an Sesusteba. roca moswavleebi xedaven, ro-
gor arRvevs maTi Tanaklaseli saklaso wesebs da dausjeli rCeba, maT
SeiZleba iswavlon, rom wesebis darRvevas yovelTvis ar mosdevs arasa-
surveli Sedegi. Tu wesebis damrRvevi moswavle klasSi popularobiT
sargeblobs, maSin mimbaZvelobis efeqti SeiZleba ufro mkveTrad iyos
gamoxatuli. Tumca, es `talRis efeqti~ (Kounin, 1970) SeiZleba maswav-
leblis sasargeblod moqmedebdes. roca maswavlebeli efeqturad um-
klavdeba wesebis damrRvevs, gansakuTrebiT ki popularul damrRvevs,
sxva moswavles SeiZleba wesis darRvevis survili aRarc gauCndes. es
ar niSnavs, rom maswavlebelma unda dasajos da SeniSvna misces yvela
moswavles, vinc wesebs arRvevs. magram roca maswavlebeli konkret-
ul qmedebas moiTxovs, misi moTxovnis Sesruleba `talRis efeqtidan~
sargeblobis miRebis wina pirobaa.
axali qcevebis swavleba. mibaZva didi xania gamoiyeneba qoreografiaSi,
sportSi, sxvadasxva xelobis Seswavlisas, agreTve unarebis saswavle-
blad iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa sufris wesebi, qimia Tu eleqtroSe-
 rekomendaciebi: dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli swavlis gamoyeneba
gaxdiT iseTi qcevisa da damokidebulebis
nimuSi, rogoric gindaT rom bavSvebs as-
wavloT.
magaliTebi
1. gamoxateT mowoneba im sagnebis mimarT,
romlebsac aswavliT.
2. gamoxateT im gonebrivi an fizikuri dava-
lebis Sesrulebis survili, romlebsac bav­
Svebs avalebT. me erTxel davinaxe, rogor
Cajda maswavlebeli qviSaSi, raTa oTxi wlis
bavSvebisaTvis eCvenebida gansxvaveba ,,qviS-
iT TamaSsa~ da ,,qviSis srolas” Soris.
3. roca moswavleebs wigns ukiTxavT, aCveneT
maT problemis gadaWris gzebi. magaliTad,
TqviT: `sainteresoa, maxsovs Tu ara, rac
adre wavikiTxe~ an ,,es rTuli winadadeba
iyo, Tavidan wavikiTxav.”
4. aCveneT problebis gadaWris gzebi. xmamaR-
la ifiqreT rTul problemaze muSaobisas.
nimuSad gamoiyeneT moswavleTa Tanatolebi,
gansakuTrebiT _ klasis liderebi.
magaliTebi
1. jgufuri samuSaoebisas Zlieri moswavleebi
daawyvileT SedarebiT sustebTan.
2. sTxoveT moswavleebs gaCvenon gansxvaveba
,,CurCulsa~ da ,,siCumes~ Soris.
ecadeT daanaxoT moswavleebs, rom kargi
qceva ganmtkicebas iwvevs.
magaliTebi
1. xazgasmiT aRniSneT kavSiri karg qcevasa da
karg Sedegebs Soris.
2. iyaviT samarTliani ganmtkicebisas. rogorc
kargi, ise problemuri moswavleebisaTvis
unda moqmedebdes dajildoebis erTi da
igive wesi.
klasis qcevis modelirebaSi daixmareT kla-
sis liderebic.
magaliTebi
1. sTxoveT yvelasTvis sayvarel moswavles
da­uamxanagdes izolirebul da SeSinebul
Tanaklasels.
2. rodesac klasSi TanamSromlobis miRweva
gindaT an roca klasi ar aris mondomeb-
uli, mieciT warmatebul moswavles raime
saqmis xelmZRvanelobis ufleba. popu-
larul moswavleebs SeuZliaT magaliTi
miscen Tanaklaselebs, roca ucxo enaTa
gakveTilebze dialogs warmarTaven an bi-
ologiis gakveTilze pirvelebi daiwyeben
kveTis proceduras.
dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli swavlis Sesaxeb damatebiTi
informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://mentalhelp.net/psyhelp/chap4/chap4g.htm

duReba. mibaZva SeiZleba gangeb iyos gamoyenebuli klasSi gonebrivi

unarebis SesaZenad da horizontis gasafarToeblad – fiqrisa da az-
rovnebis axali gzebis saswavleblad. mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, misabaZ
magaliTs Tavad maswavleblebi warmoadgenen: sityvebis sworad war-
moTqmiT dawyebuli, epilefsiiT daavadebul bavSvTan moqcevis cod-
niTa da swavlisadmi xalisiani ganwyobiT damTavrebuli. magaliTad,
maswavlebelma SeiZleba aCvenos bavSvebs kritikuli azrovnebis nimuSi
moswavlis mier dasmul kiTxvaze `xmamaRla” fiqris saxiT. saSualo
skolis maswavleblebs, romlebsac aRelvebT gogonebis stereotipuli
Sexedulebebi karierasTan dakavSirebiT, SeuZliaT klasSi sasaubrod
moiwvion aratradiciuli `qaluri~ saqmianobiT dakavebuli ramden-
ime qalbatoni. kvlevebi mowmobs, rom mibaZva SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT
efeqturi maSin iyos, rodesac maswavlebeli iyenebs dakvirvebiTi swav-
lis yvela elements, gansakuTrebiT _ ganmtkicebasa da varjiSs.
moswavleTaTvis SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT efeqturi gamodges maTive
Tanatol nimuSze dakvirveba. magaliTad, Sankma da hansonma Seadares
(Schunk & Hanson, 1985) meoreklaselTaTvis gamoklebis swavlebis ori

325

daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
TviTmenejmenti ar aris
SezRuduli raime jgufis an
Teoriis CarCoebiT. fsiqolo-
gebi, romlebic kognituri
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb vigots-
kis ideebs Seiswavlian (me-2
Tavi), iseve exebian am sakiTxs,
rogorc swavlis strat-
egiebiT dainteresebuli
kognitivisti fsiqologebi da
agreTve fsiqologebi, rom-
lebic miuTiTeben TviTregu-
laciaze, rogorc motivaciis
umniSvnelovanes faqtorze
(me-10, me-11 Tavebi)
TviTmarTva _ sakuTari
qcevis marTva da am qcevaze
pasuxismgeblobis aReba. aseve,
swavlis bihevioristul Teori-
aSi, bihevioruli principebis
gamoyeneba sakuTari qcevis
Sesacvlelad.
326
meTodi. aRsaniSnavia, rom am bavSvebs hqondaT siZneleebi am unar-
Cvevebis swavlaSi. moswavleTa erTi jgufi akvirdeboda meoreklasel-
Ta meore jgufis swavlebis process, xolo meore jgufi akvirdeboda
maswavlebels. Semdeg orive jgufi erTsa da imave saswavlo programaSi
monawileobda. moswavleebi, romlebic swavlisas Tanatolebs akvird-
ebodnen, ufro maRal niSnebsac iRebdnen testebSi da ufro darw-
munebulnic iyvenen TavianT Tavsa da SesaZleblobebSi. moswavleTaT-
vis, romelTac eWvi eparebaT TavianT SesaZleblobebSi, kargi nimuSi
iqneboda cudi moswrebis moswavle, romelic bevri mcdelobis Semdeg
sabolood mainc aRwevs mizans _ eufleba masalas (Schunk, 2004).
emociaTa aRmoceneba. dabolos, dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli swavlis sa­
SualebiT adamianebs SeiZleba ganuviTardeT emociuri reaqcia iseTi
situacis mimarT, rogoric piradad arasdros gamoucdiaT, magali-
Tad, maT SeiZleba gauCndeT emocia frenis an manqanis marTvis mimarT.
bavSvi, romelic xedavs, rogor gadmovarda misi megobari saqaneladan
da moitexa xeli, SeiZleba amis mere eridos saqanelebs. bavSvebi,
romelTac axsovT 11 seqtembris movlenebi, SeiZleba anerviuldnen,
roca dainaxaven miwasTan axlos mfrinav TviTmfrinavs. televizorSi
gadmocemuli zvigenTa Tavdasxmebi bevr adamians uCens okeaneSi Rrmad
Securvis SiSs. aRsaniSnavia, rom raimes Sesaxeb iformaciis miRebac
dakvirvebiTi swavlis formaa. roca Tqveni moswavlis msgavs (asakiT
an situaciiT) adamians raRac cudi SeemTxveva, Tqvens moswavleebs
SeiZleba dasWirdeT vinmesTan TavianT emociebze saubari.
`rekomendaciebSi~ mocemulia ideebi imis Taobaze, rogor gamoiy-
enoT dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli swavla klasSi.
TviTmenejmenti
rogoria Tqveni azri?
fizikuri Terapiis ganyofileba, sadac Tqven gadixarT gasaubrebas,
Tanamedrove, kargad aRWurvili dawesebulebaa. gisvamen SekiTxvas:
`Cveni erT-erTi udidesi problema aq da am saxis sxva sareabili-
tacio centrebSi aris Cveni klientebis iZuleba, Seasrulon sa-
varjiSo programa. Tqven ra ideebis SeTavazeba SegiZliaT imisaT-
vis, rom daexmaroT Cvens klientebs, mihyvnen maTTvis daniSnul
reJims?~
Tu ganaTlebis mizania aRzardos TviTganaTlebis unaris mqone
xalxi, maSin moswavleebma unda iswavlon sakuTari cxovrebis marTva,
miznebis dasaxva da TavianTi ganmamtkiceblebis miReba. zrdasrulo-
baSi jildoebi xSirad gaurkvevelia da miznebis miRwevasac didi dro
sWirdeba. dafiqrdiT, ramdeni patara nabijis gadadgmaa saWiro gana-
Tlebis misaRebad da pirveli samsaxuris saSovnelad. cxovreba aRsav-
sea iseTi amocanebiT, romlebic am saxis TviTmenejments moiTxovs.
moswavleebi SeiZleba CarTuli iyvnen sabaziso qcevis cvlilebis
programis yvela nabijis ganxorcielebaSi. maT SeiZleba daxmareba
gagviwion miznebis dasaxvaSi, samuSaos dakvirvebaSi, maTi moqmedebisa
da muSaobis SefasebaSi. dabolos, maT SeiZleba SearCion da miiRon
ganmamtkiceblebi.
miznis dasaxva. miznis dasaxvis faza Zalian mniSvnelovania (Pintrich &
Schunk, 2002; Reeve, 1996). zogi kvleva gulisxmobs, rom specifikuri miz-
nis dasaxva da maTi yvelasTvis gacnoba TviTmenejmentis programis
umniSnvelovanesi elementebi SeiZleba iyos. magaliTad, s. q. haiesma (S.
C. Hayes) da misma kolegebma gamoyves swavlaSi seriozuli problemebis
mqone kolejis studentebi da aswavles maT specifikuri miznebis
dasaxva. im studentebma, romelTac daisaxes miznebi da acnobes maT
Sesaxeb eqsperimentis avtorebs, ukeTesi Sedegi aCvenes testirebisas,
vidre imaT, romlebic miznebs TavisTvis isaxavdnen da maT aravis umx-
eldnen (Hayes, Rosenfarb, Wulfert, Munt, Korn, & Zettle, 1985).
maRali standartebi, rogorc wesi, iwvevs ukeTes Sesrulebas (Locke &
Latham, 2002). samwuxarod, moswavlis mier dasaxul miznebs aqvs sul ufro
da ufro naklebi molodinebis asaxvis tendencia. maswavlebels SeuZlia
daexmaros moswavleebs maRali standartebis SenarCunebaSi maTi miznebis
monitoringisa da maRali standartebis ganmtkicebis gziT.

warmatebis Sefaseba da monitoringi. moswavleebma SeiZleba monawil-

eoba miiRon qcevis Secvlis programis Sefasebasa da monitoringSi
(Mace, Belfiore, & Hutchinson, 2001). TviTmonitoringisTvis Sesaferisi qce-
vis ramdenime magaliTia: Sesrulebul davalebaTa raodenoba, raime
unaris swavlisas daxarjuli dro, wakiTxuli wignebisa da gamoswore-
buli problemebis raodenoba an Tundac erTi kilometris garbenisas
daxa­rjuli dro. maswavleblis zedamxedvelobis gareSe Sesasrulebeli
davalebebi, magaliTad, saSinao davaleba da damoukidebeli samuSao
aseve kargi saSualebebia TviTmonitoringisaTvis. moswavleebi awar-
moeben cxrils an dRiurs, sadac CainiSnaven kiTxvis niSniT aRniSnuli daukavSireT kvlevas da
qmedebis sixSiresa da xangrZlivobas. warmatebis CasaniSni baraTi ex- ganavrceT
mareba ufrosklaselebs davalebebis mcire nawilebad da nabijebad gTavazobT belfiorisa da
dayofaSi, maTi Tanmimdevrobis gansazRvrasa da yoveldRiuri miznebis horniakis (Belfiore & Hornyak,
1998) kiTxvars, romelic
dasaxvis saSualebiT aseve yoveldRiuri progresisTvis Tvalis midevne-
exmareba moswavleebs saSinao
baSi. Tavis mxriv, es baraTebi aseve asrulebs miniSnebebis funqcias, davalebis SesrulebaSi:
romlebic SeiZleba iseve Tavisuflad gaqres, rogorc gaCnda.
1. Sevasrule Tu ara guSin-
TviTSefaseba garkveulwilad ufro rTuli ramaa, vidre ubralo
deli saSinao davaleba
TviTaRricxva, radgan is gulisxmobs xarisxis Sefasebas. moswavleebs da Cavabare Tu ara igi
SeuZliaT Seafason TavianTi qceva gonivruli sizustiT. gansakuTrebiT maswavlebels?
maSin, Tu maT iswavles kargi Sesrulebisa da nawarmis Sefasebis stan- 2. CaviniSne Tu ara rveulSi
dartebi. magaliTad, svinim, salvam, kuperma da talbert-jonsonma yvela is davaleba, ro-
melic dRes momces?
(Sweeney, Salva, Cooper, & Talbert-Johnson, 1993) aswavles moswavleebs, rogor
3. Cavde Tu ara mTeli Cemi
SeefasebinaT sakuTari kaligrafia asoebis zomis, daxrilobisa da da- saSinao davaleba saSiano
Sorebis mixedviT. swori TviTSefasebis erTi-erTi saSualeba SeiZleba davalebis saqaRaldeSi?
iyos maswavleblebis mier moswavleTa Sefasebebis perioduli Semow- 4. maqvs Tu ara Tan saSinao
meba da swori gansjisTvis ganmtkicebis micema. ufrosi moswavleebi davalebis dasasruleblad
saWiro yvela masala?
TviTSefasebis saswavleblad ufro metad arian mzad, vidre patarebi.
5. saSinao davalebis dawyeba
SesaZlebelia, agreTve, bonus-qulebis dawera, roca maswavleblisa da 6. Sesrulebulia Tu ara
moswavlis Sefasebebi erTmaneTs emTxveva (Kalpan, 1991). TviTSefase- yvela saSinao davaleba?
bas SeiZleba Tan sdevdes TviTSesworebac. moswavleebi jer afaseben, 7. vinmem Seamowma, dasrule-
bulia Tu ara yvela dava-
Semdeg cvlian da aumjobeseben TavianT namuSevrebs. dabolos, isini
leba?
kidev erTxel adareben gaumjobesebas standartebs (Mace, Belfiore, & 8. Semowmebis Semdeg dava-
Hutchinson, 2001). brune Tu ara mTeli sa-
Sinao davalebis furclebi
TviTganmtkiceba. TviTmenejmentis ukanaskneli safexuri TviTganmt- saqaRaldeSi?
9. miveci es furclebi mas-
kicebaa. Tumca arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Taobaze, saWiroa wavlebels?

327
 ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba

rekomendaciebi: moswavlis TviTmenejmenti

sistema dadebiTi kuTxiT gaacaniT mSob-
lebsa da moswavleebs.
magaliTebi
1. moiwvieT moswavlis ojaxi da xazi gausviT,
rom es SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos ojaxis
yvela wevrisTvis.
2. SeimuSaveT programa mxolod moxaliseebi-
saTvis.
3. aRwereT, Tavad rogor iyenebT TviTmenej-
mentis programas.
daexmareT ojaxebs da moswavleebs, daisaxon
realuri miznebi.
magaliTebi
1. mouyvaneT moswavleebs TviTmenejmentis
miznebis iseTi magaliTebi, rogoricaa: sa-
Sinao davalebis adre dawyeba, ukve wakiTx-
uli wignebis aRricxva da a.S.
2. aCveneT ojaxebs, rogor unda daisaxon
mizani da awarmoon warmatebebis aRricxva.
aswavleT mSoblebs TavianTi Svilebis
warmatebebis Cawera da Sefaseba (TviTon).
magaliTebi
1. dayaviT samuSao advilad Sesasrulebel
etapebad.
2. warmoadgineT kargi namuSevrebis iseTi ni-
muSebi, sadac gansja ufro rTulia, maga­
liTad, kreatiuli wera. naweri Tavisufal
Temaze.
3. miawodeT mSoblebs saregistracio forma
an sakontrolo kiTxvari, rom Tvalyuri
adevnon TavianTi Svilebis progress.
waaxaliseT ojaxebi, drodadro Seamowmon
moswavlis Canawerebis sizuste da daexmaron
TavianT Svilebs TviTganmtkicebis formebis
ganviTarebaSi.
magaliTebi
1. pirvel etapze xSirad SeamowmeT moswav-
leebi, TandaTan _ ufro iSviaTad.
2. SeamowmebineT da-Zmas erTmaneTis namu­Sev­
rebi.
3. SeamowmeT is unar-Cvevebi, romlebsac mo-
swavleebi saxlSi unda euflebodnen, da
daajiloeT is moswavleebi, romelTa TviT-
Sefasebac emTxveva maTi testebis Sede-
gebs.
4. neba mieciT moswavleebs, mSoblebTan ga-
moTqvan TavianTi mosazrebebi dajildoe-
bis Sesaxeb _ maT mier kargad Sesrulebu­
li samuSa­osTvis.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.coun.uvic.ca/learn/program/hndouts.slfman.html

es etapi Tu ara. zogi fsiqologis azriT, miznis dasaxva da progre-

sis monitoringic sakmarisia da am procesSi TviTgaZliereba araviTar
damatebiT efeqts ar warmoSobs (Hayes da sxvebi, 1985). amisgan gansx-
vavebiT, sxvebi miiCneven, rom kargad Sesrulebuli samuSaosTvis saku-
Tari Tavis dajildoebas Sesrulebis ufro maRal donemde mivyavarT,
vidre mxolod miznis dasaxvasa da progresisTvis Tvalis devnebas
(Bandura, 1986). Tu xar swavlaSi Seupovari da miznis miRwevamde uars
ambob imaze, rac mTeli guliT ginda, maSin jildos miRebis perspeq-
tiva SeiZleba Seni samuSaosaTvis damatebiTi stimuli iyos. amis gaT-
valiswinebiT, SegiZliaT moifiqroT TqvenTvis raime ganmamtkicebeli,
roca am Tavis kiTxvas daamTavrebT. amgvari midgoma Tavis droze mec
damexmara am Tavis daweraSi.
zogjer SeiZleba ojaxebic CaerTon TavianTi Svilebis TviTmene-
jmentis gamomuSavebaSi. erToblivi muSaobiT, maswavlebels da mSob-
lebs SeuZliaT yuradReba axal miznebze gaamaxvilon da amave dros
xeli Seuwyon moswavlis damoukideblobis zrdas. rubrika _ `rekomen-
daciebi~ _ zogierT ideas gTavazobT.
zogjer moswavleTaTvis TviTmenejmentis swavlebas SeuZlia gadaWras

328
maswavlebelTa problemebi da aseve mogvces damatebiTi sargebeli.
magaliTad, SejibrebebSi monawile 9-16 wlis asakis mocuraveTa gundis
mwvrTnelebi, siZneleebs awydebian bavSvebis mier intensiuri muSaobis
maCveneblebis SenarCunebaSi. amitom mwvrTnelebma SeimuSaves sawvrT-
neli programa da igi oTxi grafikis saxiT warmoadgines, _ am grafikebs
yvela gundis wevri unda mihyoloda. es cxrilebi auzTan gamoikra.
mocuraveebs Tavad unda aReniSnaT am cxrilebze turnirebis raode-
noba da maT mier TiToeuli sawvrTneli etapis dasruleba. radganac
es aRniSvnebi Riad keTdeboda, mocuraveebs SeeZloT daenaxaT TavianTi
da sxvaTa miRwevebi da Tvalyuri edevnebinaT samuSao etapebis das-
rulebisaTvis. samuSaos xarisxma da intensivobam 27%-iT imata. mwvrT-
nelebs es sistema imitomac moswondaT, rom mocuraveebs muSaobis daw-
yeba dauyovnebliv, mwvrTnelis nebarTvis gareSe SeeZloT.

qcevis kognituri modifikacia

da TviTinstruqtireba
TviTmenejmenti, zogadad, niSnavs moswavleebis monawileobas qce-
vis cvlilebis programis ZiriTadi nabijebis ganxorcielebaSi. qce-
vis kognituri modifikacia aqcents akeTebs azrovnebasa da sakuTar
TavTan saubarze. am mizeziT, bevr fsiqologs qcevis kognituri modi-
fikacia ufro kognitur midgomad miaCnia, vidre bihevioristulad. aq
me igi imitom ganvixile, rom qcevis kognituri modifikacia warmoad-
gens kognituri swavlebisadmi miZRvnil me-7 da me-8 TavebTan damaka-
vSirebel erTgvar `xids~.
rogorc meore TavSi aRvniSneT, kognitur ganviTarebaSi arsebobs
safexuri, rodesac bavSvebi davalebis Sesrulebisas xelmZRvaneloben
sakuTar TavTan saubriT. isini TavianT Tavs xSirad im sityvebiT es-
aubrebian, romelTac maTi mSoblebi da maswavleblebi iyeneben. qce-
vis kognituri modifikaciis procesSi moswavleebs aswavlian TviTin-
struqtirebis gamoyenebas. maiCenbaumma (Meichenbaum, 1977) Camoayaliba
xuTi safexuri:
1. ufrosi bavSvi asrulebs raRac samuSaos Tavis TavTan xmamaRla qcevis kognituri modifika-
cia _ procedurebi, romelic
saubris meSveobiT (kognituri mibaZva).
emyareba qcevis Sesacvlelad
2. bavSvi imeorebs imave samuSaos nimuSis instruqciebis mixedviT (cxa- rogorc biheviorul (TviTin-
di, garegani xelmZRvanelobiT). struqtireba), ise kognituri
3. bavSvi asrulebs davalebas da am dros sakuTar Tavs xmamaRla aZ­ swavlis principebs (Sinagani
levs instruqciebs (cxadi, TviTxelmZRvaneloba). metyveleba).

4. bavSvi davalebis Sesrulebisas, CurCuliT aZlevs sakuTar Tavs in-

TviTinstruqcia _ amoca-
struqciebs (modunebuli TviTxelmZRvaneloba). nis safexurebis Sesabamisad
5. bavSvi asrulebs davalebas da am dros xelmZRvanelobs piradi sau- sakuTari Tavisadmi mimarTuli
brebiT (dafaruli TviTganaTleba). miTiTebebi.

brenda meningma da beverli peinma (Brenda Manning & Beverly Payne, 1996)
CamoTvales oTxi unari, romlebic aumjobesebs moswavlis swavlas. es
unarebia: mosmena, dagegmva, muSaoba da Semowmeba. rogor daexmareba
sakuTari Tavis kognituri instruqtireba moswavleebs am unarebis
ganviTarebaSi? erT-erTi SesaZleblobaa piradi bukletebis an saklaso
plakatebis gamoyeneba, romlebic karnaxobs moswavleebs `esaubron sa-
kuTar Tavs~ am unarebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, mexuTeklaselebma moce-
muli oTxidan TiToeuli unarisaTvis Seadgines miniSnebebis CamonaT-
vali da gamoakres klasSi. mosmenis miniSnebebSi iyo aseTi kiTxvebi:

329
 sqema 5.5.
plakatebi, romlebic Seaxsenebs moswavleebs, rogor
`isaubron sakuTar TavTan~ mosmenis, dagegmvis, muSaobisa
da Semowmebis unarebis saSualebiT.
es oTxi plakati Seadgines mexuTeklaselebma, raTa daemaxsovre-
binaT TviTinstruqciis gamoyenebis wesebi. mocemuli `Spargal­ke­
bis~ zogi nawili am mozardebis damaxasiaTebel Sinagan samya­ros
asaxavs.

plakati 1 plakati 3

mosmenisas: muSaobisas:
1. aqvs amas raime azri? 1. swrafad vmuSaob?
2. vigeb amas? 2. Seyvarebuls ar unda
3. kiTxva unda davsva, mivaSterde da saqmes
Torem damaviwydeba unda davubrunde.
4. yuradRebiT iyavi. 3. ra dro damrCa?
5. SevZleb imis gakeTebas, 4. Tavidan xom ar daviwyo?
rasac is meubneba? 5. es rTulia CemTvis, magram
mainc SevZleb!

plakati 2 plakati 4

dagegmvisas:
1. yvelafers movuyare
Tavi?
2. iqneb axla yuradReba
ar mivaqcio megobrebs?
3. jer movwesrigdebi.
4. ra TanmimdevrobiT
unda gavakeTo es?
5. es xom vici!!!
Semowmebisas:
1. yvelferi movaswari?
2. ra unda gadavasworo?
3. SemiZlia viamayo am
samuSaoTi?
4. yvela sityva davwere?
davTvale?
5. mgoni davamTavre.
yvelaferi movawesrige.
ocnebebSi xom ar
gadaviWeri?

wyaro: wignidan Self-Talk for Teachers and Students: Metacognitive Strategies for Personal
and Classroom Use by brenda H. Manning, Beverly D. Payne. Published By Allyn and Ba-
con, Boston, MA. Copyright © 1996 By Pearson Education. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis
nebarTviT.

`aqvs amas raime azri?~ `vgebulob amas?~ `kiTxva unda davsva, Torem
da­maviwydeba.~ `yuradRebiT iyavi!~ `SevZleb imis gakeTebas, rasac is
me­ubneba?~ dagegmvis plakatebze ewera: `yvelafers erTad movuyare
Tavi?~ `jer movwesrigdebi.~ `ra TanmimdevrobiT unda gavakeTo es?~
`es xom vici!~ aRwerili da danarCeni ori unaris Sesaxeb plakatebi
naCvenebia 6.6 sqemaze. am procesis warmatebis mizezi nawilobriv is
aris, rom CamoTvlili unarebisTvis miniSneba-plakatebis mofiqreba-
Si Tavad bavSvebi monawileoben. diskusiebSi monawileobiT moswavle
ukeT acnobierebs Tavis SesaZleblobebs da ufro metad akontrolebs
sakuTar swavlas.

330
 sinamdvileSi, maiqenbaumisa da misi kolegebis mier ganxorciele-
buli qcevis kognituri modifikacia imaze gacilebiT meti kompo-
nentisgan Sedgeba, vidre moswavlisTvis mxolod TviTinstruqtirebis
gamoyenebis swavlebaa. maiqenbaumis meTodebi moicavs aseve dialogsa
da interaqcias moswavlesa da maswavlebels Soris, magaliTis mice-
masa da mibaZvas, raRacis aRmoCenas viRacis xelmZRvanelobiT, mo-
tivaciur strategiebs, ukukavSirs, davalebis misadagebas moswavlis
ganviTarebis donesTan da swavlebis sxva principebs. moswavle pro-
gramis SedgenaSic ki aris CarTuli (Harri, 1990; Harris & Pressley, 1991).
aqedan gamomdinare, ar unda iyos gasakviri ar unda iyos gasakviri,
rom moswavleebma SeZlon qcevis kognituri modifikaciis safuZvelze
gaviTarebuli unarebis axal saswavlo situaciebze ganzogadeba (Harris,
Graham, & Perssley, 1992).

problemebi da sakiTxebi

wina qveTavSi mocemuli iyo mimoxilva _ saklaso qcevis cvlilebis

strategiebi. unda gvaxsovdes, rom es strategiebi iaraRia, romelic
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes maRali pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT an upa-
suxismgeblod. amrigad, ra sakiTxebi unda gvaxsovdes am strategiebis
gamoyenebisas?

bihevioristuli meTodebis kritika

rogoria Tqveni azri?
samsaxuris misaRebad gasaubrebaze imyofebiT. direqtori gekiTxe-
baT: `SarSandel maswavlebels bevri problema Seeqmna, roca klas-
Si kargi qcevis misaRwevad moswavleebis mosyidvas Seecada da maT
saSiano davalebebisgan aTavisuflebda. ras fiqrobT swavlebaSi
sasjelisa da jildos gamoyenebis Sesaxeb?~

sanam am kiTxvis pasuxze fiqrobT, gansxvavebuli perspeqtivebi-

saTvis gaecaniT rubrikas `argumenti/kontrargumenti~: `unda ajil-
doebdnen Tu ara moswavleebs swavlisTvis~? roca am TavSi aRwerili
strategiebi sworad aris gamoyenebuli, maSin isini efeqturi saSuale-
baa imisaTvis, rom aswavlo moswavleebs akademiurad swavla da meti
damoukideblobis miRweva. Tumca efeqturi saSualebebis gamoyeneba
avtomaturad ar gulisxmobs samuSaos SesaniSnavad Sesrulebas. amas-
Tan bihevioristuli strategiebi xSirad danergilia arasistemurad,
araTanmimdevrulad, arasworad da zedapirulad (Landrum & Kauffman,
2006). Tundac saukeTeso saSualebebis arasworma gamoyenebam Zalian
seriozuli problemebi SeiZleba warmoqmnas.
zogi fsiqologi SiSobs, rom swavlis yvela etapze jildos dawese-
bam SeiZleba moswavleebs Tavad swavlisadmi interesi daukargos (Deci,
1975; Deci & Ryan, 1985; Kohn, 1993, 1996; Lepper & Greece, 1978; Lepper, Keavney,
& Drake, 1996; Ryan & Deci, 1996). kvlevebma gviCvena, rom dajildoebis
sistemis gamoyeneba raime sagniT isedac dainteresebul moswavleebs
am sagnisadmi interess umcirebs. metic, arsebobs imis magaliTebic,
rom romeliRac davalebis kargad SesrulebisTvis maswavleblis Se-

331
 argumenti / kontrargumenti
unda ajildoebdnen Tu ara moswavleebs swavlisTvis?
fsiqologebi da pedagogebi wlebis ganma-
vlobaSi kamaTobdnen imis Taobaze, unda da-
jildovdnen Tu ara moswavleebi saskolo sa-
muSaoebisa da akademiuri miRwevebisaTvis;
adreul 1900-ian wlebSi pol Cansma da alfi
konma (Paul Chance & Alfie Kohn) ,,Phi Delta Kappan”-
Si gamoaqveynes TavianTi mosazrebebi (marti
1991, noemberi 1992, ivnisi 1993). Semdeg judi
kamerunma da v. devid pirsma (Judy Cameron & W.
David Pierce, 1996) “Review of Educational Research”-
Si gamoaqveynes statia ganmtkicebis Sesaxeb.
amave JurnalSi es statia kritikis qarcecxl-
Si gaatares mark leperma, mark kanveim, maiql
dreikma, alfie konim, riCard rainma da evard
decim (Mark Lepper, Mark Keavney, Michael Drake, Alfie
Kohn, Richard Ryan & Edward Deci). am adamianTagan
bevrma gamoTqva mosazreba fsiqologiuri biu-
letinis 1999 wlis noembris nomerSi. ra argu-
mentebi arsebobs amasTan dakavSirebiT?
argumenti moswavleebi isjebian jil-
doTi. alfie koni (1993) fiq­robs, rom ,,gamoy-
enebiTi biheviorizmi, arsebiTad, adamianebis
kontrolirebis teqnikaa. is faqtobrivad niS-
navs Semdeg gamonaTqvams: ,,gaakeTe es da mogcem
amas.~ misi gamoyeneba klasSi bavSvze cdis Cat-
arebas ufro niSnavs, vidre masTan muSaobas.~ (gv
784). is fiqrobs, rom jildoebi araefeqturia,
radgan roca qeba da prizebi wydeba, Cerdeba
moqmedebac. jildoebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli 128
kvlevis gaanalizebis Semdeg edvard decim, ri-
Card koestnerma da riCard rainma daaskvnes
(1999): `Cven mier dadginda, rom xelSesaxebi
jildo. arsebiTad, zRudavs Sinagan motivacias.
maSinac ki, roca es xelSesaxebi jildo SemoTava-
zebulia rogorc kargi qcevisa da Sesrulebis
indikatori, igi mainc amcirebs saintereso aq-
tivobis Sinagan motivacias~ (gv. 658-659).
jildoebis problema aq ar mTavrdeba. konis
mixedviT, moswavleebis dajildoeba swavlisTvis
anelebs saswavlo masalisadmi maTs interess:
yvela es jildo afiqrebinebs moswavles, rom
swavla aris dasakravebis/stikerebis, oqros var-
skvlavebis an niSnis miRebis saSualeba an, kidev
uaresi _ SesaZlebelia niSani fulze an Tojinaze
gaicvalos, rac udris garegani jildos gare-
gan jildoze gacvlas. yvelaferi es gadaaqcevs
swavlas miznidan saSualebad. swavla SeiZleba
gaxdes barieri, rac unda gadalaxo jildos mis-
aRebad. magaliTad, aviRoT gavrcelebuli pro-
grama, romlis mixedviTac bavSvebi iReben picis
serTifikatebs garkveuli raodenobis wignebis
wakiTxvis sanacvlod. jon nikolsi ilinoisis
universitetidan xumrobs, rom am programis
Sedegi aris: `mravali msuqani bavSvi, romlebsac
ar uyvarT kiTxva~. (gv. 785)
kontrargumenti swavla unda jildovdebo­
des. pol Censis azriT (1993):
bihevioristi fsiqologebi gansakuTrebiT

qebam SeiZleba SemdegSi daukargos moswavleebs motivacia, Tu isini

aseve kargad veRar Seasruleben axal davalebas. warumateblobis Sem-
TxvevaSi, im moswavleebma, romlebsac adre niWierebisaTvis aqebdnen,
SeiZleba guli aicruon swavlaze da savarjiSos keTebisas im moswav-
leebze naklebi siamovneba miiRon, romlebic winaT bejiTi SromisTvis
Seaqes (Mueller & Dweck, 1998).
gasaTvaliswinebelia dajildoebis sistemis efeqtebi rogorc indi-
vidualurad erT romelime moswavleze, ise misi gavlena sxva moswav-
leebzec. dajildoebis sistemis gamoyenebam da erTi moswavlisaTvis
zedmeti yuradRebis miqcevam SeiZleba sxva moswavleebze mavne gav-
lena iqonios. SesaZloa, sxva moswavleebma iswavlon, rogor gaxdnen
`cudebi~ _ amis gamo iqneb sxva dros isinic CarTon dajildoebis
programaSi? kvlevaTa umravlesoba cxadyofs, rom individualuri

332
usvamen xazs im garemoebas, rom Cven vswavlobT
garemomcveli samyaros moTxovnilebaTa Sesabam-
isad. Sesatyvisi situaciis mixedviT. rogorc
b.f. skinerma Camoayaliba: ,,[adamianebi] gavlenas
axdenen msoflioze, cvlian mas da Tavad icv-
lebian TavianTi qmedebebis Sedegad.~ skineri,
konisgan gansxvavebiT, xvdeboda, rom adamianebi
ukeT swavlobdnen keTilganwyobil da gulisx-
mierebiT gajerebul garemoSi. maswavleblebi,
romlebic aqeben da sxva saxiT ajildoeben mo-
swavleebs, swored amgvar garemos qmnian. Tu
amoraluria bavSvebisTvis imis Setyobineba,
rom kiTxvas sworad upasuxa, Tu amoraluria
zurgze xelis moTaTuneba imedis gamarTlebis
niSnad, Tu amoraluria sixarulis gamoxatva,
roca moswavles esmis masala, an miznis miRwevis
aRiareba oqros medlis an serTifikatis mice-
miT – maSin dae, codvili viyo! (gv. 788)
spobs Tu ara jildo interess? qameronma
da pirsma (1994) daaskvnes: ,,roca xelSesaxebi
jildoebi (mag. varskvlavebi, fuli) miecemaT
moswavleebs davalebis Sesrulebis da ara mar-
to monawileobis gamo da is moulodnelad aris
gadacemuli, Sinagani motivacia narCundeba (gv.
49)~. mogvianebiT aisenbergma, pirsma da qam-
eronma (1999) kvlevas daumates: ,,dajildoebis
procedurebi, romlebic moiTxoven davalebaTa
maRal doneze specifikur Sesrulebas, aniWee-
ben am davalebas personalur an socialur mniS-
vnelobas, rac zrdis Sinagan motivacias~ (gv.
677). is fsiqologebic ki, magaliTad, edvard
deci da mark leperi, romlebic fiqroben, rom
jildoebs SeuZliaT mospon Sinagani motivacia,
Tanxmdebian, rom SesaZlebelia maTi pozitiuri
gamoyenebac. roca jildoebi aZlevs moswav-
leebs informacias maT mier sagnis dauflebis
Taobaze an roca gamoxatavs dafasebas kargad
Sesrulebuli samuSaosTvis, maSin isini zrdian
Tavdajerebulobas da moswavlisaTvis davale-
bas ufro sainteresos xdian; gansakuTrebiT
iseTi moswavleebisaTvis, romlebic Tavdapir-
velad didi interesiT ar ekidebodnen samuS-
aos. ise araferi uwyobs xels winsvlas, rogorc
warmateba. rogorc Censma Camoayaliba, Tu mo-
swavleebi daeuflebian kiTxvas da maTemati-
kas jildoebis meSveobiT, maT ar daaviwydebaT
kiTxva da maTematika qebisa da jildoebis Sew-
yvetis Semdegac. iswavlidnen isini amas jil-
doebis gareSe? zogi – ki, zogi – ara. Tqven
gaagrZelebdiT iseT kompaniaSi muSaobas, ro-
melic ar gixdiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom mog-
wonT Tqveni samuSao? StatgareSe TanamSromeli
alfi koni, im mizeziT, rom statiebis weraSi
fuls uxdian, dakargavs weris interess?
rogoria Tqveni azri?
gamoxateT sakuTari mosazreba veb-gverdze:
www.mylabschool.com
wyaro: wignidan “Sticking Up for Rewards”, by P. Chance, June
1993, Phi Delta Kappan, pp. 787-790. Copyright © 1993 by Phy
Delta Kappan. ibeWdeba Phi Delta Kappan-isa da avtoris ne-
barTviT. wignidan “Rewards versus Learning: A Response to Paul
Chance,” by A. Kohn, June 1993, Phi Delta Kappan, p. 783 and 785.
Copyright © 1993 by Alfie Kohn. ibeWdeba Phi Delta Kappan-isa
da avtoris nebarTviT.

adaptaciis strategiebis (vTqvaT, dajildoebis) gamoyenebas ara aqvs

uaryofiTi gavlena im moswavleebze, romlebic ar monawileoben masSi,
roca maswavlebels sjera am programis da misi gamoyenebis mizezebs
asabuTebs am programis miRma darCenil moswavleebTan. sindi folkma
da paula smitma (Cindy Fulk & Paula Smith, 1995) gamokiTxes I-VI klasebis
98 moswavle da daaskvnes, rom `maswavleblebi ufro metad zrunaven
imaze, rom moswavleebis mimarT yuradReba Tanabrad gaanawilon, vidre
Tavad moswavleebi~ (gv. 416). Tuki zogierTi moswavlis qceva uares-
deba, roca maTi Tanatolebi CarTuli arian specialur programebSi,
maSin am TavSi ganxiluli procedurebi daexmareba maT, daubrundnen
saTanado qcevis uwindel dones (Chance, 1992, 1993).

333
 eTikuri sakiTxebi
am TavSi aRwerili strategiebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli eTi-
kuri sakiTxebi im procesebis mier wamoWrili problemebis msgavsia,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen adamianebze. ra aris aseTi strategiebis
miznebi? eTanxmeba Tu ara isini skolis miznebs? ra efeqti eqneba masSi
monawile adamianebze am strategiebs? xom ar mieniWeba maswavlebels
zedmeti kontrolis ufleba, Tu igi umravlesobas warmoadgens?

miznebi. am TavSi ganxiluli strategiebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos

moswavleebisaTvis mxolod imis saswavleblad, rom wynarad isxdnen,
xeli aswion, sanam dailaparakeben da a. S. (Winett & Winkler, 1972). es
al­baT teqnikis araeTikuri gamoyeneba iqneboda. marTalia, maswavle­
belma unda daamyaros klasSi garkveuli wesrigi da organizacia, ma-
gram SeCereba im dros, roca qcevis gaumjobeseba `sruli svliT~ mim-
dinareobs, ar uzrunvelyofs akademiur moswrebas. meores mxriv, zog
situaciaSi akademiuri unarebis ganmtkicebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios qce-
vis gaumjobeseba. aqcenti unda keTdebodes akademiur swavlaze. akade-
miuri gaumjobeseba ufro warmatebiT ganzogaddeba sxva situciebze,
vidre qcevaSi miRweuli cvlilebebi.

strategiebi. sasjels gverdiTi efeqtic aqvs: is SeiZleba agresiuli

sapasuxo reaqciis nimuSis rolSi mogvevlinos da negatiuri emociuri
reaqciebi gamoiwvios. sasjeli araa saWiro da xSirad araeTikuric kia,
maSin, roca ufro naklebi problemebis momtan pozitiur efetebs imave
Sedegebis motana SeuZlia. roca ufro martivi, nakleb SemzRudveli
procedurebi ar amarTlebs, saWiroa SedarebiT rTuli procedurebis
gamoyeneba.
strategiis arCevisas, meore gasaTvaliswinebeli garemoebaa stra­
tegiis gavlena moswavleze. magaliTad, maswavleblebi xandaxan orga-
nizebas ukeTeben moswavlis dajildoebas saxlSi _ saCuqriT an raime
aqtivobiT _ skolaSi Sesrulebuli kargi samuSaosTvis. Tumca, Tu mo-
swavles Sin sastikad sjian xolme, amgvari ganmtkiceba SeiZleba Zalian
saziano iyos misTvis. meore mxriv, informacias aradamakmayofile-
beli saskolo moswrebis Sesaxeb Sin SeiZleba ufro meti damcireba da
Seuracxyofa mohyves.

bihevioristuli swavlis mravalferovneba da konvergencia

mravalferovneba
moswavleTa uamravi saswavlo istoria imavdroulad saocrad mra-
valferovanicaa. Tqvens klasSi albaT bevr moswavles raRacis eSinia an
raime aRelvebs. zog moswavles SeiZleba sazogadoebis winaSe laparaki
an vinmesTan sportis romelime saxeobaSi Sejibri aSinebdes, sxvebs
_ romelime cxoveli. zogierTi moswavlisTvis sxvadasxva saqmianoba
Tu sagnebi asrulebs ganmamtkiceblis rols, Tumca _ ara yvelasT-
vis. Tqveni moswavleebi swavloben sxvadasxva nimuSisgan (modelisgan),
romlebsac xvdebian saxlSi, samezobloSi, eklesiaSi an Tundac, quCaSi.

334
 sqema 6.3.
ra mogwonT? moswavleTa mosazrebebi ganmtkicebis Sesaxeb

saxeli klasi TariRi

gTxovT, yvela kiTxvas amomwuravad upasuxoT.
1. Cemi sayvareli sagnebia:
2. sami ram, risi keTebac yvelaze metad momwons klasSi:
3. skolaSi yoveldRe 30 wuTi Tavisufali dro rom mqondes sayvareli
saqmis sakeTeblad, me avirCevdi:
4. Cemi ori yvelaze sayvareli sasusnavi:
5. dasvenebaze yvelaze metad miyvars ... (sami ram):
6. 1 dolari rom mqodes, viyiddi...
7. sami saqme, romelsac klasSi siamovnebiT gavakeTebdi:
8. ori adamiani, visTan muSaobac yvelaze metad momwons skolaSi:
9. saxlSi yofnisas Zalian miyvars... (CamoTvaleT sami ram)

wyaro: wignidan Modification of Child and Adolescent Behavior (3rd ed.), by G. Blackman and A.
Silberman. Published by Wadsworth, Belmont, CA. Copyright © 1979 by Wadsworth Publishing Co.
ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

daukavSireT veb-gverds
zogi moswavle SeiZleba kargi niSnis xaTriT swavlobdes, sxvebs es Se­ da ganavrceT
iZleba naklebad adardebdeT. swavlis Teoriebi
am TavSi warmodgenili kvleva da Teoriebi dagexmarebaT gaigoT, http://tip.psychology.org/
Tqveni moswavleebis saswavlo istoriebi rogor aswavlis `maT~ av-
daukavSireT swavlebas/
tomaturi sapasuxo reaqciis gamoxatvas (xelisgulebis gaoflianeba,
portfolios da ganavrceT
guliscemis aCqareba…). (SesaZlo klasikuri ganpirobeba praqtikaSi). gamoiyeneT cxrili 6.3 ,,ra
maTi saswavlo istoriebi SeiZleba moicavdes ganmtkicebis magaliTebs mogwonT? moswavleTa mosaz-
maTive Seupovrobisa Tu wuwunisaTvis (operantuli ganpirobeba praq- rebebi ganmtkicebis Sesaxeb~,
tikaSi). jgufSi muSaobis Sansi zogi moswavlisaTvis SeiZleba ganmamt- imisaTvis, rom SearCioT
ideebi da uzrunvelyoT
kicebeli iyos, zogisTvis ki _ sasjeli. zogi maswavlebeli iyenebs
Tqveni moswavleebisTvis
iseT kiTxvars, rogoric 6.3 cxrilSia mocemuli _ moswavleTaTvis Sesaferisi ganmamtkiceblebi;
efeqturi ganmamtkiceblebis dasadgenad. yovelTvis gaxsovdeT: is, gaamdidreT am mosazrebebiT
rac erTisTvis ganmamtkicebelia, meorisaTvis SeiZleba aseTi ar aR- Tqveni portfolio.
moCndes da rom moswavleebma SeiZleba zedmetad `bevri kargi ram mi-
iRon~. ganmamtkiceblebma SeiZleba dakargon TavianTi mniSvneloba, Tu
maT Warbad viyenebT.
mravalferovani ganmamtkiceblebis, maswavleblebis, saklaso oTax-
ebisa da skolebis garda, damatebiT maTTan erTad uzrunvelyofili
unda iyos nimuSebis mravalferovnebac, vinaidan moswavleebi swav-
loben dakvirvebiT. xedaven ki moswavleebi sakuTar Tavs socialur
kvlevebsa da mecnierul teqstebSi? arseboben iseTi personaJebi da
avtorebi, romlebic asaxaven moswavleTa faseulobebsa da warmomav-
lobas? visi namuSevaria gamokruli klasSi? vin iRebs privilegiebsa
da pasuximgeblobas?

konvergencia
imis miuxedavad, rom Tqvens klasSi mravlad iqneba gansxvavebuli
saswavlo istoriebi, arsebobs konvergenciebic – principebi, romle-
bic miesadageba yvela adamians:

335
 1. aravin imeorebs xalisiT qcevas, romelic dasjadi an ignorirebu-
lia. warmatebis Tundac minimaluri gancdis gareSe Zalian Znelia
gulmodginebis gamoCena.
2. rodesac esa Tu is saqcieli masSi monawile adamianisaTvis dadebiT
Sedegebs iwvevs, mas ufro xSirad imeoreben.
3. maswavleblebi xSirad ar iyeneben xolme ganmamtkicebels Sesabamisi
swori saqcielisTvis. Cveulebriv. isini reagireben araswor, uadgi-
lo qmedebebze, riTac zogjer am procesSi yuradRebis ganmtkicebas
axdenen.
4. imisaTvis, rom efeqturi iyos, qeba namdvili miRwevis gulwrfel
aRiarebas unda warmoadgendes.
5. funqcionirebis ra donezec unda iyvnen moswavleebi, maT SeuZ­
liaT iswavlon sakuTari qcevis marTva da am qcevisTvis pasux-
ismgeblobis aReba.

Sejameba
ra aris swavla?
ra aris swavla. miuxedavad imisa, rom swavlis
cnebis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT sayovel-
Tao SeTanxmebis miRweva ver xerxdeba, bevri
eTanxmeba azrs, rom swavla Tavs iCens maSin,
roca gamocdileba iwvevs cvlilebas adamia-
nis qcevasa da codnaSi. sqesobrivi momwife-
biT, avadmyofobiT, daRlilobiT an SimSiliT
gamowveuli cvlileba ar Sedis swavlis zogad
gansazRvrebaSi. bihevioristi Teoretikosebi
xazs usvamen garemos stimulTa rols swavlaSi
da yuradRebas amaxvileben qcevaze – iseT sa-
pasuxo reaqciebze, romlebze dakvirvebac Sesa-
Zlebelia. bihevioristuli swavla moicavs idea-
Ta asociaciiT swavlas, klasikur ganpirobebas,
operantul ganpirobebasa da dakvirvebaze da-
fuZnebul swavlas.
swavlis adreuli Teoriebi:
ideaTa asociacia da klasikuri
ganpirobeba
klasikuri pirobiTi refleqsis yoveldRiuri mag-
aliTebi: nerwyvis gamoyofa sayvareli saWmlis
sunis SegrZnebisas, daZabuloba kbilis saburRi
manqanis xmis gagonebaze, nerviuloba scenaze
asvlisas... danarCeni Tavad daumateT.
operantuli ganpirobeba:
axali sapasuxo reaqciis mosinjva
ra aqcevs Sedegs ganmamtkiceblad? sasjelad? ski-
neris operantuli ganpirobebis koncefciis
mixedviT, adamianebi swavloben TavianTi mizan-
dasaxuli sapasuxo reaqciis efeqtebis gavleniT.
adamianisaTvis misi qmedebis Tanamdev SedegTa
efeqtebi SeiZleba asrulebdes ganmamtkice-
blis an sasjelis rols. Sedegi miiCneva gan-
mamtkiceblad, Tu is aZlierebs an inarCunebs
im sapasuxo reaqcias, romelmac Tavis droze
es Sedegi gamoiwvia. Sedegi iTvleba sasjelad,
roca is amcirebs an Trgunavs gamomwvev sapa-
suxo reaqcias.

rogor iqceva neitraluri stimuli ganpirobebul
stimulad? klasikuri pirobiTi refleqsis dros
xdeba erT dros neitraluri stimulis gameo-
reba da dawyvileba stimulTan, romelic emo-
ciur an fsiqologiur reaqciebs iwvevs. mogvi-
anebiT mxolod es `adre neitraluri~ stimuli
iwvevs sapasuxo reaqciebs – neitraluri stimu-
li iqca ganpirobebul stimulad.
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba da sasjeli xSirad erTma-
neTSi erevaT. ganmtkicebis procesi (negatiuri
Tu pozitiuri) yovelTvis gulisxmobs qcevis
gaZlierebas. maswavlebeli aZlierebs (ganamt-
kicebs) sasurvel qcevas raRac arasasurvelis
CamoSorebiT maSinve, roca sasurveli qceva iCens
Tavs. radganac Sedegebi iTvaliswinebs stimulis
CamoSorebas an `gamoklebas~, ganmtkiceba nega-

336
tiuria; sasjeli ki gulisxmobs qcevis Semci-
rebasa da daTrgunvas. rodesac qcevas sasjeli
mosdevs, nakleb mosalodnelia, rom momavalSi
msgavs situaciaSi igi kvlav gameordes.
rogor SeiZleba wavaxalisoT qcevis simtkice? qcev-
is ucvleli reJimi (damyarebuli, gansazRvruli
raodenobis sapasuxo reaqciebze) waaxalisebs
sapasuxo reaqciaTa sixSires, cvalebadi reJimi
ki (damyarebuli cvalebadi raodenobis sapasuxo
reaqciebsa da drois cvlad intervalebze) gaa-
Zlierebs sapasuxo reaqciebis simtkices.
ra gansxvavebaa miniSnebasa da signals Soris? sig-
nali winmswrebi sti­mulia. mas adgili aqvs zus-
tad manam, sanam qmedeba daiwyeba. miniSneba dam-
atebiTi signalia, romelic Tan sdevs pirvel
signals. Tu gindaT, rom garemos esa Tu is
stimuli signalad iqces, igi uSualod win unda
uswrebdes miniSnebas, raTa moswavleebma iswav-
lon signalze reagireba da ar iyvnen damokide-
bulni mxolod miniSnebaze. Semdeg CaaqreT
miniSneba rac SeiZleba male, raTa moswavleebi
ar gaxdnen masze damokidebulni.
gamoyenebiTi bihevioruli analizi
gamoyenebiTi bihevioruli analizis safexurebi.
1. mkafiod Ca­moayalibeT qceva, romelic unda
Seicvalos. 2. dagegmeT specifikuri interven-
cia wanamZRvrebis Sedegebis an orives erTo-
blivi gamoyenebiT. 3. Tvali adevneT da CainiS-
neT Sedegebi da, Tu saWiroa, moaxdineT gegmis
modifikacia.
rogor SeuZlia premakis princips dagexmaroT gan-
mamtkiceblis dadgenaSi? premakis principi adas-
turebs, rom maRali sixSiris qceva (sayvareli
saqmianoba) SeiZleba iyos dabali sixSiris qcev-
is (nakleb sayvareli saqmianobis) efeqturi gan-
mamtkicebeli. moswavleTaTvis Sesaferisi gan-
mamtkiceblis dadgenis saukeTeso saSualebaa,
uyuroT da daakvirdeT, Tu ras akeTeben isini
Tavisufal dros. moswavleTa umravlesobisT-
vis sayvareli saqmianobaa saubari, moZraoba,
megobris gverdiT jdoma, Jurnalebis kiTxva, an
TamaSi, maT, agreTve, Zalian moswonT, roca ar
aqvT sakeTebeli testi an davaleba.
rodis aris formireba Sesaferisi midgoma? for­
mireba exmareba moswavleebs, ganaviTaron ax-
ali sapasuxo reaqcia mcire droSi. amrigad,
is sasargebloa kompleqsuri unarebis ganviTa-
rebisas, rTuli miznebis misaRwevad muSaobis
procesSi, agreTve iseTi saqmianobisas, romelic
xan­grZlivia, moiTxovs gulmodginebas, sizuste-
sa da siswrafes. radganac formirebis procesi
did dros moiTxovs, is ar unda gamoviyenoT
iseT SemTxvevebSi, sadac warmatebis miRweva
ufro martivi meTodebiTac SeiZleba.
ra unda gaviTvaliswinoT sasjelis gamoyenebisas?
sasjeli TavisTavad ar iwvevs dadebiT qce-
vas. amrigad, yovelTvis, rodesac gadawyvetT
sasjelis gamoyenebas, Tqven is ormxrivi Tav-
dasxmis nawilad unda aqcioT. 1. ganaxorcieleT
sasjeli da daTrguneT arasasurveli qceva. 2.
cxadad da garkveviT CamoayalibeT, rogor unda
iqceodnen moswavleebi sinamdvileSi da am sa-
surveli qcevisTvis iqonieT ganmamtkicebeli.
amrigad, im dros, roca iTrguneba problematu-
ri qceva, Zlierdeba pozitiuri alternatiuli
sapasuxo reaqcia.
rogor unda gamoviyenoT funqcionaluri bihevior-
istuli Sefaseba da pozitiuri qcevis waxaliseba
moswavlis qcevis gasaumjobeseblad? funqcionalu­
ri bihevioristuli Sefasebisas maswavlebeli
Seiswavlis problemuri qcevis (winapirobebs)
da Sedegebs misi mizezebisa da funqciebis
dasadgenad. Semdeg iqmneba pozitiuri qcevis
mxardamWeri programebi _ maT unda Caanacvlon
problematuri qceva axali qceviT, romelic
moswavlisTvis igive daniSnulebis mqonea, ma-
gram aRar Seicavs problemas.
swavlebisa da menejmentisadmi
bihevioristuli midgoma
jgufuri Sedegebis, kontraqtebisa da Jetonis progr-
amebiT marTvis strategiebi. jgufuri Sedege­bis gam-
oyeneba moicavs ganmtkicebas mTeli kla­­sisTvis
da mTeli klasis qcevas emyareba. pirobiTi kon-
traqtis programa iTvaliswinebs mas­wavleblis
mier TiToeul moswavlesTan kontraqtis dade-
bas, sadac aRwerili iqneba, ra unda gaakeTon
maT privilegiebisa da jildos mosapoveblad.
Jetonebis ganmtkicebis programis farglebSi,
moswavleebs SesaZlebloba eZlevaT daimsaxu-
ron simboluri niSnebi (qulebi, specialuri
aRniSvnebi, Cifsebi da a.S.) rogorc akademiuri
moswrebisTvis, ise klasSi kargi qcevisaTvis.
periodulad, moswavleebs SeuZliaT gacvalon
337
maT mier mopovebuli Jetonebi sxva sasurvel
jildoSi. maswavlebelma es programebi unda
gamoiyenos Zalian frTxilad, xazi gausvas ara
marto karg qcevas, aramed swavlasac.
dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli swavla da
qcevis kognituri modifikacia: qcevis
gacnobiereba
gansxvaveba socialuri swavlisa da socialur-kog-
nitur Teoriebs Soris. socialuri swavlis Teo-
ria iyo adreuli neobihe­vioristuli Teoria,
romelic afarToebda bihevioristul Sexed-
ulebebs ganmtkicebisa da sasjelis Sesaxeb.
bihevioristuli SexedulebiT, ganmtkiceba da
sasjeli pirdapir zemoqmedebs qcevaze. social-
uri swavlis Teoriis mixedviT, nimuSis (sxva
adamiani, romlis qcevasac akvirdebian) dajil-
doebam an dasjam SeiZleba Sesabamisad imoqm-
edos damkvirveblis qcevazec. socialur-kog-
nituri Teoria afarToebs socialuri swavlis
Teorias da daurTavs mas kognitur faqtorebs,
rogoricaa rwmena, molodini da TviTaRqma.
gansxvaveba dadgenil da CanacvlebiT swavlas So-
ris. dadgenili swavla aris swavla sakuTari
gamocdilebidan. Semcvleli swavla gulisxmobs
swavlas sxvebze dakvirvebiT. es ewinaaRmdegeba
bihevioristul mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom
kognituri faqtorebi ar aris saWiro swavlis
asaxsnelad. sanam qceva ganxorcieldeba da gan-
mtkicdeba gonebaSi, bevri ram xdeba.
ra elementebisgan Sedgeba dakvirvebaze dafuZnebu-
li swavla? imisaTvis, rom viswavloT dakvirve-
biT, yuradReba unda mivaqcioT situaciis im
aspeqtebs, romlebic swavlaSi gvexmareba. im-
isTvis, rom nimuSis qceva gavimeoroT, unda
da­vimaxsovroT informacia. es gulisxmobs, ni-
Mylabschool es aris eleqtronul instrumentTa nakrebi, romelic dagexmarebaT am kursis
warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul
karieraSi. ix.: www.mylabschool.com
eleqtronuli gzamkvlevi
video qeisebi realuri klasebidan
naSromebis Sesrulebisas daixmareT kv-
leviTi navigatori
338
muSis qmedebis ZiriTadad verbalur warmodge-
nas. Seqmnis fazaSi varjiSi da praqtika qcevas
ufro srulyofils da moqnils xdis. zogjer
Cven Zalian bevri varjiSi, gaZRola, ukukavSiri
gvWirdeba, sanam nimuSis qcevas gavimeorebdeT.
dabolos, motivacia ayalibebs dakvirvebiT swav-
las waxalisebisa da ganmtkicebis gziT. Cven
SeiZleba ar movaxdinoT naswavli qcevis demon-
strireba, sanam ar gagviCndeba saamiso stimuli
an motivacia. ganmtkicebas SeuZlia dagvexmaros
yuradRebis mokrebaSi, waaxalisos qcevis gameo-
reba an am qcevis dasaxvewi varjiSi da uzrunve-
lyos axalnaswavli unaris SenarCuneba.
ra safexurebisagan Sedgeba TviTmenejmenti? mo-
swavleebs SeuZliaT TviTon gamoiyenon bihevi-
oruli analizi sakuTari qcevebis samarTavad.
maswavleblebs SeuZliaT waaxalison isini, ga-
naviTaron TviTmenejmentis sistema da unarebi.
amisaTvis maT unda miscen moswavleebs saSualeba,
damoukideblad daisaxon miznebi, Tvalyuri adev­
non sakuTar progress,Seafason miRwevebi da aar-
Cion da miiRon TavianTi ganmantkiceblebi. maswav-
leblebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon qce­vis kognituri
modifikaciac _ maiqenbaumis mier aRwerili qcev-
is cvlilebis programa, sadac moswavleebs pirda-
pir aswavlian TviTinstruqtirebis gamoyenebas.
problemebi da sakiTxebi
ZiriTadad risTvis akritikeben xolme bihevioristul
midgomas? swavlis bihevioristuli meTodebis
borotad gamoyeneba araeTikuria. bihevioris-
tuli meTodebis kritikosebi miuTiTeben gan-
mtkicebis Tanamdevi safrTxis Sesaxeb, rasac
SeuZlia Seamciros swavlisadmi interesi jil-
doebze zedmeti aqcentirebiT da imavdroulad
uaryofiTi gavlena iqonios moswavleebze. mas-
wavleblebs SeuZliaT bihevioristuli meTo-
debis saTanadod da eTikurad gamoyeneba.
proforientaciis centri resursebiT:
- Ppraqtikisa da licenzirebisaTvis
mzadeba
- profesiuli portfolios gan­viTareba
- samsaxuris Zieba da gasaub­rebis teqnika
- gakveTilis dagegmva
maswavleblis
Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM-Tan
imis miuxedavad, saswavlo wlis dasawyisSive dai-
wyebT pedagogiur karieras Tqvens sakuTar klas­Si Tu
wlis Sua ricxvebidan sxva maswavleblis Semcvlelad,
Tqveni moRvaweobis upirvelesi sajaro indikatorebi
iqneba Tqveni moswavleebis qceva da klasis marTvis
Tqveneuli unarebi. am Tavis kiTxvisas Tqven gaecaniT
biheviorizmis mraval princips, romlebic SegiZliaT
gamoiyenoT saklaso qcevebis, efeqturi wesebisa da
procedurebis dasadgenad; es principebi SeiZleba gamo-
yenebul iqnes saklaso oTaxSi mimdinare swavlis proce-
sis asaxsneladac; es principebi naTels mohfens agreTve
moswavleTa swavlis mamotivirebel rTul faqtorebs.
(gaxsovT, rogor gexmarebodaT yoveldRiuri kalen-
dris mimoxilva dReebisa da Tveebis numeraciisa da sax-
elebis damaxsovrebaSi?) PRAXIS IITM-iT gamocdiT da
SeamowmebT biheviorizmis Tqveneul codnas, romelic
dagexmarebaT saklaso situaciebTan gamklavebaSi.

rogor moiqceodnen?
qvemoT mocemulia ramdenime maswavleblis sapasuxo reaqcia am Tavis dasawyisSi warmodgenil
saswavlo situaciaze _ rogor moiqceodnen isini klasSi, romelic kontrols ar eqvemdebareba.

struqturis orazrovnebam an saerTod ararsebobam

timoTi norfliti saSualo skolis me-9-12 kla-
ukarnaxa am bavSvebs, SeeqmnaT TavianTi qcevis gzam-
klasebis maswavlebeli. linden maqkinlis
kvlevi. radgan am klasisaTvis axali adamiani viyavi,
saxelobis skola, kolumbusi, ohaios Stati
unda mesargebla am siaxliT. gamiznuli swavlisaT-
klasSi wesrigis damyarebis erT-erTi pirveli nabi-
vis saswavlo struqturis Seqmnas me sakuTari Tavis
jia yoveldRiuri reJimis dagegmva, romlis Sesrulebac
wardgeniT, Cemi saswavlo miznebisa da im molodinebis
moswavleebs moeTxovebaT. yoveldRe dafaze gamokruli
gacnobiT daviwyebdi, rasac klasisgan minda velode.
e. w. `gasaxurebeli~ samuSao, mizani da davalebebi waax-
molodinebi unda iyos martivi da gasagebi. molodi-
alisebs moswavles, dauyovnebliv Seudges saqmes. Sem-
ni `klasTan da mis TiToeul warmomadgenelTan pati-
degi mizani unda iyos saklaso wesebis, jildoebisa da
viscemiT mopyroba~ Tavis TavSi yvela `wess~ moicavs.
maTi Tanamdevi Sedegebis dadgena moswavleTa monawile-
Cven daviwyebdiT Teoriuli situaciebis ganxilviT da
obiT. moswavleebi kargad reagireben xelmZRvanelobis
gadavwyvetdiT, ra saxis qceva jdeba Cveni molodinis
samarTlian struqturaze. isini ufro metad emorCile-
farglebSi. radganac moswavleebi CareTvebianqcevis
bian wesebs da Tanatolebsac exmarebian Seuferebeli
gzamkvlevis SeqmnaSi, isini ecdebian zedmiwevniT Sea-
saqcielis daregulirebaSi. am miznisaTvis me saklaso
srulon es miTiTebebi. ufro midrekilni iqnebian maTi
menejerebs viSvelieb xolme. moswavleebi pasuxismge-
Sesrulebisadmi. rogorc ki moswavleebi gaiazreben, ra
belni arian specifikuri saklaso menejmentis fun-
saxis qcevaa maTgan mosalodneli, Seiqmneba saswavlo
qciebze, rogoricaa daswrebis CaniSvna, karze kakunisas
garemo da SesaZlebeli gaxdeba swavlis dawyeba.
pasuxis gacema, davalebis rveulebis Segroveba da a.S.
klasis menejmentSi monawileobiT gzas uxsni im moswav- daniele hartmani me-2 klasis maswavlebeli
leebs, romlebic lideris Tvisebebs avlenen. am saq- kleimontis dawyebiTi skola, balvini, misuris Stati
meebs moswavleebi SeiZleba monacvleobiT akeTebdnen amgvar situaciaSi Sebijeba arasodes aris advili.
ise, rom ramdenime moswavles mieces liderobis unaris ecadeT, ar gamoxvideT mdgomareobidan. gaxsovdeT, rom
ganviTarebis saSualeba. es bavSvebi ar arian cudebi. maT ubralod ar ician, ras
moeliT maTgan. amitom droebiT daiviwyeT erTobisa da
jolita harperi me-3 klasis maswavlebeli
monoliTuri jgufis Seqmnis idea da gaumJRavneT klass
akademiuri liderebis mosamzadebeli akademia,
Tqveni molodini. mzad iyaviT imisTvis, rom es did
mefl haiTsi, ohaios Stati
dros waiRebs. nu inerviulebT, Tu ramdenime kviris
me rom axal klasSi Sevdiode, jer moswavleebTan
ganmavlobaSi ver SeasrulebT saswavlo gegmas. daadgi-
SeTanxmebiT saklaso wesebs davadgendi. vfiqrob, mniS-
neT ganrigi da wesebi. moswavleebs sWirdebaT da sur-
vnelovania am procesSi moswavleTa CarTva, radgan maT
vilic aqvT arsebobdes saklaso struqtura. ecadeT,
kargad ician klasSi arsebuli uTanxmoebebisa da prob-
kargad gaicnoT klasis yvelaze problemuri moswavle.
lemebis Sesaxeb. Semdegi mizani iqneboda klasis qariz-
gaarkvieT misi amgvari qcevis mizezi. SeiZleba mas mx-
matul liderTan ormxriv pativiscemaze damyarebuli
olod yuradReba sWirdeba. daanaxveT, rom Tqven ga-
urTierTobis damyareba _ amis Semdeg sxva moswavleebic
naRvlebT misi mdgomareoba skolaSi.
Seecdebian, mihbaZon TavianT liders da gaimeoron misi
erT-erTi gza erTobis Sesaqmnelad aris dilao-
qceva. dabolos, me periodulad Sevaxsenebdi moswavlee-
biT Sekreba im problemebis gansaxilvelad, romlebic
bs saklaso wesebis Sesaxeb, im moswavleebis sityvierad
aRelvebT moswavleebs da muSaoba maT dasaZlevad. ar
Seqebis gziT, romlebic am wesebs emorCilebian. swor
dagaviwydeT moswavleTa Seqeba; SeatyobineT maT kargi
qcevaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba gacilebiT efeqturia,
ambebi. aCveneT, rom afasebT maT azrebsa da Sexedule-
vidre xSiri yvirili da sajaro SeniSvnebi, romelTac
bebs. rogorc ki klasSi pozitiur atmosferos SeqmniT,
piriqiT _ SeiZleba gaaZlieron cudi qceva.
Tqvenc da Tqvens moswavleebsac ufro meti dro dag-
rCebaT swavlebisa da swavlisaTvis.
jamaal alani me-7 klasis enaTmecnierebis mas-
wavlebeli. j.v. poieris saxelobis saSualo skola,
hilsboro, oregonis Stati

339
 7
Tavi

maswavleblis Canawerebi :
rogor moiqceodiT?
kognituri perspeqtivis elementebi

kognituri Sexedulebebi kognituri da bihevioristuli

Sexedulebebis Sedareba
swavlaSi codnis mniSvneloba

swavlis Sesaxeb mexsierebis informaciis

gadamuSavebis modeli
sensoruli mexsiereba
muSa mexsiereba
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: swavlis
mizani
xangrZlivi mexsierebis
moculoba, xangrZlivoba
da Sinaarsi
eqsplicituri mexsiereba:
semantikuri da epizoduri
implicituri mexsiereba
informaciis Senaxva da aRdgena
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi
metakognicia
metakognituri codna da
regulacia
gza yovel moswavlemde:
metakognituri strategiebi
swavlisunarmoklebul
moswavleTaTvis
vxdebiT informirebulebi :
ramdenime sabaziso principi
deklaraciuli swavlis
ganviTareba
eqspertad gaxdoma:
proceduruli da pirobiTi
codnis ganviTareba
mravalferovneba da konvergencia
kognitur swavlaSi
mravalferovneba:
individualuri gansxvaveba
da muSa mexsiereba
mravalferovneba:
individualuri gansxvavebani
da xangrZlivi mexsiereba
individualuri gansxvavebebi
metakognicizmSi
konvergenciebi:
kavSiri ojaxTan
Sejameba
maswavleblis Canawerebi :
kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM- Tan /
rogor moiqceodnen?

340
 rogor moiqceodiT?
Tqveni ufrosklase-
maswavleblis
li moswavleebi, rogorc
Canawerebi Cans, istoriis gagebas
damaxsovrebasTan aigi­
veben. isini testis Ti­
Toeuli Tavis momzadebisas saxelmZRvaneloSi
moyvanil sityvebs zustad, sityva-sityviT ize-
pireben. saukeTeso moswavleebic ki fiqroben, rom
es swavlis saukeTeso gzaa. metic, roca cdilobT,
aiZuloT isini, ifiqron istoriaze, ukiTxavT maT
informacias originaluri wyaroebidan, awyobT
debatebs sxvadasxva sakiTxze klasSi, ganixilavT
im periodis musikasa da mxatvrobas, romelsac im
momentSi gadixarT, moswavleebi gijanydebian. ,,es
testSi iqneba?” ,,ratom ganvixilavT am naxatebs
– unda viswavloT vin da rodis daxata isini?” ,,ra
kavSiri aqvs amas istoriasTan?” is moswavleebic
ki, vinc monawileobas iRebs debatebSi, iyeneben
saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul sityvebsa da fra­
zebs, Tan arc ician ras amboben.
a m TavSi swavlis bihevioristuli Teoriidan
gadavalT kognituri Sexedulebebis ganxil-
vaze. es gulisxmobs, rom Tu Cven ,,moswavlee-
bsa da maT qcevebs ganvixilavdiT garemodan
momdinare stimulebis produqtebad”, amjerad
maT ganvixilavT, rogorc ,,gegmaTa, ganzraxva-
Ta, mizanTa, ideaTa, mogonebaTa da emociaTa
wyaroebs, romlebic aqtiurad gamoiyenebian
stimulidan mniSvnelobisa da gamocdilebidan
codnis dauflebis, amorCevisa da konstru-
irebisTvis” (Wittrock, 1982, gv. 1-2). am Tavs da-
viwyebT swavlisa da mexsierebisadmi zogadi
kognituri midgomebisa da swavlaSi codnis mniS-
vnelobis ganxilviT. mexsierebis ukeT gasagebad
da aRsaqmelad ganvixilavT farTod aRiarebul
kognitur models, informaciis gadamuSavebas,
romlis mixedviT informaciis gadamuSaveba
xdeba sxvadasxva Semnaxav sistemaSi. Semdeg gan-
vixilavT metakognicias, kvlevis sferos, ro-
melic saSualebas gvaZlevs CavwvdeT swavlis
procesSi individualur gansxvavebulobasa da
kritikuli azrovneba
ra rwmenebi da molodini aqvT am moswavleebs
da rogor moqmedebs es maT swavlaze?
ras fiqrobT, ratom iyeneben isini aseTi da-
JinebiT meqanikurad damaxsovrebis strate-
gias?
rogor gamoiyenebdiT imas, rac moswavleebma
ukve ician, imisaTvis, rom daxmarebodiT maT
ukeT, ufro azrianad eswavlaT?
ra zemoqmedebas moaxdens moswrebaze es sa­
kiTxebi im klasebis moswrebaze, romelsac
Tqven aswavliT?
kolaboracia
Tqveni klasis 2-3 moswavlesTan isaubreT im
maswavleblebze, romlebic dagexmarnen sakiTx-
Tan dakavSirebuli codnis gaRrmavebaSi. rogor
mimarTes maT Tqveni azrovneba damaxsovrebidan
ufro srulyofili gagebisaken?
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. Semdeg
mivub­rundebiT mosazrebebs imis Sesaxeb, rogor
SeuZliaT maswavleblebs daexmaron moswavleebs
gaxdnen ufro informirebulebi da gaTviTcno-
bierebulebi. am Tavis dasrulebisas SegeZlebaT
upasuxoT Semdeg kiTxvebs:
ra rols asrulebs codna swavlaSi?
rogoria adamianis mexsierebis mier informa-
ciis gadamuSavebis modeli?
ra gavlenas axdens swavlasa da damaxsovre-
baze aRqma, yuradReba, sqemebi da qcevis sce-
nari?
ra aris deklaraciuli, proceduruli da pi-
robiTi codna?
ratom aviwydebaT moswavleebs is, rac iswav-
les?
ra rols asrulebs metakognicia swavlasa da
damaxsovrebaSi?
ra safexurebisgan Sedgeba kognituri un-
arebis ganviTareba?
341

daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
da ganavrceT
kognituri swavlebis prin-
cipebze damyarebuli ori
instruqciis nimuSi – bru-
neris aRmoCeniTi swavla da
ausubelis axsniTi swavleba
– aRwerilia merve TavSi
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
gamoiyeneT seqcia, sadac
laprakia kognitur da bi-
hevioristl swavlas Soris
gansxvavebaTa Sesaxeb, raTa
daxvewoT Tqveni swavlebis
filosofiis xarisxi. rogor
upasuxebdiT gasaubrebisas
kiTxvaze: ,,swavlis romel
Teorias eyrdnobiT da ra-
tom?”
kognituri midgoma swav-
lisadmi _ zogadi midgoma,
romelic swavlas ganixilavs,
rogorc codnis SeZenis,
damaxsovrebisa da gamoyenebis
aqtiur fsiqikur process.
342
kognituri perspeqtivis elementebi
kognituri Sexeduleba erTdroulad yvelaze Zveli da yvelaze
axa­­li `wevria~ fsiqologiuri samyarosi. is Zvelia, radgan codnis
bunebis, mizezis mniSvnelobisa da azrovnebis struqturis Sesaxeb jer
kidev berZeni filosofosebi msjelobdnen (Hernshaw, 1987). Tumca gviani
1800-iani wlebidan bolo ramdenime aTwleulamde daikarga keTil-
ganwyoba kognituri kvlevebisadmi da maT magivrad biheviorizmi dam-
kvidrda. Semdeg, meore msoflio omis droindelma kvlevebma rTuli
adamianuri unarebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, kompiuterulma revoluciam
da aRmoCenebma enis ganviTarebis gagebaSi stimuli misca kognituri
kvlevebis aRorZinebas. faqtebi mowmobdnen, rom adamianebi gegmavd-
nen TavianT sapasuxo reaqciebs, iyenebdnen strategiebs ukeT dam-
axsovrebisaTvis da organizebas ukeTebden saswavl masalas maTTvis
damaxasieTebeli unikalur xerxebiT (Miller, Galanter & Pribram, 1960; Schuell,
1986). ganaTlebis sakiTxebze momuSave fsiqologebi dainteresdnen, ro-
gor azrovneben, swavloben cnebebs da wyveten problemebs adamianebi
(magaliTad, Ausubel, 1963; Bruner, Goodnow, & Austin, 1956).
konceptualuri swavlisa da problemaTa gadawyvetis interesma ma­le
gza misca imiT dainteresebas, rogor aisaxeba codna gonebaSi da, kerZod,
rogor xdeba misi damaxsovreba. kognitur fsiqologiaSi 1970-80-ian wleb-
Si kvlevaTa umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi gaxda damaxsovreba, daviwyeba da
mexsierebis mier informaciis gadamuSavebis modelis Seswavla.
dReisaTvis imata interesma swavlis, azrovnebisa da problemaTa ga­
daWris strategiebis mimarT. swavlis Sesaxeb kognituri Sexeduleba
SeiZleba miviCnioT zogadad SeTanxmebul filosofiur orientaciad.
es niSnavs, rom kognituri Teoretikosebi iziareben sabaziso warmod-
genebs swavlisa da mexsierebis Sesaxeb. yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki isaa,
rom kognituri fsiqologebis azriT, arsebobs gonebrivi procesebi,
SesaZlebelia maTi mecnierulad Seswavla da adamianebi TavianTi kog-
nituri aqtebis aqtiuri monawileni arian (Ashcraft, 2006).
kognituri da bihevioristuli
Sexedulebebis Sedareba
swavlis Sesaxeb kognituri da bihevioristuli Sexedulebebi gan-
sxvavdeba. kognituri Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, codna iswavleba, xolo
codnis cvlileba iwvevs cvlilebas qcevaSi. bihevioristuli Sexed-
ulebis Tanaxmad, axali qcevebi TavisTavad aris naswavli (Shuell, 1986).
orive Teoria aRiarebs, rom swavlaSi ganmtkiceba mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs, magram sxvadasxva mizezis gamo. mkacri bihevioristebi miiC-
neven, rom ganmtkiceba aZlierebs sapasuxo reaqcias. kognituri Teo-
retikosebis azriT ki ganmtkiceba aris informaciis wyaro, romelic
gvawvdis cnobebs imis Sesaxeb, ra moxdeba qcevis gameorebisas an cv-
lilebisas.
kognituri Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad swavla ara mxolod `wers” aso-
ciaciebs Cveni tvinis cariel dafaze, aramed afarToebs im codnas,
romelic ukve SeZenili gvaqvs da axdens maT transformirebas (Greeno,
Collins, & Rensick, 1996). imis nacv;ad, rom adamianebi garemo faqtorebis
pasiur zegavlenas ganicdidnen, isini aqtiur arCevans akeTeben, avar­
 swavlisadmi kognituri mid-
goma swavlas aqtiur procesad
miiCnevs, sadac moswavleebi
codnis ubralo `mimRebebi~ ki
ar arian, aramed axal infor-
macias eZeben problemis gada-
saWrelad da arsebuli codnis
reorganizebas axdenen axlebu-
rad wvdomis misaRwevad.

jiSeben, amaxvileben yuradRebas, ugulebelyofen, asaxaven da iReben

mraval gadawyvetilebas TavianTi miznebis realizaciis procesSi. Se-
darebiT Zveli kognituri Sexedulebebi xazs usvams codnis SeZenas.
magram axali Sexdulebebi yuradRebas mis Seqmnaze/konstruirebaze/
amaxvilebs (Anderson, Reder, & Simon, 1996; Greeno, Collins, & Resnick. 1996;
Mayer, 1996).
gansxvavdeba aseve kognituri da bihevioristuli kvlevis meTodebi.
bihevioristul principebze damyarebul kvlevaTa umravlesoba xor-
cieldeboda cxovelebze, laboratoriul pirobebSi. kvlevebis mizani
iyo, daedgina daswavlis ramdenime zogadi wesi, romelic miesadage-
boda yvela umaRles organizms – maT Soris adamianebs, asakis, inte­
leqtisa da sxva individualuri gansxvavebebis miuxedavad. amisgan gan-
sxvavebiT kognituri fsiqologebi Seiswavlian saswavlo situaciaTa
did mravalferovnebas. radgan isini ZiriTadad yuradRebas kognitur
procesebSi individualursa da ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebul gansx-
vavebulobaze amaxvileben, amdenad ar arian dainteresebulni swavlis
saerTo da zogadi wesebis dadgeniT. es aris imis ZiriTadi mizezi, rom
ar arsebobs swavlis arc erTi kognituri modeli an Teoria, romelic
mTels sferos moicavs.

swavlaSi codnis mniSvneloba

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT swrafad CamoTvaleT 10 termini,
rom­lebic miekuTvneba ganaTlebis fsiqologias. axla CamoTvaleT 10
termini, romelic ukavSirdeba keramikis warmoebas.

Tu ver erkveviT keramikis warmoebaSi, maSin am terminebis CamoT-

vla 10 wuTiT mets wagarTmevdaT, vidre ganaTlebis fsiqologiis ter-
minebisa. zogi Tqvengani dasvamda kiTxvas: ,,saerTod, ra aris kerami-
kis warmoeba?” Tqveni pasuxi damokidebulia imaze, ra iciT keramikis
warmoebis Sesaxeb. (miniSneba: boWkovani optika, keramikuli kbilebi da
Zvlebi, keramikuli naxevargamtarebi kompiuterebisaTvis, Tbodamcavi
keramikuli filebi mravaljeradi gamoyenebis sahaero kosmosuri apa-
ratebisaTvis.
codna swavlis Sedegia. roca viswavliT kognituri fsiqologiis an
keramikis produqciis istorias an CogburTis wesebs, gvecodineba ra-

343

sferos specifikuri codna _
informacia, romelic sasarge-
bloa erT konkretul situa-
ciaSi an konkretul TemasTan
mimarTebaSi.
zogadi codna _ informacia,
romelic gamosadegia mravali
sxvadasxva amocanebisaTvis;
informacia, romelic gamoiy-
eneba sxvadasxva situaciaSi.
344
Rac axali. magram codna imaze metia, vidre swavlis procesis saboloo
produqti, is aseve axali codnis gzamkvlevicaa. kognituri midgoma
gulisxmobs, rom swavlis procesis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
elementi aris is, riTi modis individi axal saswavlo situaciaSi. rac
ukve viciT, aris saZirkveli da CarCo momavalSi swavlis konstruirebi-
saTvis. codna mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs imas, ras mivaqcevT yu-
radRebas, ras CavwvdebiT, ras viswavliT, ras davimaxsovrebT da ras
daviviwyebT (Alexander, 1996; Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 2000).
kvlevis magaliTi. reqtisa da leslis Catarebuli kvleva (Recht & Leslie
1988) aCvenebs codnis mniSvnelobas axali informaciis gagebasa da dam-
axsovrebaSi. es fsiqologebi ikvlevdnen saSualo skolis moswavleebs,
romlebsac an Zalian kargi, an Zalian cudi kiTxvis unari qondaT.
maT Seamowmes am moswavleTa codna beisbolis Sesaxeb da aRmoaCines,
rom beisbolis Sesaxeb codna aranair kavSirSi ar iyo kiTxvis unar-
Tan. amrigad, moswavleebisgan Seadgines oTxi jgufi: kiTxvis kargi
unaris mqone mkiTxvelebi/beisbolis kargi mcodneebi, kargi kiTxvis
kargi unaris mqone mkiTxvelebi/besbolis cudi mcodneebi, kiTxvis
cudi unaris mqone mkiTxvelebi/besbolis kargi mcodneebi, cudi kiTx-
vis cudi unaris mqone mkiTxvelebi/beisbolis cudi mcodneebi. Semdeg
moswavleebs oTxive jgufidan waakiTxes amonaridi, sadac aRwerili
iyo beisbolis TamaSi da Seamowmes isini, ramdenad kargad gaiges da
daimaxsovres teqsti.
am gamokiTxvis Sedegebma cxadyo codnis Zala. kiTxvis cudi unaris
mqone mkiTxvelebs, romlebic kargad erkveodnen beisbolSi, imaze meti
axsovdaT, vidre besibolSi gauTviTcnobierebel, kiTxvis kargi unaris
mqone mkiTxvelebs da TiTqmis imdenive, rac beisbolsa da kiTxvaSi
kargad garkveul moswavleebs. kiTxvis cudi unaris mqone mkiTxveleb-
ma, romlebmac arc beisbolis Sesaxeb icodnen bevri, am gamikiTxvaSi
yvelaze cudi Sedegi aCvenes. amrigad, codnis myari safuZveli ufro
mniSvnelovania gagebasa da damasxovrebaSi, vidre kiTxvis kargi unari
– magram Rrma codnas plus kargi kiTxvis unari kidev ukeTesia.
zogadi da specifikuri codna. codna, kognitur Sexedulebis mixed-
viT, moicavs rogorc specifikuri sagnebis gagebas (maTematika, is-
toria, fexburTi da a.S.), ise zogad kognitur unarebs, rogoricaa
dagegmva, problemebis gadaWra da enis swavla (Greeno, Collins, & Resn-
ick, 1996). amrigad, arsebobs sxvadasxvagvari codna. dargobriv codnas
kavSiri aqvs garkveul saganTan an dargTan. magaliTad, imis codna,
rom Sortstopi TamaSobs meore da mesame bazebs Soris, specifikuria
beisbolisTvis. arsebobs aseve zogadi codna _ imis codna, rac bevr
sxvadasxva situaciaSi gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, zogadi codna imis Ses-
axeb rogor wero, ikiTxo an gamoiyeno kompiuteri,sasargebloa ro-
gorc skolaSi, ise mis farglebs gareTac. cxadia, ar arsebobs zusti
gamyofi xazi zogad da dargobriv codnas Soris. rodesac kiTx-
vis swavlas iwyebdiT, SeiZleba geswavlaT specifikuri faqtebi JRe-
radobisa da asoebis Sesaxeb. maSin codna asoTa JReradobis Sesaxeb
specifikuri iyo kiTxvis sferosTvis. magaram axla SegiZliaT ufro
zogadad gamoiyenoT, rogorc codna JReradobis Sesaxeb, ise kiTxvis
unari (Alexander, 1992; Schunk, 2004).
is, rac viciT, Cvens mexsierebaSi arsebobs. raimes codna niSnavs
mis damaxsovrebas drois ganmavlobaSi da imis SesaZleblobas, rom mo-
Zebno is gonebaSi roca dagWirdeba. fsiqologebi mexsierebas farTod
Seiswavlian. modiT, vnaxoT, ra Seityves maT mis Sesaxeb.

mexsierebis informaciis gadamuSavebis modeli

arsebobs mravali Teoria mexsierebis Sesaxeb, magram yvelaze far- daukavSireT swavlebas/
Tod gavrcelebulia informaciis gadamuSavebis axsna (Ashcraft, 2006; Hunt portfolios da ganavrceT
& Ellis, 1999; Sternberg, 1999). Cven gamoviyenebT swavlisa da mexsierebis ganixileT es gamonaTqvamebi
Seswavlis am kargad gamokvleul sistemas. mexsierebis Sesaxeb, romelic
aRebulia: Klatzky, R. L., (1984).
mexsierebis informaciis gadamuSavebis adreuli Sexedulebebi Memory and awareness: An in-
modelad kompiuters iyenebs. kompiuteris msgavsad adamianis goneba formation processing perspective.
Rebulobs informacias, axorcielebs operacias masze misi formisa New York: Freeman, gv. 122.
da Sinaarsis Sesacvlelad, inaxavs informacias, xelaxla poulobs mas swavlis Sesaxeb
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi da genarirebas ukeTebs masze gacemul sapa- swavla erT weliwadSi imaze
suxo reaqciebs. amrigad gadamuSaveba moicavs informaciis dagrovebas mets aswavlis, vidre gamoc-
dileba 20-Si (rojer aSami).
da mis organizebas ukve arsebuli codnis safuZvelze; mis kodire-
risi gakeTebac unda viswav-
bas; mis SenarCunebas; mis Senaxvas; saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi informaciis loT, imas Cven keTebiT vswav-
mopovebas, mis aRdgenas. mTel am sistemas xelmZRvanelobs mmarTavi lobT (aristotele).
procesi, romelic gansazRvravs, rogor da rodis gaedineba da Semoe- mexsierebis Sesaxeb
dineba sistemaSi informacia. mexsierebis WeSmariti xe-
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenelTa umravlesobisaTvis kom- lovneba yuradRebis xelovne-
piuteruli modeli ubralo metaforaa adamianis gonebrivi aqtivo- baa (semuel jonsoni).
adamianis mexsiereba SeiZleba
bis Sesaxeb. magram sxva kognituri mecnierebi, kerZod isini, vinc
iqces misi warsulis TiTqmis
xelovnur inteleqts Seiswavlian, cdiloben Seqmnan da daaprogra- mudmivi cvlilebisa da damax-
mon iseTi kompiuteri, romelic SeZlebda adamianiviT azrovnebasa da injebis xelovnebad, awmyo-
problemebis gadaWras (Anderson, 2005; Schunk, 2000). zogi mecnieri mi- sadmi misi interesis mixedviT
(jorj santaiana).
iCnevs, rom tvinis muSaoba hgavs erTdroulad momuSave Zalian nel
kompiuterebs, rodesac TiToeuli kompiuteri asrulebs gansxvavebul, daviwyebis Sesaxeb
specifikur davalebas (Ashcraft, 2006). male naswavli, maleve gvavi-
wydeba (andaza).
7.1 sqemaze mocemulia mexsierebis mier informaciis gadamuSavebis goneba nela iviwyebs imas, rac
tipuri modelis sqematuri gamosaxuleba, romelic ramdenime mecnier- didxans iswavleboda (seneka)
is ideis mixedviTaa Sedgenili (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968; R. Gagné, 1985; Neis- Tvalidan Sors, gonebidan _
ser, 1976). imisaTvis, rom es modeli ukeT gaviazroT modiT ganvixiloT Sors (andaza).
fizikuri ziani ufro ad-
misi TiToeuli elementi.
vilad miecema daviwyebas,
vidre Seuracxyofa (lord
Cesterfildi).
sensoruli mexsiereba informaciis gadamuSaveba _
adamianis gonebrivi aqtivoba
garemos stimulebi (xedebi, xmebi, suni da a.S.) mudmivad axdens Cve­
informaciis miRebis, Senax-
ni sxeulis, mxedvelobis, smenis, gemovnebis, ynosvisa da SegrZnebis visa da gamoyenebisTvis.
meqanizmebis bombardirebas. sensoruli mexsiereba aris sawyisi gada-
sensoruli mexsiereba _
muSaveba, romelic gardaqmnis am Semomaval stimulebs informaciad, sistema, romelic Zalian
raTa maTgan azri gamovitanoT. imis miuxedavad, rom xedva da xmebi mokle xniT inaxavs sensorul
SeiZleba wamis measedebis ganmavlobaSi gagrZeldes, es transforma- informacias.
ciebi (informacia), romelic SegrZnebebs warmoadgens mokled inaxeba informaciis gadamuSaveba _
sensorul saregistracio an sensorul sainformacio bankSi (Driscoll, adamianis gonebrivi aqtivoba
2005; Sperling, 1960). informaciis miRebis, Senaxvisa
mexsierebis moculoba, xangrZlivoba da Sinaarsi. sensoruli mex­ da gamoyenebisTvis.

sierebis moculoba Zalian didia da imaze meti infomaciis dateva Seu- sensoruli mexsiereba _
Zlia, vidre erTbaSad gamklavebas SevZlebT. magram sensoruli mexsierebis sistema, romelic Zalian
mokle xniT inaxavs sensorul
es didi moculoba xanmoklea da grZeldeba erTidan sam wamamde.
informacias.

345
 SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT gaaqnieT fanqari (an TiTi) Tqveni
Tvalebis gaswvriv da am dros pirdapir iyureT. konkretulad ras xe-
davT? daWimeT mklavi da mouSviT. ras grZnobT?

Tqven axla Tqveni sensoruli saregistracio meqanizmis saSuale-

biT mokle sensoruli informacia daiWireT. Tqven xedavdiT fanqris
kvals, roca realuri obieqti ukve CamoSorebulia TvalTaxedvidan da
grZnobdiT daZabulebas mas Semdeg, rac moaduneT kunTi. sensorulma
saregistracio meqanizmma informacia stimulis Sesaxeb Zalian mokle
drois ganmavlobaSi daiWira mas Semdeg, rac realuri stimuli Camo-
cilebul iqna (Lindsey & Norman, 1977).
sensoruli informaciis Sinaarsi waagavs originaluri stimulis
SegrZnebebs. vizualuri SegrZnebebi mokledaa kodirebuli sensoruli
saregistracio meqanizmis mier gamosaxulebebis saxiT, TiTqmis fo-
tosuraTebiviT. smeniTi aRqma kodirebulia xmovani paternebis saxiT,
romlebic eqoebs hgvanan. SesaZloa, sxva SegrZnebebic kodirebulia.
amrigad, ramdenime wamis ganmavlobaSi sensoruli gamocdilebis mo-
nacemebi ucvleli rCeba. am momentebSi gveZleva Sansi, avirCioT in-
formacia da movaxdinoT misi organizeba Semdgomi gadamuSavebisaTvis.
aRqma da yuradReba umniSvnelovanesia am safexurze.
aRqma. stimulis aRmoCenisa da misTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebis pro-
cess aRqma ewodeba. es mniSvneloba efuZneba rogorc garemos fizikur

sqema 7.1
informaciis gadamuSavebis sistema
informacia daSifrulia sensorul mexsierebaSi, sadac aRqma da yuradReba gansaz-
Rvravs, ra Seinaxeba samuSao mexsierebaSi momavali moxmarebisaTvis. samuSao mexsiere-
baSi axali informacia ukavSirdeba codnas xangrZliv mexsierebaSi zedmiwevniT gada-
muSaebuli da dakavSirebuli informacia xangrZlivi mexsierebis nawilad iqceva da
SeiZleba gaaqtiurdes operatiul mexsierebaSi dasabruneblad. implicituri mexsiere-
ba formirdeba cnobieri Zalisxmevis gareSe.

aRmasrulebeli kontroli

implicituri
mexsiereba

aRqma swavla (Senaxva)

sensoruli muSa xangrZlivi
mexsiereba mexsiereba mexsiereba
yuradRebis mimarTva mexsierebis gaaqtiureba

codnis gavlena

346
 sqema 7.2
geStaltis principebis magaliTebi
aRqmis geStaltiseuli principebi xsnis, rogor `vxedavT~ struqturebs garemomcvel
samyaroSi.

a) figura-foni. ras xe- b) siaxlove. am xazebs sam g) msgavseba. am xazebs xedavT, d) daxurva. dayo-
davT? saxeebs Tu vazas? jgufad xedavT, xazebs rogorc cvalebad struqtu- fil moRunul xaze-
erTi mTavar figurad Soris siaxlovis gamo. ras xazebis msgavsebis gamo. bs aRiqvamT wred.
aqcieT, meore – fonad.

wyaro: wignidan Learnning Theories: An Education Perspective (4th ed.), by D.H. Schunk. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2004
by Prentice Hall. ibeWdeba Pearson Education, Inc.-is nebarTviT, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

asaxvas, ise Cvens codnas. magaliTad, ganvixiloT es niSnebi: I3. Tu

SekiTxva iqneba _ ra asoa es, Cven vupasuxebT: ,,B”-s. Tu SekiTxva iqneba
_ ra cifria es, pasuxi iqneba: `13~. Tavdapirveli niSnebi igive rCeba.
maTi mniSvneloba icvleba Tqveni molodinis Sesabamisad _ Tqven maTSi
asos, Tu cifris amocnobas moeliT. bavSvisaTvis, cifrebisa da asoe-
bis Sesabamisi codnis gareSe, es niSnebi yovelgvar azrs moklebuli
iqneba (F. Smith, 1975).
aRqmis zogierTi Tanamedrove gageba efuZneba saukunis dasawyisSi
germaniaSi (mogvianebiT aSS-Si) Catarebul kvlevebs im fsiqologebis
mier, romelTac ,,geStalt Teoretikosebs” (Gestalt theorists) uwodebdnen.
`geStalti~, rac germanulad struqruras an konfiguracias niSnavs,
aRniSnavs adamianis tendencias, moawesrigos sensoruli informacia
struqturis an urTierTmimarTebis saxiT. erTmaneTTan daukavSire-
beli informaciis nawilebis nacvlad, rogorc wesi, aRviqvamT mowes-
rigebul, azriani mniSvnelobis mqone mTlianobad. 7.2 sqemaze warmod-
genilia geStaltis ramdenime principi.
geStaltis principebi aRqmis garkveuli aspeqtebis racionaluri
axsnaa, Tumca isini am procesis mTlianad wvdomis saSualebas ar iZle-
vian. informaciis gadamuSavebis TeoriaSi kidev ori sxva ganmarteba
arsebobs imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor vgmobT paternebs da vaniWebT aRqma _ sensoruli informa-
ciis interpretacia.
mniSvnelobas sensorul infomacias. pirvels hqvia maxasiaTebelTa ana-
lizi, anu aRmavali gadamuSaveba, radgan stimuli gaanalizebul unda geStalti _ germanuli
iqnes maxasiaTeblebisa an komponentebis mixedviT da dajgufdes saz- termini, romelic aRniSnavs
risis mqone struqturaSi `qvemodan zeviT~. magaliTad, aso Sedgeba struqturirebul mTels. ge-
ori swori xazisgan, romlebic 45 gradusian kuTxes qmnian. SuaSi maT Stalt-fsiqologebis azriT,
adamianebi aRqmis xatebs ayal-
horizontaluri xazi kveTs. yovelTvis, roca Cven maxasiaTeblebs vxe-
ibeben dasrulebuli mTliano-
davT an maT mimsgavsebebs, magaliTad A, A, A, da a.S. Cven masSi isev bebis saxiT.
Zvel A-s amovicnobT (Anderson, 2005). es xsnis imas, rogor SegviZlia sxva
adamianebis xelnaweris garCeva da wakiTxva. gonebaSi aseve Senaxuli aRmavali gadamuSaveba _
gvaqvs A-s prototipi (saukeTeso magaliTi an klasikuri SemTxveva), aRqma, romelic efuZneba
calkeuli gansazRvruli
romelic maxasiaTeblebTan erTad gvexmareba sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi am
Tvisebebis erT cnobad mod-
asos amocnobaSi (Driscsoll, 2005). elSi, paternSi gaerTianebas.

347
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
ganavrceT
yuradReba did rols as-
rulebs saswavlo saqmiano-
bebSi. ra nabijebis gadadgma
SeuZlia maswavlebels, in-
struqciebis gacemisas moswav-
leTa yuradRebis mosapove-
blad da SesanarCuneblad?
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
daaxloebiT 20 wlis win
flavelma (Flavell 1985) aRwera
yuradRebis oTxi aspeqti
bavSvis ganviTarebaSi:
1. gakontrolebuli: ga-
naviTareT yuradRebis
ufro didi moculoba da
mniSnelovan detalebze
yuradRebis gamaxvilebisa
da umniSvnelos ignori-
rebis unari.
2. davalebaze specialize-
buli: ufrosklaselebi
yuradRebas amaxvileben
ufro rTul saswavlo
masalaze (Berk, 2002).
3. direqtiva: maT uviTarde-
baT mgrZnobeloba sig-
nalebis mimarT (maswavle-
blis xma, mimika), romlis
mixedviTac isini, xvdebian
rodis da saiT mimarTon
Tavisi yuradReba.
4. TviTmonitoringi: isini
swavloben imis garCevas,
swor strategias iyeneben
Tu ara da saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi mis Secvlas.
prototipi _ kategoriis
saukeTeso warmomadgeneli an
saukeTeso magaliTi.
daRmavali gadamuSaveba
_ aRqma, romelic emyareba
zogadi modelebidan konkre-
tulis molodins.
yuradReba _ stimulze foku-
sireba.
avtomaturoba _ unari, imo-
qmedo daswavlili amocanebis
Sesabamisad gonebrivi Zalis-
xmevis gareSe.
348
aRqma mTlianad maxasiaTeblebsa da prototipebs rom eyrdnobodes,
swavla Zalian neli procesi iqneboda. sabednierod, adamianebs SeuZ­
liaT aRqmis meore tipis gamoyenebac, romelic efuZneba codnasa da
molodins, e.w. daRmaval gadamuSavebas. imisaTvis, rom paternebi uceb
vicnoT da gavarCioT, viyenebT im codnas, rac ukve mogvepoveba ms-
gavsi situaciis Sesaxeb – imas, rac ukve viciT sityvebis, suraTebis
an samyaros zogadi mowyobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, zemoT moyvanil niS-
nebs aso A-ad ver aRiqvamdiT, romauli anbanis Sesaxeb codna rom ar
gqonodaT. amrigad, is, rac ukve iciT, did gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu
ris aRqmas SeZlebT. aRqmaSi codnis roli gamosaxulia marcxniv mimar-
Tuli isrebiT sqema 7.1-Si, xangrZlivi mexsierebidan (Senaxuli codna)
operatiul mexsierebamde da Semdeg sensorul mexsierebisken.
yuradRebis roli. muSa mexsiereba rom ferSi, moZraobaSi, xmaSi,
sun­Si, temperaturasa da a.S. momxdari yoveli cvlilebis saboloo
samyofeli yofiliyo, cxovreba SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda. magram yur-
adReba seleqciuri bunebisaa. amorCeuli stimulisaTvis yuradRebis
miqceviT da sxvebis ignorirebiT vzRudavT aRqmisa da gadamuSavebis
SesaZleblobas. is, rasac yuradRebas vaqcevT garkveul doneze, imiT
imarTeba, rac ukve viciT da rac gvWirdeba, rom vicodeT. Amrigad,
yuraReba CarTulia 7.1 sqemaze aRweril mexsierebis samive procesSi
da es samive procesi masze gavlenas axdens. yuradRebaze aseve mo-
qmedebs is, rac im momentSi xdeba garSemo, davalebis sirTule da
Tqveni unary, moaxdinoT yuradRebis koncentracia an misi kontroli
(Driscoll, 2005). zog moswavles, romelsac yuradRebis deficiti aqvs,
Zalian uWirs yuradRebaze koncentrireba da sxva xelSemSleli stim-
ulebis ignorireba.
yuradRebas Zalisxmeva sWirdeba da is SezRuduli resursia. vfiq­
rob, Tavad giwevT cota wamuSaveba, raTa yuradReba miaqcioT am
sityvebs yuradRebis Sesaxeb! Cven yuradRebis mipyroba erT kogni-
tur davalebaze SegviZlia mocemul droSi (Anderson, 2005). magaliTad,
roca manqanis tarebas vswavlobdi, ar SemeZlo radios mosmena da Tan
manqanis marTva. cotaodeni praqtikis Semdeg SevZeli radios mos-
mena, magram roca gza gadatvirTuli iyo, radios vTiSavdi. araerT-
wliani praqtikis Semdeg SemeZlo radios mosmena, gakveTilis gegmis
SemuSaveba da saubaric tarebis dros. es SesaZlebelia imitom, rom
bevri procesi, romelic Tavdapirvelad yuradRebas da koncentracias
moiTxovs, varjiSisa da praqtikis Semdeg avtomaturi xdeba. sinamd-
vileSi avtomaturobas done gansazRvravs. Cven ar varT sruliad
avtomaturebi, Tumca met-naklebad avtomaturebi varT Cvens qmede-
baSi da es damokidebulia imaze, ramdenad gavarjiSebulni varT, aseve
situaciaze. magaliTad, yvelaze gamocdili mZRolebic ki Zalian yur-
adRebianebi xdebian Zlieri nislis dros (Anderson, 2005).
yuradReba da swavleba. swavlis pirveli nabiji yuradRebis mipy-
robaa. moswavleebs ar SeuZliaT im informaciis gadamuSaveba, romelsac
ver cnoben an ver aRiqvamen (Lachter, Forster, & Ruthruff, 2004). klasSi bev-
ri faqtori moqmedebs moswavlis yuradRebaze. gakveTilis dasawyisSi
TvalismomWrelma an gasaocarma vizualurma gamosaxulebebma an qmede-
bebma SeiZleba miipyron moswavlis yuradReba. maswavlebelma haeris
wnevis Sesaxeb gakveTili SeiZleba daiwyos buStis gaskdomamde gaber-
viT. kaSkaSa ferebi, xazgasma, dawerili an warmoTqmuli sityvebis wina
planze wamoweva, moswavleebisadmi saxeliT mimarTva, moulodneli mov­
lenebi, damaintrigebeli SekiTxvebi, davalebaTa mravalferovneba da
saswavlo meTodebi, aseve xmis tembrisa da ganaTebis cvlilebebi an
aqeT-iqiT siaruli – yovelive aman SeiZleba miipyros yuradReba. mo-
swavleebma ki unda SeinarCunon yuradReba da unda fokusirebulni
iyvnen saswavlo situaciis mniSvnelovan momentebze. `rekomendaciebSi~
moswavleTa yuradRebis misapyrobad da SesanarCuneblad warmodge-
nilia damatebiTi mosazrebebi.

muSa mexsiereba
sensorul mexsierebaSi dagrovili informaciis Semdgomi gadamu­
Saveba SesaZlebelia maSinve, roca is aRiqmeba da transformirdeba
xatebisa da xmebis paternebad (SeiZleba sxva saxis sensorul kodebad).
muSa mexsiereba mexsierebis sistemis ,,samuSao dazgaa”, Sexebis wer-
tilia, sadac axali informacia droebiT inaxeba da Semdeg xdeba misi
SeerTeba xangrZiv mexsierebaSi dagrovil codnasTan problemebis amo-
saxsnelad an leqciis ukeTesad gasagebad. muSa mexsiereba Seicavs imas,
razec mocemul momentSi fiqrobT. am mizeziT zogi fsiqologi miiC-
nevs, rom muSa mexsiereba ,,cnobierebis” sinonimia (Sweller, van Merrien-
boer, & Paas, 1998). sensoruli mexsierebis an xangrZlivi mexsierebisgan
gansxvavebiT muSa mexsierebis moculoba Zalian SezRudulia – bevr
Tqvens leqtors aviwydeba raRac leqciis msvlelobisas, im dros,
roca Tqven cdilobT daiWiroT da gadaamuSaoT informacia.
SeiZleba gagebuli gaqvT xanmokle mexsierebis Sesaxeb. es adrin-
deli saxelia, informaciis gadamuSavebis sistemaSi arsebuli mex-
sierebis mokle komponentisa. xanmokle mexsiereba ar aris zustad,
rac muSa mexsiereba. muSa mexsiereba mocavs orives – droebiT Senax-
vasa da aqtiur gadamuSavebas – mexsierebis samuSao dazgas – sadac
aqtiuri gonebrivi Zalisxmeva gamoiyeneba rogorc axali, ise Zveli in-
formaciis gadamuSavebisas. magram xanmokle mexsiereba, rogorc wesi,
niSnavs Senaxvas, axali informaciis uSualo damaxsovrebas, romelic
SeiZleba Senaxul iqnes mxolod 15-10 wamis ganmavlobaSi (Baddeley, 2001).
adreuli eqsperimentebis mixedviT, xanmokle mexsierebis tevadoba/
moculoba erTbaSad daaxloebiT 5-dan 9 axal erTeulamde iyo (Miller,
1956). mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom am SezRudvis gadalaxva SesaZlebelia
iseTi strategiebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa dajgufeba an informa-
ciis blokebis warmoqmna, magram 5-dan 9-mde SezRudva, rogorc wesi,
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi mainc ZalaSi rCeba. advilia telefonis nom-
ris damaxsovreba mas Semdeg rac, mas uceb moZebni wingakSi, da oTaxis
meore boloSi midixar dasarekad. magram maSin ra xdeba, roca erT-
maneTis miyolebiT organ unda dareko? ori axali telefonis nomris
Senaxvas mexsierebaSi erTdroulad albaT ver SeZlebT.
muSa mexsiereba _ mexsierebis
muSa mexsierebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove Sexedulebis mixedviT, is,
forma, romelSi arsebul in-
sul mcire, sami elementisgan Sedgeba: centraluri aRmasrulebeli, formaciazec xarT fokusire-
romelic akontrolebs yuradRebisa da sxva gonebriv resursebs (muSa buli mocemul momentSi.
mexsierebis ,,muSa”), fonologiuri yulfi, romelic inaxavs verbalur
xanmokle mexsiereba _ mex-
da akustikur informacias da vizualur-sivrciTi skeCpedi (grafikuli
sierebis sistemis is kompo-
informaciis Seyvanisa da redaqtirebis sistema) vizualuri da sivr- nenti, romelic informacias
ciTi informaciisaTvis (Gathercole, Pickering, Ambridge, & Wearing, 2004). inaxavs 20 wamis ganmavlobaSi.

349
 rekomendaciebi: yuradRebis mopoveba da SenarCuneba
signalebis gamoyeneba.
magaliTebi
1. SearCieT signali, romelic eubneba mo-
swavleebs, SeaCeron imis ke­Teba, rasac
akeTeben da yuradReba gaamaxvilon Tqven-
ze. zogi maswavlebeli amisaTvis oTaxis
garkveul adgilas gadainacvlebs xolme,
aTamaSeben Suqs, magidaze xels urtyamen
an saklaso pianinoze akords iReben vizua-
luri da smeniTi signalebi SeanacvleT.
2. Tavi aarideT yuradRebis gamfantav qmede-
bebs, rogoricaaa saubris dros fanqaris
TamaSi, romelic xels uSlis rogorc swav-
lis, ise yuradRebis koncentrirebas.
3. gaeciT mokle da mkafio miTiTebebi
gadaadgilebamde da ara mis dros.
4. umcros moswavleebTan iyaviT mxiaruli:
gamoiyeneT dramatuli xma, jadosnuri
qudi an taSis dakvris TamaSi (Miller, 2005).
ecadeT ufro xma miawvdinoT moswavleebs,
vidre gamoiZaxoT da dauZaxoT maT.
magaliTebi
1. miuaxlovdiT moswavles da TvalebSi
CaxedeT.
2. isaubreT mtkice magram ara muqariT
savse xmiT.
3. mimarTeT bavSvs saxeliT.
darwmundiT, rom moswavleTaTvis gasagebia
davalebis an gakveTilis mizani.
magaliTebi
1. dawereT miznebi da amocanebi dafaze da
ganixileT isini moswavleebTan gakveTilis
dawyebamde. sTxoveT moswavleebs, Seaja-
mon da xelaxla CamoTvalon miznebi.
2. SeekiTxeT moswavleebs, Tu ratom swav-
loben da sTxoveT maT, moiyvanon mag-
aliTebi imisa, rogor gamoiyeneben SeZe-
nil codnas.
3. daukavSireT axali masala wina gakveTi-
350
lebs – aCveneT imis sqema an ruka, rogor
miesadageba axali Temebi winas da momdev-
no masalebs.
Tqvens axsnas SesZineT mravalferovneba,
cnobismoyvareoba da
siurprizebi, moulodnelobebi.
magaliTebi
1. gauRviZeT cnobismoyvareoba iseTi kiTxve-
biT, rogoricaa: ,,ra moxdeboda, rom...?”
2. gakveTilis dawyebis win gaarTeT moulod-
neli movlenis gaTamaSebiT, magaliTad,
xmamaRali uTanxmoebiT.
3. SecvaleT fizikuri garemo oTaxis mowy-
obilobis cvlilebiT an (saklaso oTaxi,
ezo a.S.) gadaadgilebiT.
4. gamoacocxleT sensoruli arxebi iseTi
gakveTilis CatarebiT, sadac SesaZebeli
iqneba Sexeba, gemos gasinjva da ynosva.
5. gamoiyeneT moZraobebi, mimika da xmis tem-
bri – imoZraveT oTaxis garSemo, miuTiTeT,
isaubreT rbilad da Semdeg ufro xazgas-
miT.
dasviT SekiTxvebi da pasuxisaTvis mieciT
miTiTebebi.
magaliTebi
1. hkiTxeT moswavleebs, ratom aris masala
mniSvnelovani, rogor apireben mis swavlas,
ra strategiis gamoyeneba surT amisTvis.
2. mieciT moswavleebs miTiTebebi TviT-
SemowmebisaTvis da TviTSesworebisTvis,
sadac yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iqneboda
yvelaze xSir Secdomebze. daawyvileT isi-
ni, raTa gaaumjobeson erTmaneTis samuSao
– xandaxan Znelia sakuTar Secdomebze yu-
radRebis gamaxvileba.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.inspiringteachers.com/tips/manage-
ment/attention.html
 centraluri aRmasrulebeli
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT amoxseniT Semdegi magaliTi eSk­ _ muSa mexsierebis is nawili,
raf­tis (Ashcraft, 2006, gv. 190) saxelmZRvanelodan da yuradReba miaqci- romelic pasuxismgebelia
eT rogor xsniT mas: (4+5) X 2 yuradRebis monitoringze, mis
warmarTvaze da sxva mentalur
3 + (12/4)
resursebze.

centraluri aRmsrulebeli. im dros, roca zemoT moyvanil magaliTs

xsnidiT, Tqveni mexsierebis centraluri aRmsrulebeli yuradRebas
amaxvilebda TqvenTvis im momentSi saWiro faqtebze (ramdenia 4+5?
9X2?), ixsenebda im wesebs, romeli moqmedeba gaekeTebina pirvel rigSi
da rogor xdeboda gayofa. centraluri aRmsrulebeli zedamxedve­
lobs yuradRebas, adgens gegmebs, ixsenebs informacias da axdens mis
integracias. enis swavla, logikuri azrovneba, informaciis Semowmeba
grZelvadian mexsierebaSi gadasacemad _ yvela es qmedeba da bevri
sxvac, imarTeba centraluri aRmsruleblis mier. amis naxva 7.3. naxazze

sqema 7.3

muSa mexsierebis sami nawili

centraluri aRmsruleblis sistema mentaluri resursebis gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis re­
zervia iseTi kognituri saqmianobisaTvis, rogoricaa yuradRebis koncentrireba, logikuri
azrovneba da gageba. fonologiuri yulfi inaxavs verbalur da xmovan informacias, xolo
vizualur-sivrciTi xati inaxavs vizualur da sivrciT informacias. es sistema SezRudulia
d SeiZleba daingres Tu informacia zedmetad bevri da rTulia.

muSa mexsiereba
centraluri aRmasrulebeli
(gonebrivi resursebi)
saqmianoba:
sawyisi kontroli da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesi msjeloba, metyveleba
informaciis gadacema grZelvadian mexsierebaSi
gameorebisa da kodirebis gziT

fonologiuri yulfi vizualur-sivrciTi xati

(moklevadiani buferi)
saqmianoba:
saqmianoba:
vizualur warmodgeniTi davalebebi
dauyovnebeli aRdgenisaTvis erTeulTa
daxarisxeba sivrciTi, vizualuri Zebnis davalebebi

artikulaciis procesebi (aRmsruleblis resursebi iwureba, Tu

vizualuri an sivrciTi davalebebi
(aRmsruleblis resursebi iwureba Tu zedmetad rTulia)
artikulaciis davaleba Zalian rTulia)

wyaro: wignidan Cognition (3rd ed.), by M.H. Ashcraft. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2002 by Prentice Hall. ibeWd-
eba Pearson Education, Inc.-is nebarTviT, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

351

fonologiuri yulfi _ muSa
mexsierebis nawili. mexsierebis
aRdgeniTi sistema verbaluri
da xmovani informaciisaTvis
1,5-2 wamSi.
vizualur-sivrciTi xati
_ muSa mexsierebis nawili,
romelic warmoadgens vizual-
uri da sivrciTi informaciis
sistemas..
352
SegiZliaT. centralur aRmsrulebels exmareba da xels uwyobs ori
sistema – fonologiuri maryuJi da vizualur-sivrciTi skeCpedi.
fonologiuri yulfi. fonologiuri yulfi moklevadiani mexsierebi-
saTvis sityvebisa da xmebis gameorebis sistemaa. es aris adgili, sa-
dac aTavsebT ,,18-s” (4+5=9X2=18) magaliTis zemoTa seqciaSi, im dros,
roca angariSobT 13+(12/4) mis qveviT. badelei (Baddeley 1986, 2001) Tv-
lida, rom SegviZlia imdeni ram SevakavoT fonologiur mexsierebaSi,
ramdenis gameorebac/repeticiac (sakuTari TavisaTvis Tqma) SegvZlia
1,5-dan 2 wamSi. 7-cifriani nomeri jdeba am SezRudvaSi. magram ra mox-
deboda, rom gonebaSi gvecada am 7 sityvis Senaxva: gamoxsna, miTviseba,
ablabuda, antiinteleqtuali, prevenciuli, konfiskacia, dokumentacia
(Gray, 2002). garda imisa, rom am sityvebis warmoTqmisas ena mogtydebaT,
maT gameorebas 2 wamze meti sWirdeba da ufro Zneli Sesanaxia samuSao
mexsierebaSi, vidre 7 cifris an 7 mokle sityvisa.
gaxsovdeT - CadeT Tqvens operatiul mexsierebaSi – rom ganvixi-
lavT axali informaciis droebiT Senaxvas. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
SegviZlia erT jerze informaciis 5-9 erTeulze an 1,5 wamze metis
Senaxva. im dros, roca krefT 7- cifrian nomers, romelic axlaxans
moZebneT, gonebaSi – mexsierebaSi – sxva rameebic gitrialebT – rogor
gamoiyenoT telefoni, vis urekavT da ratom. yuradRebis miqceva ar
gWirdebaT, es ar aris axali codna. zogierTi procesTagani, rogoricaa
nomris akrefa satelefono aparatze, ukve avtomaturi gaxda. magram
operatiuli mexsierebis SezRudulobis gamo, ucxo qveyanaSi rom yo-
filiyaviT da ucxo satelefono sistemis gamoyeneba gecadaT, nomris
damaxsovrebisas problemebi geqnebodaT, radgan misi damaxsovrebisas
Tqveni centraluri aRmsrulebeli imavdroulad ecdeboda satele-
fono sistemaSi garkvevas. axali informaciis mcire nawilic ki Zneli
dasamaxsovrebeli iqneba, Tu axali informacia rTuli da ucxoa, an
gWirdebaT ramdenime elementis SeerTeba/SekavSireba misgan azris ga-
mosatanad (Sweller, van Merrienboer, & Paas, 1998).
vizualur-sivrciTi xati. ganvixiloT greiseuli (Gray, 2002) magaliTi.
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT Tu p-s 180 gradusiT moatrialebT,
ras miiRebT b-s Tu d-s?
adamianTa umravlesoba am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas daiwyebda p-s
vizualurad warmodgeniT da misi brunviT. vizualur-sivrciTi xati
aris adgili, sadac am xatze manipuliacias axdenT (cxadia, mas Semdeg,
rac Tqvenma centralurma aRmsrulebelma aRidgina informacia 180
gradusis Sesaxeb). vizualur-sivrciT skeCpedSi muSaobas imis msgavsi
aspeqtebi aqvs, rogorc suraTze an raime obieqtze realur yurebas.
Tu Tqven ,,p” amocana gaqvT amosaxsneli da aseve uyurebT gamosaxule-
bas ekranze, Tqveni moqmedeba Seneldeba. iseve, rogorc Seneldeboda
or sxvadasxva obieqtze win da ukan yurebisas. magram rom gqonodaT
,,p” amocana amosaxsneli da Tan cifrebs imeorebdeT, maSin es proce-
si arc ise Seneldeboda. SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT Tqveni fonologiuri
yulfi da vizualur-sivrciTi xati erTdroulad, magram TiToeuli
maTgani swrafad ivseba da gadaitvirTeba. yoveli saxis samuSao – ver-
baluri da vizualuri, tvinis sxvadasxva ubanSi sruldeba. rogorc
mogvianebiT vnaxavT, arsebobs individualuri gansxvavebebi am siste-
maTa tevadobebs Soris (Ashcraft, 2006; Gray, 2002).
muSa mexsierebis xangrZlivoba da Sinaarsi. cxadia, muSa mexsierebis
sistemaSi informaciis xanmoklea, daaxloebiT 5-20wm, Tuki ar imeorebT
informacias an process raime sxva saxiT. SeiZleba mogeCvenoT, rom 20
wamiani mexsierebis sistema ar aris Zalian sasargeblo da momgebiani.
magram am sistemis gareSe ukve dagaviwydebodaT is, rac winadadebis
pirvel nawilSi waikixeT, sanam mis am bolo sityvebamde moxvidodiT.
es aSkarad gaaZnelebda winadadebaTa gagebasa da aRqmas.
muSa mexsierebaSi arsebuli informaciis Sinaarsi SeiZleba iyos
xmebis an xatebis saxiT, romlebic sensoruli mexsierebis reprezen-
taciebis msgavsia. an SesaZloa informacia ufro abstraqtulad iyos
struqturirebuli mniSvnelobis Sesabamisad.

informaciis SenarCuneba muSa mexsierebaSi. radganac muSa mexsiere-

baSi informacia Zalian xanmoklea da advilad ikargeba, is mudmivad daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
unda gaaqtiurdes, rom moxdes misi SenarCuneba. gaaqtiureba mimdin-
mexsiereba da instruqcia
areobs manam, sanam am informaciaze koncentrirebas axdenT, Tumca aq- (II, Al)
tivacia, yuradRebis gadatanasTan erTad, maleve qreba. muSa mexsiere- imisaTvis, rom swavlebis
baSi informaciis SenarCuneba waagavs erT-erT sacirko nomers _ maRal procesi iyos maqsimalurad
joxebze TefSebis trials. am nomris Semsrulebeli daatrialebs erT efeqtiani, maswavlebeli unda
icnobdes muSa mexsierebis
TefSs joxze, Semdeg gadadis meoreze, mesameze da a.S., magram isev
maxasiaTeblebs. ganixileT
unda daubrundes pirvels, sanam is imdenad gaCerdeba, rom joxidan maswavlebelTa mier gamoy-
Camovardes. Tu ar ganvagrZobT informaciis ,,datrialebas” muSa mex- enebuli teqnika da taqtika,
sierebaSi – Tu mas gaaqtiurebul mdgomareobaSi ar SevinarCunebT – is romelic emateba am maxasiaTe-
`gadavardeba~ (Anderson, 2005, 1995). roca aqtivoba qreba, mas Tan sdevs blebs.
daviwyeba, rogorc naCvenebia 7.4 sqemaze imisaTvis, rom muSa mexsiere-
naswavlis SenarCuneba _
baSi informacia 20 wamze metxans iyos gaaqtiurebuli, adamianTa um- informaciis muSa mexsierebaSi
ravlesoba gonebaSi mis gameorebas iwyebs. SenarCuneba misi mudmivi gameo-
arsebobs gameorebis ori tipi (Craik & Lockhart, 1972). naswavlis Se­ rebis gziT.
narCuneba gulisxmobs informaciis gonebaSi gameorebas. manam, sanam
ime­orebT informacias, is narCundeba muSa mexsierebaSi ganusazRvreli
droiT. SesanarCunebeli gameoreba sasargebloa imis SesanarCuneblad,

sqema 7.4
muSa mexsiereba
informacia muSa mexsierebaSi SeiZleba iyos aqtivirebuli SesanarCu-
nebeli gameorebis saSualebiT an SeiZleba gadatanil iqnes xangrZliv
mexsierebaSi iq ukve arsebul informaciasTan dakavSirebis gziT (da-
muSavebuli gameoreba).

gadamuSaveba/
gameorebaGG

naswavlis SenarCuneba

muSa xangrZlivi
mexsiereba mexsiereba

codna xangrZlivi
mexsierebidan

Careva gaqroba
(daviwyeba) (daviwyeba)

353

gadamuSaveba/gameoreba _
mexsierebaSi informaciis er-
Tian sistemaSi organizaciis da
regulaciis procesebi. axali
informaciis mexsierebaSi
Semonaxul sxva codnasTan da-
kavSireba, masTan asociaciiisa
da sistematizaciis gziT.
gamsxvileba _ informa-
ciis blokuri gadamuSaveba,
damaxsovrebis gasaadvileblad
monacemTa dajgufeba did
azrobriv erTeulebad (mag.
telefonis nomris).
mexsierebis daqveiTeba _
mexsierebis Sesusteba da
gafermkrTaleba droTa ganma-
vlobaSi.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba _
codnis mudmivi sacavi.
354
ris gamoyenebasac gegmavT da Semdeg iviwyebT, magaliTad, telefonis
nomeri an adgilis mdebareoba rukaze.
gadamuSaveba/gameoreba gulisxmobs dasamaxsovrebeli informa-
ciis dakavSirebas imasTan, rac ukve iciT – xangrZliv mexsierebaSi
arsebul codnasTan. magaliTad, Tu gaicaniT viRaca wveulebaze, visac
Tqveni Zmis saxeli hqvia, ar gWiredebaT misi saxelis gonebaSi gameo-
reba, mis dasamaxsovreblad mxolod dakavSireba unda moaxdinoT. am
saxis gameoreba aramarto akavebs informacias operatiul mexsiere-
baSi, aramed exmareba informaciis xangrZliv mexsierebaSi gadanacv-
lebas. gameoreba iseTi procesia, romelsac akontrolebs centraluri
aRmsrulebeli, raTa informaciis gadamuSavebis sistemis saSualebiT
informaciis Semodinebas gaumklavdes.
muSa mexsierebis SesaZleblobebis SezRuduloba SeiZleba aseve gark­
veulwilad daiZlios kidec gamsxvilebiT _ informaciis blo­kebis war-
moqmniT. vinaidan informaciis calkeuli nawilebis raodenoba da ara
maTi moculoba SezRudulia muSa mexsierebisaTvis, SegiZliaT Seinar-
CunoT informacia, Tu SeZlebT misi calkeuli nawilebis dajgufebas.
ganvixiloT magaliTi: vTqvaT gWirdebaT eqvsi cifris damaxsovreba 3,
5, 4, 8, 7 da 0. maTi ufro advilad damaxsovreba SesaZlebeli iqneba sam
jgufad dawyvilebiT _ TiToeulSi or-ori cifriT (35, 48, 70) an or
gjufad _ TiToSi sam-sami cifriT (354, 870). am cvlilebebiT Sesakave-
beli gaqvT informaciis mxolod sami an ori nawili da ara erTdrou-
lad eqvsi. informaciuli blokebis warmoqmna gvexmareba telefonis
nomris damaxsovrebaSi (Driscoll, 2005).
daviwyeba. informacia muSa mexsierebidan Serevis an gaqrobis gziT
SeiZleba daikargos (ix. sqema 7.4). Sereva pirdapiri mniSvnelobisaa:
axali informacia gadamuSavebisas Seereva Zvel informacias an mox-
deba areva Zvel informaciaSi. roca axali azrebi grovdeba, Zveli
informacia qreba muSa mexsierebidan. informacia aseve ikargeba Tan-
daTanobiTi gaqrobis gziT. Tu ar gaagrZelebT informaciisaTvis yu-
radRebis miqcevas, sustdeba misi aqtivaciis done da bolos imdenad
daiwevs, rom informaciis xelaxla gaaqtiureba SeuZlebeli xdeba _ is
savsebiT qreba.
sinamdvileSi daviwyeba Zalian sasrgebloa. mis gareSe adamianebis
muSa mexsiereba Zalian male gadaitvirTeboda da swavlac Sewydeboda.
aseve Zalian problematuri iqneboda, Tu yvela is winadadeba gexsome-
boda, rac ki odesme wagikiTxavs, yvela xma, rac odesme gagigonia da
yvela suraTi, rac odesme ginaxavs. . . . gesmiT xom, rasac vgulisxmob?
garkveuli kerZo saxis informaciis moZieba informaciis zRvaSi Seu-
Zlebeli iqneboda. Zalian moxerxebulia, rom arsebobs iseTi sistema,
romelic axdens droebiT Senaxvas da garkveuli saxis informaciis
,,gamoacalkevebas” im yvelafrisgan, rac ki odesme migviRia.
axla xangrZliv mexsierebas mivubrundebiT. radganac es Zalian
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia maswavlebelTaTvis, masze cota metxans Se­
vCerdebiT.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: swavlis mizani
muSa mexsiereba akavebs im informacias, romelic mocemul moment­
Sia gaaqtiurebuli, magaliTad, rogoricaa telefonis nomeri, romelic
axlaxan moZebneT da axlave unda akrifoT. xangrZlivi mexsiereba
inaxavs iseT informacias, romelic kargadaa naswavli, rogoricaa sxva
telefonis nomrebi, romlebic ukve iciT.

xangrZlivi mexsierebis moculoba,

xangrZlivoba da Sinaarsi
arsebobs mravali gansxvaveba muSa da xangrZliv mexsierebebs Soris,
rogorc es 7.1 cxrilidan Cans, informacia muSa mexsierebaSi Zalian
swrafad Sedis. xangrZlivi mexsierebis arqivSi informaciis gadatanas
ki dro da Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. maSin, roca muSa mexsierebis mocu-
loba SezRudulia, xangrZlivi mexsierebis moculoba, rogorc Cans,
saerTod SeuzRudavia. amasTan, rogorc ki informacia usafrTxodaa
Senaxuli xangrZliv mexsierebaSi, mas SeuZlia iq samudamod darCes.
muSa mexsierebaSi arsebuli informacia xelmisawvdomia dauyovnebliv,
radgan Cven am informaciaze mocemul momentSi vfiqrobT, xolo xan-
grZliv mexsierebaSi dagrovil informaciamde `misvla~ drosa da Za-
lisxmevas moiTxovs. bolo dros zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom ar
arsebobs ori sxvadasxva mexsierebis ,,sacavi” (muSa da xangrZlivi).
maTi azriT, muSa mexsiereba xangrZlivi mexsierebis nawilia, romelic
muSaobs (gadaamuSavebs) im dros gaaqtiurebul informacias – amrigad,
muSa mexsierebaSi umetesad mimdinareobs gadamuSavebis procesi, vi- xangrZlivi muSa mexsiereba
dre – Senaxvisa (Wilson, 2001). arsebobs informaciis gadamuSavebis _ inaxavs im strategiebs,
mo­delis meore saxis _ xangrZlivi muSa mexsierebis cnebac (Kintsch, romlebic saWiroa informaciis
xangrZlivi mexsierebidan muSa
1998). xangrZliv muSa mexsierebas aqvs aRdgena/povnis struqturebi
mexsierebaSi gadmosatanad.
da strategiebi, romelTac xangrZlivi mexsierebidan saWiro infor-
macia gamoaqvT. roca garkveul sferoSi codnasa da gamocdilebas
iRrmavebT, Tqven qmniT efeqtur xangrZlivi muSa mexsierebis stur-
qturas am sferoSi problemebis gadasaWrelad. amrigad, xangrZlivi
muSa mexsiereba moicavs informaciis mignebisTvis saWiro dargisaT-
vis specifikur iaraRebis erTobliobas, romlebic umjobesdebian am
sferoSi Tqveni gamocdilebis zrdasTan erTad.

cxrili 7,1

muSa da xangrZlivi mexsiereba

mexsierebis tipi Sedineba moculoba xangrZlivoba Sinaarsi aRdgena
/povna

muSa Zalian SezRuduli Zalian mokle sityvebi, su- dauyovnebeli

swrafi _ 5-20wm raTebi, azrebi,
winadadebebi

xangrZlivi SedarebiT faqtobrivad faqtobrivad ideaTa sisteme- damokide-

neli SeuzRudavi SeuzRudavi bi, procedure- bulia orga-
bi, epizodebi, nizebasa da
savaraudod reprezen-
xatebi/warmod- taciaze
genebi

wyaro: wignidan Comprehension and Learning: A Conceptula Framework for Teachers, by F. Smith, 1975, New York: Holt,
Rinehart, and Winston. Copyright © Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. adaptirebulia avtoris nebarTviT.

355
deklaraciuli codna _
yvela faqti, informacia da ga-
mocdileba, romelic CvenTvis
nacnobia.
proceduruli codna _
codna, romelic vlindeba
amocanis Sesrulebis procesSi,
`ici – rogor~.
pirobiTi codna _ imis
codna `rodis da ratom~ unda
gamoiyeno deklaraciuli da
proceduruli codna.
cxrili 7.2
codnis saxeebi
deklaraciuli
proceduruli
pirobiTi
356
xangrZlivi mexsierebis Sinaarsi: deklaraciuli, proceduruli da
ganpirobebuli codna. is, rac viciT, Senaxulia xangrZliv mexsiere-
baSi. adre vsaubrobdiT zogad da specifikur codnaze. codnis kat-
egoriebad dayofis kidev erTi magaliTia deklaraciuli, proceduru-
li da ganpirobebuli codna (Paris & Cunningham, 1996; Paris, Lipson, &
Wixon, 1983). deklaraciulia codna, romlis deklarireba, gancxadebac
SeiZleba sityvebisa da yvela saxis simboloTa sistemebis meSveobiT.
simboloTa sistema SeiZleba nebismieri saxis iyos – brailis Srifti,
smenadaqveiTebulTa `ena~, cekva an musikaluri notacia, maTematikuri
simboloebi da a.S. (Farnham-Diggory, 1994). deklaraciuli swavlis sfero
uzarmazaria. SeiZleba icode Zalze specifikuri faqtebi (oqros atom-
uri wonaa 196,967), zogadi faqtebi (zogierTi xis foToli Semodgo-
maze fers icvlis), piradi upiratsobani (ar miyvars limas lobio),
an wesebi (wiladebis gayofisas amoatrialeT gamyofi da gaamravleT).
deklaraciuli codnis mcire erTeulebi SeiZleba dajgufdes ufro
msxvil erTeulebad. magaliTad, ganmtkicebisa da dasjis principebi
SeiZleba Tqvens azrovnebaSi Camoyalibdes biheviosrituli swavlis
Teoriad (Gagné, Yakovich & Yakovich, 1993).
proceduruli codna aris imis codna, rogor unda gakeTdes ra-
Rac. magaliTad, rogor iyofa wiladebi an iwmindeba karbiuratori _
es aris moqmedebis codna qmedebaSi. proceduruli codna unda iyos
demonstrirebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom wesis gameoreba – ,,wiladis gayo-
fisas, gadmoatrialeT gamyofi da gaamravleT” – aCvenebs deklaraciul
codnas. es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom moswavleebs wesis Camoyalibeba
SeuZliaT. magram proceduruli codnis CvenebisaTvis, moswavlem unda
imoqmedos. rodesac mas magaliTSi wiladis gayofa uwevs, es sworad
unda gaakeTos. moswavleebi amJRavneben procedurul codnas, roca
isini Targmnian raRac teqstis amonarids espanurad, sworad axarisxe-
ben geometriul figuras da a.S.
pirobiTi codna aris imis codna, rodis da rogor gamoiyeno dek­
laraciuli da proceduruli codna. rodesac maTematikuri bevri ma­
galiTi gaqvs amosaxsneli, pirobiTi codnaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom
icode, rodis gamoiyeno erTi procedura da rodis _ meore, TiToeu-
zogadi codna dargobrivi codna
biblioTekis muSaobis saaTebi hipotenuzas gansazRvreba
gramatikis wesebi poema ,,Raven”-is strofebi
teqsturi procesoris Jangva-aRdgenis gantolebis amoxsna
gamoyeneba meTunis borbalze Tixis nakeTobis
manqanis marTva damzadeba
rodis danebde da axali mid- rodis gamoiyeno moculobis gamo-
goma mosinjo saTvleli formula
rodis ikiTxo guldasmiT da rodis miirbino badesTan Cogbur-
rodis ubralo Tvalis gadav- Tis TamaSisas
lebiT
li amocanis amosaxsnelad. pirobiTi codna saWiroa imis gasarCevad,
romeli teqsti saWiroebs saguldagulo kiTxvas da romeli _ ubralod
Tvalis gadavlebas. bevri moswavlisaTvis pirobiTi swavla ,,sajildao
qvaa”. maT aqvT faqtebi da SeuZliaT proceduris Sesruleba, magram
isini ver xvdebian, rogor gamoiyenon codna Sesabamis dros.
cxrili 7.2 asaxavs, rogor SeiZleba iyos deklaraciuli, proceduru-
li da pirobiTi codna zogadi an romelime sferosaTvis specifikuri.

xangrZlivi mexsierebis Sinaarsi: sityvebi da suraTebi. alan paivio

(1971, 1986; Clark & Paivio, 1991) fiqrobda, rom xangrZliv mexsierebaSi
informacia inaxeba vizualur xatebis, an verbaluri erTeulebis, an
orives saxiT. fsiqologebi, romlebic eTanxmebian am mosazrebas, Tv-
lian, rom verbalurad an vizualurad kodirebuli informaciis swav-
la gacilebiT advilia (Mayer & Sims, 1994). es SeiZleba iyos erT-erTi
mizezi imisa, ratom aris moswavleTaTvis ufro gasagebi ideaTa si-
tyvebiT axsna da maTi vizualurad, naxatSi asaxva, rogorc Cven amas
saxelmZRvaneloebSi vakeTebT. magaliTad, riCard meierma da misma ko-
legebma (Mayer, 1999a, 2001; Mautone & Mayer, 2001) aRmoaCines, rom iseTi
ilustraciebi, rogoric magaliTad 7.8 sqemazea mocemuli, exmareba
moswavleebs ukeTesad gaigon mecnieruli cnebebi. paivios mosazrebas
hyavs mimdevrebi, magram kritikosebi ewinaaRmdegebian da amtkiceben,
rom xatebis/warmodgenebis umravlesoba mexsierebaSi verbaluri ko-
debis saxiT inaxeba da roca saWiro xdeba, maSin transformirdeba
vizualur informaciad (Driscoll, 2005).
kognitur fsiqologTa umravlesoba erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs
xangrZlivi mexsierebis or kategorias: eqsplicitursa da implici-
turs. TiToeul am kategorias qvedanayofebic aqvs. es sqema moce-
mulia 7.5 naxatze. eqsplicituri mexsiereba aris codna xangrZlivi
mexsierebidan, romlis gaxseneba da cnobieri gaazrebac SesaZlebelia.
Cven vacnobierebT sakuTar mogonebebs – viciT, rom gvaxsovs isini.
implicituri mexsiereba amisgan gansxvavebiT aris iseTi codna, rom-
lis gaxsenebas ver vacnobierebT, magram gavlenas axdens qcevasa da
azrovnebaze amis gacnobierebis gareSe. es sxvadasxva saxis mexsiereba
asocirebulia tvinis sxvadasxva nawilTan (Ashcraft, 2006).

eqsplicituri mexsiereba: semantikuri da epizoduri eqsplicituri mexsiereba _

xangrZlivi mexsiereba, romelic
gulisxmobs informaciis winas-
7.5 sqemaze xedavT, rom eqspliciutir mexsiereba SeiZleba iyos an
warganzraxulad da cnobierad
semantikuri an epizoduri. semantikuri mexsiereba Zalian mniSvnelova- aRdgenas.
nia skolaSi. es aris mniSvnelobis damaxsovreba, maT Soris sityvebis,
faqtebis, Teoriebisa da koncefciebis gadmosacemad – deklaraciuli implicituri mexsiereba _
codna. es mogonebebi ar aris mibmuli romelime konkretul gamoc- codna, romelsac vixsenebT
gaucnobiereblad, magram igi
dilebasTan da Senaxulia sqemebis, xatebisa da ideebis saxiT.
gavlenas axdens qcevaze an
azrovnebaze.
ideebi da ideaTa sistemebi. gancxadeba aris codnis umciresi er-
Teuli, romelic SeiZleba gagebul iqnes sworad an mcdarad. winadade- semantikuri mexsiereba _
baSi `idam iTxova magidis antikvaruli gadasafarebeli” ori ideaa: mniSvnelobis damaxsovreba.

1. idam iTxova magidis gadasafarebeli. propoziciuli qseli - urT-

2. magidis gadasafarebeli antikvarulia. ierTdakavSirebuli cnebebisa
da mimarTebebis sistema,
ideebi, romlebic iziareben informacias iseve, rogorc zemoT romelSic codna xangrZlivad
xsenebuli magaliTSi, erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian propoziciuli qseliT. inaxeba.

357
 sqema 7.5
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: eqplicituri da implicituri
mexsierebis eqsplicituri da implicituri sistemebi sxvadasxva kanonebiT
moqmedeben da tvinis sxvadasxva sistemebs moicaven.
aseve yoveli saxis mexsierebis qvesaxeebic tvinis sxvadasxva sistemebs
moicaven.

mexsiereba

eqsplicituri mexsiereba implicituri mexsiereba

(gacnobierebuli mexsiereba) (gaucnobierebeli mexsiereba)

epizoduri semantikuri klasikuri proceduruli dazepireba

mexsiereba mexsiereba ganpirobebis mexsiereba (implicituri
(sakuTari (faqtebi, efeqti (moZraobis [qvecnobieri]
gamocdileba) zogadi (mag. ganpiro- unari, Cveva, gaaqtiureba
codna) bebuli sapa- avtomatu- koncefciebisa
suxo ri wesebi) xangrZliv
reaqciebi) mexsierebaSi)

wyaro: wignidan Psychology by Peter Gray. Published by Worth Publishrs. Copyright © 1991, 1994,
1999, 2000 by Worth Publishers. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

es saxeli kogniturma fsiqologebma SemoiRes. ideaTa sistemaSi inaxe-

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
sawyisi codna (I, Al)
sawyisi codna did gavlenas
axdens imaze, rogor vagebT
da vcnobT axal codnas.
gaecaniT sqemebisa da ideaTa
sistemebis rols codnis kon-
struirebaSi da maT zegavle-
nas swavlis procesze.
mexsierebis strategiebi
(II, AL)
imiji – warmodgenebi, ro-
melic fizikur maxasiaTeble-
bze, garegnobaze dafuZnebu-
li informaciiT iqmneba.
ba mniSvneloba da ara zusti sityvebi da maTi zusti wyoba. zogi
ideaTa sistema zemoT moyvanil winadadebas ase Seinaxavda: ,,magidis
antikvaruli gadasafarebeli iTxova idam”. mniSvneloba igive rCeba da
es is mniSvnelobaa, romelic inaxeba mexsierebaSi urTierTkavSirebis
nakrebTa saxiT.
SesaZlebelia, rom informaciaTa umravlesoba Senaxuli da war-
modgenili iyos ideaTa sistemaSi. roca informaciis nawilis gaxseneba
gvinda, SgviZlia `gadavTargmnoT~ misi mniSvneloba CvenTvis nacnob
frazebad da winadadebebad an mentalur suraTebad. imis gamo, rom
ideebi sistemaSia gaerTianebuli, informaciis erTi nawilis gaxsne-
bam SeiZleba gamoiyolos da gaaaqtiuros sxva misi nawili. Cven ar
vacnobierebT am sistemebs, radgan isini ar arian Cveni cnobieri mex-
sierebis nawili (Anderson, 1995a). daaxloebiT imgvarad, rogorc ver
vacnobierebT gramatikul struqturas winadadebis dalagebisas, ar
gvWirdeba winadadebis morfologiuri ganxilva mis warmosaTqmelad.
xatebi/ gamosaxulebebi. xatebi aris warmodgenebi, romlebic informa-
ciis struqturas an informaciis saxes eyrdnoba (Anderson, 1995a). roca
vqmniT xatebs (rogorc gaakeTeT ,,p” amocanis amoxsnisas) vcdilobT
gavixsenoT an xelaxla SevqmnaT informaciis fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi
an misi sivrciTi struqtura. magaliTad, roca gekiTxebian, ramdeni
fanjris minaa Tqvens sastumro oTaxSi, adamianTa umravlesoba gonebis
TvaliT warmoidgens fanjrebs da iTvlis maT. rac ufro meti minaa,
miT meti dro sWirdeba pasuxis gacemas. Tu informacia warmodgenili
iqneboda ubralo debulebiT _ `Cems sastumro oTaxSi Svidi fanjaraa~

358
– maSin pasuxis gasacemad yvela adamians erTnari dro dasWirdeboda,
imis miuxedavad, raodenoba 1-ia Tu 24 (Mendell, 1971). Tumca, rogorc
adre vnaxeT, mkvlevarebi ver Tanxmdebian imaze, zustad ra saxiT da
rogor inaxeba mexsierebaSi xatebi. zogi fsiqologi Tvlis, rom xatebi
inaxeba suraTebis saxiT mexsierebaSi. sxvebi ki Tvlian, rom ideebs
vinaxavT xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da Semdeg, roca saWiroa, suraTebad
vaqcevT muSa mexsierebaSi.
albaT arsebobs procesTa maxasiaTeblebi – raRac saxis mexsiereba
xatebisaTvis da raRac saxis _ xatis sityviT an ideiT gamosaxatavad.
xatebis `gonebis TvaliT~ danaxva ar aris zustad igive, rac realuri
suraTis danaxva. gacilebiT rTulia gonebaSi arsebul xatebze zemo-
qmedeba transformaciis mizniT, vidre namdvilze (Driscoll, 2005; Maltin &
Foley, 1997). magaliTad, rom gqondeT plastmasis, Zalian male SeZleb-
diT mis amotrialebas. magram gonebrivad amotrialebas bevri adami-
anisaTvis didi dro sWirdeba. amis miuxedavad, suraTebi Zalian gvex-
mareba bevri praqtikuli gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, magaliTad, imis
warmosadgenad, rogor gamoiyureba divani sastumro oTaxSi an rogor
gagordeba golfis burTi garkveuli saxis dartymisas. xatebi xelSe-
mwyobi abstraqtuli azrvnebisTvisac SeiZleba iyos. fizikosebi, maga­
liTad faradei da ainStaini, acxadebdnen, rom xatebis SeqmniT xSirad
axerxebdnen rTul problemebSi garkvevas. ainStaini irwmuneboda, rom
SeeZlo warmoedgina rogor misdevda sinaTlis sxivs da eweoda mas,
roca fardobiTobis Teorias qmnida (Kosslyn & Koenig, 1992).

sqemebi. ideebi da erTeuli xatebi kargia erTeuli ideebisa da urTier­ sqemebi _ 1. bazisuri struq-
Tobebis warmosadgenad. magram xSirad sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli Cveni turebi informaciis organi-
codna moicavs aseve xatebisa da ideebis kombinacias. am saxis rTuli zebisaTvis; cnebebi. 2. aRqmisa
da gamocdilebis mentaluri
codnis asaxsnelad mecnierebma SeimuSaves sqemis cneba (Gagné, Yekov-
sistemebi an kategoriebi.
ich & Yekovich, 1993). sqemebi aris abstraqtuli codnis struqturebi,
romlebic axdenen didi raodenobis informaciis organizebas. sqema
(mxolobiTi forma) aris paterni an gzamkvlevi movlenis, cnebebis an

sqema 7.6
`ganmtkicebis~ nawilobrivi sqema
`ganmtkicebis~ cneba moqceulia `SedegTa~ zogad kategoriaSi. is dakavSirebulia sxva cnebebTan, rogoricaa
restornebSi Wama Tu CvilTa xelSi darweva, gaaCnia individis gamocdilebas.

qcevis
Sedegi biblioTekis
Seyovneba
• namdvili miRwevis aRiareba. jarima
• specifikuri meznebi da Sedegebi aZlierebs an
• dasawyisSi patara nabijebi inarCunebs
amcirebs magaliTi magaliTi
• xelSesaxebidan socialurze qcevas
qcevas
gadasvla

ganmtkiceba sasjeli

negatiuri
drois micemuli CamorTmeuli ganmtkiceba
• gangrZobadi gansazRvra stimuli stimuli ar aris
• myari cvladi
• intervaluri amas ewodeba pozitiuri amas ewodeba negatiuri xSirad erevaT
proporcia ganmtkiceba ganmtkiceba sasjelSi
xSiri
Secdoma
magaliTi magaliTi

kargi sakvebi zrdis bavSvi wyvets tirils, roca

restoranSi vizitebis mas arweven, izrdeba darwevis
sixSires sixSire

359

daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
rogor SeiZleba sxvadasxva
individebis, jgufebisa da
socialuri konteqstebis
sqemebma gansazRvron adamian-
ebisa da situaciebis Sesaxeb
arsebuli informaciis inter-
pretireba?
Txrobis gramatika _ Txro-
bis sxvadasxva stilis tipuri
struqtura an organizacia.
skripti _ safexurebis mim-
devrobis sqema an savaraudo
gegma raime Cveulebriv mov-
lenaSi, magaliTad, sursaTis
SeZenis an picis SekveTis
dros.
360
unaris warmosadgenad. magaliTad 7.6 sqemaze aris ganmtkicebis Sesaxeb
codnis sqemis nawilobrivi reprezentacia.
sqema gvatyobinebs, ra axasiaTebs am kategorias, ras unda movelo-
deT obieqtisa da situaciisgan. es struqtura Sedgeba ,,Wrilebisgan”,
romlebic amovsebulia specifikuri informaciiT, roca viyenebT sqe-
mas garkveul situaciaSi. sqemebi individualuria. magaliTad, ganmt-
kicebis Cemeuli sqema albaT skineris sqemasTan SedarebiT naklebad
srulyofilia. meore TavSi piaJes Teoriis ganxilvisas daaxloebiT
sqemis msgavs cnebas waawydiT.
roca gesmiT winadadeba: `idam iTxova magidis antikvaruli gadasa-
farebeli~, imaze meti iciT am situaciis Sesaxeb, vidre am or deb-
ulebaSia naCvenebi, radgan gonebaSi gaqvT sqemebi Txovebis, magidis
gadasafareblebis, antkvariatisa da, SesaZloa, Tavad idas Sesaxebac
ki. Tqmis gareSe iciT, rom gamcems axla Tavad aRar aqvs magidis ga-
dasafarebeli, radgan is axla idas xelSia da rom idas valia, daubru-
nos is mTxovebels (Gentner, 1975). am informaciaTagan arc erTi ar aris
eqspliciturad gancxadebuli, magram es `sesxebis~ Sesaxeb Cveni sqe-
mis nawilia. sxva sqemebi gvexmareba daskvnis gakeTebaSi, rom qsovili
plastmasisa ar aris (radgan is antikvarulia) da idam albaT stumrebi
dapatiJa sadilad. Tqven rom idas marTla icnobdeT, SeiZleba mis Ses-
axeb Tqveni Seqmnili sqema dagexmarebodaT imis gamocnobaSi, ramdenad
swrafad da ra mdgomareobaSi daabrunebs ida gadasafarebels.
arsebobs kidev erTi saxis sqema. mas Txrobis gramatika (zogjer
uwodeben teqstis an ambis struqturis sqemas) ewodeba. is exmareba mos­
wavleebs, gaigon da daimaxsovron moTxrobebi (Gagné, Yekovich & Yekovich,
1993; RumelharT & Ortony, 1977). Txrobis gramatika SeiZleba iyos raRac
amis msgavsi: mkvleleoba gaxsnilia, iZebneba samxilebi da gamocanis
gasaRebi, mkvlelis fataluri Secdoma dadgenilia, igeba xafangi eWvm-
itanilisgan aRiarebis misaRebad, mkvleli ylapavs satyuaras. . . .da-
naSauli gaxsnilia! sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, moTxrobaTa gramatika
aris tipuri zogadi struqtura, romelic SeiZleba miesadagos bevr
specifikur istorias. Txrobis gagebisaTvis virCevT mis Sesaferis da
Sesabamis sqemas. Semdeg viyenebT am CarCos imis gadasawyvetad, romeli
detalebia mniSvnelovani am moTxrobaSi, ra informacia unda veZioT
da ra davimaxsovroT. miCneulia, rom sqema aris Teoria imis Sesaxeb,
ra unda moxdes moTxrobaSi. sqema gvexmareba teqstis `dakiTxvaSi~,
migviTiTebs specifikur informaciaze, romlis povnasac veliT, raTa
ambavi azriani iyos. Tu gavaaqtiurebT Cvens ,,saidumlo mkvlelobis
sqemas”, moTxrobis kiTxvisas SeiZleba dadarajebuli viyoT miniS-
nebebze an mkvlelis fatalur Secdomaze. Sesaferisi sqemis gareSe
moTxrobis, teqstis an klasSi axsnili gakveTilis gageba Zalian neli,
rTuli procesi iqneboda, daaxloebiT iseTi, rogoric sruliad ucxo
qalaqSi rukis gareSe gzis gakvlevaa. sqemas, romelic warmo­adgens
movlenaTa tipiur Tanmimdevrobas yoveldRiur situaciebSi, skripti
an movlenaTa sqema ewodeba. 3 wlamde bavSvebs aqvT sabaziso scenarebi
maT cxovrebaSi cnobili movlenebisaTvis (Nelson, 1986).
rogoria Tqveni azri?
gasaubrebis dros dawyebiTi klasebis zedamxedvelma gkiTxaT: `ra
scenari gaqvT SemuSavebuli tipuri dRisaTvis? momiyeviT, rogor
unda warimarTos dRe warmatebulad Tqveni gegmis mixedviT da ram-
den dros dauTmobT gegmis TiToeul segments?~
 msoflioSi arsebuli codnis sqemaTa da scenarebis saxiT Senaxvas
aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. sqema mraval konteqst­
Si SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli, gaaCnia, ras exeba igi. magaliTad,
Tqveni codna SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT ganmtkicebis Sesaxeb ganaTlebis
fsiqologiaSi testis Sesadgenad, imis gasaanalizeblad, ratom agza-
vnian moswavles ase xSirad direqtoris kabinetSi da a.S. idas Sesaxeb
kargad Camoyalibebuli sqemis arseboba gaZlevT saSualebas, icnoT
is (misi garegnuli cvlilebebic ki), daimaxsovroT misi maxasiaTe-
beli Strixebi da iwinaswarmetyveloT qceva. magram es arc araswori
daskvnebis gakeTebas gamoricxavs. Tqven SeiZleba idas Sesaxeb Tqvens
sqemaSi araswori an mikerZoebuli informacia gqodeT CarTuli. mag-
aliTad, Tu ida Tqveni eTnikuri jgufisgan ganxsvavdeba da misi jgu-
fis upatiosnobaSi xarT darwmunebuli, SeiZleba daaskvnaT, rom ida
sulac ar daabrunebs magidis gadasafarebels. am mxriv, rasistulma
an eTnikurma stereotipebma SeiZleba ifunqcioneron rogorc adamian-
ebis individTa qcevis araswori gagebis an rasistuli diskrimanaciis
sqemebma (Sherman & Bessenoff, 1999). meore saxis eqsplicituri mexsiereba
epizoduria, romelsac axla ganvixilavT.

epizoduri mexsiereba. mexsierebas iseTi informaciis Sesaxeb, romelic implicituri mexsiereba

dakavSirebulia konkretul drosa da adgilTan, gansakuTrebiT Tqveni moicavs iseTi saxis unarTa
codnas, romelTa swavlasac
cxovrebis epizodebsa da movlenebTan, epizoduri mexsiereba ewode- SeiZleba garkveuli dro
ba. epizoduri mexsiereba im movlenebis Sesaxebaa, romelic piradad dasWirveboda. magram roca
gamovcadeT, anu SegviZlia avxsnaT, rodis moxda es movlena. amisgan es unari ukve naswavli da
gansxvavebiT, rogorc wesi, ar gvaxsendeba, rodis SeviZineT semanti- gaTavisebulia, maT didi
xniT imaxsovrebs adamiani
kuri mexsiereba. magaliTad, SeiZleba gagiWirdeT imis gaxseneba, rodis da mis Sesrulebasac gansa-
CamogiyalibdaT semantikuri mexsiereba sityvis ,,usamarTloba” mniS- kuTrebuli koncentrireba
vnelobis Sesaxeb. magram Zalian advilad gaixsenebT im dros, roca aRar sWirdeba (mag. velo-
Tavad gepyrobodnen usamarTlod. epizoduri mexsiereba aseve Tvaly- sipedis tareba).

urs adevnebs movlenaTa Tandmimdevrobas, ase, rom es kargi ,,adgilia”

anekdotebis, Worebisa da filmebis siuJetis Sesanaxad.
Tqveni cxovrebis dramatul an emociur mogonebebs gaelvebis mo­
gonebebi SeiZleba vuwodoT. es mogonebebi cxadi da dasrulebulia,
TiTqos tvinma moiTxova `am momentis Cawera, CabeWdva~. stresis qveS
ufro meti glukoza midis tvinSi misi muSaobis gasaaqtiureblad da
erTgvari sawvavis rols asrulebs tvinisaTvis. am dros stresiT ga­
mowveuli hormonebi awvdis tvins signals, rom raRac mniSvnelovani
xdeba (Mayer, 2005). amrigad, Cveni Zlieri emociuri reaqciebi, mexsiere-
baSi ufro Rrma da xangrZliv kvals tovebs. bevr adamians Zalian cxa-
epizoduri mexsiereba _
dad axsovs skolaSi gancdili yvelaze pozitiuri da nagatiuri mov-
informaciis xangrZlivad
lenebi, magaliTad, prizis mogeba an didi damcirebis gancda. albaT damaxsovreba, romelic
zustad gaxsovT, sad iyaviT da ras akeTebdiT 11 seqtembers. 50 wels garkveul drosa da adgilTan
gadacilebul adamianebs kargad axsovT jon kenedis mkvleloba. mTeli aris dakavSirebuli, es gan-
sakuTrebiT exeba pirovnul
Cemi skola gamoefina Ft. Worth-is centralur quCaze, texasis StatSi,
cxovrebiseul movlenebs.
misi avtokolonisaTvis taSis dasakravad, roca is aeroportisaken
miemarTeboda dalasSi gasafrenad. im droisaTvis, roca geometriis gaelvebis mexsiereba _
gakveTilze davbrundi, Cven gavigeT, rom mas esroles dalasSi. Cemi adamianis cxovrebis emociu-
rad mniSvnelovani movlenebis
megobari, romelic masTan sauzmeze imyofeboda zustad im dRes ga-
mkafio, cocxali gaxseneba.
nadgurebuli iyo.

361

daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
ix. `maswavleblis Canawerebi
praqtikosi maswavleblisaT-
vis~, sadac mocemulia ideebi
imis Sesaxeb, rogor davexmar-
oT moswavleebs informaciis
Senaxvasa da aRdgenaSi.
proceduruli mexsiereba _
xangrZlivi mexsiereba imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda gaa-
keTo esa Tu is saqme.
produqcia _ proceduruli
mexsierebis Sinaarsi da wesebi
imis Sesaxeb ra unda gakeT-
des mocemul gansazRvrul
pirobebSi.
Sevseba _ aqtivaciis
gavrceleba erTi cnebidan
meoreze, cnebis gaaqtiureba
mexsierebaSi.
damuSaveba _ mniSvnelobis
Sevseba da gavrcoba arsebul
codnasTan axali informaciis
dakavSirebiT.
362
implicituri mexsiereba
gadaxedeT 7.5 sqemas. xedavT, rom arsebobs sami saxis implicitu­
ri an cnobierebis gareSe mexsiereba: klasikuri ganpirobeba, proce-
duruli mexsiereba da primirebis efeqtebi. klasikur ganpirobebisas,
rogorc meeqvse TavSi vnaxeT, zogma cnobierebis miRma arsebulma mo-
gonebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios Tqveni SfoTva testirebisas an gulis
cemis gaxSireba kbilis burRis xmis gagonebisas.
implicituri mexsierebis meore tipia proceduruli mexsiereba un-
arebis, Cveulebebisa da saqmis keTebisaTvis, sxva sityvebiT, mexsiereba
proceduruli codnisaTvis. raime proceduris swavlas _ rogoricaa
Txilamurebze dgoma, burTis Cawodeba CogburTSi, gantolebis amox-
sna dro miaqvs. magram, roca amas ukve iswavli, es codna didi xniT
rCeba mexsierebaSi. proceduruli mogonebebi warmodgenilia piroba
_ moqmedebis wesebis saxiT, romelsac zogjer produqciebsac uwode-
ben. produqciebi zustad gansazRvravs, ra unda gakeTdes konkretul
situaciaSi: Tu gindaT miiRoT A, gaakeTe B. A produqcia SeiZleba iyos
daaxloebiT es: `Tu ginda swrafad isrialo Txilamurebze, ukan nela
gadaixare~ an `Tu Tqveni mizania moswavleTa yuradRebis gazrda da
moswavle imaze didxans iyo yuradRebiT, vidre adre, Seaqe is.~ ar aris
aucilebeli, rom adamianebi yovelTvis acxadebdnen piroba – moqmedebis
wesebs. xSir SemTxvevaSi isini imasac ver xvdebian, rom miyvebian am
wesebs. rac ufro metad gavarjiSebulia procedura, miT ufro avtoma-
turia qmedeba da miT ufro implicituria mexsiereba (Anderson, 1995).
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT SeavseT carieli adgilebi: mo _
implicituri mexsierebis ukanaskneli tipia primireba an im infor-
maciis gaaqtiureba, romelic ukve arsebobs xangrZliv mexsierebaSi
raRac cnobierebis gareSe arsebuli procesis meSveobiT. albaT nax-
eT primirebis procesi zemoT moyvanil Sesavseb magaliTSi. SegeZloT
dageweraT mogoneba mosavlis, monadiris, momavalis, molodinisa da mo-
ze dawyebuli sxva sityvebis nacvlad. ase, rom primirebam Seasrula Ta-
visi roli, radgan sityva mogoneba am TavSi bevrgan Segvxvda. primireba
SeiZleba fundamenturi procesi iyos gaxsenebisaTvis, radgan am dros
aqtiurdeba asociaciebi da ganibneva mexsierebaSi (Ashcraft, 2005).
informaciis Senaxva da aRdgena xangrZliv
mexsierebaSi
zustad ra xdeba informaciis mudmivad Senaxvisas – implicituri
da eqsplicituri mogonebebis Seqmnisas? rogor SeiZleba gamoviye-
noT efeqturad TiTqmis SeuzRudavi unari swavlisa da damaxsovrebi-
sa? Tavdapirvelad rogor swavlobT ama Tu im informacias – rogor
gadaamuSavebT mas muSa mexsierebaSi dasawyisSi – es didad zemoqmedebs
momavalSi mis gaxsenebaze. erTi mniSvnelovani moTxovnaa, rom daaka-
vSiroT axali informacia xangrZliv mexsierebaSi ukve Senaxul cod-
nasTan. wvdoma/gageba rom moxdes, amaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
saguldagulod damuSaveba, organizeba da konteqsti.
saguldagulod damuSaveba axal informacias mniSvnelobas matebs,
radgan akavSirebs ukve arsebul codnasTan. sxva sityvebiT, viyenebT
sakuTar sqemebs da ukve arsebul codnas imisaTvis, rom gavigioT. xSi­
rad vcvliT Cvens codnas am procesSi. damuSavebas xandaxan avtomatu-
rad vaxdenT. magaliTad, antikuri romis istoriuli figuris Sesaxeb
paragrafis kiTxva aaqtiurebs Cvens ukve arsebul codnas am periodze,
viyenebT Zvel codnas axlis aRsaqmelad da gasagebad.
masala, romelic saguldagulodaa damuSavebuli swavlis dros, mo-
mavalSi advili gasaxsenebeli iqneba. pirveli, rogorc ukve vnaxeT,
sa­guldagulod damuSaveba gameorebis nairsaxeobaa. is inarCunebs in-
formacias gaaqtiurebulad muSa mexsierebaSi imden xans, ramdenic sak-
marisia axali informaciis xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebul codnasTan
dasakavSireblad. meore, damuSaveba arsebul codnasTan damatebiT ka-
vSirebs qmnis. rac ufro metadaa codnis an informaciis erTi nawili
dakavSirebuli codnis sxva nawilebTan, miT ufro meti gza iarsebebs
mis Tavdapirvel saxemde misasvlelad. sxva sityvebiT, Tqven gaqvT
ramdenime ,,iaraRi” an primirebis signali im informaciis misagnebad
da gamosarCevad, romelsac eZebT (Schunk, 2004).
rac ufro metad daamuSaveben moswavleebi axal ideebsa da mosaz-
rebebs, miT ufro gaiTaviseben da Rrmad Cawvdebian maT da ukeTesad
emaxsovrebaT isini. vexmarebiT moswavleebs saguldagulod damuSave-
baSi, rodesac vTxovT teqsti an informacia sakuTari sityvebiT gad-
moscen, ,,gadaTargmnon”, moiyvanon magaliTebi, auxsnan Tanatolebs an
gamoiyenon es informacia axali problemebis gadasawyvetad. cxadia,
Tu moswavleebi damuSavebas araswori axsnis safuZvelze akeTeben, es
mcdari warmodgenebic daamaxsovrdebaT.
organizeba aris gadamuSavebis meore elementi, romelic aumjobe-
sebs swavlas. kargad organizebuli masalis swavla da damaxsovreba daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
ufro advilia, vidre informaciis nawilebisa, gansakuTrebiT Tu in- kognitivistebi xazs usvamen
formacia rTuli da vrcelia. koncefciis struqturaSi moTavseba da­ saguldagulo damuSavebis,
gexmarebaT iswavloT da daimaxsovroT rogorc zogadi gansazRvrebebi, organizebisa da konteqstis
rols informaciis xangrZliv
ise specifikuri magaliTebi. struqtura aris erTgvari gzamkvlevi im mexsierebaSi efeqturi kodi-
informaciisaken, romlis gaxsenebac gWirdebaT. magaliTad, 7.1 cxril- rebisaTvis. gaecaniT ampro-
cesebis gamoyenebis teqnikebs.
Si mocemulia organizebuli informacia muSa da xangrZliv mexsiere-
bebSi arsebuli informaciis moculobis, xangrZlivobis, Sinaarsisa da
aRdgenis/gaxsenebis Sesaxeb. cxrili 7.2 gvaZlevs organizebul infro-
macias codnis tipebis Sesaxeb sqema 7.6 axdens ganmtkicebis Sesaxeb
Cemi codnis organizebas.
konteqsti aris gadamuSavebis mesame elementi, romelic gavle-
nas axdens swavlaze. fizikuri da emociuri konteqstebis aspeqtebi
– adgilebi, oTaxebi, ganwyoba, Cveni Tanmxlebi piri – iswavleba sxva
informaciasTan erTad. mogvianebiT, Tu informaciis gaxsenebas Seec­
debiT, es ufro advili iqneba maSin, rodesac axlandeli konteqsti
Tav­dapirvelis msgavsi iqneba. konteqsti aris primirebis msgavsi, ro-
melic aaqtiurebs informacias. es demonstrirebuli iyo laboratori-
aSi. ori moswavle, romlebic masalas erTi saxis oTaxSi swavlobdnen,
ukeTes Sedegs aCvenebdnen am oTaxis msgavs garemoSi Catarebul tes-
tze. Sesadarebeli testebi Catarda aseve Zalian gansxvavebul oTaxeb- organizacia _ informaciis
dalagebis, misi mentalur
Sic, sadac amave moswavleebma uaresi Sedegi aCvenes (Smith, Glenberg, &
sistemebsa da kategoriebSi
Bjork, 1978). amrigad testisTvis ,,testis msgavs” garemosa da situaciaSi moTavsebis mudmivi procesi.
momzadeba SeiZleba aisaxos Sedegis gaumjobesebaze. cxadia, yovelT- agreTve kavSirebis mowesrige-
buli da logikuri qseli.
vis ver mixvalT imave an msgavs adgilas raimes gasaxseneblad. magram
Tu warmoidgenT im adgilmedabreobasa da garemos, dRis monakveTsa da konteqsti _ ama Tu im
kompanionebs, sabolood SeiZleba miaRwioT sasurvel informaciamde. movlenasTan dakavSirebuli
fizikuri an emociuri foni.

363
informaciis gadamuSavebis
Teoriis doneebi _ Teoria,
romlis mixedviTac informa-
ciis gaxseneba emyareba misi
gadamuSavebis siRrmes.
aqtivaciis gavrceleba _
informaciis erTi nawilis
gaxseneba aaqtiurebs (stimuls
aZlevs) masTan dakavSirebuli
informaciis gaxsenebas.
aRdgena _ informaciis xan-
grZliv mexsierebaSi Ziebisa
da povnis procesi.
364
gadamuSavebis Teoriis doneebi. kreikma da lokhartma (Craik & Lockhart,
1972) pirvelad SemogvTavazes informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriis
doneebi, rogorc xangrZlivi/xanmokle mexsierebis modelebis alter-
nativa, magram gadamuSavebis Teoriis doneebi dakavSirebulia zemoT
ganxilul saguldagulo damuSavebasTan. kreiki da lokharti Tvlid-
nen, rom informaciis damaxsovrebis xangrZlivobas gansazRvravs is,
ramdenad farTod/eqstensiurad aris informacia damuSavebuli da da-
kavSirebuli sxva informaciasTan. rac ufro srulad aris informacia
gadamuSavebuli, miT meti Sansi gvaqvs misi gaxsenebisaTvis. magali-
Tad, Tu gTxovT, gadamuSavebis Teoriis doneebis mixedviT daalagoT
ZaRlebis suraTebi maTi bewvis feris mixedviT, mogvianebiT ver gaix-
senebT suraTTa umravlesobas. magram Tu gTxovT daaxarisxoT ZaRle-
bi imis mixedviT, ramdenad mosalodnelia gamogekidnon isini dilis
garbenisas, albaT suraTTa umravlesoba gexsomebaT. ZaRlebis reit-
ingis Sesadgenad yuradReba unda miaqcioT suraTTa detalebs, daakav-
SiroT ZaRlebis Tvisebebi safrTxesTan asocirebul maxasiaTeblebTan
da a.S. daxarisxebis es procedurebi moiTxovs ,,Rrma” gadamuSavebas da
suraTTa maxasiaTeblebis mniSvnelobaze koncentrirebas.
informaciis gaxseneba xangrZlivi mexsierebidan. roca gvesaWiroeba
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciis gamoyeneba, veZebT mas.
xandxanan Zebna gacnobierebulia, magaliTad, roca xedavT momaval
nacnobs, iwyebT mexsierebaSi misi saxelis Zebnas. sxva SemTxvevaSi xan-
grZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis povna da gamoyeneba avtomaturia,
magaliTad, rodesac krefT telefonis nomers an xsniT maTematikur
magaliTs TiToeuli nabijis Ziebis gareSe an sityva mogoneba mogdiT
TavSi, roca xedavT mo _____-s. xangrZlivi mexsiereba warmoidgi-
neT uzarmazari xelsawyoebiT (unarebi, procedurebi) da maragebiT
(codna, sqemebi) savse Taros saxiT, romelic gamzadebulia muSa mex-
sierebis samuSao dazgaze gadasatanad da davalebis Sesasruleblad.
Taros (xangrZlivi mexsiereba) Zalian didi tevadoba aqvs, magram xan-
daxan Znelia imis male povna, rasac eZeb. samuSao dazga (mu­Sa mex-
siereba) pataraa da masze yvelaferi umal xelmisawvdomia. radgan is
pataraa maragi (informaciis nawilebi), SeiZleba daikargos, roca daz-
ga gadatvirTulia an informaciis erTi nawili faravs (ereva) meores
(E. Gagné, 1985).
aqtivaciis gavrceleba. xangrZliv mexsierebaSi qselebis zoma uzarmaz-
aria, magram misi mxolod mcire nawilebia gaaqtiurebuli drois erT
garkveul monakveTSi. mxolod informaciis is nawili, romelzec moce-
mul momentSi vfiqrobT, aris muSa mexsierebaSi. am uzarmazar qselSi
informaciis aRdgena aqtivaciis gavrcelebiT xdeba. roca garkveuli
idea an xati aqtiuria – roca masze vfiqrobT – masTan mWidrod
dakavSirebuli codnac aseve SeiZleba gaxdes primirebuli an amoq-
medebuli da aqtivacia vrceldeba mTels qselSi (Anderson, 2005; Gagné,
Yekovich & Yekovich, 1993). amrigad, roca yuradRebas vamaxvileb ideaze
`siamovnebiT gaviseirnebdi manqaniT da Sevxedavdi foTolcvenas”, mas-
Tan dakavSirebuli azrebi: ,,foTlebi unda gadavfocxo” da `manqanas
zeTi aqvs gamosacvleli”, maSinve Cndeba gonebaSi. roca aqtivacia vr-
celdeba ,,manqaniT gaseirnebidan” ,,zeTis gamocvlaze”, Tavdapirveli
azri an aqtiuri mogoneba qreba muSa mexsierebidan SezRuduli teva-
dobis gamo. amrigad, xangrZlivi mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgena
nawilobriv xdeba codnis erTi nawilidan qselSi masTan dakavSirebul
ideebze aqtivaciis gavrcelebiT. xSirad viyenebT am gavrcelebas sa-
pirispiro mimarTulebiT rom aRvidginoT saubris `nabijebi~ daax-
loebiT ase: ,,sanam gamosacvleli zeTis sakiTxamde mividodiT, raze
vsaubrobdiT? aa. . . ho, foTolcvenis naxvaze.~ xangrZlivi mexsierebis
swavlisa da gaxsenebis procesebi asaxulia 7.7 sqemaze.

rekonstruqcia. xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informacia kvlav xelmisawvdo-

mia, maSinac ki, roca ar aris gaaqtiurebuli da maSinac, roca ar
rekonstruqcia _ informa-
fiq­robT masze mocemul momentSi. Tu aqtivaciis gavrceleba ver ciis xelaxla Seqmna mex-
`poulobs~ CvenTvis sasurvel informacias, maSin misi povna rekon- sierebis, logikis, molo-
struqciis meSveobiT SegviZlia. es aris kognituri `xelsawyo~ an dinisa da arsebuli codnis
problemaTa gadaWris procesi, romelic iyenebs logikas, signalebsa mixedviT.

da sxva saxis codnas gonivruli pasuxisaTvis gamotovebuli nawilebis

Sevsebis gziT (Koriat, Goldsmith, & Pansky, 2000). zogjer rekonstruire-
buli mogonebebi arasworia. magaliTad, 1932 wels f. q. bartletma
(F. C. Bartlett) Caatara mravali cnobili kvleva istoriebis, moTxro-
bebis damaxsovrebis Sesaxeb. man rTuli, maTTvis ucnobi amerikuli
moTxroba waukiTxa inglisis kembrijis universitetis studentebs da
drois sxvadasxva periodis gavlis Semdeg sTxovda maT misi gaxseneba.
studentebis mier gaxsenebuli istoriebi wakiTxulze mokle da kem-
brijis studentTa Sesabamis cnebebasa da enaze iyo gadmoTargmnili.
magaliTad, moTxrobaSi laparaki iyo selapebze nadirobis Sesaxeb, ma-
gram bevri studenti ixsnebda (axdenda rekonstruqcias) `saTevzao~
mogzaurobas, saqmianobas, romelic axlos iyo maT gamocdilebasTan
da ufro Seefereboda maT sqemebs.
erT-erTi areali, sadac rekonstruirebul mexsierebas mniSvnelova­
ni rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia, TviTmxilvelis Cvenebaa. elizabet lof-

sqema 7.7

xangrZlivi mexsiereba
Cven gavaaqtiurebT informacias xangrZlivi mexsierebidan, raTa moviSvelioT
is muSa mexsierebaSi arsebuli axali informaciis gagebaSi. gonebrivi samuSaosa
da gadamuSavebisas (saguldagulo damuSaveba, organizeba, konteqsti) axali in-
formacia SeiZleba permanentulad inaxebodes xangrZliv mexsierebaSi. daviwyeba
gamowveulia interferenciiTa da droSi CaqrobiT.

damuSaveba, organizeba, konteqsti

muSa xangrZlivi
mexsiereba mexsiereba

aRdgena (rekonsruqcia)

interferencia
(daviwyebuli an Caqroba/
sxvagan Senaxuli) daviwyeba

365

interferencia _ pro-
cesi, romlis ganmavlobaSic
garkveuli informaciis gax-
senebas aferxebs da gadafa-
ravs sxva informacia.
366
tusma (Elizabeth Loftus) da misma kolegebma Caatares mravali kvleva,
romlebic cxadyofda, rom gamokiTxvis dros SecdomaSi Semyvan kiTx-
vebsa da sxva informacias SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos mexsierebaze.
magaliTad, Tavis klasikur naSromSi loftusma da palmerma (Loftus
& Palmer, 1974) cdis obieqtebs aCvenes manqanaTa Sejaxebis slaidebi.
mogvianebiT eqsperimentatorebi ekiTxebodnen maT erT nawils: ,,ra
siCqariT moZraobdnen manqanebi, roca daartyes erTmaneTs?” im dros,
roca sxva subieqtebs kiTxvas ase usvamdnen: ,,ra siCqariT midiodnen
manqanebi, roca erTmaneTs Seejaxnen?” gansxvaveba zmnebSi sakmarisi
aRmoCnda subieqtTa mexsierebaze zegavlenis mosaxdenad - ,,dartymis”
subieqtebma daaskvnes, rom manqanebi moZraobdnen saaTSi 34 milis siC-
qariT. magram ,,Sejaxebis” subieqtebi Tvlidnen, rom siCqare saaTSi 41
mils Seadgenda. erTi kviris Semdeg ,,Sejaxebis” subieqtTa 32% axsov-
da Camsxvreuli minebi SemTxvevis adgilze, im dros, roca ,,dartymis”
subieqtTa mxolod 14% axsovda mina (arc erT slaidze Camsxvreuli
mina ar Canda).
daviwyeba da xangrZlivi mexsiereba. informacia muSa mexsiereba­Si, sa-
nam mas miecema Sansi gadavides xangrZlivi mexsierebis qselSi, marTla
qreba. araviTari ZalisxmeviTa da ZebniT ar SeiZleba misi dabruneba.
magram xangrZliv mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informacia SeiZleba xelmi-
sawvdomi iyos swori signalebis gamoyenebiT. zogi adamiani fiqrobs,
rom xangrZlivi mexsierebidan arasdros araferi ikargeba, Tumca kve-
levebi uaryofs am mtkicebas (Schwarz, Wasserman, & Robbins, 2002).
rogoria Tqveni azri?
gasaubrebaze direqtori gekiTxebaT: `Zalian didi masalis swav-
leba gviwevs imisaTvis, rom movamzadoT moswavleebi saxelmwifo
SefasebisaTvis /gamocdebisaTvis. ras izamdiT imisaTvis, rom dax-
marebodiT moswavleebs, daimaxsovron Tqvens gakveTilebze naswav-
li masala?
rogorc Cans, informacia mexsierebidan droTa ganmavlobaSi qreba
da interferenciis Sedegad ikargeba. magaliTad, mexsiereba espanur-
inglisuri sityvebis Sesaxeb mcirdeba im periodidan sami wlis Sem-
deg, rac adamianma ukanasknelad gaiara espanuri enis kursi. Semdeg am
doneze rCeba 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi da kvlav ecema 25 wlis Semdeg. am
saxis dakninebis erT-erTi axsnaa is, rom nervuli kavSirebi, kunTebis
msgavsad, sustdeba gavarjiSebisa da gamoyenebis gareSe. 25 wlis gasv-
lis Semdeg mogonebebi kvlav tvinSia, magram zedmetad sustebi arian
imisTvis, rom xelaxla gaaqtiurdnen (Anderson, 2005, 1995). zogi neironi
ki ubralod kvdeba. da bolos, axalma mogonebebma SeiZleba xeli Se-
uSalos an gaafermkrTalos Zveli mogonebebi. aseve Zvelma mexsiere-
bam SeiZleba xeli xeli SeuSalos axali masalis damaxsovrebas.
droTa ganmavlobaSi gaqrobisa da interferenciis arsebobis miuxe-
davad, xangrZlivi mexsiereba mainc STambeWdavia. skolaSi miRebuli
codnis damaxsovrebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli TiTqmis 100 kvlevis mi-
moxilvisas jorj sembma da jon elisma (George Semb & John Ellis, 1994)
da­askvnes, rom ,,sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli mosazrebebis sapirispi-
rod moswavleebi inarCuneben klasSi miRebuli codnis udides nawils”
(gv.279). rogoc Cans, saswavlo strategiebi, romlebic waaxaliseben
moswavleTa CarTulobas da dawyebiTi swavlis maRal maCvenebels (ro-
goricaa xSiri testebi da gameorebebi, ukukavSirebi, maRali stand-
artebi, srulyofili swavla da saswavlo proeqtebSi aqtiuri monaw-
ileoba), asocirebulia ufro xangrZliv SenarCuneba-damaxsovrebasTan.
`rekomendaciebSi~ mocemulia swavlebaSi informaciis gadamuSavebis
Se­xedulebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi.
erTi kiTxva, romelic aintrigebs bevr kognitur fsiqologs, aris,
ratom swavlobs da imaxsovrebs zogi adamiani sxvebze mets. maTTvis,
vinc emxroba informaciis gadamuSavebis Sexedulebas, pasuxis nawili
metakognicizmis cnebaSi mdgomareobs.

metakognicia

Sesrulebis makontrolebeli procesebi, romelic asaxulia 7.1

sqemaze, megzurobas uwevs informaciis gadamuSavebis sistemis meS-
veobiT Semodinebul informacias. ukve ganvixileT gakontrolebis daukavSireT kvlevas
ramdenime procesi, maT Soris yuradReba, SenarCunebis repeticia, sa- da ganavrceT
guldagulod damuSavebis repeticia, organizeba. aRmasrulebeli kon- ix. gamocema Learning and
Individual Differences (1996é#4)
trolis am procesebs xandaxan metakognitur unar-Cvevas uwodeben,
metakognicizmSi individual-
radganac SeiZleba maTi ganzrax gamoyeneba kogniturobis dasaregu- uri gansxvavebis Sesaxeb.
lireblad.
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT

metakognituri codna da regulacia metakognicizmi (I, Al)

donald maiCenbaumi da misi kolegebi metakognicias ganmartaven,
ro­gorc adamianTa ,,gacnobierebas sakuTar kognitur meqanizmebsa da
maTi muSaobis wesebSi” (Meichenbaum, Burland, Gruson & Cameron, 1985, p.5).
metakognicia sityvasityviT niSnavs kognicias (codna, Semecneba) kog-
niciis Sesaxeb – an codnas codnisa da swavlis Sesaxeb. es metakog-
metakognicia moicavs saswavlo davalebisadmi
saukeTeso midgomis SerCevas. kargi metagoknitu-
ri unarebis mqone moswavleebi isaxaven miznebs,
gegmaven sakuTar saqmianobas, irCeven swavli-
sadmi midgomas da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi cvlian
strategias.
xSirad ganasxvaveben or
moswavles – erTs warmate-
buls da meores akademiurad
CamorCenils –metakognituri
procesis efeqturi gamoy-
enebisaTvis. gaarkvieT, ra
saxis strategiebis gamoyeneba
SeuZliaT maswavleblebs in-
struqciebSi metakognicizmis
rolis gazrdisaTvis.

Sesrulebis makontrolebeli
procesebi _ procesebi, ro-
goricaa SerCeviTi yuradReba,
gameoreba, damuSaveba, orga-
nizeba, romlebic gavlenas
axdens informaciis kodire-
baze, Senaxvaze, mexsierebaSi
aRdgenaze.

metakognicia _ codna Cveni

sakuTari azrovnebis proce-
sis Sesaxeb.

367
 rekomendaciebi: informaciis gadamuSavebis ideebi saklaso oTaxSi
darwmundiT, rom moswavleebi yuradRebiT
gismenen.
magaliTebi
1. ganaviTareT signali, romelic amcnobs
moswavleebs Sewyviton im momentSi ramis
keTeba da yuradReba mogaqcion Tqven.
daakvirdiT, rogor reagireben moswav-
leebi am signalze – ar misceT ufleba,
ignorireba gaukeTon mas. ivarjiSeT signa-
lis micemaSi.
2. imoZraveT oTaxSi, gamoiyeneT mimikebi.
ecadeT Tavidan airidoT monotonurad
saubari.
3. daiwyeT gakveTili iseTi kiTxvis dasmiT,
romelic stimuls aZlevs sakiTxisadmi in-
teress.
4. moiqcieT moswavleebis individualuri
yuradReba maTTan miaxloebiT, saxeliT
mimarTviT an maTTvis kiTxvis dasmiT.
daexmareT moswavleebs ganasxvavon aucile-
beli da meoreuli mniSvnelobis detalebi
da yuradReba gaamaxvilon.yvelaze mniS-
vnelovan informaciaze.
magaliTebi
1. Tavi mouyareT instruqciul miznebs imis
dasadgenad, ras unda swavlobdnen moswav-
leebi. masala, romelsac gadixarT daakav-
SireT Tqveni swavlebis mizanTan: ,,axla me
avxsni, rogor SegiZliaT dafaze dawerili
miznis misaRwevad moipovoT saWiro in-
formacia.”
2. roca mniSvnelovan azrs gamoTqvamT, day-
ovndiT, gaimeoreT, sTxoveT moswavles,
gaakeTos misi perifrazi, aRniSneT in-
formacia dafaze feradi carciT, an uTx-
ariT moswavleebs, CainiSnon es informacia
rveulSi an zaxi gausvan mas wignSi.
daexmareT moswavleebs daakavSiron erTma-
neTTan axali informacia da Zveli codna.
magaliTebi
1. mimoixileT is rekvizitebi, romlebic ex-
marebian moswavleebs im informaciis gax-
senebaSi, romelic maT dasWirdebaT axali
masalis gasagebad: ,,vis SeuZlia gviTxras
oTxkudxedis gansazRvreba? axla miTx-
ariT, ra aris rombi? kvadrati oTxkuTxe-
dia? aris Tu ar aris kvadrati rombi? ra
vTqviT guSin, rogor SeiZleba maTi gansx-
368
vaveba? dRes Cven sxva oTxkuTxedebs gan-
vixilavT.”
2. gamoiyeneT diagrama an sqema imis Tval-
saCinoebisaTvis, rogor miesadageba axali
masala im CarCos, romelsac aviTarebT.
magaliTad: ,,axla, roca iciT, ra Sedis
FBI-is movaleobebSi, rogor fiqrobT, aSS-
is mTavrobis am diagramaSi sad iqneba misi
adgili?”
3. eseTi davalebebi mieciT bavSvebs, romle-
bic specifikurad moiTxoven axali infor-
maciis gamoyenebas ZvelTan mimarTebaSi.
gamoiyeneT gameoreba da informaciis mi-
moxilva.
magaliTebi
1. daiwyeT gakveTili saSinao davalebis
swrafi da mokle mimoxilviT.
2. CaatareT xSiri da mokle testebi.
3. CarTeT varjiSi da gameoreba TamaSebSi an
moswavleebs SeadgenineT erTmaneTis Sesa-
mowmebeli testebi.
waradgineT masala cxadad da organizebu-
lad
magaliTebi
1. gakveTilis mizani cxadi unda iyos.
2. mieciT moswavleebs mcire CamonaTvali,
romelsac unda mihyvnen. igive CamonaTva-
li transparantze gamosaxeT, rom Tavadac
misdioT mas. roca moswavleebi svamen
kiTxvebs an akeTeben komentars, daukav-
SireT is ESesabamis seqcias CamonaTvalze.
3. gakveTili SeajameT SuaSi da bolos.
yuradReba gaamaxvileT mniSvnelobaze da
ara damaxsovrebaze
magaliTebi
1. axali sityvebis swavlebisas daexmareT mo-
swavles asociaciurad daakavSiros axali
sityva ukve naswavlTan da gagebulTan:
,,mtrobas igive fuZe aqvs, rac mters.”
2. naSTis swavlebisas sTxoveT moswavleebs,
daalagon 12 sagani orad, smad, oTxad, xu-
Tad, eqvsad da sTxoveT daiTvalon ,,naS-
Ti” TiToeul SemTxvevaSi.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/info-
proc.html
nituri codna umaRlesi rigis kogniciaa, romelic gamoiyeneba kog-
nituri procesebis monitoringisa da regulirebisaTvis iseTebisa,
rogorebicaa logikuri azrovneba, gageba-gaanalizeba, problemebis
gadaWra, swavla da a.S. (Metcalfe & Shimamura, 1994). vinaidan adamianebi
gansxvavdebian TavianTi metakognituri codnisa da unaris mixedviT,
isini gansxvavdebian swavlis xarisxisa da siswrafis mixedviTac (Brown,
Bransford, Ferrara, & Campione, 1983; Morris, 1990).
metakognicia moicavs zemoT ganxiluli sami saxis codnas: (1) dek­
laraciul codnas sakuTari Tavis, rogorc mswavlelis Sesaxeb, im
faqtorebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gavlenas axdens Sens swavlasa da mex-
sierebaze da garkveuli davalebis SesrulebisaTvis aucilebel unar-
Cvevebs, strategiebsa da resursebze. (2) procedruli codna an imis
codna, rogor gamoiyeno strategiebi. (3) ganpirobebuli codna dava-
lebis dasrulebis uzrunvelsayofad – imis codna, rodis da ratom
gamoiyeno strategiebi da procedurebi (Bruning, Schraw, Norby, & Ronning,
2004). metakognicia aris am deklaraciuli, proceduruli da kondici-
uri codnis strategiuli gamoyeneba miznebis misaRwevad da prob-
lemebis dasaZlevad (Schunk, 2004).
metakognituri codna gamoiyeneba azrovnebisa da swavlis reguli­
rebisaTvis (Brown, 1987; Nelson, 1996). arsebobs sami arsebiTi unari, ro­
melTa saSualebiTac xorcieldeba es procesi. esenia: dagegmva, moni-
toringi da Sefaseba. dagegmva gulisxmobs imis gadawyvetas, ra dro
unda daeTmos davalebas, ra strategiebi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, ro-
gor unda daiwyos davalebis Sesruleba, ra resursebi unda Segrovdes,
ra Tanmimdevrobas unda mivyveT, raze ar davkargoT didi dro, ras
mivapyroT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da a.S. monitoringi aris mo-
cemuli momentis aRqma, gacnobiereba imisa, ,,ras vakeTeb”. monitor-
ingi moicavs kiTxvas: ,,gamodis aqedan raime azri? zedmetad xom ar
vCqarob? sakmarisad viswavle?” Sefaseba moicavs azrovnebis, swavlis
procesebisa da Sedegebis Sesaxeb Sefasebebis gakeTebas. ,,strategiis
Secvla xom ar iqneba upriani? daxmareba xom ar viTxovo? davnebde?
aris es naSromi (naxati, modeli, leqsi gegma, a.S.) dasrulebuli?”
cxadia, ar aris savaldebulo da aucilebeli yovelTvis metakogni-
turebi viyoT. zogi qmedeba rutinad iqceva xolme. metakognicia ufro
sasargebloa maSin, roca davalebebi Zalisxmevis daZabvas moiTxovs,
magram Zalian rTulic ar aris. Semdeg dagegmva, monitoringi da Se-
faseba xdeba damxmare da xelis Semwyobi. isini SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
avtomaturad, sakuTari Zalisxmevis gacnobierebis gareSe (Perner, 2000).
eqspertebi am sferoSi gegmaven, awarmoeben monitorings da afaseben.
maT uWirT TavianT metakognituri codnisa da unar-Cvevebis aRwera
(Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Reder 1996).

gza yovel moswavlemde: metakognituri strategiebi

swavlisunarmoklebul moswavleTaTvis
swavlisunarmoklebul moswavleTaTvis aRmasrulebeli kontrolis
procesebi(anu metakognituri strategiebi), rogoricaa progresis
dagegmva, organizeba, monitoringi da adaptacia, gansakuTrebiT mniS-
vnelovania, magram naklebad cnobili (Kirk, Gallagher, Anatasiow, & Colemen,
2006). amitom mizanSewonili da azriania am strategiebis pirdapiri
swavleba. zogi midgma iyenebs mnemonikas TiToeuli am nabijebis dasa-
maxsovreblad. magaliTad, maswavleblebs SeuZliaT daexmaron ufros

369
 moswavleebs weriTi strategiis _ saxelad DEFENDS gamoyenebaSi (Desh-
ler, Ellis, & Lenz, 1996):
airCieT (Decide) Tqveni auditoria, miznebi da pozicia.
SeafaseT (Estimate) ZiriTadi ideebi da detalebi.
daadgineT (Figure) mTavari ideebisa da detalebis Tanmimdevroba.
gamoxateT (Express) Tqveni pozicia dasawyisSi.
aRniSneT (Note) TiToeuli mTavari azri/idea da misi mxardamWeri
argumentebi.
srulad gaagebineT (Drive) bolo winadadeba.
eZieT (Search) Secdomebi da SeaswroeT isini.
cxadia, imaze meti unda gaakeToT, vidre ubralod mouyveT moswav­
leebs strategiis Sesaxeb _ Tqven is maT unda aswavloT. maiql pre-
slim da misma kolegebma (Michael Pressley, 1995) ganaviTares kognituri
strategiebis modeli moswavleTaTvis metakognituri unar-Cvevebis
swavlebis gzamkvlevis saxiT. 7.3 cxrilSi mocemulia am strategiebis
swavlebisaTvis saWiro nabijebi.

cxrili 7.3

saswavlo strategiebi moswavleTa metakognituri codnisa

da unar-Cvevebis gasaumjobeseblad
preslisa da voloSiniseuli (Pressley & Woloshyn, 1995) es rva gzamkvlevi
dagexmarebaT swavlebasa da metagognitur strategiaSi.

aswavleT erTdroulad ramdenime strategia, intensiurad da eqstensiurad,

mimdinare saswavlo gegmis nawilis saxiT.
SeqmeniT da axseniT axali strategiis nimuSi.
Tu strategiis nawilebi ver gaiges, Tavidan SeqmeniT misi nimuSi da xelaxla
axseniT is, imgvarad, rom gaugebar da damabnevel nawilebze meti yuradReba
iyos miqceuli.
auxseniT moswavleebs, rodis da sad gamoiyenon es strategiebi.
awarmoeT bevri praqtikuli samuSao da varjiSebi, gamoiyeneT strategiebi
SeZlebisdagvarad yvela SesaZlo davalebaSi.
waaxaliseT moswavleebi, gauwion monitoringi sakuTar Tavs, roca iyeneben
am strategiebs.
gazardeT moswavlis motivacia, gamoiyenon es strategiebi. ecadeT gaagebi-
noT, rom isini euflebian Zalian mniSvnelovan da gamosadeg unar-Cvevebs,
– romlebic gonebis sruli funqcionirebisaTvis umTavresi mniSvnelobisaa.
xazi gausviT dafiqrebul da ara swraf da naCqarev informaciis gadamuSeve-
bas. gaakeTeT yvelaferi, rac SesaZlebelia, imisaTvis, rom gaaqroT zedmeti
mRelvareba moswavleebSi. waaxaliseT isini daicvan Tavi xelis SemSleli
faqtorebisgan, raTa akademiur davalebebs dauTmon dro.

damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.: http://www.unt.edu/csi/bank.html

wyaro: adaptirebulia wignidan Pressley, M., & Woloshyn, V. (1995). Cognitive strategy instruction
that really improves children’s academic performence. Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books, p. 18.

axla, roca ganvixileT informaciis gadamuSavebis axsna, imis Tao-

baze, rogor aris codna warmodgenili da damaxovrebuli, modiT, mi-
vubrundeT marTla mniSvnelovan kiTxvas: rogor SeuZliaT maswavleb-
lebs xeli Seuwyon codnis ganviTarebas?

370
 vxdebiT informirebulebi: ramdenime sabaziso principi

iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa `ganmtkiceba~ moicavs deklaraciul cod­

nas maxasiaTeblebisa da suraTebis Sesaxeb da procedurul codnas
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gamoviyenoT wesebi specifikuri Sedegebis
kategoriebad dayofisaTvis. deklaraciul da procedurul codnas
gavnvixilavT cal-calke. magram gaxsovdeT, rom realuri swavla aris
am elementTa kombinacia da integracia.

deklaraciuli swavlis ganviTareba

informaciis gadamuSavebis saqmeSi deklaraciuli codnis swavla
realurad aris axali ideebis ukve arsebul codnasTan integrireba
da aRqmis konstruireba. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, adamianebi ukeT swav-
loben, roca maT myari safuZveli aqvT im sferoSi, romelsac Seiswav-
lian. bevri kargad SemuSavebuli sqemisa da scenaris meSveobiT, ro-
melic gzas ukvlevs maT, axali masala ufro azriani da gasagebi xdeba.
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi ki bevri adgilia axali informaciis ZvelTan
dakavSirebisaTvis. magram moswavles yovelTvis ara aqvs codnis kargi
safuZveli. swavlis adreul fazaSi yvela asakis moswavles sWird-
eba cota mimoixedos da daaTvalieros garemo, eZios mimarTuleba
da miniSnebebi. garkveuli sferos eqspertebic ki iyeneben saswavlo
strategiebs, roca waawydebian ucxo masalas an axal problemas (Alex-
ander, 1996, 1997; Garner, 1990; Perkisn & Salmon, 1989, Schuell, 1990).
ras warmoadgens zogierTi SesaZlo strategia? albaT yvelaze
saukeTeso meTodi imisaTvis, rom daexmaro moswavles swavlaSi, aris
yoveli gakveTilis gadaqceva rac SeiZleba azrianad.

azrianad qceva. azriani gakveTilebi tardeba moswavlisaTvis gasagebi

eniT, misTvis gasagebi sityvebiT. axali terminebi inergeba nacnob si-
tyvebTan da ideebTan paralelebis gavlebisa da dakavSirebis gziT. azri-
ani gakveTilebi kargadaa organizebuli mis sxvadasxva elementebs Soris
cxadi da yvelasaTvis gasagebi kavSirebiT. dabolos, azriani gakveTilebi
bunebrivad moixmaren Zvel informacias imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma
gaigon axali masala magaliTebisa da analogiebis meSveobiT.
azriani gakveTilebis mniSvneloba naCvenebia qvemoT smitiseul
(Smith, 1975) magaliTSi.

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT SexedeT qvemoT moyvanil sam xazs.

da­xedeT pirvel xazs erTi wamiT. daxureT wigni da gaimeoreT is
asoebi, romlebic dagamaxsovrdaT. gaimeoreT es procedura meore da
mesame xazebisTvisac.
1. kbvoduwgpjmsqtxnogmctrsobsgrnmiy
2. kiTxva xtoma xorbali Raribi Zieba dae
3. raindebma gaaWenes cxenebi brZolis velisaken.
TiToeuli xazi Tanabari raodenobis asoebisgan Sedgeba. magram
ar­sebobs Zalian didi Sansi, rom davimaxsovroT mesame xazis yvela
aso, meore xazis asoTa umravlesoba da Zalian cota pirveli xazi-
dan. pirvel xazs araviTari azri da mniSvneloba ar aqvs. ar arsebobs
misi damaxsovrebis Sansi xanmokle dakvirvebis Sedegad. operatiul

371
 mexsierebas elementarulad ar SeuZlia mTeli informaciis Sekaveba
da swrafad gadamuSaveba. meore xazi ufro azriania. ar aris aucile-
beli, rom yvela asos xedavdeT, radgan Tqveni xangrZlivi mexsiereba
maSinve amoativtivebs marTlwerisa da gramatikis elementarul wesebs.
mesame xazi yvelaze azriania. ubralo Tvalis Sevlebac sakmarisia,
rom mTlianad davimaxsovroT igi. radgan am dros wamotivtivdeba ara
mxolod marTlwerisa da gramtikis elementaruli wesebi, aramed sin-
taqsis wesebi da albaT istoriuli codna raindebis Sesaxeb (isini xom
bZolaSi tankebiT ar midiodnen). es winadadeba azriania imitom, rom
gaqvT arsebuli sqemebi mis dasawyobad. SedarebiT iolia sityvebisa da
mniSvnelobis asocireba xangrZliv mexsierebaSi ukve arsebul informa-
ciasTan (Sweller, van Merrienboer, & Paas, 1998).
maswavlebelTa mizania gakveTilebi naklebad gaxadon pirveli xa-
zisa da metad mesame xazis msgavsi. imis miuxedavad, rom es elementa-
ruli Cans, gaixseneT, ramdenjer wagikiTxavT winadadeba teqstidan an
mogismeniaT axsna maswavleblisgan, romelic TqvenTvis igive iyo rac
zemoxsenebuli kbvoduwgpjmsqtxnogmctrsobsgrnmiy. gaxsovdeT, swav-
lis iseTi wesebis Secvlas, romlebsac moswavleebi ukve mieCvivnen
_ magaliTad, Tavis dasawyisSi aRwerili situacia rubrikaSi `rogor
moiqceodiT?~ rodesac maswavlebels surda gadaeyvana moswavleebi
gazepirebiT swavlidan gaazrebul swavlaze – moswavleebi yovelTvis
enTuziazmiT rodi xvdebian. moswavleebi SeiZleba did mniSvnelobas
aniWebdnen niSnebs. maT ician, rom dazepirebas friadi moaqvs, maT
ician, ra aris am SemTxvevaSi mosalodneli. azriani swavla ufro sa-
riskoa da met Zalisxmevas saWiroebs. me-8, me-9, me-11 da me-13 TavebSi
ganvixilavT im gzebsa da saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac maswav-
lebels SeuZlia azriani swavlis xelSewyoba. amjerad ki naxeT ru-
brikaSi `istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb _ xarki swavlebas~ rogor gaxada
maswavlebelma swavla azriani Tavisi axali moswavleebisaTvis.

vizualuri gamosaxulebebi da ilustraciebi. aris Tu ara suraTi swav-

lebaSi 1000 sityvis tolfasi? riCard maieri (Richard Mayer, 1999a, 2001)
Seiswavlida am sakiTxs ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi da aRmoaCina, rom
sityvebisa da suraTebis swor kombinacias SeuZlia swavlaSi sagrZnobi
cvlilebis Setana. meieris kognituri Teoria ,,multimediuri” swavlis
Sesaxeb _ moicavs sam ideas:
ormagi kodireba: vizualuri da verbaluri masalebi sxvadasxva sis­
temaSi gadamuSavedeba (Clark & Paivio, 1991).
SezRuduli SesaZlebloba: muSa mexsiereba verbaluri da vizualuri
masalebisaTvis mkacrad SezRudulia (Baddeley, 2001).
generaciuli swavla: azriani swavla maSin xdeba, roca moswavle kon­
centrirebas axdens relevantur, mniSvnelovan informaciaze da
axdens kavSirebis generirebas (anu qmnis/aSenebs kavSirebs) (May-
er, 1999a).2

problema: rogor SevqmnaT iseTi gageba, romelic moaxdenda vizu­

aluri (suraTebi, diagramebi, filmebi) da verbaluri (teqstebi, leqcia)
wyaroebidan mopovebuli informaciis integrirebas muSa mexsierebis
SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT. meiers da gilinis (1990) mohyavT mag-
aliTi. maT gamoiyenes sami saxis teqsti imis asaxsnelad, rogor muS-
aobs borblebis dasaberi xelis tumbo. erT teqstSi moyvanili iyo
marto sityvebi. meoreSi iyo suraTebi mxolod damuxruWebis sistemisa

372
 istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb
xarki swavlebas
suzani erT Cveulebriv `me swavla sul ufro tvinsa da cxovrebas
saxlSi cxovrobda. misi mo- faravda, gaifanta haer-
da ufro momwonda~ Si. ise SemeZlo Cemi tvi-
Zalade mama mTel ojaxs uqm-
nis gamoyeneba, rogorc
nida problemebs. suzans Za-
saWiro iyo. simSvidis grZnoba dameu-
lian uWirda yuradReba swavlisaTvis daeTmo. mas fla da ukve SemeZlo Tavisuflad me-
egona, rom ubralod suleli iyo. magram suzans fiqra da gadamemuSavebina informacia,
moswonda xatva da cekva da ojaxis wevrTa umrav- imaze nerviulobis gareSe, ra xdeboda
lesobac mas mxars uWerda amaSi. roca misi deda saxlSi da dedaCemi rogor iyo.
gaeyara qmars da ojaxTan erTad sxva StatSi gada- swavla sul ufro da ufro mom-
wonda. sinamdvileSi swavla imitom mi-
vida sacxovreblad, suzani Sexvda araCveulebriv
yvarda, rom mister bordesi xdida mas
maswavleblebs, romlebmac daipyres misi fantazia sainteresosa da mimzidvels.. man sap-
da mis niWze gaakeTes aqcenti. suzani filoso- roeqto samuSaoebis keTebac maswavla.
fiis doqtori gaxda bavSvTa aRzrdisa da kon- erT-erT Cems proeqtSi Seqspiris per-
sultaciebis ganxriT – man sakuTari gamocdileba sonaJi gamoviyene. Zalian momwonda am
sxvebis dasaxmareblad gamoiyena. is mogviTxrobs proeqtze muSaoba. SevamCnie Cemi aka-
demiuri moswreba sul ufro umjobes-
Tavisi inglisuris maswavleblis Sesaxeb.
deboda, imis miuxdavad, rom wesiT ar
axal adgilas Cemi gadabargebis yve­
unda vyofiliyavi Wkviani. Cems deidaS-
laze aRmafrTovanebeli nawili iyo
vils Tavisi biologiis gakveTilisaTvis
swav­lis xelaxla dawyeba. me gamanawiles
laboratoriuli suraTebic davuxate.
maRali donis inglisuris klaSi, Cemi
cxadia, xatva Cemi erT-erTi niWia da
sxva klasebic Zalian kargi aRmoCnda.
amitom didi Zalisxmeva ar mWirdeba.. ma-
arasdros damaviwydeba is momen-
gram amis miuxadavad, siamayes vgrZnob-
ti, roca pirvelad movusmine ingli-
di. ase, rom daviwye dedaCemis gaoceba,
suris maswalebels – mister border-
isve rogorc sakuTari Tavisa.
ss. me klasSi vijeqi da pirvelad Cems
cxovrebaSi SemeZlo marTla momesmina, wyaro: “Hidden Lives: Examining th Lives of Resilient
yuradReba mimeqcia yvelafrisaTvis, European American Children,” by S.H. Hendley. In Glo-
rasac maswavlebeli ityoda. es STam- ria Swidler Boutte (ed.), Resounding Voices: School Expe-
beWdavi gamocdileba, saocari grZnoba rience of People from Diverse Ethnic Backgrounds. Pub-
iyo. meCveneboda, TiTqos Tavi mqonda lished By Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright © 2002
axdili da yvelaferi, rac adre Cems By Peasron Education. ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

da muSaobis etapebis Sesaxeb, xolo mesameze (am ukanasknelma gaaum-

jobesa moswavleTa swavla da aRqma) tumboebis rogorc ,,CarTuli”,
ise ,,gamorTuli” mdgomareoba da aRwerili iyo tumbos muSaobis yove-
li nabiji, magaliTad, sqema 7.8.
ra azri devs am ambavSi? mieciT moswavleebs gagebis mravalferovani
gzebi – suraTebi da axsnebi. nu gadatvirTavT muSa mexsierebas – moaT-
avseT vizualuri da verbaluri informacia erTad mcire nawilebSi.
kidev mexsierebis erTi saxis strategia, romelic iyenebs suraTebs,
aris mnemonika.

mnemonika. mnemonika aris mexsierebis gaumjobesebis sistematuri pro-

cedura (Atkinson da sxvebi, 1999; Levin, 1994; Rummel, Levin, & Woodward,

373

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
samedicino dargis studen-
tebi xSirad iyeneben mnemoni-
kas im uzarmazari moculobis
iformaciis dasamaxsovre-
blad, rasac swavlis dros
awydebian. gaecaniT mnemonikis
umTavres meTodebsa da imas,
ra saxis informaciis dam-
axsovrebisaTvis aris meTode-
bi isini yvelaze Sesaferisi.
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
gamoiyeneT seqcia `mnemoni-
kis Sesaxeb~ imisaTvis, rom
daexmaroT Tqvens studentebs
mecnieruli sagnebisa da ter-
minebis damaxsovrebaSi.
mnemonika _ damaxsovrebis
teqnika; aseve, damaxsovrebis
xelovneba.
lokis meTodi _ dasmaxsovre-
beli erTeulebis specifi-
kur adgilTan dakavSirebis
teqnika.
374
sqema 7.8
suraTebi da sityvebi, romlebic moswavles aRqmaSi exmareba
aqvs Tu ara suraTs swavlebaSi 1000 sityvis fasi? sityvebisa da su-
raTebis swor kombinacias, rogorc qvemoT moyvanili ilustraciaa,
SeuZlia mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitanos swavlaSi.
tari
roca ReErZi amoweulia RerZze
dawoliT
roca haeri Sesasvleli
aRwevs pistonSi klapani
ixureba
pistoni
Sesasvleli klapani
mili
gamosasvleli klapani
sivce ivseba haeriT pistonsa pistonis ZaliT haeri gamo-
da gamosasvlel klapans dis gamosasvleli klapanis
Soris. saSualebiT.
wyaro: adaptirebulia wignidan The World Book Encyclopedia. © 2003 World Book, Inc.
ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT www.worldbook.co
2003). roca informacias arasakmarisi mniSvneloba aqvs, mnemonikuri
strategiebi avseben mas. am dasaswavl ukve dadgenil sityvebTan da
warmodgenebTan kavSiris damyarebiT.
lokis meTodi gamomdinareobs am laTinuri sityvis mravlobiTi
ricxvis formidan locus, rac `adgils~ niSnavs. lokis gamoyenebisaTvis
jer unda warmoidginoT yvelaze nacnobi adgili, magaliTad, Tqveni
saxli an bina, da airCioT garkveuli mdebareobani. nebismier dros,
roca gWirdebaT raime saxis CamonaTvalis damaxsovreba, es mdebareo-
bani Tqveni mogonebebis ,,Camosakidebel sakidebad” mogevlinebaT.
ubralod, moaTavseT Tqveni informaciuli siis yoveli erTeuli in-
formacia am adgilTagan erT-erTSi. magaliTad, vTqvaT maRaziaSi say-
ideli gaqvT rZe, puri, karaqi da burRuli. warmoidgineT, rogor
blokavs uzarmamazi rZis boTli Semosasvlel hols, zarmaci puris
naWers ki misaReb oTaxSi divanze sZinavs, karaqis naWeri dneba sasa-
dilo oTaxis magidaze, burRuli ki mTeli samzareulos iataks faravs.
roca sayideli nivTebis gaxseneba gsurT, ubralod gonebiT daaTva-
liereT Tqveni saxlis oTaxebi. kidev erTi sakidis tipis mnemonikaa
sakidis saxiT standartul sityvaTa CamonaTvalis gamoyeneba (erTi
aris funTuSa, ori aris fexsacmeli). Semdeg dasamaxsovrebeli sagnebi
ukavSiredeba sakidebs suraTebisa da istoriebis saxiT. ritmi mniS-
vnelovania am saxis mnemonikaSi.
 Tu gindaT informaciis daukavSireT swavlebas/port-
xangrZlivad damaxsovreba,
sqema 7.9 folios da ganavrceT
mexsierebis ra strategia aris
miznis miRwevaSi dagexma­ gamoyenebuli CamoTvlil mag-
rebaT akronimi (abreviatu­ mnemonikis gamoyeneba kompleqsuri aliTebSi:
ra) – sityva, romelic Sed- a. imis dasamaxsovreblad,
geba da samaxsovrebeli sit-
cnebebis swavlisaTvis rom bismarki CrdiloeT
ilustracia gadmoscems istorias, dakotas dedaqalaqia, mo-
sit­yvebis pirveli asoebis­
romelic damaxsovrebis CarCo da swavleebi warmoidgenen mis
gan. magaliTad, HOMES ga­ inicialebs biskvitze.
sakidebia rTuli terminebis `dasaki-
mo­iyeneba Crd. amerikis b. moswavleTaTvis sityvis
dad~, romlebic biologiur farul- separate (calkeuli) mar-
kon­tinentze arsebuli 5
TeslianTa qvejgufs ekuTvnian. Tlweris swavlebisaTvis
did tbis dasamaxsovreblad
maswavlebelma uTxra, rom
(Hur­on, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, am sityvaSi iyo virTxa.
Superior). kidev erTi meTodi virTxa inglisurad aris
adgens sityvebsa da wina- rat. marTlac, Tu davak-
dadebebs dasamaxsovrebeli virdebiT, vnaxavT, rom am
sityvis SuaSi moTavsebu-
sityvebis pirveli asoebi-
lia asoTa es konstruqcia
dan. am nimuSis aRsawerad _ sepaRATe.
moviyvanT wminda amerikul g. moswavlem alabaSi warmoe-
magaliTs. aSS-Si notebs in- buli produqtebis dasa-
maxsovreblad maTi pirvel
glisuri anbanis pirveli
asoebidan Seadgina sityva
Svidi asoTi aRniSnaven. vi­ CAPS – Cotton, Apples, Pa-
olinos gasaRebSi Cawerili per Products, Soybeans.
specifikuri akordis da­ d. Tavisi sayidlebis siis
samaxsovreblad, rome­lic dasamaxsovreblad misis
tanerma warmoidgina yveli
amerikuli notebis sis­te-
televizorze, limoni _
miT ase gamoiyureba _ E, G, divanze, rZe _ magidaze,
D, F, am asoebisgan Seadgines lobio _ dawnul kalaTSi
imis dasamaxsovreblad, rom farulTeslianTa da pamidvrebi buxarze.
sityvebi, romlebic erTma-
angiosperms qvejgufSi Sedian orlebnianebi (di- e. maswavlebeli iyenebs
neTs azrob­rivad ukavSird-
cotyledons), romlebSic Tavis mxriv Sedian rub- drois Skalas raTa daanax-
eboda da qmnida winadade-
ales, sapindales da rosales, daakvirdiT suraTs, vos moswavleebs vietnamis
bas: Every Good Boy Does Fine. sadac gamosaxulia angelozi (angiosperms) da omis win, mis dros da mis
radganac sityvebi azriani misi moSinaurebuli dinozavri (dicotyledons). igi
Semdeg momxdari mniS-
unda iyos da winadadebas vnelovani movlenebi.
cdilobs acocdes rubikis (rubales) kubikze, raTa
v. moswavleebs sTxoves
Seadgendes, am midgomas jaW­ alokos mcenaris tkbili wveni, romelsac ingli- SeedarebinaT TavianTi
vuri mnemonikis Strixe- surad hqvia sap (sapindales). es wveni Camoedineba rutinuli samuSo im samuS-
bic aqvs. es aris meTodi, vardidan, inglisurad rose (rosales). aosTan, romelic eqnebo-
rome­lic da­samaxsovrebeli daT samoqalaqo omis dros
wyaro: Pictorial Illustrations Still Improve Students’ rom ecxovraT.
masalis pirvel erTeuls
Learning From Text, by R. N. Carney and J. R. Levin,
me­­o­res ukavSirebs, meores sakidis tipis mnemonika
Educational Psychology Review, 14. Copyright © 2002
– me­sames da a.S. erTi saxis _ sakvanZo sityvebiT
by Kluwer Academic Publishers. ibeWdeba gamomcem-
erTeulebis dakavSirebis
jaWvuri meTodis saSuale- lisa da avtoris nebarTviT. sistema.
biT TiToeuli erTeuli da­
kavSirebulia SemdegTan vi- akronimi _ saxelebis,
zualuri asociaciis an moTxrobis saxiT. meore saxis meTodis mixedviT frazebis an Tanmimdevro-
dasamaxsovrebeli erTeulebi erTiandebian ritmSi. bebis damaxsovrebis teqnika,
romelic gulisxmobs yoveli
swavlebisas yvelaze xSi­rad iyeneben sakvanZo sityvis meTods. jo-
sityvis pirveli asos gamoy-
eli da misi kolegebi iyenebdnen mne­monikas sakvanZo sityvis mnemoni- enebiT axali, dasamaxsovre-
kuri meTodis sas­wavleblad: beli sityvis Seqmnas.
xelaxla daakodireT saswavli sistyvebi TqvenTvis ufro nacnob
da konkretul sityvad – es aris sakvanZo sityva. jaWvuri mnemonika _ mex-
sierebis strategia, romelic
daakavSireT sakvanZo sityva-miniSneba erTeulis gansazRvrebas-
gulisxmobs asociaciebis
Tan winadadebis saSualebiT. damyarebis gziT elementebis
gaixsneneT sasurveli gansazRvreba. damaxsovrebas.

375
 argumenti / kontrargumenti
ra sWirs damaxsovrebas?
wlebis ganmavlobaSi moswavleebi damaxsovre-
bas eyrdnobodnen sityvebis, procedurebis,
nabijebis, saxelebisa da faqtebis swavlisas.
aris Tu ara es cudi azri?
argumenti meqanikuri damaxsovreba
qmnis inertul codnas.
wlebis win uiliam jeimsma (William James, 1912)
aRwera meqanikuri damaxsovrebis SezRudvebi.
man gadmosca istoria imis Sesaxeb, ra SeiZleba
moxdes maSin, roca moswavleebi imaxsovreben,
magram ar esmiT ras:
Cems megobars, roca is skolas ewvia,
sTxoves Seemowmebina geografiis dawye-
biTi klasi. Tvali rom gadaavlo sax-
emZRvanelos, man Tqva: ,,warmoidgineT,
rom miwaSi unda gaTxaroT, asobiT aTasi
kilometris siRrmis ormo, mis siRrmeSi
zedapirTan SedarebiT ufro ecxeleba
Tu ecieba?” klasSi pasuxi aravin gasca.
Semdeg maswavlebelma Tqva: ,,darwmuneb-
uli var ician, magram vSiSob kiTxva mT-
lad sworad ver dasviT. neba momeciT
me vcado.” amrigad man aiRo xelSi wigni
da hkiTxa: ,,ra mdgomareobaSia dedamiwis
birTvi?” da miiRo dauyovnebeli pasuxi
klasis naxevrisgan: ,,dedamiwis birTvi
imyofeba vulkanuri magmis, dnobis mdgo-
mareobaSi” (gv. 50).
moswavleebs dazepirebuli hqondaT pasuxi,
magram warmodgena ar hqondaT, ras niSnavda is.
SeiZleba maT ar esmodaT sityva ,,birTvi” an
,,vulkanuri dnoba”. nebismier SemTxvevaSi es
codna maTTvis sasargeblo iyo mxolod maSin,
roca isini testis kiTxvebs scemdnen pasuxs da
mxolod maSin, Tu kiTxva formulirebuli iyo
zustad ise, rogorc maT hqondaT damaxsovre-
buli. moswavleebi xSirad mimarTaven gansaz-
Rvrebis sityvebis zustad damaxsovrebas, maSin
roca aranairi imedi ar aqvT, rom gaigeben ter-
mins an maswavlebeli niSans aklebs iseT pasuxeb-
Si, romelic sityvasityviT teqsts ar mihyveba.
hovard garneri xmamaRla akritikebda meqa-
nikur damaxsovrebas da awarmoebda gagebis win-
wamowevas. Phi Delta Kappan-Si (Siegel & Shaughnessy,
1994) interviuSi man ganacxada:
amerikul ganaTlebaSi yvelaze metad
maRelvebs is, rom Cveni saukeTeso mo-
swavleebic ki Cvens saukeTeso skolebSi

magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom daimaxsovroT inglisuri sityva carlin,

`ramdenjer unda giTxra, rom
temple-is win cat-s aRniSnavs,
garda slave-isa~.
wyaro: ibeWdeba Bo Brown-is
nebarTviT, Phi Delta Kappan.
rac `moxuc qals~ niSnavs, SeiZleba daakodiroT es sityva TqvenTvis
ufro nacnob sityvasTan car (manqana). Semdeg SeadgineT winadadeba:
`moxuci qali atarebda manqanas.~ roca gkiTxaven inglisuri sityvis
mniSvnelobas, gagaxsendebaT sak­vanZo sityva manqana (car), romelic
iwvevs Tqveni Sed­genili winadadebis mogonebas manqanisa da moxuci
qalis Sesaxeb da sabolood sasurvel pasuxs iZleviT (Jones, Levin, Levin,
& Beitzel, 2000). sakvanZo sityvis meTodi gansakuTrebiT farTod ucxo
enebis swavlisas gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, espanuri sityva carta (werili)
Zalian hgavs inglisurs sityvas cart (urika). amrigad, cart xdeba sakvanZo
sityva: SeiZleba warmoidginoT werilebiT savse urika an SeadginoT
winadadeba: `werilebiT savse urika gadatrialda~ (Pressley, Levin, & Del-
aney, 1982). kidev erTi midgoma gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom daexmaron
moswavleebs daakavSiron mxatvrebi TavianTi naxatebis StrixebTan. 7.9
sqemaze warmodgenilia mnemonikuri suraTebis gamoyenebis magaliTi
rTuli mecnieruli koncefciebis saswavlad (Garney & Levin, 2002).
sakvanZo sityvis meTodi ar moqmedebs kargad roca garkveuli Si-
naarsobrivi erTeulis sakvanZo sityvasTan gaigiveba rTulia. bevri

376
 ubralod gadian ganaTlebis etapebs. The
Unschooled Mind-Si me momyavs samxilebi,
romelic amtkicebs gagebis ararsebobas
– moswavleebis uunarobas, miiRon codna,
unar-Cvevebi da sxva saxis aSkara cod-
na da gamoiyenon isini efeqturad axal
situaciebSi. am saxis moqnilobisa da
adaptirebulobis ararsebobisas, moswav-
leTa miRebuli ganaTleba naklebad fa-
seulia (gv. 563-564)
kontrargumenti meqanikuri damax­
sovreba SeiZleba efeqturi iyos.
damaxsovreba SeiZleba sulac ar iyos axali
informaciis swavlis aseTi cudi gza, romelsac
aqvs mcire Tandayolili mniSvneloba, rogori-
caa ucxo sityvebi. alvin vangma, margaret to-
masma da judit ouletem (1992) Seadares taga-
logis (filipinTa erovnuli ena) dazepirebisa
da sakvanZo sityvis meSveobiT swavlis midgome-
bi. kvlevisas, imis miuxadavad, rom sakvanZo si-
tyvis meTodi Tavdapirvelad ufro swrafi da
ukeTesi saSualeba aRmoCnda, xangrZlivi davi-
wyeba ufro metad axasiaTebda im moswavleebs,
vinc sakvanZo sityvis meTodiT swavlobda, vi-
dre im moswavleebSi, vinc swavlisas meqanikur
damaxsovrebas iyenebda.
aris dro, roca moswavleebma unda daimaxsov-
ron da Cven maT cud samsaxurs vuwevT, roca
ar vaswavliT, rogor gaakeTon es. yvela dis-
cplinas aqvTsakuTari terminebi, saxelebi da
wesebi. momavalSi Cven gvsurs saqme daviWiroT
im eqimebTan, romlebmac kargad daimaxsovres
Zvlebisa da sxeulis nawilebis saxelebi da im
wamlebis saxelebic, romlebic saWiroa garkveul
infeqciebTan sabrZolvelad. cxadia, maT Seu-
ZliaT wignSi amoikiTxon raRac informacia da
gamoikvlion garkveuli saxis mdgomareoba, ma-
gram maT unda icodnen, saidan daiwyon es. Cven
gvsurs vimuSaoT iseT buRaltrebTan, romle-
bic zust informacias gvawvdian sagadasaxado
kodeqsis Sesaxeb, informacias, romlis damax­
sovrebac maT uwevT, radgan is icvleba wlidan
wlamde im saxiT, rom ar aris yovelTvis ra-
cionaluri da azriani. gvinda saqme daviWiroT
iseT kompiuteris gamyidvlebTan, romlebmac
daimaxsovres TavianTi maragi da zustad ician,
romeli printeri ,,wava” Cvens kompiuterze. mx-
olod imitom, rom raRac dazepirebiTaa naswav-
li ar niSnavs, rom is inertuli codnaa. sinamd-
vileSi kiTxva, romelic unda daisvas, rogorc
gardnerma aRniSna zemoT, aris _ SegiZliaT Tu
ara gamoiyenoT informacia moqnilad da efeq-
turad axali problemebis amosaxsnelad.
rogoria Tqveni azri?
gamoxateT sakuTari mosazreba veb-gverdze:
www.mylabschool.com

sityvisa da ideisTvis, romlis swavlac esaWiroebaT moswavleebs, Za- sakvanZo sityvis meTodi _
lian rTulia sakvanZo sityvis SerCeva (Hall, 1991; Pressley, 1991). aseve swavlis sistema, romelic
gulisxmobs axali sityvebisa
sakvanZo sityvebis saSualebiT naswavli sityvebi SeiZleba advilad
da cnebebis swavlas msgavsi
mieces daviwyebas, Tu moswavles sakvanZo sityvasa da suraTs aZleven JReradobis sityvebTan da
da is amas Tavad ar akeTebs. maswavleblis mier Seqmnili mexsierebiTi xatebTan dakavSirebiT
kavSirebi da asociaciebi, SeiZleba ar Seesabamebodes moswavlis cod-
nas da mogvianebiT daviwyebas mieces an airios. amis Sedegad zaral-
deba damaxsovreba (Wang & Thomas, 1995; Wang, Thomas, & Ouelette, 1992).
SedarebiT umcros moswavleebs siZneleebi aqvT sakuTari suraTebis
SeqmnaSi. maTTvis mexsierebis daxmareba eyrdnoba ZiriTadad audiosig-
nalebs – ritms, rogoricaa ‘Thirty days hath September’ (Willoughby, Porter,
Blsito, & Yearsley, 1999).
bevri maswavlebeli iyenebs mnemonikas, raTa uceb daimaxsovros
moswavleTa saxelebi. sanam dagvigrovdeba sakmarisi codna, romelic
Cveni swavlis gzamkvlevi gaxdeba, xelsayreli iqneboda mnemonikuri
midgomebis gamoyeneba leqsikonis Sesaqmnelad da faqtebis saswavlad.
amas ganaTlebis yvela specialisti ar eTanxmeba. am azrTa dapirisp-
irebas vnaxavT rubrikaSi _ `argumenti/kontrargumenti~.

377
gazepireba _ informaciis
damaxsovreba misi mudmivi
gameorebis gziT, SesaZloa,
mniSvnelobis gauazrebladac.
rigSi ganlagebis efeqti
_ CamonaTvalis Tavsa da
boloSi moqceuli sityvebis
damaxsovrebis tendencia.
nawilebad swavla _ dasas-
wavli masalis ufro patara
nawilebad dayofa.
danawilebis wesi _ raimes
keTeba mokle periodSi Ses-
venebebiT.
intensiuri daswavla _ swav-
la erTi xangrZlivi periodis
ganmavlobaSi intervalebis
gareSe.
378
gazepireba. Zalian mcire rames sWirdeba gazepireba. yvelaze didi
problema, rasac maswavleblebi awydebian, aris daexmaron moswavleebs
fiqrsa da gagebaSi da ara ubralo damaxsovrebasa da dazepirebaSi.
samwuxarod, bevr moswavles, maT Soris Tavis dasawyisSi moyvanili
scenaris gmir bavSvebsac, meqanikuri damaxsovreba da swavla erTi da
igive hgonia (Iran-Nejad, 1990).
amis miuxedavad arsebobs iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca raRaca sityva-
sityviT unda davimaxsovroT, magaliTad, simReris teqsti, leqsi an
piesa. rogor gaakeTebdiT amas? Tqven rom cdilobdeT erTeulTa siis
damaxsovrebas, romlebic erTmaneTs Zalian hgvanan, SeiZleba aRmoaCi-
noT, rom imaxsovrebT mis dasawyissa da dasasruls da ver axerxebT Sua
nawilis damaxsovrebas. amas hqvia rigSi ganlagebis efeqti. nawilebad
swavlas, siis ufro mcire segmentebad dayofas SeuZlia dagvexmaros
am efeqtis Tavidan acilebaSi, radgan siis ramdenime mcire siad gada-
keTeba niSnavs, rom ufro naklebi Sua nawili iqneba saswavli.
grZeli CamonaTvalis an siis damaxsovrebis kidev erTi gzaa dana­
wilebis wesi. moswavle, romelic swavlobs hamletis monologs kviris
ganmavlobaSi periodulad albaT ufro ukeTes Sedegs aRwevs, vidre
moswavle, romelic mTeli monologis dazepirebas kvira saRamos cdi-
lobs. gawelil droSi swavlas intensiuri daswavla ewodeba. masobriv
praqtikas mivyavarT daRlilobamde da motivaciis klebamde. gadan-
awilebuli praqtika gvaZlevs dros ufro Rrma gadamuSavebisaTvis
da Sanss informaciis xangrZliv mexsierebaSi gadatanisaTvis (Mumford,
Costanza, Baughman, Threlfall, & Fleishman, 1994). is, rac erTi sesiis Semdeg
daviwyebas miecema, SeiZleba xelaxla viswavloT Semdeg jerze.
eqspertad gaxdoma:
proceduruli da pirobiTi codnis ganviTareba
eqspertebi raRac garkveul sferoSi floben Rirebulebebs dar-
gobriv codnaSi anu codnas, romelic gamoiyeneba erT speficikur
sferoSi. es moicavs deklaraciul codnas (faqtebsa da verbalur in-
formacias), procedurul informacias (imis codnas, rodis da ratom
unda iyos codna gamoyenebuli) da pirobiT codnas (imis codnas, ro-
dis da ratom unda gamoiyenon is rac ician). amasTan, rogorc Cans,
eqspertebma ganaviTares xangrZlivi muSa mexsiereba TavTavinT sfer-
oebSi da advilad da swrafad miuwvdebaT xeli saWiro informaciaze
da problemis gadaWris strategiebze TavianT sferoSi.
kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli ganasxvavebs eqspertebsa da damwyebebs
erTmaneTisgan. eqspertTa deklaraciuli codnis udidesi nawili
,,proceduruli” gaxda. es niSnavs, rom is gadaizarda rutinaSi da
maTi gamoyeneba avtomaturad SeiZleba muSa mexisrebisaTvis didi
moTxovnebis gareSe. eqsplicituri mogonebebi implicituri gaxda da
eqsperti maT ukve veRar acnobierebs. gacnobierebuli azrovnebis
gareSe gamoyenebul unar-Cvevebs avtomatizirebuli sabaziso unar-
Cvevebs uwodeben. amis magaliTia araavtomatikur manqanaSi siCqareebis
gadarTva. Tavdapirvelad unda gefiqraT TiToeuli nabijis Sesaxeb,
magram roca ufro daxelovndebiT xdebiT (ufro eqsperti xdebiT), es
procesi avtomaturi xdeba. yvela procedura avtomaturi ver iqneba
garkveuli sferos eqspertebisaTvisac ki. magaliTad, imis miuxeda-
vad, ramdenad daxelovnebuli da eqsperti xarT manqanis marTvaSi,
 manqanis marTva moiTxovs
avtomatizirebul sabaziso
unar-Cvevebsac da dargobriv
strategiebsac.

mainc giwevT frTxilad adevnoT

Tvalyuri Tqven garSemo moZrav
manqanebs. am saxis gacnobierebul
proceduras dargobrivi strate-
gia ewodeba. ZiriTadi avtomatu-
ri unar-Cvevebi da specializebuli/ dargobrivi strategiebi iswav-
leba sxvadasxva saSualebebiT (Gagné, Yekovich & Yekovich, 1993).

rogoria Tqveni azri?

gasaubrebaze gekiTxebian: ,,ra aris Tqveni moswavlis ZiriTadi un-
ari – safuZveli maTi ufro warmatebuli swavlisTvis – da rogor
aswavlidiT maT?~

avtomatizebuli sabaziso unar-Cvevebi. fsiqologTa umravleso­ba

gamoyofs avtomaturi unaris ganviTarebis sam etaps: kogniturs, aso-
ciaciursa da avtonomiurs (Anderson, 1995b; Fitts & Posner, 1967). kognitur
doneze, roca Cven pirvelad vswavlobT, veyrdnobiT deklaraciul
codnas da zogadi problemis gadawyvetis strategiebs miznis mis-
aRwevad. magaliTad, wignebis Taros awyobis swavlisas SeiZleba mi-
vyveT instruqciul saxelmZRvanelos, yoveli Sesrulebuli nabijis
aRniSvniT. am etapze unda vifiqroT TiToeuli nabijis Sesaxeb. am
dros muSa mexsiereba sakmaod datvirTulia. SeiZleba am dros sakmaod
iCinos Tavi fuWma cdebma da Secdomebma, magaliTad, Cveni arCeuli
lursmani SeiZleba ar iyos Sesaferisi.
asociaciur doneze proceduris calkeuli nabijebi kombinirebu-
lia an mibmulia ufro did erTeulebTan. viRebT lursmans da vaWedebT
mas saWiro xvrelSi. erTi nabiji rbilad gadadis meoreze. praqtikaSi
asociaciuri etapi gadadis avtonomiur etapze, sadac mizani didi
yuradRebis gareSe miiRweva. amrigad, Tu sakmarisi raodenobis wignis
Taroebs aawyobT, ukve SegeZlebaT misi keTebis procesSi Tavisuflad
isaubroT da naklebi yuradReba miaqcioT samuSaos. es gadasvla kog-
nituridan asociaciurze da Semdeg avtomatur doneze, gamoiyeneba
ZiriTadi kognituri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisas yvela sferoSi. gar-
da mecnierebisa, medicinisa, Wadrakisa da maTematikisa.
risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT maswavleblebs imisaTvis, rom daexmaron
moswavleebs am ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaSi da ufro dax- avtomatizirebuli sabaziso
elovnebul maswavleblebad gaxdomaSi? zogadad Cans gadamwyveti unar-Cvevebi _ unarebi,
mniSvnelobis ori faqtori: winapirobiTi swavla da praqtika ukukav- romlebic gacnobierebis gar-
SiriT. pirveli, Tu moswavleebs ar aqvT arsebiTi Tavdapirveli codna eSe gamoiyeneba.

379
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
ganavrceT
sabaziso unarebis ganviTa-
reba, II A3
efeqturi Sesruleba, roca
mswavleli daeufleba ZiriTa-
di unarebis avtomaturad
gamoyenebas. aRwereT risi
gakeTeba SeuZliaT maswavleb-
lebs, rom daexmaron moswav-
leebs ZiriTadi avtomaturi
unarebis gamomuSavebaSi.
dargis specifikuri stra-
tegiebi _ specifiuri unar-
Cvevebi, raTa miaRwio mizans
raime sferoSi an problemis
gadaWraSi.
380
(sqemebi, unari da a.S.), operatiul mexsierebaze datvirTva zedmetad
didi iqneba. magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom dawero leqsi ucxo enaze, unda
icode am enis sityvebi da gramatika garkveul doneze, garkveulwilad
leqsis formaSic unda erkveodeT. sityvebis, gramatikisa da poeziis
formebis swavla da amavdroulad leqsis daweris mcdeloba ukve me-
tismeti iqneboda.
meore, praqtika gaZlevT saSualebas ukukavSiriT CamoayaliboT
aso­ciaciebi, amoicnoT signalebi avtomaturad da SekraT es nabijebi
ufro msxvil `piroba-qmedebis wesebad” an produqtebad. zogi saxis
praqtika dawyebiTi donidanve unda moicavdes mTliani procesis ga-
martivebul versias namdvil konteqstSi. praqtika namdvil konteqstSi
exmareba moswavleebs ara marto imis swavlaSi, rogor gamoiyenon un-
ari, aramed aseve rodis da ratom (Collins, Brown, & Newman, 1989; Gagné,
Yekovich & Yekovich, 1993). cxadia, da es yvela aTletTa mwvrTnelma icis,
Tu garkveuli nabiji, komponenti an procesi problematuria, es el-
ementi mxolod gavarjiSebis Semdeg SeiZleba gaxdes ufro avtoma-
turi da Semdeg dabrundes mTlian TanmimdevrobaSi, raTa Semcirdes
datvirTva operatiul mexsierebaze (Anderson, Reder, & Simon, 1996).
dargobrivi strategia. rogorc adre vnaxeT, zogi saxis proceduruli
codna, rogoricaa garSemo moZravi manqanebisTvis Tvalyuris devneba
saWesTan yofnis dros, ar aris avtomaturi, radgan pirobebi mud-
mivad cvalebadia. rogorc ki gadawyvetT savali xazis Secvlas, es
manevri avtomaturad sruldeba, magram gadawyvetileba xazis Secvlis
Sesaxeb gacnobierebulia da damokidebulia Tqvens garSemo arsebul
sagzao mdgomareobaze. dargobrivi strategia aris gacnobierebulad
gamoyenebuli unar-Cvevebi, romelic axdens azrebisa da qmedebebis
organizebas miznis misaRwevad. am saxis swavlis mxardasaWerad maswav-
leblebma unda Seqmnan praqtikisa da varjiSis SesaZlebloba sxvadasx-
va situaciaSi – magaliTad, ivarjiSeT kiTxvaSi gazeTebis, sareklamo
warwerebis, Jurnalebis, wignebis, werilebis, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da
a.S. kiTxviT. Semdeg TavSi problemebis gadaWrisa da saswavlo strat-
egiebis Sesaxeb ganvixilavT sxva gzebs imisaTvis, rom davexmaroT mo-
swavleebs ganaviTaron dargisaTvis specifikuri strategia. amjerad
ki modiT, mivubrundeT mosazrebas swavlis mravalferovnebisa da kon-
vergenciis Sesaxeb.
mravalferovneba da konvergencia kognitur swavlaSi
am TavSi ganxiluli bevri procesi da cneba – codnis mniSvneloba
swavlaSi; sensoruli, muSa da xangrZlivi mexsierebani; metakognicia _
exeba yvela moswavles. magram arsebobs individualuri gansxvavebebi
imaSi, ra ician moswavleebma da rogor gamoiyeneba maTi mexsiereba.
mravalferovneba: individualuri gansxvaveba
da muSa mexsiereba
rogorc viciT, muSa mexsierebaSi arsebobs rogorc ganviTarebis,
ise individualuri gansxvavebulobebi. modiT, ganvixiloT ramdenime
maTgani. magram manamde, scadeT es:
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli wina-
dadebebi da gamoyofili sityvebi xmamaRla:
mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi Cemi ojaxi da megobrebi muSaobdnen
fermaSi. adgili
imitom, rom oTaxi CaxuTuli iyo, bobi gareT gavida sufTa haeris
CasasunTqad. gamocda
Cven zRvaSi 50 milis siRrmeze SevediT, sanam sanapiro dagvekarge-
boda TvalTaxedvidan. jgufi
CamoTvaleT gamoyofili sityvebi. vin iyo CaxuTul oTaxSi? vin
muSaobda fermaSi?

Tqven axla sakuTar Tavze gamoscadeT testis mcire elementebi

muSa mexsierebis moculobis Sesafaseblad (Engle, 2001). testi Tqven-
gan moiTxovda orives gadamuSavebas da Senaxvas – winadadebebis mniS-
vnelobis gadamuSavebas da sityvebis Senaxvas/damaxsovrebas (Ashcraft,
2006). ra Sedegi aCveneT?

ganviTarebis gansxavebebi. kvleva aCvenebs, rom patara bavSvebs Zalian

SezRuduli muSa mexsisreba aqvT, magram maTi mexsierebis moculoba
izrdeba asakTan erTad. axalandeli kvleva cxadyofs, rom muSa mex-
sierebis sami komponenti – centraluri aRmasrulebeli, fonologiuri
yulfi da vizualur-sivrciTi xati – zrdis moculobas 4 wlidan mo-
zardobis asakis CaTvliT (Garthercole, Pickering, Ambridge, & Wearing, 2004). ar
aris garkveuli es cvlilebebi mexsierebis moculobaSi momxadri cv-
lilebebis Sedegia, Tu strategiaTa gamoyenebis gaumjobesebisa. keisi
(1998) Tvlida, rom ` mTliani sivrce~ informaciis gadamuSavebisaTvis
erTnairia nebismier asakSi, magram patarebma unda gamoiyenon am sivr-
cis mcire nawili imisaTvis, rom daimaxsovron rogor Seasrulon el-
ementaruli operaciebi, rogoricaa Tojinas aReba, sagnis swori dasax-
elebis povna/gaxseneba an daTvla. axali operaciis gamoyenebas bavSvis
muSa mexsierebis didi nawili miaqvs. magram, rogorc ki es operacia
naswavli da daZleulia, ufro
meti muSa mexsiereba xdeba
xelmisawvdomi axali informa-
ciis mcire droiT Sesanaxad.
Zalian patara bavSvebisaTvis
bi­ologiamac SeiZleba iTama­
Sos Tavisi roli. roca bavS-
vis tvini da nervuli sistema
mwifdeba da viTardeba, gada-
muSaveba SeiZleba ufro efeq-
turi gaxdes, ise, rom muSa
mexsierebis ufro meti adgili
iyos xelmisawvdomi (Bransford,
Brown, & Cocking, 2000).
bavSvebi zrdasTan erTad
ga­naviTareben ufro efeqtur

arsebobs ganviTarebis ramdenime

gansxvaveba imisa, Tu rogor iyene-
ben moswavleebi informacias muSa
da xangrZliv mexsierebaSi.

381
 strategiebs informaciis damaxsovrebisaTvis. oTxi wlis bavSvi iwyebs
imis gagebas, rom gaxseneba warsulidan raRacis gamoZaxebaa. oTxi wlis
asakamde bavSvebs hgoniaT, rom gaxseneba aris is, rasac isini xedaven
da ician axla, xolo daviwyeba aris arcodna (Perner, 2000). bavSvTa um-
ravlesoba spontanurad aRmoaCens gameorebas daaxloebiT 5-6 wlis
asakSi. sigleri (1998) aRwers cxra wlis biWs, romelic qurdobis TviT-
mxilveli gaxda da Semdeg gonebaSi imeorebda qurdis manqanis nomers,
sanam policias ar uTxra igi. ufro umcrosi asakis bavSvebs SeiZleba
aswavloT es gameorebis strategia da isini mas efeqturad gamoiy-
eneben, Tu SeaxsenebT amis Sesaxeb, magram isini am strategias spon-
tanurad ar gamoiyeneben. bavSvebs 10-11 wlis asakidan ganuviTardebaT
zrdasrulTa msgavsi muSa mexsiereba.
keisis (Case 1998) Tanaxmad, patara bavSvebi xSirad iyeneben gonivrul,
magram araswor strategiebs problemebis gadasaWrelad maTi SezRuduli
mexsierebis gamo. isini cdiloben gaaiolon davaleba mniSvnelovani in-
formaciis ignorirebiT an swori gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis saWiro
nabijebis gamotovebiT. es naklebad Zabavs mexsierebas. magaliTad, ra-
odenobaTa Sedarebisas bavSvebi mxedvelobaSi iReben moxlod WiqaSi
wylis simaRles da ara Wiqis diametrs, radgan es mexsierebis nakleb
daZabvas moiTxovs. keisis azriT, swored amiT SeiZleba aixsnas bavSvebis
uunaroba, amoxsnan piaJes klasikuri problemebi (ix. sqema 2.2).
arsebobs ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime gansxvaveba ima-
Si, rogor iyeneben moswavleebi organizebas, saguldagulo damuSave-
basa da codnas operatiul mexsierebaSi informaciis gadamuSavebisas.
daaxloebiT 6 wlis asakSi bavSvTa umravlesoba aRmoaCens organizaci-
uli strategiebis gamoyenebis mniSvnelobas, xolo 9-10 wlisaTvis isi-
ni am strategiebs spontanurad iyeneben. amrigad, roca maT Semdegi
sityvebi aqvT saswavli:

savarZeli, forToxali, virTxa, lampa, msxali, cxvari, banani,

pledi, ananasi, cxeni, magida, ZaRli

ufrosi asakis bavSvebma da zrdasrulebma SeiZleba daajgufon es

sityvebi avejis, xilis da cxovelebis kategoriebad. patara bavSvebs
SeiZleba aswavlon organizeba mexsierebis gasaumjobeseblad, magram
isini am strategiebs ar gamoiyeneben Tu aravin Seaxsenebs amis Tao-
baze. asakis matebasa da momwifebasTan erTad bavSvebi aseve ukeTesad
iyeneben saguldagulo damuSavebas, magram es strategiebi viTarde-
ba gvian bavSvobaSi. ideebis dasamaxsovreblad ideebisa da suraTebis
gamogoneba dawyebiTi skolis ufrosi klasis moswavleebisaTvis da
mozardTaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli (Siegler, 1998).

individualuri gansxvaveba. ganviTarebis gansxvavebis garda, arsebobs

muSa mexsierebis individualuri variaciebi da am gansxvavebebs aqvT
Tavisi mniSvneloba swavlaSi. magaliTad, korelacia muSa mexsierebis
moculobis dasadgen testis qulebsa da sqolastikuri Sefasebis tes-
tis (SAT) verbalur nawils Soris daaxloebiT 59-ia. magram ar arsebobs
korelacia SAT-sa da ubralo xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis dasa-
dgen tests Soris. muSa mexsiereba aseve dakavSirebulia inteleqtis
testebis SedegebTan. Tu davaleba moiTxovs did yuradRebas da maRa-
li donis azrovnebas/fiqrs, maSin muSa mexseierebis moculoba am dava-
lebis Sesrulebis umTavresi faqtoria (Ashcraft, 2006; Hambirck, Kane, &
Engle. 2005; Ackerman, Beier, & Boyle, 2005; Unsworth & Engle, 2005).

382
 zog adamians ufro efeqturi muSa mexsiereba aqvs sxvebTan Sedar-
ebiT (Caruglia-Bull & Pressley, 1990; DiVesta & Di Cintio, 1997; Jurden, 1995). gansx-
vavebebi operatiul mexsierebaSi SeiZleba kavSirSi iyos niWierebasTan
maTematikasa da verbalur disciplinebSi. magaliTad, erT kvlevaSi
subieqtebs sTxoves daemaxsovrebinaT ricxvTa sia, gverdze niSnebis
adgilmdebareoba, sityvebi da asoebi (Dark & Benbow, 1991). subieqtebi,
romlebic warmatebulni iyvenen maTematikaSi, ukeT imaxsovrebdnen ci-
frebs da adgilmdebareobas, vidre verbalur disciplinaSi niWieri
subieqtebi, verbaluri TvalsazrisiT ki Tavis mxriv ukeTesad imaxos-
vrebden sityvebs. am Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, darksa da benbous miaC-
niaT, rom sabazo gansxvavebebi informaciis gadamuSavebaSi did rols
asrulebs maTemaTikuri an verbaluri niWis ganviTarebaSi.

mravalferovneba: individualuri gansxvavebani

da xangrZlivi mexsiereba
yvelazi didi individualuri gansxvaveba, romelic gavlenas axdens
xangrZliv mexsierebaze, aris codna. rodesac moswavleebs aqvT ufro
dargisaTvis sfecifikuri deklaraciuli da proceduruli codna, maT
am sferoSi masalis swavla da damasxovreba ufro eadvilebaT (Alex-
ander, 1997). warmoidgineT, rogori iqneba TqvenTvis im sferos teqni-
kuri saxelmZRvanelos kiTxva, romelSic nakleb erkveviT da romlis
Sesaxebac Zalian cota ram gagegebaT. TiToeuli striqoni Zneli gas-
agebi iqneba. Tqven giwevT kiTxvis SeCereba da sityvebis ganmartebebis
moZieba leqsikonSi, Semdeg im cnebebis Sesaxeb kiTxvis gagrZeleba,
romlebic ar gesmiT. Znelia imis damaxsovreba rasac kiTxulobT, rad­
gan erTdroulad cdilobT gaigoT da daimaxsovroT. magram Tu gaqvT
kargi codna safuZvlad, swavla da damaxsovreba ufro martivi xdeba.
rac ufro meti iciT, miT ufro advilia kidev metis gageba da codna.
es nawilobriv marTalia, imitom, rom codna aumjobesebs strategiebis
gamoyenebas. kidev erTi faqtoria dakavSirebuli dargobrivi cod-
nis ganviTarebasTan da mis damaxsovrebasTan, esaa interesi. sferoSi
eqspertuli gagebisa da gaxsenebis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa ,,unarisa
(anu `codnisa~) da aRtacebis (anu `interesis~) mudmivi urTierTqmede-
ba” (Alexander, Kulikowich, & Schulze, 1994, p. 334).
adamianebi aseve gansxvavdebian damaxsovrebisas warmosaxvis gamoy-
enebiT. arsebobs rogorc ganviTarebis, ise individualuri gansxvave-
bebi. bavSvebi ufro iyeneben warmosaxvas vidre zrdasrulebi. rodesac
isini mwifdebian kogniturad, SeiZleba Secvalon warmosaxvis, gamoy-
eneba verbaluri formulirebiT. zrdasrulobisas zogi adamiani sxvaze
ukeT iyenebs warmosaxvas damaxsovrebisas, magram adamianTa umravle-
sobas SeuZlia gaaumjobesos warmodgeniTi unar-Cvevebi varjiSiTa da
praqtikiT (Schunk, 2004).
am wignis dasawyisSi rogorc vnaxeT, radgan adamianebi izrdebi-
an sxvadasxva kulturul konteqstSi, maT aqvT gansxavebuli codnis
`maragi~ (Moll, 1994; Nieto, 2004). 2.4 cxrilSi mocemulia laTinoamerikuli
ojaxebis SesaZlo saswavlo arealebi luis molis (Luis Moll) Catarebul
kvlevaSi kulturuli codnis Sesaxeb. gaixseneT beisbolis swavlis
magaliTi am TavSi moyvanili – yuradReba, swavla da mexsiereba xelSe-
myobia, roca swavleba efuZneba moswavleTa Tavdapirvel codnas.

383
 individualuri gansxvavebebi metakognicizmSi
zogi gansxvaveba metakognitur unar-CvevebSi ganviTarebis Sedegia.
magaliTad, patara bavSvebi, SeiZleba ver acnobierebdnen gakveTilis
mizans – maT SeiZleba egonoT, rom mniSvnelovania gakveTilis bo-
lomde miyvana, dasruleba. ar aris gamoricxuli, davalebis sirTulis
gansazRvris unaric ar SeswevdeT – SeiZleba egonoT, rom gasarTobi
literaturisa da samecniero wignis kiTxva erTi da igivea (Gredler,
2005). asakis matebasTan erTad bavSvebs ufro metad SeuZliaT daa-
myaron aRmasrulebeli kontroli strategiebze. magaliTad, ufro me-
tad SeuZliaT gansazRvron, gaiges Tu ara ganmarteba (Markman, 1977,
1979) an iswavles Tu ara sakmarisad, imisaTvis, rom daemaxsovrebi-
naT erTeulTa sistema (Flavell, Freidrichs, & Hoyt, 1970). metakognituri
SesaZleblobebi ganviTarebas iwyebs daaxloebiT 5-7 wlis asakidan da
umjobesdeba skolaSi siarulis periodSi (Flavell, Green, & Flavell, 1995;
Garner, 1990). pirvel da meoreklaselebTan muSaobisas nensi perim aR-
moaCina, rom ori kiTxvis dasma exmareboda bavSvebs gamxdriyvnen ufro
metakogniturebi. es kiTxvebi iyo: ,,ra iswavle dRes sakuTari Tavis
Sesaxeb, rogorc mkiTxvelma/damwerma?” da ,,ra Seityve, risi gakeTeba
SegiZlia kidev, kidev da kidev~? rodesac maswavleblebi am kiTxvebs
regularulad svamdnen gakveTilebis ganmavlobaSi, patara moswavlee-
bic ki aCvenebdnen sakmaod rTuli metakognituri gagebisa da qmedebis
dones (Perry da sxvebi, 2000).
Tumca metakognicizmSi gansxvavebebis yvela saxe ar aris damoki-
deuli asakis matebasa da momwifebasTan. arsebobs didi gansxvavebu-
loba erTi ganviTarebis donis moswavleebs Sorisac da es gansxvaveba
ar aris dakavSirebuli inteleqtur SesaZleblobebTan. metic, aRmate-
bul metakognitur unars SeuZlia dabali SesaZleblobis doneebis
kompensireba. ase, rom metakognituri unari Zalian mniSvnelovania mo-
swavleTaTvis, romelTac xSirad aqvT problemebi skolaSi (Schunk, 2004;
Swanson, 1990).
metakognituri SesaZleblobebis zogi individualuri gansxvaveba
SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos biologiuri gansxvavebebiT an saswavlo ga-
mocdilebis variaciebiT. moswavleebi SeiZleba Zalian gansxvavdebod-
nen imisda mixedviT, ramdenad aqvT TavianTi garemodan informaciis
seleqciurad akrefis unari. metic, zog swavlis uunaro moswavles
sinamdvileSi yuradRebis darRvevebi aRmoaCnda (Hallahan & Kauffman,
2006), kerZod, didi moculobis davalebebTan dakavSirebiT (Pelham,
1981). sxva saxis yuradRebis an qcevis siZneleebi, romlebic asocird-
ebian yuradRebis darRvevasTan, SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos socio-
kulturul, emociur, ganviTarebis, kognitur problemebTan an sagan-
manaTleblo wyaroebTan, rogorc aRniSnulia 7.4 cxrilSi.

konvergenciebi: kavSiri ojaxTan

am Tavis bolo ramdenime nawilSi ganxiluli iyo mosazrebebi imis
Taobaze, rogor unda daexmaro moswavleebs, gaxdnen ufro ganaTleb-
ulebi da mcodneebi. esaa mexsierebis strategiebi, mnemonika, metakog-
nituri unari, (rogoricaa gagebis dagegmva da monitoringi) da kogni-
turi unari. zogi moswavle skolaSi upiratesobiT sargeblobs, imitom

384
 cxrili 7.4

yuradRebis siZneleebis mqone wyaroebis gamokiTxva

Tu moswavleebs holisturi perspeqtividan SevxedavT, SevZlebT gavigoT maTi gansxvavebe-
bi. ADHD (yuradRebis deficitis hiperaqtiuri aSliloba) diagnozian bavSvebTan muSaobisas
vsamT am kiTxvebs:

paradigma sakvanZo kiTxva sakvanZo potenciuri potenciuri

an perspeqtiva eqspertebi Sefasebebis inter­venciebis
magaliTebi maga­liTebi

sociokulturuli bavSvebis yuradRebisa kulturulad vizitebi saxlSi, kulturulad

da qcevis siZneleebi
ramdenadaa gamowveuli
kulturuli gansxvave-
bebiT?
mgrZnobiare so- klasSi daTva- mgrZnobiare
cialuri muSaki, lierebani saswavlo gegmis
fsiqologi, maswav- SemuSaveba, kul-
lebeli. turuli mraval-
ferovnebis sadRe-
saswaulo aRniSvna

fsiqoafeqturi bavSvis yuradRebisa klinicisti Sefasebebi depre- fsiqoTerapia,

da qcevis siZneleebi
ramdenadaa gamowveuli
emociuri travmiT,
mRelvareba/depresiiT
an temperamentuli
gansxvavebulobiT?
fsiqologi, fsiqi- siis, mRelvarebis ojaxuri Terapia,
atri, licenzire- Taobaze, tempera- emociurad xelSe-
buli konsultanti mentis Sefaseba. mwyobi
saklaso garemos
uzrunvelyofa

ganviTarebis ramdenadaa bavSvis pediatri, bavSvis ganviTa- ganviTarebis

yuradRebisa da qcevis
siZneleebi gamowveuli
sxvdasxva donis ganviTa-
rebiT?
bavSvTa ganviTa- rebis indeqsebi; kuTxiT Sesaf-
rebis specialisti dakvirveba bunebriv erisi saswavlo
garemoSi gegmis SemuSaveba,
bihevioristuli
molodinebis gada-
keTeba

kognituri ramdenadaa bavSvis niWieri special- kreatiuli instru- eqspresiuli xe-

yuradRebisa da qcevis
siZneleebi gamowveuli
kreatiuli qceviT an
sxva pozitiuri kogni-
turi gansxvavebebiT?
isti; kognituri mentebi; kognituri lovnebis gamoy-
fsiqologi stilis Sefasebebi eneba, kreatiuli
saswavlo gegma da
sxva kreatiuli
midgomebi

biologiuri bavSvis yuradRebisa
da qcevis siZneleebi
ramdenadaa gamowveuli
biologiuri probleme-
biT an neirobiologiuri
gansxvavebebiT?
ojaxis eqimi; eqimi samedicino gamokv- wamlebi (mag. rit-
_ specialisti leva; specialuri alini), mkurnalo-
(mag. nevrologi, samedicino testebi. ba fizikuri prob-
fsiqiatri) lemebis gasagebad.

saganmanaTleblo bavSvis yuradRebisa swavlebis spe- swavlebis sti- bavSvis indi-

da qcevis siZneleebi
ramdenadaa gamowveuli
gansxvavebebiT swavlaSi?
cialistebi; klasis lis inventari; vidualur swavlis
maswavlebeli mravaljeradi stilze morgebuli
inteleqturi Se- saswavlo strat-
fasebebi, sarwmuno egiebi.
Sefasebebi, bavSvis
portfeli

wyaro: adaptirebulia ADD/ADHD alternatives in the classroom (p.54) by T. Armstrong. Copyright © 1999 by Associacion for Supervi-
sion and Curriculum Development. ibeWdeba ASCD-is nebarTviT. yvela ufleba daculia. ASCD-i maswavlebelTa msoflio erTo-
baa, romelic mxars uWers saR politikas da xelmisawvdoms xdis saukeTeso gamocdilebas, raTa yovelma moswavlem miaRwios
warmatebas. damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. www.ascd.org

385
 ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba

rekomendaciebi: swavlis organizeba

mieciT ojaxebs specifikuri strategiebi,
rom daexmaron TavianT Svilebs gavarjiSe-
basa da damaxsovrebaSi.
magaliTebi
1. SeqmeniT ,,super moawavlis” saSinao dava-
lebebi, romelic moiTxovs garkveuli ma-
salis swavlas da Tan erTvis ,,mSobelTa
wvrTnis baraTi”. am baraTSi mocemulia
davalebisaTvis Sesaferisi martivi dam-
axsovrebis strategia, romelTa swavlebac
mSoblebs SeuZliaT SvilebisaTvis.
2. SeadgineT masalis gagebis Sesamowmebeli
kiTxvari, ise, rom ojaxis wevrs SeeZlos
Tvali gadaavlos sakiTxav davalebas da
Seamowmos, ramdenad gaigo is bavSvma.
3. aRwereT gadanawilebuli praqtikis mniSvn-
eloba da miawodeT ojaxis wevrebs ideebi
imis Sesaxeb, rodis da rogor CaurTon ga-
varjiSebani unar-CvevebSi saxlis saubreb-
sa da proeqtebSi.
sTxoveT ojaxis wevrebs, gagacnon Tqven da
TavianT bavSvebs Tavisi damaxsovrebisa da
organizaciis strategiebi.
magaliTebi
1. SeqmeniT ojaxuri kalendari
2. waaxaliseT iseTi dagegmviTi molaparake-
bebi, sadac ojaxis wevrebi daexmarebian
moswavleebs, daSalon didi davalebebi
mcire samuSaoebad, daisaxon miznebi da
moiZion resursebi.
imsjeleT swavlaSi yuradRebis mniSvnelo-
bis Sesaxeb.
magaliTebi
1. waaxaliseT ojaxebi moawyon iseTi saswav-
lo kuTxe an sivrce, romelic Sors iqneba
xelis SemSleli faqtorebisgan.
2. darwmundiT, rom mSoblebma ician saSinao
davalebis mizani.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.mtsu.edu/~studskl/hsindex.html da
http://www.nea.org/parents/schoolinvolve.html

rom am strategiebsa da unar-Cvevebs skolaSive swavlobs. erT-erTi saSualeba am gansxavebulobaze

gavlenis mosaxdenad aris bavSvis ojaxTan dakavSireba swavlaSi mxardasaWerad. CanarTSi ,,ojaxisa
da sazogadoebis TanamSormloba” mocemulia ideebi ojaxebTan muSaobis Sesaxeb, raTa ufro metad
daexmaroT da xeli SuwyoT Tqvens moswavleebs am unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaSi.

Sejameba

bihevioristebis azriT ganmtkiceba aZlierebs

kognituri perspeqtivis elementebi
swavlis kognituri da bihevioristuli Sexedulebebi
imis Sesaxeb Tu ra aris naswavli da ganmtkicebis
roli. kognituri Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, codna
iswavleba da codnis cvlilebebi iwvevs qcevis
cvlilebebs. bihevioristuli TvalsazrisiT ki
axali qceva Tavad iswavleba. rogorc bihevior-
isti, ise kognituri Teoretikosebi Tvlian,
rom ganmtkiceba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
swavlaSi, magram sxvadasxva mizezebiT. mkacri
sapasuxo reaqciebs. kognituri Teoretikosebi
ki Tvlian, rom ganmtkiceba aris ukukavSiris
wyaro imis Sesaxeb, ra moxdeba qcevis _ rogorc
informaciis wyaros gameorebis an cvlilebis
SemTxvevaSi.
rogor moqmedebs swavlaze codna? kognituri mid-
goma gulisxmobs, rom swavlis procesis erT-
erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementi is codn-
aa, romelic individs aqvs saswavlo situaciaSi.
is, rac ukve viciT, didwilad gansazRvravs imas,

386
ras mivaqcevT yuradRebas, aRviqvamT, viswav-
liT, davimaxsovrebT da daviviwyebT.
mexsierebis informaciis
gadamamuSavebeli nimuSi/modeli
aRqmis ori axsna. `,geStaltis~ principebi Rire­
buli axsnaa aRqmis garkveuli aspeqtebisaTvis,
magram arsebobs aseve ori saxis axsna infor-
maciis gadamuSavebis TeoriaSi imis Sesaxeb,
rogor vcnobT struqturas da vaniWebT mniS-
vnelobas sensorul movlenebs. pirvels ewo-
deba maxasiaTebelTa analizi an aRmavali gada-
muSaveba, radgan stimuli gaanalizebuli unda
iyos maxasiaTeblebis an komponentebis saxiT da
dalagdes azrian struqturaSi. meore saxis aR-
qma aris daRmavali gadamuSaveba. is efuZneba
codnasa da molodins. imisaTvis, rom struqtu-
ra uceb gavarCioT da vicnoT, amasTan vicnoT
maxasiaTeblebic, viyenebT imas, rac ukve viciT
mocemuli situaciis Sesaxeb.
ra aris muSa mexsiereba? muSa mexsiereba aris,
ro­­gorc xanmokle Senaxva fonologiur yulfsa
da vizualur-sivrciT xatSi, aseve central-
uri aRmasruleblis mier marTuli gadamuSaveba
– es aris gacnobierebuli azrovnebis samuSao
dazga. imisaTvis, rom operatiul mexsierebaSi
informacia 20 wamze metxans darCes gaaqtiure-
buli, adamianebi iyeneben SenarCunebiT gameo-
rebas, repeticias (mentalur gameorebas) da
SemuSavebul repeticias (xangrZliv mexsiere-
baSi arsebul informaciasTan dakavSirebas).
SemuSavebuli repeticia aseve gvexmareba axali
informaciis xangrZliv mexsierebaSi gadatana-
Si. muSa mexsierebis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba
SeiZleba ,,motyuebul” iqnas informaciuli
blokebis warmoqmnis procesis meSveobiTac.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: swavlebis mizani
deklaraciuli, proceduruli da pirobiTi codnis
Sedareba. deklaraciuli codna aris codna, ro-
melic SeiZleba iyos gacxadebuli, rogorc wesi,
sityvebisa da simboloebis saxiT. deklaraciu-
li codna aris imis codna, Tu ,,raSia”- saqme.
proceduruli codna aris imis codna, Tu ,,ro-
gor” gaakeTe rame, xolo kondiciuri codna
aris imis codna, ,,rodis” da ,,ratom” gamoiyeno
deklaraciuli da proceduruli codna.
rogor aris informacia warmodgenili xangrZliv
mexsierebaSi da ra rols asrulebs sqemebi? mo-
gonebebi SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli (semanti-
kuri an epizoduri) da implicituri (proceduru-
li, klasikuri, ganpirobebuli an primirebadi).
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis erTeulebi
SeiZleba Senaxul da urTierTdakavSirebul iqnes
winaswari qselebisa an xatebis (warmodgenebis) da
sqemebis farglebSi, romlebic monacemTa struq-
turebia. es struqturebi saSualebas gvaZlevs
warmovadginoT bevri kompleqsuri informacia
da gavigoT axali.
ra saswavlo procesebi aumjobesebs xangrZliv mex-
sierebas? is, rogor swavlob informacias, gav-
lenas axdens mis Semdgom gaxsenebaze. erTi mniS-
vnelovani moTxovnaa daakavSiro axali masala
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi ukve Senaxul codnas-
Tan saguldagulo damuSavebis, organizaciis an
konteqstis meTodebis gamoyenebiT. mexsierebis
Sesaxeb kidev erTi Sexeduleba exeba infomaciis
gadamuSavebis doneebs, romlis mixedviTac in-
formaciis gaxseneba damokidebulia imaze, ram-
denad srulad iqna is gadamuSavebuli.
ratom gvaviwydeba? muSa mexsierebidan dakar-
guli informacia marTla qreba. magram infor-
macia xangrZlivi mexsierebidan SeiZleba xelmi-
sawvdomi iyos, swori signalebis meSveobiT.
xangrZlivi mexsierebidan informacia drois ms-
vlelobasTan erTad ikargeba gaqrobis (nervi-
uli kavSirebi, rogoricaa kunTebi, sustdeba
gamoyenebis da xmarebis gareSe) an Serevis (ax-
alma mogonebebma SeiZleba daCrdilos Zveli
mogonebebi, Zveli mogonebebi ki Seerios mo-
gonebebs axali masalidan) Sedegad.
metakognicia
ra aris sami metakognituri unari? swavlisa da
az­rovnebis maregulirebeli sami metakognitu-
ri unaria dagegmva, monitoringi da Sefaseba.
dagegmva gulisxmobs imis gadawyvetas, ra dro
daxarjo davalebaze, ra strategiebi gamoiyeno,
riT daiwyo da a.S. monitoringi aris imis gac-
nobiereba, ,,rogor vumklavdebi davalebas”, Se-
faseba ki moicavs gansjas swavlisa da fiqris
procesebisa da Sedegebis Sesaxeb.
rogor SeuZlia ukeTesi metakognituri strategiebis
gamoyenebas gaaumjobesos bavSvebis muSa da xan-
grZlivi mexsierebani? patara bavSvebs SeiZleba
387
aswavlo organizeba mexsierebis gasaumjobese-
blad, magram isini ar gamoiyeneben am strategias
Sexsenebis gareSe. saguldagulo damuSavebasac
asakis matebasTan erTad iyeneben. ideaTa dasa-
maxsovreblad warmodgenebisa da istoriebis Se-
qmna ufro dawyebiTi skolis ufrosklaselebsa
da mozardebs axasiaTebT.
vxdebiT informirebulebi:
zogi ZiriTadi principi
deklaraciuli codnis ganviTarebis sami gzis axsna.
deklaraciuli codna viTardeba, roca axa­­li in-
formacia integrirdeba ukve arsebul Cve­neul
gagebasTan. swavlisa da damaxsovrebis yvelaze
sasargeblo da efeqturi saSualebaa axali in-
formaciis gageba da swavla. dasamaxsovrebeli
informaciis azrianad gardaqmna mniSvnelovania
da xSirad maswavleblebisTvis udidesi gamowve­
vaa (sirTule). mnemonika aris damaxsovrebis
damxmare saSualeba: igi moicavs sa­magris tipis
midgomebs, rogoricaa lokis meTodi, akronimi,
jaWvuri mnemonika da sakvanZo sityvis meTodi.
amis misaRwevad Zlieri, mag­ram SezRuduli gza
aris meqanikuri damaxsovreba, romlisTvisac
xelSemwyobi SeiZleba iyos calmxrivi swavla da
praqtika.
proceduruli codnis ganviTarebis zogi meTodi.
ZiriTadi avtomatizebuli unar-Cvevebi da dar-
gobrivi strategiebi – proceduruli swavlis
ori tipi – iswavleba sxvadasxva gziT. arse-
bobs avtomaturi unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis
sami done: kognituri (deklaraciuli codnis
Sesabamisi nabijebis an mimarTulebis miyola),
asociaciuri (individualuri nabijebis kom-
binireba ufro msxvil gaerTianebebad) da av-
tonomiuri (roca mTeli procedura SeiZleba
dasruldes didi yuradRebis gareSe). winaswari
codna da praqtika ukukavSiriT exmareba mo-
swavleebs, gadainacvlon donidan doneze. dar-
gisaTvis specifikuri strategiebi aris miznis
misaRwevad organizebuli fiqrebisa da qmede-
bebis gacnobierebulad gamoyenebuli unari. Aam
tipis swavlis wasaxaliseblad maswavleblebma
unda uzrunvelyon praqtikuli gamoyenebis Se­
saZ­lebloba bevr sxvadasxva situaciaSi.

Mylabschool es aris eleqtronul instrumentTa nakrebi, romelic dagexmarebaT am kursis

warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul
karieraSi. ix.: www.mylabschool.com

eleqtronuli gzamkvlevi proforientaciis centri resursebiT:

video qeisebi realuri klasebidan
naSromebis Sesrulebisas daixmareT kv-
leviTi navigatori
- Ppraqtikisa da licenzirebisaTvis
mzadeba
- profesiuli portfolios gan­viTareba
- samsaxuris Zieba da gasaub­rebis teqnika
- gakveTilis dagegmva

maswavleblis
Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM-Tan
siZnele, romelsac gadaawydiT maswavleblis saaR­
ricxvo wignakSi, cxadyofs saganmanaTleblo fsiqolo-
giis sakiTxebis urTierTkavSirs. dausviT sakuTar Tavs
kiTxvebi: SemiZlia am moswavleebs TviTmaregulirebeli
moswavleebi vuwodo? ra ician maT im saswavlo davale-
bebis moTxovnebisa da faseulobebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac
maT vaZlev? ramdenad eqstensiuria maTi rTuli saswavlo
startegiebis wyeba? kognitur perspeqtivaze dafuZnebu-
li kvleva exeba am da kidev bevr sxva sakiTxebs.
adamianuri mexiserebisa da swavlis Sesaxeb codna
gavlenas axdens saklaso cxovrebis praqtikis TiTqmis
yvela aspeqtze, saswavlo gegmis dizainidan da saxelmZ-
Rvaneloebidan, testebis Sedgenidan dawyebuli, instru-
mentul programul uzrunvelyofamde. PRAXIS IITM
Seafasebs Tqvens codnas kogniutri perspeqtivis kon-
tribuciaSi.

388
rogor moiqceodnen?
aq moyvanilia zogi praqtikosi maswavleblis pasuxi Tavis dasawyisSi moyvanil saswavlo situaciaze, sadac
istoriis gakveTilze moswavleebi masalas gamiznulad imaxsovrebdnen.
mark smiti me-9-12 klasebis maswavlebeli
medfordis saSualos skola, medfordi
masaCusetsis Stati
moswavleebi aseT SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis mi­mar­Tav­
dnen dazepirebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveulwilad
warmatebas aRweven warsulSi, dgeba iseTi momentic,
roca moswavleebi ufro maRali donis azrovnebaze
unda gadavidnen. radganac es aris ufrosi klasebis is-
toria da moswavleTa didi nawili kolejSi daapirebs
swavlis gagrZelebas, maT unda iswavlon azrovnebisa
da swavlis gasxvavebuli saSualebebi.
swavlis kritikuli nawilia gqondes imis SesaZle-
bloba, rom sakiTxis garSemo gamarTo diskusiebi da es
mniSvnelovani argumentebiT moaxerxo. im klasis mas-
wavlebeli rom vyofiliyavi, sadac moswavleebi amden
mniSvnelobas aniWeben niSnebsa da testebs, davamatebdi
met zepir pre­zentaciasa da weriT davalebebs, rom-
lebic aiZulebdnen maT ifiqron faqtobriv masalaze
da gaaanalizon informacia. istoriis faqtebisa da de-
talebis codna ar aris imdenad mniSvnelovani, ramde-
nadac imis gaazreba, ra gavlena moaxdines maT awmyoze
da ratom aris guSindeli dRe esoden mniSvnelovani
dRes da xval.
eSli doji me-9-10 klasebis maswavlebeli
los-anjelesis gaerTianebuli olqis
skola, los-anjelesi, kaliforniis Stati
es moswavleebi aSkarad im strategiebs iye­neben,
romlebmac warsulSi warmateba moutanes (dazepireba
da faqtebisa da TariRebis re­gulireba), magram ar
ganuviTardaT kritikuli azrovnebis unari. zogi mo-
swavle Zalian warmatebulad moixmars am strategias
garkveul donemde. isini Sepyrobilni arian mxolod
imis swavlis surviliT, rac klasidan klasSi gadasas-
vleladaa saWiro.
imisaTvis, rom mivceT am moswavleebs saSualeba,
dainaxon istoria rogorc aramarto drois Skala,
vetyodi rom momdevno TavisaTvis testireba ki aRar
iqneba, aramed Sevqmnidi am sferos amsaxvel proeqts.
albaT TamaSs movawyobdiT _ im droisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebel ,,feSen Sous” an festivals. zogma moswavlem
SeiZleba moindomos im drois periodis qalaqis kon-
struireba, romelsac Seiswavlis. moswavleebs das-
WirdebodaT saxelmZRvaneloSi arsebuli in­formaciis
gamoyeneba TavianTi proeqtebis Se­saqmnelad. maT
niSani daewerebodaT rogorc ori­ginalurobaSi, ise
samuSaos xarisxSi. proeqtis qula ori testis qulas
gautoldeboda.
miTCel d. kleti meTormete klsis
maswavlebeli
A.C. axali saSualo skola, springsi, texasis Stati
moswavleebma unda gaigon, rom warsuli mov­le­
nebi arsebiT gavlenas axdens dRevandel msoflioze.
aforizmi: ,,isini, vinc ar ician istoria, ganwirul-
ni arian gaimeoron igive” mar­Talia. rogorc maTi
maswavlebeli, xazs gavusvamdi mizez-Sedegobriobis
urTierTobas istoriis ganmavlobaSi da Sevadarebdi
maT erTmaneTs. specifikuri movlenebis mizezebze
koncentrirebiT, rogoricaa ekonomikuri probleme-
biT gamowveuli revoluciebi, moswavleebi gaigebdnen
am saxis revoluciebis ciklur bunebas. movlenebi,
rogoricaa safrangeTis revolucia da ruseTis revo-
lucia, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes gamokiTxviTi swav-
liT, jgufuri gadawyvetilebiT, an rolebis gaTa-
maSebiT. moswavleebs SeiZleba mieceT SesaZlebloba,
aRmoaCinon revoluciebis buneba da gamoiyenon is,
rac ukve iswavles axal situaciebSi.
madia aiala saSualo skolis maswavlebeli
Preparatoria Eugenio Garza Lagüera
Campus Garza Sada, Monterrey, N.L. Mexico
davakvirdi, rom arsebobs ori konfliqti. pirveli,
moswavleebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi kognituri stra­
tegiebi (dazepireba) ar eTanxmeba maT davalebas (maRa-
li donis azrovneba). meore, moswavleebi ver xedaven
kavSirs mimdinare situaciebsa da warsul movlenebs
Soris. pirveli konfliqtisaTvis, gamoviyenebdi kog-
nitur strategiebs, rogoricaa rukebi, sqemebi, Sedar-
ebiTi cxrilebi da sxva uaxlesi TvalsaCino masalebi.
es miscemda moswavleebs saSualebas, eswavlaT masala.
meore konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi moswavleebs yuradRebas
gavamaxvilebinebdi warsulis mniSvnelovan movlenaze
da vTxovdi maT daekavSirebinaT is Tanamedrove saer-
TaSoriso, nacionalur, adgilobriv an socialur prob-
lemebTan, an imasTan, rac xdeba uSualod maT skolaSi.
kimberli d. brijersi sabavSvo baRis
maswavlebeli . dodsonis dawyebiTi skola,
hermitaji, tenisis Stati
moSordiT saxelZRvanelos! sakiTxis modernize-
biT istoria gaxadeT relevanturi, raTa daainteresoT
moswavleebi, sanam saerTod saubars daiwyebdeT. mo-
swavleebs jer yovelTvis vacnob xolme situacias, sa-
nam im periodze gadavidode, romlis axsnasac vapireb.
magaliTad, amerikis revolucia arsebiTad moicavs
im adamianebs, romlebic Zalian cdilobdnen Tavi-
dan aeridebinaT im mcire monapivaris dakargva, rac
gaaCndaT. amgvari sityvebiT axsnili masala moswav-
leebma maSinve gaiges da TanagrZnobiT ganimsWvalnen
kolonistebis mimarT. uceb dainteresdnen, rogor Sea-
Ceres kolonistebma mefe. Semdeg rolebs vaTamaSebT
xolme, rac bavSvebs Zalian moswonT. rogorc ki isto-
riuli movlena maTTvis piradi xdeba, isini mzad arian
waikiTxon teqsti detalebis gasagebad.
389
 8
Tavi

maswavleblis Canawerebi :
rogor moiqceodiT?

rTuli kognituri cnebebis swavla da swavleba

Sexedulebebi cnebis swavlis
Sesaxeb

procesebi
cnebebis swavlebis strategiebi
cnebebis swavleba aRmoCenis gziT
cnebis swavleba demonstrirebis
meTodiT
gza yovel moswavlemde: cnebebis
swavleba da unarSezRuduloba
problemis gadawyveta
gamovlena: problemis gansazRvra
miznebis gansazRvra da problemis
warmodgena
problemis gadaWris SesaZlo
strategiebis aRmoCena
ganWvreta, moqmedeba da ukan
dabruneba
problemis gadaWris
xelisSemsSleli faqtorebi
problemis efeqtiani gadaWra:
rogor iqcevian eqspertebi?
kreatiuloba da problemis
kreatiulad gadaWra
kreatiulobis gansazRvra
ra aris kreatiulobis wyaro?
kreatiulobis Sefaseba
kreatiuloba gakveTilze
`didi kreatiuloba~:
revoluciuri inovacia
rogor gavxdeT eqsperti moswavle:
swavlis strategiebi da swavlis
unar-Cvevebi
swavlis strategiebi da taqtika
organizaciis vizualuri
saSualebebi
kiTxvis strategiebi
swavlis strategiebis gamoyeneba
swavleba transferisaTvis
transferis Sesaxeb arsebuli
Sexedulebebi
swavleba dadebiTi
transferisaTvis
mravalgvaroba da konvergencia
rTul kognitur procesebSi
mravalgvaroba
konvergencia
Sejameba
maswavleblis Canawerebi:
kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM- Tan /
rogor moiqceodnen?

390
 roror moiqceodiT?
rogorc cnobilia, mos­
maswavleblis wavles kargi akademiu­ri
Canawerebi mosw­rebis mi­saR­wevad sWi­
r­­deba garkveuli unar-Cve­
vebi, mag­ram moswavleTa umravlesobas swav­lis
es Cvevebi ar gaaCnia, anu ar icis, rogor un­da
iswavlos. kerZod, maT ar SeuZliaT didi mocu-
lobis teqstis wakiTxva, gageba da wakiTxulis
daxsomeba, uWirT didi proeqtis Sesruleba –
umravlesoba davalebas bolo wuTamde ar asru-
lebs. moswavle ver axerxebs samuSaos dagegmvas,
teqstSi ganxiluli mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis
gamoyofas. cxadia, rom yovelive es Zalian ga­
wuxebT, swavlis procesi xom uciloblad gu-
lisxmobs Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebas.
swavlis procesSi konkretuli miznis misaRwevad
moswavleebs unda misceT sxvadasxva saxis masala,
magram problema isaa, rom moswavleTa umravle-
soba samuSaos moculobas ver umklavdeba.
s axelmZRvanelos wina TavSi yuradReba ga­­va­
max­vileT codnis SeZenis faqtorze – adami­
anis mi­er informaciis, ideebis daxso­mebisa da
azris­ miniWebis Taviseburebebze. winamdebare
TavSi ki ganvixilavT rTul kog­nitur procesebs,
romelebic ukavSirdeba informaciisa da ideebis
gagebas, gaazrebas, wvdomas. gageba mxolod dax-
somebas an sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemas rodi
ar niSnavs _ is gulisxmobs codnis, ideis sworad
transformaciasa da gamoyenebas, anu ganixileba,
rogorc ganaTlebis zogadi miznebis/amocanebis
sistemis `maRali donis kognituri mizani” (Ander-
son & Krathwohl, 2001; Bloom, Engelhart, Frost, Hill,
& Krathwohl, 1956). axla ki vnaxoT, ra gavlenas ax-
dens kognituri Teoriebi swavlebis Tanamedrove
me­Todebze.
vinaidan kognitivizmi filosofiuri ori­
entaciaa da ara unificirebuli Teoriu­li mod-
eli, masze dafuZnebuli swavlebis me­Todebi
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba. winam­debare TavSi
ganvixilavT oTx ZiriTad sfe­­­ros, romelSic kog-
nituri Teoriebi sakuTar midgomas gvTavazobs
swavla/swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT: konceptual-
kritikuli azrovneba
ra unar-Cvevebi sWirdebaT moswavleebs
Tqveni sagnis asaTviseblad, konkretuli
gakveTilis mosamzadeblad?
ras gaakeTebdiT imisaTvis, rom swav-
lis procesSi moswavleebs ganuviTaroT
is unar-Cvevebi, romelic daexmareba maT
ga­­­zafxulze dagegmili testirebis war­
matebiT gavlaSi?
kolaboracia
Tqveni jgufis 3 an 4 wevrTan erTad Ca­moT­
valeT is unar-Cvevebi da swavlis stra­tegiebi,
rac moswavles dasWirdeba Tqveni kursis asaT-
viseblad. Semdeg, winamdebare teqstis daxmare-
biT gaaanalizeT swavlis Tqve­­ni kursis asaT-
viseblad saWiro unar-Cve­vebi.
uri swav­la, problemebis gadawyveta, kreatiu­
loba da swavlis strategiebi da taqtika. das­
kvniT nawilSi ki vnaxavT, rogor unda moxdes
swavlis erTi situaciidan meoreze gadasvla
ise, rom gaumjobesdes swavlis procesi. garda
amisa, SevZlebT vupasuxoT ramdenime mniSvnelo-
van kiTxvas, saxeldobr:
ra ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs karg
gakveTils, romelzec moswavleebs mie­wo­
debaT saswavlo sagnis ZiriTadi cne­bebi?
ra etapebis gavlaa saWiro rTuli proble-
mis gadasaWrelad?
ra roli aqvs problemis warmodgenas,
algoriTmebsa da evristikas problemis
gadaWris procesSi?
rogor SeuZlia maswavlebels daexmaros
moswavles kreatiulobis gamovle­naSi?
rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenoT swavlis axali
strategiebi da taqtika testebis, dava-
lebis Sesasruleblad?
rogoria is sami gza, romliTac maswavleb-
els SuZlia xeli Seuwyos swavlis poziti-
uri gadatanis process?
391

daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
piaJes azriT, formaluri op-
eraciebis stadiamde adamians
abstraqtuli cnebebiT
azrovneba ar SeuZlia. maS,
rogor swavlobs bavSvi iseT
abstraqtul koncefciebs,
rogoricaa `guSin~ da
`bedniereba~? SesaZlebelia
Tu ara abstraqtuli koncef-
ciebis swavleba prototipebis
gamoyenebiT?
koncepti, cneba _ saerTo
TvisebebiT urTierTdakav-
Sirebuli ideebis, miznebis,
gancdili STabeWdilebebis
erToblioba.
392
cnebebis swavleba da swavla
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT ratom vambobT finjanze, rom is
finjania? ra Tvisebebs gulisxmobs es cneba (`finjani~)? ra aris nayofi?
banani nayofia? pomidori nayofia? yabaysa da sazamTroze ras ityviT?
tkbil pomidorze? zeTisxil­ze? rogor iswavleT, ra aris xilisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi?
yovelive is, rac finjanisa Tu xilis da, zogadad, samyaros Sesaxeb
viciT, ukavSirdeba cnebebs da maT Soris arsebul kavSirebs (Arshcraft,
2006). magram ra aris cneba? cneba aris kategoria, romelic gamoiyeneba
msgavsi movlenebis, ideebis, sagnebisa Tu adamianebis dasajgufeblad.
konkretul cnebas, magaliTad, `moswavles~ rom viyenebT, vgulisxmobT
adamianTa im kategorias, romelic swavlobs – es maTi saerTo damaxa-
siaTebeli niSania. asakobrivi gansxvavebis gamo, zogi SeiZleba iyos
skolis moswavle, zogi ki – ara. aseve gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos
swavlis obieqti – es SeiZleba iyos sportis garkveuli saxeoba an
raime sagani, Tumca yvela mainc erT kategoriaSi – `moswavle~ – erTi-
andeba. unda iTTqvas, rom cneba abstraqciaa, anu realur samyaroSi ar
arsebobs. cneba gvexmareba uzarmazari moculobis informaciis siste-
matizaciasa da marTvaSi. magaliTad, ferTa gama 7.5 milion sxvadasxva
fers moicavs. ferTa kategorizacia jgufebad am mravalferovnebas-
Tan `gamklavebis~ saSualebas gvaZlevs (Bruner, 1973).
Sexedulebebi cnebis swavlis Sesaxeb
kvlevis sawyis etapze fsiqologebi varaudobdnen, rom arsebobs cne-
bebis ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebi. magaliTad, wigni aris akin­­Zuli
gverdebisagan Semdgari sagani, Tumca igives ver vityviT eleqtronul
`wignze~. cnebis ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTeblebis Teoriis mixedviT
Cven konkretul magaliTebs vcnobT mTavari aucilebeli atributebis
aRniSvnis saSualebiT.
daaxloebiT 1970 wlidan cnebis bunebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Sexed-
uleba icvleba (Ashcraft, 2006). miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierT cnebas
(magaliTad, tolferda samkuTxedi) konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi aqvs,
amas ver vityviT cnebaTa umravlesobaze. magaliTad, inglisuri si-
tyva – cneba `party~. ra aris misi aRmniSvneli atributebi? cxadia,
pirvel rigSi gvaxsendeba qarTuli sityva `wveuleba~, magram misi Si­
naarsi Seicvleba, Tu am sityvas gamoviyenebT politikuri movlenis
an sasamarTlo saqmis mxareTa mimarT. kidev erTi magaliTi: cneba
`frinveli~. frinvelebi cxovelTa samyaros saxeobaa, romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia frena. magram Tu am maxasiaTebels daveyrdnobiT,
vityviT, rom siraqlema an pingvini frinvelia? ra SeiZleba vTqvaT
Tundac Ramuraze?
prototipi da nimuSi (exemplars). maS, rogor vswavloT cnebebs? arse-
bobs azri, rom gonebaSi gvaqvs cnebebis – (magaliTad, `party~ an `fr-
inveli~) prototipi. anu gamosaxuleba, romelic moicavs TiToeuli
cnebis arss. prototipi ama Tu im kategoriis saukeTeso warmomad-
genelia. magaliTad, CrdiloeT amerikaSi mcxovrebisaTvis `frinvelis~
cnebis saukeTeso warmomadgeneli SeiZleba iyos SaSvi (Rosch, 1973). ganmsazRvreli atributebi _
Taviseburebebi da Tvisebebi,
am kateogoriis sxva warmomadgeneli SeiZleba iyos am prototipis
romlebic saerToa erTi kat-
msgavsi (vTqvaT, beRura) anda, erTi mxriv – msgavsi, meore mxriv ki – egoriis sagnebis, movlenebisa
sruliad gansxvavebuli (magaliTad, qaTami, siraqlema). am kategoriis da adamianebisTvis.
CamonaTvalSi SeiZleba iyos iseTi warmomadgenelic, romlis Sesaxebac
gagviWirdeba imis Tqma, ekuTvnis Tu ara is am prototips. magaliTad,
telefoni `avejia~? lifti `satransporto saSualebaa~? zeTisxili prototipi _ kategoriis
`xilia?~ Tavsdeba ama Tu im kategoriaSi esa Tu is sagani, Tu ara, saukeTeso warmomadgeneli an
damokidebulia Tavsebadobis xarisxze. martivad rom vTqvaT, rome- saukeTeso magaliTi.
lime sagani Tu movlena an, Tundac, idea ufro kargad asaxavs cnebas,
vidre meore. (Ashcraft, 2006).
arsebobs kidev erTi Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor vswavlobT egzemplari _ mocemuli kate­
cnebebs: gamovyofT kategoriis wevrs nimuSis mixedviT. aqtualur mex- goriis konkretuli magaliTi,
romelic gamoiyeneba klasi-
sierebaSi gvaqvs egzemplari/nimuSi (vTqvaT, konkretuli frinveli,
ficirebisas.
aveji da a.S.), romelsac vadarebT sagans da am gziT vadgenT mis Ses-
abamisobas ama Tu im kategoriasTan. magaliTad, parkSi vxedav rkinisa
da qvisagan damzadebul ucnaur skams, romelic SeiZleba Sevadaro sa-
kuTar misaReb oTaxSi mdgar savarZels da amis safuZvelze davaskvna,
SeiZleba am ucnaur skamze komfortulad dajdoma Tu is ufro `qan-
dakebaa~, vidre dasajdomad gankuTvnili sagani.
prototipi, savaraudod, aigeba sxvadasxva saxeobis/modelisagan
miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze. es bunebrivad xdeba, vinaidan sx-
vadasxva STabeWdileba TandaTan ileqeba da droTa ganmavlobaSi qmnis
tipobrivi savarZlis prototips, anu yvela im savarZlisa, romelzec
odesme vmjdarvarT (Schwarts &Reisberg, 1991).

cnebebi da sqemebi. prototipisa da saxeobis garda, cnebis dadgenisas daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
mivmarTavT agreTve sakuTar sqematur codnas, pirdapir dakavSire- da ganavrceT
swavlebis koncefciebi (II, A2)
buls cnebasTan. saidan viciT, rom falsificirebuli fuli ar aris
maswavleblebi did Zalisxmevas
`namdvili~ fuli, is xom savsebiT akmayofilebs CvenTvis nacnobi `fu- andomeben iseTi koncefciebis
lis~ prototipsa Tu models/nimuSs? am daskvnamde mivdivarT am fu- Camoyalibebas, romlebic
lis istoriis safuZvelze: es fuli `arakeTilsindisierma~ adamianebma arsebiTia sagnis Seswavlisa
da unarebis ganviTarebisTvis;
dabeWdes. aqedan gamomdinare, fulis cneba ukavSirdeba danaSauls,
swavlebis koncefciebis Ses-
siyalbes, saxelmwifo xazinas da a.S. axeb ZiriTadi Sexedulebebis
iakob feldmanis (Jacob Feldman, 2003) mier SeTavazebuli saboloo gaazrebasa da maTi Rirsebebisa
aspeqti cnebis Seswavlisas aris simartivis principi. feldmanis az- da naklovanebebis aRweras.

riT, adamiani nimuSis Sesaxeb umartives kategorias, anu wess ayali-

bebs, romelsac avrcelebs yvela danarCen saxeobaze. zogjer martivi
wesis dadgena Zalian advilia (magaliTad, samkuTxedTan dakavSirebiT),
Tumca zogjer did sirTules iwvevs (vTqvaT, xilis SemTxvevaSi). ma-
gram adamiani yvela saxeobis erT cnebaSi gasaerTianeblad martiv hi­
poTezebs eZebs. feldmanis azriT, simartivis principi (simplicity prin-
ciple) kognituri fsiqologiis erT-erTi uZvelesi ideaa: `organizmi
cdilobs Caswvdes garemos informaciis nakadis martiv, ufro gasageb,
logikuri Tanmimdevrobis mqone, ufro gamosadeg formaze dayvanis
gziT~ (gv. 231). es winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos me-7 TavSi aRwerili
geStaltis Teoriis principebs gvagonebs.

393
 cnebebis swavlebis strategiebi
rogoria Tqveni azri?
warmoidgineT, rom gsurT imuSaoT skolaSi, sadac emigranti bavS-
vebi swavloben. skolis direqtori gisvamT kiTxvas: `rogor aswav-
liT abstaqtul cnebebs moswavles, romelic cota xnis win Camovi-
da somalidan da araTu inglisurze, Tavis mSobliur enazec ki ver
kiTxulobs?~
swavlis procesSi mniSvnelovania rogorc prototipi, ise ganmsaz-
Rvreli maxasiaTeblebi/atributebi. realur samyaroSi arsebuli pro-
totipebisa da saxeobebis magaliTze bavSvebi swavloben mozrdilTa
mier miwodebul uamrav cnebas (Tennyson, 1981), magram Tu saxeoba bun-
dovania (zeTisxili nayofia?), gadawyvetilebis misaRebad unda mim-
arTo ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTeblebs. zeTisxili aris sakvebi, romelsac
nayofis SigniT aqvs marcvali saWmel nawilSi, rac damaxasiaTebelia
nayofisaTvis. amrigad, zeTisxili ueWvelad nayofia, miuxedavad imisa,
rom is ar aris nayofis prototipis msgavsi (Schunk, 2004).
cnebis swavlis msgavsad, cnebebis swavlebac moicavs rogorc
ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTeblebs, ise prototipebs. cnebebis swavlebis
erT-erT midgomas ewodeba `cnebis daufleba~. es gza exmareba moswav-
les konkretuli cnebis Sesaxeb azris agebaSi da im praqtikuli az-
rovnebis unar-Cvevebis gavarjiSebaSi, rogoricaa hipoTezis Semowmeba
(Joyce, Weil, & Calhoun, 2006; Klausmeir, 1992).

cnebas SeiZleba hqondes mra-

vali niSani da iyos cvalebadi.
maga­liTad, bolodroindelma
axalma teqnologiebma – Setyo-
binebaTa gagzavnis operatiulma
saSualebebma - Secvales cneba
`saubris~ Sinaarsi.

cnebis dauflebis gakveTilis magaliTi. ganvixiloT magaliTi imisa,

Tu rogor daexmara me-5 klasis maswavlebeli Tavis moswavleebs maT-
Tvis nacnobi cnebis gagebaSi da imavdroulad azrovnebis unar-Cvevis
SemuSavebaSi (Eggen & Kauchak, 2001, gv. 148-151). gakveTilis dasawyisSi
maswavlebelma moswavleebs uTxra, rom raRac Caifiqra da moswavleebma
es unda gamoicnon. maswavlebelma magidaze dado ori nivTi warweriT
– `dadebiTi magaliTebi~ (examples) da `uaryofiTi magaliTebi~ (nonex-
amples) da dausva moswavleebs kiTxva: `rogor fiqrobT, ra SeiZleba
iyos Cafiqrebulis arsi?~. pirveli pasuxi iyo `rac iWmeva~. maswavle­
belma dafaze sityva `hipoTeza~ dawera da SeZlebisamebr mokled aux-
sna moswavleebs am sityvis mniSvneloba. am saTauris qveS man dawera
gamoTqmuli varaudi – `is, rasac vWamT~ da ikiTxa, aqvT Tu ara moswav-

394
leebs sxva hipoTeza. pasuxebi iyo `cocxali arseba~
da `is, rac mcenareze izrdeba~. mcenareebisa da
cocxali arsebebis Sesaxeb gamarTuli mokle dis-
kusiis Semdeg maswavlebelma warudgina moswavleebs
pomidori, rogorc `magaliTi~ da stafilo, rogorc
`CafiqrebulTan kavSiris armqone ram~. amis Semdeg
moswavleebma daasaxeles sxva hipoTezebic – `wiTe-
li obieqti/sagnebi~. sxva magaliTebis (atami, gogra,
forToxali) da aramagaliTebis (salaTis foToli,
kartofili) ganxilvis Sedegad moswavleebma SeZles
CamoeyalibebinaT hipoTeza `nivTi, romelic Seicavs
Tesls saWmel nawilSi~. Sedegad moswavleebma “aages”
`nayofis~ cnebia `ageba~ – sakvebi, romelic Seicavs
saWmel nawilSi Tesls (an ufro daxvewili gansaz- `qalaqel bavSvebs uWirT cnebis
Rvreba: sakvebad gamosadegi mcenaris nebismieri wv- – `mosavlis aReba~ – gageba.

niani nawili, romelic viTardeba yvavilisagan).

© Martha Campbell – wignidan
Phi Delta Kappan. ibeWdeba
gakveTilis komponentebi. cnebebis swavlebisas gamoyenebuli strategi- nebarTviT.
is miuxedavad, aucileblad dagWirdebaT oTxi komponentis gamoyeneba:
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi magaliTebi, relevanturi da ararelevanturi
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi, cnebis saxeli da definicia (Joyce, Weil, &Cal-
houn, 2006). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom iseTi vizualuri saSualebebi,
rogoricaa suraTebi, diagramebi an rukebi, xels uwyobs cnebebis Ses-
wavlis process (Anderson & Smith, 1987; Mayer, 2001).

magaliTebi. rTuli cnebebis swavlebisas, gansakuTrebiT umcrosi asa-

kis Tu dabali erudiciis mqone moswavleebTan, saWiroa mravali mag-
aliTis motana. kategoriis farglebis dasadgenad saWiroa rogorc da­
debiTi, ise uaryofiTi magaliTebi. diskusia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom ar
aris Ramura frinveli (uaryofiTi magaliTi), daexmareba moswavleebs
cneba `frinvelis~ sazRvrebis dadgenaSi.

relevanturi da ararelevanturi niSnebi. frenis unari, rogorc ukve

vna­­xeT, ar aris relevanturi maxasiaTebeli niSani cxovelebisa da fr-
invelebis klasifikaciis dros. miuxedavad imisa, rom frinvelTa um-
ravlesoba dafrinavs, zogierTi frinvelisTvis (siraqlema, pingvini) es
ar aris damaxasiaTebeli niSani. amasTanave, zogierTi arseba, rogori-
caa, magaliTad, Ramura, mfrinavi ciyvi, dafrinavs, Tumca frinvelTa
klass ar ganekuTvneba. frinvelis cnebis gacnobisas. aucilebelia, ra
Tqma unda, frenis unaris aRniSvna, magram, amasTanave, moswavlem unda
gaacnobieros, rom es cneba mxolod frenis unariT ar ganisazRvreba.

saxelwodeba. mxolod saxelwodebis daxsomeba ar niSnavs, rom adamianma

gaigo cneba. rogoc zemoT vnaxeT, moswavleebi iyenebdnen cnebas `nay-
ofi~, Tumca ar icodnen, rom pomidori, gogra da avokado nayofia.

gansazRvreba. kargi gansazRvreba ori elementisagan Sedgeba: axali cne­

bisaTvis zogadi kategoriis mimniWebeli elementi da zusti ganmsaz-
Rvreli niSnebis mimniWebeli elementi (Klausmeier, 1976). magaliTad,
nayofi saWmelia (zogadi kategoria), romelic Tesls saWmel nawilSi
Seicavs (ganmsazRvreli niSani). tolgverda samkuTxedi aris martivi,
Sekruli figura (zogadi kategoria), romelsac aqvs sami toli gverdi
da sami toli kuTxe (ganmsazRvreli niSnebi). aseTi saxis definicia
gvexmareba, movaTavsoT cneba Sesabamisi codnis sqemaSi.

395
 cnebebis swavlebisas kargi iqneba, Tu vixelmZRvanelebT kargad
cno­­bili WeSmaritebiT – `asjer gagonils erTxel nanaxi sjobs~. um-
crosi asakis moswavleebTan cnebis gacnoba ilustraciebis saSualebiT
aadvilebs swavlis process. amasTanave, istoriidan, bunebismetyvele-
bidan, maTematikidan rTuli cnebebis TvalsaCinod warmodgena diagr-
amebisa Tu grafikebis saxiT sasurvelia yvela asakis moswavleebTan.
magaliTad, andersonisa da smitis (Anderson & Smith, 1983) monacemebiT,
sinaTlis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb teqstis wakiTxvisas moswavleTa mxolod
20%-ma SesZlo imis gageba, Tu rogor vxedavT sagnebs areklili sinaT-
lis meSveobiT. magram ilustraciis (ix. nax. 8.1) analizis Sedegad, cne­
bis arsi moswavleTa 80%-ma gaigo.

sqema 8.1
rTuli cnebebis gageba
ilustracia SeiZleba daexmaros moswavles rTuli
cnebis gagebaSi.

roca xes mzis sxivebi ecema,

biWi advilad xedavs mas. ro-
A. sxivebis nawili xidan airek­
leba da biWis Tvalebisaken
gor xdeba es? miemarTeba.

wyaro: wignidan Educator’s Handbook: A Research Perspective red. V. Richardson-

Koehler. gamomcemeli Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright © 1989 by Pearson
Education. ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

gakveTilis struqtura. zemoT ganxiluli cneba `nayofis~ axsna cnebis

swavlebis kargi magaliTia ramdenime mizezis gamo. upirveles yovlisa
imitom, rom damaxasiaTebel niSnebsa da gansazRvrebaze gadasvlamde
yovelTvis ufro efeqtiania dadebiTi da uaryofiTi magaliTebis dad-
gena (Joyce, Weil, & Calhoun, 2000). cnebis swavlebisas gakveTili unda
unda daviwyoT prototipebis, anu saukeTeso magaliTebis, warmodge-
niT, raTa davexmaroT moswavleebs kategoriis Sesaxeb warmodgenis
SeqmnaSi. gakveTilze cneba `nayofis~ warmodgenis SemTxvevaSi maswav-
lebelma gakveTili dawyo nayofis klasikuri magaliTis – `vaSlis~
– warmodgeniT, Semdeg ki gadavida iseT naklebad tipobriv magaliTeb­
ze, rogoricaa pomidori da gogra. am magaliTebis wyalobiT moswav-
leebs SeeqmnaT warmodgena kategoriis mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb.
garda amisa, maTTvis naTeli gaxda, rom kategoriis SigniT arsebobs

396
ara­relevanturi maxasiaTebeli niSnebi. mravalferovani magaliTebis
meSveobiT (igulisxmeba informaciis miwodeba imis Sesaxeb, rom nayofs
SeiZleba hqondes erTi an bevri Tesli, is SeiZleba iyos an ar iyos tk-
bili, hqondes sxvadasxva Seferiloba da a.S.) maswavlebelma moaxerxa
arasakmarisi ganzogadebis Tavidan acileba da swored amis meoxebiT ganzogadebis SezRudva _
moswavleebma gogra nayofis saTanado kategorias miakuTvnes. kategoriidan zogierTi
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom uaryofiTi magaliTebi, erTi mxriv, Za- namdvili wevris garicxva;
lian axlos unda iyos cnebasTan, magram, meore mxriv, hqondes Zalian cnebis Seviwroveba.
mkveTri ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. magaliTad, tkbili kartofili da re-
vandi nayofi ar aris, Tumca pirveli tkbilia, meores ki namcxvarSi iye­
neben. uaryofiTi magaliTebis moyvana Warbi ganzogadebis Tavidan ac-
ilebis kargi saSualebaa.
roca darwmundebiT, rom moswavleebma gaiges cnebis arsi, kargi zegeneralizacia _ im wevrebis
iq­­neba, Tu hkiTxavT, daakvirdnen Tu ara isini TavianTi hipoTezis CarTva, romlebic ar Sedian
Ca­moyalibebisa da Semowmebis process. analizi exmareba moswavleebs kategoriaSi. cnebis metismeti
gafarToeba.
ganmazogadebeli kognituri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaSi: isini rwmun­
debian, rom adamiani problemis gadaWrisas sxvadasxva gzas mimarTavs
(Joyce, Weil, & Calhoun, 2006).

cnebaTa dakavSireba da gavrcoba. cnebis arsis wvdomis Semdeg saWiroa

am cnebis gamoyenebaze gadasvla, rac miiRweva am cnebis magaliTebis
sxvadasxva konteqstSi gamoyenebiT: problemebis gadaWris, weris,
kiT­xvis, diskusiis Tu sxva nebismieri aqtivobis procesSi. am gziT
xdeba cnebis dakavSireba moswavlis sqematuri codnis sistemasTan.
erTi midgoma, romelic zogierT saxelmZRvaneloSi gvxvdeba, cnobi-

cxrili 8.1.
cnebis dauflebis (SemuSavebis) fazebi
cnebis dauflebis procesi sami fazisagan Sedgeba. pirvel fazaSi maswavlebeli miawvdis moswavleebs
dadebiT da uaryofiT magaliTebs, ris safuZvelzec isini axerxeben cnebis identifikacias. meore
fazaSi maswavlebeli amowmebs, moaxerxes Tu ara moswavleebma cnebis arsis wvdoma. dabolos, mesame
fazaSi moswavleebi aanalizeben azrovnebis procesis strategiebs.

pirveli faza: informaciis
warmodgena da cnebis identi-
fikacia
maswavlebeli warudgens mo-
swavleebs magaliTebs.
mosw­avleebi adareben dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi magaliTebis
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs.
moswavleebi ageben hipoTezas
da amowmeben mas.
moswavleebi ayalibeben gansaz-
Rvrebas ZiriTadi maxasiaTeb­
lebis mixedviT.
meore faza: cnebis wvdomis
Semowmeba
moswavleebs mohyavT damatebi-
Ti magaliTebi da afaseben maT
dadebiTad an uaryofiTad.
maswavlebeli adasturebs
hipoTe zas, asaxelebs cnebas da
ganmartavs cnebis arss ZiriTa-
di maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.
moswavleebi asaxeleben
magaliTebs.
mesame faza: moswavleebi
aRweren azrovnebis proce-
sis mimdinareobas
moswavleebi ganixilaven
hipoTezisa da maxasiaTebeli
niSnebis rols.
moswavleebi msjeloben
hipoTezis tipisa da raode-
nobis Sesaxeb.

wyaro: Models of Teaching, 6/e by Bruce and Marsha Weil. Published by Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA.
Copyright 2000 by Pearson Education. ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

lia `cnebis rukis~ (concept mapping) saxelwodebiT (Novak, & Musonda,

1991). cnebis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba 8.2 naxazze

397
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITMM-s
da ganavrceT
cnebebis ruka (II, A2)
cnebebis rukis Seqmnisa da
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb rCevisa da
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis
ix. veb-gverdi http://www.graf-
hic.org/concept.html
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
msjeloba (II, A1)
ganasxvaveT induqciuri da
deduqciuri msjeloba. axseniT
TiToeuli maTganis roli
cnebebis Seswavlisas.
naCvenebi `diag­rama~. kerZod, me-8 klaseli emis mier daxazul rukaze
naTlad Cans, Tu rogor warmoudgenia mas cneba `molekula~; ufro
metic, isic Cans, rom emis erTi Secdoma gaepara: mas miaCnia, rom myar
nivTierebaSi molekulebs Soris sivrce ar aris.
cnebis aRqmis modelis fazebi warmodgenilia 8.1 cxrilSi.
cnebebis swavleba aRmoCenis gziT
azrovnebis sferoSi jerom bruneris adreulma kvlevebma (Bruner,
Go­odnow, & Austin, 1956) ganapiroba misi interesi azrovnebis ganviTa-
rebisa da cnebis swavlis mimarT. bruneris kvlevebma aCvena, raoden
mniSvnelovania Sesaswavli sagnis struqturis aRqma. aqtiur swavlas av-
tori ganixilavda, rogorc informaciis sworad gaazrebis safuZvels,
xazs usvamda induqciuri msjelobis mniSvnelobas swavlis procesSi.

struqtura da aRmoCena. sagnis struqturaSi naTlad Cans arsebiTi

az­­­ri, kavSirebi, anu ZiriTadi informacia ama Tu im sferos Sesaxeb.
vi­naidan struqtura specifikur faqtebs, detalebs ar moicavs, SesaZ­

sqema 8.2

emis molekula
cneba `molekulis~ Tavisufali gageba me-8 klaselma emim rukis saxiT
warmoadgina. mas daSvebuli aqvs erTi uzustoba _ myar sxeulebSi
molekulebs Soris sivrce ar aris.

yvelaferi

Sedgeba

moleku-
lebi

Si Si Si msgavsad Sesdgeba sxvadasxva

airi siTxe myari atomebi ynosva Tvisebebi

SeiZleba e.i. ixsneba rogorc

sivrce metad
wyali
mcire

igive
dnoba gaxsna G>L>S
zomebi

e.i. rodesac e.i. iSleba iseve rogorc

gafantuli mcire myarSi molekulebs Soris

moleku- siTbo
nawilakebi sivrce ar aris
lebi

wyaro: from “A Twelve-Year Longitudinal Study of Science Concept Learning”, by J.D. Novak
and D. Musonda, American Educational Resource Journal, 28, figure p. 137. Copyright 1991 by
the American Educational Research Association. ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

398
lebelia azris mTavari struqturis warmodgena martivi diagramis, cnebis rukis Sedgena _
principebis sistemis an formulis saxiT. bruneris mixedviT, swavlis moswavlis mier Sedgenili
diagrama cnebis miseuli
procesi ufro sasargeblo iqneba da moswavle ufro kargad daix-
gagebis Sesaxeb.
somebs, Tu yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs Sesaswavli sagnis struqturaze.
bruneris azriT, informaciis struqturis gageba gulisxmobs, rom
moswavle aqtiuri unda iyos, anu man maswavleblisagan mza `produqti~ swavla aRmoCenis gziT _
ki ar unda miiRos, aramed Tavad daadginos mTavari principebi. am bruneris midgoma, romlis
mixedviTac moswavleebi
process `aRmoCenis gziT swavleba~ ewodeba. aseTi swavlebisas maswav-
organizebas ukeTeben da
lebeli warudgens moswavleebs magaliTebs, romlebzec isini manamde gardaqmnian masalas ise,
muSaoben, sanam ar aRmoaCenen, daadgenen urTierTkavSirebs _ sagnis rom Tavad aRmoaCenen
struqturas. amrigad, bruneris azriT, klasSi muSaoba induqciuri ZiriTad principebs.
msje­lobebis xasiaTs unda atarebdes, rac gamoixateba konkretuli
magaliTebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze ZiriTadi principebis Camoyali-
induqciuli msjeloba _
bebaSi. swored aseTi midgoma iyo gamoyenebuli zemoT aRwerili `nayo- zogadi principebis formu-
fis~ cnebis dauflebisas. lireba, romelic eyrdnoba
konkretuli magaliTebisa
aRmoCena aqtivobis procesSi. induqciuri midgomisas, moswavles moeT­ da detalebis codnas.
xoveba intuiciuri azrovneba (intuitive thinking). bruneris azriT, mas-
wavlebels SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos intuiciuri azrovnebis unaris Camo­
intuituri azrovneba _
yalibebas muSaobis procesSi specialuri savarjiSoebis (magaliTad, sworad aRqmis an sakiTxis
azris dasruleba) gamoyenebiT, agreTve, moswavleTa mier gamoTqmuli sworad gadaWris
varaudebis dadasturebiT an uaryofiT maTive argumentebis safuZ- warmosaxviTi wvdoma.
velze. (Bruner, 1960). vTqvaT, mas Semdeg, rac moswavleebi gaecnobian
masalas okeanis dinebebisa da gemTmSeneblobis Sesaxeb, maswavlebeli
aCvenebs maT Zveli portebis rukebs da aZlevs davalebas: daadginon,
romelma portma moipova ZiriTadi portis statusi. sistematuri kvle-
vis saSualebiT moswavleebi SeZleben sakuTari varaudebis Semowmebas.
samwuxarod, realurad intuiciuri azrovnebis Camoyalibebas xSirad
xels uSlis is garemoeba, rom araswori pasuxebis gamo moswavle isjeba
da swori, magram xSirad arakreatiuli pasuxebis gamo _ jildovdeba.
Cveulebriv, ganasxvaveben namdvil, damoukidebeli aRmoCenis gziT
swavlas (pure discovery learning), roca moswavle muSaobs damoukide- daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
blad, maswavleblis daxmarebis gareSe, da aRmoCenas daxmarebiT, xel­
swavla aRmoCenis gziT (I, A1)
mZRvanelobiT (guided discovery), roca maswavlebeli aZlevs moswavles mravali maswavlebeli, gan-
garkveul mimarTulebas. riCard maierma (Richard Mayer, 2004), romelic sakuTrebiT maTematikisa da
30 weli akvirdeboda damoukidebeli aRmoCenis gziT swavlis process, sabunebismetyvelo sagnebisa,
daadgina, rom miiCnevs, rom maTi sagnebis
gaazrebul swavlas yvelaze
msgavsad zombebisa, romelnic mudmivad amodian samaridan, da­ ukeT uwyobs xels aRmoCenis
moukidebeli aRmoCenis gziT swavlis process mudmivad hyavs mom­­ gziT swavla. mzad iyaviT am sas-
wavlo strategiis Sesaxeb iseT
xreebi. Tumca imaTac, vinc praqtikaSi faqtebze agebul Teoriebs
kiTxvebze sapasuxod, rogori-
(evidence-based approach) iyenebs, unda daasabuTos, rom es meTodi caa daSvebebi, teqnika, Rirseba
muSaobs. miuxedavad imi­sa, rom mudmivad ismis mowodeba Tavisufali/ da naklovaneba.
damoukidebeli swavlis procesis mxardasaWerad, damadasturebe­
li argumentebis moZebna rTulia (gv. 17).
damoukidebeli aRmoCenis meTodi skolamdeli asakis moswavleTaT- marTuli aRmoCenis meTodi
vis ufro misaRebia, maSin roca dawyebiT an saSualo skolaSi gakveTil- _ aRmoCeniT swavlis meTodis
adaptirebuli varianti, roca
ze damoukidebeli aqtivoba swavlis procesze xSirad uaryofiT gav-
mimarTulebas maswavlebeli
lenas axdens da umarTavia. ufro mizanSewonilia, rom moswavleebma iZleva.
maswavleblis daxmarebiT imuSaon. maswavlebeli warudgens moswavlee-
bs rTul situaciebs, usvams saintereso kiTxvebs. vTqvaT, ratom qreba
ali daxurul WurWelSi? fanqars wyalSi rom Cadeb, ratom ggonia,
rom man deformacia ganicada? ra aqvs saerTo am sityvebs? amasTanave,

399
 ­
rekomendaciebi: bruneris SexedulebaTa gamoyeneba
warmoudgineT moswavleebs im cnebis dadeb- 4. Tu moswavleTa msjeloba da daskvna swor
iTi da uaryofiTi magaliTebi, romelsac as- gezs ascda, dausviT maT damxmare kiTxve-
wavliT. bi.

magaliTebi daexmareT moswavleebs cnebebs Soris kav-

Sirebis dadgenaSi.
1. ZuZumwovarTa klasis swavlebisas. mag-
aliTis saxiT daasaxeleT adamiani, kengu- magaliTebi
ru, veSapi, kata, delfini da aqlemi, xolo
1. dasviT kiTxva: vaSlTan dakavSirebiT
uaryofiTi magaliTebis saxiT – qaTami,
ki­­dev ra sityvas gamoiyenebdiT (xili)?
Tevzi, niangi, bayayi da pingvini.
rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT xi­li (SevWa-
2. sTxoveT moswavleebs Tavad daasaxelon
moT)? ras vuwodebT iseT produqts, ro-
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi magaliTebi.
melic iW­meva (sakvebi)?
waaxaliseT intuiciuri pasuxebi. 2. kavSirebis dasadgenad gamoiyeneT dia-
grama, mokle monaxazi, daskvnebi.
magaliTebi
dausviT moswavleebs kiTxva da sTxoveT pa-
1. sityvis gansazRvrebis nacvlad, SesTa­
suxis gacema
vazeT moswavleebs, imis gamocnoba, Tu
ras SeiZleba niSnavdes am magali­Tebis magaliTebi
gamaerTianebeli cneba, Tanac sTxo­veT
1. rogor SeiZleba adamianis xeli gaxdes
yvela dasaxelebuli sityvis gaTva­lis­
ufro marjve?
wineba.
2. ra kavSiria iatakis mTel farTobsa da
2. aCveneT moswavleebs Zveli saberZneTis
erTi filis farTobs Soris?
ru­ka da hkiTxeT, Tu sad iyo, maTi azriT,
ganlagebuli didi qalaqebi.
3. moswavleebis pirvel replikebze komen-
brunerisa da aRmoCenis gziT swavlis strat-
tars nu gaakeTebT. daelodeT, sanam isini
egiebis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informacia ix.:
ramdenime azrs gamoTqvamen da Semdeg
http://evolution.massey.ac.nz/assign2/HB/jbruner.html
upasuxeT.

maswavlebeli moswavleebs ganmartebas ki ar aZlevs, aramed awvdis sa-

Tanado sagnebsa Tu masalas da ubiZgebs amocanis amoxsnisaken.

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s

da ganavrceT
winsvlis winaswari
maorganizebeli (II, A3)
winsvlis winaswari
maorganizebeli mniSvnelovani
elementia iseTi swavlebis
dros, romelSic centralur
rols maswavlebeli asrulebs.
axseniT winsvlis winaswari
maorganizeblis roli da
gansazRvreT misi ZiriTadi
saxeebi.
cnebis swavleba demonstrirebis meTodiT
brunerisagan gansxvavebiT, david ozibels (David Ausubel 1963, 1977,
1982) miaCnda, rom adamiani codnas iZens ara aRmoCenis, aramed mi­Re­
bis (reception) gziT. cnebebis, principebisa da azrebis wvdoma xdeba
deduqciuri msjelobis meSveobiT, anu ara konkretuli magaliTebidan
zogad principze gadasvliT, aramed zogadi azris konkretul magali-
Tze dayvaniT. ozibelis demonstraciuli meTodiT swavlebis mod-
elSi mniSvnelovania azris mqone verbaluri swavlis principi _ er-
Tad aRebuli verbaluri informacia, ideebi da ideebs Soris kav­Sirebi.
meqanikuri daxsomeba gaazrebuli swavla ar aris, radgan meqanikurad
daswavlili masala ar aris dakavSirebuli arsebul codnasTan.

deduqciuri msjeloba _
zogadi daskvnidan konkretuli
winsvlis winaswari maorganizebeli. d. ozibelis strategiis amosavali
daskvnebis gamotanis
wertili yovelTvis aris `winsvlis winaswari maorganizebeli~ (advance
logikuri gza. organizers), anu winaswar SerCeuli informacia, romelsac maswavlebeli

400
awvdis mowafes ZiriTadi masalis gacnobamde. es sam mizans isaxavs: demonstraciuli (eqspozici-
uri) swavlebis meTodi _
jer erTi, aCvenebs, ra aris mniSvnelovani gasacnob masalaSi; meore
ozibelis meTodi, romelSic
_ exmareba moswavleebs teqstSi mocemul azrebs Soris arsebuli kav- maswavleblebi sagans
Sirebis dadgenaSi; mesame _ axsenebs moswavleebs maTTvis ukve nacnob warmoadgenen sruli,
informacias. organizebuli formiT; ufro
farTo, zogadi cnebebidan
winaswari maorganizebeli or kategoriad iyofa: SepirispirebiTi
midian viwro specifikur
da sademonstracio (Mayer, 1984). pirvelis meSveobiT xdeba muSa mexsi­ cnebamde.
erebaSi arsebuli sqemebis aqtivacia, anu moswavlisTvis imis Sexseneba,
rac man ukve icis, Tumca ver acnobierebs, aris Tu ara is marTlac
sazrisis mqone verbaluri
re­levanturi. magaliTad, istoriis gakveTilze revoluciis epoqis
daswavla _ ideebsa da
swavlebisas amgvari funqcia SeiZleba Seasrulos industriuli da verbalur informaciebs
so­cialur-ekonomikuri revoluciis Sedarebam. kerZod, maswavlebeli Soris organizebuli
ganmartavs, rom industriuli revoluciiT gamowveuli materialuri urTierToba.
da socialuri cvlilebebi, rogorc wesi, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba Sei-
araRebuli ajanyebis gziT miRebuli Sedegisgan. SeiZleba, agreTve gezis mimcemi _ termini,
safrangeTis, inglisis, meqsikis, ruseTis, iranisa da aSS-is revoluc- romelic gulisxmobs axalo
iebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis Sedareba (Salomon & Perkins, 1989). informaciis mokle
ganzogadebuli mimoxilvas
amis sapirispirod, sademonstraciis maorganizebeli (expository orga-
mis Seswavlamde.
nizers) moswavles axal codnas awvdis momavali informaciis gasagebad.
magaliTad, inglisuri enis gakveTilze literaturuli nawarmoebis
im monakveTis ganxilva, romelic adaT-wesebs ukavSirdeba, SeiZleba
daviwyoT imis axsniT, Tu ratom eTmoba am Temas aseTi mniSvnelovani
adgili literaturaSi. magaliTad, ase warvmarToT saubari: `mTavari
personaJi asakis matebasTan erTad, cdilobs sakuTari Tavis Semec-
nebas. am procesSi is, ase vTqvaT, `mogzaurobs~ sakuTari Tavis aR-
mosaCenad, raTa, bolos da bolos, gaarkvios, ra aris misaRebi da ra
unda uaryos sazogadoebam~.
am meTodiT swavlebis Sesaxeb zog- sademonstracio swavlebis
meTodi moswavleebs infor-
adi daskvna aseTia (Corkill, 1992; Lan-
macias organizebuli, `das-
ganFox, Waycott & Albert, 2000; Morin rulebuli~ saxiT awvdis. maT
& miller, 1998): is exmareba moswavlee- ar sWirdebaT am informaciis
bs swavlis procesSi, gansakuTrebiT sakuTari ZalebiT aRmoCena.

maSin, roca Sesaswavli masala aris

sruliad ucnobi, rTuli da mravlis-
momcveli. magram xazgasmiT aRsaniS-
navia, rom am rolis efeqturad Ses-
rulebisTvis es meTodi uciloblad
unda akmayofilebdes or pirobas. jer
erTi, winaswar miwodebuli informacia
mos­wavli­saTvis gasagebi unda iyos.
es naTlad daadastura dinelisa da
gloveris (Dinnel & Glover, 1985) kv-
levam, romlis Sedegma aCvena, rom am
meTodis efeqtianoba mniSvnelovnad iz­rdeba, Tu maswavlebeli exmare- daukavSireT kvlevas
ba moswavleebs winaswar miwodebuli informaciis ganmartebaSi, rac, da ganavrceT
ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca maT esmiT misi mniSvn- axsnisas analogiebis gamoy-
eneba moswavleebs teqstSi mo-
eloba. meore piroba ki isaa, rom am informaciis wyalobiT moswavlem
cemuli informaciis gagebaSi
dainaxos kavSiri swavlebis procesSi gamoyenebul ZiriTad cnebebsa da exmareba. magaliTad, `infeqcia
terminebs Soris. amgvari winaswari informaciis roli kargad SeiZleba oms hgavs~, `muceli `blenders~
Seasrulos konkretuli magaliTis safuZvelze Seqmnilma nimuSebma, hgavs~ (Vosniadou & Schom-
diagramebma an msgavs movlenebTan paralelis gavlebam (Robinson, 1998; mer, 1988).
Robinson & Kiewra, 1995).

401
sqema 8.3 sademonstracio gakveTilis safexurebi.
mas Semdeg, rac am winaswar miwodebuli in-
sademonstracio swavlebis fazebi formaciis wyalobiT moswavle gaecnoba
saWiro cnobebs, saWiroa Sinaarsis miwodeba
winaswari maorganizebeli msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis Sepi­rispirebis
gziT. amisaTvis aucilebelia spe­­cialurad
Sedgenili magaliTebis gamoye­neba. SeiZle-
ba magaliTebi Tavad moswavleebmac daasa­
Sinaarsis warmodgena msgavsebebisa da
gansxvavebebis CvenebiT, specifikuri
xelon. davuSvaT, literaturis gakveTil-
magaliTebis gamoyenebiT. ze vaswavliT Temas _ asakis mateba _ `ana
frankis dRiurisa~ da `heklberi finis
Tavgadasavlis~ gamoyenebiT. teqstis kiTx-
vis procesSi moswavleebs vaZlevT dava-
Sinaarsis dakavSireba maorganizebelTan lebas, Seadaron, rogor izrdebian mTavari
gmirebi, rogor azrovneben da ra statusi
aqvT sazogadoebaSi. sxva romanis, piesisa
Tu filmis mTavar personaJebTan (daadgi-
neT kavSiri moswavlis arsebul codnasTan) Sedarebis Semdeg, moswav-
leebs SeuZliaT erTmaneTs Seadaron ana frankis Sinagani mogzauroba da
heklberi finis mogzauroba mdinare misisipis gaswvriv. amis Semdeg Tqven
unda moaxdinoT gakveTilis miznis prezentacia da SeimuSaoT winaswari
maorganizebeli. msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis Cveneba SeiZleba magaliTebis
saSualebiT. kerZod, aucilebelia heklberi finisa da ana frankis dile­

­
rekomendaciebi: ozibelis ideebis gamoyeneba
gamoiyeneT winaswari maorganizebeli
magaliTebi
1. inglisuri enis gakveTilze: Tavisi pie-
sebis Seqmnisas Seqspiri iyenebda misi epo-
qisaTvis damaxasiaTebel socialur idee-
bs. magaliTad, iulius keisari, hamleti
da makbeti ukavSirdeba iseT cnebebs, ro-
goricaa bunebrivi kanonzomierebiT gan­
sazRvruli wesrigi, eri ganxilulia, ro-
gorc adamianis sxeuli da a.S.
2. socialuri mecnierebis gakveTilze: pre-
industriul regionebsa da erebSi eko-
nomikuri ganviTareba ganpirobebulia
geografiuli mdebareobiT.
3. istoriis gakveTilze: renesansis epoqa-
Si mniSvnelovani iyo iseTi cnebebi, ro-
goricaa simetria, harmonia, klasikuri
samyaros Tayvaniscema, adamianze, mis go­
nebaze centrireba.
gamoiyeneT ramdenime magaliTi.
2. kunZulebisa da naxevarkunZulebis Temis
swavlebisas, gamoiyeneT ruka, slaidebi,
modelebi da ilustraciebi (magaliTad,
safosto baraTebi).
gaamaxvileT yuradReba msgavsebasa da gansx-
vavebaze.
magaliTebi
1. istoriis gakveTilze hkiTxeT moswav-
leebs, ra iyo saerTo da ra _ ganmasxvave-
beli CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis Statebs
Soris aSS-is samoqalaqo omis periodSi.
2. biologiis gakveTilze hkiTxeT moswav-
leebs, rogor SeiZleba, maTi azriT, obo-
ba mwerad, xolo amfibia reptiliad ga-
daiqces.
winaswar organizebaze damatebiTi informaci-
isaTvis ix:

magaliTebi http://moodle.ed.uiuc.edu/wiked/index.plp/Ad-
vance_organizers
1. maTematikis gakveTilze hkiTxeT moswav-
leebs, ramdeni marTi kuTxea oTaxSi.

402
mis naTlad gamokveTa. dabolos, masalis srulad warmodgenis Semdeg,
vTxovT moswavleebs ganazogadon Tema specifikuri magaliTebis gamo­
yenebiT. sademonstracio swavlebis stadiebi warmodgenilia 8.3 naxazze.
ganviTarebis stadiis TvalsazrisiT, sademonstracio swavleba (ex-
pository teaching) ufro Seesabameba dawyebiTi an sabazo skolis, daaxloe-
biT me-5 da me-6 klasis moswavleebs (Luiten, Ames & Ackerson, 1980). qvemoT
warmodgenili rekomendaciebi dagexmarebaT sademonstracio swavlebis
ZiriTadi etapebis gaazrebaSi.

gza yovel moswavlemde: cnebebis swavleba

da unarSezRuduloba
cnebebis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs kidev erTi axali mid-
goma _ igi orientirebulia winare codnasTan kavSiris dadgenaze. Teo-
retikosebi am midgomas analogiiT instruqtirebas (analogical instruction)
uwodeben (Bulgren, Deshler, Schumaker, & Lenz, 2000). aseTi midgoma efeq-
turi aRmoCnda Sereuli saSualo skolis safexurze sabunebismetyvelo
da kulturis disciplinebis swavlebisas unarSezRudul (gonebrivad)
moswavleebTan, romelTa akademiuri moswreba ar Seesabameba am asakis
moswavleTa dones. imis gamo, rom am safexurze saswavlo prog­ramis moc-
uloba da Sinaarsi rTuldeba, am kategoriis moswavle­ebi, didi albaTo­
biT, saswavlo programas ver daZleven. analogiiT ins­­truqtirebis miza-
nia moswavlis codnis domis garkveva; es done SeiZleba im sawyis etapad
CaiTvalos, romlis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia axali, ufro rTuli masa-
lis Seswavla. rogorc ukve iTqva, analogiebis meTods didi xania iyeneben
problemaTa gadawyvetis procesSi, magram aRsaniSnavia isic, rom TiTqmis
aravis Seuswavlia analogiebis gavlena Sinaarsis swavlebis procesSi.

problemis gadawyveta

rogoria Tqveni azri?

davuSvaT, rom gasaubrebaze xarT raionis ganaTlebis inspeqtorTan.
Tqveni mizania skolis fsiqologad muSaobis dawyeba. amasTanave,
iciT, rom mas uCveulo kiTxvebis dasma sCvevia. is gawvdiT ramdeni­
me furcelsa da saxazavs da gekiTxebaT: `ra sisqisaa TiToeuli
fur­celi?~

sxvaTa Soris, es namdvili ambavia – analogiuri kiTxva damisves analogiiT instruqtireba

ga­­­saubrebis dros ramdenime wlis win. vupasuxe, rom saWiroa mTeli _ axali cnebebis swavleba mo-
Sekvris sisqis gazomva da Semdeg furclebis raodenobaze gayofa. Cemi swavleTaTvis ukve nacnob, ms-
pasuxi dadebiTad Sefasda da samsaxurSic mimiRes. magram warmoid- gavs informaciasTan kavSiris
damyarebiT.
gineT, ra daZabuli momenti iyo es Cems cxovrebaSi. Cemi varaudiT,
direqtori cdilobda imis garkvevas, maqvs Tu ara problemis swrafad
gadaWris unari.
problemas aqvs sawyisi (arsebuli) mdgomareoba, mizani (sasurve-
problema _ nebismieri situa-
li Sedegi) da miznis misaRwevi gza (im aqtivobis CaTvliT, romelsac cia, roca vcdilobT miznis
miznamde mivyavarT). problemis gadaWrisas saboloo miznis misaRw- miRwevas da amisaTvis sxvadasx-
evad saWiroa egreT wodebuli `qvemiznebis~ gansazRvra da gadaWra. va gzebs veZebT
ma­galiTad, Tu Tqveni mizania sanapirosTan misvla, magram pirvelive
gaCerebisas manqanis muxruWma gimtyunaT, aseT SemTxvevaSi mogiwevT

403

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
SesaZloa imis aRniSvna
gsurdeT, rom dRes problemis
gadaWrisadmi didi intere-
sis miuxedavad, jon diuis
araerTi mosazreba pasuxobs im
Tanamedrove Sexedulebas mo-
swavleebisaTvis problemebis
efeqtiani gadaWris swavlebis
Sesaxeb.
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
problemis gadaWra (II, A1)
gansazRvreT zogadi proble-
mis gadaWris procesis safex-
urebi. aRwereT is teqnika,
romlis gamoyenebac moswavlee-
bs SeuZliaT problemis Sesaxeb
sasargeblo warmodgenebis
Camoyalibebisas.
404
pirveli qvemiznis gadaWra, anu muxruWis SekeTeba, radgad es gzis
gagrZelebisa da, Sesabamisad, dasaxuli miznis miRwevis aucilebeli
pirobaa (Schnik, 2004). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom problema SeiZleba iyos
kargad an cudad struqturirebuli – imisda mixedviT, ramdenad naT-
ladaa gamokveTili mizani. vTqvaT, ariTmetikul problemaTa umrav-
lesoba kargad struqturirebulia, magram kolejSi ZiriTadi pro-
gramis sworad SerCevis problemaa cudad struqturirebuli mravali
sxvadasxva alternativis arsebobis gamo. cxovreba uamravi cudad
struqturirebuli problemis winaSe gvayenebs.
cnebas _ problemis gadaWra _ ganmartaven, rogorc miznis miRwevas
iseT situaciaSi, roca warsulSi naswavli wesebi da miRebuli gamoc-
dileba ar aris sakmarisi, roca problemis gadaWris gzebis dagegmva
warsulis magaliTebis safuZvelze TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. magaliTad,
didi siCqariT mimaval manqanas muxruWma umtyuna, misi gamoyeneba,
faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia, is mwyobridan gamovida (Mayer & Wittrock,
1996). zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom swavlis procesi umeteswilad
swored problemis gadaWras efuZneba (Anderson, 1993).
fsiqologTa azriT, problemebis gadaWra efeqturad mimdinareobs,
Tu gamoyenebulia ara zogadi, aramed konkretuli sferos specifi-
kuri strategia. magaliTad, maTematikuri amocanis amoxsna moiTxovs
maTematikisaTvis specifikuri problemis gadaWris strategiis gamoy-
enebas, xolo problemis gadaWra xelovnebis sferoSi – konkretuli
sferos Sesatyvisi specifikuri strategiisas. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu
ama Tu im sferoSi problemebis gadaWris eqspertad gaRiares, es niS-
navs, rom ukve Rrmad daeufle am sferos yovelgvar niuanss da, Se-
sabamisad, gamogimuSavda problemis gadaWris sxvadasxva strategia.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom fsoqologTa meore nawilis azriT, arsebobs
problemis gadaWris iseTi zogadi strategiebi, romelis gamoyeneba
TiTqmis yvela sferoSi SeiZleba.
amasTanave, arc erTi es argumenti safuZvels moklebuli ar aris. cno-
bilia, rom konkretul situaciaSi adamiani mimarTavs rogorc zogad, ise
specifikur meTodebs; es damokidebulia situaciaze, ag­reTve am adamia-
nis gamocdilebaze. Tavdapirvelad, rodesac cota ram viciT problemas-
Tan dakavSirebuli sferos Sesaxeb, situaciaSi gasarkvevad mivmarTavT
problemis gadaWris zogad strategiebsa da zogad principebs. `saWiro~
codnis (es codna, ra Tqma unda, procedurulia (procedural knowledge),
anu vswavlobT am sferoSi moqmedebas) SeZenis Semdeg zogad strategias
ukve naklebad viyenebT da problemis gadaWris procesi avtomaturad
mimdinareobs. magram Tu iseTi sakiTxi Segvxvda, romelic Cveni codnis
farglebs scildeba, warmoqmnil sirTulesTan gasamklaveblad kvlav
vubrundebiT zogad strategiebs (Alexander, 1992, 1996; Perkins & Salomon,
1989; Shuell, 1990).
axla ki ganvixiloT problemis gadaWris zogadi strategiebi. CavT-
valoT, rom problemis gadaWris strategia aris aTvlis wertili. aseTi
strategia xSirad 5 etapisagan Sedgeba (Derry, 1991; Callini, 1991; Grick,
1986). jon dransfordma da bari steinma (John Dransford & Barry Stein,
1993) am xuTi etapis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyenes abreviatura IDEAL:
I – Identify – problemis dayeneba da SesaZleblobebis gamovlena;
D – Define - miznebis gansazRvra da problemis warmodgena;
E – Explore - SesaZlo strategiebis dadgena;
A – Anticipate - Sedegisa da qmedebis winaswarganWvreta
(anticipacia);
L – Learn - miRebuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba da swavla.
 Cven xuTive etaps ganvixilavT, radgan es etapebi problemis ga­
daWris mraval midgomaSi gvxvdeba.

gamovlena: problemis gansazRvra

procesi iwyeba arsebuli problemis gamovleniT. problema ganxi- problemis gadaWra _
lul unda iqnes, rogorc SesaZlebloba. es yovelTvis advilad mis- problemis gadaWris axali
saSualebebis Seqmna
aRwevi rodia. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviSvelioT realuri ambavi.
erT-erTi saxlis mcxovrebni ukmayofilo iyvnen liftis muSaobiT.
maTi azriT, lifti Zalian nela moZraobda. liftis Semowmebis Sedegad
dadginda, rom raime gansxvaveba am liftsa da qalaqis sxva saxlebis
liftebs Soris ar arsebobda. erT dRes kariskaci daakvirda, Tu ro-
gor elodebodnen lifts mcxovrebni da mixvda, rom problema iyo ara
liftis siswrafe, aramed is, rom saxlis mcxovrebTaTvis mosawyeni
iyo liftis lodinis procesi. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebeli gaxda iseTi
raRacis mofiqreba, rac liftis lodinis process Seamsubuqebda. bi-
nadarTa pretenziebi Sewyda mas Semdeeg, rac yvela sarTulze liftis
karTan sarke Camokides.
problemis aRmoCena upirvelesi, yvelaze mniSvnelovani nabijia.
Catarebuli kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom adamianebi xSirad naCqarev da
aramarTebul daskvnebs akeTeben (am SemTxvevaSi – `lifti nela moZra­
obs~). Eeqspertebi problemis bunebas, rogorc wesi, ufro yuradRe-
biT ganixilaven (Bruning, Schraw, Norby, & Ronning, 2004). mogvarebadi/
gadaWradi problemis gansazRvra da misi gadaqceva SesaZleblobad
swored is procesia, romelic mravali warmatebuli gamogonebis ukan
dgas. ase gaCnda, magaliTad, burTuliani kalami, saojaxo teqnikaze
damontaJebuli saaTi, maRviZara da mravali sxva nivTi.
rogoria mogvarebadi problemis gansazRvris Semdegi safexuri?

miznebis gansazRvra da problemis warmodgena

warmovidginoT realuri problema: vTqvaT, pomidoris Semgrove-
beli manqana muSaobisas nayofs azianebs. ra SeiZleba gavakeToT? Tu
CavTvliT, rom es manqanis dizainis bralia, maSin mizani iqneba manqa-
nis teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis gaumjobeseba. magram Tu amis mizezad
miviCnevT pomidvris arastandartul formas, unda vizrunoT stand-
artuli formis nayofis miRebaze. problemis gadaWris procesi ori
sruliad gansxvavebuli gziT mimdinareobs, rac damokidebulia ar-
Ceul warmodgenasa da miznebze (Bransford & Stein, 1993). problemis war-
modgenisa da miznis gansazRvrisaTvis yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT
relevantur infor problemis gadaWra _ problemis gadaWris axali sa-
Sualebebis Seqmna maciaze, gavigoT problemis sakvanZo sityvebi da mis
mTlianobaSi gasagebad gavaaqtiuroT swori sqema.

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT Tu ujraSi Savi da TeTri feris

windebi gaqvT SefardebiT oTxi xuTTan, minimum ramdeni windis amoReba
gWirdebaT ujraSi Cauxedavad imisaTvis, rom erTi da imave feris wyvili
CaicvaT? (adaptirebulia Sternberg & Davidson, 1982)

yuradRebis gamaxvileba. problemis warmodgena xSirad moiTxovs rele-

vanturi informaciis moZiebasa da ararelevanturi detalebis ugule-
belyofas. magaliTad, ra saxis informaciaa relevanturi windebTan da-
kavSirebuli zemoaRniSnuli problemis gadaWrisas? gaazrebuli gaqvT

405

daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
da ganavrceT
wlebis win piaJem (me-2 Tavi)
gansazRvra moswavleTa mier
nawilsa da mTels Soris urT-
ierTobis garkvevis sirTu-
leebi, rodesac Semdegi kiTxva
dasva: `aq eqvsi gvirila da
ori narcisia. gvirila ufro
metia Tu yvavili?~ rogorc
wesi, patarebis pasuxi aseTia:
`gvirila~.
406
Tu ara, rom informacia Savi da TeTri windebis raodenobis Sesaxeb
_ oTxi xuTTan SefardebiT _ ararelevanturia? raki ujraSi mxolod
ori gansxvavebuli feris winda gaqvT, iqidan mxolod sami winda unda
amoiRoT imisaTvis, rom maTSi ori erTnairi feris aRmoCndes.
sakvanZo sityvebis gageba. problemis (misi teqstis/Sinaarsis) warmod-
genaSi meore amocanaa sityvebisa da winadadebebis mniSvnelobis gageba
(Mayer, 1992). magaliTad, moswavleTaTvis mravalsityviani problemis
warmodgenisas, ZiriTadi sirTulea nawili-mTelis urTierTkavSiris
warmodgena (Cummins, 1991). moswavleebs uWirT imis dadgena, ra risi
nawilia. es kargad Cans pirvelklaseli moswavlisa da maswavleblis
dialogidan:
maswavlebeli: petres sami vaSli aqvs, anasac aqvs vaSlebi. orives er­
Tad cxra vaSli aqvs. ramdeni vaSli aqvs anas?
moswavle: 9.
maswavlebeli: ratom?
moswavle: imitom, rom Tqven TqviT.
maswavlebeli: SegiZlia amocanis gameoreba.
moswavle: petres sami vaSli aqvs. vaSli anasac aqvs. anas cxra vaS­
li aqvs. petresac cxra vaSli aqvs. (adaptirebulia De
Corte & Verschaffel, 1985, gv. 19).
moswavlem sityva `erTad~ (mTeli) gaigo rogorc `TiToeuli~ (na­
wili). zogjer moswavleebs uWirT sakvanZo sityvebis moZebna (meti,
naklebi, ufro didi da sxv.), sakvanZo sityvebze dayrdnobiT strate-
giisa Tu formulis SerCeva (meti niSnavs `damatebas~) da maTi gamoy-
eneba. arsebiTad, amis Camoyalibeba mTliani problemis konceptualu­
ri gagebis CamoyalibebiT miiRweva.
mTliani problemis gaazreba.problemis warmodgenisas mesame amocanaa
mTeli relevanturi informaciisa da winadadebebis Tavmoyra mTliani
problemis zustad gaazrebisaTvis. es imas niSnavs, rom moswavleebma
unda Camoayalibon problemis konceptualuri modeli _ maT unda ga­
igon problemis namdvili arsi (Jonassen, 2003). ganvixiloT magaliTi:
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT rkinigzis or sadgurs Soris manZi-
li 50 milia. erT SabaTs, SuadRis 2 saaTze orive sadguridan erTmaneTis
Sesaxvedrad gamovida ori matarebeli. matareblebis sadguridan gamosv-
lisTanave pirveli matareblis win Citi afrindeba da meore metarebli-
saken gaeSureba. rogorc ki Citi meore matarebels miaRwevs, mobrundeba
da pirveli matareblisaken gamofrindeba. ase dafrinavs Citi aqeT-iqiT
matareblebis Sexvedramde. ramden mils gaifrens Citi matareblebis
Sexvedramde, Tu orive matarebeli saaTSi 25 mili siCqariT moZraobs,
xolo Citi saaTSi 100 mili siCqariT frens? (Posner, 1973)
problemis Tqveneul interpretacias `gadaTargmna~ ewodeba, radgan
Tqven iseT sqemad gadaakeTebT problemas, romelic gesmiT. Tu mas
manZilis problemad gadaTargmniT da daisaxavT mizans (`unda gamovT-
valo ra manZils gaifrens Citi Semxvedr matareblamde da ukan da
sabolood Sevkribo Citis mier gafrenili yvela manZili erTi matare-
blidan meoremde da ukan~), Zalian rTuli amocanis winaSe aRmoCnde-
biT. arsebobs problemis Camoyalibebis ukeTesi gza. problema `drois~
kiTxvad unda warmovadginoT da yuradReba im droze unda gavamaxvi-
loT, ra drosac Citi haerSi atarebs. problemis gadaWra ase SeiZleba
Camoyalibdes:
sqema 8.4
problemis warmodgenis oTxi sxvadasxva gza
maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas: `cocxali bunebis amsaxveli ramdeni marka sWird-
eba jens markebis koleqciis wignis Sesavsebad, Tu wigni sami furclisagan
Sedgeba da TiToeulze 30 marka eteva?~ maswavlebeli moswavleebs urigebs
iseT sagnebs, rogoricaa kvadratis formis furclebi, ricxviTi wrfe da
CarCoebiani furclebi. sTxovs, moifiqron amocanis amoxsnis rac SeiZleba
meti gza. gTavazobT oTx sxvadasxva amoxsnas, romlebic oTx gansxvavebul,
magram swor warmodgenas emyareba.

jimi jo

90 marka

maria fili

aTEuli erTeuli

90 marka 90 marka

wyaro: wignidan Essentials of Classroom Teaching: Elementary Mathematics by James E. Schwartz

& C. Alan Riedesel, Published by Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright © 1994 by Pearson
Education. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

matareblebi erTnairi siCqariT moZraoben, ase rom, isini gzis

Sua monakveTSi Sexvdebian erTmaneTs, TiToeuli sadguridan 25
milis daSorebiT. amas erTi saaTi dasWirdeba, radgan isini 25
mili/saaTSi siCqariT moZraoben. erT saaTSi Citi 100 mils gaif-
rens, radgan misi siCqare 100mili/saaTSia. ai, ra advilia!
gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom moswavleebi xSirad naucbaTevad wyveten
problemis arss. problemis kategorizaciis kvalobaze _ `aha, manZil­
Tan dakavSirebuli amocanaa!~ _ amoqmeddeba konkretuli sqema. es sqema
moswavlis yuradRebas relevantur informaciaze mimarTavs da uCens
molodins imis Taobaze, rogori unda iyos swori pasuxi (Kalyuga, Chan-
dler, Tuovinen, & Sweller, 2001; Reimann & Chi, 1989).
rodesac moswavleebs ara aqvT problemis warmosadgenad saWiro
sqemebi, isini xSirad situaciis zedapirul maxasiaTeblebs eyrdnobian
da problemas mcdarad warmoidgenen. es im moswavlis saqciels hgavs,
romelmac amocanis _ `joans 15 damatebiTi qula aqvs, xolo luizas 24.
ramdeni quliT meti aqvs luizas?~ _ pasuxad dawera `15 + 24 = 39~. mo-
swavlem dainaxa ori ricxvi da sityva `meti~ da Sesabamisad ga­moiyena
procedura `metis misaRebad unda mivumatoT~. mcdari sqemis gamoy-
enebisas moswavleebi uyuradRebod toveben mniSvnelovan informacias,
iyeneben ararelevantur informacias da SesaZloa, mcdari sqemis Ses-
abamisadac waikiTxon da daimaxsovron mniSvnelovani informacia. Tu
isini problemis warmosadgenad swor sqemas iyeneben, naklebia imis
albaToba, rom maT daabnevT ararelevanturi informacia an iseTi

407
 sity­vebi, rogoricaa `meti~ _ sinamdvileSi gamoklebasTan dakavSire-
buli problemis gadaWrisas (Resnick, 1981). 8.4 sqemaze naCvenebia is
gansxvavebuli gzebi, romliTac moswavleebma SeiZleba warmoadginon
martivi maTematikuri amocana.

gadaTargmna da sqemis SemuSaveba. rogor vaswavloT moswavles sworad

gadaTargmna da sqemis SerCeva? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas, xSirad,
zogadidan konkretul sferosTan dakavSirebuli problemis gadaWris
strategiaze unda gadavideT, radgan sqemebi specifikuria sxvadasxva
SinaarsisaTvis. magaliTad, maTematikaSi amocanis amoxsnas xels uwy-
obs bevri msgavsi ukve amoxsili variantis demonstrireba. moswavle-
TaTvis mxolod ramdenime magaliTis CvenebiT Semofargvla da maTTvis
mravali amocanis damoukideblad amoxsnis davaleba naklebefeqtiania.
msgavs magaliTebs gansakuTrebiT maSin aqvs damxmare Zalis efeqti,
roca amocana ucnobi an rTulia da mis Sesaxeb moswavleebma cota ram
ician (Cooper & Sweller, 1987). swavlis dros amoxsnili magaliTebi erT
jerze informaciis erT wyaros unda eyrdnobodes (Marcus, Cooper, &
Sweller, 1996). sTxoveT moswavleebs magaliTebis Sedareba. ra saerTos
da ra gansxvavebas amCneven yoveli amoxsnisas? ra aris amis mizezi?
igive procedura SesaZloa sxva sagnebisTvisac efeqtiani iyos.
adrian lim da lora hatCinsonma (Adrienne Lee & Laura Hutchinson,
1998) aRmoaCines, rom universitetisa da kolejis studentebi ukeT
swavloben, roca qimiis amocanebis amoxsnis iseTi nimuSebi aqvT, rom-
lebsac axlavs eqsperti amomxsnelis azrovnebis amsaxveli komentar-
ebi kritikuli monakveTebisaTvis. avstraliaSi slava kaliugam (Slava
Kalyuga, 2001) da misma kolegebma aRmoaCines, rom amoxsnili nimuSebi
axalbedebs eleqtruli sqemis SeswavlaSi exmareba. aseve sasargebloa
moswavleebisaTvis imis Txovna, rom dafiqrdnen nimuSebze; amrigad,
axsna da dafiqreba ufro efeqtians xdis amoxsnili nimuSebis ganx-
ilvas. amoxsnili nimuSebis ganxilva maSinac sasargebloa, Tu moswav-
leebi nimuSebs sakuTari TavisTvis yoveli safexuris asaxsnelad an
mosalodneli safexuris gasagebad iyeneben; am SemTxvevaSi moswavleebi
gonebrivad arian CarTulni nimuSebidan azris gamotanaSi (Atkinson,
Renkl, & Merrill, 2003).
nacnobi magaliTebi axali amocanebis gadaWrisas SeiZleba analo-
giebis an mo­delebis rols asrulebdes. magram sifrTxile gvmarTebs,
radgan axalbedebi, rogorc wesi, nimuSis an qeisis zedapirul Tavise-
burebebs imaxsovreben da ara siRrmiseul mniSvnelobas an struqtu-
ras. maSin, roca swored mniSvneloba an struqtura gvexmareba axali,
analogiuri amocanebis gadaWraSi da ara zedapiruli msgavseba (Gentner,
Lowenstein, & Thompson, 2003). moswavleebisagan msmenia wuxili imis
Taobaze, rom maTematikaSi testis momzadebisas ganxiluli amocanebi
mdinaris dinebis siCqareze iyo, xolo testSi _ qaris siCqareze. isini
protests gamoxatavdnen: `testSi ar iyo amocanebi navebze!~ sinamd-
vileSi qaris Sesaxeb amocanebi zustad ise ixsneboda, rogorc navze
amocanebi, magram moswavleebi yuradRebas mxolod zedapirul Tavise-
burebebs aqcevdnen. am tendenciis daZlevis erT-erTi gzaa, vTxovoT
moswavleebs nimuSebisa da/an qeisebis Sedareba, raTa maT SeimuSaon
problemis gadaWris zogadi sqema, romelic moicavs qeisebis zogad
struqturas da ara zedapirul niSnebs (Gentner da sxvebi, 2003).
kidev rogor SegviZlia moswavleebs davexmaroT im sqemebis Se-
muSavebaSi, romlebic maT konkretul saganSi problemebis warmodge-
naSi daexmarebaT? maieri (Mayer, 1983b) gvirCevs Semdeg aqtivobebSi

408
vavarjiSoT moswavleebi: (1) sxvadasxva tipis problemebis amocnoba da
kategorizacia; (2) problemis warmodgena – konkretuli suraTebiT,
simboloebiT, grafikiT an sityvierad; (3) problemaSi relevanturi da
ararelevanturi informaciis SerCeva.

problemis warmodgenis Sedegebi. 8.5 sqemaze naCvenebia, rom proble-

mis gadaWrisas problemis warmodgenis safexurs ori mTavari Sedegi
aqvs. Tu problemis Tqveneuli warmodgena myisier gadaWras varaudobs,
Tqveni amocana amoxsnilia. erTi mxriv, sinamdvileSi axali problema
ar gadagiWriaT; Tqven ubralod mixvdiT, rom axali problema aris
`SeniRbuli~ versia Zveli problemisa, romlis amoxsna ukve iciT. amas
problemis sqemiT marTuli gadaWra ewodeba. 8.5 sqemis terminebiT,
Tqven sqemis gaaqtiurebis gza airCieT da pirdapir amoxsnaze gadax-
vediT. ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu problemis gadaWris arsebuli
gza ara gaqvT an gaaqtiurebuli sqema warumatebelia? droa, gadaWris
gza movZebnoT!

problemis gadaWris SesaZlo

strategiebis aRmoCena
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ara gvaqvs mzamzareuli sqema, romelic proble- sqemaze damyarebiT prob-
mis myisierad gadaWras varaudobs, unda avirCioT kvlevaze dafuZneb- lemis gadaWra _ problemis
danaxva, rogorc adre arse-
uli gza, romelic 8.5 sqemazea naCvenebi. aSkaraa, rom es gza iseTi buli problemis saxecvlili
efeqtiani ar aris, rogorc swori sqemis gaaqtiureba, magram zogjer versiisa, anu im problemisa,
es erTaderTi gamosavalia. problemis gadasaWrelad kvlevis Catarebis romlis gadaWris saSualebeb-
sac ukev flobs individi
ori zogadi procedura arsebobs: algoriTmuli da evristikuli.

algoriTmi aris miznis miRwevis etapobrivi rekomendaciebi. Cveuleb­ algoriTmi _ problemis

nabij-nabij gadaWra, prob-
riv, es rekomendaciebi damokidebulia ama Tu im sferos specifikur
lemis gadaWris safexurebis
maxasiaTeblebze. Sesabamisad, saTanado algoriTmis sworad SerCevisa gawera.
da efeqturad ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi problemis gadaWra, anu
swori pasuxis miReba, garantirebulia. samwuxarod, moswavleebi al-
goriTms xSirad cdisa da Secdomis meTodiT, anu SemTxveviT, irCeven.
jer erT gzas mimarTaven, mere – meores, mesames da a.S. Sesabamisad,
isini zogjer, SemTxveviT, swor pasuxsac iReben, Tumca mis dasabuTe-
bas ver axerxeben. zogjer algoriTmebis usistemod gamoyeneba imis
niSania, rom moswavles jer kidev ar aqvs ganviTarebuli piaJeseu-
li formaluri operaciuli azrovnebisa da SesaZleblobaTa nakrebSi
sistemuri muSaobis unari.
mravali problemis gadaWra algoriTmebiT ver xerxdeba. rogor
viq­ceviT am SemTxvevaSi?

evristika aris zogadi strategia, romelmac SeiZleba migviyvanos swor evristika _ problemis
pasuxamde. imis gamo, rom mravali cxovrebiseuli problema (kariera, gadasaWrelad alernatiuli
kvleviTi modelebis gamoy-
urTierTobebi da a.S) arasworxazovania, rac imas niSnavs, rom isini
eneba; zogadi strategiis
cudad gansazRvruli problemis saxiT da aSkara algoriTmebis gareSe SemuSaveba axali problemis
warmogvidgeba, mniSvnelovania efeqtiani evristikis aRmoCena an Se- gadasaWrelad.
muSaveba (Korf, 1999). ganvixiloT ramdenime magaliTi.

409
daukavSireT swavlebas/port-
folios da ganavrceT
qvemoT mocemulia xuTi evr-
istika, romelic moswavleebs
maTematikuri amocanebis amox-
snaSi daexmareba (Schoenfeld,
1979):
1. Tu SesaZlebelia, daxazeT
diagrama.
2. Tu amocanis pasuxia `N~,
romlis mniSvneloba mTeli
ricxvia, scadeT iseTi
ricxvebiT SecvaloT, ro-
goricaa 1, Semdeg 2, 3, 4 da
daakvirdiT Sedegebs.
3. debulebis sisworis Semow-
mebisas, magaliTad, `Tu
X WeSmaritia, maSin Y-ic
WeSmaritia~, scadeT sawi-
naaRmdegos damtkiceba:
`Tu X mcdaria, maSin Y-ic
mcdaria~, an dauSviT, rom
dasamtkicebeli debuleba
mcdaria da scadeT misi
uaryofa.
4. scadeT msgavsi amocanis
amoxsna ufro mcire raode-
nobis cvladebiT.
5. scadeT qvemiznebis
dasaxva.
miznebis Sualeduri analizi
_ evristuli midgoma, romlis
mixedviTac, mizani iSleba qve
miznebad
ukusvliTi strategia _
evristuli midgoma, romlis
mixedviTac, individi iwyebs
miznidan da Semdeg ukusvliT
midis problemis gadasaWrelad
410
sqema 8.5
problemis gadaWris procesis diagrama
arsebobs problemis gadaWris ori gza. pirvel SemTxvevaSi aqtiurdeba swori
sqema da gadaWris gza naTelia. Tu sqema ar arsebobs, SesaZloa Zieba da gamoc-
da gaxdes problemis gadaWris gza.
gaaqtiurebuli sqema
sdeq
sqema ar
gaaq-
tiure-
warmodgenis bula gadaWris gadaWris
Sefaseba
Seqmna gzis Zieba gzis mosinjva
marcxi
wyaro: wignidan ‘Problem-Solving Strategies’, by M.L. Gick, Educational Psychologist, 21, 1986, gv.
101. adaptirebulia Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.-isa da avtoris nebarTviT.
Sualedur mizanTa analizSi (means-ends analysis) problema ramde­
nime Sualedur, anu qvemiznad iyofa, xolo Semdeg dgindeba yove-
li Sua­leduri qvemiznis miRwevis saSualebebi. magaliTad, 20-gverd-
iani semestruli naSromis dawera SesaZloa zogierTi moswavlisaTvis
dauZlevel problemad iqces. am SemTxvevaSi mizanSewonili iqneba dava-
lebis danawevreba ramdenime iseT Sualedur miznad, rogoricaa Te-
mis SerCeva, informaciis wyaroebis dadgena, am informaciis wakiTxva
da mowesrigeba, gegmis Sedgena da a.S. konkretuli Sualeduli miz-
nis gadaWrisas, maT SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom sxva miznebic wamoiWra.
magaliTad, informaciis moZiebisas, maT SesaZloa dasWirdeT adamiani,
ro­melic eleqtronuli biblioTekiT sargeblobis wesebs gaaxsenebs.
unda gvaxsovdes, rom fsiqologebs jer kidev ar aRmouCeniaT efeq-
tiani evristika im moswavleebisaTvis, romlebmac semestruli naSro-
mis dawera misi wardgenis wina Rames daiwyes.
Sualedur mizanTa analizis meore aspeqtia distanciis Semcireba,
anu im gziT siaruli, romelic pirdapir saboloo miznamde migvi-
yvans. adamiani iswrafvis saqmis amJamindel viTarebasa da mizans Soris
udidesi gansxvaveba eZios da Semdeg ipovos is strategia, romelic am
gansxvavebas Seamcirebs. Cven uars vambobT SemovliT an irib gzebze,
radgan miznis misaRwevad uswrafesi gzis aRmoCena gvsurs. amrigad,
roca gaacnobierebT, rom mizani _ semestruli naSromis dawera _ Sesa-
Zloa moiTxovdes SemovliT gzas _ eleqtronuli biblioTekiT sarge-
blobis wesebis xelaxla daswavlas, SesaZloa Tavdapirvelad winaaR-
mdegobis grZnoba gagiCndeT, radgan saboloo miznamde pirdapiri da
swrafi gziT ar midixarT (Anderson, 1993).
zogierTi problemis gadasaWrelad saWiroa e. w. `ukusvlis strate-
gia~ (working-backwords strategy), roca viwyebT miznidan da ukusvliT
Tavdapirvel gadauWrel problemamde mivdivarT. ukusvlis strategia
zogjer efeqtiani evristikaa geometriaSi Teoremis dasamtkiceblad.
es, SesaZloa, aseve warmatebuli iyos Sualeduri vadebis dasaweseblad
(`vnaxoT, Tu es Tavi sam kviraSi unda davamTavro, rom 28 ricxvisTvis
eleqtronuli fostiT gavagzavno, Tavdapirveli monaxazi 11 ricxvi-
saTvis unda mqondes mzad~).
 problemis gadaWrisas
moswavleTa jgufebSi muSao-
bis erT-erTi upiratesobaa
is, rom maT moeTxovebaT
erTmaneTs auxsnan problemis
gadaWris sakuTari savaraudo
gza. gadaWris gzis verbalu-
rad gamoxatva, rogorc wesi,
aumjobesebs problemis
gadaWras.

kidev erTi sasargeblo evristikaa analogiebiT azrovneba (analogi-

cal thinking) (Copi, 1961; Genter da sxvebi, 2003), romelic gadaWris gzebis
Ziebas Semofarglavs Tqven winaSe amJamad mdgar situaciasTan raRac
saerTo niSnis mqone situaciebiT. magaliTad, rodesac wyalqveSa navi
gamoigones, inJinrebs unda gamoeTvalaT, rogor gansazRvravda sa-
brZolo gemi zRvis siRrmeSi damaluli gemis arsebobasa da mdebareo-
bas. imis Seswavlam, rogor frenen Ramurebi sibneleSi, isini hidrolo-
katoris gamogonebamde miiyvana.
analogiuri azrovnebis meTodma SeiZleba mcdar daskvnamde migvi-
yvanos. rodesac Tavdapirvelad teqsturi procesorebi gaCnda, zo-
gierTma sabeWdi manqanis analogiiT isargebla da ver gamoiyena kom-
piuteris TaviseburebaTa upiratesoba. isini yuradRebas zedapirul
msgavsebaze amaxvilebdnen. rogorc Cans, adamians sWirdeba rogorc
problemis, aseve analogiis sferos codna analogiis efeqtianad gamo-
sayeneblad (Gagné, Yekovich, & Yekovich, 1993). amas garda, analogiebis
Camoyalibebisas yuradReba unda iqnas gamaxvilebuli mniSvnelobaze
da ara zedapirul msgavsebaze.
problemis gadaWris gegmis verbalizacia da Sesabamisi dasabuTe-
ba warmatebuli Sedegis sawindaria (Lee & Hutchinson, 1998). SesaZloa
amgvari verbalizaciis procesis efeqtianoba SemTxveviT aRmoaCinoT,
rodesac problemis sxva adamianisTvis axsnisas gonebaSi problemis ga­
daWris gza gagielvebT.

ganWvreta, moqmedeba da ukan dabruneba

rogoria Tqveni azri?
davuSvaT, interviu gaqvT departamentis xelmZRvanelTan. `ras fiq­
robT imis Taobaze, rom moswavleebs kalkulatorebisa da orTog­
rafiuli koreqtorebis gamoyenebis neba mivceT? Tqveni azriT, es
swavlas zedmetad xom ar gaamartivebs?~
problemis warmodgenisa da SesaZlo gadawyvetilebaTa dadgenis
Sem­­­deg xdeba gadawyvetilebis SerCeva da SesaZlo Sedegebis progno­
zireba. magaliTad, Tu gadawyvetT moagvaroT `dazianebuli pomidvris
problema~, pomidvris ufro mkvrivi jiSis gamoyvanis SemTxvevaSi unda
ganWvritoT, rogori iqneba momxmarebelTa reaqcia. Tu dros axali
grafikuli programis Seswavlas moaxmarT, rom semestruli namuSevari
ufro mimzidveli (xolo qula ufro maRali) gaxadoT, sakmarisi dro
dagrCebaT Tu ara namuSevris dasamTavreblad?

411
 argumenti / kontrargumenti
unda davrToT Tu ara moswavleebs kalkulatorisa da orTografiuli
koreqtoris gamoyenebis neba?
ganaTlebis sistemis yvela muSaki rodia
darwmunebuli, rom maTematikur operaciaTa
Sesrulebis an namuSevris SemowmebisaTvis mas-
wavleblis mier moswavleebisTvis micemuli
kalkulatorisa da sxva teqnikuri instru-
mentebis gamoyenebis nebarTva gamarTlebulia.
argumenti kalkulatori da orTogra­
fiuli koreqtori yavarjnebia, romlebic swav-
las zians ayenebs.
Cemi gamosaSvebi klasis (madlobeli var
ohaios saxelmwifo universitetis studentebis,
debis _ lanami da Carlz peijebisa mosazre-
bebis gaziarebisaTvis) moswavleebis (axla ukve
gamocdili maswavleblebi da direqtorebi)
gamokiTxvisas sxvadasxva mosazrebam iCina Tavi.
kerZod, `Tu moswavleebs dabal klasebSive mi-
vcemT kalkulatoris gamoyenebis nebas, maTi
umravlesoba verasdros ver iswavlis elementa-
rul maTematikas; isini mxolod kalkulatoris
gamoyenebas iswavlian~ an `maTematikis Sesaswav-
lad moswavleebs cnebebis gameoreba da varji-
Si sWirdebaT operaciebis dasamaxsovreblad,
kalkulatori ki amas xels uSlis~. eleqtronul
versiaSi am sakiTxis Sejamebisas nensi airesma
(http://www.math.twsu.edu/history/topics/calcu-
lators.html#calc) SeniSna: `ielis universitetis
kompiuterul mecnierebaTa profesori david
gelernteri miiCnevs, rom kalkulatoris gam-
oyeneba saerTod ar unda davuSvaT klasSi. is
Tvlis, rom Tu bavSvebs kalkulatoris gamoy-
enebis uflebas mivcemT, maTgan iseTi zrdas-
ruli adamianebi Camoyalibdebian, romelTac
ar ecodinebaT ariTmetikis safuZvlebi, mTeli
cxov­reba cifrebis burusisTvis iqnebian gan-
wirulni. 1997 wels, kaliforniis kanonmdeb­
lobiT, skolaSi, me-6 klasamde, kalkulatorebis
gamoyeneba aikrZala. Tumca, virjiniis StatSi
200 aTasi kalkulatori SeiZines sabazo da
ufros klasebSi maTematikis gakveTilebze ga-
mosayeneblad~. teqsturi procesoris maCvene-
blebis TvalsazrisiT ganaTlebis progresis
erovnulma Sefasebam (1997) aCvena: miuxedavad
imisa, rom teqsturi procesorebis gamoyeneba

problemis gadaWris strategiisa da misi ganxorcielebis Semdeg

unda SeafasoT Sedegebi im faqtebze dayrdnobiT, romelic mis sis­
wores adasturebs an uaryofs. adamianTa umravlesoba saukeTeso
ga­dawyvetilebis miRebamde wyvets muSaobas da ubralod im pasuxs
sjerdeba, romelic zogierT SemTxvevaSi amarTlebs. maTematikur amo-
canebze muSaobisas, pasuxis Semowmeba SesaZloa niSnavdes Semowmebis
miRebuli praqtikis gamoyenebas, kerZod, gamoklebis Sesamowmeblad
mimatebas an qveSmiweriT mimatebisas Sekrebas svetis qvevidan zeviT
da ara zevidan qveviT. Sefaseba sxvagvaradac SeiZleba. magaliTad, 11
X 21 namravli 200-is farglebSi unda iyos, radgan 10 X 20 = 200. Tu
moswavle iRebs pasuxs 2,311, an 23, an 562, is swrafad unda mixvdes,
rom aseTi pasuxi swori ver iqneba. pasuxis Sefaseba gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania, roca moswavleebi kalkulatorsa da kompiuters eyrd-
nobian, radgan am SemTxvevaSi maT ar SeuZliaT ukan dabruneba da ci-
frebSi Secdomis povna. ixileT CanarTi `argumenti/kontrargumenti~
pasuxebis Semowmebisas teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb Sexedule-
baTa gasacnobad.

412
me-11 klaselebis mier 1984-1997 wlebSi, 19%-
dan 96%-mde gaizarda, weris qulebis saSualo
maCveneblebi imave wlebSi Semcirda.
kontrargumenti kalkulatorebi da orTo-
grafiis koreqtori xels uwyobs swavlas.
ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom maTematikis Ses-
wavla kalmistrisa da qaRaldis gamoyenebiT
saukeTeso gzaa, raki moswavleebi warsulSi ase
swavlobdnen. dRes yvela saswavlo situacia
unda ganvixiloT, raTa ganvsazRvroT, romeli
gzaa saukeTeso swavlisaTvis _ kalmistrisa da
furclis, teqnologiisa Tu maTi kombinaciis
gamoyeneba (Waits & Demana, 2000). magaliTad,
maTematikasa da sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi
mesame saerTaSoriso kvlevam (TIMSS, 1998) aCve-
na, rom im moswavleebs, romlebic maTematikaSi
yoveldRiuri davalebebis Sesrulebisas kalku-
lators iyenebdnen, testirebisas gacilebiT
ukeTesi Sedegebi hqondaT, vidre maT, vinc iS-
viaTad an saerTod ar iyenebda mas. arsebiTad,
ukanasknel aTwleulSi kalkulatorebis gamo-
yenebis Sesaxeb Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena,
rom zogadi unarebis mospobis nacvlad, kalku-
latoris gamoyenebas dadebiTi Sedegi hqonda
moswavleTa problemis gadaWris unarsa da
maTematikis mimarT damokidebulebaze (Waits &
Demana, 2000).
ra SeiZleba iTqvas teqstur procesorsa da
orTografiis koreqtorze? priscila nortoni
da debra spragi (Pricilla Norton & Debra Sprague,
2001) varaudoben, rom `arc erT sxva teqnolo-
giur resurss ar hqonia iseTi didi gavlena
ganaTlebaze, rogorc teqstur procesors~
(gv. 78). isini Semdeg efeqtebs asaxeleben: te-
qsturi procesori xels uwyobs moswavleTa
mier sakuTari Tavis `namdvil `mwerlad~ aR-
qmas, saSualebas aZlevs maT moaxdinon weris
miRma azrovnebis refleqsia, xels uwyobs er-
Tobliv weras da exmareba moswavles, rom weris
dros ufro kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi iyos.
Cems klasSi konsultantma, romelic ufros
klaselebTan muSaobda, aRniSna am teqnologi-
is kidev erTi dadebiTi mxare: `Cven mravali
ucxoeli moswavle gvyavs, romlebmac saSualod
ician inglisuri. Cemi azriT, maT orTografiis
koreqtori sWirdebaT rogorc Secdomebis aR-
mosaCenad, ise sityvebis swori formis Sesas-
wavlad. zogjer orTografiis koreqtori mosa-
bezrebelia CvenTvis, radgan yvelafers eWvqveS
ayenebs, magram ucxoeli moswavlisa da zogadad,
koreqturisaTvis, is Zalze mosaxerxebeli da
saWiroa~.
rogoria Tqveni azri?
gTxovT gamoxatoT sakuTari mosazreba veb-
gverdze: www.mylabschool.com

problemis gadaWris xelisSemSleli faqtorebi

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT oTaxSi SedixarT da xedavT, rom
Werze ori Toki hkidia. eqsperimentis mizani SemdegSi mdgomareobs: am
ori Tokis boloebi erTmaneTze unda gadaabaT. imave oTaxSi magidaze
devs CaquCi da brtyeltuCa. Tqven cdilobT erTi Tokis bolo meo-
remde miitanoT, magram - amaod. gadawyviteT, brtyeltuCis daxmarebiT
gaakeToT es, magram am SemTxvevaSic Tqveni mcdeloba fuWi gamodga.
rogor unda moiqceT? (Maier, 1933)

fiqsacia. problemis gadaWra saganTa axleburad danaxvas moiTxovs.

Tokebis problemis gadaWra SesaZlebelia, Tu CaquCs an brtyeltuCas
erT-erTi Tokis boloze miabamT da mas SuqurasaviT gaaqanebT. Tqven
SegeZlebaT Tokis daWera maSin, roca meore TokiT xelSi oTaxSi md-
goms is maqsimalurad mogiaxlovdebaT. SegiZliaT iaraRis (CaquCis,
brtyeltuCas) simZime gamoiyenoT, rom Toki Tqvenamde `moiyvanoT~,
nacvlad imisa, rom mis daWimvas SeecadoT. adamianebi xSirad am prob-
lemas ver Wrian, radgan isini yuradRebas masalebis tradiciul gamoy-

413

daukavSireT swavlebas/port-
folios da ganavrceT
moswavles misces Semdegi
amocana: `ipove x-isa da y-is
mniSvnelobebi, romelic erT-
droulad amoxsnis 8x + 4y = 28
da 4x + 2y = 10 gantolebebs~.
moswavlem swrafad upasuxa
x = 2, y = 3, romelic mxolod
pirveli gantolebis amonaxsni
iyo, meoris ki _ ara. rogor
SeiZleba davexmaroT moswav-
les, gaxdes ufro dafiqrebuli
(refleqsuri)?
funqcionaluri fiqsacia
_ sagnebis an instrumentebis
axleburad gamoyenebis
uunaroba.
pasuxebis sistema _ rigidoba,
tendencia upasuxo kargad
nacnobi gziT.
reprezentatulobis evristi-
ka _ movlenis albaTobaze msj-
eloba, Tu rogor Seesatyviseba
igi Tqvens prototips-aris Tu
ara Seni warmodgena reprezen-
tatuli am kategoriis.
414
enebaze amaxvileben. am sirTules funqcionaluri fiqsacia (functional
fixedness) ewodeba (Duncker, 1945). yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi Cven xSirad
funqcionalur fiqsacias vamJRavnebT xolme. warmoidgineT, rom ko-
modis ujris saxeluri moryeulia. 10 wuTs saxraxnisis ZebnaSi dakar-
gavT, Tu saxazavis kuTxiT an 10 centianiT ecdebiT mis SekeTebas?
fiqsaciis kidev erTi saxe, romelic xels uSlis problemis efeq-
tian gadaWras, pasuxTa sistemaa (response set), romelsac problemis
warmodgenis gzaze vawydebiT. ai, magaliTi:
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT asanTis mxolod erTi Reris ga­da­
adgilebiT miiReT toloba. magaliTad, V = V.
V=VII VI=XI XII=VII VI=II
SesaZloa, pirveli magaliTi sakmaod swarafad amoxsnaT. asanTis
erT Rers tolobis marjvena mxridan marcxniv gadmoitanT da miiRebT
VI = VI. meore da mesame magaliTic did sirTules ar warmoadgens
– erT Rers gadaaadgilebT, rom V X-ad aqcioT da piriqiT. ai, meoTxe
magaliTma ki (aRebulia Raudsepp & Haugh, 1977) SeiZleba dagabnioT.
am amocanis amosaxsnelad Tqven pasuxTa Tqveneuli nakrebi, anu sqe-
mebi unda SecvaloT, radgan pirveli sami magaliTis strategia aq ar
gamogvadgeba. aq saWiroa romauli ricxvis arabulad gardaqmna da
fesvis cnebis codna. pasuxTa sistemis daZleviT, asanTis erT Rers
marjvnidan marcxniv gadmoitanT fesvis aRmniSvneli simbolos mis-
aRebad; pasuxi iqneba √1 = 1, rac ubralod simboluri Tqmaa imisa, rom
1-dan kvadratuli fesvi udris 1-s. am saxelmZRvanelos SemoqmedebiTma
mkiTxvelma wynari zRvis universitetis magistrma jamaal alanma amo-
canis sxvagvari amoxsnac SemogvTavaza: SegiZliaT nebismieri asanTi
gamoiyenoT da niSani = aqcioT ≠ niSnad. am SemTxvevaSi ukanaskneli
magaliTi iqneba V ≠ II, anu 5 ar udris 2-s. aseve SegiZliaT gadaaad-
giloT erTi Reri, raTa niSani = aqcioT < an >–ad da magaliTebi isev
WeSmariti iqneba (Tumca es ar iqneba toloba, rogorc pirobaSi iyo
naTqvami). iqneb Tqvenc moifiqroT gansxvavebuli pasuxebi!
evristikis zogierTi sirTule. xSirad evristikul meTodebs avtomatu­
rad viyenebT da swrafad viRebT gadawyvetilebas; amiT TiTqos vzo-
gavT dros yoveldRiuri problemebis gadaWrisaTvis. Cvens gonebas
avtomaturi da myisieri reagireba SeuZlia, Tumca xSirad amgvari
`efeq­tianobis~ safasuri SesaZloa ZviradRirebuli cudad gadaWrili
problema iyos. stereotipebze agebulma gadawyvetilebam xSirad, SesaZ­
loa, yvelaze gonebagaxsnili adamianic ki mcdar daskvnamde miiyvanos.
magaliTad, Cveneul prototipebze dayrdnobiT SesaZleblobebze msj-
elobisas, SegviZlia reprezentaciuli evristikis (representativeness
heuristics) gamoyeneba. ganvixiloT magaliTi:
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT rogor fiqrobT, TqvenTvis ucno-
bi gamxdari, dabali adamiani, romelsac poezia uyvars, savaraudod,
satvirTo avtomanqanis mZRoli ufroa Tu amerikis erT-erTi presti-
Juli universitetis profesori?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad Tqven ecdebiT, rom mimarToT im
prototipebs, romlebic mexsierebaSi gaqvT satvirTo manqanebis mZRo-
lebsa da profesorebTan dakavSirebiT. xolo statistikur monaceme-
bze dayrdnobiT Tu vimsjelebT, aSS-Si satvirTo manqanis daaxloebiT
400 000 mZRolia. Tu am mZRolTagan yoveli me-800 dabali tanisaaa
da imavdroulad uyvars poezia, albaToba imisa, Tu ramdeni mZRoli gamoyenebiTi evristika _
Seesabameba Cvens mier aRweril adamianis tips, iqneba Tanafardoba msjeloba movlenis albaTobis
Sesaxeb, romelic efuZneba
amerikis prestiJuli universitetebis profesorebsa da satvirTo man-
mexsierebaSi arsebul informa-
qanebis mZRolebs Soris – 500 mZRoli – 5 profesori. ese igi, alba- cias da daSvebas, rom axalsa da
Toba imisa, rom is ucnobi satvirTo manqanis mZRolia, 100-jer metia Zvel movlenebs aqvT saerTo.
im albaTobaze, rom is profesoria (Mayers, 2005).
maswavleblebi da moswavleebi, TavianTi datvirTuli grafikidan ga-
rwmenis simtkice _ tendecia,
momdinare, xSirad gadawyvetilebas iReben im konkretul momentSi Tavi-
CaebRauWo sakuTar rwmenas,
anT mexsierebaSi arsebul informaciaze dayrdnobiT. ese igi, rodesac maSinac ki, roca sawinaaRmdego
Cven vmsjelobT mexsierebaSi arsebuli informaciidan gamomdinare, Cven aSkaraa.
viyenebT gamoyenebiT evristikas (availability heuristics), rac gulisxmobs
msjelobas im movlenis albaTobaze, romelic mexsierebaSia Senaxuli,
mtkicebis tendenciuroba
da daSvebas im advilad damaxsovrebadi movlenebisa, rac saerToa. ma-
_ im informaciis moZieba ,
gram aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom adamianebs amaxsovrdebaT STam- romelic gaamarTlebs Cvens
beWdavi movlenebi da swrafad ijereben, rom es movlenebi garkveul arCevans, rwmenas da eWvqveS
normas warmoadgens, magram samwuxarod, cdebian. magaliTad, rogorc es daayenebs mocemulobas.
winamdebare wignis me-5 TavSia mocemuli, saSualod, Rarib ojaxSi 2,2
bavSvi ibadeba, magram Tqven umal gagaxsendebaT Raribi, magram mravalS-
insaiti _ sakiTxis gadaWris
viliani ojaxebic, an filmi geqnebaT nanaxi, sadac Rarib ojaxSi bevri gzis uecari gacnobiereba;
Svili hyavdaT. am SemTxvevaSic ki statistikuri monacemebi sruliad axali situaciebis warmatebiT
gansxvavdeba Tqvens mexsierebaSi arsebuli mosazrebebisagan. aRsaniSna- gamklavebis unari sternber-
via isic, rom _ rwmenis simtkicem (Belief perseverance) _ tendenciam, gis inteleqtis triarqiul
TeoriaSi
CaebRauWo Sens rwmenas, maSinac ki, roca sawinaaRmdegos naTlad xedav,
SeiZleba nebismieri cvlileba CvenTvis miuRebeli gaxados.
mtkicebis tendenciuroba (Confirmation bias) _ Zieba im informa-
ciisa, romelic adasturebs Cvens arCevansa da rwmenas. es ganpiro-
bebulia Cveni surviliT _ miviRoT kargi gadawyvetileba. TqvenTvis
albaT nacnobia fraza: `nu mabnev faqtebis dasaxelebiT~. am sityvebSi
naTlad Cans mtkicebis tendenciurobis arsi. adamiani, Tavisi ideis
gasamarTleblad, didi enTuziazmiT cdilobs ipovos mtkicebuleba da
naklebadaa dainteresebuli moiZios am ideis sawinaaRmdego faqtebi,
ramac SeiZleba daanaxvos mas, raoden arasworia misi msjeloba (My-
ers, 2005). magaliTad, gadawyviteT, iyidoT manqana. Tqven gaecnobiT
mxolod im informacias, sadac Tqven mier SerCeuli modelis dadebiTi
Tvisebebia CamoTvlili da ar miaqcevT yuradRebas, ras amboben sxva
modelebis sasargeblod. aqedan gamomdinare, msjelobis dros evris-
tikuli meTodis avtomaturad gamoyeneba, survili _ moviZioT Cveni
arCevanisa da rwmenis damamtkicebeli sabuTi da midrekileba _ gava­
marTloT Cvenive marcxi _ zedmetad Tavdajerebuls gvxdis. moswav-
leebi xSirad zedmetad arian Tavdajerebulni TavianT SesaZleblo-
bebSi da fiqroben, rom Temaze muSaobas didi dro ar sWirdeba; Tumca
isini gansxvavebuli realobis winaSe aRmoCndebian, vinaidan dagegmil-
ze TiTqmis orjer meti drois daxarjva mouwevT Temaze muSaobisas
(Buehler, Griffith& Ross, 1994). miuxedavad aseTi `marcxisa~, moswavlee-
bi Seupovrad icaven TavianT Sexedulebebs sxva msgavs davalebebTan
mimarTebaSic.

moqnilobis mniSvneloba. funqcionaluri fiqsacia, pasuxTa sistema,

mtki­cebis tendenciuroba da rwmenaTa simtkice mianiSnebs proble-
mis gadaWris dros moqnilobis mniSvnelobaze. problemis arsis swori
aRqma imis erTgvari `garantiaa~, rom problemis gadaWris procesi
droSi ar gaiweleba da sworad warimarTeba. efeqturia problemis ga­
daWris dros egreT wodebuli `TamaSis~ taqtikis gamoyeneba. xSirad

415
 dausviT SekiTxva sakuTar Tavs: ra vici? risi codna mWirdeba am kiTx-
vaze pasuxis gasacemad? SemiZlia Tu ara am problemas sxva kuTxiT
Sevxedo? ecadeT mimarToT pirobiT logikas da nu iqnebiT rigiduli,
iazrovneT divergentulad. SekiTxva CamoayalibeT Semdegnairad: `ra
SeiZleba iyos es?~ da ara `ra aris es?~ (Benjafield, 1992).
Tu Tqvens gonebas mravalmxrivi SesaZleblobebis asparezs ga-
dauSliT, Tqven SesaZloa SeiZinoT geStaltis Teoriis mimdevari
fsiqologebis mier dadgenili Rrma wvdomisa da swrafi gacnobierebis
unari – insaiti. es aris problemis swrafi reorganizaciisa da rekon-
ceptualizaciis unari, rac adamians exmareba problemis naTlad war-
moCenasa da misi gadaWris realuri gzis dadgenaSi. Tu gavixsenebT
kariskacs, romelmac aRmoaCina, rom problema liftis neli moZraoba
ki ar iyo, aramed lodinis mosawyeni procesi, davaskvniT, rom am ada-
mians Sinagani, Rrma wvdomis unari gaaCnda, risi wyalobiTac miRebul
iqna gadawyvetileba liftis karebTan sarkeebis ganTavsebis Sesaxeb.

problemis efeqtiani gadaWra:

rogor iqcevian eqspertebi?
fsiqologTa umetesoba Tvlis, rom problemis gadaWris efeqturo-
ba damokidebulia im codnis moculobaze, rac gaaCnia adamians gada-
saWreli problemis Sesaxeb. rogorc vnaxeT, asanTis Rerebis amocanis
amosaxsnelad adamians sWirdeba icodes arabuli da romauli ricxvebi,
iseve rogorc ricxvidan fesvis amoRebis cneba (is rom, fesvi erTidan
udris erTs). ganvixiloT, Tu ras niSnavs termini eqspertis codna
(expert knowledge).

eqspertis codna. Wadrakis ostatTa codnis kvlevis procesSi mecni­

erebma aRmoaCines, rom ostatma icis Wadrakis figurebis dafaze gan­
lagebis daaxloebiT 50 aTasi varianti (Simon & Chase, 1973). maT Se­
uZliaT ramdenime wamSi daimaxsovron Wadrakis figurebis adgili
dafaze. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maTi `leqsikuri maragi~ 50 aTasi ni-
muSisagan/magaliTisagan Sedgeba. Wadrakis yvela ostatisaTvis figu-
raTa esa Tu is ganlageba dafaze Seadgens maT profesiul leqsikas.
Tu ramdenime wamiT SexedavT TqvenTvis nacnob sityvas, SeZlebT es
sityva damarcvloT da, Sesabamisad, daimaxsovrebT, romel asos ra
aso mosdevs. magram Tu sityvaSi asoebi areuladaa, TqvenTvis rTuli
da TiTqmis SeuZlebelic ki iqneba Tanmimdevrobis gaxseneba. asevea
Wad­rakSic. rodesac figurebi yovelgvari wesebis darRveviTaa ganla-
gebuli dafaze, Wadrakis ostati Cveulebrivi moTamaSisagan arafriT
gansxvavdeba, is ver SeZlebs daimaxsovros, sad ra figura iyo moTavse-
buli. ostatis mexsiereba Sedgeba im modelebisagan, rasac logikuri
mniSvneloba aqvs da rac TamaSis dros SeiZleba Sexvdes moTamaSes.
msgavs fenomenTan gvaqvs saqme sxva profesiebis SemTxvevaSic. imis
intuicia, Tu rogor gadavWraT esa Tu is problema, emyareba warsulis
gamocdilebas/nimuSs. fizikis eqspertebi/gamocdili fizikosebi, dam-
wyebi fizikosebisagan gansxvavebiT, TavianT codnas ganalageben cen-
traluri principebis garSemo, maSin rodesac axalbedebi problemis
specifikur, umniSvnelo detalebze amaxvileben yuradRebas. magali-
Tad, romelime fizikuri amocanis gadaWrisas arsebuli problemebis
klasifikaciis dros, damwyebi fizikosebi gare, egreT wodebuli meo-

416
 eqspertebs deklaraciuli,
proceduruli da pirobiTi
codna aqvT. miuxedavad
imisa, rom zogadi inteleqti
arsebiTi faqtoria, muyaiTi
Sroma da varjiSi aucile-
belia konkretul sferoSi
eqspertobisaTvis.

rexarisxovani maxasiaTeblebis Seswavlas iwyeben (Tu ra teqnikuri

de­tali, aparatia gamosayenebeli), maSin, rodesac eqspertebi axdenen
problemebis dajgufebas fizikis principebis (rogoricaa, mag. niuto-
nis kanoni) mixedviT, rac aucilebelia am amocanis amosaxsnelad (Har-
diman, Dufresne, & Mestre, 1989).
eqspertebs SeuZliaT problemis swrafi prezentacia da Semdegi
etapebis swrafi dagegmva. maT akumulirebuli aqvT nimuSebi/sqemebi,
rac exmareba maT sxvadasxva situaciaSi muSaobis procesSi. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom problemis aRqmisa da misi gadaWris strategiis dadgena
sinqronulad, avtomaturad mimdinareobs (Ericsson & Charness, 1999).
es imas niSnavs, rom eqsperts unda hqondes didi raodenobis mod-
eli/nimuSi/sqema. eqspertis donis codna moiTxovs konkretul sfer-
oSi saWiro codnis SeZenas/akumulirebas (Alexander, 1992). amisaTvis
saWiroa am konkretul sferoSi sxvadasxva saxis problemebisa da im
istoriebis gacnoba, Tu rogor gadaWres esa Tu is problema sxvebma;
eqspertad gaxdomisaTvis aseve saWiroa mravali problemis gadaWris
gamocdileba. arsebuli informaciiT, eqspertis `titulis~ mosapove-
blad adamians sWirdeba daaxloebiT 10 weli an kvlevis 10 aTasi saaTi
(Simon, 1995).
eqspertebis codnis mdidari maragi gamyarebulia Teoriulad da
praqtikaSic danergilia. aqedan gamomdinare, advilia grZelvadi­an
mexsierebaSi arsebuli codnis saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi aRdgena da ga­
moyeneba (Anderson, 1993). eqspertebs SeuZliaT TavianTi eqstensiuri
codna gamoiyenon informaciis ufro advilad Seswavlisa da aRd-
genisaTvis. magaliTad, SevadaroT me-4 klasis moswavleebi, vinc cu-
dad icnobs fexburTis (soccer) wesebs da maTive Tanatolebi, visac
am sferoSi eqspertis donis codna aqvT. es ukanasknelni ufro advi­
lad imaxsovreben fexburTTan dakavSirebul axal cnebebs, miuxedavad
imisa, rom orive jgufis moswavleebs sxva sferoSi informaciisa da
cnebebis Seswavlisa da damaxsovrebis erTnairi unari aqvT. fexburTis
eqspertebi fexburTis sferosTan dakavSirebuli cnebebis klasifika-
cias axdendnen da maTTvis advili iyo mexsierebidan erTxel naswavli
terminis gamoyeneba (Schneider & Bjorklund, 1992). yvelaze adreuli asa-
kis bavSvebic ki, visac konkretul sferoSi eqspertis donis codna
aqvs, TavianTi codnis organizebisas strategiebs iyeneben. imisaTvis,
rom damedgina, rogor axdens dinozavrebis Sesaxeb codnis katego-
rizacias bavSvi, Cems Zmis Svilebs, oTxi wlis lukassa da 3 wlis
jofreis vTxove, CamoeTvalaT dinozavrebi. maT CamoTvales didi da
mcire zomis dinozavrebi, romlebic mcenareebiT ikvebebian da Semdeg

417
 rekomendaciebi: problemis gadaWra
hkiTxeT moswavleebs, darwmunebul­ni arian
Tu ara, rom kargad esmiT problemis arsi.
magaliTebi
1. SeuZliaT Tu ara gamoyon informaciis
relevanturi da ararelevanturi nawile-
bi?
2. kargad aqvT Tu ara gaazrebuli TavianTi
gadawyvetilebebis logika?
3. daexmareT maT, moaxdinon problemis vi-
zualizacia diagramebisa Tu naxazebis sa-
SualebiT.
4. sTxoveT, moaxdinon problemis prezenta-
cia sxvebis winaSe. rogori iqneba kargi
gadawyvetileba?
urCieT sxvadasxva kuTxidan ganixilon da
Se­afason problema.
magaliTebi
1. daasaxeleT ramdenime sxvadasxvagvari Ses-
aZlebloba da Semdeg sTxoveT moswavlee-
bs gamoTqvan TavianTi mosazrebebi.
2. avarjiSeT moswavleebi TavianTi mosazre-
bebis gamoTqmasa da dacvaSi.
moswavleebma unda ifiqron. ar miawodoT
maT mza pasuxebi.
moswavles hqondes/mieces muSaobis Sansi.
2. iyaviT lmobierni moswavleebis mimarT im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini asabuTeben proble-
mis gadaWris `mcdar~ gzas/versias.
3. CixSi Sesul moswavleebs ar misceT dane-
bebis saSualeba. am SemTxvevaSi maT meti
dro mieciT mofiqrebisaTvis; aseve ar da­
inanoT maTTvis miniSnebebis micemac.
moswavleebs daexmareT alternativebis
analizis unaris CamoyalibebaSi
magaliTebi
1. problemis gadaWrisas xmamaRla gamoTqviT
azrebi/ifiqreT `xmamaRla~.
2. hkiTxeT: `ra moxdeba Tu . . . ?~
3. CamowereT mosazrebebi.
aswavleT evristikuli meTodiT
magaliTebi
1. qalaqis teritoriaze parkingis problemis
mosagvareblad SesTavazeT analogiebis ga­
moyeneba. hkiTxeT maT, rogor SeiZleba,
ma­Ti azriT, sxva saxis `dabinavebis~ prob-
lemis mogvareba.
2. gamoiyeneT ukusvliTi strategia wveulebis
dasagegmad.

magaliTebi damatebiTi informacia problemis gadaW­

rasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT misamarTze
1. SesTavazeT maT rogorc individualuri,
http://www/hawaii.edu/suremath/home.html
ise jgufuri problemebi, raTa TiToeul

xorcismWameli dinozavrebi (maT aseT kategoriebad dahyves dinoza-

vrebi). siaSi pirvel adgilze iyo cnobili stegozavri (didi zomis
dinozavri, romelic mcenareebiT ikvebeba), xolo bolos _ naklebad
cnobili ceolofisizi (mcire zomis, xorcismWameli dinozavri).
codnis organizebuli formiT CamoyalibebasTan erTad viTarde-
ba dagegmvisa da monitoringis unari. eqspertebi did dros uTmoben
problemis analizs, diagramebis Sedgenas, kompleqsuri problemebis
mcire sakiTxebad/nawilebad daSlasa da gegmis Sedgenas, maSin, rodesac
damwyebni iwyeben formulis amoxsniT, rasac maleve mosdevs naSromis
pirveli paragrafic. eqsperti gegmavs, xSir SemTxvevaSi amartivebs
sakiTxebs muSaobis procesSi da awarmoebs progresis monitorings _
amrigad, dro fuWad ar ikargeba – dasawyisSive da Semdeg mTeli pro-
cesis dros xdeba susti ideebisa da araswori midgomebis ukugdeba
(Schunk, 2004).

418
 Cim, glaserma da farim (Chi, Glaser, & Farr, 1998) Camoayalibes eq­
spertebis zeunarebis nusxa, romelic Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: eqs­
pertebi _ 1) konkretul informaciaSi axdenen didi, mTavari mniSvn-
elobis nimuSebis identifikacias; 2) amocanas asruleben swrafad da
TiTqmis uSecdomod; 3) problemebs ganixilaven siRrmiseulad; 4) ax-
denen informaciis akumulirebas muSa da grZelvadian mexsierebaSi; 5)
did dros uTmoben problemis analizs; 6) ufro efeqturad axdenen
TavianTi aqtivobebis monitorings. mas Semdeg, rac gamoikveTeba prob-
lemis gadaWris sfero, iseTi rogoricaa, vTqvaT, Wadraki, an fizika an
kompiuteruli programireba, eqspertebis zemoaRniSnuli unar-Cvevebi
Tanamimdevrulad amoqmeddeba. magram Tu problemis gadaWris sfero
ar aris zustad gamokveTili da arc mTavari principebia naTlad dad-
genili, gansakuTrebiT iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, eko-
nomika da fsiqologia, maSin gansxvaveba eqspertebsa da damwyeb spe-
cialistebs Soris ar aris mkafiod gamokveTili (Alexander, 1992).

damwyebis codna. mecnierebi, romlebic ikvlevdnen ama Tu im sfero-

Si eqspertsa da damwyeb specialists Soris gansxvavebas, saintereso
daskvnamde mividnen. moviyvanT ramdenime saintereso magaliTs fizikis
sferodan. damwyeb specialistTa umravlesoba fizikis sferos mcdari
informaciiT ganixilavs, es umeteswilad imitom xdeba, rom maTi intu-
iciuri ideebi fizikuri samyaros Sesaxeb arasworia. dawyebiTi klasebis
moswavleTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom ama Tu im sagnis dasanaxad is
adgili unda gavanaToT, sadac sagania moTavsebuli. e.i. maTi azriT
sinaTle gvexmareba davinaxoT sagani. moswavleebi ver xvdebian, rom
sagani axdens sinaTlis arekvlas da Cven mxolod amis Semdeg vxedavT
mas. es cneba ar Seesabameba maT yoveldRiur gamocdilebas, roca Cven
vanTebT Suqs imisaTvis, rom `gavanaToT~ bneli sivrce. miCiganis sax-
elmwifo universitetis proeqtis _ `mecnierebis anbani~ _ mkvlevrebma
aRmoaCines, rom miuxedavad me-5 klaselebisaTvis Catarebuli special-
uri gakveTilebisa, sadac maT specifikuri masalis saSualebiT kargad
auxsnes, Tu rogor xdeba sagnis mier sinaTlis arekvla da rom mxolod
amis Sedegad vxedavT Cven garSemo arsebul samyaros, moswavleTa um-
ravlesoba, daaxloebiT 78%, ar cvlida Tavis intuiciur Sexedulebas.
xolo mas Semdeg, rac axali masala momzadda, romelmac pirdapiri
dartyma miayena moswavleTa mcdar Sexedulebebs, moswavleTa xolod
20%-ma ver SeZlo Wemaritebis gageba (Eaton, Anderson, & Smith, 1984).
sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis maswavleblebisaTvis, albaT, friad mniS-
vnelovania imis gageba, Tu ra intuiciuri modelebi aqvT maT moswav­
leebs ZiriTadi cnebebis Sesaxeb. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moswavlis in-
tuiciuri modeli bevr mcdar da arazust Sexedulebas Seicavs, mas
araadekvaturi da mcdari warmodgena Seeqmneba problemaze. unda aRin-
iSnos, rom zogierTi mkvlevari ar iyenebs termins `mcdari Sexedu­
leba~. isini moswavlis sawyis codnas ama Tu im sferoSi uwodeben gu­
lubryvilo an intuiciur Sexedulebas. axali informaciis gasagebad
da problemebis gadasaWrelad xSir SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa, rom moswav-
leebma daiviwyon miRebuli ideebi. ra Tqma unda, cnebebis Sesaxeb in-
tuiciuri Sexedulebebis Sesacvlelad saWiroa motivacia. pintriCis,
marqsisa da boiles (Pintrich, Marx & Boyle, 1993) azriT, imisaTvis, rom
admianebma Secvalon ZiriTadi cnebebi, saWiroa oTxi ZiriTadi piroba:
1) moswavleebma unda Secvalon damokidebuleba arsebul cnebasTan
dakavSirebiT; es cneba unda iyos ganxiluli, rogorc arazusti, daus-
rulebeli, an gamousadegari. 2) moswavleebma unda gaiazron axali

419
 cneba. 3) axali cneba unda iyos damajerebeli _ is unda moergos mo-
swavleTA codnis CarCoebs. 4) axali cneba unda iyos sasargeblo _ is
unda iyos warmodgenili, rogorc problemebis gadaWrisaTvis aucile-
beli da kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad gamosadegi.
momdevno gverdze mocemuli rekomendaciebi saSualebas mogcemT,
daexmaroT moswavleebs, gaxdnen problemis eqspertebi.

kreatiuloba da problemebis
kreatiulad gadaWra
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT ganvixiloT moswavle, romelsac
hqonda mwvave disleqsia _ unarSezRuduloba, romlis Sedegad adami-
ans uWirs kiTxva da wera. mas Tavi uiRblod miaCnda. man kargad icoda,
rom skolaSi Tavis klaselebTan SedarebiT orjer meti dro sWird-
eboda teqstis wasakiTxad; isic icoda, rom uamrav Secdomas uSvebda
weris dros da amisaTvis mudmivad gverdze unda hqonoda im sityvebis
sia, romelTa weris drosac, rogorc wesi, Secdomebs uSvebda. is saa-
TobiT ijda oTaxSi marto. rogor fiqrobT, iqneba Tu ara misi weriTi
davaleba kreatiuli? daasabuTeT sakuTari azri.

magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT jon irvings, cnobili romanebis - The

World According to Garp, The Cider House Rules, A Prayer for Owen Meany
– avtors, romelsac erT-erTi kritikosi `velur aRmomCens~ uwodebda
(Amabile, 2001). jon irvingi aseve cnobilia weris gamorCeuli stiliT.
rogor SeiZleba avxsnaT misi ucnauri SemoqmedebiTi unari? ra aris
kreatiuloba?

kreatiulobis gansazRvra
am Temaze saubari daviwyoT ara imiT, ra aris kreatiuloba, aramed
imiT, ra ar aris kreatiuloba. warmogidgenT kreatiulobis Sesaxeb
arsebul oTx mosazrebas (Plucker, Beghetto, & Dow, 2004).
1. adamianebi dabadebidanve kreatiulebi arian. kvlevebis Sedegad
dadginda, rom SesaZlebelia kreatiulobis ganviTareba, gaZliereba
da xelSewyoba erTi adamianis an jgufebis garemos saSualebiT.
2. kreatiuloba da negatiuri Tvisebebi erTmaneTTan pirdapir ka-
vSirSia. cnobilia, rom zogierTi kreatiuli adamiani gamoirCe-
va arakonformistobiT da zogierT maTgans mentaluri da emoci-
uri problemebic aqvs, magram igive SeiZleba vTqvaT arakreatiul
adamianebzec. am mosazrebis gamo zogierT maswavlebels SeiZleba
gauCndes SiSi, rom kreatiuli moswavle bevr cud saqciels Caidens
da amitom isini (maswavleblebi) maT mimarT tendenciurad arian
ganwyobilni (Scott, 1999).
3. kreatiuloba aris bundovani, rbili konstruqcia. zogierTi ada-
miani Tvlis, rom kreatiuli pirovnebebi axali epoqisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli adamianebi/hipebi arian (e.w. Age hippies). sinamdvileSi ki,
miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba kreatiuli adamianebi ufro gaxs-
nilni arian axali gamowvevebis mimarT da zogadad arakonform-
istebad iTvlebian, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom isini koncentrire-
buli, organizebuli da moqnili xasiaTis adamianebi iyvnen.

420
4. jgufSi yofna zrdis kreatiulobas. cnobilia, rom jgufSi muS-
aobisas, e.w. gonebrivi ieriSis (brainstorming) gamoyenebis Sedegad,
moswavleebi kreatiul mosazrebebs gamoTqvamen. magram gasaTval-
iswinebelia isic, rom zogjer umjobesia jgufSi muSaobis dawyebamde
saSualeba mivceT moswavleebs problemis Sesaxeb damoukideblad
ifiqron da mxolod Semdeg etapze CaerTon jgufur muSaobaSi.
maSasadame, ra aris kreatiuloba? kreatiuloba aris unari _ Seqmna
namuSevari, romelic originaluria, amave dros Sesatyvisi da saWiro/
sasargeblo (Berk, 2005). fsiqologTa umravlesobis azriT, ar arsebobs
`kreatiuloba yvela miznisaTvis~; adamianebi kreatiulebi arian rome-
lime konkretul sferoSi, magaliTad, jon irvingi kreatiulad werda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kreatiuloba ar aris spontanuri qmedeba. Semoqmedi
gamiznulad qmnis Tavis `produqts~. kalmis SemTxveviT mosmiT dawer-
ili winadadebebi ar aris kreatiuli, Tu avtors gaazrebuli ara aqvs
`monaxazis~ potenciali, an Tu es avtoris weris teqnika ar aris. (Weis-
berg, 1993). miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven xSirad kreatiulobas xelovne-
bas vukavSirebT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom nebismier sakiTxs/sagans
SeiZleba kreatiulad mivudgeT.
kreatiulobis aspeqtebi naTladaa mocemuli Semdeg ganmartebaSi
(Plucker da sxvebi, 2004):
kreatiuloba erTze met adamians moicavs,
kreatiuloba Tavs iCens im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamianebi TavianT
unarebs iyeneben muSaobis proceSi, rogorc am procesis erT-erT
Semadgenel nawils da es procesi mimdinareobs Sesaferis garemoSi,
kreatiulobis Sedegad iqmneba axali, gamosadegi da konkretul
kulturasa Tu situaciaSi aRiarebis Rirsi produqti.

ra aris kreatiulobis wyaro?

mecnierebi ikvleven kognitur procesebs, pirovnul faqtorebs, mo­
tivaciis modelebsa da fonur gamocdilebas imisaTvis, rom axsnan,
ra aris kreatiuloba (Simonton, 2000). magram imisaTvis, rom CavwvdeT
kreatiulobis arss, unda gaviTvaliswinoT socialuri garemos faqto-
ri. eqspertTa azriT, kreatiulobas erTgvar `mxardamWer~ fons uqm-
nis intrapersonaluri (Semecneba, pirovnuli Tvisebebi) da socialuri
faqtorebi (Amabile, 1996; 2001; Simonton, 2000). tereza amabaili (1996)
gvTavazobs kreatiulobis sami komponentisagan Sedgenil models. misi
azriT, erT adamians, an adamianTa jgufs:
1. niWisa da saTanado kompetenciebis garda unda hqondes konkretuli
sferosaTvis relevanturi unar-Cvevebi. magaliTad, miqelanjelo
qvis mWrelis ojaxSi izrdeboda da aman ganapiroba misi unar-Cve­
vebis ganviTareba.
2. kreatiulobis relevanturi procesebi moicavs muSaobis unar-Cve­
vebsa da pirovnul Tvisebebs. magaliTad, iseTs rogoric hqonda
jon irvings _ is dReSi 10 saaTis ganmavlobaSi werda, Semdeg xe-
laxla gadawerda xolme Tavis moTxrobebs saboloo daxvewamde.
3. unda hqondes Sinagani motivacia, an maTSi konkretuli sakiTxi unda
iwvevdes did interess. kreatiulobis am konkretul aspeqtze did
gavlenas axdens socialuri garemo (rogorc amas me-10 TavSi vnax-
avT), avtonomiuroba, stimulis mimcemi cnobismoyvareoba, fantazia
da gamowvevasTan SeWidebis survili.

421
 sqema 8.6
rva wlis bavSvis kreatiulobis grafikuli Sefaseba
gogonas mier Sesrulebuli naxatebis saTaurebi marcxnidan
marjvniv aseTia: `drakula~, `calTvala monstri~, `gogra~,
`hula-hupi~, `posteri~, `invalidis etli~, `dedamiwa~, `mTva­
re~, `planeta~, `videokamera~, `mowyenili saxe~, `naxati~, `Suq­
niSani~, `plaJis burTi~, `aso `o~, `manqana~, `saTvaleebi~.

wyaro: `A Graphic Assessment of the Creativity of an Eight-Year-Old~, wignidan `The Tor-

rance Test of Creative Thinking~ by E.P. Torrance, 1986, 2000. ibeWdeba Scholastic Testing
Service, Inc. nebarTviT, Bensonville, IL 60106 USA.

kidev erTi faqtori, rac gavlenas axdens kreatiulobaze, aris

konkretuli sferos mzaoba da survili _ aRiaros esa Tu is krea-
tiuli wvlili (Nakamura & Csikszentmihalyi, 2001). istoriaSi mravladaa
imis magaliTebi, rogor xdeboda kreatiuli mecnieruli miRwevebis
ukugdeba (magaliTad, galileos Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom mze samyaros
centrSia moqceuli); imis magaliTebic mravladaa, rogor xdeboda
pirovnebebis kreatiulobis masStabebis gafarToeba SemoqmedTa (meto-
qe SemoqmedTa) Soris arsebuli konkurenciis fonze (megobruli da
produqtiuli metoqeoba pikasosa da matiss Soris).

kreatiuloba da Semecneba. konkretul sferoSi codnis mdidari maragi

kreatiulobis sawindaria, magram zogjer mxolod es ar aris sakma-
risi. mravali sakiTxis gadaWris dros, aucilebelia adamians hqondes
sakiTxisa Tu movlenis sxva kuTxiT danaxvisa da problemis restruq-
turizebis unari, rac problemis arsis Rrma wvdomis saSualebas iZle-
va. es xSirad xdeba maSin, rodesac adamiani problemasTan Widilis Sem-
deg droebiT gadadebs mas gverdze. fsiqologTa erTi nawili Tvlis,
rom problemis garkveuli droiT gverdze gadadebis Sedegad iqmneba
sainkubacio pirobebi _ pirovneba gaucnobiereblad agrZelebs muSao-

422
bas problemaze. problemis droebiT `daviwyebis~ Sedegad adamianma
SeiZleba daamuxruWos azrovnebis rigiduli gza da Secvalos Tavisi
Sexeduleba situaciis Sesaxeb (Gleitman, Fridlund, & Reisberg, 1999). aqe-
dan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom kreatiulobis aucilebeli
atributebia farTo codna, moqniloba da ideebis mudmivi reorganiza-
ciis unari. agreTve, davZenT, rom kreatiuli procesisaTvis aucilebe-
lia motivacia, xasiaTis simtkice/sijiute da socialuri mxardaWera.

kreatiulobis Sefaseba
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT ra daniSnulebiT SegiZliaT gamoi- restruqturireba _ problemis
yenoT aguri? kargad dafiqrdiT da CamowereT Tqveni versiebi. ganxilva axali an gansxvavebuli
gziT

mweral jon irvingis msgavsad, pol toranssac SezRuduli hqonda

swavlis unari. is ganaTlebis fsiqologiiT mas Semdeg dainteresda,
rac skolaSi inglisuris maswavleblad daiwyo muSaoba (Neumeister &
Cramond, 2004). toransi `kreatiulobis mamad~ aRiares. man Seadgina
kreatiulobis sazomi verbaluri da grafikuli testebi (Torrance, 1972;
Torrance & Hall, 1980). verbalur testSi Tqven gevalebaT pasuxi gasceT
kiTxvaze: ra daniSnulebiT SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT aguri? an rogor
SeiZleba konkretuli saTamaSos gardaqmna ise, rom is metad mimzidve-
li gaxdes bavSvisaTvis? grafikul testSi mocemulia 30 wre. Tqven
divergenuli azrovneba _
unda SeqmnaT 30 gansxvavebuli naxati ise, rom yoveli maTgani erT
sakiTxis gadawyvetis mravali
wres mainc moicavdes. 8.6 sqema gviCvenebs 8 wlis gogonas kreatiulo- SesaZlo gzis arseboba.
bas am davalebis Sesrulebisas.
zemoaRniSnuli testebis Sesruleba moiTxovs divergentuli az- konvergenciuli azrovneba
rovnebis unars, rac mniSvnelovani komponentia kreatiulobis Tval- _ problemis gadaWrisaTvis
erTaderTi swori pasuxis daS-
sazrisiT. divergentuli azrovneba aris mravali sxvadasxva azris
veba (gilfordi).
gamoxatvisa da pasuxis mofiqrebis unari. konvergentuli azrovneba
aris Cveulebrivi unari, rodesac pirovneba dasmul SekiTxvaze gascems
mxolod erT pasuxs. zemoaRniSnuli davalebis pasuxebi qulebiT fas-
deba imis mixedviT, ramdenad originaluri, srulyofili da moqnilia

I naxati. II naxati. III naxati. III naxati.

agness divergentulad azrovneba SeuZlia.

I naxati. agnes, pasuxi ici? ara! warmodgena ara maqvs.

II naxati. ...magram momxiblavi melodiis mSvidad mosmenam STamagona da SesaZloa erT mSve-
nier dRes qaRaldze gadatana SevZlo... ginda ramdenime idea gagacno?
III naxati swored amitom ar arsebobs geografiis maswavleblebze arc erTi xalxuri simRera.

Agnes, May 24, 2002. © Tony Cochran. ibeWdeba Creators Syndicate-is nebarTviT.

423

daukavSireT swavlebas/port-
folios da ganavrceT
damwyebi maswavleblis Semoq-
medebiTi ideebis gasacnobad
ix.: Codell, E. R. (2001). Educating
Esme: Diary of a teacher’s first
year. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin
Books.
424
es pasuxebi _ e. i. divergentuli azrovnebis sami kriteriumis mixed-
viT. originaluroba, Cveulebriv, statistikuri meTodiT ganisazRvre-
ba. roca testirebisas yoveli 100 adamianidan ara umetes 5-10 adamiani
gascems erTnair pasuxs dasmul SekiTxvze, es imas niSnavs, rom pasuxi
originaluria. moqniloba zogadad, izomeba pasuxebis gansxvavebuli
kategoriebis raodenobiT. magaliTad, Tu Tqven aguris 20 sxvadasxva
saxis daniSnuleba CamoTvaleT, magram TiToeuli pasuxi raRacis mSene-
blobas ukavSirdeboda, Tqveni sisxartis maCvenebeli SesaZloa maRali
iyos, magram moqnilobis maCvenebeli dabali iqneba. aRniSnuli sami
sazomidan sisxarte _ pasuxebis raodenoba _ saukeTesod warmoaCens
divergentuli azrovnebis unars, magram cxovrebiseuli kreatiuloba
divergentuli azrovnebiT ar SemoisazRvreba (Plucker da sxvebi, 2004).
maswavleblebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saTanadod ver afaseben kreati-
ulobas. toransi (Torrance, 1972) 12-wliani kvlevebis Semdeg acxadebs,
rom ar arsebobs araviTari kavSiri moswavlis kreatiul unarebTan
dakavSirebiT maswavleblis mier dasmul `diagnozsa~ da im realur
kreatiul unarebs Soris, rac moswavleebma zrdasrul asakSi gamoam-
JRavnes. imisaTvis, rom daadginoT, ramdenad kreatiulebi arian Tqveni
moswavleebi, daakvirdiT, ramdenad cnobismoyvareni arian isini, ram-
denad SeuZliaT yuradRebis koncentracia, ramdenad aqvT adaptaciis
unari, arian Tu ara energiulni, aqvT Tu ara iumoris grZnoba. ima-
sac daakvirdiT, ramdenad damoukidebeli, xumara, arakonformisti,
riskiania Tqveni moswavle, aris Tu ara meocnebe, aqvs Tu ara sxarti
azrovneba da rogoria misi damokidebuleba monotonuri da mdored
mimdinare procesebTan/movlenebTan dakavSirebiT (Sattler, 1992).
kreatiuloba gakveTilze
dRevandeli da momavlis rTuli problemebi aucileblad moiTxovs
maT kreatiulad gadaWras. kreatiuloba aucilebelia pirovnebis fsi­
qologiuri, fizikuri da socialuri keTildReobisaTvis. is warmate-
buli karieris sawindaria (Plucker da sxvebi, 2004). ra unda gaakeTos
maswavlebelma imisaTvis, rom moswavles ganuviTardes kreatiuli az-
rovneba? Cveulebriv, skolis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis procesSi, mas-
wavleblebi CanasaxSive klaven moswavleebis kreatiul azrebs da verc
ki acnobiereben TavianT saqciels. maswavleblebi privilegiur pozici-
aSi imyofebian _ maT SeuZliaT xeli Seuwyon an SeuSalon moswavleebis
kreatiuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas. qvemoT mocemuli rekomendaciebi
kreatiulobis xelSewyobis sxva SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs (adaptire-
bulia Fleith, 2000, Sattler, 1992).
gonebrivi ieriSi. moswavleebis kreatiulobis ganviTarebisaTvis mas-
wavleblebi yoveldRiuri interaqciebis garda mimarTaven e.w. gonebriv
ieriSs. gonebrivi ieriSis ZiriTadi principia moxdes ideebis Seqmnis
procesis gancalkeveba/gamoyofa am ideebis Sefasebis procesisagan,
vinaidan Sefaseba xSirad aferxebs kreatiulobas (Osborn, 1963). Sefase-
ba, diskusia da kritikuli analizi mxolod mas Semdeg unda daiwyos,
rac dasaxeldeba yvela mosazreba. am meTodiT erTi ideis safuZvelze
iqmneba meore; adamianebs ara aqvT imis SiSi, rom maT potenciurad
kreatiul azrebs vinme gaakritikebs. jon baeri (John Baer 1997, gv. 43)
gvTavazobs gonebrivi ieriSis wesebs:
rekomendaciebi: kreatiulobis xelSewyoba
miiReT da xeli SeuwyeT moswavlis divergen-
tul azrovnebas
magaliTebi
1. gakveTilze diskusiis dros hkiTxeT mo-
swavleebs: `vinmes SeuZlia am SekiTxvas­Tan
dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli azri Semogv­
Tavazos?~
2. moswavles ar dauwunoT gadawyvetilebe­
bi im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac saboloo
produqti ar aris srulyofili.
3. mieciT maT sakiTxis arCevis Tavisufleba
da SesTavazeT prezentaciis formebi (weri-
lobiTi, zepiri, vizualuri an grafikuli,
teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT).
iyaviT tolerantuli im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
azrebi mkafiod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan
magaliTebi
1. sTxoveT moswavleebs ar ganewyon katego-
riulad uaryofiTad gansxvavebuli azris
mimarT.
2. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom privilegiebi da
sxva saxis jildoebi/ wamaxalisebeli aqte-
bi gavrceldes arakonformist moswavlee-
bzec.
daexmareT moswavleebs imaSi, rom isini
bo­lomde TavianTi mosazrebis erTgulni
darCnen
magaliTebi
1. rodesac moswavle svams SekiTxvas,
romelzec, Tqveni azriT, moswavleebma pa-
suxi unda icodnen, moaxdineT am SekiTx-
vis perefrazireba an daakonkretebineT
SekiTxva da Semdeg is kvlav moswavleebs
daubruneT.
2. dro da dro mieciT moswavleebs iseTi dava-
leba, romelic ar fasdeba.
yovelTvis gaxsovdeT da moswavleebsac xSi­
rad SeaxseneT, rom yvela adamiani Tavisi
SesaZleblobebis farglebSi SeiZleba iyos
kreatiuli
magaliTebi
1. arasodes daaxasiaToT didi mxatvrebisa da
gamomgoneblebis Semoqmedebis nayofi ise,
TiTqos igi zeadamianuri niWis nayofi iyos.
2. moswavleebis namuSevris Sefasebisas xa-
zgasmiT aRniSneT da aRiareT maTi Semoq-
medebiTi unari. zogierTi davalebis Ses-
rulebisas daaweseT gansxvavebuli qula
originalurobisaTvis.
kreatiuli proeqtebis SesrulebisaTvis mo-
swavleebs mieciT saTanado dro, sivrce da
masala
magaliTebi
1. SeagroveT e.w. `napovni~ masala _ Rilebi,
qvebi, zRvis niJarebi, sxvadasxva saxis qso-
vili, mZivebi, saxatavi sagnebi, webo; dax-
marebisaTvis mimarTeT megobrebs. iqonieT
sarkeebi da suraTebi imisaTvis, rom moswav-
leebma SeZlon avtoportretebis daxatva.
2. moswavleebis samuSao oTaxi kargad unda
iyos ganaTebuli. xels nu SeuSliT maT muS-
aobis procesSi. daTqmuli drois gasvlis
Semdeg midiT maTTan samuSaos dasasrule-
blad.
3. gaxsovdeT, rom moswavleebisaTvis friad
sasargebloa e.w. gasvliTi RonisZiebebi (mu­­
Saoba Ria cis qveS, siaxleebis Sesa­xeb gamar-
Tul prezentaciebze daswreba da a.S.), sa-
dac maT SesaZlebloba eqnebaT xa­ton, weron
an Seqmnan musikaluri kompoziciebi.
stimuli mieciT kreatiul azrovnebas
magaliTebi
1. yovelTvis, rodesac amisi SesaZlebloba
geqnebaT, mieciT Tqvens moswavleebs gon-
ebrivi ieriSis savarjiSo.
2. imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma problema krea-
tiulad gadaWran, SesTavazeT maT uCveulo
gadawyvetilebebi da moaxdineT procesis
modelireba.
3. moswavleebs urCieT, saboloo gadawyve­
tilebis miRebamde ganixilon yvela Sesa-
Zlebeli pasuxis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
mxareebi.
damatebiT ixileT
http://ceep/crc.uiuc.edu/eecearchive/digests/1995/ed-
ward95.html
425
 I naxati.
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
gonebrivi ieriSis Sesaxeb
bolodroindeli gamokv-
levebis gasacnobad ix.: Brown,
V. R., & Paulus, P. B. (2002).
Making group brainstorming more
effective: Recommendations from
an associative memory perspective.
Current Directions in Psychological
Science, 11, 208-212.
426
II naxati. III naxati.
Jilberts TanamSromlebi gonebrivi ieriSisaken mihyavs.
I naxati. rogor unda moaRwios eleqtroenergiam elboniaSi mdebare Cveni atomuri eleqt­
rosadguridan aq mdebare tosterebamde?
II naxati. modi, gamoviyenoT gonebrivi ieriSi da gvaxsovdes, rom am etapze ar ganvsajoT
arc erTi mosazreba.
III naxati. vfiqrob, uzarmazari barJebi da didi raodenobis gawvrTnili delfinebi. meore
tipi ar unda ganvsajoT....
Dilbert, February 21, 2002.Copyright © 2002 Scott Adams. ibeWdeba United Features Syndicate
Inc.-is nebarTviT.
1. mosazrebebis gansja droebiT gverdze gadadeT.
2. ecadeT, rom adamianebma azrebi gamoTqvan, magram imavdroulad maT
ar unda gauCndeT am azrebisadmi `mesakuTruli~ damokidebuleba,
vinaidan, rodesac adamianebi amboben: `es Cemi ideaa~, es (ego) xSirad
xels uSlis kreatiul azrovnebas. maT ar moswonT, rodesac am
ideebs akritikeben an cvlian.
3. iyaviT Tavisufalni da nu ityviT uars, Tu mogewonebaT sxvebis mi­
er gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis konkretuli elementebi. Tavisuflad
gamoiyeneT isini Tqveni ideis srulyofisaTvis.
4. waaxaliseT ucnauri ideebi. icodeT, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi sruliad
ganuxorcielebelma ideebma viRacas SeiZleba gza gauxsnas ufro da­
saSvebi da realuri ideebisaken. ufro advilia miiRoT ukiduresad
ararealuri cudi idea da misi realobis CarCoSi Casma scadoT, vid­
re daiwyoT uintereso cud ideaze muSaoba sabolood mis im doneze
asayvanad, rom Rirdes masze fiqri da msjeloba.
gonebrivi ieriSi sasargebloa rogorc individualuri, ise jgu-
furi muSaobis dros. gamogitydebiT, rom am saxelmZRaneloze muS-
aobisas Zalian damexmara is garemoeba, rom xSirad Camovwerdi xolme
sxvadasxva Temas, rac ama Tu im TavSi unda momeqcia, Semdeg garkveuli
drois ganmavlobaSi CamonaTvals gverdze vdebdi da kvlav vubrunde-
bodi mas Cemi azrebis Sesafaseblad.
nu CqarobT – iTamaSeT! wlebis win cnobilma fsiqologma zigmund fro­
idma (1959) erTmaneTs daukavSira kreatiuloba da TamaSi: `SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom bavSvi TamaSis dros iseve iqceva, rogorc kreatiuli
mwerali. mwerali, iseve rogorc bavSvi TamaSis dros, qmnis Tavis sa-
myaros da saganTa ganlageba am samyaroSi misi survilzea damyarebuli.
ese igi, kreatiuli mwerali iseve iqceva, rogorc bavSvi TamaSis dros.
mas Zalze seriozuli damokidebuleba aqvs Tavisi fantaziis nayo-
fisadmi da uzarmazar emocias aqsovs masSi~ (gv. 143-144). cnobilia,
rom skolamdeli asakis moswavleebi, romlebic fantaziasa da TamaSs
uTmoben did dros, ufro kreatiulebi arian. friad saintresoa, rom
erT-erTi kvlevis dros mecnierebma daadgines, rom kreatiulobis
testis Catarebamde TamaSi gavlenas axdens da zrdis dabali asakis
moswavleebis Sedegebs (Berk, 2001; Bjorklund, 1989). maswavlebeli unda
ecados, rom yvela asakis moswavles ganviTarebuli hqondes refleqsia
_ ideebis generaciis, ganviTarebisa da restruqturirebis unari.

`didi kreatiuloba~: revoluciuri inovacia

elen uineris (Ellen Winner, 2000) azriT e.w. `didi kreatiuloba~ an gonebrivi ieriSi _ ideebis
inovacia aris axali sferos Seqmnis an Zvelis Zirfesvianad gardaqm- uwyveti generireba Sefasebis
gareSe
nis safuZveli. xSir SemTxvevaSi, vunderkindebi, zrdasrulobis asa-
kis miRwevis Semdeg Cveulebriv adamianebad rCebian. unda aRiniSnos,
rom gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajildoebuli bavSvebi Zalian adreul
asakSi iTviseben ama Tu im sferoSi ukve arsebul informacias, xolo
gamomgoneblebs SeuZliaT sruliad gardaqmnan esa Tu is sfero. `ada-
mianebi, romelnic Zirfesvianad cvlian ama Tu im sferos TavianTi
aRmoCenebiT, adreuli asakidan amJRavneben inovaciebisa da aRmoCenis
niWs; isini adreuli asakidanve `Cxirkedelaoben~. xSir SemTxvevaSi maT
ucnaur qmedebebs maTive daumorCilebel da jiut xasiaTs miaweren,
Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom `iRbliani Cxirkedela adamianebi~
TavianTi maswavleblebisagan erTgvar mxardaWeras iReben, rasac maTi
niWis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da eqsperimentebisaTvis didi mniSvn-
eloba aqvs~ (Gardner, 1993a, gv. 32-33). ra unda gaakeTon mSoblebma da
maswavleblebma aseTi potenciuri Semoqmedebis dasaxmareblad? uineri
(Winner, 2000) gvirCevs:

1. nu moaxdenT zewolas bavSvze, romelsac Sinagani ltolva aqvs Se­

is­wavlos es Tu is sfero/sakiTxi, radgan misi es ltolva SeiZleba
gadaiqces materialuri/garegani sargebelis miRebisaken mimarTul
qmedebad.
2. Zalas nu daatanT bavSvs, raTa zrdasrul asakSi man ar inanos, rom
bavSvoba ar hqonda.
3. nu CasvamT bavSvs usafrTxo, teqnikurad srulyofil CarCoebSi,
rac mas aucileblad miiyvans advilad misaRwev warmatebasTan.
4. gaxsovdeT, rom fsiqologiuri travma gardauvalia, rodesac odes-
Rac Tavisi SesaZleblobebiTa da niWiT gamorCeuli bavSvi, zrdas-
rul asakSi gadasvlis Semdeg daaviwydebaT, radgan karg da unaklo
Semsruleblad darCeba da verasodes gaxdeba inovaciebis avtori.

dabolos, aRvniSnavT, rom maswavleblebma da mSoblebma xeli unda

Seuwyon gansakuTrebuli unariTa da SemoqmedebiTi niWiT dajildoe-
bul moswavleebs, Tavisi adgili ipovon sazogadoebaSi, romelic aseT
adamianebs saTanado mxardaWeriTa da resursebiT uzrunvelyofs (ro-
goricaa, magaliTad `servis swavla~, romelsac saxelmZRvanelos me-11
TavSi gaecnobiT).
Cven, Cveni kreatiulobis farglebSi SeiZleba sulac ar movaxdinoT
revoluciuri gadatrialebebi, magram Cven SegviZlia viyoT eqspertebi
iseT sferoSi, rogoricaa swavla.

427

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
Willoughby, T., Porter, L., Belsito,
L., & Yearsley, T. (1999). Use of
elaboration strategies by grades
two, four, and six. Elementary
School Journal, 99, 221-231.
kvlevisas Seiswavles me-2,
me-4 da me-6 klaseli kanadeli
moswavleebis mier ambidan
faqtebis damaxsovrebaSi
sxvadasxva saSualebebiT: ver-
baluri damuSavebis (upasuxeT,
ratom aris yoveli faqti WeSma-
riti), warmosaxvis (SeqmeniT
azrobrivi xati) da sakvanZo
sityvebis (SeqmeniT azro-
brivi xati sakvanZo sityvebis
gamoyenebiT) daxmarebis
efeqtianoba. verbaluri
damuSaveba warmatebuli iyo
samive klasisTvis, gansa-
kuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, roca
moswavleebs hqondaT ambis
Sinaarsis garkveuli sabazo
codna. warmosaxva me-4 da me-6
klaselebisTvis ufro sasarge-
blo iyo, vidre verbaluri da-
muSaveba, roca maT ar hqondaT
ambis Sinaarsis sabazo codna,
me-2 klaselebs ki daxmareba
sWirdebodaT warmosaxvis
gamoyenebisas.
428
rogor gavxdeT eqsperti moswavle:
swavlis strategiebi da swavlis unar-Cvevebi
rogoria Tqveni azri?
intervius dros departamentis xelmZRvaneli gekiTxebaT: `Cveni
moswavleebis umravlesoba gaZlierebuli programiT swavlis daw-
yebisas awydeba problemas _ maT ar ician, rogor iswavlon, yovel-
dRiur davalebas maT aravin aZlevs. rogor daexmarebiT moswav-
leebs, rom gaumklavdnen datvirTul programas?~
maswavlebelTa umravlesoba dageTanxmebaT, rom maTi mTavari miza-
nia moswavleebs `aswavlon swavla~. kvlevebis safuZvelze mopovebuli
masalebi adasturebs, rom kargad Camoyalibebuli swavlis strategiebi
exmareba moswavleebs swavlaSi da es strategiebi swavlebadia (Ham-
man, Berthelot, Saia, & Crowley, 2000). magram vinmem gaswavlaT swavla?
Zlieri da srulyofili swavlis strategiebi da swavlis unar-Cvevebi
iSviaTad miewodeba moswavles da umeteswilad es maSin xdeba, rodesac
is maRali klasebis moswavlea an ukve kolejSi swavlobs. aqedan gamom-
dinare, swavlis pirvel etapze moswavleebi izuTxaven maswavleblis
mier miwodebul informacias da maTi strategiac mdgomareobs miwo-
debuli informaciis gazuTxvasa da xSir gameorebaSi. samwuxarod, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, maswavleblebs hgoniaT, rom damaxsovreba da swavla erTi
da igivea (Hofer & Pintrich, 1997; Wookfolk Hoy & Murphy, 2001). albaT
es aris mizezi imisa, rom moswavleebis umravlesoba upiratesobas ani-
Webs ilustrirebul teqstebs da izuTxavs informacias _ es SeiZleba
avxsnaT imiT, rom moswavleebma ar ician, sxvagvarad rogor iswavlon
(Willoughby, Porter, Belsito, & Yearsley, 1999).
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos me-7 TavSi ukve aRvwereT, rom is
me­Todi, romelsac Tavidanve viyenebT raRacis Seswavlisas, gavlenas
axdens Cvens mzaobaze _ davimaxsovroT miRebuli informacia da ima-
zec, rogor gamoviyenebT am codnas momavalSi. upirveles yovlisa,
imisaTvis rom iswavlon, moswavleebi unda iyvnen kogniturad Car-
Tulni (cognitively engaged) _ maT yuradReba unda gaamaxvilon masalis
mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom maT ar unda dai-
Suron Zalisxmeva kavSirebis dasadgenad, SemuSavebisa da gagebisaTvis,
reorganizaciisa da struqturirebis mosaxdenad imisaTvis, rom iaz-
rovnon da Rrmad gaaanalizon _ rac ufro Rrmaa analizi da praqti-
kuli varjiSi, miT ufro Zlieria swavlis procesi. aseve aucilebelia
imis gaTvaliswineba, rom moswavleebma unda marTon da akontrolon
swavlis procesi (is, Tu rogor swavloben) _ Sesaferis dros airCi­on
axali midgomebi. dResdReisobiT didi yuradReba eqceva imas, Tu ro-
gor unda daexmaros maswavlebeli moswavles efeqtiani swavlis strat-
egiebisa da taqtikis CamoyalibebaSi (igulisxmeba swavlis strategiebi
da taqtika, romelic exmareba moswavles moaxdinos yuradRebisa da
Zalisxmevis koncentracia, informaciis Rrmad damuSaveba da aRqmis
monitoringi.
 cxrili 8.2
swavlis taqtikis magaliTebi

magaliTebi rodis gamoviyenoT?

verbaluri infor 1. yuradRebis koncentracia

maciis swavlis monaxazis gakeTeba, xazgasma advil, struqturis mqone masalaze muSa­
taqtika obisas; kargi mkiTxvelisaTvis.
saTaurebisa da ZiriTadi maTTan, visac kiTxvis unar-Cvevebi sus-
winadadebebis dadgena tad aqvs ganviTarebuli; rTul masalaze
muSaobis procesSi.

2. gegmis/sqemis ageba
ZiriTadi principebi iyeneben maSin, rodesac teqstis struq-
tura sustia, mizania teqstis aqtiuri
aRqmis xelSewyoba.
Teoriis sqemebi
qseluri grafikisa da rukis
Sedgena

3. ideis Camoyalibeba
sakuTari TavisaTvis kiTxvebis iyeneben specifikuri ideebis gasagebad
proceduruli in- dasma da dasamaxsovreblad
formaciis Seswav-
lis taqtika/sqema warmosaxviTi

1. swavla modelebiT
hipoTezebis dasaxeleba iyeneben cnebebis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-
Tvisebebis swavlis dros.
qmedebis ganmapirobebeli iyeneben imisaTvis, rom meTodi moargon
mizezebis dadgena situacias.

2. sakuTari Semoqmedebis
kritikuli analizi
sakuTari aqtivobis Sedareba imisaTvis, rom daixvewos da amaRldes
eqspertis mier gamoyenebul kompleqsuri unar-Cvevebi.
modelTan

3. gamoyeneba
nawilobrivi gamoyeneba iyeneben maSin, rodesac Sesrulebis
specifikuri aspeqtebi sayuradReboa.
sruli gamoyeneba iyeneben imisaTvis, rom SenarCundes da
amaRldes unar-Cveva.

wyaro: Based on “Putting Learning Strategies to Work”, by S. Derry, 1989, Educational Leadership. 47 (5), gv. 5-6

swavlis strategiebi da taqtika

swavlis strategiebi swavlis amocanebis misaRwevad saWiro idee-
swavlis strategiebi _ zogadi
bia, rac SeiZleba SevadaroT Setevis/Tavdasxmis farTomasStabian geg- gegmebi saswavlo amocanebis
mas. swavlis taqtika ki aris specifikuri teqnika, rac gegmis SedgenaSi Sesasruleblad.
gvexmareba. (Derry, 1989).
winamdebare TavSi mocemuli masalis swavlisaTvis saWiro strategia
swavlis taqtika _ specifi-
SeiZleba moicavdes mnemonikis gamoyenebas imisaTvis, rom daimaxsov-
kuri teqnikebis gamoyeneba
roT ZiriTadi terminebis dasamaxsovreblad, aseve swrafi kiTxvis un- swavlis mizniT, magaliTad,
ars, romelic gamogadgebaT imis dadgenaSi, rogori struqtura aqvs mnemonikis gamoyeneba.

429
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
swavlis strategiebi (I, AI)
swavlis strategiebis
efeqtiani gamoyenebis
Taobaze ixileT virjiniis
politeqnikuri institutis
veb-gverdi: http://www.ucc.
vt.edu/stdysk/stdyhlp.html da
http://www. studygs.net
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
gamoiyeneT 8.2 cxrili, aseve
saxelmZRvanelos qveTavi
`swavlis strategiebi da
taqtika~ imisTvis, rom Tavi
mouyaroT swavlis Sesabamis
strategiebsa da taqtikas
Tqveni momavali
moswavleebisTvis.
430
am Tavs, Semdeg ki aucileblad mogiwevT pasuxebis werilobiTi formiT
Camoyalibeba. swavlis strategiebisa da unar-Cvevebis gamoyeneba kargi
akademiuri moswrebis sawindaria maRal klasebsa da kolejSi swavlis
dros (Robbins da sxvebi, 2004). mkvlevrebma daadgines ramdenime Zi­
riTadi principi:
1. moswavleebs unda gaacnoT gansxvavebuli strategiebi, ar Semoifarg­
loT mxolod swavlis zogadi strategiebiT. gaacaniT maT zogier­Ti
specifikuri taqtika, magaliTad, grafikuli, strategiebi, romelzec
mogvianebiT gveqneba saubari;
2. moswavleebs unda hqondeT pirobebis codna imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis,
sad da ratom unda gamoiyenon esa Tu is strategia. miuxedavad imisa,
rom yvela maswavlebels kargad esmis pirobebis codnis aucile-
bloba, maTi umravlesoba xSir SemTxvevaSi, mis ignorirebas axdens.
3. moswavleebma SesaZloa icodnen rodis da rogor gamoiyenon stra­
tegia, magram sanam maT gauCndebaT am unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebis sur­
vili, swavlis mxolod zogadi unarebis codna da gamoyeneba saq­mes sa-
sikeTod ver waadgeba. swavlis strategiebis programebis umravleso­ba
moicavs motivaciis asamaRlebel komponents. saxelmZRvanelos me-10
TavSi ganvixilavT motivacias da mis mniSvnelobas swavlis procesSi.
4. moswavleebma unda miiRon pirdapiri instruqtaJi sqematur codnas­Tan
dakavSirebiT; es strategiebis gamomuSavebis procesis mniSvnelovani
komponentia. mTavari ideis dasadgenad da masalis arsis gasagebad
Tqven unda gqondeT masalis gaazrebis Sesabamisi sqema. ra Tqma unda,
rTuli iqneba gaakeToT daskvna im teqstis Sesaxeb, sadac saubaria ix-
tiologiaze, Tu ara gaqvT saTanado codna Tevzebis Sesaxeb. ilustra-
ciaze mocemulia ramdenime taqtika/xerxi deklaraciuli (verbaluri)
codnisa da proceduruli unar-Cvevebis Taobaze (Derry, 1989).
mTavari informaciis dadgena. rogorc 8.2 cxrilidan Cans, swavlis
pro­­cesis pirveli stadia yuradRebis koncentraciaa, sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, imis dadgena, Tu ra aris mTavari mocemul masalaSi, rac,
Tavis mxriv, sakmaod rTulia. xSir SemTxvevaSi moswavleebi yuradRebas
e.w. `mimzidvel detalebs~ an konkretul magaliTebs aqceven, radgan,
SesaZloa, es informacia ufro saintereso iyos (Gardner, Brown, Sanders,
& Menke, 1992). albaT advilad gaixsenebT leqtoris mier naTqvam xum-
robas an mis mier moyvanil saintereso magaliTs, magram imavdroulad
aRiarebT, rom ver mixvdiT, Tu ra iyo leqciis mizani. mTavari ideis
povna gansakuTrebiT rTulia, Tu ar gaqvT sabazo codna im konkretul
sferoSi da Tu erTdroulad didi moculobis axal informaciasTan
mogiwiaT `SeWideba~. maswavlebeli SeiZleba daexmaros moswavleebs, Tu
gamoiyenebs teqstSi arsebul e.w. sasignalo informacias _ saTaurs,
msxvili SriftiT daweril sityvebs, ZiriTad principebs an sxva indi-
katorebs imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma daadginon mTavari cnebebi da
ZiriTadi idea. aseve sasargeblo iqneba, Tu moswavleebs vaswavliT
masalis Sejamebas (Lorch, Ritchey, McGovern, & Coleman, 2001).
Sejameba. Sejameba moswavleebs exmareba swavlis procesSi, magram swav­
lis gareSe isini ver SeZleben masalis Sejamebas (Byrnes, 1996; Palincsar
& Brown, 1984). jan ormrodi (Jeanne Ormrod, 2004) gvTavazobs rekomen-
daciebs imis Sesaxeb, rogor vaswavloT moswavleebs masalis Sejameba.
Sejamebis dros moswavleebs unda vTxovoT:
 ipovon da daweron mTavari winadadeba TiToeuli paragrafis an daukavSireT swavlebas/port-
qveTavisaTvis; folios da ganavrceT
daadginon ramdenime specifikuri azris momcveli ZiriTadi ideebi; gTavazobT damuSavebis strat-
egiebs Weinstein, Ridley, Dahl, &
ipovon yoveli ZiriTadi ideis Sesabamisi damxmare informacia;
Weber (1988/1989):
waSalon nebismieri zedmeti informacia an arasaWiro detalebi.
ra aris ambis ZiriTadi idea?
reziumes wera daiwyeT advilad gasageb da kargad organizebul te- Tu es principi WeSmariti ar
qstebze muSaobiT. Semdeg etapze moswavleebs SesTavazeT ufro rTu- iqneboda, raze mianiSnebda is?
li da didi moculobis teqstebi. yovelTvis daavaleT moswavleebs, ras maxsenebs es ambavi?
rogor SemiZlia am informaciis
Seadaron erTmaneTis reziumeebi da ganxilvis procesSi daasabuTon
gamoyeneba Cems proeqtSi?
TavianTi mosazrebebi. rogor SemiZlia amis gamosaxva
mTavari ideis dadgenis kidev ori strategia arsebobs: teqstSi diagramis saxiT?
mniSvnelovani adgilebis moniSvna/xazgasma da Canawerebis warmoeba. ras vfiqrob avtoris Sexed-
ulebis Sesaxeb?
rogor gadmovcem amas Cemi
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT rogor akeTebT Canawerebs kiTxvis
sityvebiT?
procesSi? gadaxedeT winamdebare Tavis bolo gverdebs. bevri sityvaa ra magaliTis motana SemiZlia?
moniSnuli yviTlad an vardisfrad? aris Tu ara Canawerebi teqs- avtorTan interviu rom mqondes,
tis mindvrebze? es Canawerebi teqstis SinaarsTan aris dakavSirebuli ras vkiTxavdi?
Tu sxva saxis informaciaa (eleqtronuli misamarTebi, produqtebis rogor gamoviyeno es cxovre-
baSi?
CamonaTvali da a.S.)?

xazgasma da informaciis gamoyofa. xazs usvamT an gamoyofT Tu ara

saxelmZRvaneloSi mTavar frazebs? aRsaniSnavia, rom xazgasmisa da daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
Canawerebis warmoebis strategiebs, Cveulebriv, kolejis moswavleebi da ganavrceT
pirdapiri instruqcia swavlis
iyeneben, Tumca xSir SemTxevaSi araefeqtianad. mTavari problema isaa,
strategiebSi gansakuTrebiT
rom moswavleebs sCveviaT xolme Cveulebriv Zalian bevri winadadebis mniSvnelovania swavlaSi sirTu-
xazgasma da moniSvna. bevrad efeqtiania sworad SearCio xazgasasmeli leebis mqone moswavleebisTvis,
informacia. mecnierebma daadgines, rom swavlis procesi gaumjobesda rogorc es me-4 TavSia aRwerili.
mas Semdeg, rac Catarda specialuri kvleva da moswavleebs erTgvari
SezRudva dauweses _ yovel paragrafSi mxolod erTi winadadebis xa-
zgasmis ufleba misces (Snowman, 1984). garda imisa, rom moswavlem unda
iswavlos sworad SerCeva, mas aucileblad unda SeeZlos moniSnuli
informaciis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema. arasodes miejaWvoT wig-
nis sityvebs. yovelTvis daadgineT kavSirebi im informaciebs Soris,
romelsac axla ecnobiT da rac ukve gqondaT am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
kavSirebis ilustraciisaTvis daxazeT diagramebi. dabolos, yuradReba
miaqcieT masalaSi mocemul organizaciul modelebs da gamoiyeneT isi-
ni xazgasmisa da SeniSvnebis Cawerisas (Irwin, 1991; Kiewra, 1988).

Canawerebis warmoeba. Tqven eswrebiT gakveTils da cdilobT awarmooT

Canawerebi. maswavlebeli Cveuli tempiT (sakmaod swrafad) gawvdiT in-
formacias. giCndebaT kiTxva: ra mniSvneloba aqvs, vawarmoeb Tu ara
Canawerebs gakveTilze? garwmunebT, rom sakmaod didi, Tu sworad
warmarTavT am process:
Canawerebis keTeba gexmarebaT yuradRebis koncentraciasa da in-
formaciis kodirebaSi aqedan gamomdinare, is qmnis safuZvels, rom
es informacia daileqos Tqvens grZelvadian mexsierebaSi. imisaT-
vis, rom mTavari ideebi sakuTari sityvebiT CaiweroT, mogiwevT
informaciis interpretacia, misi dakavSireba arsebul codnasTan,
Camoyalibeba da struqturireba. Canawerebis warmoeba xels uwy-
obs swavlebis process, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac moswavles ar
gaaCnia informaciis/masalis sabazo codna. magram im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu Canawerebis warmoeba xels giSliT mosmenasa da, metic, gagebaSi,

431
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
READS kargad cnobil PQ4R
strategias hgavs, romelsac
SesaZloa skolaSi Sexvedrix-
arT (Thomas & Robinson,
1972):
winaswari mimoxilva rodesac es Canawerebi bevri da xarisxiania. raodenoba mniSvnelova-
mimoixileT ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi da nawilebi da
dasaxeT kiTxvis mizani.
kiTxvis dasma
yoveli ZiriTadi
nawilisaTvis dasviT
kiTxvis miznis Sesabamisi
SekiTxvebi. erT-erTi gzaa
saTaurebisa da qvesaTau-
rebis gadaqceva kiTxvebad.
wakiTxva
rogorc iqna! Tqven mier
Camoyalibebul SekiTx-
vebze pasuxi SesaZloa
kiTxvis dros gasceT.
refleqsia
kiTxvis dros ecadeT
moifiqroT masalis amsax-
veli magaliTebi an SeqmnaT
xatebi. daamuSaveT da
scadeT daamyaroT kavSiri
wakiTxulsa da arsebul
codnas Soris.
pasuxis gacema ron erTmaneTs mosazrebebi.
yoveli nawilis wakiTxvis
Semdeg dafiqrdiT Tavda-
pirvel mizansa da kiTx-
vebze. SegiZliaT Tu ara
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema
wignSi Cauxedavad?
saboloo mimoxilva
efeqtiani mimoxilva axal
masalas ufro srul­yo­
filad CarTavs Tqvens
grZelvadian mexsierebaSi.
swavlasTan erTad mimox-
ilva TandaTanobiT ufro
kompleqsuri unda gaxdes
da moicvas adre wakiTxuli
masalis Sesabamisi nawilebi
da Tavebi.
CMAPS _ Human Machine
Cognition institutis (IHMC)
mier SemuSavebuli cnebaTa
rukis instrumenti , romelic
dakavSirebulia codnis mraval
rukasTan da internetis sxva
resursebTaAn.
432
maSin maTi warmoeba araefeqtiania (Kiewra, 1989; Van Meter, Yokoi, &
Pressley, 1994).
Canawerebi gaZlevT saSualebas, daubrundeT da xelaxla gaaanal-
izoT mowodebuli informacia. isini informaciis e. w. `sawyobs~
SeiZleba SevadaroT. dadgenilia, rom is moswavleebi, romlebic
awar­moeben Canawerebs, ukeT weren testebs, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin,
nia, radgan sworad SerCeuli da Cawerili informacia ZiriTadi
ideis alRos aRebaSi, cnebebis gagebasa da kavSirebis dadgenaSi
gexmarebaT (Kiewra, 1985, 1989; Peverly, Brobst, Graham, & Shaw, 2003).
moswavleebma, romlebic eqspertis doneze floben Canawerebis war-
moebis teqnikas, ician, rogor gamoiyenon Canaweri miznis misaRw-
evad da efeqtianad cvlian strategiebs testirebisa da Sesabamisi
davalebebis Sesrulebis Semdeg; isini iyeneben pirad kodebs rTuli
da maTTvis axali informaciis mosaniSnad; ician, rogor Seavson in-
formaciis nakleboba da amisaTvis mimarTaven sxvadasxva wyaros (maT
Soris, klaselebsac); sityva-sityviT iweren informacias mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT msgavsi, sityva-sityviTi pasuxi moeTxovebaT.
martivad rom vTqvaT, isini strategiulad udgebian Canawerebis war­
moebis sakiTxs (Van Meter, Yokoi, & Pressley, 1994).
zogierTi maswavlebeli Canawerebis warmoebaSi dasaxmareblad, mo-
swavleebs sTavazobs specialur matricebs da rukebs. gaxsovdeT,
rom pirvel etapze, rodesac moswavleebisaTvis sruliad ucxoa ase­
Ti rukebis daxmarebiT muSaoba, samuSaos meti wilis Sesruleba
Tavad mogiwevT. Tu rukebsa da matricebs iyenebT, urCieT moswav-
leebs gaucvalon erTmaneTs maT mier Sevsebuli rukebi da gauzia­
organizaciis vizualuri saSualebebi
xazgasmisa da Canawerebis efeqtianad gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebe-
lia ZiriTadi ideebis gansazRvra. amas garda, aucilebelia teqstis
an leqciis organizaciis _ ideebs Soris kavSirebisa da urTierTobis
_ gageba. am ZiriTad elementTan mimarTebaSi eqspertebma SeimuSaves
vizualuri strategiebi (Van Meter, 2001). kvlevebis safuZvelze dadg-
inda, rom grafikuli formis informaciis, Sedgena, magaliTad, rukis
an diagramis, ufro advilia, vidre zogadi informaciis gadmocema, ama
Tu im teqstTan dakavSirebiT monaxazis gakeTeba (Robinson, 1998; Rob-
inson & Kiewra, 1995). rukaze aRniSnuli urTierTkavSirebi mizez-Sede-
gobrivi kavSirebis, Sedareba/kontrastis kavSirebisa da magaliTebis
miTiTebiT xels uwyobs informaciis gaxsenebas. moswavleebma unda
Seadaron `rukebi~ da imsjelon gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb. emis molekula
(sqema 8.2) aris imis ierarqiuli grafikuli ilustracia, ra kavSi-
ria cnebebs Soris. arsebobs organizaciis vizualizaciis sxva gzebic,
erT-erTi maTgania venis diagrama (Venn Diagram), romelic gviCvenebs,
rogor Tanxvdeba ideebi Tu koncefciebi da agreTve xiseburi dia-
grama, romelic gviCvenebs, rogor itoteba erTmaneTisagan ideebi da
koncefciebi. periodebad dayofa axdens informaciis Tanamimdevrulad
organizacias da sasargebloa istoriisa da geologiis Seswavlisas.
saintereso SesaZleblobaa e.w. Cmaps, romelic . institutis ufrosma
mecnierTanamSromelma jozeb novakma cnebebis ruka (concept mapping)
1970-ian wlebSi Seqmna kornelis universitetSi (emis molekula misi
naSromidan aris warmodgenili). dReisaTvis jozef novakma da IHMC-m
erToblivad SeimuSaves is saSualebebi, romlebic cnebebis rukebis Se-
qmnaSi gvexmareba. SesaZlebelia maTi eleqtronuli versiis CamotvirTva
ufasod. Cemi studentebi ohaios StatSi xSirad iyeneben am saSualebebs.
erT-erTma studentma Tavisi sadisertacio naSromi da sadoqtoro ga-
mocdis sakiTxebi swored am saSualebaTa daxmarebiT dagegma. kompiut-
eruli Cmaps SeiZleba ganTavsdes internetSi, raTa is xelmisawvdomi
gaxdes moswavleebisa da skolebisaTvis mTel msoflios masStabiT.
Cmap-is instrumentebis mTavari gverdi miTiTebulia 8.7 sqemaze.

kiTxvis strategiebi
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, swavlis efeqtiani strategiebisa da taqtikis
mizania, moswavles daexmaros yuradRebis koncentraciaSi, Zalisxmevis
mizanmimarTulad warmarTvaSi (SemuSaveba, organizeba, re­ziumireba, kav-
Sirebis dadgena, interpretacia), rac, Tavis mxriv, in­­formaciis Rrma ana-
lizisa da aRqmis sawindaria. arsebobs kiTxvis dros am procesTa xelSemw-
yobi ramdenime strategia. maswavlebelTa di­di nawili iyenebs mnemonikas
imisTvis, rom moswavleebs ganvlili etapebis damaxsovrebaSi daexmaros.
magaliTad, erT-erTi strategia, romelic gamosadegia dawyebiTis garda
nebismieri klasisaTvis, aris e.w READS:
R – Review – saTaurebisa da qvesaTaurebis mimoxilva.
READS _ kiTxvis 5-safexu-
E – Examine – msxvili SriftiT dawerili sityvebis Seswavla.
riani strategia: saTaurebis
A – Ask – hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: `ris swavlas moveli?” gacnoba (Review headings);
D – Do – gaakeTe – waikiTxe! gamuqebuli sityvebis gar-
S – Summarize – Seajame sakuTari sityvebiT Ceva (Examine boldface words);
(Friend & Bursuck, 1996). SekiTxvis dasma, `ris gagebas
velodebi?~ (Ask: `What do I
literaturuli nawarmoebis kiTxvisas SeiZleba gamoviynoT strate- expect to learn~); wakiTxva
gia CAPS: (Do it - Read); sakuTari sityve-
C – Characters – vin arian gmirebi? biT Sejameba (Summarize with
A – Aim – ra aris moTxrobis mizani? your own words).
P – Problem – ra problemebi gvxvdeba?
S – Solved – rogor wydeba problema?

andersoni (Anderson 1995a) asabuTebs iseTi strategiebis efeqtiano-

CAPS _ strategia, romelic
bas, rogoricaa CAPS an READS. mecnieris azriT, samuSaos etapebad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas
danawevrebis Sedegad moswavle ukeT acnobierebs teqstis struqturas. literaturis kiTxvisas:
gaixseneT, xSirad axdendiT Tu ara saTauris ignorirebas, rac Semdeg personaJebi (Characters),
xels giSlidaT amogecnoT, rogor iyo teqsti organizebuli. meore ambis mizani (Aim of story),
problema (Problem),
mizezi imisa, Tu ratomaa efeqtiani samuSaos etapebad dayofa aris
gadawyveta (Solution).
is, rom am gziT moswavle swavlobs masalas nawil-nawil da ara erT-
baSad, Sedegad monacemebis damuSaveba Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobs.
masalaze dayrdnobiT kiTxvebis Sedgena da pasuxis gacema informaciis
Rrmad gaazrebasa da srulyofil gadamuSavebas uwyobs xels (Doctorow,
Wittrock, & Marks, 1978; Hamilton, 1985).
maswavlebelTa umravlesoba, visTanac aqtiurad vTanamSromlob,
zogadad kiTxvis procesisa da kvlevis warmarTvisaTvis iyeneben
strategias, romelsac KWL ewodeba. am zogadi formulis gamoyeneba
yvela asakis moswavleebTan SeiZleba:
K - Know - ra vici am sakiTxis Sesaxeb?

433
 sqema 8.7
Human Machine Cognition institutis mier Cmap instrumentebis Sesaxeb Seqmnili veb-gverdis
misamarTia http://cmap.ihmc.us/
am veb-gverdidan SegiZliaT CamotvirToT cnebis rukis SedgenisaTvis saWiro instrumentebi,
raTa SeZloT nebismieri sagnis Sesaxeb codnis Seqmna, gaziareba da gakritikeba.

keTili iyos Tqveni mobrZaneba veb-gverdze

IHMC - A University Affiliated Research Group
IHMC-is Cmap
instrumentebi

IHMC-is Cmap
SemuSavda gamoiyenes
instrumentebis aris asagebad
programa saSu- gvexmareba ma-
alebas aZlevs nipulirebaSi
momxmareblebs programul am veb-gverdis codnis
Seqmnan, gauziaron instrument- modelis asagebad
da gaakritikon IHMC-i aris Ta nakrebi
cnebis rukis
cnebis rukis saxiT
navigacia xdeba
warmodgenili cod- dokumentirebulia
nis modeli.
igeba Sedgeba 1. cnebis qveS erT- IHMC Cmap
uzrunvelyofs mag.
gamoyenebiT erT fanjaraze instrumentebi
dawkapunebiT
mxardaWeras Cmap Cmap
instrumentebis servisisagan
programis IHMC Cmap
2. erT-erTi arCeva- instrumentebi
nis moniSvniT mag.
SesaZlebelia

CamotvirTva
3. SerCeuli cnebis
rukis, imijis, videos,
veb-gverdis da sxvaTa
gaxsniT.

wyaro: Institute for Human Machine Cognition Cmap Tools home page. http://cmap.ihmc.us. ibeWdeba IHMC-s nebarTviT.

daukavSireT swavlebas/ W - What - ra minda rom vicode?

portfolios da ganavrceT
miamateT 8.7 sqema swavlebis
Tqveneul resursebs.
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
ixileT Peterson, D., & Van Der
Wege, C. (2002). Guiding children
to be strategic readers. Phi Delta
Kappan, 83, 437-440.
KWL _ kiTxvisa da gamokiTxvis
strategia: …ra vici ukve? (what
do I already Know?) ra minda,
rom vicode? (what do I Want to
know?) Semdeg _ ra viswavle?
(what have I Learned?)
L - Learned - ra viswavle kiTxvisa da Seswavlis Sedegad?
ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ra strategiebs mimarTavT, moswavleebs unda
aswavloT maTi gamoyeneba. amisaTvis aucilebelia gaaanalizoT moswav-
lis miRwevebi, rac pirdapiri swavlebis meTodis, axsna-ganmartebebis,
modelirebisa da Sesabamisi praqtikis Sedegad gaxda SesaZlebeli. swav­
lisa da kiTxvis strategiebis pirdapiri swavlebis meTodi gansakuT­
rebiT mniSvnelovania moswavleebisaTvis, vinc swavlis procesSi gansx-
vavebul sirTuleebs awydeba Tavisi unarebidan gamomdinare da aseve
im moswavleebisTvis, visTvisac inglisuri mSobliuri ena ar aris.
merlin frendi da uiliam bursuki (Marilyn Friend & William Bursuck,
2002) aRweren, rogor gamoiyena erTma maswavlebelma modelirebisa da
diskusiis meTodi imisTvis, rom eswavlebina Tavisi moswavleebisaTvis
KWL strategia. etapebis gacnobis Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs
dadebiT da uaryofiT magaliTebs acnobs imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor
iyeneben aRniSnul strategias cneba `feradi fanqris~ swavlisaTvis.

434
 maswavlebeli: sanam moswavleebs teqstis wakiTxvas davavaleb, me e.
w. gonebriv ieriSs mivmarTav _ vcdilob gavixseno, ra vici am TemasTan
dakavSirebiT da vwer informacias.
maswavlebeli dafaze an didi formatis qaRaldze Camowers im
Tvisebebs, rac SeiZleba mivaweroT cnebas `feradi fanqari~. magali-
Tad: damzadebulia cvilisagan, sxvadasxva ferisaa, SeiZleba gaiTalos,
sxvadasxva kompania amzadebs da a.S.
erToblivi swavlis erT-erTi
strategia, romelsac bevri
maswavlebeli iyenebs kiTx-
visa da kvlevis swavlebisas,
aris KWL: ra vici? ra minda
vicode? ra viswavle?

maswavlebeli: amis Semdeg informacias, romelic ukve maqvs am cne­bis

Sesaxeb, kategoriebad valageb. magaliTad: `ra masalisgan mzad-
deba~, `ra ferebi arsebobs~. Semdeg etapze Camovwer moswavle-
TaTvis dasasmel SekiTxvebs. magaliTad: vin gamoigona feradi
fanqrebi? rodis? rogor amzadeben fanqrebs? sad amzadeben?
ukve amis Semdeg mzad var daviwyo kiTxva da viwyeb kiTxvas (teqs­
tis Temaa `fanqrebi~). Semdeg Camovwer, ra viswavle/gavige axali
teqstis wakiTxvis Sedegad. aucileblad unda aRvwero SekiTx-
vebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiro yvela detali da damatebiTi
in­formacia. magaliTad, me viswavle, rom feradi fanqrebi pirve-
lad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi daamzades edvin binma da har-
old smitma 1903 wels. aseve movipove informacia imis Se­saxeb,
rom kompania `kreolam~ Seisyida is kompania, romelmac da­iwyo
pirveli jadosnuri markerebis warmoeba. bolo etapze vaxden am
informacias vayalibeb rukis formiT, raTa SevZlo sxva­dasxva
ZiriTadi sakiTxebis an maTi argumentebis danaxva.
zemoaRwerili etapebis Semdeg maswavlebeli dafaze an didi for-
matis qaRaldze xatavs rukas.
maswavlebeli: modiT, Cem mier ganvlili etapebis Sesaxeb visaubroT
– ra gavakeTe kiTxis dawyebamde da mis Semdeg?
iwyeba diskusia (moswavleebTan).
maswavlebeli: axla kidev erTxel wavikiTxav teqsts da minda SeafasoT
Cem mier SemoTavazebuli kiTxvis unar-Cvevebi, romelic CvenTvis
kargad nacnobi KWL Plus strategiiT avage.
Semdeg maswavlebeli cdilobs strategiis arasworad demonstrireba.
maswavlebeli: teqstis Temaa fanqrebi. ra SeiZleba kidev vicodeT imis
garda, rom fanqari aTasobiT feris arsebobs da maTi gadatexa
SeiZleba? fanqars patara bavSvebi iyeneben da radgan me maTze
ufrosi var, bevris codna fanqrebis Sesaxeb ar mWirdeba. teqsts
swrafad gadavavleb Tvals da pirdapir daviwyeb kiTxvebze pa­
suxis gacemas. rogor fiqrobT, sworad gamoviyene strategiis
etapebi?

435
 rekomendaciebi: rogor gavxde eqsperti moswavle?
darwmundiT, rom axali informaciis gas-
agebad gaqvT aucilebeli deklaraciuli
codna (faqtebis, cnebebis, ideebis).
magaliTebi
1. SeadgineT swavlisTvis saWiro ZiriTadi
leqsikis ganmartebebi.
2. axali masalis gacnobamde gadaxedeT sa­
Wiro faqtebsa da cnebebs.
daadgineT, ra saxis davalebis Sesrulebas
gTxovT maswavlebeli (esse, mokle pasuxi)
da masalis Seswavlisas gaiTvaliswineT es
moTxovna.
magaliTebi
1. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu testSi mocemuli
iqneba e.w Ria kiTxvebi, ivarjiSeT kiTx-
vaze pasuxis gacemaze.
2. Tu testi moiTxovs mravali pasuxidan
erTis amorCevas, ZiriTadi terminebis
ganmartebaTa dasamaxsovreblad, gamoiy-
eneT mnemonikis meTodi.
darwmundiT, rom iciT, rogor aris orga-
nizebuli Sesaswavli masala
magaliTebi
1. gaecaniT teqstis saTaurs, Sesavals, sak­
vanZo winadadebebs da daskvnebs.
2. yuradReba miaqcieT iseT makavSirebel si-
tyvebs, rogoricaa: meore mxriv, imitom,
pirvel yovlisa, Tumca, vinaidan da a.S.
unda icodeT sakuTari kognituri unar-
Cvevebi da Segnebulad gamoiyenoT isini.
magaliTebi
1. gamoiyeneT magaliTebi da analogiebi im-
isTvis, rom axali masala daukavSiroT
TqvenTvis mniSvnelovan an kargad nac-
nob sakiTxs, magaliTad, sports, hobis,
films.
2. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kvlevis/swavlis erTi
teqnika ar gadgebaT, gamoiyeneT meore
– Tqveni mizania procesSi CarTulobis
SenarCuneba da ara romelime konkretu-
li strategiis gamoyeneba.
sworad SeiswavleT Sesabamisi informacia
magaliTebi
1. zustad daadgineT, Tu ra Temas exeba
testi.
436
2. ar dazogoT dro da Rrmad daamuSaveT
TqvenTvis saWiro, rTuli da SeiZleba sru-
liad ucnobi masala, rac davalebisa Tu
testis Sesasruleblad aris aucilebeli.
3. moiniSneT teqstis yvelaze ufro gauge-
bari adgilebi da SedarebiT ufro meti
dro swored aseTi adgilebis Seswavlas
dauTmeT.
4. mniSvnelovani iformaciis damuSavebisas
gamoiyeneT mnemonikis meTodi, SeqmeniT
xatebi, magaliTebi, upasuxeT kiTxvebs,
awar­moeT Canawerebi Tqveni sakuTari sit­
yvebiT da imuSaveT teqstze. ar eca­doT
avtoris sityvebis damaxsovrebas – gamoi-
yeneT Tqveni sakuTari.
awarmoeT gagebis Tqveneuli unaris moni-
toringi
magaliTebi
1. imisaTvis rom daadginoT, ramdenad swo-
rad gesmiT esa Tu is sakiTxi, CamowereT
masalasTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi.
2. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac kiTxvis tempi
iklebs, dafiqrdiT, aris Tu ara teqstSi
mocemuli informacia mniSvnelovani. Tu
daaskvniT, rom im konkretul nawilSi
mocemuli informacia mniSvnelovania sa­­-
boloo SedegisaTvis, moiniSneT igi imi­
saTvis, rom xelmeored daubrundeT. xo­
lo Tu piriqiT fiqrobT, maSin SegiZli-
aT am informaciis ignorireba.
3. imuSaveT wyvilSi, vinaidan erTmaneTi-
saTvis dasmuli SekiTxvebiT daadgenT,
gesmiT Tu ara warmodgenili masala.
swavlis Sesaxeb damatebiTi resursebisaT-
vis ix.: http://www.ucc.vt.edu/stdysk/stdyhlp.html
an www.d.umn.edu/student/loon/acad/strat
wyaro: wignidan `Research Synthesis on Study Skills’ by B. B.
Armbruster and T. H. Anderson. Educational Leadership, 39.
Copyright © 1993 by the American Association for Supervi-
sion and Curriculum Development. ibeWdeba ASCD. yvela
ufleba daculia. Association for Supervision and Curricu-
lum Development maswavlebelTa msoflio erTobaa, ro-
melic mxars uWers saR politikas da xelmisawvdoms
xdis saukeTeso gamocdilebas, raTa yovelma moswavlem
miaRwios warmatebas. meti informaciisaTvis ix. www.
ascd.org
 klasi msjelobs maswavleblis mier strategiis araswor gamoyene- daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
baze. yuradReba miaqcieT, rogor awvdis maswavlebeli dadebiT da da ganavrceT
swavlis unarebis Sesaxeb
uaryofiT magaliTebs _ uzrunvelyofs cnebis karg swavlebas.
rekomendaciebi gamosadegia
rubrikaSi `rekomendaciebi~ Sejamebulia mosazrebebi swavlis Sesaxeb. yvelasTvis, visac surs eqsper-
ti mkiTxveli gaxdes da me-7
TavSi aRwerili metakognituri
swavlis strategiebis gamoyeneba unarebi da aRmasrulebeli kon-
trolis procesi gamoiyenos.
mas Semdeg, rac daaskvniT, rom moswavleebs srulyofilad esmiT ix. me-7 Tavi deklaraciuli,
swavlis strategiebis arsi, unda darwmundeT, rom isini gamoiyeneben proceduruli da pirobiTi
codnis Sesaxeb informaci-
am strategiebs. gaiTvaliswineT, rom aucileblad unda Sesruldes
isaTvis.
ramdenime piroba (Ormrod, 2004). pirvel yovlisa, rasakvirvelia, dava-
leba unda iyos Sesabamisad gansazRvruli. ratom gamoiyenebs moswavle
swavlis rTul strategias, Tu maswavleblis mier micemuli davale-
baa _ `iswavlos da mxolod teqstis sityvebiT gamoTqvas azri~? am
davalebis fonze moswavle mxolod damaxsovrebis meTods gamoiyenebs
da saukeTeso strategia iqneba ganawilebuli varjiSi da SesaZloa,
mnemonikac (ix. me-7 Tavi). imedi gvaqvs, rom Tanamedrove swavlebaSi
aseTi davalebebi mcirea. amrigad, Tuki davaleba ara informaciis dam-
axsovreba, aramed gagebaa, kidev ra strategiebi gvWirdeba?

swavlis Sefaseba. rTuli strategiebis gamoyenebis meore piroba

aris is, rom moswavleebi unda zrunavdnen swavlasa da gagebaze. maT
unda hqondeT miznebi, romelTa miRweva SesaZlebeli iqneba efeqtiani
strategiebis saSualebiT (Zimmerman & Schunk, 2001). am aucilebe-
li pirobis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobas maSin mivxvdi, rodesac
ganaTlebis fsiqologiis leqciaze studentebs amerikul gazeTSi «USA
Today» dabeWdil statias vacnobdi swavlis unar-Cvevebis Sesaxeb.
statiis arsi is aris, rom `moswavleebma mudmivad unda imeoron da
gadaweron TavianTi konspeqtebi, ris Sedegad, saswavlo kursis bo-
los SeZleben naswavli Temis Sesaxeb sakuTari azris Camoyalibebas
erT an or gverdze. rasakvirvelia, codnis udidesi nawili am etapze
ukve reorganizebuli da aucileblad dakavSirebuli iqneba sxva sax-
is codnasTan~. amiT vcdilobdi studentebi damerwmunebina arsebuli
Teoriebis WeSmaritebaSi, rom swori strategiebis gamoyeneba swavlis
momaval safexurze warmatebis sawindaria. leqciaze gaimarTa cxare
diskusia. erT-erTma saukeTeso studentma daiwuwuna : `dRe-RameSi 18
saaTi vmecadineob da amis saswavli dro ara maqvs~. man ar daijera,
rom misi mizani – drois dazogva _ SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda swavlis
Sromatevadi strategiis gamoyenebiT.

Zalisxmeva da efeqtianoba. Cemi studenti imasac aRniSnavda, rom uWirs

Zalisxmevis mokreba. swavlis strategiebis gamoyenebisas gasaTvalis­
winebeli mesame piroba is aris, rom moswavleebma gaacnobieron: ar
dazogon Zala da energia strategiebis gamosayeneblad, radgan miR-
weuli Sedegi aucileblad gaamarTlebs maTs Zalisxmevas (Winne, 2001).
moswavleebs unda sjerodeT, rom maT realurad SeuZliaT gamoiyenon
arsebuli strategiebi; es imas niSnavs, rom masalis Seswavlisas maT
unda hqondeT gamomuSavebuli ama Tu im strategiis gamoyenebis sa-
kuTari midgoma (Schnuk, 2004). es ki ukve sxva pirobis aucileblobas
qmnis. kerZod, moswavleebs unda hqondeT sabazo codna da gamocdile-
ba konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. swavlis verc erTi strategia
ver daexmareba moswavles davalebis SesrulebaSi, Tu gamoyenebuli
strategia scildeba moswavlis arsebuli codnis CarCoebs.

437
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
ixileT Educational Psychologist-is
2004 wlis zamTris specialuri
gamoSveba, romelic eZRvneba
`Personal Epistemology: Paradig-
matic Approaches to Understand-
ing Students~ Beliefs about Knowl-
edge and Knowing~(Vol. 39, No. 1)
Guest Editor: Barbara K. Hofer.
438
epistemologiuri rwmenebi. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba,
rom moswavlis Sexeduleba codnasa da swavlis procesze (maTi episte-
mologiuri rwmena) ganapirobebs moswavlis arCevans strategiis gamoy-
enebisas.
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT rogor upasuxebT qvemoT moce-
mul SekiTxvebs? (Chan & Sachs, 2001).
1. maTematikis swavlis dros umniSvnelovanesia: (a) gaixseno maswav-
leblis miTiTebebi ; (b) amoxsna bevri magaliTi da (g) gaaanalizo
amoxsnili magaliTebi.
2. sabunebismetyvlo sagnebis Seswavlisas mniSvnelovania: (a) zustad
Seasrulo maswavleblis mier mocemul davaleba; (b) ecado, logi-
kurad axsna esa Tu is movlena an miRebuli Sedegi; (g) ar dazogo
energia, raTa daimaxsovro SenTvis aucilebeli informacia.
3. Tu Tqveni mizania Rrmad SeiswavloT esa Tu is sakiTxi, magaliTad,
Tema _ cxovelebi, ramdeni xani dagWirdebaT am sakiTxis Sesaswav-
lad? _ Tu seriozulad mohkidebT xels:
(a) weliwadze naklebi; (b) erTi an ori weli; (g) mTeli cxovreba.
4. rac ufro Rrmavdeba Tqveni codna: (a) SekiTxvebi miT ufro rTul-
deba; (b) imavdroulad, sul ufro da ufro advilia maTze pasuxis
gacema; (g) yvela SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema SesaZlebeli xdeba.
zemoaRniSnuli kiTxvebis gamoyenebiT, mkvlevrebma daadgines episte-
mologiuri rwmenebis ramdenime ganzomileba (Chan & Sachs, 2001; Schom-
mer, 1997; Schommer-Aikins, 2002; Schraw & Olasfon, 2002). magaliTad:
codnis struqtura: ama Tu im sferoSi codna faqtebis martivi
nakrebia Tu cnebebisa da urTierTkavSirebis rTuli struqtura?
codnis stabiluroba/ueWveloba: codna fiqsirebulia Tu droTa
ganmavlobaSi viTardeba?
swavlis unari: swavlis unari fiqsirebulia (emyareba Tandayolil
unars) Tu cvalebadi?
swavlis siCqare: swrafad veuflebiT codnas Tu dro gvWirdeba?
swavlis buneba: swavla avtoritetebisagan mowodebuli faqtebis
damaxsovreba da izolirebulad maTi Senaxvaa, Tu sakuTari integ-
rirebuli xedvis ganviTareba?
moswavleTa Sexeduleba codnasa da swavlaze gavlenas axdens maT
mier swavlis strategiebis gamoyenebaze. magaliTad, Tu darwmuneb-
uli xarT, rom codnis SeZena swrafad unda moxdes, Tqven, savarau-
dod, gamoiyenebT mxolod erT an or e.w. swraf strategias (erTxel
waikiTxavT teqsts, 2 wuTi dagWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom scadoT prob-
lemis gadaWra). im SeTxvevaSi, Tu, Tqveni azriT, swavlisaTvis saWiroa
integrirebuli azrovnebis ganviTareba, Tqven ufro CauRrmavdebiT
masalas, daukavSirebT mas arsebul codnas, SeqmniT Tqveneul mag-
aliTebs an daxazavT diagramas, da zogadad informacias Tqvenebu-
rad/TqvenTvis gasageb enaze da TqvenTivs misaRebi formiT Camoayali-
bebT (Hofer & Pintrich, 1997; Kardash & Howell, 2000). erT-erT kvlevaSi,
dawyebiTi skolis im moswavleebma (me-4-6 klaselebma), visac miaCnda,
rom swavla niSnavs masalis srulad gagebas, ufro Rrmad daamuSaves
sabunebismetyvelo Sinaarsis teqstebi im moswavleebTan SedarebiT,
vinc swavlas faqtebis reproduqciad Tvlida (Chan & Sachs, 2001).
wina gverdze rubrikaSi _ `SeCerdiT/dafiqrdiT/dawereT~ _ mocemuli
swavlasTan dakavSirebuli SekiTxvebi eqspertebma, aRniSnuli kvlevis
dros, moswavleTa Sexedulebebis Sesafaseblad gamoiyenes. moswavleTa
pasuxebi, romlebic darwmunebulni arian, rom swavlis procesi kom-
pleqsuri da aqtiuria da gagebisaTvis dros moiTxovs, iyo: 1-g, 2-b,
3-g, da 4-a.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Cndeba kiTxva: ra mizani aqvs aseTi
saxis kvlevas, Tu adamiani arasodes ar gamoiyenebs miRebul codnas _
arasodes ar gadaitans am codnas axal situaciaSi?

swavleba tranferisaTvis

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT dafiqrdiT da gaixseneT is sag­

ne­bi, romlebic kolejSi ar giswavliaT. warmoidgineT maswavlebeli,
oTaxi, saxelmZRvanelo. axla ki gaixseneT, ras swavlobdiT. bunebis­
metyvelebis gakveTilze naswavli formulebi Tu gaxsovs? magaliTad,
mJavianobis Semcirebis formula, boil-mariotis kanoni?
Tu Cvengan arafriT gansxvavdebiT, SeiZleba gagaxsendeT, rom
odesRac giswavliaT es sakiTxebi, magram ver SeZlebT zusti pasuxi
gagvceT, konkretulad ra iswavleT. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom skolaSi
gatarebulma drom fuWad ganvlo? amaze pasuxis gacema SesaZlebeli
iqneba, Tu ganvixilavT codnis gadacemis/gadanacvlebis sakiTxs. am
sakiTxis gacnobas daviwyebT terminis _ transferi – gadanacvleba,
gadatana _ ganmartebiT.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Cvens amJamindel swavlaze gavlenas axdens
Cveni adrindeli codna, an rodesac warsulSi gadaWrili problema
gavlenas axdens axali problemis gadaWraze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ad-
gili aqvs transfers - gadatanas (Mayer & Wittrock, 1996). erik de kor-
tis (Erik De Corte, 2003) ganmartebiT, transferi aris `kognituri saSu-
alebebisa da motivaciis efeqtiani gamoyeneba~. transferis aRniSnuli
ganmartebidan Cans, rom aqcenti keTdeba axlis keTebaze (produqtis
Seqmnaze), da ara marto warsulSi naswavli instrumentebis gamoyenebis
gzebis gaxsenebaze. Tu moswavleebi erT gakveTilze naswavl maTemati-
kur formulebs ramdenime dRisa Tu kviris Semdeg fizikis gakveTil-
ze amocanis amoxsnisas iyeneben, am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom
moxda transferi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom warsulSi miRebuli swav-
lis gamocdileba yovelTvis dadebiT gavlenas rodi axdens mimdinare
swavlis procesze. funqcionaluri fiqsacia da pasuxTa sistema (razec
ukve visaubreT) uaryofiTi transferis naTeli magaliTia, radgan
am SemTxvevaSi moswavleebi cnobil, magram, imavdroulad, Seusabamo
strategiebs iyeneben axal situaciaSi.

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s

transferis Sesaxeb arsebuli Sexedulebebi da ganavrceT
swavlis transferi
bolo 100 wlis manZilze transferis fenomeni ganaTlebis fsiqolo- skolidan sxva konteqsteb-
giis mkvlevarTa yuradRebis centrSi iyo. rasakvirvelia, codnis, Si swavlis warmatebuli
transferi kargi swavlebis
unar-Cevebisa da motivaciis efeqtiani gamoyeneba mTeli sicocxlis
Sedegia. risi gakeTeba Seu-
manZilze ganaTlebis fundamenturi mizania (De Corte, 2003). adreul Zlia maswavlebels codnisa
kvlevebSi yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo unar-Cvevebis specifikur da unar-Cvevebis trans-
transferze da laTinuri enis an maTematikis swavlis Sedegad miRe- feris optimizaciisaTvis?

439
Ggadatana _ naswavlis gavlena
axal masalis Seswavlaze.
dabali donis Transferi _
praqtikuli xerxebisa da
unar-Cvevebis spontanuri
da avtomaturi gadatana.
maRali donis transferi _
erT situaciaSi SeZenili
abstraqtuli codnis
gamoyeneba gansxvavebul
situaciaSi.
440
buli gonebrivi wvrTnis zogad transferze. magram 1924 wels, Torn-
daikma (E.L. Thorndike) daaskvna, rom laTinuris swavlas Sedegad gone­
bis wvrTna ar moaqvs. laTinuris swavla adamians laTinuris ufro
kar­gad swavlaSi exmareba. amrigad, Torndaikis wyalobiT, im period­
Si laTinuris swavla ufrosklaselebisTvis aRar iyo savaldebulo.
mkvle­varTa meore jgufi ganasxvavebs dadebiT da uaryofiT trans-
fers, magaliTad, problemis gadawyvetis procesSi evristikis swor da
araswor gamoyenebas.
bolo periodis kvlevebSi mecnierebma daadgines, rogor xdeba yo­
veldRiuri swavlis procesSi iseTi unar-Cvevebis avtomaturi, pir­
dapiri gamoyeneba, rogoricaa kiTxva an wera da Camoayalibes is gansx-
vavebani, rac problemis kreatiuli gadawyvetisTvis axasiaTebs codnisa
da strategiebis araordinarul transfers (Bereiter, 1995; Bransford &
Schwarts, 1999; Salomon & Perkins, 1989). gabriel salomonisa da devid
perkinsis (1989) kvlevaSi aRwerilia ori saxis transferi: maRali da
dabali donis. dabali donis transferi `moicavs kargad gavarjiSe-
buli unar-Cvevebis spontanur, avtomatur transfers da refleqsuri
azrovnebis mcire monawileobas~. mTavari amosavali wertili dabali
donis transferTan mimarTebaSi aris unar-Cvevis xSiri varjiSi sxva­
dasxva situaciaSi manam, sanam Sesruleba avtomaturi ar gaxdeba. ma­
galiTad, Tu erTi zafxulis ganmavlobaSi muSaobdiT ofisSi, romelic
sxvadasxva dawesebulebas mdivan-referentebiT uzrunvelyofda da am
periodSi sxvadasxva ofisSi da sxvadasxva saxis kompiuterebze giwev-
daT muSaoba, zafxulis bolos ukve nebismier kompiuterze SeZlebT
muSaobas. amrigad, aseTi saxis praqtikis safuZvelze moxdeba unar-Cve-
vis avtomaturi transferi axal garemoSi. bransfordi da Svarci (1999)
aseTi saxis transfers pirdapiri gamoyenebis transfers uwodeben.
meore mxriv, maRali donis transferi gulisxmobs erT situaci-
aSi Seswavlili abstraqtuli codnisa Tu strategiebis gacnobiere-
bul gamoyenebas sxva situaciaSi. es ori gziT SeiZleba moxdes. pirve-
li, SesaZloa iswavloT principi an strategia momavalSi gamoyenebis
mizniT – win xedvis transferi. magaliTad, Tu anatomiis gakveTilebze
pirvel semestrSi gadixarT meore semestris winmswreb kurss,Tqven
moiZiebT informacias adamianis sxeulis proporciebis, kunTebis age-
bulebisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. meore SemTxvevaSi, ki rodesac problemas
waawydebiT, SesaZloa gaixsenoT warsulis gamocdileba da codna im-
isaTvis, rom gamoiyenoT is am axali problemis gadasaWrelad. e.i.
mimarTavT e.w. ukan xedvis transfers. aseTi saxis transferis naTel
magaliTs analogiuri azrovneba warmoadgens. Tqven ikvlevT sxva, am
sakiTxis msgavs situacias, romelmac, SesaZloa arsebuli problemis
gadawyvetisaTvis saWiro gasaRebi mogceT. bransfordisa da Svarcis
(1999) azriT, aseTi saxis maRali donis transferi aris momavali swav-
lisaTvis momzadeba.
maRali donis transferis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia dakvirvebuli
abstraqcia, anu principis, sakvanZo ideis, strategiis an proceduris
gacnobierebuli identifikacia, romelic erT specifikur problemasa
Tu situaciaze ki ar aris mijaWvuli, aramed mravals miesadageba.
amgvari abstraqcia metakognituri codnis nawili xdeba, rac, Tavis
mxriv, aucilebelia momavalSi swavlisa da problemebis gadaWrisaT-
vis. bransfordi da Svarci (1999) amateben kidev erT ZiriTad aspeqts
– resursebiT mdidar garemos, romelic xels uwyobs produqtiul da
efeqtian transfers. 8.3 cxrilSi Sejamebulia transferis saxeebi.
 cxrili 8.3
transferis saxeebi

dabali donis transferi maRali donis transferi

(pirdapiri gamoyeneba)
gansazRvreba kargad gavarjiSebuli unar-
Cvevebis avtomaturi transferi
(momavali swavlisaTvis
momzadeba)
abstraqtuli codnis gac-
nobierebuli gamoyeneba axal
situaciaSi.
kognituri instrumentebisa
da motivaciis produqtiuli
gamoyeneba.

ZiriTadi pi- eqstensiuri varjiSi. aqcenti principis, sakvanZo az-

robebi garemosa da pirobebis mraval- ris an proceduris abstragire-
gvaroba. baze, SemdgomSi sxvadasxva
zeswavla avtomatizaciisaTvis. situaciaSi gamoyenebis mizniT.
qmediT swavleba-swavlis gare-
moSi swavla.
magaliTebi mravali sxvadasxva manqanis KWL da READS strategiebis
tareba. gamoyeneba.
aeroportSi sasurveli gasasv- skolis gazeTze muSaobisas
lelis povna. maTematikaSi naswavli proce-
durebis gamoyeneba.

swavleba dadebiTi transferisaTvis

mravalwliani kvlevebisa da eqsperimentbis safuZlveze dadastur­
da, rom marTalia, moswavleebi iTviseben axal codnas, problemis
gadaWris procedurebsa da swavlis strategiebs, magram, rogorc wesi,
ar iyeneben maT, Tu ar aqvT Sesabamisi miTiTeba da rCeva ama Tu im
situaciaSi. magaliTad, kvlevaSi, romlis mizani iyo daedgina, ramdenad
sworad iyenebs da, saerTod, iyenebs Tu ara adamiani realur cxovre-
baSi maTematikis codnas, dadginda, rom sayofacxovrebo problemebis
mogvarebisas, maRaziaSi produqtis SeZenisas da a.S. adamianebi ar iyene-
ben skolaSi naswavl wesebs (Lave, 1988; Lave & Wenger, 1991). amis mizezi
is aris, rom swavlis procesi garkveul pirobebzea damokidebuli _
swavla specifikur situaciaSi xorcieldeba. Cven vswavlobT konkre-
tuli problemebis gadaWris da ara zogadi, yovelmxrivi gadaWris
gzas, romelic nebismier problemas waadgeba. raki swavla CvenTvis
konkretuli problemis gadaWris instrumentia, Tu iseT problemas
gadavawydebiT, romelic zedapirulad mainc gansxvavebulad gveCveneba
SesaZloa ver gavacnobieroT codnis relevanturoba (Driscoll, 2005; Sin-
gley & Anderson, 1989). rogor SeiZleba davrwmundeT, rom moswavleebi
gamoiyeneben naswavls gansxvavebul situaciaSi?

risi swavla Rirs? uwinaresyovlisa, pasuxi unda gavceT kiTxvas: `risi

swavla Rirs?~ iseTi ZiriTadi unar-Cevebi, rogoricaa kiTxva, wera,
kompiuteris codna, TanamSromloba da laparaki, SeiZleba erTmniS-
vnelovnad gadatanil iqnes sxva situaciebSic, radgan es unar-Cvevebi

441

daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
`gagebis udidesi mteri
yvelafris mocvis survilia.
sanam Tqveni mizania moicvaT
yvelaferi, darwmunebuli
brZandebodeT, rom bavSvebis
umravlesoba Sors iqneba
gagebisagan~. Howard Gardner in
Brandt, R. (1993). On Teaching for
Understanding: A Conversation
with Howard Gardner. Educational
Leadership, 50 (7), 7.
442
aucilebelia Semdgomi muSaobisaTvis rogorc skolaSi, ise mis gareT.
isini saWiroa, magaliTad, samuSaos dawyebisTvis ganacxadis dasawerad,
moTxrobebis wasakiTxad, gadasaxadebis gadaxdisa Tu gunduri muSao-
bisas, jandacvis dawesebulebebis Sesafaseblad da a.S. momdevno swav-
la damokidebulia axal situaciebSi ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis dadebiT
transferze.
maswavlebelma aseve unda icodes, savaraudod, rogori momavali
elis mis moswavleebs, rogorc jgufs, ise TiToeul maTgans. ukve
zrdasrulebs, ra moTxovnebs wauyenebs maT sazogadoeba? 1950-60-ian
wlebSi, roca jer kidev patara texaseli bavSvi viyavi, araferi vicodi
kompiuteris Sesaxeb, miuxedavad imisa, rom mamaCemi kompiuteruli sis-
temebis laboratoriis specialisti iyo; dRes drois did nawils ko-
piuteruli programebis Seqmnas vuTmob. kompiuterTan muSaobis unar-
Cvevebis ganviTareba skolis programaSi ar Sedioda, magram me viswavle
logariTmuli saxazavis gamoyeneba. dResdReisobiT _ kalkulatorebisa
da kompiuterebis epoqaSi, am unar-Cvevam mniSvneloba dakarga. dedaCe-
mi yovelTvis mirCevda beWdvis nacvlad meswavla umaRlesi maTematika
da fizika. maTematikasa da fizikas marTlac SesaniSnavad maswavlid-
nen, magram dRes, rodesac kompiuterTan muSaoba miwevs, beWdvis unar-
Cevebi CemTvis aucilebelia. vinmes SeeZlo amis prognozireba? udavoa,
rom Tqvens moswavleebs ukiduresi da araprognozirebadi cvlile-
bebi eliT. swored amitom principebis, damokidebulebebis, swavlis
strategiebis, motivaciisa da problemis gadaWris zogadi transferi
iseTive aucilebeli iqneba maTTvis, rogorc ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis
specifikuri transferi.
ra daxmareba SeuZlia maswavlebels? ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis trans-
fers uzrunvelyofs zeswavla – varjiSi ostatobis miRwevamde. daw-
yebiT klasebSi iseTi ZiriTadi faqtebis umravlesobas, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, gamravlebis tabula, moswavleebi zeswavlis saSualebiT
euf­lebian. zeswavla moswavles saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mexsierebaSi
daleqili informaciis swraf da avtomatur gaxsenebaSi exmareba.
ufro maRali donis transferis dros moswavle, pirvel yovlisa,
swavlobs da igebs. moswavleebi ufro kargad axdenen codnis trans-
fers axal situaciaSi, Tu aqtiurad arian CarTulni swavlis procesSi.
moswavleebs unda vurCioT, rom aucilebelia iseTi abstraqciebis Se-
qmna, romelsac momavalSi gamoiyeneben. erik de kortes (Erik De Corte,
2003) azriT, maswavlebeli xels uwyobs transfers, kognituri instru-
mentebisa da motivaciis produqtiul gamoyenebas, Tu swavleba-swav-
lis qmediT garemos qmnis Semdegi principebis mixedviT:
garemom xeli unda Seuwyos konstruqciuli swavlis process yvela
moswavlisaTvis;
garemom unda waaxalisos moswavlis TviTregulaciis ganviTareba,
raTa maswavlebelma TandaTan meti da meti pasuxismgebloba daakis-
ros moswavleebs. swavlaSi CarTuli unda iyos interaqcia da Tanam-
Sromloba.
moswavleebi iseT problemebs unda Wridnen, romelTac maTTvis pi­
rovnuli mniSvneloba aqvs, romelTa winaSe isini momavalSi aR-
moCndebian.
klasis kulturam xeli unda Seuwyos moswavleebs, rom maT gaac-
nobieron da ganaviTaron kognituri da motivaciuri procesebi.
 istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb
xarki swavlebas
esme kodeli, romelic gamoyofilad `vici, rom am saxe ferflisferi gaxdo-
erTi welia qalaqis skola- uzarmazar samyaroSi es mxolod moda. rubensa da latoias
Si muSaobs, aRwers, rogor vTxove maurisias gasamxneve-
daexmara Tavis moswavleebs
patara gamarjvebaa. . .~ blad gahyolodnen. is meve-
daeZliaT maTTvis gansakuT­ dreboda, ar gameSva prezent-
rebiT rTuli cxovrebiseuli problema _ sajaro aciaze. gulis siRrmeSi ar viyavi darwmunebuli
gamosvla. Tavs gaarTmevda Tu ara am saqmes, magram bolos
12 maisi TiTqmis ZaliT gavagde oTaxidan da vuTxari,
mezRapreTa festivalisTvis mzadeba kargad rom mxolod misiis Sesrulebis Semdeg dab-
mimdinareobs. mcire granti movipove. Semdeg runebuliyo, romelsac, vicodi, Tavs gaarT-
kviraSi skolis ramdenjerme daaxloebiT 12 mo- mevda. TxuTmet wuTSi maurisia sixarulisagan
swavles vamecadineb xalxuri zRaprebis kiTx- gabrwyinebuli Semofrinda oTaxSi.
vaSi. specialurad SevarCie morcxvi da kiTxvisa `me SevZeli! brwyinvaled gavarTvi saqmes
da laparakis problemebis mqone moswavleebi. Tavi!~ - yviroda da icinoda gaxarebuli gogo­
eqskursiac movawyeT da profesional mezRa- na. Cven erTmaneTs CavexuteT.
pres vewvieT. moswavleebs aqvT festivalze wa- roSeli, isic maurisiasaviT morcxvi, aqo­
sakiTxi wignebis aslebi. bolo eqvsi kviris Sinebuli dabrunda. `Tqven marTali iyaviT! bav­
ganmavlobaSi Cven seriozulad vemzadebodiT _ Svebi siamovnebiT mismendnen da imeorebdnen naw-
xan vwvrTnidi, xan imitacias vaswavlidi da yvetebs~. Cemi moswavleebis warmatebiT vamayob.
xan, garkveulwilad, Zalasac vatandi. zogjer vici, rom am uzarmazar samyaroSi es mxolod
gakveTilebis periodSi, imasac vaxerxebdi, rom patara gamarjvebebia, magram, zogjer, patara
sxva klasis moswavleebsac SeefasebinaT maTi melodia ufro tkbilad JRers, vidre orkes-
gamosvla. or kviraze nakleb droSi skolebis tris mier Sesrulebuli nawarmoebi.
mezRapreTa festivals unda vumaspinZloT.
maurisiam uari Tqva me-4 klaselebis winaSe wyaro: aRebulia Codell, 2001, gv. 156-158.

zRapris moyolaze. Savkanian gogonas SiSisagan

imisaTvis, rom moswavleebi am instrumentebis produqtiuli momx-

mareblebi gaxdnen, unda icodnen maTi arsi da fasi.
momdevno sam TavSi Rrmad SeviswavliT, rogor unda SevuwyoT xeli
moswavleebSi konstruqciul swavlas, motivaciis, TviTregulaciis,
TanamSromlobisa da TviTanalizis Camoyalibebas.
arsebobs transferis kidev erTi saxe, romelic gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania moswavleebisaTvis _ swavlis strategiebis transferi, Warbi swavla _ daxelovnebis
romelsac am Tavis wina nawilSi wavawydiT. wesiT, swavlis strategiebi miRwevis Semdegac unaris
da taqtika mravalgvar situaciaSi gamoiyeneba, magram qvemoT vnaxavT, gavarjiSeba.
rom xSirad ase ar xdeba.

strategiebis transferis etapebi. zogjer moswavleebi ver acnobiere-

ben, rom SesaZlebelia konkretuli strategiis axal situaciaSi gamoy-
eneba, maT ar ician, rogor moaxdinon am strategiis adaptireba da

443
cnebebis Seswavlis, prob-
lemebis gadaWrisa da strat-
egiebis dauflebisas, didi
mniSvneloba aqvs individis
arsebul codnas, agreTve pi-
rad gamocdilebasa da kul-
turaze damyarebul Sexed-
ulebebsa da unar-Cvevebs.

morgeba konkretul axal situaciaze. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, SesaZloa

es ganpirobebuli iyos moswavleebis im SexedulebiT, rom strategiis
gamoyenebas didi dro sWirdeba (Schunk, 2004).
gari fais azriT, (Gary Phye, 1992, 2001; Phye & Sanders, 1994) adamiani
Tvlis, rom swavlis strategiebis transferi is intrumentia, romelic
azrianad unda gamoviyenoT akademiuri problemebis gadasaWrelad.
is strategiuli transferis Camoyalibebis sam safexurs gamoyofs.
dauflebis fazaSi moswavleebs unda mivawodoT informacia ara mx-
olod strategiis arsisa da misi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, aramed unda
mivceT erTgvari repeticiis saSualebac, raTa dainaxon rodis da ro-
gor SeiZleba am strategiis gamoyeneba. meore _ informaciis Senaxvis
fazaSi _ moswavleebs did daxmarebas uwevs strategiebis praqtikuli
gamoyeneba da ukukavSirebis analizi. transferis fazaSi maswavlebeli
moswavleebs warudgens axal problemebs, romelTa gadaWra, miuxeda-
vad maTi zedapiruli gansxvavebisa, naswavli strategiis gamoyenebiT
SeiZleba. motivaciis asamaRleblad, moswavleebs unda avuxsnaT, rom
strategiebis gamoyeneba mravali problemis gadaWrisa da davalebis
Sesrulebis sawindaria. aRniSnuli etapebi exmareba moswavles pro-
ceduruli da pirobiTi codnis dauflebaSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom
moswavles ecodineba, rogor, rodis da ratom gamoiyenos esa Tu is
strategia.

mravalgvaroba da konvergencia rTul kognitur procesebSi

winamdebare TavSi vrclad mimovixileT kognituri perspeqtivebi,

radgan maT didi gavlena aqvT swavlebaze. mravalferovnebis miuxeda-
vad, SeamCnevdiT, rom cnebebis, kreatiuli problemebis gadaWris unar-
Cvevebisa da swavlis strategiebis swavlebisas kognituri ideebis amo-
savalia moswavlis aprioruli codna da aqtiuri, gaazrebuli swavla.

mravalgvaroba
cnebis swavla, problemis gadawyveta da strategiis dauflebis
procesi yvela moswavlisaTvis erTnairi SeiZleba iyos, Tumca aprior-
uli codna, mosazrebebi da unar-Cvevebi, romlebsac isini gakveTilze

444
 ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba

rekomendaciebi: transferis xelSewyoba

ojaxis mier misi Svilis saskolo programis
codna swavlis xelSemwyobi faqtoria.
magaliTebi
1. didi proeqtis an saxelmZRvaneloSi moce-
muli didi moculobis informaciis gac-
nobamde, ojaxs gaugzavneT werili, sadac
mocemuli iqneba Temis ZiriTadi miznebi,
ramdenime davaleba da informacia masalaSi
warmodgenili zogierTi zogadi problemis
Sesaxeb;
2. sTxoveT mSoblebs mogweron sakuTari mo-
sazrebebi imis Taobaze, ramdenad sain-
tereso iqneba Tqven mier SeTavazebuli pro-
grama maTi SvilisTvis.
3. moiwvieT mSoblebi skolaSi `strategiis
Seswavlis~ Sesaxeb diskusiaSi monawileobis
misaRebad. daavaleT moswavleebs, aswavlon
mSoblebs erT-erTi strategia, romelsac
skolaSi daeuflnen.
miawodeT mSoblebs mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb,
rogor SeuZliaT waaxalison Svilebi naswav-
lis ganmtkicebaSi, gavrcobasa da gamoyene-
baSi.
magaliTebi
1. weris unar-Cvevebis gasaviTareblad ur-
CieT mSoblebs, daavalon Svilebs werilis
miwera kompaniebisa Tu sxva samoqalaqo or-
ganizaciebisaTvis, romelSic moTxovnili
iqneba esa Tu is informacia an ufaso ni-
muSebi. aCveneT werilis nimuSi, Camoayali-
beT struqtura da mosazrebebi, miuTiTeT
im kompaniis misamarTi, romelic uzrunve-
lyofs ufaso nimuSebis an informaciis mi-
wodebas.
2. mSoblebs urCieT, CarTon TavianTi Svilebi
iseT proeqtebSi, romelTa ganxorcielebi-
saTvis saWiroa angariS-faqturebis Sedgena,
xarjTaRricxvis warmoeba.
3. mSoblebs SesTavazeT, sTxovon Svilebs be-
biasa da papasTan erTad Seqmnan ojaxis `mo-
gonebaTa wigni~. daukavSireT erTmaneTs is-
toriuli kvleva da wera.
aCveneT skolaSi swavlasa da skolisgareSe
cxovrebas Soris kavSirebi.
magaliTebi
1. mSoblebs urCieT esaubron Svilebs imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iyeneben Tavis droze
skolaSi naswavl unar-Cvevebs samsaxurSi Tu
sazogadoebriv proeqtebze muSaobisas.
2. mSoblebs sTxoveT skolaSi misvla moswavlee-
bisaTvis imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor iyeneben
kiTxvas, weras, sabunebismetyvelo, maTemati-
kasa da sxva saxis codnas samsaxurSi.
swavlis strategiebis swavlebisas, ojaxi
aqcieT partniorad!
magaliTebi
1. erT jerze swavlis erT taqtikaze gaakeTeT
aqcenti _ sTxoveT ojaxs ubralod Seaxse-
non Svils konkretuli taqtikis gamoyeneba
saSinao davalebis Sesrulebisas (mag., erTi
kviris ganmavlobaSi).
2. SeqmeniT wignebisa da videoCanawerebis bib-
lioTeka, raTa mSoblebs aswavloT swavlis
strategiebi.
3. mieciT mSoblebs erTi asli CanarTisa `ro-
gor gavxde eqsperti moswavle?~, romelic
redaqtirebuli iqneba konkretuli klasis
Sesabamisad.
transferis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb damatebiTi
informaciisaTvis ix. veb-gverdi:
http://www.kidsource.com/education/motivation.lang.
learn.html#2

warmoaCenen ueWvelad araerTgvarovania da emyareba moswavleTa ga-

mocdilebasa da kulturas. magaliTad, Ze Cenma da misma kolegebma
(Zhe Chen, 2004) Caatares kolejis moswavleebis kvleva imis dasadgenad,
iyeneben Tu ara isini maTTvis nacnob xalxur zRaprebs _ kulturuli
codnis erT-erT saxeobas, rogorc analogias problemis gadawyvetis
dros. eqspertebma aseTi Sedegebi miiRes: Cinelma moswavleebma ukeT­
Egadawyvites qandakebis awonvis problema, vinaidan maT Cinuri zRapris

445
 erT-erTi gmiri gaixsenes, romelmac spilo wylis gamodevnis meTodiT
awona. amerikeli moswavleebi ukeT umklavdebodnen iseT problemas,
rogoricaa gamoqvabulidan gamosasvleli gzis povna (kvalis dato-
vebis xerxiT) _ isini am SemTxvevaSi hanselisa da gretelis (cnobili
amerikuli zRaparis gmirebi) msgavsad iqceodnen. avstraliaSi Cat-
arebuli kvlevis safuZvelze mecnierma voletma (Volet 1999) daadgina,
rom azieli moswavleebis kulturaze agebuli codna da motivacia,
saxeldobr, maRali miRwevebisaken swrafvis motivacia, Rrma analizi,
Ta­namSromlobis Sedegad miRebuli sargeblis aRiareba _ pozitiurad
gavrcelda dasavleTze orientrebul skolebSi. kulturul rwmenaze
agebuli Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba meqa-
nikur gazepirebasa da izolirebul swavlas (TanamSromlobiTi swav-
lis antonimi), SesaZloa zogierTi skolis molodinebis konfliqtis
mi­zezad iqces. magaliTad, rogorc me-5 TavSi vnaxeT, havais mkvidri
moswavleebis qceva gakveTilze, maTi interaqcia, maswavleblebma (rom-
lebic sxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen) Seafases, rogorc swav-
lis procesis xelisSemSleli. magram am ukanasknelTa azri mas Semdeg
Seicvala, rac maT am moswavleebis ojaxis wevrebs Soris, maTi kultur-
isaTvis damaxasiaTebeli komunikaciis gansxvavebuli stili gaicnes.

kreatiuloba da mravalgvaroba. miuxedavad imisa, rom kreatiuloba

ramdenime aseuli welia mecnierTa kvlevis sagans warmoadgens, rogorc
din simontonma (Dean Simonton, 2000, gv.156) ganacxada, `fsiqologebs
jer kidev didi gza aqvT gasavleli, rom cotaTi mainc miuaxlovdnen
da gaigon, ra aris kreatiuloba mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebsa
da umciresobebSi~. aRsaniSnavia, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi kreatiulo-
basTan dakavSirebiT Catarebuli kvlevebis sacdel pirebad moiazre-
bodnen TeTri rasis mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebi. kreatiulobis
modeli sxva jgufebSi ufro kompleqsuria _ zogi ram emTxveva, zogi
ki sruliad gansxvavdeba tradiciuli kvlevebis Sedegad dadgenili
nimuSebisagan. CanarTSi `ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba~ mo-
cemulia rekomendaciebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rogor unda moxdes
ojaxebis xelSewyoba transferis gansaxorcieleblad.
kreatiulobasa da kulturas Soris kavSiris Taobaze Catarebuli
sxva kvlevebidan Cans, rom sazogadoebis dinebis miRma yofna, orenovne-
ba, an gaxsniloba sxva kulturis mimarTa kreatiulobisaTvis SesaZloa
mastimulirebeli gaxdes (Simonton, 1999, 2000). arsebiTad, namdvili no-
vatorebi sayovelTao WeSmaritebebs eWvqveS ayeneben. `SemoqmedebiTad
moazrovne adamianebi iswrafvian movlenebis reorganizaciisaken. isini
ver isveneben, maTSi meamboxe sulia da status-kvo maTTvis miuRebe-
lia~. (Winner, 2000, gv.167).

konvergencia
winamdebare TavSi aRvwereT, rom pirvel etapze moswavle swavlobs
problemis gadaWris meTodebs an cdilobs kognituri instrumentebis
transfers axal situaciaSi. am dros xSirad aqcents problemis e.w. ze­­
dapirul maxasiaTeblebze akeTebs. yvela axalbedas amocanaa alRo auRos
abstraqciebs: gamoyos dedaazri, struqtura, strategia Tu rTu­li
idea. swored am rTul ideebs mihyavs isini gagebamde da safuZvels uyris
momaval swavlas (Chen & Mo, 2004).

446
 meore konvergencia: yvela moswavlisaTvis arsebobs dadebiTi ka- daukavSireT swavlebas/
vSiri swavlis strategiis gamoyenebasa da akademiur moswrebas Soris portfolios da ganavrceT
gamoiyeneT rekomendaciebi
(Robbins, Le, & Lauver, 2005). zogierTi moswavle efeqtian strategiebs
`ojaxisa da sazogadoebis
Tavad eufleba, magram yvela moswavlisaTvis erTnairad sasargebloa TanamSromloba~, raTa gonebri-
pirdapiri swavleba, modelireba da varjiSi saswavlo strategiebsa da vi ieriSis gziT daasabuToT,
unar-CvevebSi. es mniSvnelovani gzaa moswavleTa momavli cxovrebisaT- rom ojaxis CarTva moswavleebs
vis mosamzadeblad. axlad naswavli cnebebi, principebi da strategiebi `codnis saxlSi mitanaSi~
exmareba.
maT sxvadasxva situaciasa Tu problemis gadaWrisas unda gamoiyenon
(Chen & Mo, 2004). dadebiTi transferi maSin xorcieldeba, rodesac
unar-Cvevebis gansamtkicebel savarjiSoebs avTentikur pirobebSi va-
keTebT, anu iseT situaciaSi, romelic momavalSi moswavlis winaSe
arsebuli pirobebis msgavsi iqneba. SesaZloa, moswavleebs wera vaswav-
loT ucxoeli TanatolebisaTvis eleqtronuli mimoweris gziT. isto-
riuli kvlevis meTodebis swavlaSi maT sakuTari ojaxis genealogiis
dadgena daexmarebaT. zogierTi es gza rTul, sustad gamoxatul, mkaf-
io struqturis armqone problemas unda moicavdes, radgan momavalSi
maT winaSe wamoWrili problemebis gadaWraSi maT veravin Cautarebs
srulyofil instruqtaJs.

Sejameba
cnebebis swavla da swavleba
gansxvaveba prototipsa da egzemplars Soris. cne­
ba aris kategoria, romelic gamoiyeneba ms-
gavsi movlenebis, ideebis, adamianebis an sa-
gnebis dasajgufeblad. prototipi kategoriis
saukeTeso warmomadgenelia. magaliTad, katego-
ria `frinvelebi~-is saukeTeso warmomadgeneli
amerikelTaTvis aris SaSvi. egzemplari ki aris
specifikuri frinvelebis Sesaxeb Cveni aqtua-
luri codna, romelsac viyenebT imisaTvis, rom
davadginoT maTi kategoriisadmi mikuTvnebu-
loba. cnebebs vswavlobT kategoriis proto-
tipze an egzemplarze dayrdnobiT, informa-
cias vamuSavebT sqematuri codnis mixedviT da
Semdeg vxvewT cnebas damatebiTi gamocdilebis
saSualebiT, romelic moicavs rogorc relevan-
tur, ise ararelevantur maxasiaTeblebs.
romeli oTxi elementia aucilebeli cnebebis swav-
lebisas? gakveTili, romelic miznad isaxavs
cnebis swavlebas, oTxi ZiriTadi komponenti-
sagan Sedgeba: cnebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
magaliTebi, relevanturi da ararelevanturi
maxasiaTebelebi, saxelwodeba da gansazRvreba.
cnebis dauflebis modeli aris cnebis swav-
lebis erT-erTi midgoma, romelic moswavleebs
sTxovs hipoTezis Camoyalibebas imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ratom aris esa Tu is egzemplari konkre-
tul kategoriaSi da ra SeiZleba iyos es kat-
egoria (cneba).
rogoria aris bruneris aRmoCenis gziT swavlis
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi? aRmoCenis gziT swavli-
sas, maswavlebeli moswavleebs warudgens mag-
aliTebs, xolo moswavleebi, Tavis mxriv, muSao-
ben manam, sanam ar daadgenen urTierTkavSirebs
_ sagnis struqturas. bruneris azriT, klasSi
swavlis procesi induqciuri msjelobis gziT
unda mimdinareobdes _ konkretuli magaliTe-
biT zogadi principis Camoyalibeba.
rogoria ozibelis eqspoziciuri swavlebis safex-
urebi? ozibelis azriT, swavla deduqciurad
unda mimdinareobdes: zogadidan konkretuli-
saken, an wesidan da principidan _ magaliTebisak-
en. winsvlis winaswari maorganizeblis warmod-
genis Semdegi safexuria Sinaarsis warmodgena
ZiriTadi gansxvavebebisa da msgavsebebis for-
miT, specifikuri magaliTebis gamoyenebiT.
bolo etapze, rodesac masala srulad aris
warmodgenili, maswavlebeli sTxovs moswav-
leebs, imsjelon, rogor SeiZleba magaliTebi
gamoiyenon arsebuli winaswari maorganizeblis
gasavrcobad.
rogor SeiZleba vaswavloT cnebebi analogiebis
saSualebiT? maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs Seu-
ZliaT Seqmnan analogiebis ruka da masze gamo-

447
saxon axali da ukve nacnobi informacia, rac
ukavSirdeba ama Tu im cnebas; Semdeg unda Se-
jamdes warmodgenili informacia da dadgindes,
ram Seuwyo xeli axali cnebis gagebas (cnobil
da ucnob cnebebs Soris msgavsebebisa da gansx-
vavebebis dadgenam da a.S.).
problemis gadaWra
ra zogadi etapebisagan Sedgeba problemis gadaWris
procesi? arsebobs problemis gadaWra rogorc
zogadad, ise specifikuri sferosaTvis. akro-
nimi IDEAL problemis gadaWris xuT safexurs
moicavs: I – Identify - problemisa da SesaZleblo-
bebis gamovlena; D – Define - miznebis gansaz-
Rvra da problemis warmodgena; E – Explore -
SesaZlo strategiebis dadgena; A – Anticipate
- Sedegisa da qmedebis winaswarmetyveleba; L
– Learn - miRebuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswine-
ba da swavla.
ratom aris mniSvnelovani problemis gadaWrisas
problemis warmodgenis safexurebi? problemis
naTlad warmosaCenad, kargad unda icnobdeT
zogadad problemas da mis calkeul element-
ebs. am unaris ganviTarebisaTvis sqemis Se-
qmnas iyeneben. problemis gadaWris procesi
damokidebulia problemis warmodgenasa da ar-
Ceul miznebze. Tu problemis Tqveneuli war-
modgena myisier gadaWras gulisxmobs, amocana
naTelia; axali problema Zveli problemis `Se-
niRbul~ versiad gvevlineba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
ar arsebobs problemis gadaWris gza an gaaq-
tiurebuli sqema ar amarTlebs, moswavleebma
Tavad unda moZebnon gamosavali. problemis
gadaWraSi moswavleebs daexmarebaT iseTi al-
goriTmuli da evristikuli meTodebis gamoy-
eneba, rogoricaa Sualeduri miznebis analizi,
analogiebiT azrovneba, ukusvliTi strategia
da verbalizacia.
aRwereT problemis gadaWris xelSemSleli faq-
torebi. problemis gadaWris procesis xelSe-
mSlel faqtorebs Soris SeiZleba dasaxeldes
funqcionaluri fiqsacia an rigiduloba (pa-
suxTa nakrebi). aRniSnuli faqtorebi aferxebs
problemis dasayeneblad saWiro moqnilobas da
mis gadaWras. isic unda iTqvas, rom aseT vi-
TarebaSi sakiTxis ganxilvis dros, Cven Sesa-
Zloa mxedvelobidan gamogvrCes mniSvnelovani
informacia, radgan Cven mosazrebebs vagebT ama
Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnil Sexed-
ulebebze an Cvens mexsierebaSi arsebul cod-
448
naze da mxolod amis Semdeg vamaxvilebT yur-
adRebas im informaciaze, romelic adasturebs
Cvens arCevans da, Sedegad, sruliad sapirisp-
iro mtkicebulebis arsebobis miuxedavad, vi-
jerebT Cveni Sedegis utyuarobas.
ra gansxvavebaa konkretuli sferos eqspertisa da
axalbeda specialistis codnas Soris? eqspertebs
mdidari deklaraciuli, proceduruli da piro-
biTi codna aqvT, romelTac iyeneben problemis
gadaWrisas. isini am codnas zogadi principebisa
Tu modelebis saxiT ayalibeben, romelsac Sem-
dgom problemebis ufro msxvili klasisaTvis
iyeneben. isini axalbedebze ufro swrafad muS-
aoben, imaxsovreben relevantur informacias
da ukeT awarmoeben progresis monitorings.
ra gavlenas axdens cnebis/cnebebisa da informaciis
araswori aRqma swavlis procesze? im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu moswavlis intuiciuri modeli cnebebisa da
movlenebis Sesaxeb mcdar Sexedulebebs Seicavs,
cxadia, mas araswori Sexeduleba Camouyalibde-
ba problemis arsis Sesaxeb. axali informaciis
Seswavlisa da problemebis gadasWrelad moswav-
leebs xSirad mouwevT zogierTi tradiciuli
ideis daviwyeba da maTi axleburad daswavla.
kreatiuloba da problemis
kreatiuli gadaWra
rogoria kreatiulobis Sesaxeb zogierTi miTi?
qvemoT CamoTvlili oTxi ganmarteba sruliad
an nawilobriv ar aris swori. kreatiuloba
dabadebidanve aqvs adamians. kreatiuloba ada-
mianis uaryofiTi pirovnuli Taviseburebebis
Tanmxlebia. kreatiuli adamianebi araorganize-
buli, hipis tipis adamianebi arian. jgufSi muS-
aoba zrdis kreatiulobas. realuri situacia
Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: kreatiulobis ganvi-
Tareba SesaZlebelia. ver vityviT, rom yvela
kreatiuli adamiani arakonformisti da emoci-
uri problemebis mqonea. kreatiuli adamianebis
umravlesoba fokusirebuli, organizebuli da
sazogadoebisTvis cnobil pirTa mniSvnelovani
nawilia. rac Seexeba jgufis gavlenas kreati-
ulobaze – jgufs SeuZlia kidec SezRudos da
kidec gazardos kreatiuloba.
ra aris kreatiuloba da rogor xdeba misi Se-
faseba? kreatiuloba aris procesi, romelic
moicavs problemebis damoukideblad restruq-
turizacias imisaTvis, rom axali, warmosaxviTi
gziT moxdes movlenis danaxva. kreatiulobis
gazomva rTulia, magram divergentuli az-
rovnebis testebis saSualebiT SesaZleblia Se-
fasdes originaluroba, sisxarte da moqniloba.
originalurobis dadgena SesaZlebelia statis-
tikis moSveliebiT. originaluroba niSnavs imas,
rom testis SedegebSi yoveli 100 adamianidan
umravlesobisagan gansxvavebuli pasuxi mxolod
5-10 adamians aqvs gacemuli. gansxvavebul pa-
suxTa raodenoba sisxarteze miuTiTebs. moqni-
loba izomeba pasuxebis sxvadasxva kategoriebis
mixedviT. maswavlebels SeuZlia daexmaros mo-
swavleebs kreatiulobis gazrdaSi specialuri
TamaSebis, gonebrivi ieriSis saSualebiTa da
divergentuli/gansxvavebuli ideebis stimuli-
rebiT.
ra unda gaakeTos maswavlebelma imisaTvis, rom
xeli Seuwyos moswavleebis kreatiul aqtivobas
gakveTilze? maswavlebelma ar unda ukuagdos
moswavleebis ucnauri, maTi warmosaxvidan mom-
dinare pasuxebi. piriqiT, maswavlebeli unda
cdilobdes modelirebis, divergentuli az-
rovnebis ganviTarebas e.w. gonebrivi ieriSis
daxmarebiT. azrTa sxvadasxvaobisadmi mas tol-
erantuli damokidebuleba unda hqondes.
rogor gavxdeT eqsperti moswavle:
swavlis strategiebi da kvlevis/swavlis
unar-Cvevebi
ra gansxvavebaa swavlis strategiebsa da swavlis
taqtikas Soris? swavlis strategiebi aris swav-
lis miznis miRwevasTan dakavSirebuli ideebi/
mosazrebebi, Setevis erTgvari gegma. swavlis
taqtika specifikuri teqnikaa, romlis safuZ-
velze iqmneba gegma. swavlis strategiebi Sei-
Zleba moicavdes ramdenime taqtikas: ZiriTadi
terminebis damaxsovrebisaTvis _ mnemonikas, te-
qstis struqturis dasadgenad - teqstis swraf,
gacnobiT kiTxvas, dabolos savaraudo eseis
weras _ SekiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemas. imis
mixedviT, iyenebs Tu ara adamiani strategiebsa
da taqtikas swavlis dros, SeiZleba visaubroT
moswavlis metakognitur codnaze.
ra mniSvneloba eniWeba swavlis strategiebs? erTi
mxriv, swavlis strategiebi exmareba moswav-
les, kogniturad CaerTos swavlis procesSi _
yuradReba gaamaxvilos masalis relevantur da
mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze. meore mxriv, swavlis
strategiebis safuZvelze moswavle mowadinebu-
lia ifiqros, Rrmad Caswvdes da gadaamuSaos
informacia _ daadginos kavSirebi, SeimuSaos
gegma, gaakeTos interpretacia da Camoayalibos
struqtura, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ki moax-
dinos sakiTxis restruqturizacia. rac ufro
did dros dauTmobs moswavle varjiSsa da Rrma
analizs, miT ufro Zlieria swavlis procesi.
isic aRsaniSnavia, rom strategiebi exmareba
moswavleebs swavlis procesis regulaciasa da
monitoringSi _ saTanado informaciis amoReba-
sa da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, axali midgomebis
ZiebaSi.
swavlis strategiebis ganviTarebis zogierTi meTodi/
procedura/xerxi. moswavleebs gaacaniT ramdenime
strategia. ar SemoifargloT mxolod swavlis
zogadi strategiebiT _ gaacaniT maT zogier-
Ti specifikuri taqtika, magaliTad, grafiku-
li. gaacaniT maT pirobiTi codnis arsi _ ro-
dis, sad da ratom unda gamoiyenon esa Tu is
strategia. SeuqmeniT moswavleebs motivacia _
daanaxveT maT, ra gavlenas axdens strategiebis
gamoyeneba swavlis processa da Sedegze.
rodis gamoiyeneben moswavleebi swavlis strat-
egiebs?
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac moswavles Sesabamisi
strategiebi aqvs, is mas gamoiyenebs davalebis
Sesasruleblad. is Seafasebs strategias, daad-
gens, Rirs Tu ara ama Tu im strategiis gamoy-
eneba da darwmundeba konkretuli strategiis
gamoyenebis aucileblobaSi. aucilebelia mo-
swavleebs gacnobierebuli hqondeT, rom codnis
miReba kompleqsuri procesia, rac did drosa
da Zalisxmevas saWiroebs.
rogor vaswavloT transferi/codnis
gadanacvleba?
ra aris transferi? transferi SeiZleba gan-
vmartoT Semdegnairad _ es aris naswavli we-
sis, faqtis anda unar-Cvevis gamoyeneba axal
situaciaSi. magaliTad, transferia punqtua-
ciis wesebis gamoyeneba gancxadebis dasawerad.
transferi, agreTve gulisxmobs axali proble-
mis gadaWrisas im principebis gamoyenebas, rom-
lebic sruliad gansxvavebul situaciaSi iyo
gamoyenebuli.
ra aris dabali donis an maRali donis trans-
feri? _ nacnob/msgavs situaciaSi spontanurad
da avtomaturad mimdinare transfers SeiZleba
vuwodoT dabali donis transferi. xolo ab-
straqtuli codnis gacnobierebuli gamoyeneba
449
da misi asaxva axal situaciaSi maRali donis
transferze miuTiTebs. swavlis garemo xels
unda uwyobdes aqtiur, konstruqciul swavlas,
TviTregulacias, TanamSromlobasa da kogni-
turi instrumentebisa da motivaciis proces-
ebis Secnobas. Zalian mniSvnelovania agreTve,
rom moswavleebma iseTi problemebis gadaWraze
imuSaon, rac pirdapir kavSirSia maTs realur
yofasTan. swavlebis procesSi maswavlebelma
moswavleebs pirdapiri meTodiT unda aswavlos
esa Tu is strategia, aCvenos maTi gamoyenebis
modeli, Seafasebinos moswavleebs miRebuli
Sedegi da Semdeg misces maT davaleba _ gamoiy-
enon ukve naswavli strategia axal situaciaSi.

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warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul
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450
maswavleblis
Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM-Tan
am Tavis `maswavleblis CanawerebiT~ gavigeT,
rom moswavleebs swavlis drosac da momavalSi
warmatebis misaRwevadac swavlis Camoyalibebuli
unar-Cvevebi sWirdebaT. rogor mivexmaroT maT am
unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebasa da imavdroulad kuri-
rogor moiqceodnen?
gTavazobT ramdenime praqtikosi maswavleblis gamocdilebas Tu, rogor exmarebian isini TavianT moswav-
leebs saswavlo unarebis ganviTarebaSi masalis swavlebisas.
vivian m. lakola specialuri ganaTlebis
maswavlebeli. noqson rodis dawyebiTi skola,
pouqifsi, niu iorki
moswavleTa umravlesobas sWirdeba imis swav-
leba, `rogor iswavlon~. swavlisa da drois marTvis
swavlebaze mimarTuli swavlebis unarebi pirveli
klasidanve mcire kiTxviTi davalebebiTa da marTl-
weris testebiT unda daviwyoT. SQRW-sa (Survey –
gamoikvlie, Question – dasvi kiTxva, Read – waikiTxe,
Write – dawere) da REDW-dan (Read – waikiTxe, Eximine
– Seiswavle, Decide – gadawyvute, Write – dawere)
aRebul strategiebs SeuZlia moswavleTa daxmare-
ba kiTxvis, gagebis da damaxsovrebis unar-Cvevebis
ganviTarebaSi ufro didi moculobis davalebebis
Sesrulebisas. SeniSvnebis Cawera, gegmis Sedgena,
saZiebeli baraTebis gamoyeneba, akronimebi da mne-
monika arsebiTi unar-Cvevebia, romlebic swavlis
dros gmoiyeneba. didi poeqtebis Sesrulebisas
drois marTvaSi dasaxmareblad, mniSvnelovania, mo-
swavleebs davalebis mcire porciebad dayofa da Se-
sabamis vadebSi Sesruleba vaswavloT. amis gakeTeba
SesaZlebelia mTel klasTan prioritetebis gansaz-
Rvrisa da yoveli qvedavalebis Sesamowmebeli kiTx-
varis Sedgenis dros. kalendris, ganrigisa da Sesa-
mowmebeli kiTxvarebis gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebis
ganviTareba arsebiTia adreuli asakidanve.
debora p. ridi
derbi vudsis dawyebiTi skola, galovei, ohaio
Tomas j. ridi
biCkroftis saSualo skola, kolumbusi, ohaio
imisaTvis, rom moswavleebs efeqtiani saswav-
lo strategiebis da organizaciuli unar-Cvevebis
ganviTarebaSi davexmaroT, unda SevqmnaT sanimuSo
procesis modeli da uzrunvelvyoT mravaljeradi
varjiSis SesaZlebloba. sanimuSo procesis model-
is Sesaqmnelad aCveneT teqstidan grZeli nawyveti
da gamoyaviT is procesebi, romelic xels uwyobs
dedaazris gansazRvras, informaciis organizebasa
da gamocdilebasTan kavSirebis dadgenas. swavlebis
sakuTari unar-Cvevebis kompetenciis kvalobaze sa-
Sualeba mieciT Seqmnan procesis, arCevanis da klas-
kulumiT gaTvaliswinebuli masalis aTvisebaSi?
gTavazobT ramdenime praqtikosi maswavleblis ga-
mocdilebas. PRAXIS IITM-i xSirad moicavs saswavlo
strategiebisa da swavlis unar-Cvevebis sakiTxebs.
Tan kavSirebis modeli. varjiSis uzrunvelsayofad
SeqmeniT didi proeqtis etapebad dayofili samuS-
aos Semowmebis cxrili. proeqtis dayofa 3-7-dRian
intervalebad, moswavleebisagan moiTxovs proeqt-
Tan dakavSirebuli specifikuri amocanebis Ses-
rulebasa da ukukavSiris uzrunvelyofas. yoveli
warumateblobisas uzrunvelyaviT Carevis mraval-
ferovani gzebi moswavlis swor gzaze dasayeneblad.
debi iangbladi me-6 klasis fizikuri janmrT-
elobis maswavlebeli, hilardis skola, hilardi,
ohaio
me aucilebeli organizaciuli unar-Cvevebis
modelirebiT daviwyebdi. Statis standartebi da in-
dikatorebi yoveli sagnisTvis unda gaikras saklaso
oTaxSi, xolo yovel saganSi yoveldRiuri saswavlo
amocanebi dafaze unda daiweros, rTa moswavleebs
mniSnelovan sakiTxebze koncentrirebis saSualeba
mieceT. unda uzrunvelvyoT moswavleTa asakis Se-
sabamisi organizaciuli instrumentebi - swrafCam-
kerebi, fanqrebi, kalmistrebi, markerebi. saswavlo
wlis pirveli kvira unda gamoviyenoT imisaTvis,
rom moswavleebs gavacnoT sagnis Sesabamisi orga-
nizaciuli instrumentebi. yoveldRiuri davalebebi
maTi gegmebisa da saSinao davalebebis rveulSi unda
aRiricxos. samuSaos dawyebisa da damTavrebis Tari-
Rebis aRricxva saSualebas mogvcems ganvsazRvroT
konkretul saganSi konkretuli davalebisaTvis
aucilebeli dro. didi proeqtebisTvis me mis qve-
davalebebad dayofas SevTavazebdi gzadagza xSiri
Sesabamisi Sesamowmebeli kiTxvariT.
randal g. sampsoni direqtoris TanaSemwe
genoas saSualo skola, vestervili, ohaio
moswavleTa mier axlad SeZenili codnis sin-
Tezirebisa da Sefasebis unari saswavlo procesis
Sefasebis upirvelesi maCvenebeli unda iyos. mas-
wavleblebma unda waaxalison da mosTxovon yvela
moswavles weriTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyeneba infor-
maciis sinTezirebisaTvis. maswavleblebs vurCevdi
moswavleTa uzrunvelyofas moklevadiani gegmebiT,
sakvanZo rubrikebiTa da ostatobaze orientirebu-
li efeqtianobis wvrTniT.
451
 9
Tavi

maswavleblis Canawerebi :

socialur-kognituri rogor moiqceodiT?

socialur-kognituri Teoria
urTierTdeterminizmi

da kognitivisturi TviTefeqtianoba
socialur-kognituri Teoriis
gamoyeneba

Sexedulebebi swavlaze
TviTefeqtianoba da motivacia
maswavlebelTa efeqtianobis
gancda
TviTregulirebuli swavla
individualuri magaliTi
gza yovel moswavlemde:
ori klasi da ojaxi
TviTefeqtianobisa da
TviTregulirebuli swavlis
swavleba
kognituri da socialuri
konstruqtivizmi
konstruqtivistuli
Sexedulebebi swavlaze
rogor aigeba codna?
codna: situaciuri Tu zogadi?
konstruqtivistuli
Sexedulebebis saerTo
elementebi
konstruqtivisturi Sexedulebebis
gamoyeneba
gamokvleva da problemuri
swavla
dialogi da instruqciuli
saubrebi
kognituri moswavleoba
moswavleoba azrovnebis
ganviTarebisTvis
integrirebuli
konstruqtivistuli programa:
SemswavlelTa erTobebis
Camoyalibeba
konstruqtivistuli praqtikis
dilemebi
mravalferovneba da msgavseba
saswavlo TeoriebSi
gansxvavebebi
msgavseba
Sejameba
maswavleblis Canawerebi:
kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM- Tan /
rogor moiqceodnen?

452
 rogor moiqceodiT?
Tqven, rogorc iqna,
maswavleblis miiReT inglisuri enis
Canawerebi maswavleblis adgili sa-
Sualo skolaSi da pirve-
live dRes aRmoaCineT, rom ramdenime moswavle
inglisuris swavlas axla iwyebs. gadawyviteT,
rom SexvdeT maT gakveTilebis Semdeg da daadgi-
noT, ra saxis sakiTxavi masalis daZleva SeuZli-
aT. imisaTvis, rom gaarkvioT klasis interesebi,
Tqven maT dasawerad aZlevT bolo dros wakiTx-
uli wignis mokle mimoxilvas: cotaTi ki waiwu-
wunes, magram wera mainc daiwyes. Tqven gamoyaviT
ramdenime wuTi erT-erT moswavlesTan dasala-
parakeblad, romelsac inglisurSi problemebi
hqonda.
saRamos gadaxedeT ~,mimoxilvebs`. es moswav-
leebi an specialurad giwyoben amas, an bolo
dros araferi waukiTxavT. ramdenime moswavles
sxva klasis saxelmZRvenelo aqvs dasaxelebuli,
magram maTi mimoxilvebi, upiratesad, erTwina-
dadebiani Sefasebebia, sadac xSiria sityvebi:
,,uintereso” da ,,usargeblo” (xSirad SecdomiT
b olo sam TavSi Cven gavaanalizeT swavla sx-
vadasxva TvalsazrisiT; ganvixileT bihevi­
oristuli da informaciis gadamuSavebis Sexe­
dulebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras da rogor
swav­­loben adamianebi; aseve gavarCieT kogni-
turi procesebi, rogoricaa cnebebis daufleba
da problemaTa gadaWra. swavlis es Teoriebi
yuradRebas individsa da mis ,,TavSi” mimdinare
movlenebze amaxvilebs. Tanamedrove Teoriuli
midgomebi moicavs swavlis kidev or sxva faq-
tors: socialursa da kulturuls, romelTa
mniSvneloba didia. am TavSi Cven gavecnobiT
swavlaSi sxva adamianebisa da kulturis rols.
swavlisadmi ori midgoma moicavs socialur
da kulturul faqtorebs, rogorc ZiriTad el-
ementebs. pirvelia socialur_kognituri Teo-
ria, romelic saTaves iRebs banduras adreuli
socialuri swavlis Teoriidan. es Teoria exeba
swavlas dakvirvebis gziT da arapirdapir/ vi-
karul ganmtkicebas. Cven amis Sesaxeb meeqvse
TavSi visaubreT. meorea socialur-kulturuli
konstruqtivistuli Teoriebi. maT fesvebs kog-
nitur Sexedulebebamde mivyavarT, Tumca isini
sakmaod gascdnen am adreuli Sexedulebebis
farglebs. imis nacvlad, rom TiToeuli Teoriis
Rirsebebze visaubroT, Cven ganvixilavT am gan-
dawerili). amaTgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sami
moswavlis naweri, maTi wakiTxva sasiamovnoa, sas-
kolo gazeTSi gamoqveynebis Rirsic ki. Cans, rom
maT gaiazres da gaiges wakiTxuli.
kritikuli azrovneba
rogor moargebdiT am jgufs Tqvens gegmebs?
ras moimoqmedebT xval?
Tqveni azriT, am klasSi swavlebis ra meTodebi
iqneba sasargeblo?
rogor imuSavebT im sam moswavlesTan, rom-
lebic sxvebze maRal doneze arian da maTTan,
vinc inglisuris swavla axla daiwyes?
kolaboracia
Tqveni klasis warmatebul 2-3 moswavlesTan
erTad gadaamuSaveT davaleba, raTa mTeli klasi
samuSaoSi metad CaerTos. rogor moamzadebdiT
maT TanamSomlobisTvis da imisaTvis, rom SeZlon
TavianTi codnis gamoyeneba am davalebis warmate-
biT SesrulebisaTvis?
sxvavebul swavlis Teoriebze dafuZnebuli in-
struqtirebis sxvadasxva models. nu ifiqrebT,
rom Tqven am oridan romelime unda aarCioT
– es sulac ar aris saWiro. Teoretikosebsac
ki ver gadauwyvetiaT romeli modelia ukeTesi,
kargi maswavlebeli orive midgomas iyenebs.
am Tavis dasrulebis Semdeg SegeZlebaT pa-
suxi gasceT Semdeg kiTxvebs:
ra aris urTierTdeterminizmi da ra rols
asrulebs is socialur- kognitur Teori-
aSi?
ra aris TviTefeqtianoba da rogor moqme­
debs is saskolo swavlaze?
ra aris maswavleblis TviTefeqtianobis
gancda?
rogor SeuZlia maswavlebels xeli Seuwyos
TviTefeqtianobis da TviT-regulirebuli
swavlis ganviTarebas?
ras warmoadgens swavlis Sesaxeb samgvari
konstruqtivistuli midgoma?
rogor SeiZleba CarToT gamokiTxva, prob-
lemaze dafuZnebuli da kognituri swav-
la, aseve instruqciuli saubrebi swavlebis
Tqveneul meTodebSi?
ra dilemebs awydebian konstruqtivisti mas-
wavleblebi?
453
 socialur-kognituri Teoria?

socialuri swavlis Teo-
ria – Teoria, romelic xazs
usvams swavlas sxvebze dak-
virvebis gziT.
socialur-kognituri Teoria
– Teoria, romelic social-
uri swavlis Teorias amatebs
iseT kognitur faqtorebs,
rogoricaa rwmenebi, me-konce-
fcia da molodinebi.
rogorc meeqvse TavSi vnaxeT, adreul 1960-ian wlebSi albert ban-
duram gviCvena, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT iswavlon sxvaTa qcevebsa
da maT Sedegebze dakvirvebiT. banduras socialuri swavlis Teoria
xazs usvamda dakvirvebas, modelirebas da arapirdapir ganmtkicebas.
droTa ganmavlobaSi swavlis banduraseuli Sexedulebebi ufro da
ufro met yuradRebas, modelTa socialur gavlenebTan erTad, kog-
nitur faqtorebs uTmobda, iseTebs, rogoricaa molodini da rwmena.
misi Teoria cnobilia socialur-kognituri Teoriis saxeliT.

urTierTdeterminizmi
– qcevis axsna, romelic xazs
usvams individisa da garemos
ormxriv urTierTgavlenas.
urTierTdeterminizmi
socialur-kognitur TeoriaSi mniSvnelovania rogorc garegani,
ise Sinagani faqtorebi. swavlis procesSi erTmaneTze urTierTmo-
qmedebs garemo, pirovnuli faqtorebi da qcevebi. pirovnuli faq-
torebi (rwmenebi, molodini, damokidebulebebi da codna), fizikuri
da socialuri garemo (resursebi, sxvisi qcevis Sedegebi, sxva adami-
anebi, fizikuri garemo) da qceva (individualuri qmedeba, arCevani da
verbaluri gamonaTqvamebi) gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze. bandura am
process urTierTdeterminizms uwodebs.

sqema 9.1
urTierTgavlenebi
samive Zala – pirovnuli, socialuri garemo da qceva – mudmiv inter-
aqciaSi arian erTmaneTTan. isini gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze, eqcevian
erTmaneTis gavlenis qveS.

socialuri gav-
lenebi (garemos miRwevaTa Sedegebi
cvladebi) modelebi (qcevebi) miznebis
instruqcia progresireba motivacia
ukukavSiri swavla

TviTgavlenebi
(pirovnuli cvladebi)
miznebi TviTefeqtianoba
Sedegis molodinebi
atribuciebi
progresis TviTSefaseba
TviTregulaciuri
progresi
wyaro: wignidan “Social-Self Interaction and Achievement Behavior” by D.H. Schunk, 1999, Educational Psy-
chologist, 34, p. 221. adaptirebulia Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.,-isa da avtoris nebarTviT.

454
 sqema 9.1 gviCvenebs pirovnebis, garemos da qcevis interaqciebs
saswavlo garemoSi (Schunk, 2004). iseT socialur faqtorebs, rogorebi-
caa modelebi, instruqtirebis strategiebi an ukukavSiri (garemos el-
ementebi), SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinos moswavlis pirovnul faqtore-
bze. masSi moiazreba: miznebi, davalebis efeqtianad Sesrulebis gancda
(momdevno seqciaSi ganxiluli), atribuciebi (rwmenebi warmatebisa da
warumateblobis mizezTa Sesaxeb) da TviTregulaciis procesebi, ro-
goricaa dagegmva, monitoringi da xelisSemSlel faqtorTa kontroli.
magaliTad maswavlebelTan ukukavSirma SeiZleba moswavleebs ufro
maRali miznebis dasaxvisaken ubiZgos. garemos socialuri gavlenebi da
pirovnuli faqtorebi waaxalisebs iseT qcevas, romelic, Tavis mxriv,

istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb

xarki swavlebas
maswavlebelTa gavlena `davxure kari, davjeqi magidasTan
kargadaa aRwerili fantas-
tikuri Janris filmebsa Tu da cxared avtirdi. . .~
wignebSi. momdevno istoria
gviCvenebs rogorc maswavle-
blis gavlenas, ise im safrTxes, rasac negatiuri molo-
diniT ganxorcielebuli qmedeba atarebs (aRwerilia me-
13 TavSi). es aris ufro didi istoriis adaptirebuli
variant, romlis moZiebac SegiZlia Semdeg veb-gverdze:
http://www.saintjohonline.com/centennialschool/cs_in-
spiration.html
maswavlebelma, misis tomfsonma gaicno tedi mexuTe
klasTan muSaobis meore wels. is WuWyiani iyo da ucn-
auri suni asdioda. maswavlebeli ixsenebs:
marTalia, biWi Segnebulad ar damimcirebia, ma-
gram Cemi damokidebuleba mis mimarT TvalnaTeli
iyo, amitom is swrafad gaxda klasis ,,gantevebis
vaci~, yvelasgan gariyuli adamiani, romelic ar
iwvevda simpatiebs da aravis uyvarda. man icoda rom
ar momwonda, magram ar icoda ratom. erTaderTi rac
vici, aris is, rom is iyo patara biWi, romelic ara-
vis adardebda da mec araferi gamikeTebia misTvis. me
vicodi, rom tedi verasdros daeweoda Tanatolebs.
pirveli klasi: tedi imedismomcemia samuSaosa da
damokidebulebis mixedviT, magram mas cudi ojaxuri
pirobebi aqvs. meore klasi: tedis meti SeuZlia, ma-
gram dedamisi mudam avadaa. mas saxlSi aravin exmareba.
mesame klasi: tedi sasiamovno biWia. damxmare, magram
zedmetad seriozuli. nela swavlobs. deda wlis bo-
los gardaicvala. meoTxe klasi: Zalian neli, magram
Zalian kargi yofaqcevis. mama araviTar interess ar
iCens mis mimarT, is oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi kla-
sidan klasSi gadahyavdaT, magram ueWvelad mouwevs
mexuTe klasSi darCena. `kargad moeqeci mas!~ -vuTxari
sakuTar Tavs.
dadga saSobao ardadegebis wina dRe, Cveni naZvis
xis qveS dagrovili uamravi saCuqari sazeimo moments
eloda. roca ukanaskneli lenta movaSore yavisfer
qaRaldSi SefuTul tedis saCuqars, Cems magidaze ori
nivTi daeca: myvirala xelovnuri briliantis sama-
juri da naxevrad carieli sunamo.
roca samajurs majaze virgebdi, CurCuli da Cumi
xiTxiTi mesmoda. ,,tedi, SegiZlia damexmaro amis
SekvraSi?~ man morcxvad gamiRima da Semikra samajuri.
me yvelas dasanaxad maja
aRvmarTe. marTalia Tavidan,
gaisma daeWvebuli ,,uh~ da
,,ah~, magram rodesac yure-
bis ukan sunamo wavisvi,
klasis yvela patara gogo rigSi daewyo am sunamos
dasasxmelad.
roca yvela moswavlem datova klasi, tedi mo­
miaxlovda. ,,Tqven zustad dedaCemis suni gaqvT – miTxra
man – misi samajuric Zalian gixdebaT. mixaria, rom
mogewonaT.~ man male datova oTaxi. me davxure kari,
davjeqi magidasTan da cxare cremliT vitire. am dros
gadavwyvite mimeca tedisaTvis yvelaferi is, rac am
dromde uneburad wavarTvi - maswavlebeli, romlisT-
visac is sul erTi ar iyo. ardadegebis dasrulebidan
wlis bolomde me yovel dRe vrCebodi gakveTilebis
Semdeg tedisTan erTad. Cven xan erTad vmuSaobdiT, xan
is marto muSaobda, sanam me gakveTilis gegmebs vad-
gendi an moswavleTa namuSevrebs vasworebdi. is nela,
magram mtkiced daewia klass. metic, misi saboloo
niSnebi klasSi erT-erTi saukeTeso iyo.
Svidi wlis manZilze tedis Sesaxeb aRaraferi vi-
codi, sanam Cems safosto yuTSi misi pirveli werili
ar vnaxe.
,,Zvirfaso misis tomfson, mindoda, rom Tqven
pirvels gagegoT, momaval TveSi meore viqnebi klasSi.
Tqveni tedi stalardi~
tedis meore werili oTxi wlis Semde miviRe.
,,Zvirfaso misis tomfson, mindoda, rom Tqven
pirvels gagegoT, axlaxan Sematyobines, rom me pirveli
var Cems jgufSi. universiteti ar yofila Zalian advi-
li, magram me Zalian momwons. Tqveni tedi stalardi.~
da dRes tedis mesame werilic gamoCnda.
,,Zvirfaso misis tomfson, mindoda, rom Tqven
pirvels gagegoT. me, Teodor stalardi, dRes medi-
cinis doqtori var, amaze ras ityviT? Tu seriozu-
lad vilaparakebT, me coli momyavs 27 ivliss. mindoda
meTxova, mwveodiT da im adgilas damjdariyaviT, sadac
dedaCemi ijdeboda, CvenTan rom yofiliyo. Cemi ojaxis
wevrebi ar iqnebian, radgan mamaCemi SarSan gardaicvala.
Tqveni tedi stalardi.~
wyaro: © Elizabeth Silance Ballard. yvela ufleba
daculia.

455

daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
da ganavrceT
TviTefeqtianobis gancda
kidev erTxel ganxilulia
meaTe TavSi. wyaro: banduras
ori wigni TviTefeqtianobis
Sesaxeb: Bandura A. (1997). Self-
efficacy: The exercise of control.
New York: Freeman, Bandura,
A (Ed.). (1995). Self-efficacy in
changing societies. New York:
Cambridge Universuty Press.
TviTefeqtianoba –
pirovnebis rwmena sakuTari
kompetenturobis Sesaxeb
garkveul situaciaSi.
456
dadebiT Sedegebs iwvevs: Seupovrobas, motivacias da swavlas. magram
es qcevebi aseve zemoqmedeben pirovnul faqtorebze. magaliTad, am
miRwevebis Sedegad izrdeba moswavleTa TviTrwmena da interesi. qcev-
ebi gavlenas axdens garemozec. magaliTad, Tu moswavleebi ar iCenen
interess an Tu ver gaiges naswavli, maswavlebelma SeiZleba Secvalos
instruqtirebis strategiebi an ukukavSiris forma.
erTi wuTiT dafiqrdiT, ra didi Zala aqvs klasSi urTierTde-
terminizms. Tu pirovnuli faqtorebi, qceva da garemo erTmaneTTan
mudmiv interaqciaSi arian, maSin movlenaTa cikli progresuli da
uwyvetia. warmoidgineT, rom skolaSi axalgadmosuli moswavle klasSi
dagvianebiT Sedis, radgan is ucnob SenobaSi daikarga. moswavles sx-
eulze ramdenime tatu da pirsingi aqvs. pirveli dRea, is Zalian
Relavs da imedovnebs, rom axal skolaSi ukeT iqneba. magram maswav-
leblis reaqcia dagvianebiT Semosul moswavleze da mis garegnobaze
Tavdapirvelad cotaTi mtrulia. moswavles Tavi Seuracxyofilad mi-
aCnia da `xurdas ubrunebs~. amrigad, maswavlebeli iwyebs am moswav­
lis mimarT molodinis Camoyalibebas _ naklebi ndobiTa da meti si-
frTxiliT uyurebs mas. moswavle grZnobs am undoblobas, is askvnis,
rom es skolac iseTive uvargisia, rogorc wina skola da fiqrobs,
rom amaoa yvela misi mcdeloba. maswavlebeli xedavs, rom moswavle ar
amJRavnebs iniciativas da mis swavlebaze nakleb Zalisxmevas xarjavs.
ase grZeldeba cikli.
magaliTi, romelic im Zalebis kompleqsur urTierTqmedebas adas-
turebs, gavlenas rom axdenen moswavlis saskolo gamocdilebasa da
cxovrebaze, ixileT CanarTSi ,,istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb _ xarki
swavlebas.~
TviTefeqtianoba
rogoria Tqveni azri?
Tqven gadixarT gasaubrebas merve klasis maswavleblis adgilis
dasakaveblad. gasaubrebis bolo SekiTxvaa: ,,wels Cveni moswavleebi
da mSoblebi, cota ar iyos, daTrgunulni arian SarSandeli dabali
niSnebis gamo. ras moimoqmedebdiT imisaTvis, rom moswavleebs sa-
kuTari SesaZleblobebis mimarT rwmena aumaRldeT.
albert bandura (1986, 1997) fiqrobs, rom qcevis SesaZlo Sedegebis
winaswarganWvreta gadamwyvetia swavlaSi, radgan es moqmedebs motiva-
ciaze. ‘SevZleb amas Tu marcxs viwvnev~? ,,movewonebi Tu damcineben?~
,,mimiReben Tu ara maswavleblebi axal skolaSi ukeTesad, vidre wina
skolaSi?~ es is winaswari gancdebia, romelic gavlenas axdens TviTe-
feqtianobaze, mocemul sferoSi Cveni piradi kompetenciis Sesaxeb
rwmenaze. banduras (1997) gansazRvrebiT TviTefeqtianoba aris ,,rwmena
imisa, ramdenad SegviZlia movaxdinoT mocemuli codnis donis misaRw-
evad saWiro qmedebaTa gansaxorcielebis organizeba.~ (gv. 3)
TviTefeqtianoba, me-koncefcia, TviTSefaseba. bevri adamiani fiqrobs,
rom TviTefeqtianoba igivea rac me-koncefcia da TviTSefaseba. magram
es ase araa. TviTefeqtianoba momavalzea orientirebuli, ,,esaa dava-
lebis Sesrulebis kompetenciis specifikurkonteqstiani Sefaseba~ (Pa-
jares, 1997, p.15). me-koncefcia ufro globaluri konstruqtia, romelic
pirovnebis mravalmxriv aRqmas moicavs, maT Soris TviTefeqtianoba-
sac. me-koncefcia viTardeba Cems Sesaxeb sakuTari da sxvisi Sefase-
bebis Sedarebis Sedegad. TviTefeqtianoba yuradRebas amaxvilebs
SesaZleblobaze _ warmatebiT Sevasruleb Tu ara garkveul davalebas.
sakiTxi ase dgas: warmatebiT SevZleb Tu ara me amas da SeZlebdnen
Tu ara sxvebic. amasTanave TviTefeqtianobis rwmena meti sizustiT
gansazRvravs qcevas, xolo me-koncefcias ufro susti winaswarmetyve-
luri Zala aqvs.
TviTSefasebisgan gansxvavebiT TviTefeqtianoba gulisxmobs saku-
Tari SesaZleblobebis Sefasebebas da gansjas, TviTSefaseba ki Sefase-
bebs sakuTari Rirsebis Sesaxeb akeTebs. SesaZlebelia Tavs garkveul
sferoSi Zalian warmatebulad grZnobde, magram mainc ar gqondes
maRali Rirsebis grZnoba, an piriqiT (Vakentine, DuBois, & Cooper, 2004).
magaliTad, me simReraSi Zalian dabali TviTefeqtianobis gancda
maqvs, magram es Cems TviTSefasebaze araviTar zegavlenas ar axdens;
albaT imitom, rom Cems cxovrebaSi simRera umniSvnelo ram aris. ma-
gram romeliRac garkveuli klasis swavlebaSi Cemi TviTefeqtianobis
gancdas vardna rom daewyo, vici, amiT Cemi TviTSefaseba izaralebda.

TviTefeqtianobis wyaroebi. banduram daadgina TviTefeqtianobis oTxi Ddaxelovnebis/daostatebis

gamocdileba – Cveni piradi
wyaro: daxelovnebis/daostatebis gamocdileba, fiziologiuri da emo-
gamocdileba, romelic in-
ciuri agzneba, arapirdapiri (vikaruli) ganmtkiceba da socialuri rw- formaciis yvelaze mZLlavri
mena. daxelovnebis, daostatebis gamocdileba piradi gamocdilebaa. wyaroa.
igi Cveni kompetenturobis Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad yvelaze Zl-
ieri wyaroa. warmatebebi amaRlebs rwmenas, maSin roca warumatebloba agzneba – fizikuri da
fsiqologiuri reaqciebi,
amcirebs mas. agznebis done gavlenas axdens TviTefeqtianobaze, imis
romlebic adamians fxizels,
mixedviT, rogor iqneba is interpretirebuli Tqvens mier. davalebis yuradRebians xdis.
Sesrulebisas Tu nerviulobT da RelavT efeqtianoba ecema, Tu yu-
radRebiT xarT da SemarTebiT _ efeqtianoba izrdeba (Bandura, 1997; arapirdapiri, vikaruli
Pintrich & Schunk, 2002). ganmtkiceba – sxvis mier
modelirebuli qcevis ganxor-
Aarapirdapiri, vikaruli ganmtkicebis dros sxva iZleva miRwevaTa
cieleba.
nimuSs. rac ufro metad axdens moswavle sakuTari Tavis mode­lTan
identificirebas, miT me­tia gav- modelireba – cvlileba
lena TviTefeqtianobaze. ro­ qcevaSi, azrovnebaSi, emo-
ca modeli warmatebulia, mo- ciebSi, rac xorcieldeba sxva
pirovnebaze, modelze dak-
swavlis efeqtianobac izrdeba;
virvebiT; swavla dakvirvebisa
roca modeli warumatebelia, da wabaZvis gziT.
efe­q­tianobis molodini iklebs.
miCneulia, rom da­xe­lovnebis socialuri rwmena – ‘wamaqe-
gamocdileba efetianobis rw- zebeli saubari” an ukukav-
Siris specifikuri gamovlena
menis yvelaze gavleniani wya­
– TviTefeqtianobis erT-erTi
roa mozrdilebSi; xolo keizem wyaro.
da barlingma (1981) aRmoaCines,
rom bavSvebSi (am kvlevaSi me-
eqvseklaselebi) TviTefeqtia-
nobaze yvelaze metad mode­ TviTefeqtianoba gulisxmobs
lebis gavlena dasturdeba. adamianis mier sakuTari
socialuri rwmena SeiZle- SesaZleblobebis rwmenas
ba iyos ,,wamaqezebeli saubari” warmatebiT gaarTvas Tavi
(mag. “me amas SevZleb”), an sxva konkretul amocanas – is
svams `SemiZlia Tu ara amis
specifikuri qmedebis ukukav-
gakeTeba?~ da ara `sxvebi
Siri. mxolod socialur rwme- Cemze ukeT akeTeben Tu
nas ar SeuZlia Seqmnas maRali ara?~ kiTxvas.

457
 TviTefeqtianobis gancda. magram TviTefeqtianobis rwmenas SeuZlia
ubiZgos moswavles Zalisxmevis dauzogavad gamocados axali strat-
egiebi da bejiTad iSromos miznis misaRwevad (Bandura, 1982). rwmenis
potencia, aseve, damokidebulia eqspertis damajerebelobaze, san-
doobaze da kompetenciaze (Bandura, 1997).

socialur-kognituri Teoriis gamoyeneba

TviTefeqtianoba da TviTregulacia socialur-kognituri Teoriis

or ZiriTad elements Seadgens, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova-
nia swavlasa da swavlebaSi.

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT skalaze 1-dan 100-mde aRniSneT, ram­

denad darwmunebuli xarT, rom am Tavis kiTxvas dRes daasrulebT?

TviTefeqtianoba da motivacia
modiT vivaraudoT, rom am Tavis dasrulebis Taobaze efeqtianobis
Tqveneuli gancda daaxloebiT 90-ia. ufro maRali efeqtianoba met Za-
lisxmevasa da sibejiTes moiTxovs, roca winaaRmdegobis pirispir aR-
moCndebi. ase rom, kiTxvis dros xelic rom SegiSalon, mosalodnelia,
kiTxva mainc ganagrZoT. me vfiqrob, rom am Tavis weras am saRamos
movrCebi, ase rom me davubrundi saqmes mcire pauzis Semdeg, romlis
drosac megobari movinaxule saavadmyofoSi. Tumca, amis gamo muSaoba
gvian Ramemde gamigrZelda, radgan meore dRes kidev ori gakveTi-
li mqonda Casatarebeli. Tu mocemul sferoSi efeqtianobis maRali
gancda gvaqvs, maRal miznebs davisaxavT, warumateblobis naklebi SiSi
gveqneba da vipoviT axal strategiebs, roca Zveli aRar gaamarT-
lebs. Tu Tqveni efeqtianobis gancda am Tavis wakiTxvis Taobaze maRa-
lia, mosalodnelia, rom am TavTan dakavSirebiT Tqven maRali miznebi
daisaxoT – SeiZleba mcire Canawerebic gaakeToT. Tu es gancda daba-
lia, SeiZleba kiTxvas erTbaSad daaneboT Tavi an Zalian male, rogorc
ki problemebi SegeqmnebaT (Bandura, 1993, 1997; Zimmerman, 1995).
ra aris efeqtianobis saukeTeso motivaciuri done? akuratulebi
unda iyvnen moswavleebi, optimistebi Tu pesimistebi TavianTi qcevis
Sedegebis winaswari gansazRvrisas? arsebobs imis damamtkicebeli mag-
aliTebi, rom TviTefeqtianobis maRali done xels uwyobs motivacias,
maSinac ki, Tu TviTSefasebis gancda realurze maRalia. bavSvebi da
ufrosebi, romlebic momavals optimisturad uyureben, gonebrivad da
fizikurad ufro janmrTelebi arian, naklebad vardebian depresiaSi
da ufro meti motivacia aqvT miznebis misaRwevad (Flammer, 1995). moti-
vaciaze Catarebuli 140-mde kvlevis ganxilvis Semdeg dandra grahamma
daaskvna, rom es niSnebi axasiaTebs bevr afroamerikels. man aRmoaCi-
na, rom Seswavlil afroamerikelebs maRali TviTSefaseba da maRali
molodini hqondaT, siZneleebis winaSec ki (Graham, 1994, 1995).
Tqven albaT moeliT, rom arsebobs SesaZleblobebis saTanadod Se-
ufaseblobis safrTxe. am mizeziT moswavleebs SeuZliaT erTi kviris
namuSevari wyalSi gadayaron da advilad dayaron far-xmali. isic sa-
SiSia, roca individi xangrZlivi drois manZilze gadaWarbebiT afasebs
Tavis miRwevebs. moswavleebma, romlebic Tvlian, rom imaze ukeTesi

458
mkiTxvelebi arian, vidre sinamdvileSi arian, SeiZleba ar gadaxedon
am Tavs, ar Seasworon Secdomebi da ar gaarkvion gaugebari sakiTxebi,
is rac kiTxvis dros gaeparaT. isini ver xvdebian, rom sinamdvileSi
maT srulyofilad ver gaiges masala da unda Seavson xarvezebi, vidre
Zalian gvian araa (Pintrich & Zusho, 2002).
kvleva cxadyofs, rom skolaSi moswreba da TviTefeqtianoba izr­
deba, roca moswavleebi: (a) isaxaven xanmokle miznebs ise, rom advili
iyos progresis Sefaseba; (b) swavloben specefikuri saswavlo stra­
tegiebis gamoyenebas da (g) iReben jildos miRwevebisaTvis da ara
mxolod monawileobisaTvis, radgan miRwevebis dajildoeba zrdis kom-
petenturobas (Graham & Weiner, 1996).

maswavlebelTa efeqtianobis gancda

Cemi kvlevebis umravlesoba yuradRebas amaxvilebs specifikuri sa­
xis TviTefeqtianobaze _ es aris maswavlebelTa efeqtianobis gancda
(Hoy & Woolfolk, 1990, 1993; Tschannen-Moran & Woolfolk Hoy, 2001; Tschannen-
Moran, Woolfolk Hoy & Hoy, 1998; Woolfolk & Hoy, 1990; Woolfolk Hoy & Burke-
Spero, 2005). maswavlebelTa efeqtianobis gancda aris maswavlebelTa
rwmena, rom SeuZliaT `miwvdnen~ yvelaze rTul moswavlesac ki, raTa
daexmaron mas swavlaSi. rogorc Cans, es maswavlebelTa erT-erTi
pirovnuli Tvisebaa, romelic korelaciaSia moswavlis miRwevebTan.
TviTefeqtianobis Teoriis Tanaxmad, maRali efeqtianobis gancdis
mqone maswavlebeli ufro TavdadebiT muSaobs da ufro Seupovaria,
roca moswavleebi problemurni arian, nawilobriv imitom, rom am mas-
wavlebels sjera sakuTari Tavis da sakuTari moswavleebis. maT aseve
naklebad axasiaTebT e.w. `gadawva~ (Fives, Hamman, & Oliver, 2005).
Cven aRmovaCineT, rom momaval maswavleblebs efeqtianobis maRa-
li gancda aqvT, studenturi praqtikis dros, magram maTi es gancda
klebulobs realuri samuSaos pirveli wlis bolos. es albaT imitom
xdeba, rom is mxardaWera, romelic praqtikaze yofnisas hqondaT, aRar
arsebobs (Woolfolk Hoy & Burke-Spero, 2005). maswavlebelTa efeqtianobis
gancda maRalia iseT skolebSi, sadac maswavleblebi da administra-
cia moswavleebze did imedebs amyareben da sadac direqtori exmareba
maswavleblebs instruqciuli da menejmentis problemebis gadaWraSi
(Capa, 2005; Hoy & Woolfolk, 1993). kidev erTi mniSvnelovani daskvna aris
is, rom maswavleblebSi efeqtianobis gancda warmoiSoba moswavleebT-
an muSaobaSi realuri warmatebis miRwevis Semdeg da ara mxolod ko-
legebisa da profesorebis mxridan moraluri mxardaWeriT. nebismieri

kvleva adasturebs, rom

efeqtianobis gancda moswav-
leTa realuri warmatebebis
kvalobaze izrdeba. gamoc-
maswavleblis efeqtiano-
dileba da wvrTna, romelic
bis gancda _ maswavleblis
maswavleblebs yoveldRiuri
rwmena, rom yvelaze rTuli
amocanebis gadaWraSi exmare-
moswavlisTvisac SeuZlia
ba xels uwyobs efeqtianobis
swavleba da daxmareba.
maTeul gancdas.

459

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
ganavrceT
TviTregulacia (II Al)
– gadaxedeT The Learning Base
(http://www.allkindsofminds.
org/library/challenges/GTP-
SelfregulationLearning.html )
raTa daexmaroT moswavleebs
ganaviTaron miznebi, sakuTari
kognituri unarebi da TviT-
regulirebuli swavlis praq-
tika. es xels Seuwyobs mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze swavlis
mimarT erTgulebas.
TviTregulacia _ adamianis
mier miznis misaRwevad azrebis,
qcevebis, emociebis aqtivireba
da amoqmedeba.
460
varjiSi, romelic yoveldRiur pedagogiur saqmianobaSi warmatebis
miRwevaSi gexmarebaT, gagiCenT imis safuZvels, rom ganaviTaroT efeq-
tianobis gancda sakuTar karieraSi.
SesaZleblobaTa Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT maswavlebelTa efeqti­
anobasac aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi. optimisti
maswavlebeli albaT ufro maRal miznebs daisaxavda, ufro Tavdadeb-
iT imuSavebda, xelaxla axsnida masalas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi da
problemebis winaSe Seupovrobas gamoiCenda. magram garkveuli sarge-
bloba sakuTar efeqtianobaSi eWvis Setanasac moaqvs. aman SeiZleba
gaaZlieros refleqsia, ufro efeqtiani gaxados reagireba gansxvaveb-
ulobaze, gamoiwvios swavlis motivacia, produqtiuli TanamSrobloba
da piaJes mier aRwerili wonasworobis darRvevis iseTi saxe, romelic
motivaciis cvlilebas iwvevs (Wheatley, 2002).
TviTregulirebuli swavla
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT rogor swavlobT am masalas axla?
ra miznebi gaqvT dasaxuli dRevandel kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT? ra
gegma gaqvT SemuSavebuli da ra strategiebs iyenebT am wuTas swav-
lisTvis? rogor iswavleT es strategiebi?
bari cimermani (2002) gansazRvravs TviTregulacias, rogorc pro-
cess, romelsac viyenebT Cveni miznebis misaRwevad azrovnebis, qcevis,
emociebis aqtivaciisa da uzrunvelyofisTvis. roca mizani gulisx-
mobs swavlas, maSin Cven TviTregulirebul swavlasTan gvaqvs saqme.
dRes adamianebi pensiaSi gasvlamde saSualod Svidjer icvlian
samsaxurs. Uumravles SemTxvevaSi karieris cvlileba moiTxovs axali
masalis swavlas, romelic TviTiniciativaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli
da TviTmarTuli (Martinez-Pons, 2002; Weinstein, 1994).Aamrigad, swavlebis
erT-erTi mizania gaaTavisuflon moswavleebi maswavlebelis saWiroe-
bisagan, raTa moswavleebma gaagrZelon damoukideblad swavla mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze. nebismier asakSi damoukideblad swavla rom Se-
ZloT, TviTregulirebuli Semswavlelni unda iyoT. TviT-regulire-
buli Semswavlelebi axdenen akademiuri unar-Cvevebis da TviTkon-
trolis SeTavsebas _ es aadvilebs swavlas, rac, Tavis mxriv, zrdis
motivacias. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maT swavlisaTvis aqvT rogorc
unar-Cvevebi, ise nebisyofa (McCombs & Marzano, 1990; Murphy & Alexander,
2000). TviTregulirebuli Semswavlelebi TavianT mentalur SesaZle-
blobebs gardaqmnian akademiur unarebad da strategiebad (Zimmermen,
2002). bevri kvleva moswavlis mier swavlis strategiaTa gamoyenebis
unarebs akademiuri miRwvevebis sxvadasxva doneebs ukavSirebs, gansa-
kuTrebiT saSualo da maRali klasis moswavleebTan.
ra axdens gavlenas TviTregulaciaze? TviTregulirebuli swavlis
cneba swavlisa da motivaciis Sesaxeb cnobil sakiTxTa umravlesobis
integracias axdens. zemoT aRwerili procesebi gviCveneben, rom unar-
Cvevebis formirebaze sami faqtori axdens gavlenas: codna, motivacia
da TviTdisciplina/nebisyofa.
imisaTvis, rom moswavleebi TviTregulirebuli Semswavlelebi gax-
dnen, maT unda hqondeT codna sakuTari Tavis, sagnis, davalebis, sas­­
wavlo strategiebis da SeZenili codnis gamosayenebeli konteqstis
Sesaxeb. eqspertma moswavleebma ician sakuTari Tavi da isic, Tu ro-
gor iswavlon ukeT. magaliTad, maT ician sakuTari swavlis stili,
 TviTregulirebuli
swavla xasiTdeba
akademiuri swavlisa
da TviTkontrolis
kombinirebiT, rac
aadvilebs swavlas;
moswavleebs aqvT
swavlis unari da
nebisyofa.

ician ra aris maTTvis advili da ra _ Zneli, ician rogor gaumklavd-

nen siZneleebs, ra interesebi da niWi aqvT da rogor gamoiyenon Ta-
vianTi Zlieri mxareebi problemebTan gasamklaveblad (ix. me-4 Tavi).
am eqspertebma aseve ician Sesaswavli sagnis Sesaxebac - da rac ufro
meti ician, miT ufro uadvildebaT kidev ufro metis swavla (Alexander,
2006). maT albaT esmiT, rom sxvadasxva saswavlo amocanebs sxvadasxva
midgoma esaWiroeba. ubralo dasamaxsovrebeli davaleba, magaliTad,
SeiZleba iTxovdes mnemonikur strategiebs (ix. me-7 Tavi), im dros
roca rTuli, kompleqsuri davalebebi SeiZleba amoxsnil iqnas mniS-
vnelovani ideebis konceptualuri rukebis meSveobiT (ix. me-8 Tavi).
agreTve TviTregulaciis unaris mqone moswavleebma isic ician, rom
swavla xSirad Znelia da codna iSviaTadaa absoluturi. arsebobs
problemisadmi midgomis sxvadasxva gza, iseve, rogorc maTi gadawyve-
tis sxvadasxva saSualeba (Pressley, 1995; Winne, 1995).
eqspertma moswavleebma garda imisa, rom ician, ras moiTxovs Ti­
Toeuli davaleba, maT aseve SeuZliaT saWiro strategiebis gamoiye­
nebac. maT SeuZliaT ubralod Tvali gadaavlon sakiTxav masalas an
didi yuradRebiT waikiTxon is. maT SeuZliaT gamoiyenon mexsierebis
strategiebi an moaxdinon masalis xelaxali organizeba. roca isini
ama Tu im sferoSi ufro ganaTlebulebi da informirebulebi xdebian,
bevr am strategias avtomaturad iyeneben. mokled rom iTqvas, isini
daeuflnen moqnili saswavlo startegiebisa da taqtikis farTo rep-
ertuars (ix. me-8 Tavi).
dabolos, eqsperti Semswavlelebi fiqroben im konteqstze, ro­mel­
Sic isini TavianT codnas gamoiyeneben anu imaze, rodis da sad gamoiy-
eneben isini am codnas. ase rom, maT SeuZliaT daisaxon miznebi (rac
motivacias aZlierebs) da daukavSiron axlandeli samuSao momaval
miRwevebs (Wang & Palincsar, 1989; Weinstein, 1994; Winne, 1995).
TviTregulirebuli moswavleebi motivirebulni arian swavlisaT-
vis (ix. me-10 Tavi). maT skolaSi bevri davaleba daainteresebT, radgan
maTTvis mniSvnelovania swavla da ara mxolod sxvebis TvalSi sa-
kuTari Tavis kargad warmoCineba. maSinac ki, roca isini garkveuli
davalebiT Sinaganad motivirebulni ar arian, maT seriozuli ganz-
raxva amoZravebT _ miiRon sargebeli am davalebidan. ician, ratom
swavloben, amitom maTi qmedebebi da arCevani TviTgansazRvrulia da
sxvebis mier ar kontrolirdeba. Tumca codna da motivacia yovelTvis
rodia sakmarisi. TviTregulirebul Semswavlelebs sWirdebaT nebi-

461

nebisyofa – TviTdisciplina,
muSaobis stili, romelic
TviTregulirebuli swavlis
meSveobiT xels uwyobs miznis
miRwevas.
TviTregulirebuli swavla
– unari da neba, gaaanalizo
saswavlo amocanebi, dasaxo
miznebi, dagegmo amocanis
Sesrulebis gzebi, ganixilo,
rogor mimdinareobs swavlis
procesi
agenti – miznis misaRwevad
swavlis unar-Cvevebis, motiva-
ciisa da emociebis koordini-
rebis unaris mqone subieqti.
462
syofa da TviTdisciplina. `iq, sadac motivacia gansazRvravs valdeb-
ulebas, nebisyofa gansazRvravs bolomde miyvanas~ (Corno, 1992, p. 72).
dRes martis bolo dRea, xuTSabaTi dila. me floridaSi var, ma-
gram wina kviridan moyolebuli TiTqmis yoveldRe vwer. dacemis Sem-
deg Zalian mtkiva marjvena mklavi, magram mainc ganvagrZob weras,
imitom, rom sul ufro axlovdeba am Tavis dasrulebis vada. codnac
maqvs da motivaciac, magram weris gasagrZeleblad nebisyofis ,,didi
dozac~ mesaWiroeba. terminis `nebisyofa~ gansazRvreba aseTia: miR-
wevis SesaZleblobebis xelSewyoba TviTregulirebuli swavlis gamo-
yenebiT. TviTregulirebulma Semswavlelebma ician, rogor daicvan
Tavi xelisSemSleli faqtorebisgan – magaliTad, sad iswavlon, ise,
rom xeli aravin SeuSalos; rogor gaumklavdnen mRelvarebas, sizarma-
ces an Tvlemas (Corno, 1992, 1995b; Snow, Corno & Jackson, 1996); samuSaos
Sewyvetisa da yavis dalevis an _ rasac axla me vuZleb – am lamaz mzi­an
dRes zRvis sanapiroze saseirnod wasvlis cdunebas.
cxadia, yvela Tqveni moswavle ver iqneba eqsperti TviTregulire-
buli Semswavleli, roca saqme akademiur moswrebas exeba. metic, zogi
fsiqologi fiqrobs, rom Tqven am SesaZleblobas aRiqvamT, rogorc
gamorCeuli individebis maxasiaTebels (Snow, Corno, & Jackson, 1996). am
sferoSi zogi moswavle sxvebze ukeTesia. rogor SegiZliaT daexma-
roT rac SeiZleba met moswavles _ gaxdnen TviTregulirebuli Sem-
swavlelebi? ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom iyo TviTregulirebuli
Semswavleli?
TviTregulirebuli swavlis modelebi da agenti. TviTregulirebuli
swavlis modelebi aRwerens, Tu rogor akeTeben Semswavlelebi, iseve
rogorc Tqven, arCevans sxvadasxva saswavlo unar-Cvevebs Soris miznis
misaRwevad. isini aRweren imasac, Tu rogor umklavdebian swavlaze
zegavlenis mqone faqtorebs. arsebobs ramdenime modeli (Puustinen &
Pulkkunen, 2001). ganvixiloT fil vinisa da alison hedvinis mier war-
modgenili modeli, romelic mocemulia 9.2 sqemaze. igi mravalwaxna-
govania _ da asec unda iyos, raki ganxiluli sakiTxi Tqveni akademiuri
cxovrebis mowyobaa.
9.2 sqemaze mocemuli TviTregulirebuli swavlis modeli dafuZne-
bulia im Tvalsazrisze, rom Semswavlelebi arian Semsruleblebi. agen-
ti aqtiuri subieqtia da gulisxmobs SesaZleblobas miznis misaRwevad
koordinireba gauwio sakuTar unarebs, motivacias da emociebs. mo-
swavleebi marioneti Tojinebi ar arian, romlebic maswavleblis, sax-
elmZRvaneloTa avtorebis an veb-gverdis dizainerebis mier imarTe-
bian. piriqiT, isini akontroleben bevr faqtors, romelic gavlenas
axdens swavlaze. TviTregulirebuli Semswavlelebi iwyeben zemoqmede-
bas, roca ebmebian oTxi ZiriTadi donis ciklSi: amocanis gaanalizeba,
miznis dasaxva da gegmebis SemuSaveba, uSualod swavlis procesi da
swavlisadmi midgomis gadaxedva.
1. saswavlo amocanis gaanalizeba. Tqven icnobT TviTregulirebuli
swavlis am dones. ras akeTebT, roca maswavlebeli gicxadebT, rom
gamocda geqnebaT? Tqven svamT kiTxvebs im pirobebis Taobaze, romle-
bic, Tqveni azriT, gavlenas moaxdenen Tqvens swavlaze iqneba gamocda
zepiri, weriTi Tu testuri saxis? zogadad rom vTqvaT, Semswavlelebi
ganixilaven nebismieri saxis informacias, romelic, maTi azriT, mniS-
 sqema 9.2
TviTregulirebuli swavlis cikli

saswavlo amocanis gaanalizeba

amocanis niSan-Tvisebebi
ras Seexeba amocana?
ra resursebia xelmisawvdomi?
ra aris warmatebis standartebi?

pirovnuli niSan-Tvisebebi
ra codnis gamoyeneba SemiZlia?
ra aris amocanis Rirebuleba?
rogoria Cemi TviTefeqtianoba?
miznebis dasaxva
razea orientirebuli Cemi
saswavlo miznebi?
ra saboloo Sedegebi mohyveba
TiToeul nabijs? swavlis regulireba
ra saxis Zalisxmevaa saWiro? metakognituri monitoringi
metakognituri kontroli

gegmis SemuSaveba
maqvs Tu ara msgavsi davalebis
Sesrulebis gamocdileba?
ra nabijebis gadadgmaa saWiro
am davalebis Sesasruleblad?
ra saswavlo unar-Cvevebi iqneba
sasargeblo?
rogor movaxden progresis
monitorings?
SesaZlebelia Tu ara ukukavSiri
muSaobis procesSi?

strategiebisa da taqtikis gadaxedva

aRidgineT Tavdapirveli codna
gadasinjeT mocemuli informacia
gamoiyeneT kognituri operaciebi
moaxdineT Sedegebis monitoringi
ganaxorcieleT kognituri
SesaZleblobebis marTva

wyaro: “The Cycle of Self-Regulation Learning” from Educational Psychology (3rd Cana-
dian ed.) by A.E. Woolfolk, P.H. Winne and N.E. Perry. Toronto: Pearson, 2006, p.307,
Fig 8.9. adaptirebulia Pearson Education Canada-isa da Philip Winne-is nebarTviT.

vnelovania davalebis, misTvis saWiro resursebis da a.S. Sesaxeb azris

Camosayalibeblad.

2. miznebis dasaxva da gegmebis SemuSaveba.im pirobebis codna, ro-

melic gavlenas axdens davalebis Sesrulebaze, gvawvdis saswavlo
miznebis dasasaxad saWiro informacias. ra gegmebs daisaxavdiT Su-
aleduri gamocdisaTvis, romelSic Sedis mxolod erTi Tavi da ro-
melic Tqveni saboloo niSnis mxolod 3%-s Seadgens? Seicvleboda ki
Tqveni miznebi, testi rom Seicavdes bolo 6 Tavs da saboloo niSnis
30%-s Seadgendes? ra miznebia dasaxuli – gansazRvrebebis gameoreba,
Teoriuli poziciebis gakritikeba, Tu imaze msjelobis unari, rogor
gamoiyeneba saxelmZRvaneloSi moyvanili kvlevebis Sedegebi? miznebis

463
 dasaxva gavlenas axdens moswavlis swavlasTan dakavSirebuli gegmebis
formirebaze. aris Tu ara masalis erTbaSad ,,TavSi Catenva~ (masiuri
praqtika) saukeTeso gamosavali, Tu ukeTesia yoveldRe naxevari saaTis
ganmavlobaSi imecadino (ganawilebuli, distribuciuli praqtika)?

3. taqtikebisa da strategiebis gamoyeneba miznis misaRwevad. TviTre­

gulirebuli Semswavlelebi gansakuTrebiT Relaven am safexurze,
radgan am dros anxorcieleben monitorings _ ramdenad efeqtiania
maT mier dasaxuli gegma. es aris metakognituri monitoringi (meSvide
Tavi). aRwevT Tu vera dasaxul mizans? did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs Tu
ara Tqven mier arCeuli midgoma im Sedegebis misaRwevad, romelsac
Tqven aCvenebT? sakmarisia Tu ara progresis Tqveneuli tempi imisaT-
vis, rom testisTvis srulyofilad moemzadoT?

4. swavlis regulireba. TviTregulirebis am doneze, moswavlelebi

iReben gadawyvetilebas _ aris Tu ara saWiro cvlilebebis Setana
sam zemoT xsenebul safexurze. MmagaliTad, Tu nela swavlob, unda
iswavlo Tu ara Sens saukeTeso megobarTan erTad? gesaWiroeba Tu
ara im pirveladi masalis gadaxedva, romlebic Tqveni saswavlo masa-
lis safuZvelia?

individualuri magaliTi
dRes moswavleebi mudmiv xelisSemSlel faqtorebs awydebian. bari
cimermani (2002, gv. 64) saubrobs treisize, saSualo skolis moswav-
leze, romelic MTV-is erTguli mayurebelia:
Zalian mniSvnelovani Sualeduri gamocda maTematikaSi ori kviris
Semdegaa da man swavla daiwyo popularuli musikis mosmenis para-
lelurad, raTa ,,gantvirTuliyo~. treisis ar dausaxavs saswavlo
miznebi – amis magivrad is sakuTar Tavs arwmunebs, rom gamocdaze
maqsimalurad daixarjeba. is ar iyenebs specifikur strategiebs
mniSvnelovani masalis swavlisa da damaxsovrebisTvis, ar gegmavs
Tavis saswavlo dros. saboloo jamSi is testamde ramdenime saa-
TiT adre erTbaSad ,,iyris~ TavSi mTel masalas. mas TviTSefasebis
gaurkveveli standartebi aqvs da ar SeuZlia sakuTari akademiuri
momzadebis sworad da zustad Sefaseba. treisi swavlaSi siZneleebs
STamomavlobiT miRebul maTematikuri SesaZleblobebis deficits
miawers da TavgamodebiT icavs Tavis mwir saswavlo meTodebs. sx-
vebs ar sTxovs daxmarebas, radgan eSinia suleliviT ar gamoiyure-
bodes; arc damatebiTi masalebis moZiebas cdilobs biblioTekaSi,
radgan `isedac bevri aqvs saswavli.~ swavla misTvis mousvenrobisa
da SeSfoTebis wyaroa, naklebad sjera warmatebis miRwevis da did
mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs maTematikuri unar-Cvevebis SeZenas.

mosalodnelia, rom maTematikis testSi treisi karg Sedegs ver

aCvenebs. ras SeeZlo misi daxmareba? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad gan-
vixiloT zimermanis TviT-regulirebuli swavlis ciklebi. misi cikli
sami fazisgan Sedgeba da waagavs vinisa da hedvinis models. pirvel,
winaswarganzraxulobis fazaSi (rogorc vinisa da hedvinis pirvel da
meore nabijebze, romelic gulisxmobs amocanis gaanalizebasa da miz-
nis dasaxvas) treisis esaWiroeba cxadi da gonivruli miznis dasaxva
da mcire saxis strategiebis dagegmva am miznebis misaRwevad. am SemTx-

464
vevaSi mniSvnelovania treisis motivirebuloba. treisis rom TviTefeq-
tianobis gancda hqonoda mis mier dagegmili strategiebis gamoyenebis
Taobaze, rom sjerodes, rom am strategiaTa gamoyenebiT maTematikas
iswavlida da testsac warmatebiT gaarTmevda Tavs, rom daenaxa kav-
Siri Tavis pirad interesebsa da maTematikas Soris da ecada masalis
daZleva – da mxolod imaze ar ezruna Tu rogor gamoiyureba _ maSin
is TviTregulirebuliTs wavlis gzas daadgeboda.
winaswarganzraxulobis fazidan gadavinacvloT meore, Sesrulebis
fazaze (vinisa da hedvinis mesame fazis msgavsi). am fazas axali siZ­
neleebi mohyveba. axla treisi unda flobdes TviTkontrolis unarebs
(nebisyofa) da iseT saswavlo strategiebs, rogoricaa warmosaxva, mne-
monika, yuradRebis koncentrireba da me-7-8 TavebSi aRwerili sxva
teqnikebi (Kiewra, 2002). mas aseve dasWirdeba refleqsia da monitor-
ingi – TviTdakvirveba da kontroli imisaTvis, rom saWiroebis SemTx-
vevaSi Secvalos strategia. daxarjuli drois aRricxva an dawerili
gverdebis raodenoba SeiZleba drois racionaluri gamoyenebis gas-
aRebad iqces. musikis gamorTvac kargi iqneboda.
dabolos, treisi unda gadavides mesame fazaze, romelic vinisa da
hedvinis meoTxe fazis msgavsia. treisim am SemTxvevaSic unda gadaxe-
dos gakeTebul samuSaos da gaiazros is, rac moxda – refleqsia. Tu
is warmatebas miaRwevs strategiebis swor gamoyenebaSi, es mas daex-
mareba ganaviTaros efeqtianobis gancda. aseve kargi iqneba, Tu is met
Zalisxmevas daxarjavs, Tavs ar moityuebs, TiTqos misTvis sulerTia
da ar Seegueba im azrs, rom sustia maTematikaSi.
rogorc cimeris da vinis, aseve hedvinis modelebi xazs usvams
TviT-regulirebuli swavlis ciklur bunebas: rodesac erTi faza
gada­dis meoreSi da cikli grZledeba maSinac, roca moswavleebi axali
siZneleebisa da gamowvevebis winaSe aRmoCndebian. orive modeli iwyeba
davalebis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebiT da miznebis dasaxviT. orive
modeli aseve gulisxmobs saswavlo strategiebis repertuarisa da taq-
tikis arsebobas. progresis TviTmonitoringi, romelsac saWiroebebis
gegmebSi cvlilebebi mohyveba, mniSvnelovania orive SemTxvevaSi. isic
aRsaniSnavia, Tu ra damokidebuleba aqvT moswavleebs davalebisa da
misi Sesrulebis SesaZleblobis mimarT – efeqtianobis gancda TviT-
regulaciis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.

gza yovel moswavlemde: ori klasi da ojaxi

moswavleebi gansxvavdebian TavianTi TviTregulaciis unar-Cvevebi-
sa da codnis mixedviT. magram maswavleblebma mTel klasTan unda
imuSaon da Tanac ,,miswvdnen TiToeul moswavles~. aq mocemulia re-
aluri situaciebi. pirveli exeba weras, meore – maTematikis amocanaTa
amoxsnas; orive maTgani rTuli amocanaa.
wera. qeroli meore klasis moswavlea. mis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben nensi
peri da lin drumondi (2003). lini qerolis maswavlebeli iyo, qerolis
weriT SesaZleblobebs is axasiaTebda, rogorc `Zalian susts”. qerols
uWirs faqtebis daWera da Semdeg maTi gadamuSaveba kvleviTi mox-
senebisTvis gankuTvnil azrian Txrobad. mas aqvs weris meqanizmebTan
dakavSirebuli problemebic, rac, linis azriT `aferxebs mas~.
erTwliani kursis ganmavlobaSi linma Tavisi II da III klasis mo-
swavleebi cxovelebis Sesaxeb sam proeqtSi Caaba. amis meSveobiT mas
surda moswavleebs eswavlaT: a) kvlevis Catareba; b) aRweriTi Temebis

465
 wera; g) maTi Sesworeba d) werasa da kvlevaSi kompiuteris gamoyeneba.
pirveli moxsenebisaTvis klasi Temaze erTad muSaobda (zolian ci-
yvebze). bavSvebma erTad moiZies faqtebi da erTad daweres, radgan
lins saWirod miaCnda eCvenebina maTTvis rogor unda Catardes kvleva
da Semdeg rogor unda daiweros moxseneba. aseve, moswavleebma gaig-
es ra aris gunduri muSaoba da Seqmnes SemswavlelTa erToba. roca
isini meore nawils werdnen (pingvinebze), linma maT arCevanis meti
Tavisufleba misca da ubiZga imisaken, rom ufro metad yofiliyvnen
damokidebulni rogorc sakuTar Tavze, ise erTmaneTze (naklebad mas-
wavlebelze). dabolos, ukanaskneli davalebisas linma moswavleebs
neba darTo Tavad aerCiaT cxoveli, SeesrulebinaT TviTregulirebu-
li kvleviTi proeqti da daeweraT moxseneba. axla, rodesac bavSvebma
ukve icodnen, rogor CaetarebinaT kvleva da daeweraT moxseneba, maT
SeeZloT damoukideblad an erTad muSaoba da am kompleqsuri dava-
lebis warmatebiT Sesruleba.
qeroli muSaobda mesame klasis moswavlesTan erTad (is Tavad
meore klasSi iyo), romelic msgavs Temaze atarebda kvlevas. maswav-
lebelma aswavla qerols Sinaarsobrivi cxrilis gamoyeneba da misca
rCevebi, Tu rogor moexdina ideaTa frazireba moxsenebis teqsti-
saTvis. qerolma xazi gausva im sityvebs, romelTa marTlweraSi eWvi
epareboda, raTa Semdeg, moxsenebis redaqtirebis mizniT linTan Sexve-
drisas, gadaemowmebina isini. bevri dabali moswrebis mqone moswavlis-
gan gansxvavebiT, romelTac ar hqondaT naswavli TviTregulirebuli
swavlis strategiebi, qerols ar eSinoda davalebebis Sesrulebis; is
dawrmunebuli iyo, rom TavisTavSi mwerlis SesaZleblobebs ganavi-
Tarebda. saswavlo wlis bolos, roca sakuTar progress afasebda,
qerolma Tqva: ,,me Zalian bevri axali ram viswavle pirvel klasTan
SedarebiT, maSin me bevri problema da siZnele mqonda.~

maTematikuri problemebis gadaWra. lin faCsma da misma kolegebma (2003)

Seafases TviTregulirebuli swavlis strategiaTa danergvis Ri­re­
buleba klasSi maTematikis gakveTilebze. mkvlevrebi muSaobdnen 24
maswavlebelTan. yoveli maTgani erTsa da imave masalas aswavlida
me­same klasebSi. zogi (SemTxveviT arCeuli) aswavlida Tavis Cveul
stil­Si; nawilma swavlebas daurTo strategiebi, raTa waexalisebi-
na problemis gadaWris gadatana (transferi) – gakveTilze SeZenili
unar-Cvevebisa da codnis gamoyeneba sxva situaciebSi. maswavlebelTa
mesame jgufi maTematikuri problemebis gadaWrisas mimarTavda trans-
fersac da TviTregulirebuli swavlis strategiebsac. aq mocemulia
transferisa da TviTregulirebuli swavlis ramdenime strategia,
romlebsac am klasebSi aswavlidnen:
moswavleebma miniSnebis, miTiTebebis gamoyenebiT saSinao davaleba
kargad Seasrules da Caabares is Semgrovebels (Tanatols);
moswavleebi grafikulad aRniSnavdnen saSinao davalebis Sesrule-
bas saklaso angariSSi;
moswavleebi individualur davalebebSi TavianTi yoveldRiuri niS-
nebis dasafiqsireblad iyenebdnen indvidualur grafikebs, romle-
bic saqaRaldeebSi inaxeboda;
moswavleebi mewyvileebTan erTad ganixilavdnen problemis gadaWris
strategiebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs klasis farglebs gareT.
gakveTilebis win moswavleebi amcnobdnen jgufs imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor gamoiyenes problemis gadaWris unarebi klasis gareT.

466
 orive, transferi da TviTregulirebuli swavlis strategiebi dae-
xmara moswavleebs eswavlaT maTematikuri amocanebis amoxsna da gamo-
eyenebinaT es codna sxva problemebis gadaWris drosac. TviTregu-
lirebuli swavlis strategiebis damateba gansakuTrebiT efeqtiani
aRmoCnda maSin, roca moswavleebs sTxovdnen gadaewyvitaT iseTi prob-
lemebi, romlebic Zalian gansxvavdebodnen Cveulebrivi gakveTilebi-
sTvis damaxasiaTebeli sakiTxebisgan. rogorc Zlieri, aseve Zalze
CamorCenili moswavleebic, Zalian did sargebels naxuloben am sas-
wavlo strategiebiT.

ojaxi da TviTregulirebuli swavla. bavSvebi TviTregulaciis swav-

las TavianT ojxebSi iwyeben. mSoblebs SeuZliaT aswavlon da mxari
dauWiron TviTregulirebul swavlas nimuSis micemiT, waxalisebiT,
strategiis swori gamoyenebiT da sxva saSualebebiT, romlebic Semdeg
qveTavSia aRwerili (Martinez-Pons, 2002). qvemoT mocemulia miTiTebebi,
romelic saSualebas mogvcems davexmaroT moswavleebs gaxdnen ufro
TviTregulirebulni.

TviTefeqtianobisa da TviTregulirebuli
swavlis swavleba
maswavlebelTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba, rom moswavleebma unda ga-
naviTaron unar-Cvevebi da atitudebi (damokidebulebebi) damoukide-
beli, mTeli cxovrebis manZilze swavlisaTvis (TviTregulirebuli
swav­la da swavlis mimarT TviTefeqtianobis gancdis ganviTareba).
sabednierod, mravali kvleva arsebobs, romelic erTgvari gzamkvle-
vis rols asrulebs da gvaZlevs instruqciebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ro-
gor SevadginoT davalebebi, struqturirebuli saklaso interaqciebi
moswavleebSi TviTregulirebuli swavlis gasaviTareblad (Neuman &
Roskos, 1997; Perry, 1998; Turner, 1995; Wharton-McDonald, Pressley, Rankin, Mis-
tretta, Yokoi & Ettenberger, 1997; Woolfolk, Perry, & Winne, 2006; Zimmerman, 2002).
am kvlevebiT gamoCnda, rom moswavleebs maSin uviTardebaT akademiu-
rad ufro efeqtiani TviTregulirebuli swavlis formebi da swav-
lis efeqtianobis gancda, roca maswavleblebi CarTaven maT drois
xangrZliv periodze gaweril kompleqsur Sinaarsian davalebebSi. es
davalebebi waagavs am TavSi mogvianebiT aRweril konstruqtivistul
aqtivobebs. TviTregulirebuli swavlisa da TviTefeqtianobis gansav-
iTareblad moswavleebi sakuTari swavlis processa da produqtebze
garkveul kontrolsac unda axorcielebdnen. radganac TviTSefaseba
da TviTmonitoringi efeqtiani TviTregulirebuli swavlis da TviTe-
feqtianobis gancdis formirebisTvis mniSvnelovania, maswavleblebs
SeuZliaT daexmaron moswavleebs ganaviTaron es unarebi. amisaTvis
maT moswavleebi unda CarTon saswavlo procesebisa da Sedegebis Se-
fasebis kriteriumebis SemuSavebaSi da Semdeg maTve miscen saSualeba
am standartebis meSveobiT gaakeTon daskvnebi sakuTari progresis
Sesaxeb. dabolos, es exmareba moswavleebs ganaviTaron TanamSromlo-
biTi urTierToba TanatolebTan, eZion maTTan ukukavSiri. TiToeuli
es nabiji ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT.

kompleqsuri davalebebi. maswavleblebs ar surT miscen moswavleebs

Zalian Zneli davalebebi da amiT maTSi sasowarkveTa gamoiwvion. es
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maSin, roca moswavleebs siZneleebi aqvT

467
 rekomendaciebi: TviTregulaciis xelSewyoba
xazi gausviT waxalisebis mniSvnelobas.
magaliTebi
1. aswavleT moswavleebs erTmaneTis waxal-
iseba;
2. acnobeT mSoblebs moswavleTa yvelaze pro­
b­lematuri mxareebis Se­saxeb, romelTac
gansakuTrebuli waxaliseba esaWiroebaT.
SeqmeniT TviTregulirebis modelebi.
magaliTebi
1. dasaxeT mcire nabijebi akademiuri unar-
Cvevebis gasaumjobeseblad. miznebi Seu-
sabameT moswavleTa mimdinare miRwevaTa
dones;
2. Tqvens moswavleebTan erTad ganixileT
rogor daisaxoT mizani da rogor moax-
dinoT progresis monitoringi;
3. sTxoveT mSoblebs, aCvenon TavianT Svi-
lebs, rogor SeiZleba miz­nebis dasaxva
erTi dRis an kvirisaTvis, rogor daweron
gasakeTebeli saqmeebis sia da awarmoon
dRiurebi, sadac yvelafers CainiSnaven.
aqcieT ojaxi kargi strategiuli ideebis
wyarod.
magaliTebi
1. SeadgineT mcire, martivi gegmebi, romle-
bic aRweren `TviTstrategiebs”, romelTa
Sesruleba moswavleebs saxlSi SeeZlebaT;
2. SeqmeniT miznebis dasaxvis, motivaciis,
swavlisa da drois marTvis Sesaxeb wig­
nebis biblioTeka;
3. waaxaliseT ojaxebi daexmaron TavianT
Svilebs, raTa maT problemaTa amoxsnis
procesze gaamaxvilon yuradReba da sa-
Sinao davalebis Sesrulebisas maSinve wig-
nis bolos mocemuli pasuxebi ar eZebon.
mieciT moswavleebs miTiTebebi TviTSefa­se­
bisaTvis.
magaliTebi
1. moswavleebTan erTad ganaviTareT TviT-
Sefasebis rubrikebi
(ix. me-15 Tavi), mieciT maTi gamoyenebis
nimuSi;
2. wlis dasawyisSive daurigeT moswavleebs
aRricxvis wignaki, sadac isini Caweren
Sefasebebs; dae, moswavleebi TandaTan
mieCvion amis gakeTebas;
3. waaxaliseT mSoblebi miscen moswavleebs
TviTSefasebis nimuSebi;
4. mSobelTa krebisaTvis gqondeT pro-
gresis aRricxvebis warmoebisaTvis sxva
ojaxebis mier warmatebiT gamoyenebuli
magaliTebis masala.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.: http://www.pbs.org/
wholechild/parents/building.html

swavlaSi an daswavlis unaris darRveva aqvT _ metic, kvleva gviCvenebs,

rom mo­tivaciis yvelaze metad gamaZlierebeli da akademiurad momgebi-
ani davaleba moswavleTaTvis aris is, romelic daafiqrebs, magram zed-
metad ar datvirTavs maT (Rohrkemper & Corno, 1988; Turner, 1997). kompleq-
suri davalebebi metismetad rTuli ar unda iyos moswavleTaTvis.
termini `kompleqsuri~ exeba davalebis dizains (Canafiqris gafor-
mebas) da ara misi sirTulis dones. Ddizainis TvalsazrisiT davalebebi
kompleqsuria, roca maTSi ramdenime kiTxvaa dasmuli da moicavs Si-
naarsis did nawilebs, _ aseTia proeqtebi da Tematuri Tavebi. amas-
Tan, kompleqsuri davalebebi grZeldeba drois xangrZlivi periodis
manZilze da rTavs moswavles mTel rig metakognitur da kognitur
procesebSi (Perry, VandeKamp. Mercer, & Nordby, 2002; Wharton-McDonald da sx-
vebi, 1997). magaliTad, egviptis piramidebis Seswavlam SeiZleba gamoi-
wvios werilobiTi moxsenebebis, rukebis, diagramebisa da modelebis
momzadeba.
naklebad mniSvnelovani kompleqsuri davalebebic ki sakmao infor-
maciis mimwodebelia moswavleebisTvis maTi saswavlo progresis Sesaxeb.

468
es davalebebi maTgan moiTxovs Rrma azrovnebasa da saguldagulod
damuSavebul problemebis gadaWraSi Cabmas. am procesSi moswavleebi
viTardebian da xvewen TavianT kognitur da metakognitur strat-
egiebs. metic, am saxis davalebaSi warmatebis miRweva zrdis mos­wavlis
TviTefeqtianobis gancdas da Sinagan motivacias (McCaslin & Good, 1996;
Turner, 1997). rorkemperi da qorno (1988) urCevdnen maswavleblebs Seed-
ginaT iseTi saxis kompleqsuri davalebebi, romelic moswavleebs saSu-
alebas miscemda moexdinaT TavianTi saswavlo pirobebis modificireba
arsebuli problemebis dasaZlevad. stresis daZlevisa da adaptaciis
swavla mniSvnelovani saganmanaTleblo mizania. gaixseneT meoTxe Tavi
_ sternbergis Tanaxmad, inteleqtis erT-erTi aspeqtia garemos Ser-
Ceva an adaptireba ise, rom warmatebas miaRwio.

kontroli. moswavleebisaTvis arCevanis micemiT maswavleblebma maT Se­

iZleba mianiWon Tanakontrolis ufleba. roca moswavleebs aqvT ar-
Cevani (mag. imis Taobaze, Tu ra Temaze, rogor, sad, visTan erTad
imuSaos da a.S.), ufro mosalodnelia, rom isini warmatebul Sedegs
miaRweven (es zrdis TviTefeqtianobas). isini TandaTanobiT zrdian
Zalisxmevas da meti SeupovrobiT eWidebian problemebs. aseve, gadaw-
yvetilebebis miRebis procesSi moswavleTa CarTviT (Turner & Paris, 1995), TviTregulirebuli swav-
dagegmvis, miznebis dasaxvis, progresis monitoringis da SedegTa Se- lisa da swavlis TviTefeq-
fasebis dros maswavleblebi maT unawileben swavlis pasuxismgeblobas tianobis ganviTarebisaTvis
(Turner, 1997). sworedAamas gulisxmobs maRalefeqtiani TviTregulire- moswavleebs sWirdebaT
sakuTari swavlis procesisa
buli Semswavlelis Tvisebebis gamomuSaveba.
da produqtebis garkveuli
moswavleebisaTvis arCevanis uflebis micema maT saSualebas aZlevs kontroli; maswavleblebs
Secvalon mocemuli davalebis sirTulis done (mag. airCion ufro SeuZliaT daxmareba Tu mo-
martivi an rTuli sakiTxavi masala, gansazRvron weriTi davalebis swavleebs swavlis procesis,
saxe da odenoba, gamoiyenon werisas naswavli gamonaTqvamebi da a.S.). produqtebisa da progresis
SefasebaSi CarTaven.
magram ra xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moswavle araswor arCevans akeTebs?
maRalefeqtiani, maRali donis maswavleblebi Zalian frTxiloben im
arCevanis ganxilvisas, romelsac moswavles awvdian. isini Tavdapir-
velad rwmundebian, rom moswavles aqvs damoukideblad moqmedebisa
da swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiro saTanado codna da un-
arebi (Perry & Drummond, 2002). magaliTad, roca moswavleebi swavloben
axal unar-Cvevebsa da rutinul qcevebs, maswavleblebma maT SeiZleba
garkveul sazRvrebSi moqceuli arCevani miawodon (mag. moswavleebma
unda daweron minimum oTxi winadadeba, abzaci, Tavi, furceli da a.S.
magram maT SeuZliaT daweron metic).
MamasTanave, maRali kvalifikaciis maswavleblebi moswavleebs aswav-
lian swori gadawyvetilebis miRebas da aCveneben amis nimuSs. magali-
Tad, roca moswavleebi partniors, mewyviles irCeven, isini sTxoven
maT dafiqrdnen da gaiTvaliswinon, ras moelian misgan (mag., saerTo
interesi da mondomeba, an codna da unar-Cvevebi, romlis ganviTare-
bac maT esaWiroebaT). roca moswavle drois yvelaze racionalurad
gamoyenebis Taobaze akeTebs arCevans, maswavlebeli ekiTxeba: `risi
gakeTeba SegiZlia, roca saqmes daasruleb? ra SegiZlia gaakeTo, Cemi
daxmarebis molodinSi?” xSirad samuSao grafikebi kedelzea gamok-
ruli, raTa moswavleebma gamoiyenon isini muSaobis dros. dabolos,
maRalefeqtiani maswavleblebi moswavleebs aZleven ukukavSirs maT
mier gakeTebuli arCevanis Sesaxeb da sakuTar rCevebs miusadageben
Semswavlelis unikalur xasiaTsa da Taviseburebebs. magaliTad, maT
SeiZleba waaxalison zogi moswavle SearCion moxsenebaTa Temebi im
momentisaTvis advilad xelmisawvdomi da misaRebi resursebidan. sxva

469
 SeiZleba waaxalison erToblivi muSaobisTvis, damoukideblad muSao-
bis nacvlad, imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom maT aqvT warmatebis miRwevi-
saTvis saWiro meti mxardaWera.

TviTSefaseba. moswavle akvirdeba, rom TviTregulirebuli swavlis me­

Todebis gamoyeneba ar aris saxifaTo. isini CarTuli arian mimdinare
saqmianobaSi, Aaanalizeben rogorc Tavad process, ise mis Sedegebs,
koncentrirdebian pirovnul progresze da exmarebian maT Secdomebis
interpretaciaSi; es momavalSi swavlis gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobas
iZleva. am konteqstSi, moswavleebs moswonT da eZeben kidevac rTul
davalebebs, radganac warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi monawileobis safa-
suri dabalia (Paris & Ayres, 1994). moswavleebis CarTva Sefasebis kri-
teriumebis dadgenasa da sakuTari progresis SefasebaSi amcirebs maT
SfoTvas, rac xSirad Tan sdevs Sefasebebs _ radgan moswavleebs Sede-
gze kontrolis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. moswavleebma
SeiZleba TviTonve Seafason TavianTi namuSavari im kriteriumebTan
mimarTebaSi, romlebic maT Tavad, maswavleblebTan erTad aRiares
`karg~ namuSevrad. isini ganixilaven swavlis maTeul midgomaTa efeq-
tianobas da cvlian TavianT qmedebas misi gaumjobesebisTvis (Winne &
Perry, 2000).
maRali donis TviTregulirebuli swavlis klasebSi moswavleTaTvis
sakuTari swavlis Sesafaseblad arsebobs rogorc formaluri, ise ara-
formaluri SesaZleblobebi. magaliTad, erTma maswavlebelma sTxova
meoTxe-mexuTe klaselebs ewarmoebinaT refleqsiis Jurnali, sadac
aRwerdnen maT mier mewyvilesTan an mcire jgufTan erTad Seqmnil
albaTobisa da statistikis TamaSebs (Perry, Philips & Dowler, 2004). am Jur-
nalebSi axsnili iyo jgufur processa da SedegebSi maT mier Setanili
wvlili da aseve aRwerili iyo, ra iswavles maT am procesSi monaw-
ileobiT. maswavlebelma gaiTvaliswina es refleqsiebi, roca afasebda
TamaSebs. maswavleblebi araformalur SekiTxvebs usvamen moswavleebs:
`ra Seityve dRes sakuTari Tavis, rogor mwerlis Sesaxeb?~ `ras akeTe-
ben kargi mkvlevrebi da mwerlebi?” `risi gakeTeba SegiZlia, rac winaT
ar SegeZlo?~ aseT da msgavs kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema ubiZgebs moswav-
leebs metakogniciis, motivaciisa da staretegiuli qmedebisken – rac,
TviTregulirebuli swavlis komponentebia.

kolaboracia. saSualo skolis moswavleTa swavlis motivaciis amaR-

lebis komitetma (2004) daaskvna, rom azrebis urTierTgaziarebisas mo-
swavleebi ukeTesad iTviseben, advilad aRiqvamen rTul da gamomwvev
davalebebs – im davalebebs, romlebic TviTregulacias aviTareben.
komitetma daamata:
jgufur samuSaos aseve SeuZlia daexmaros moswavleebs ga­
naviTaron TanamSromlobis unarebi. Mmetic, is exmareba moswav­
leTa erTobis Seqmnas, sadac moswavleebi pasuxismgebelni iq­
nebian erTmaneTis swavlaze da ar iqnebian orientirebulni
kon­kurentul garemoze, romelic aucxoebs Zalian bevr moswav-
les, gansakuTrebiT imaT, romlebic TanatolebiviT warmateb-
ulni ar arian (gv. 51).
TviTregulirebuli swavlis mxardasaWerad yvelaze efeqtiani is
gzebia, romlebic asaxaven TanamSromluri urTierTobebis gamoyene-
bas, erTobis klimats da problemebis erTobliv gadawyvetas (Perry
& Drummond, 2002; Perry, VandeKamp, Mercer, & Nordby, 2002). am konteqstSi

470
maswavleblebis daxmarebiT moswavleebi realurad aregulireben urT-
ierTswavlas (McCaslin & Good, 1996), sTavazoben ra erTmaneTs mxardaW-
eras, imisda miuxedavad, individualurad muSaoben, wyvilebad Tu mci-
re jgufebSi. es individualuri ganviTarebis praqtikuli mxardaWeraa;
igi metakogniciis, Sinagani motivaciisa da strategiuli qmedebebisT-
vis gamoiyeneba. (mag. ideaTa gaziareba, problemis gadaWris strate­
giebis Sedareba, TiToeulis eqspertobis arealis dadgena). maRalL-
donis maswavleblebi yoveli wlis dasawyiss rutinebis swavlasa da
gakveTilSi monawileobis normebis dadgenas uTmoben (mag. rogor gan-
axorcielos moswavlem konstruqciuli ukukavSiri da rogor moaxdi-
nos Tanatolis mosazrebis interpretacia, ra reaqcia hqondes masze).
rogorc me-12 TavSi vnaxavT, sasargeblo menejmenetis, saswavlo pro-
cedurebisa da rutinebis ganviTareba wlis dasawyisSi solidur dros
moiTxovs, magram es miznobrivad, sworad daxarjuli droa. mas Semdeg
rac moswavleebi gaiTaviseben rutinebs da urTierTqmedebis nimuSebs,
maT ukve SeuZliaT swavlaze moaxdinon koncentracia. maswavleblebs
ki SeuZliaT daiwyon akademiuri unar-Cvevebis swavleba da saswavlo
gegmis Sesruleba.
es ukanaskneli elementi, TanamSromloba TviTregulirebis swavlis
mniSvnelovani komponentia konstruqtivistul midgomaSi. am Tavis dar-
Cenili nawili eTmoba am mniSvnelovani sakiTxis farTod ganxilvas.

kognituri da socialuri konstruqtivizmi

warmoidgineT situacia:
patara bavSvi, romelic arasdros yofila saavadmyofoSi, pe-
diatriul ganyofilebaSi wevs. eqTani bavSvis loginis Tavze
damagrebuli interkomis saSualebiT mimRebi ganyofilebidan
urekavs gogonas da eubneba: gamarjoba, Celsi, rogor xar? rame
xom ar ginda?~ gogona gakvirvebulia da ar pasuxobs. eqTani
imeorebs SekiTxvas da igive Sedegs iRebs. bolos eqTani SeS-
foTebuli iZaxis: `Celsi, aq xar? Tqvi rame!~ gogona pasuxobs:
`gamarjoba, kedelo, aq var!~ daukavSireT kvlevas da
ganavrceT
Celsi axal situacias waawyda – molaparake kedels. kedeli zrdas- konstuqtivizimisadmi miZ-
rul adamians hgavs. wesiT gogona ucxoebs ar unda elaparakebodes, Rvnili ganaTlebis kvlevis
magram ar aris darwmunebuli, es wesi kedlebzec Tu vrceldeba. is erovnuli sazogadoebis
2000 wlis yovelwliuri
iyenebs Tavis codnas da imas, rasac situacia karnaxobs axali codnisa
wigni (NESSE) Philips, D.C.
da qmedebis konstruirebisaTvis. (Ed.) (2000). Constructivism in
aq mocemulia berkiseuli codnis konstruirebis magaliTi (2001, education: Opinions and second
gv. 31). amjerad mama da misi oTxi wlis vaJi erTad axdenen codnis opinions on controversial issues.
kon­st­ruirebas kaliforniis sanapiroze seirnobisas da Tan dRis gan- Chicago, IL: University of Chi-
cago Press.
mavlobaSi dagrovil nagavs agroveben.
beni: (mirbis win da iZaxis) ai kidev boTlebi da qilebi. me
aviReb!
meli: Tu boTlebi gatexilia, rame ar gaiWra, me aviReb. (ukan
eweva mas da uCvenebs CanTas, beni masSi sagnebs yris).
beni: mami, Sexede am niJaras. mTelia, Zalian didi. SigniT ram-
deni feria!
meli: SeiZleba abalonis, galiotisis niJara iyos!
beni: ra aris abaloni?

471
 meli: gaxsovs ra mqonda sendviCSi guSin? eg iyo abalone.
beni: Sen amas Wam?
meli: amis Wama SeiZleba. Sen abalonis xorcian nawils Wam,
romliTac abaloni qvebze ekroba xolme.
beni: fuuu... me ar minda magis Wama. SeiZleba niJara davi-
tovo?
meli: ki, rogor ara. SeiZleba rame Seinaxo SigniT (miuTiTebs
niJaris ferebze). xandaxan adamianebi misgan samkaulebs
akeTeben.
beni: rogorc dedas yelsabamia?
meli: xo, dedas yelsabami iseTi abalonisganaa damzadebuli,
romelsac Zalian Wreli niJara aqvs – vardisferi, iasam-
nisferi, lurji da mas paua qvia. roca gadaabruneb, is
fers icvlis.
beni: vaa, ra magaria! modi pauas niJarebi movZebnoT.
meli: aq pauas ver ipovi, isini axal zelandiaSia.
beni: eg sadaa? Tqven namyofebi xarT iq?
meli: ara, viRacam aCuqa es yelsabami dedaSens. magram me glo-
busze gaCveneb axal zelandias. is Zalian Sorsaa, nax-
evari msoflios iqiT.
SexedeT codnas, romelic Tanakonstruirebuli iqna zRvis arse-
bebis, sakvebad an dekoraciebad maTi gamoyenebis gzebis, usafrTxoebis,
garemos dacvisa da geografiis irgvliv. konstruqtivistuli Teor-
iebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu rogor yalibdeba codna ori
gziT: damoukideblad da sxvebTan interaqciebis, urTierTqmedebis sa-
SualebiT (beni).

konstruqtvistuli Sexedulebebi swavlaze

konstruqtivizmi aris farTo cneba, romelsac iyeneben filo-
sofosebi, saswavlo gegmis Semdgenlebi (kurikulumis dizainerebi),
fsiqologebi, ganaTlebis specialistebi da sxvebi. erns fon gleser-
feldi mas uwodebs `Tanamedrove fsiqologiis, epistomologiisa da
ganaTlebis uzarmazar da damabnevel areals” (1997, gv, 204). konstruq-
tivistuli Sexedulebebi eyrdnoba piaJes, vigotskis, geStaltfsiqo-
logias, batleris da bruneris kvlevebs, iseve, rogorc jon diuis
filosofias.
arsebobs araerTi konstruqtivistuli Teoria, magram ,,konstruq-
tivistTa umravlesoba iziarebs or ZiriTad Tvalsazriss: Semswavle­
lebi aqtiurni arian sakuTari codnis agebaSi da socialuri inte­
raqciebi mniSvnelovania codnis konstruirebisaTvis~ (Bruning, Schraw,
Norby,& Ronning, 2004, p. 195). konstruqtivistebis mier swavla aRiqmeba
rogorc gacilebiT meti, vidre maswavleblisgan an saxelmZRanelodan
informaciis miReba da gadamuSaveba. maTi azriT, swavla aris codnis
aqtiuri da pirovnuli konstruireba (de Kock, Sleegs, and Voeten, 2004).
amrigad, kognituri mecnierebis araerTi Teoria moicavs raRac saxis
konstruqtivizms, radgan am Teoriebis Tanaxmad individi Tavad axdens
konstruqtivizmi – Sexed-
sakuTari kognituri struqturebis konstruirebas, roca is garkveul
uleba, romelic xazs usvams
Semswavlelebis aqtiur rols situaciebSi miRebuli sakuTari gamocdilebis interpretacias axdens
codnis agebasa da informa- (Palincsar, 1998). arsebobs konstruqtivistuli midgomebi mecnierebis sx-
ciis wvdomaSi. vadasxva dargSi: maTematikaSi, ganaTlebis fsiqologiaSi da anTropo-
logiaSi da, aseve, kompiuterze dafuZnebul ganaTlebaSi. imis miuxeda-

472
 konstruqtvivistuli
Teoriebi dafuZnebulia
Tvalsazrisze, rom Semswav-
lelebi aqtiurad aviTare-
ben sakuTar codnas, imis
magivrad, rom pasiurad
miiRon igi mza saxiT, maswav-
leblis an sxva wyaroebisgan.

vad, rom bevri fsiqologi da ganaTlebis specialisti iyenebs termins

_ konstruqtivizmi, isini masSi xSirad sxvadasxva rames gulisxmoben
(Driscoll, 2005; McCaslin & Hickey, 2001; Philips, 1997).
Kkonstruqtivistuli Sexedulebebis organizebis erT-erTi gza aris
saubari konstruqtivizmis or formaze: fsiqologiur da socialur
konstruqtivizmze (Palinskar, 1998; Philips, 1997). martivad rom vTqvaT,
fsiqologiuri konstruqtivizmi yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu ro-
gor iyenebs individi informacias, wyaroebsa da sxvebis daxmarebas
mentaluri modelebisa da problemaTa gadaWris strategiebis kon-
struirebisa da gaumjobesebisaTvis. amisgan gansxvavebiT, socialuri
konstruqtivistebi swavlas ganixilaven, rogorc Cveni SesaZleblo-
bebis zrdas, sxvebTan erTad iseT saqmianobebSi monawileobiT, romle-
bic mniSvnelovania kulturisaTvis (Windschitl, 2002). ufro detalurad
da axlos gavecnoT konstruqtivizmis TiToeul tips.

fsiqologiuri/individualuri konstruqtivizmi. fsiqologiuri konstruq-

tivistebi dainteresebulebi arian imiT, Tu rogor aSeneben individebi
TavianTi kognituri da emociuri instrumentebis garkveul element-
ebs (Philips, 1997, p. 153). es konstruqtivistebi dainteresebuli ari-
an individualuri codniT, rwmeniT, me-koncefciiTa da pirovnebiT;
amitom maT zogjer individualur an kognitur konstruqtivistebs
uwodeben. isini koncentrirebas axdenen adamianis Sinagan fsiqolo-
giur samyaroze. wina qveTavSi aRweril situaciaSi, roca Celsi kedels
elaparakeboda, individualuri codnisa da rwmenebis gamoyenebiT is
agebda axal codnas _ Tu rogor SeiZleba gasce pasuxi, roca viRac (an
raRac) gesaubreba (Piaget, 1971; Widschitl, 2002).
am standartebis gamoyenebiT yvelaze Tanamedrove informaciis ga­
damuSavebis Teoriebi konstruqtivistulia (Mayer, 1996). swavlis infor-
maciuli gadamuSavebis midgomebi adamianis gonebas aRiqvams, rogorc
simboloTa gadamamuSavebel sistemas. es sistema simboloTa struq-
turaSi (warmodgenebi an sqemebi) debs sensorul Sinaarss da Semdeg
gadaamuSavebs am simboloTa struqturas ise, rom codna mexsierebaSi
Seinaxos da SesaZlebeli iyos misi aRdgena. gare samyaro danaxulia,
rogorc Sinaarsis wyaro, magram rogorc ki SegrZnebebi aRiqmeba da
Sedis muSa mexsierebaSi, miiCneva, rom individis `TavSi~, mimdina­reobs
mniSvnelovani samuSao (Schunk, 2000; Vera & Simon, 1993). Tumca zogi
fsiqologi Tvlis, rom informaciis gadamuSaveba `trivialuri~ anu

473

`iqneb es araswori ki ara
ubralod gansxvavebuli
pasuxia~.
© The New Yorker Collection
2001 Barbara G. Smaller from
cartoonbank.com. yvela ufleba
daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.
konstruqtivizmis pirveli
talRa – codnis agebaSi in-
dividualur da fsiqologiur
wyaroebze xazgasma, rogorc es
piaJes TeoriaSia.
radikaluri konstruqti­
vizmi – codna ganixileba,
rogorc individis mier kon-
struirebuli, is ar SeiZleba
Sefasdes, rogorc mcdari an
WeSmariti.
474
`susti~ konstruqtivizmia, radgan adamianis erTaderTi
Rirebuli Senatani am procesSi aris gare samyarodan
zusti warmodgenebis Seqmna (Derry, 1992; Garrison, 1995; Mar-
shall, 1996; WINDSCHITL, 2002).
amisgan gansxvavebiT, piaJes fsiqologiuri (kognituri)
konstruqtivizmis midgoma naklebad koncentrirebulia
`zust~ warmodgenebze da ufro metad dainteresebulia
individis mier konstruirebuli mniSvnelobiT. rogorc
meore TavSi vnaxeT, piaJem SemogvTavaza kognituri safex-
urebis Tanmimdevroba, romelsac yvela adamiani gadis. yo­
vel safexurze azrovneba daeSeneba wina dones da xdeba
ufro organizebuli, adapturi da naklebad damokide-
buli konkretul movle­nebze. piaJe gan­­sakuTrebiT dain-
teresebuli iyo im universaluri cod­­nis logikiTa da
konstruirebiT, romlis swavlac Se­uZlebelia uSualod
garemodan – magaliTad, konservacia da Seqcevadoba (Miller,
2002). aseT codnas ar qmnis gare sinamdvile; igi momdin-
areobs Cveni sakuTari Se­mecnebis an azrebis refleqsiisa
da ko­ordinirebisgan. piaJe socialur garemos aRiqvamda,
ro­gorc ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovan faqtors, magram, misi azriT,
socialuri urTierTobebi ar aris azrovnebis cvlilebis ZiriTadi meqa-
nizmi (Moshman,1997). ganaTlebisa da ganviTarebis zogier­Tma fsiqologma
piaJeseul konstruqtivizms `konstruqtivizmis pirveli talRa~ an
,,solo~ konstruqtivizmi uwoda, sadac xazgasmuli iyo individis wvlili
(De Corte, Greer and Verschaffel, 1996; Paris, Byrnes & Paris, 2001).
individualuri konstuqtivizmis yvelaze ukiduresi formaa ra-
dikaluri konstruqtivizmi. am midgomis mixedviT, samyaroSi ar ar-
sebobs realoba an WeSmariteba. arsebobs mxolod individualuri aR-
qmebi da rwmenebi. TiToeuli Cvengani sakuTari gamocdilebidan agebs
codnas, magram Cven ar SegviZlia gavigoT an vicodeT sxvaTa realoba
(Woods & Murphy, 2002). am poziciis sirTule imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
relativizmis kideze yvela codna da rwmena erTnairi aRmoCndeba,
radgan yoveli maTgani validur individualur aRqmebs warmoadgens.
amgvari azrovneba problemebs uqmnis ganaTlebis specialistebs, up-
irveles yovlisa, maswavleblebs, romelTac aqvT profesiuli valde-
buleba xazi gausvan garkveul Rirebulebebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
patiosneba da samarTlianoba da ara aratolerantuloba da sicrue.
yvela aRqma da rwmena Tanabari rodia. maswavleblebi, rogorc wesi,
sTxoven moswavleebs guldasmiT imuSaon, raTa iswavlon. Tu swavla
ver uzrunvelyofs gagebas da raki yovelgvari gageba Tanabrad Rire-
bulia, maSin, rogorc devid moSmanma Tqva (1997): ,,Cven SegviZlia da-
vaneboT moswavleebs Tavi da mivceT maT ufleba sjerodeT yvelafri
imis, risic sjeraT~ (gv. 230). Tanac aRmoCnda, rom raRac saxis cod-
nas, rogoricaa Tvla da urTierTcalsaxa Sesatyvisoba, ar esaWiroeba
konstruireba _ is universaluria. urTierTcalsaxa Sesatyvisoba aris
adamianis arsis nawili (Geary, 1995; Schunk, 2000).
vigotskis socialuri konstruqtivizmi. rogorc meore TavSi vnaxeT,
vigotskis sjeroda, rom socialuri urTierToba, kulturuli instru-
mentebi da saqmianoba ganapirobebs individualur ganviTarebasa da
swavlas. iseve, rogorc sanapiroze benis mamasTan urTierTobam Se-
qmna misi codna zRvis arsebebis, usafrTxoebis, garemos dacvis pa-
suxismgeblobisa da geografiis Sesaxeb. sxvebTan erTad saqmianobis
farTo speqtrSi monawileobiT, Semswavlelebi iTviseben (iSinaganeben)
erTad muSaobis Sedegebs. es Sedegebi SeiZleba moicavdnen rogorc
axal strategiebs, ise axal codnas. swavlis socialur da kulturul
sferoSi moqceva aris `konstruqtivizmis meore talRa~ (Paris, Byrnes,
& Paris, 2001).
radgan es Teoria swavlis asaxsnelad metwilad eyrdnoba socialur
urTierTobebsa da kulturul sferos, fsiqologTa umravlesoba vi­
gotskis Teorias socialur konstruqtivizms uwodebs (Palinscar, 1998;
Prawat, 1996). imis gamo, rom Tavdapirvelad vigotski dainteresebuli
iyo adamianis individualuri ganviTarebiT (Moshman, 1997; Philips, 1997),
zogi Teoretikosi mas fsiqologiuri konstruqtivizmis mimdevradac
Tvlis. am TvalsazrisiT, vigotski orive Teoriis mimdevaria. swavlis
miseuli Teoriis erTi upiratesoba aris is, rom saSualebas gva-
Zlevs ganvixiloT rogorc fsiqologiuri, ise socialuri faqtorebi:
is orive banaks akavSirebs. amis magaliTia vigotskis koncefcia uax-
loesi ganviTarebis zonis Sesaxeb. uaxloesi ganviTarebis zona _ sadac
bavSvs SeuZlia gadaWras problema ufrosis an ufro gawafuli moswav-
lis daxmarebiT. mxardaWera, skafoldingi es isaa, sadac kultura da
Semecneba erTmaneTs ayalibebs (Cole, 1985). kultura qmnis Semecnebas
(roca ufrosi iyenebs kulturul instrumentebs) da gamocdilebas
kulturidan (ena, rukebi, kompiuteri, musika), bavSvebis im miznebisak-
en misamarTad, romlebsac kultura afasebs (kiTxva, wera, cekva). Sem-
ecneba qmnis kulturas, roca ufrosi da bavSvi erTad axdenen axali
gamocdilebisa da gadasaWreli problemebis generirebas, raTa daur-
Ton is kulturuli jgufis repertuars (Serpell, 1993). individualuri
da socialuri konstruqtivizmis integrirebis erTi gza aris codnis,
rogorc individualurad konstruirebulisa da socialurad ganpiro-
bebulis gaazreba (Windschitl, 2002).
termini _ konstruqcionizmi _ xandaxan gamoiyeneba imaze sasaub­
rod, Tu rogor iqmneba zogadi codna. miuxedavad imisa, rom is ar
warmoadgens ganaTlebis fsiqologiaSi Cveni ZiriTadi interesis sa-
gans, mainc imsaxurebs ganxilvas.

konstruqcionizmi. socialuri konstruqcionistebi yuradRebas ar amax­

vileben individualur swavlaze. maT ainteresebT, rogor aris kon-
struirebuli zogadi codna iseT disciplinebSi, rogoricaa, magali-
Tad, maTematika, ekonomika an istoria. am saxis akademiuri codnis miR­ma
konstruqcionistebs ainteresebT yoveldRiuri ideebi da rwmenebi,
agreTve adamianebisa da msoflios Sesaxeb socio-kulturuli jgu-
fis axal wevrebis mier gamoTqmuli Cveulebrivi mosazrebebi (Gergen,
1997; Philips, 1997). dasmuli kiTxvebi SeiZleba exebodes sxvadasxva Temas, SeTviseba _ im codnisa da
iqidan dawyebuli, visi gansasazRvria ram unda Seadginos istoria, ra unarebis gaTaviseba an gaS-
aris sazogadoebaSi qcevis swori wesebi da imiT damTavrebuli, rogor inagneba, romlebic individs
gaxde prezidenti. yoveli codna socialurad konstruirebulia da, sazogadoebasTan urTierTo-
bisas uviTardeba an kulturiT
rac ufro mniSvnelovania, zog adamians sxvebze meti Zalaufleba aqvs
aris ganpirobebuli.
imis gansasazRvrad, Tu ra Seadgens am codnas. urTierTobebi maswav-
leblebs, moswavleebs, ojaxebsa da sazogadoebas Soris centraluri konstruqtivizmis meore
sakiTxebia; waxalisebulia TanamSromloba sxvadasxva SexedulebaTa talRa – fokusireba, codnis
gasagebad da xSirad codnis tradiciuli formebi safrTxis winaSea socialur da kulturul wy-
aroebze, rogorc es vigotskis
(Gergen, 1997). jeks dieridasa da maiql faukoltis filosofiebi kon-
TeoriaSia.
struqcionizmis mniSvnelovani wyaroebia. vigotskis Teorias Tavisi
aqcentebiT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor qmnis Semecneba kulturas, saerTo

475

Temis praqtika – socialu­
ri situacia an konteqsti,
romelSic ideebs ganixilaven,
rogorc sasargeblos an
WeSmarits.
476
elementebi aqvs konstruqcionizmTan.
gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi konstruqtivizmis Sesaxeb zogad kiTx-
vebs wamoWris da gansxvavdeba maTze gacemuli pasuxebiT. am sakiTxebis
srulad gadaWra SeuZlebelia, radgan sxvadasxva Teoriebs amasTan da-
kavSirebiT gansxvavebuli poziciebi aqvs. ganvixiloT es kiTxvebi.
rogor aigeba codna?
erTgvari dapirispireba konstruqtivizmis sxvadasxva midgomebs
Soris emyareba imas, Tu rogor aris codna konstruirebuli. moSmani
(1982) aRwers sam interpretacias.
1. gare samyaros realoba da sinamdvile gansazRvravs codnis kon-
struirebas. individebi axdenen gare realobis rekonstruirebas
zusti mentaluri warmodgenebis SeqmniT, rogoricaa propoziciuli
sqemebi, cnebebi, mizez-Sedegis paternebi (modelebi) da piroba-
moqmedebis wesi, romlebic asaxaven Tu ras warmoadgenen sagnebi
sinamdvileSi. rac ufro mets swavlobs adamiani, rac ufro Rrma
da farToa misi gamocdileba, miT ufro axlos iqneba misi codna
realobasTan. informaciis gadamuSaveba qmnis warmodgenebs codnis
raobaze (Cobb & Bowes, 1999).
2. Sinagani procesebi _ piaJes organizacia, asimilacia da akomodacia
mimarTulia codnis konstruirebaze. axali codna abstrahirebulia
Zveli codnidan. codna ar aris realobis sarke, is abstraqciaa,
romelic viTardeba kognituri aqtivobebiT. codna ar aris swori
an mcdari, is, ubralod, ganviTarebis kvalad xdeba Sinaganad ufro
Tanmimdevruli da organizebuli.
3. codna aigeba rogorc garegani, ise Sinagani faqtorebiT. codna war-
moiqmneba Sinagani (kognituri) da garegani (garemo da socialuri)
faqtorebis urTierTqmedebiT. vigotskis mier kognituri ganviTa-
rebis aRwera enis, rogorc kulturuli instrumentis SeTvisebisa
da gamoyenebis gziT, eTanxmeba am Sexedulebas. amis Mmeore magali-
Tia banduras Teoria adamianTa Soris interaqciaze, qcevebsa da
garemoze (Schunk, 2000). cxrili 9.1 Tavs uyris sam ZiriTad Sexed­
lebas imis Taobaze Tu rogor aris codna konstruirebuli.
codna: situaciuri Tu zogadi?
Mmeore SekiTxva, romelic mraval konstruqtivistul Teorias exeba,
Semdegia: codna situaciuria, mibmulia im drosa da adgilze, sadac
is aris konstruirebuli Tu transferuli. Ffsiqologebi, romlebic
xazs usvamen codnis socialur konstruirebas da situaciur swavlas,
eTnxmebian vigotskis mosazrebas, rom codna aris imTaviTve social-
uri da CarTulia garkveul kulturul sistemaSi. is, rac WeSmaritia
garkveul drosa da sivrceSi _ magaliTad, kolumbis dromde aRiare-
buli “faqti’ rom dedamiwa brtyelia, mcdaria sxva drosa da sivrceSi.
garkveuli ideebi, specifikuri gamocdileba, vTqvaT navigaciis Ses-
axeb 15 saukunovani codna da Cvevebi sasargeblo iyo Temis praqtikis
farglebSi, magram usargeblo _ mis gareT. is, rac axal codnad iTv-
leba, nawilobriv ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ramdenad kargad miesadageba
axali idea mimdinare, aRiarebul gamocdilebas. droTa ganmavlobaSi
mimdinare praqtika SeiZleba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadges an saerTod
uaryofili iyos; Mmagram sanam ar moxdeba umniSvnelovanesi Zvrebi, mim-
dinare praqtika gaiziarebs imas, rac faseulad iTvleba. sitauciuri swavla – idea
situaciuri codna xazs usvams faqts, rom swavla realur sa- imis Sesaxeb, rom unarebi
da codna dakavSirebulia
myaroSi ar hgavs skolaSi swavlas. es ufro gagebaa, sadac siaxleebi _
situaciasTan, romelSic isini
eqspertis, damxmaris an nimuSis mxardaWeriT, sul ufro da ufro Rr- daiswavleba, da sxva situacia-
mad ikidebs fexs, sanam ar SeeZleba damoukideblad funqcionireba. Si maTi gamoyeneba rTulia.

cxrili 9.1
rogor xdeba codnis ageba?
tipi varaudebi swavlisa da codnis Sesaxeb Teoriebis
nimuSebi

eqsternaluri codnis daufleba xdeba garesamyaros Sesaxeb war- informaciis

mimarTuleba modgenebis konstruirebis gziT. pidapiri swavleba, gadamuSaveba
axsna, ukukavSiri _ gavlenas axdens swavlaze. codna
imdenad aris zusti, ramdenadac asaxavs imas, Tu `ras
warmoadgens sagnebi realurad”.

internaluri codna aigeba winare codnis transformirebiT, orga- piaJe

mimarTuleba nizebiT da reorganizebiT. codna ar aris realobis
sarke, radgan gamocdileba gavlenas axdens azrovneba-
ze da azrovneba _ codnaze. gamokvleva da aRmoCena
ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre swavleba.

Oorive: eqster- codna aigeba socialuri interaqciiTa da gamocdile- vigotski

naluri da biT. codna asaxavs gare sinamdviles, gaivlis kultu-
internaluri ris, enis, rwmenebis, sxvebTan urTierTobis, pirdapiri
mimarTuleba swavlebis da modelirebis filtrs. marTuli aRmoCe-
na, swavleba, modelireba da wrTvna iseve mniSvnelova-
nia, rogorc winare codna, rwmenebi da azrovnebaze
zegavlenis mqone swavla.

am Sexedulebis momxreebs sjeraT, rom situaciuri swavla esaa

swavla farbrikebSi, sasadilo magidasTan, saSualo skolis holSi,
quCaSi, biznesSi, saTamaSo moednebze da a.S. situaciuri swavla xSir-
ad axsnilia, rogorc `inkulturacia~, an erTi specifikuri erTobis
normebis, qcevebis, Cveulebebis, rwmenebis, enisa da damokidebulebis
miReba. es erToba SeiZleba iyos maTematikosTa an quCis bandebis, mw-
erlebis, Tqveni merve klasis moswavleebis an fexburTelebis – nebi-
smieri jgufi, romlebsac gaaCniaT azrovnebisa da moqmedebis maT-
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri forma da gza. codna ganxilulia
ara rogorc individualuri kognituri struqtura, aramed rogorc
droTa ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli erTobis warmonaqmni. swavla niS-
navs gaxde ufro unariani, monawileoba miiRo am saqmianobaSi, gamoiy-
eno saSualebebi da Tavi gaacnobiero am erTobis wevrad (Derry, 1992;
Garrison, 1995; Greeno, Collins, & Resnick, 1996; Rogoff, 1998).
sawyisi donis pirvel etapze `situaciuri swavla xazs usvams im
ideas, rom unar-Cvevebisa da codnis umravlesoba specifikuria _ mxo­
lod im situaciasTanaa dakavSirebuli, sadac es codnaa miRebuli~
(Anderson, Reder, & Simon, 1996, p.5). marTlac, skolaSi angariSis swavla
SeiZleba daexmaros moswavleebs skolaSi angariSis ukeT warmoebaSi,
magram es ver daexmareba maT daabalanson angariSis wignaki, radgan es
unarebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas mxolod im konteqstSi, sadac nas-

477

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
konstruqtivizmisa da gana-
Tlebis Sesaxeb damatebiTi
informaciisaTvis ix. Marshall,
H.H. (Ed.) (1992). Redefin-
ing student learning: Roots of
educational change. Norwood,
NJ: Ablex.
478
wavlia, am SemTxvevaSi, skolaSi (Lave, 1997; Lave & Wenger, 1991). aRmoCnda,
rom codna da unar-Cvevebi im konteqstis miRmac SeiZleba iyos gamoy-
enebuli, sadac naswavli iqna, magaliTad, kiTxvisa da angariSis unari
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes gadasaxadebis daangariSebisas, miuxedavad
imisa, rom gadasaxadebi ar Sedis saSualo skolis saswavlo programaSi
(Anderson, Reder, & Simon, 1996).
srulebiT ar aris aucilebeli, rom skolaSi miRebuli unar-Cvevebi
da codna warumatelbobisaTvis iyos ganwiruli sxva situaciaSi (Be-
reiter, 1997). rogorc merve TavSi vnaxeT, ganaTlebis fsiqologiisa da
zogadad ganaTlebis ZiriTadi kiTxvebi exeba codnis transfers, ga-
datanas erTi situaciidan meoreSi. rogor SegiZlia waaxaliso trans-
feri? amas Semdeg TavSi gaigebT.
K konstruqtivistuli Sexedulebebis saerTo elementebi
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT ra aqcevs gakveTils iseT gakveTi-
lad, romelSic moswavle swavlis centraluri figuraa? CamoTvaleT
is maxa­siaTeblebi da niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic amaze miuTiTeben.
Cven ganvixileT gansxvavebebi konstruqtivistul Sexedulebebs So­
ris, magram ra msgavsebaa maT Soris? yvela konstruqtivistuli Teo-
ria miiCnevs, rom codna viTardeba, roca Semswavlelebi, rogoric
Celsi da beni arian, cdiloben azri gamoitanon gamocdilebidan. `am-
rigad, Semswavleli carieli WurWeli ki ar aris, romelic unda Seav-
so, aramed aqtiuri subieqtia, romelic eZiebs azrsa da mniSvnelobas~
(Driscoll, 2005, p. 487). Semswavlelebi aSeneben gonebriv modelebs da sqe-
mebs, ganixilaven maT TavianTi gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, swori
azris gamosatanad. ar aris aucilebeli maTi konstruqciebi waagavdes
arsebul realobas. isini ufro Semswavlelis unikaluri interpre-
taciebia, rogorc Celsis megobruli, magram Seuvali kedeli. es ar
niSnavs, rom yvela konstruqcia Tanabrad sasargeblo an sicocxlisu-
nariania. Semswavlelebi amowmeben TavianT codnas, udareben mas sxva
adamianebis codnas – isini msjeloben da erTad qmnian mniSvnelobas,
rogorc es moxda benis mamasTan saubris SemTxvevaSi.
konstruqtivistul Sedegebs aseve aerTianebs swavlis saerTo miz­
nebi. es aris codnis moxmareba da ara inertuli, uZravi faqtebis,
kon­cefciebisa da unar-Cvevebis Senaxva. saswavlo miznebi moicavens
cu­dad struqturirebuli problemebis povnisa da gadawyvetis unar-
Cvevebs, agreTve kritikul azrovnebas, kvlevas, TviTdeterminizmsa da
mravalmxrivi perspeqtivebis misaRebad mzadyofnas (Driscoll, 2005).
imis miuxedavad, rom ar arsebobs erTiani konstruqtivistuli
Teoria, bevr konstruqtivistul midgomaSi rekomendebulia swavlis
xuTi piroba:
1. swavlis CarTva kompleqsur, realistur da relevantur saswavlo
garemoSi;
2. socialuri molaparakebebis uzrunvelyofa da pasuxismgeblobis,
rogorc swavlis nawilis, ganxilva;
3. mravalmxrivi perpeqtivebis mxardaWera da mravalferovani Sinaar-
sis gamoyeneba;
4. TviTSegnebis aRzrda da imis gageba, rom codna konstruirebulia.
5. codnis dauflebis waxaliseba (Driscoll, 2005; Marshall, 1992).
 konstruqtivistuli mid-
gomebis gvirCevs, rom
maswavlebelma xazi gausvas
kompleqsur, realistur da
Sesatyvis saswavlo garemos
da swavlis procesSi so-
cialuri interaqciis mniSvn-
elobas. magaliTad, fotoze
moswavleebi TanamSromloben
saojaxo biujetis Sedgenis
sakiTxze.

sanam swavlebis konkretul midgomebs ganvixilavdeT, modiT ganvix-

iloT ufro axlos konstruqtivistuli swavlebis es ganzomilebebi.

kompleqsuri saswavlo garemo da avTentikuri davalebebi. konstruq-

tivistebs sjeraT, rom moswavleebs ar unda miscen gamartivebuli amo­
canebi; amis magivrad moswavleebi unda moeqcnen kompleqsur saswavlo
garemoSi, romelSic Tavmoyrili iqneba damabneveli urTierTgadaja-
Wvuli problemebi. skolis gareT arsebuli samyaro bavSvebs TandaTan
uyenebs problemebs da nabij-nabij aZlevs mimarTulebas. ase rom,
skola unda darwmundes, rom yvela moswavles aswavlis problemebis
gadaWras. problemebis kompleqsurobas sirTulis maRali xarisxi ar
gansazRvravs, is SeiZleba mravali nawilisgan Sedgebodes. arsebobs
mravalmxrivi, erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi myofi kompleqsuri prob-
lemebis elementebi da SesaZlebelia maTi mravalgvari amoxsna. daskv-
nis gasakeTeblad ar arsebobs erTi swori gza da TiToeul axal ga-
mosavals axali problemebis mTeli rigi mohyveba Tan. es prob­lemebi
CarTuli unda iyos avTentikur, realur davalebebsa da saqmianobaSi,
iseTi saxis situaciebSi, romlebsac moswavleebi pirispir Sexvdebian,
roca naswavls realur garemoSi gamoiyeneben (Needles & Knapp, 1994).
kompleqsur problemebze muSaobis dros moswavleebs SeiZleba das-
WirdeT daxmareba. maswavleblebi unda exmarebodnen maT resursebis
moZiebaSi, progresisaTvis Tvalyuris devnebaSi, ufro msxvili prob-
lemebis mcire erTeulebad dayofaSi da a.S. konstruqtivistuli mid-
gomebis es aspeqti eTanxmeba TviTregulacias da situaciur swavlas
imaSi, rom swavla unda ganxorcieldes iseT situaciebSi, sadac misi
(swavlis) gamoyeneba gaxdeba SesaZlebeli. kompleqsuri saswavlo
garemo – problemebi da iseTi
socialuri molaparakeba. bevri konstruqtivisti iziarebs vigotskis saswavlo situaciebi, romelic
Sexedulebas, rom rTuli mentaluri procesebi viTardeba socialuri mimsgavsebulia realuri
cxovrebis cudad konstruire-
molaparakebiTa da urTierTobiT, ase rom, swavlaSi TanamSromloba
bul movlenasTan.
faseulia. enis ganviTarebisa da hipermedia jgufi (1992) fiqrobs, rom
swavlebis ZiriTadi mizania ganaviTaros moswavleTa SesaZleblobebi, socialuri molaparakeba
raTa maT ganacxadon da daicvan sakuTari poziciebi, amavdroulad, pa- – saswavlo procesis aspeqti,
tivs scemdnen sxvaTa poziciebs da erTad muSaoben molaparakebis gziT romelic eyrdnoba sxvebTan
TanamSromlobas da gansxvave-
urTierTmisaRebi Sexedulebebis konstruirebaze. am saxis gacvla-ga-
buli Sexedulebebis pativis-
mocvlis gansaxorcieleblad moswavleebi unda esaubron da usmendnen cemas.

479
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
ganavrceT
moswavleze centrirebuli
swavla (II A3)
kurikulumis (mag., bunebi-
smetyvelebis, maTematikis)
Sinaarsis reformis mravali
iniciativa xazs usvams moswav-
leze centrirebul/konstruq-
tivistul midgomas swavlebaSi.
aRwereT am midgomis ZiriTadi
principebi da axseniT maTi
gansxvaveba maswavlebelze cen-
trirebuli midgomebisagan.
subieqtTaSorisi damokide-
bulebebi (atitudebi) _
sxvebTan erTad saziaro
bazisis Camoyalibebisa da
interpretaciebis gacvlis
valdebuleba.
Sinaarsis mravalmxrivi
reprezentaciebi – sakiTxis
ganxilva sxvadasxva analogi-
is, magaliTisa da metaforis
gamoyenebiT.
spiraluri saswavlo gegma,
kurikulumi – swavlebis bru-
neriseuli meTodi, romelic
gulisxmobs adreul wlebSi
moswavleTaTvis yvela sagnis
fundamenturi struqturis
gacnobas da Semdeg, droTa
ganmavlobaSi, ganmeorebiT
Seswavlas ufro Rrma da kom-
pleqsuri formiT.
480
erTmaneTs. es gamowvevaa moswavleTaTvis iseTi individualisturi
da SejibrebiTi kulturis arealSi, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi, imisaTvis, rom isini mieCvion e.w. subieqtTaSoris damokide-
bulebas – saerTo mniSvnelobis konstruirebas saerTo enis povniTa
da intepretaciebis gacvliT.
mravali mniSvnelovani iniciativa, romelic miznad isaxavs saswav-
lo kurikulumis (mag., mecniereba, maTematika) reformirebas, xazs us-
vams moswavleze orientirebul konstruqtivistul swavlis midgomebs.
aRwereT am midgomaTa umTavresi principebi da axseniT, riT gansx-
vavdeba is maswavlebelze orientirebuli midgomebisgan.
perspeqtivebis da Sinaarsis mravlmxrivi reprezentaciebi. roca mo-
swavleebi erT models, erT analogs, Sinaarsis gagebis erT gzas
mimarTaven, isini xSirad zedmetad aioleben problemas, radgan yvela
situaciaSi erTi modgomas iyeneben. me aseT situacias SeveCexe Cems
klasSi, rodesac eqvsi moswavle akeTebda marTuli aRmoCeniTi swav-
lis magaliTis prezentacias. moswavleTa prezentaciebi im marTuli
aRmoCenebis demonstrirebis miaxloebuli asli iyo, romelic me maT-
Tan movaxdine semestris dasawyisSi, magram seriozuli SecdomebiT
Sesrulebuli. Cemma moswavleebma aRmoCeniT swavlis warmoCinebis mx-
olod erTi gza icodnen. klasis resursebs isini unda uzrunveleyo
Sinaarsis mravalmxrivi warmodgeniT _ sxvadasxva analogiis, magali-
Tisa da metaforis gamoyenebiT.
rand spiro da misi kolegebi (1991) fiqroben, rom `sxvadasxva dros
erTi da igive masalis gameoreba sxvdasxva konteqstSi, sxvadasxva
mizniTa da sxvadasxva konceptualuri perspeqtivebidan arsebiTi mniS-
vnelobisaa maRali donis codnis dauflebis miznis misaRwevad~ (gv. 28).
es azri eTanxmeba jerom bruneris (1966) spiralur saswavlo gegmas,
swavlebis struqturas, romelicGjer aswavlis yvela sagnis ZiriTad,
fundamentur struqturas, xoli SemdegSi, droTa ganmavlobaSi, gan-
meorebiT ganixilavs am sagnebs ufro Rrma da kompleqsuri formiT.
codnis konstruirebis procesis arsi. konstruqtivistuli midgomebi
mniSvnelobas aniWebs imas, rom moswavles gaacnobierebino sakuTari
roli codnis konstruirebaSi (Cunnongham, 1992). Cveni mosazrebebi, rw-
mena da gamocdileba qmnian TiToeuli Cvenganis codnas samyaros Ses-
axeb. sxvadasxva mosazreba da gamocdileba iZleva sxvadasxvagvar cod-
nas. Tu moswavleebi acnobiereben im gavlenebs, romlebic qmnian maT
azrovnebas, maT meti SesaZlebloba eqnebaT airCion, TviTkritikulad
ganaviTaron da daicvan sakuTari poziciebi da, amavdroulad, pativi
scen sxvaTa pozicias.
swavla, rogorc moswavleTa sakuTreba. `imis miuxedavad, rom arse-
bobs konstruqtivistuli Teoriis ramdenime interpretacia, umravle-
soba Tanxmdeba, rom is gulisxmobs arsebiT cvlilebas im sakiTxSi, Tu
razea fokusirebuli swavleba. es Teoria moswavlis (da ara maswavleb-
lis) Zalisxmevas ayenebs saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis centrSi” (Prawat,
1992, p. 357). is, rom moswavle swavlis, rogorc sakuTrebis mflobe-
lia, ar niSnavs, rom maswavlebels exsneba swavlebaze pasuxismgebloba.
radganac swavlebis dizaini (meTodebi) am wignis centraluri sakiTxia,
Tavis darCenil nawils davuTmobT swavlis dauflebisa da moswavleze
centrirebuli instruqtirebis magaliTebis ganxilvas.
 konstruqtivisturi Sexedulebebis gamoyeneba

imis miuxedavad, rom swavlis konstruqtivistuli Sexedulebebi da daukavSireT kvlevas da

maTi gamoyeneba mravalnairia, Cven SegviZlia gamovicnoT konstruq- ganavrceT
tivistuli midgomebi moswavlisa da maswavleblis saqmianobis mixed- Confrey, J. (1990). What construc-
tivism implies for teaching, In R.
viT. mark vindSintli (2002) fiqrobs, rom azrian swavlas xels Seuw­ Davis, C. Maher, & N. Noddings
yobs Semdegi aqtivobebi: (Eds.), Constructivist views on
maswavleblebi xSirad iwveven ideebs da iyeneben moswavleTa gamoc- the teaching and learning of
mathematics (pp. 107-122). Mono-
dilebas mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Seswavlisas; Semdeg ayalibeben graph 4 of the National Council
da qmnian iseTi saswavlo situaciebs, rac daexmareba moswavleebs of Teachers of Mathematics,
TavianTi codnis konkretizirebasa an xelaxal konstruirebaSi; Reston, VA.
moswavleebs xSirad eZlevaT SesaZlebloba CaerTon kompleqsur, az-
rian da problemur aqtivobebSi;
maswavleblebi SeaiaraReben moswavleebs informaciis sxvadasxva wy-
aroTi, aseve im teqnologiuri Tu konceptualuri instrumentebiT,
romlebic saWiroa swavlis uzrunvelsayofad;
moswavleebi TanamSromloben _ muSaoben erToblivad, saSualeba da
mxardaWera aqvT, raTa davalebaze orientirebul dialogSi CaerTon.
maswavleblebi `aCveneben~ moswavleebs sakuTari azrovnebis pro-
cess da waaxaliseben maT gaakeTon igive dialogis, weris, xatvisa
da sxva saSualebiT;
moswavleebs sistematurad sTxoven gamoiyenon codna gansxvavebul
da avTentikur konteqstebSi _ ideebis axsnis, teqstebis interpre-
tirebis, fenomenTa winaswarmetyvelebis da faqtebze damyarebuli
argumentebis konstruirebisaTvis. aq ar aris waxalisebuli winas-
war gansazRvruli `swori pasuxebis~ gamoyeneba;
zemoT CamoTvlil pirobebTan erTad maswavleblebi waaxaliseben
moswavleebs iazrovnon refleqsiurad da avtonomiurad;
maswavleblebi iyeneben sxvadasxva SefasebiT strategiebs imis dasa-
dgenad, Tu rogor viTardeba moswavleTa Sexedulebebi da imisaT-
visac, rom awarmoon ukukavSiri am procesebsa da maTi azrovnebis
SedegebTan dakavSirebiT.
am qveTavSi Cven ganvixilavT moswavleze centrirebuli swavlebis daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
sam ZiriTad midgomas: 1. gamokvleva da problemuri swavla, 2. dialogi ganavrceT
da instruqciuli saubrebi da 3. kognituri moswavleoba. arsebobs swavla gamokvleviT (II, A2, 3)
kidev ori sxva midgoma, romelic eTanxmeba konstruqtivizms: me-11 gamokvleviT swavla aris
moswavleze centrirebuli
TavSi ganxiluli kooperaciuli swavla da me-13 TavSi ganxiluli kon-
swavla. aRwereT swavlis am
ceptualuri cvlileba. midgomis ZiriTadi struq-
tura. ra aris misi Zlieri
da susti mxareebi? ra rols
gamokvleva da problemuri swavla asrulebs maswavlebeli?

jon diuim 1910 wels aRwera gamokvleviT swavlis sabazo formati. swavla gamokvleviT _
mas Semdeg am strategiis mravali varianti ganxorcielda, magram igi midgoma, romlis mixedviTac,
ZiriTadad moicavs Semdeg elementebs (Echevarria, 1003; Lashley, Matczynski, maswavlebeli moswavleebs
& Rowley, 2002): maswavlebeli warudgens bavSvebs gamosacnob movlenas, warudgens gaurkvevel situa-
cias; moswavleebma monacemTa
kiTxvas an problemas. moswavleebi:
Segrovebis gziT unda gadaWran
axdenen hipoTezis formulirebas, raTa axsnan movlena an gadaWran problema da Seamowmon
problema; daskvnebi.
agroveben monacemebsa da informacias hipoTezis gamosacdelad;
akeTeben daskvnebs;
ganixilaven originalur problemas da mis gadasaWrelad saWiro
saazrovno procesebs.

481
 gamokvlevis magaliTebi. erTi saxis gamokvlevaSi, maswavleblis mier
problemis gacnobis Semdeg, moswavleebi svamen kiTxvebs (romlebzec
pasuxi SeiZleba iyos mxolod ,,ki” an ,,ara”), raTa moagrovon mona-
cemebi da gamoscadon hipoTeza. es saSualebas aZlevs maswavlebels
moaxdinos moswavleTa azrovnebis monitoringi da marTos es procesi.
magaliTad:
1. maswavlebeli gaacnobs moswavleebs gansxvavebul movlenas (ZiriTa-
di wesebis axsnis Semdeg). is nazad uberavs suls 8½11x 1111 zomis
furcels zedapiris gaswvriv da furceli zeviT iwevs. is sTxovs
moswavleebs gaarkvion, ratom aiwia furceli.
2. moswavleebi svamen kiTxvebs, raTa moagrovon informacia da gamoy-
on arsebiTi, relevanturi cvladebi. isini ekiTxebian maswavlebels,
mniSvneloba aqvs Tu ara temperaturas (ara), aris Tu ara furceli
gansakuTarebuli (ara). isini aseve svamen SekiTxvas aris Tu ara
wneva ramenairad dakavSirebuli furclis awevasTan (ki). kiTxvebi
grZeldeba....
3. moswavleebi cdian kauzalur (mizez-Sedegobriv) urTierTobebs. am
SemTxvevaSi isini kiTxuloben, zedapirze arsebuli haeris buneba
iwvevs Tu ara furclis awevas (ki); isini kiTxuloben zedapirze
haeris swrafi moZraoba Tu iwvevs zedapirze wnevis vardnas (ki).
Semdeg isini cdian am wess sxva masalebze – magaliTad, Txel plast-
masze.
4. moswavleebi axdenen ganzogadebas, ayalibeben princips: `Tu si-
brtyis zedapirze haeri ufro swrafad moZraobs vidre mis qveviT,
maSin wneva zedapirze ecema da obieqti zeviT iwevs.~ mogvianebiT
gak­veTili afarToebs moswavleTa mier am principisa da fizikuri
kanonebis gagebas momdevno eqsperimentebis meSveobiT.
5. maswavlebeli iwvevs moswavleebs maTi azrovnebis procesebis ganx-
ilvasa da debatebSi. ra iyo mniSvnelovani cvladebi? rogor daaka-
vSirebT mizezsa da Sedegs? da a.S. (Pash da sxvebi, 1991; pp. 188-89).
G
Sirli magnusonma da anamari palinskarma ganaviTares maswavlebel-
Ta miTiTebebi kvleviTi samecniero erTeulebis dagegmvis, danergvisa
da sxvadasxva fazebis SefasebisaTvis (Palincsar, Magnusson, Marano, Ford, &
Brown, 1998). Mmodeli saxelad `mravalmxrivi ganaTlebis mxardasaWerad
marTuli gamokvleva“ (GIsML) naCvenebia 9.3 sqemaze.
maswavlebeli, upirveles yovlisa, adgens saswavlo gegmis areals da
zogad kiTxvebs, amocanebs an problemebs. magaliTad, dawye­biTi skolis
maswavlebeli irCevs komunikaciebis sferos/areals da svams zogad
kiTxvebs: `ratom da rogor urTierToben adamianebi da cxovelebi?~
Sem­deg ismeba specifikur sakiTxze koncentrirebuli ram­denime kiTxva.
`rogor urTierToben veSapebi erTmaneTTan?” `rogor urTierToben go-
rilebi erTmaneTTan?~ es specifikuri kiTxvebi frTxilad unda iyos
SerCeuli da Sedgenili, raTa moswavles swori mimarTuleba misces.
cxovelebs Soris urTierTobis gagebis erT-erTi sakvanZo azria cxov-
elTa SegrZnebis organoebs, TviTgadarCenis funqciebsa da sacxovrebel
areals Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba. cxovelebs specifikuri struq-
turebi aqvT, rogoricaa didi yurebi an eqolokatorebi, romlebic
funqcionireben sakvebis mosapoveblad, partnioris mosazidad an mta-
ceblis gamosacnobad. es struqturebi da funqciebi dakavSirebulia
cxovelis sacxovrebel adgilTan. amrigad, kiTxvebi ZiriTadad unda
exebodes komunikaciebis gansxvavebul stuqturebs, gadarCenisTvis gan-

482
 sqema 9.3
maswavlebelTa gzamkvlevi. gamokvlevaze dafuZnebuli gamokvleviT
swavlis pirobebSi instruqtirebis gamoyenebis modeli
swori xazebi aCvenebs fazebis Tanmimdevrobas instruqciaSi, mrudebi ki
aC­venebs, rom cikli SeiZleba ganmeorebul iqnas instruqtirebis dros.

MmimarTulebis mimcemi kiTxva

da fokus-kiTxvebi

Mmonacemebi movlenis
Sesaxeb [sajaro
gaziareba]

CarTva . . .
problema
hipoTezebi
kiTxvebi

kvleva
procedurebi
urTierTda-
mokidebule
baTa dadgena

win
asw
ar SefasebiTi
met
yve
le axsna
ba

wyaro: wignidan “Designing a Community of Practice: Principies and Practices of the GisML Community.”
by A. S. Palincsar, S.J. Magnusson, N. Marano, and N. Brown, 1989, Teaching and Teacher Education, 14,
p. 12. adaptirebulia nebarTviT.

sxvavebul funqcionalur moTxovnilebebsa da sxvadasxva adgilas mo-

binadre cxovelebs. SekiTxvebi im cxovelebis Sesaxeb, romelTac erT-
nairi struqtura da erTi sacxovrebeli adgili aqvT, gamokvlevisTvis
ar iqneboda efeqtiani (Magnusson & Palinscar, 1995).
Semdegi fazaa moswavleTa CarTva gamokvlevaSi. magaliTad, SesaZle-
belia moasmenino maT sxvadasxva cxovelis xmebi da sTxovo gamoTqvan
TavianTi varaudi komunikaciebis Sesaxeb, dausva moswavleebs kiTxvebi
maTi varaudebisa da gamonaTqvamebis irgvliv. Semdeg moswavleebi ax-
orcieleben kvlevas rogorc pirveladi, ise meoradi wyaroebis dax-
marebiT. pirveladi wyaros kvleva gulisxmobs piradapir gamocdile-
bas da eqsperimentebs. magaliTad, Ramuris Tvalisa da yurebis gazomva
da maTi Sedareba Ramuris sxeulis zomasTan (videoebisa da suraTebis
gamoyenebiT). meoradi wyaros gamokvlevisas moswavleebi iyeneben
wignebs, internets, eqspertebTan interviuebs da sxva masalas specifi-

483
 kuri informaciis an axali ideebis mosaZieblad. gamokvlevis nawilia
moswavleebis mier modelTa identificireba. mrudi xazi 9.3 sqemaze
aCvenebs, rom cikli SeiZleba ganmeordes. metic, moswavleebma SeiZle-
ba gamokvlevis ramdenime ciklic ki gamoiyenon, moaxdinon modelTa
identificireba da ganacxadon Sedegebi axsnis agebamde an saboloo
kvlevaze gadasvlamde. kidev erTi SesaZlo ciklia _ saboloo kvlevis
ganxorcielebamde _ daskvnis Sefaseba (jer gavakeToT da Semdeg Seva-
mowmoT winaswari daSvebebi, movargoT axsnebi axal situaciebs).
gamokvleviT swavla moswavleebs saSualebas aZlevs erTdroulad
iswavlon Sinaarsic da procesic. zemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi moswav-
leebi swavlobdnen haeris wnevis efeqtebs, rogor dafrinaven TviT-
mfrinavebi, rogor urTierToben cxovelebi da rogor arian daka-
vSirebulni sacxovrebel adgilTan. amasTan, isini swavloben Tavad
gamokiTxvis process – rogor SeiZleba gadaWra problemebi, Seafaso
daskvnebi da iazrovno kritikulad.

problemaze dafuZnebuli swavla. problemaze dafuZnebuli swav­lis

mizania daexmaros moswavleebs moqnili codnis ganviTarebaSi, romelic,
inertuli codnisgan gansxvavebiT, mraval situaciaSi gamoiyeneba. in-
ertuli codna aris informacia, romelic damaxsovrebulia, magram
iSviaTad gamoiyeneba (Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt [CTGV], 1996;
Whitehead, 1929). problemaze dafuZnebuli swavlas sxva miznebic aqvs:
Sinagani motivaciis gazrda, problemaTa gadaWris, TanamSromlobisa da
TviTmarTuli, mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi swavlis unarebis ganvi-
Tareba. problemaze dafuZnebul swavlaSi moswavleebi upirispirdebi-
an problemas, romelic gamosavlis mosaZebnad moiTxovs gamokvlevas,
TanamSromlobas. problemaze dafuZnebuli swavlis procesi waagavs
GIsML(Guided Unquiry Supporting Multiple Literracies) process, romelic 9.3 sqe-
mazea naCvenebi. moswavleebs eZlevaT problemaze dafuZnebuli scenari,
isini svamen da aanalizeben problemas scenaridan moxmobili faqtebis
daxmarebiT da iwyeben hipoTezebis Camoyalibebas SesaZlo gadawyvetis
Sesaxeb. hipoTezis SemuSavebis Semdeg, adgenen ra informacia akliaT
– risi gageba sWirdebaT gadawyvetilebis Sesafaseblad. es sawyis biZgs
aZlevs TviTmarTuli swavlisa da kvlevis fazas. Semdeg moswavleebi
iyeneben axalSeZenil codnas, afaseben problemis maTeul gadaWras,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xelaxla gadaxedaven kvlevas da bolos iazre-
ben im unar-Cvevebsa da codnas, romelic miiRes (Hmelo-Silver, 2004).
namdvil problemaze dafuZnebul swavlaSi problemac namd­vilia da
moswavleebis qmedebac. erT-erT magaliTSi maswavlebelma yuradReba
gaamaxvila mimdinare movlenebze, raTa wae­xalisebina moswavleTa kiTx-
va, wera da socialur sferoSi problemebis gadaWris unari:

qeiTis dawyebiTi skolis klasi swavlobda SemTxvevas aliaska-

problemaze dafuZnebuli
swavla _ meTodebi, romle-
bic moswavleebs warudgens
realur problemebs, romelT-
ac SeiZleba calsaxad arc
hqondeT “swori” pasuxi.
Si navTobis daRvris Sesaxeb. man klasSi moitana sagazeTo sta­tia,
sadac aRwerili iyo navTobis daRvra pins viliam sa­undSi. imisaT-
vis, rom Seemzadebina bavSvebi am statiisaTvis, man gamocdilebis
SeZenis mizniT Tavis moswavleebs winaswar ramdenime procedur-
aSi miaRebia monawileoba. pirvel rigSi, gamoiyena msoflios ruka,
enciklopedia da biblioTekis wignebi Sesatyvisi informaciis
mosagroveblad da gasaziareblad. Semdeg man moaxdina navTobis
daRvris simulacia-raRac sagani dafara navTiT: am droisaTvis
klasi ukve sulmouTqmelad eloda statiis wakiTxvas (Espe, Worner,
& Hotkevich, 1990, p. 45).

484
 cxrili 9.2
maswavleblis roli problemaze dafuZnebul swavlaSi

faza maswavleblis qceva

faza 1 maswavlebeli ganixilavs gakveTi-

moswavleTa orientireba lis miznebs, aRwers lojistik
problemaze ur(uzrunvelyofis) moTxovnebs
da aZlevs moswavleebs motivacias
CaerTon maT mierve arCeuli prob-
lemis gadasaWrel aqtivobaSi.

faza 2 maswavlebeli exmareba moswavleebs

moswavleTa organizeba gansazRvron problemis gadaWras-
swavlisaTvis Tan dakavSirebuli aqtivobebi da
moaxdinon maTi organizeba.

faza 3 maswavlebeli waaxalisebs moswav-

individualuri an jgufuri leebs Seagrovon mniSvnelovani
samuSaos asistentireba informacia, ganaxorcielon eqs-
perimentebi da eZion problemebis
axsna da gadaWra.

faza 4 maswavlebeli asistentobas uwevs

artfaqtebisa da eqsponatebis
Seqmna da prezentacia
moswavleebs Sesaferisi art-
faqtebis, moxsenebebis, videoe-
bisa da modelebis dagegmvasa da
momzadebaSi, exmareba maT Tavian-
Ti namuSevari sxvebsac gauziaron.

faza 5 maswavlebeli exmareba moswavles

problemis gadaWris procesis gaiazros Tavisi kvleva da masSi
analizi da Sefaseba gamoyenebuli procesebi.

wyaro: wignidan Classroom Instruction and Management (p. 161), by R.I. Arends.
Published by McGraw-Hill. Copyright © 1997 by McGraw-Hill. ibeWdeba McGraw-
Hill Companies-is nebarTviT.

mas Semdeg, rac maT waikiTxes da ganixiles gazeTis statia, maswav-

lebelma daavala moswavleebs warmoedginaT, rogor iqneboda SesaZle-
beli problemis Tavidan acileba. moswavleebs unda aexsnaT da daesab-
uTebinaT sakiTxis Taviseuli gadawyveta. momdevno kviras moswavleebma
waikiTxes kidev erTi statia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor exmareboda maTi
Statis mosaxleoba aliaskelebs gamwmendi procedurebis CatarebaSi.
maswavlebelma hkiTxa moswavleebs, maT Tu surdaT daxmareba da pa-
suxad enTuziazmiT aRsavse `diax~ miiRo. moswavleebma Seadgines pos-
terebi da moamzades sityvebi, sadac mouwodebdnen xalxs, gaeRoT
sufTa pirsaxocebi navTobiT dabinZurebuli cxovelebis dasaxmare-
blad. klasma pirsaxocebiT savse oTxi didi CanTa gagzavna alias-
kaSi. maswavleblisa da moswavleebis kiTxva, wera, kvleva da saubari
mimarTuli iyo realuri cxovrebiseuli problemis gadaWrisken (Espe,

485

sayrdenze dafuZneb-
uli instruqtireba
_ problemaze dafuZnebuli
swavlis tipi, romelic kom-
pleqsur saintereso situacias
iyenebs, rogorc swavlisaTvis
sayrdens.swavlisTvis.
486
Worner, & Hotkevich, 1990). sxva avTentikurma problemebma SeiZleba mo-
swavleebis yuradReba miapyros mdinareebis danagvianebis Semcirebis,
skolaSi moswavleTa Soris konfliqtTa gadawyvetis, cunamisa da qa-
riSxlebiT dazaralebuli mosaxleobisaTvis fulis Segrovebis an pa-
tara bavSvebisaTvis saTamaSo moednebis SekeTebisa da gaumjobesebis
proeqtebze. maswavleblis roli problemaze dafuZnebul swavlaSi Se-
jamebulia 9.2 cxrilSi.
zogi problema ar aris avTentikuri im gagebiT, rom gavlenas ax-
dendes moswavleTa cxovrebaze, magram mimzidvelia. magaliTad, van-
derbitis universitetis kognicizmisa da teqnologiis Semswavlel-
ma jgufma (1990, 1993) Seqmna videoCvenebaze dafuZnebuli saswavlo
garemo, romelic gamiznuli iyo mexuTe da meeqvse klasebSi maTema-
tikis swavlebisTvis. seriali saxelwodebiT jasper vudbaris Tavga-
dasavlebi warudgens moswavleebs kompleqsur situaciebs, romlebic
saWiroeben problemis dasmas, qvemiznebis dasaxvas, problemis gada-
saWrelad maTematikis, istoriis da literaturis cnebaTa gamoyenebas.
imis miuxedavad, rom situaciebi kompleqsuria da cxovrebiseuli, maTi
amoxsna SesaZlebelia im monacemebis saSualebiT, romelic darTulia
mocemul istoriebSi. xSirad TavgadasavlebSi mocemulia arsebul
codnaze daSenebuli realuri cxovrebiseuli problemebi. magaliTad,
jasperis erT TavgadasavalSi, skolamdeli asakis romeliRac hipo-
Teturi bavSvTa jgufisaTvis saTamaSo moednis daproeqtebis Semdeg,
moswavleebs SeuZliaT daiwyon namdvili saTamaSo kuTxis aSeneba Tavi-
anT klasSi.
vanderbitis jgufi problemis gadaWris sakuTar midgomas uwo-
debs sayrdenze damagrebul instruqtirebas. sayrdeni aris mdidari,
saintereso situacia. igi uzrunvelyofs problemebis gadasaWreli
miznebis dasaxvas, dagegmvas da maTematikuri saSualebebis gamoyene-
bas. dasaxulia Sedegi- ganviTardes sasargeblo, moqnili da ara in-
ertuli codna. proeqtze dafuZnebuli mecnierebebis Seswavla kidev
erTi midgomaa, romelic problemaze dafuZnebul swavlas hgavs. 9.3
cxrili adarebs am sam midgomas, romlebic problemaTa gadaWris ga-
mocdilebebSi gvxvdeba.
gamokvlevaze da problemaze dafuZnebuli instruqtirebis kvleva. ga­
mokvlevis meTodebi hgavs aRmoCeniT swavlis meTods; maT zogi saerTo
problemac aqvT. ase rom, gamokvleva frxilad dagegmili da organi-
zebuli unda iyos, gansakuTrebiT naklebad momzadebuli moswavlee-
bisTvis, romelTac SeiZleba arasakmarisi bazisuri codna da prob-
lemaTa gadaWris unarebi hqondeT. kvlevebma gviCvena, rom aRmoCenis
meTodebi araefeqturia da sazianoc ki dabali SesaZleblobebis mqone
moswavleebisaTvis (Corno & Snow, 1986; Mayer, 2004). roca ted bredmanma
(1983) gaaanaliza da urTierTs Seadara 57 aqtivobaze dafuZnebuli
swavlisa da swavlebis tradiciul midgomaTa Sedegebi, man daaskvna,
rom aqtivobaze dafuZnebuli meTodebi ufro Sedegiani aRmoCnda ro-
gorc kreatiulobis, ise sagnis Sinaarsis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiTac.
1993 wels msgavsi Sedareba gakeTda problemaze dafuZnebul swav-
lebaze samedicino skolaSi. Mmoswavleebi, romlebic swavlobdnen prob-
lemaze dafuZnebuli instruqtirebis saSualebiT, ukeTes Sedegebs
aCvenebdnen iseT unar-CvevebSi, rogoricaa problemis Camoyalibeba
da dasabuTeba, magram uaresebi iyvnen TavianTi mecnierebis sabaziso
codnaSi, isini mecnierebaSi nakleb momzadebulad Tvlidnen Tavs (Al-
banese & Mitchell, 1993). Semdeg kvlevaSi MBA moswavleebi, romlebmac
 cxrili 9.3

problemaTa gadaWris gamocdlebaSi arsebuli swavlis sami midgoma

problemaze dafuZnebuli swavla, sayrdenze damagrebuli instruqtireba da proeqtze
dafuZnebuli swavla _ samive iwyeba gadasaWreli problemebiT.

Pproblemaze dafuZnebuli sayrdenze damagrebuli proeqtze dafuZnebuli

insrtuqtireba instruqtireba instruqtireba
problema realisturi, arasworad videoze dafuZnebuli, Mmastimulirebeli
konstruirebuli kompleqsuri problemiT SekiTxvebi
damTavrebuli narativi/
Txroba
problemis fokusireba informaciis Ggamocdilebis gaziarebis koncentracia samecniero
roli swavlasa da strategiebis uzrunvelyofa, raTa gamokvlevis procesze,
dasabuTebaze moswavleebma gaigon, romelsac mivyavarT
rogor SeuZlia codnas artfaqtebis Seqmnamde
xeli Seuwyos proble-
mis gadaWras; videos
daxmarebiT problemis
gageba
procesi faqtebis dadgena, ideaTa miTiTebebis daxmarebiT winaswganWvreta, dakvirve-
dagroveba da sakiTxTa dagegmva da qvemiznebis ba da axsnis ciklebi
swavla, gadaxedva da re- gansazRvra
fleqsia

maswavleb- saswavlo procesebis dax- moswavleTa pirveladi gamokvlevamde da kvlevis

lis roli mareba, fasilitacia da codnis CarTva, prob- ganmavlobaSi Rirebuli
modelis ganxilva lemis gadaWris strat- informaciis gacnoba
egiebis modelireba,
instruqciebiT uzrunve-
lyofa, roca es moswav-
les esaWiroeba

kolabo- ideaTa Sesaxeb molapara- mcire jgufebSi an mTli- gamokvlevis procesis

racia keba. TiToeul moswav-
les moaqvs axali codna
jgufSi problemis ganxil-
visTvis
saSuale- struqturirebuli Te-
bebi Tri dafa; moswavleTa
mier SerCeuli saswavlo
resursebi
wyaro: wignidan C.E. Hmelo-Silver, “Problem-based learning: What and how do students learn?” Educational Psychology Review,
16, p. 2338. Plenum Publishing Corporation, 2004
anad klasSi ideebisa da
strategiebis Sesaxeb
molaparakeba
video kontroliori;
Pproblemis Sesatyvisi
instrumentebi (rukebi,
kompasebi a.S.)
marTva; TanatolebTan
an lokaluri erTobis
wevrebTan ideaTa Sesaxeb
molaparakeba
kompiuteruli saSuale-
bebi, romlebic xels
uwyoben dagegmvas, mo-
nacemebis Segrovebasa da
analizs, modelirebas da
informaciis Sekrebas

iswavles cnebebi problemaze dafuZnebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT,

ukeTesebi iyvnen im moswavleebTan SedarebiT, romlebmac cnebebi leq-
ciaze da diskusiis meSveobiT iswavles (Capon & Kuhn, 2004). maRali
TviTregulirebis unaris mqone moswavleebma SeiZleba sxvebTan Sedar-
ebiT ukeTesi Sedegi aCvenon problemaze dafuZnebuli meTodebis gamo­

487

instruqciuli saubari _
iseTi situacia, sadac moswav-
leebi codnas iZenen maswavle-
blebTan da sxva moswavleebTan
urTierTobis gziT.
488
yenebaSi (Evensen, Salisbury-Clennon, & Glenn, 2001), amave dros, problemaze
dafuZnebuli meTodebis gamoyenebam moswavleebs droTa ganmavlobaSi
SeiZlebaTviTonve ganuviTaros TviTmarTuli swavlis unar-Cvevebic.
problemaze dafuZnebuli swavlis miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT qindi
hmelo-silverma (2004) mimoixila kvlevebi da aRmoaCina imis damamt-
kicebeli sabuTi, rom problemaze dafuZnebuli swavla xels uwyobs
moqnili codnis konstruirebas da aviTarebs problemis gadaWrisa da
TviTmarTuli swavlis unar-Cvevebs. magram naklebad savaraudoa, rom
problemaze dafuZnebul swavlaSi yvela asakis moswavleTa monawil-
eoba Sinagnad motivirebuli iyos, an rom is maT TanamSromlobas as-
wavlis. unda aRiniSnos, rom kvlevaTa umravlesoba Catarebulia maR-
alklaselebTan, yvelaze xSirad ki samedicino skolebSi.
saukeTeso midgoma dawyebiT da saSualo skolebSi SeiZleba iyos
Sinaarsze fokusirebuli da gamokvlevis an problemaze dafuZnebuli
MmeTodebis dabalanseba (Arends, 2004). magaliTad, eva toTma, devid kl-
erma da ze Cenma (2000) gamoscades dabalansebuli midgoma meoTxe
klasis moswavleebTan imis gasarkvevad Tu rogor gamoeyenebinaT sx-
vadasxva strategia sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi kargi eqsperi-
mentis asagebad. meTodi sami fazisagan Sedgeba: (1) mcire jgufebSi
moswavleebi axorcieleben aRmoCeniT eqsperimentebs im cvladebis
dasadgenad, romlebmac aiZules burTi dagorebuliyo daqanebaze; (2)
maswavlebeli awarmoebda diskusiebs, xsnida sakontrolo cvladis
strategias da iZleoda swori azrovnebis nimuSs eqsperimentis agebis
Taobaze; (3) moswavleebi atarebdnen eqsperiments da iyenebdnen maT im
cvladebis gamosacalkeveblad, romlebmac gamoiwvies burTis dagore-
ba. kvlevis, diskusiis, axsnisa da modelirebis kombinacia warmatebiT
daexmara moswavleebs cnebebis gagebaSi.
interaqciebze dafuZnebuli kidev erTi konstruqtivistuli mid-
gomaa instruqciuli saubrebi.
dialogi da instruqciuli saubrebi
vigotskis kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriis mixedviT swavla da
gageba moiTxovs interaqciebsa da saubrebs. moswavleebs uxdebaT
uaxloesi ganviTarebis zonaSi myof problemebTan SeWideba. maT es-
aWiroebaT mxardaWera, romlebsac miiReben maswavlebelTan an sxva
moswavlesTan urTierTobiT (skafoldingi). aq mocemulia mxardaWeris,
skafoldingis gansazRvreba _ esaa xazgasmulad iseTi codna, romelic
moaqvs rogorc maswavlebels, ise moswavles – orive maTgani eqspertia
raRac dargSi: `skafoldingi aris swavlebisa da swavlis Zlieri kon-
cefcia, sadac maswavleblebi da moswavleebi qmnian azrian kavSirebs
erTi mxriv, maswavleblis mier kulturis codnasa da, meore mxriv,
moswavlis yoveldRiur gamocdlebasa da codnas Soris” (McCaslin &
Hickey, 2001, p.137). gaixseneT sanapiroze benisa da mamamisis saubari.
SeniSnavdiT rogor gamoiyena mamam abalonis sendviCi da yelsabami
– kavSirebi benis gamocdilebasa da codnasTan – rom daxmareboda biWs
problemis gagebaSi.
instruqciuli saubrebi marTlac instruqciulia, radganac isea
Sedgenili, rom xeli Seuwyos swavlas, magram es mainc saubrebia da ara
leqciebi an tradiciuli ganxilvebi. aq moyvanilia orenovani liter-
aturis jgufis mesame klaselebis saubris nawyveti (Moll & Whitemore,
1993). saubari gviCvenebs Tu rogor uzrunvelyofen jgufis wevrebi daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
urTierTswavlas gamocdilebaze saubriT. ganavrceT
dialogi da saubrebi (II A2)
maswavlebeli: silvesteri da jadosnuri qva, ra ici am zRapris
diskusiebisa da instruqciu-
Sesaxeb? li saubrebis warmoeba xSirad
rita: vfiqrob, maT Zalian uyvardaT is. moswavleTaTvis yvelaze dasa-
m.: vis gulisxmob? mis mSoblebs gulisxmob? maxsovrebeli da faseuli sas-
rita: diax. wavlo gamocdilebaa. gaigeT
da gaaanalizeT is principebi,
m: ram gafiqrebina es?
romlebic saubrebsa da dia-
rita: imitom rom isini Zalian nerviulobdnen da Relavdnen logebSi, rogorc instruqci-
masze. ul strategiebSi, gamoiyeneba.
m: kidev vis unda azris gamoTqma? me yvelas azris mosmena
msurs. Semdeg SegviZlia gadavwyvitoT, raze visaubroT.
sara?
sara: vfiqrob, mas es idea TavSi pataraobisas mouvida, an
SeiZleba misi erT-erTi megobari daikarga an raRac mag-
dagvari...
m: ras gulisxmob? ra idea mouvida TavSi?
sara: idea, rom mSoblebs efiqraT, viTom silvesteri dai-
karga.
Mm: Sen imaze saubrob, saidan mouvida avtors, viliam
steigs, es azri TavSi?
sara: diax.
m: es azri SeiZleba TavSi mosvloda mas an mis romelime
nacnobs. xSirad avtorebi TavianT ideebs realuri
cxovrebidan iReben, ase ar aris? jon, Sen ras fiqrob
moTxrobaze?
joni: am moTxrobaSi raRac moralic devs. ar ASeiZleba yvelaf-
ris axdenis survili gqondes. magram garkveulwilad
yvelaferi maSin moxda, roca is panikaSi iyo.
m: rogor fiqrob, rodis Cavarda is panikaSi?
joni: ai, roca lomi dainaxa, maSin daiwyo panika.
riCardi: da qvad gadaiqca.
joni: ho, man Tqva: `minda viqce qvad!~
m: da es asec moxda, xom?
riCardi: Zalian sulelurad moiqca.
m: albaT is ar fiqrobda winaswar, ra SeiZleboda momx-
dariyo. Tqven ras isurvebdiT, mis adgilas rom yo-
filiyaviT? (gv. 24-25)
saubari gagrZelda, roca moswavleebma maswavlebels SesTavazes
moTxrobis interpretaciis sxvadasxva varianti. maswavlebeli iniSnav-
da am interpretaciebs: `naxeT, ramdeni rame TqviT. rita saubrobda
moTxrobis personaJebze da maT grZnobebze. saram avtoris Tvalsaz-
risi ganixla. Sen ki, jon, ecade gagerkvia, ra azri da morali ido am
moTxrobaSi.~
instruqciul saubrebSi maswavleblis mizania yvela moswavle Sem-
ecnebiTad iyos CarTuli arsebiT diskusiaSi. zemoT moyvanil saubar-
Si maswavlebeli yvelafers Tanmimdevrulad akeTebs da yvela moswav-
les ekiTxeba azrs. roca moswavleebi ufro axlos ecnobian saswavlo
midgomas, mosalodnelia, rom erTmaneTTan ufro metad isaubreben,
vidre maswavlebelTan. ar aris aucilebeli es saubrebi xangrZlivi
da grZeli iyos. lanCisaTvis fulis Segrovebac ki SeiZleba gaxdes
instruqciuli saubaris Tema:

489
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
instruqciuli saubris Ses-
axeb, klasis transkriptebis
da instruqciuli saubris
instrumentebis CaTvliT,
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis
daukavSirdiT: Dissemination
Center, National Center for
Research on Cultural Diversity
and Second Language Learning,
Center for Applied Linguistics,
1118 22nd Street NW, Washing-
ton, DC 20037.
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
daurTeT cxrili 9.4 in-
struqciuli saubris el-
ementebi swavlebis Tqveneul
resursTa fails.
490
dRis pirveli naxevarSi misis vaitma gakveTilis ramdenime wuTi
dauTmo SekiTxvas: ramden bavSvs undoda cxeli lanCis mirTmeva
im dRes. Tvrametma bavSvma aswia xeli. eqvsi bavSvi civi lanCis
mirTmevas apirebda. misis vaitma ikiTxa: `ramdeni bavSvi miirTmevs
lanCs dRes aq?~
daiwyes ra TvrametiT da gaagrZeles Tvla, ramdenime bavSvi
24-mde avida. erTma bavSvma kalkulatori aiRo, daumata 18-s 6
da upasuxa maswavlebels: `24~.
Semdeg misis vaitma ikiTxa: `im bavSvebTan SedarebiT, vinc civ
lanCs SeWams, ramdeniT meti bavSvi SeWams dRes cxel lanCs?”
ramdenime moswavle 18-idan 12-mde Camovida daTvlisas. erT-
ma bavSvma saTamaSo kubikebiT miatola Tvrameti kubiki eqvss da
daiTvala darCenili kubikebi.
misis vaitma sTxova ramdenime msurvels aexsna klasisaT-
vis, rogor miiRes pasuxebi. misis vaitma moswavleebs sxvadasx-
va kiTxva dausva da maTganac sxvadasxva gamosavlis moZebnas
moiTxovda manam, sanam problemidan axali gamosavlis moZieba
veRaravin SeZlo (Peterson, Fennema, & Carpenter, 1989, p. 45).
misis vaitma Seqmna iseTi garemo, sadac moswavleebs SeuZliaT ma­
Tematikas `gemo gaugon~ da gamoiyenon is samyaros gasaazreblad. am
miznebis misaRwevad swavleba iwyeba moswavleTa aqtualuri SesaZle-
blobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. maswavleblebma SeiZleba yuradReba gaamax-
vilon angariSis strategiebis bunebriv gamoyenebaze, raTa naxon, ram-
deni gansxvavebuli gziT SeuZliaT moswavleebs problemis gadaWra. aq
mniSvnelovania maTematikuri azrovneba da ara maTematikuri `faqtebi~
an problemis gadaWris erTi saukeTeso (maswavleblis mier SemoTava-
zebuli) gzis swavla. maswavlebeli gzis gamkvlevi da gidia, exmareba
moswavleebs Seqmnan sakuTari codna dialogis saSualebiT (Putnam &
Borko, 1997).
9.4 cxrilSi Tavmoyrilia produqtiuli instruqciuli saubrebis
elementebi.
kognituri moswavleoba
saukuneTa manZilze dadasturda, rom kognituri moswavleoba efeq­
tiani formaa ganaTlebaSi. ostatis an sxvaTa gverdiT muSaobiT ax-
algazrda adamianebma bevri unar-Cveva da xeloba iswavles. codniT
SeiaraRebuli megzurebi awvdian maT modelebs. demonstrireba da
Ses­worebebi, iseve, rogorc piradi magaliTi, zrdis motivacias. mos­
wav­lis kompetenciis zrdasTan erTad saWiro moqmedebebi realuri,
mniSvnelovani da ufro rTuli xdeba (Collins, Brown, & Holum, 1991; Col-
lins, Brown, & Newman, 1989; Hung, 1999). realur davalebebSi monawile-
obis gziT, gamocdili maswavleblis daxmarebiT, moswavleebi iTvise-
ben codnas, unar-Cvevebs da Rirebulebebs (Rogoff, 1995, 1998). amasTan
orives, `Segirdebsac~ da `ostatebsac~ Tavisi wvlili SeaqvT urTier-
Tobis am procesSi unar-Cvevebis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT (Lave &
Wenger, 1991).
alan kolinsi da misi kolegebi (1989) fiqrobdnen, rom skolaSi
SeZenil codnasa da unar-Cvevebs bevri araferi aqvs saerTo skolis
gareT maT moxmarebasTan. am disbalansis gamosasworeblad ganaTlebis
zogierTi specialisti skolebs urCevs gaiTvaliswinon kognituri mo-
swavleobis bevri maxasiaTebeli. imis magivrad, rom iswavlo Zerwva,
 cxrili 9.4

instruqciuli saubris elementebi

karg instruqciul saubrebs unda hqondes rogorc instruqciis, ise saubris elementebi.

instruqcia
1. Tematuri fokusi. maswavlebeli irCevs
Temas, romelzec yuradReba unda iqnas
gamaxvilebuli diskusiisas da zogadi geg-
mac aqvs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda gaixs-
nas es Tema optimalurad.
saubari
6. naklebi `cnobilpasuxiani” SekiTxva. disku-
siaTa umravlesoba exeba kiTxvebs, romelTaTvi-
sac erTze meti swori pasuxi arsebobs.

2. winare codnis gaaqtiureba da gamoyene- 7. moswavleTa miRwevebze swrafi reagireba.

ba. maswavlebeli aRWuravs moswavleebs Ses-
aferisi fonuri codniT, romelic saWiroa
teqstis gasagebad da awvdis moswavleebs
sadiskusiod informacias.
roca arsebobs sawyisi gegma da diskusiis dros
fokusi SenarCunebulia, maswavlebelma reagire-
ba unda moaxdinos moswavlis gamonaTqvamebsa
da im SesaZleblobebze, romlebic problemis
gadasaWrelad iqneba maTgan SemoTavazebuli.

3. pirdapiri swavleba. roca saWiroa mas- 8. dakavSirebuli msjeloba. diskusias axa-

wavlebeli moswavleebs pirdapir aswavlis siaTebs maravlmxrivi, interaqtiuli da urT-
unar-Cvevas an Sinaarss. ierTdakavSirebuli elementebi. warmatebuli
azrebi daeSeneba da afarToebs winas.

4. ufro rTuli enisa da gamoTqmebis 9. gamomwvevi, magram ara saSiSi atmosfero.

xelSewyoba. maswavlebeli xels uwyobs
moswavleTa miRwevebs sxvadasxva saswavlo
teqnikis gamoyenebiT: detaluri ganxilva,
SekiTxvebi, gameorebebi, pauzebi.
maswavlebeli qmnis gamomwvev kompleqsur at-
mosferos, romelic dabalansebulia pozitiuri
emociuri klimatiT. maswavlebeli am SemTx-
vevaSi ufro TanamSromelia, vidre Semfasebeli.
moswavleebisgan ki moiTxoven teqstidan azris
gamotanasa da molaparakebebis warmoebas.

5. debulebebisa da poziciebis dasabu­ 10. zogadi monawileoba, maT Soris rigis

Tebis xelSewyoba. maswavlebeli waaxali­sebs
moswavleebs TavianTi poziciis dasaca-
vad teqstis, suraTebisa da dasabuTebis
gamoyenebisaTvis.Mmag., `ratom fiqrob ase?”
`gvaCvene, sad aris es naTqvami~.
Tavisuflad arCeva. maswavlebels ar aqvs imis
gansazRvris eqskluziuri ufleba, vin rodis
unda isaubros. moswavleebs waaxaliseben ne-
bayoflobiT gansazRvron laparakis jeri.

wyaro: wignidan Instructional Conversations and Their Classroom Application (p. 17). by Claude Goldenberg, 1991, Santa Cruz, CA
and Washington, DC: National Center for Research on Cultural Diversity and Second Language Learning. Copyright © 1991 by Na-
tional Center for Research on Cultural Diversuty and Second Language Learning. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

cekva an Seneba kabinetebSi, moswavleoba fokusirebuli unda iyos iseT

kognitur miznebze, rogoricaa wakiTxulis gageba, wera da maTemati-
kuri problemebis gadaWra. arsebobs kognituri moswavleobis mra-
vali modeli, romelTa umravlesoba iziarebs Semdeg 6 maxasiaTebels: kognituri moswavleoba/
Segirdoba _ pedagogiuri
moswavleebi akvirdebian eqsperts (rogorc wesi maswavlebels), ro- modeli, romelic gulisx-
melic iZleva saqmis Sesrulebis nimuSs. mobs urTierTobas naklebad
moswavleebi iReben gare mxardaWeras wvrTnisa da zedamxedvelobis gamocdil moswavlesa da
meSveobiT (maT Soris miniSnebebiT, ukukavSiriT, nimuSebiTa da Sex- eqsperts Soris, xels uwyobs
inteleqtualur ganviTarebas.
senebebiT).

491
kognituri moswavleobis
midgomebs SeuZliaT gamoiy-
enon nacnobi gzamkvlevebi
an `ostatebi~, raTa uzrun-
velyon saswavlo amocanaSi
modelebi, demonstaciebi da
Sesworebebi. aseve, pirovnu-
li kavSirebi, romelic
damwyebi da gamoucdeli
moswavleebisaTvis stimulia
amocanis Sesrulebisa da
daxvewis procesSi.

moswavleebi iReben konceptualur daxmarebas, romelic Semdeg Tan-

daTan uCinardeba, roca moswavle ufro kompetenturi da daostate-
buli xdeba.
Mmoswavleebi agrZeleben TavianTi codnis verbalizacias – procese­
bisa da naswavli masalis sityvebiT gamoxatvas.
moswavleebi axdenen TavianTi progresis refleqsias, adareben ra
maT mier problemis gadaWras eqspertis moqmdebas da TavianT sa-
kuTar gamocdilebas.
Mmoswavleebs moeTxovebaT gamoscadon ukve naswavlis gamoyenebis
axali gzebi, gzebi, romlebic ar uswavliaT ostatis gverdiT.
swavlis dros moswavleebs uwevT daeuflon rTul cnebebsa da
unar-Cvevebs, moaxdinon maTi realizacia sxvadasxva garemosa da
situaciaSi (Roth & Bowen, 1995; Schuell, 1996).

rogor SeuZlia swavlebas uzrunvelvelyos kognituri moswavle­oba?

amis erT-erTi magaliTia mentoroba swavlebaSi. meore aris asa­­kobrivad
Sereuli dajgufeba. indianas StatSi, indianapolisis erT-erT dawye-
biT skolaSi, sxvadasxva asakis moswavleebi yoveldRiurad, garkveuli
drois ganmavlobaSi gverdigverd muSaobdnen wreSi, romelSic kog-
nituri moswavleobis mravali maxasiaTebelia CarTuli. wreebSi yur-
adReba gamaxvilebuli iyo raime xelobaze an raime mimarTulebaze, mag-
aliTad, mebaReobaze, arqtiteqturaze an `fulis keTebaze~. sxvadasxva
asakis moswavleebSi eqspertobis sxvadasxva doneebi iqna gamovlenili.
amrigad, moswavleebs SeuZliaT komfortulad iswavlon da amavdrou-
lad hyavdeT zedamxedveli ostati.
Kkognituri moswavleobis kidev erTi warmatebuli magaliTia mid-
goma, romelic efuZneba urTierTswavlebis (reciprokul) meTods, ro-
melic ganxilulia me-13 TavSi.

kognituri moswavleoba maTematikis swavlis dros. kognituri mo-

swavleobis modelis kidev erTi magaliTia maTematikuri problemebis
gadaWris swavlebis Soenfeldis (1989, 1994) meTodi. Soenfeldma aR-
moaCina, rom problemis gamoucdeli gadamWrelebi gamosavlis Ziebis
araefeqtian gzas mihyvebodnen (miuxedavad imisa, rom am gzas ar mihyav-
da isini swor gamosavlamde). maTgan gansxvavebiT, eqsperti problemis
gadamWrelebi gadawyvetilebis Ziebisas sxvadasxva kognitur procesebs

492
iyeneben; maT Soris qcevis dagegmvas, ganxorcielebas, verifikacias _ daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
isini amowmebdnen da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi qcevas cvlidnen maT mier ganavrceT
azrovnebis unarebi (II Al)
ganxorcielebuli problemis gadaWris Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
saganmanaTleblo programebis
imisaTvis, rom daexmaros moswavleebs gaxdnen problemaTa gadaWris TiTqmis universaluri mizani
eqspertebi, Soenfeldi maT sam mniSvnelovan SekiTxvas usvams: ras mTeli qveynis masStabiT aris
akeTeb? ratom akeTeb? rogor dagexmareba miRweuli warmateba prob- saazrovnebo unar-Cvevebis
lemidan gamosavlis povnaSi? es kiTxvebi exmareba moswavleebs gaakon- ganviTareba. aRwereT risi ga-
keTeba SeuZlia maswavlebels
trolon maT mier gamoyenebuli procesebi da aagon TavianTi metak-
gakveTilze am unar-Cvevebis
ognituri cnobiereba. aq mocemulia maga­liTi: Camosayalibeblad. waikiTxeT
Teaching Thinking Skills (http://
sesiebi iwyeba, roca me varigeb kiTxvebis sias... xSirad erT
www.nwrel.org/scpd/6/cul11.
romelime moswavles `STagoneba~ ewveva xolme... Cemi daniSnule- html) am TemebTan dakavSire-
ba ar aris `ki~-s an `ara~-s Tqma, arc mosazrebebis Sefaseba. buli kvlevebis, ZiriTadi
me ufro dikusiisaTvis sakiTxebis wamoWra mevaleba. rogorc faqtorebisa da sakiTxebis
wesi, ramdenime moswavle pasuxobs, rom maT ver gaiges dasmuli mokle mimoxilvisaTvis.

problemis arsi. roca Cven amocanidan azrs gamovitanT, zogs

daukavSireT kvlevas da
uCndeba eWvi, rom mosazreba [X] ubralod uazroa... aseT Sem- ganavrceT
TxvevaSi me gamovdivar Suamavlis rolidan, raTa mTel klass Perkins, D., Jay, E., & Tishman,
gavagebino - jer darwmundiT, rom gesmiT dasmuli problema, S. (1993). New conceptions of
vidre gamosavlis ZiebaSi gadaeSvebodeT. es imis msgavsi iqneba, thinking: From ontology to edu-
cation. Educational Psychologist,
rom nadirobisas daumizneblad esroloT gareul ixvs (Schoenfeld,
28, 67-85; ix. aseve Tishman, S.,
1987, p. 201). Perkins, D., and Jay, E. (1995).
The thinking classroom: Learn-
problemis gagebisa da gadaWris procesebis es monitoringi exmareba
ing and teaching in a culture
moswavleebs daiwyon maTematikosebiviT fiqri da moqmedeba. am pro- of thinking. Boston: Allyn and
cesis ganmavlobaSi Soefeldi imeorebs am sam SekiTxvas (ras akeTebT? Bacon.
ratom? rogor dagexmarebaT es?). TiToeuli es komponenti didad ex-
mareba moswavleebs gaacnobieron da daareguliron sakuTari qceva.

M moswavleoba azrovnebis ganviTarebisTvis

mraval ganaTlebis fsiqologs sjera, rom kargi azrovneba SeiZ­
leba da unda ganviTardes kidec skolaSi. magram cxadia, azrovnebis
swavleba moicavs imaze mets, vidre standartul gakveTilze yoveli
etapis dasrulebisas `saazrovno” kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema an maswav-
leblis mier wamoWril diskusiebSi monawileobaa. maS kidev ra aris
saWiro? erT-erTi midgomis Tanaxmad, yuradReba gamaxvilebul unda
iqnas azrovnebis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze an specialuri progr-
amebis saxiT, romlebic pirdapir aswavlian am unar-Cvevebs, an ara-
pirdapiri meTodebiT, romlebic azrovnebis ganviTarebas daurTaven
Cveulebriv saswavlo gegmas. azrovnebis unar-Cvevebis specialuri azrovnebis unar-Cvevebis
prog­ramis upiratesoba aris is, rom moswavleebs ar sWirdebaT sagnis specialuri programebi
– programebi, romlebic
masalis eqstensiuri, farTo codna unar-Cvevebis dauflebisaTvis. mo-
aswavlian uSualod saazrovno
swavleebma, romlebsac Cveulebriv uWirT saswavlo programis aTvise- unar-Cvevebs, sagnis masalis
ba, SeiZleba warmatebas miaRwion da gauZlierdeT TviTefeqtianobis Rrma codnis gareSe.
gancda am programebis saSualebiT. misi uaryofiTi mxare ki is aris,
rom am zogad unar-Cvevebs moswavleebi xSirad ver iyeneben progra-
mis farglebs gareT, sanam maswavleblebi maT ar aCveneben, YTu rogor
gamoiyeneba es unar-Cvevebi sxvadasxva saganSi, situaciebSi (Mayer &
Wittrock, 1996; Prawat, 1991).

azrovnebis ganviTareba yvela klasSi. moswavleTa azrovnebis gan­vi­

Tarebis kidev erTi gza aris kognituri moswavleoba saswavlo geg­
miT/kurikulumiT gaTvaliswinebuli gakveTilebis dros _ problemis

493

`SarSan es gavakeTeT, wels
isev rogor unda gavakeToT?~
kritikuli azrovneba - fsiq-
ikuri procesebis da strat-
egiebis gamoyeneba proble-
mis gadasawyvetad da axali
cnebebis dasaufleblad.
ganaTlebis mravali
fsiqologi miiCnevs, rom
kargi azrovneba SeiZleba da
unda ganviTardes skolaSi
da rom azrovnebis un-
arebi SeiZleba vaswavloT
specialuri programebiT,
romelic uSualod aswavlis
azrovnebis unar-Cvevebs.
494
analizSi, gadaWrasa da logikur azrovnebaSi. devid perkinsi
da misi kolegebi (Perkins, Jay, & Tishman, 1993) gvTavazoben, rom
maswavleblebma es ganaxorcielon klasSi azrovnebis kultu-
ris CamoyalibebiT. misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom arsebobs
cnobismoyvareoba, kritikuli da logikuri azrovnebis, krea-
tiulobis pativiscema da molodini, rom moswavle iswavlis
da gaigebs. amgvar klasSi ganaTleba aRqmulia, rogorc inkul-
turacia, codnis dauflebis farTo da kompleqsuri procesi,
romelic eTanxmeba vigotskis swavlis Teorias _ mxardaWeriT
swavlas. iseve, rogorc ojaxis kultura gvaZlevs enis pirvel
gakveTilebs, saklaso kulturam SeiZleba Cagvitaros gakveTili
azrovnebis Sesaxeb, mogvcems ra kargi azrovnebis, saazrovnebo
procesebis mimarTulebis mimcemi instruqtirebis nimuSebs da
waaxalisebs am saxis saazrovnebo procesebs sxvebTan urTier-
Tobis gziT.
kritikuli azrovneba. kritikuli azrovnebis unar-Cvevebi sasar­
geb­loa TiTqmis yvela cxovrebiseul situaciaSi – mediis reklam-
ebis Se­safasebladac ki, romlebiTac mudmivad `gvbombaven”. roca
xedav SesaniSnavi adamianebis jgufs, rogor svamen gamagrilebel sa-
smels sacurao kostumebSi gamowyobilni, Sen unda gadawyvito, aris Tu
ara seqsualuroba dakavSirebuli xilis sasmelis arCevasTan (gaixseneT
pavloviseuli mosazreba meeqvse TavSi). rogorc CanarTSi `argumenti/
kontrargumenti~ naxavT, ganaTlebis specialistebi ver Tanxmdebian
skolaSi kreatiuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis saukeTeso gzis arCevaze.
imis miuxedavad, ra midgomas gamoiyenebT kritikuli azrovnebis
ganviTarebisaTvis, mniSvnelovania gaagrZeloT damatebiTi varjiSi da
praqtika. erTi gakveTili ar aris sakmarisi. magaliTad, Tu Tqvenma
klasma ganixila garkveuli istoriuli dokumenti imis gansasazRvrad,
tendencias asaxavda is Tu propagandas, Tqven unda ganagrZoT sxva
istoriuli dokumentebis, Tanamedrove statiebis an axali istoriebis
gaanalizeba. sanam azrovnebis unar-Cvevebi ar gaxdeba srulyofili da
SedarebiT avtonomiuri, naklebad mosalodnelia, rom axal situacieb-
 cxrili 9.5
kritikuli azrovnebis unarTa magaliTebi
problemis gansazRvra da gaSuqeba 7. gansazRvreT Seumowmebeli
daSvebebi;
1. gansazRvreT centraluri sakiTxebi 8. gaarCieT stereotipebi da kliSeebi;
da problemebi; 9. amoicaniT midrekilebebi,
2. SeadareT msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi; emociuri faqtorebi, propaganda
3. daadgineT ra informaciaa Rirebuli; da semantikuri Secdomebi;
4. CamoayalibeT Sesaferisi kiTxvebi; 10. gaarCieT sxvadasxva RirebulebaTa
sistemebi da ideologiebi;

problemasTan dakavSirebuli problemaTa gadaWra/daskvnebis

informaciis gansja gamotana

5. ganasxvaveT erTmaneTisgan faqti, 11. gansazRvreT monacemTa

mosazreba da dasabuTebuli msjeloba; adekvaturoba
6. SeamowmeT logikuroba, 12. ganWvriteT SesaZlo Sedegebi
Tanmimdevruloba;

wyaro: wignidan “California Assesses Critical Thinking,” by P. Kneedler. In A. Costa (Ed.), Developing Minds: A
Resourse Book for Teaching Thinking, p. 277. Copyright © 1985 by Association for Supervision and Curriculum
Development and author. ibeWdeba ASCD-is nebarTviT. yvela ufleba daculia.

Si moxdes maTi gamoyeneba. amis magivrad, moswavleebi gamoiyeneben am

unar-Cvevebs mxolod socialur mecnierebaTa swavlebaTa gakveTilebis
dros da ara megobrebis, politikosebis, an sulac TojinaTa mwar-
moeblebis gancxadebebisa da dietologTa gegmebisASesafaseblad. 9.5
cxrili warmogvidgens kritikuli azrovnebis unar-CvevaTa sias.

SeCerdi dafiqrdi dawere azrovnebis aspeqtebis aRmweri ramdeni

sityvis CamoTvla SegiZlia? ecade moifiqro sul mcire 20 sityva
mainc.

azrovnebis ena. Cemi kompiuteris Tezaurusma (ideografiuli leqsiko-

ni, enciklopedia) 100-ze meti sityva ipova, roca me avkrife sityva
`azrovneba”. azrovnebis ena Sedgeba bunebrivi enobrivi terminebisgan,
romlebic aRniSnaven mentalur procesebsa da Sedegebs – `sityvebi:
fiqri, varaudi, eWvi, rwmena, hipoTeza, mtkicebuleba, mizezebi, Se-
faseba, gamoTvla, gansazRvra, eWvis Setana da Teoretizireba – mci-
redia maTgan~ (Tishman, Perkins, & Jay, 1995, p.8). moswavleTa metyveleba
klasSi savse unda iyos azrovnebis aRmniSvneli cxadi, gasagebi, zusti
da mdidari leqsikiT. imis nacvlad, rom TqvaT: `ras fiqrob jei-
mis pasuxze?~ maswavlebelma SeiZleba dasvas iseTi saazrovno kiTx-
daukavSireT swavlebas/
vebi, rogoricaa: `ra damatkicebeli sabuTebis motana SegiZliaT jei-
portfolios da ganavrceT
mis pasuxis sasargeblod an sawinaaRmdegod?” `ra varauds gamoTqvams CamoTvaleT azrovnebasTan
jeimi?~ `ra alternatiuli axsnebi arsebobs?~ azrovnebis leqsikiT dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva si-
mdidar atmosferoSi moswavleebi, rogorc wesi, azrovnebis Sesaxeb tyva, romlebic gaismis Tqvens
ufro Rrmad fiqroben. moswavleebi mets swavloben, rodesac sau- klasebSi. SeadareT im klasis
`saazrovno ena”, romelzec
brisas interpretacias mimarTaven, aanalizeben da axsna-ganmartebebs
fiqrobT, rom cvlileba
iZlevian. ubralo aRwerilobiTi saubari naklebi damxmarea swavlaSi, ganicades, sxva klasisas,
vidre saubari, romelic xsnis, adgens mizezs, gamoyofs nawilebs, qmnis sadac fokusireba xdeba unar-
SemTxvevebs, icavs poziciebs an afasebs msjelobebs (Palinskar, 1998). Cvevebis, faqtebis Seswavlaze.

495
 argumenti / kontrargumenti
unda aswavlidnen Tu ara skolebSi kritikul azrovnebas
da problemaTa gadaWras?
kiTxvaze _ skolebSi yuradReba procesze un­­
da iqnas gamaxvilebuli Tu Sinaarsze, proble-
mis gadaWris unar-Cvevebsa Tu sabazo codnaze,
maRali donis azrovnebasa Tu akademiur infor-
maciaze _ maravli welia msjeloben. ga­naTlebis
zogi specialisti Tvlis, rom moswavleebs unda
aswavlon, rogor iazrovnon da gadaWran prob-
lemebi, im dros, roca sxvebi fiqroben, rom
moswavle ver iswavlis `azrovnebas~ abstraqtu-
lad. isini unda fiqrobdnen raimeze, raRac sax-
is Sinaarsze. maswavleblebma yuradReba cod-
naze unda gaamaxvilon Tu azrovnebaze?
argumenti
problemis gadaWris, maRa-
li donis azrovnebis swavla SesaZlebelia da
unda iswavlebodes kidec.
1995 wlis 28 aprilis statiaSi `umaRlesi
ganaTlebis qronikebi~ gakeTebuli iyo Semdegi
gancxadeba:
kritikuli azrovneba efeqtiani ki­­Tx­­-
vis, we­ris, saubrisa da mosmenis qva­­ku­T­­
xedia. is saSualebas gvaZlevs davu­kav­
SiroT Sinaarsis codna iseT gansxvavebul
miznebs, rogoricaa TviTSefaseba, TviT-
disciplina, mravalmxrivi ganaTleba, efeq­
tiani TanamSromlobiTi swavla da prob-
lemis gadaWra. is saSualebas aZlevs yvela
instruqtorsa da administrators aimaR-
los sakuTari swavlisa da azrovnebis done
(gv. 71).
rogor SeiZleba moswavleebma iswavlon kri-
tikuli azrovneba? ganaTlebis zogi specialis-
ti maswavleblebs urCevs aswavlon azrovnebis
unarebi farTod gavrcelebuli teqnikis pro-
gramebis saSualebiT, rogoricaa produqtiuli
azrovnebis programa an CoRT (kognituri kvle-
vis sandooba). sxvebi urCeven kompiuteruli
programirebis iseT enaTa Seswavlas, rogori-
caa LOGO, rac gaaumjobesebs moswavleTa gon-
ebas da aswavlis maT logikurad azrovnebas.
magaliTad, paperti (1980) fiqrobs, rom bavS-
vebi aRmoCenis gziT swavloben imas, Tu ro-
gor miscen kompiuters instruqciebi LOGO-Si,
`Zlieri inteleqtualuri unarebi viTardeba
procesSi~ (gv. 60). dabolos, vinaidan eqsper-
ti liderebi avtomaturad iyeneben garkveul
metakognitur strategiebs, ganaTlebis bevri
specialistebi da fsiqologi iZleva rekomen-
dacias pirdapir aswavlon damwyebebs an cud

integrirebuli konstruqtivistuli programa:

SemswavleTa erTobis xelSew-
yoba (FCL) _ interaqciuli
aqtivobebis sistema, romelic
xasiaTdeba gacnobierebulad
aqtiuri da refleqsiuri
saswavlo garemoTi, sadac
monacvleobs kvleva, gaziareba
da wardgena.
SemswavlelTa erTobebis Camoyalibeba
SemswavlelTa erTobebis Camoyalibeba SemswavlelTa erTobis xel­
Sewyoba (FCL) aris interaqciuli aqtivobebis sistema, romelic xas-
iaTdeba refleqsiis xelSemwyobi saswavlo garemoTi, iyenebs kvlevas
da saswavlo cikls warmoadgens (Brown & Campione, 1996, p. 292). es aris
mTlianad konstruqtivistuli swavlis Teoriebze dafuZnebuli sas-
wavlo programa.
FCL sistema cdilobs rTuli nabijebi aqcios martiv, mcire zo-
mis nabijebad da procedurebad. Tumca iseTi avtorebi, rogorebic
arian en brauni da joseb kampione, gvirCeven, rom FCL programaSi
yuradReba gavamaxviloT filosofiasa da principebze da ara proce-
durebsa da nabijebze. FCL-is centrSi moqceulia sami nawilisgan Sem-

496
mkiTxvelebs am strategiebis gamoyeneba. ma­
iql preslis `strategiis kargi momxmareblis~
modeli da palinskarisa da brauniseuli (1984)
urTierTswavlebis midgoma metakognituri un-
arebis pirdapiri swavlebis warmatebuli mag-
aliTebia. am midgomebis kvleva, rogorc wesi,
yvela asakis moswavleebTan aCvenebs miRwevebisa
da gaazrebis gaumjobesebas (Pressley, Barkowski, &
Schneider, 1987; Rosenshine & Meister, 1994).
kontrargumenti azrovnebisa da proble-
mis gadaWris unarebis gadatana, transferi
ar xerxdeba.
kritikuli azrovnebis gamokveTili oponen-
tis e.d. hirSis azriT:
kritikuli azrovnebis aseTi pirda-
piri swavleba an TviTmonitoringi realu-
rad aumjobesebs Tu ara miRwevebs _ es
sakiTxi mkvlevarTa Soris davis sagania.
magaliTad, kritikuli azrovnebis Ses-
axeb Catarebuli kvleva damajereblobas
moklebulia.. kritikuli azrovnebis swav-
leba ramdenime qveyanaSi mravali wlis ganma-
vlobaSi xorcieldeboda. amis miuxedavad
kvlevebma cxadyo rom sxvadasxva erovnebis
moswavleebi, iseTi gansxvavebuli qveynebi-
dan, rogoricaa is­raeli, germania, avstra-
lia, filipinebi da aSS, maT Soris isinic,
visac naswavli aqvs kritikuli azrovneba,
mainc akeTeben xolme araswor logikur
daskvnebs (1996, gv. 136)
CoRT programa gamoicada 10 qveynis 5 000
klasSi. magram polsoni da jefrisi (1985) ityo-
binebian, rom `10 wlis farTo gamoyenebis Sem-
deg Cven ar gvaqvs am programis efeqtianobis
utyuari damamtkicebeli sabuTi~ (gv. 445). amas-
Tan, meiri da vitroki (1996) aRniSnaven, rom
re­alur situaciebSi Catarebuli savele kvle­
vebi Semdeg suraTs aCvenebs: adamianebi xSir-
ad ver iyeneben skolaSi naswavl maTematikur
problemaTa gadaWris meTodebs realur prob-
lemebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebsac isini awydebi-
an sayidlebze an Tundac saxlSi.
imis miuxedavad, rom ganaTlebis mecniere-
bam warmatebebs miaRwia metakognituri unarebis
swav­lebaSi, kritikosebi mainc gvafrTxileben,
rom aris momentebi, roca amgvari swavleba xe-
lisSemSleli ufroa, vidre xelSemwyobi. robert
sigleri (1993) fiqrobs, rom TviTmonitorin-
gis strategiebis swavlebam dabali miRwevebis
mqone moswavleebSi SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos am
moswavlis adaptaciuri strategiebis ganviTa-
rebas. rTuli da ucnobi strategiebis gamoye­
nebis daZalebam SeiZleba zedmetad gadatvir-
Tos moswavlis muSa mexsiereba da SesaZloa man
veRar gaigos gakveTilis Sinaarsi da mniSvne­
loba. maga­liTad, imis magivrad, rom aswavlo
moswavleebs konteqstidan sityvebis mofiqrebis
strategiebi, SeiZleba ufro momgebiani iyos
ubralod leqsikonidan meti sityvis swavla.
rogoria Tqveni azri?
gamoxateT sakuTari mosazreba veb-gverdze:
www.mylabschool.com

dgari procesi: moswavleebi sakvlevi Temis erT-erTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb

rogorc damoukidebel, ise jgufur kvlevaSi erTvebian – magaliTad,
cxovelebis adaptacia da gadarCena. mizania mTeli klasis mier Te-
mis kargad da safuZvlianad gageba. vinaidan masala rTulia, klasis
saerTo warmatebisTvis saWiroa, rom moswavleebi gaxdnen eqspertebi
am didi Temis sxvadasxva aspeqtSi da erTmaneTs gauziaron TavianTi
gamocdileba. gaziareba motivirebulia momdevno mniSvnelovani dava-
lebiT - Sesruleba. es SeiZleba iyos tradiciuli testi an sajaro
gamosvla, proeqti an Sejibri. amrigad, FCL mizania uzrunvelyos mo-
swavleTa kvlevaSi CarTva, informaciis gaziareba da dasaxuli amoca-
nis Sesruleba (Brown, 1997; Brown & Campione, 1996).
gamokiTxvis es cikli SeiZleba arc ise axali Candes. SemswavlelTa
erTobebis Camoyalibeba imiT gansxvavdeba sxva erTobebisagan, rom igi
dafuZnebulia sxvadasxva kvlevaze, TiToeuli fazis Sesruleba iTval-
iswinebs inteleqtualuri da socialuri sargeblis miRebas. kvlevam
SeiZleba mravali forma miiRos, maT Soris kiTxvis, kvleviTi semin-

497
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
jon kronini CamoTvlis avTen-
tikuri swavlis oTx yvelaze
xSir Secdomas:
Secdoma # 1: Tu Tqven ver
waiyvanT moswavleebs espa-
neTSi, isini ver iswavlian
espanurs. is faqti, rom
mSobliur espanur enaze
molaparake espanelebTan
cxovreba saukeTeso
saSualebaa espanuris
swavlisa, ar niSnavs, rom
am enis gamoyeneba saklaso
saubrebSi cudi alter-
nativaa. eZieT mokle da
cxadi gzebi imisaTvis, rom
gaxadoT swavla avTenti-
kuri – gansakuTrebiT Tu
Tqven ver waiyvanT maT
espaneTSi.
Secdoma # 2: Tu Sen ar gaqvs
mzareulis licenzia, maSin
SimSiliT sikvdili mogi-
wevs. Tqven ar gWirdebaT
specialuri treinigni
da masalebi avTentikuri
instruqtirebis/swav-
lebis Sesaqmnelad. kargi
maswavleblebi amas wlebis
manZilze akeTeben.
Secdoma # 3: Tu es
yvelaferi namdvilad
saxaliso ar aris, maSin,
saerTod, namdvilic ar
aris. mniSvnelovani swavla
da Rirebuli sasicocxlo
unar-Cvevebi yovelTvis
saxaliso saswavli ar aris
da arc saxaliso gamosay-
enebelia. TviTdisciplina
avTentikurobis ganviTa-
rebis nawilia.
Secdoma # 4: Tu pianinoze
dakvris swavla ginda,
Sopenis swavliT unda dai-
wyo. ar aris aucilebeli
yvela saxis swavla rTuli
iyos. zogi mniSvnelovani
sasicocxlo unar-Cveva
saocrad martivia. Wigni-
dan Cronin, J.F. (1993). Four
misconceptions about au-
thentic learning. Educational
Leadership, 50(7), 78-80.
498
arebis, weris, eqspertebTan pirispir an eleqtronuli konsultaciebis,
TanatolTa an sxva asakis moswavleTa daxmarebiT swavlis. amzadeben
ra kvlevis Casatareblad, moswavleebs aswavlian da avarjiSeben siR-
rmiseuli gagebis monitoringisa da gavrcobis strategiebSi, raTa
daexmaron umcrosi asakis moswavleebs sakiTxis winaswar ganWvreta-
Si da daskvnis gamotanaSi; xolo ufrosi asakis moswavleebma SeZlon
analogiebis, mizez-Sedegobrivi/kauzaluri axsnis gakeTeba, mtkiceb-
ulebebis moZieba, argumetebisa da varaudebis gamoTqma. moswavleebs
aswavlian naTlad da detalurad rogor gauziaron erTmaneTs infor-
macia kiTxvebis dasmiT da urTierTdaxmarebiT, specifikuri interesis
ganviTarebiT da nebismier sferoSi eqspertad gaxdomiT , erTmaneTis
gamofenebze swavliT, TanamSromlobiT jgufebSi monawileobiT, mim-
dinare Temebze saubriT sakvlev jgufebSi progresis Sesamowmeblad.
davalebebis Sesruleba moicavs realuri problemebis wamoWras da ga-
mosavlis moZebnas, gamofenebis mowyobas, gamoqveynebas, dizainis Se-
qmnas, speqtaklebis dadgmas da aseve testebis, qvizebis (Semowmebis
kiTxvarebi) da avTentikuri Sefasebis gamoyenebas, rac didad ar
gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi swavlebisgan.
refleqsia da Rrma disciplinuri Sinaarsi moicavs kvlevas, urT-
ierT gaziarebasa da Sesrulebis cikls. FCL maswavleblebi qmnian az-
rovnebis kulturas – Segnebul refleqsias mniSvnelovani da rTuli
disciplinuri erTeulebis Sesaxeb. rogorc brauni da kampione mia­
niSneben, Cven ar SegviZlia moswavleebisagan movelodeT inteleqtua-
luri cnobismoyvareobis gamoCenas. FCL klasebSi maswavleblis mTa-
vari svlaa `CaiTrios moswavle Rrmad azrovnebaSi~ rTuli Sinaarsis
Temebis irgvliv (Brown & Campione, 1996, p. 302).
konstruqtivistuli praqtikis dilemebi
wlebis win leri qremini (1961) daakvirda, rom progresuli, inova­
ciuri pedagogika saWiroebda uaRresad gawaful maswavleblebs. dRes
igives Tqma SeiZleba konstruqtivistul swavlebazec. Cven ukve vnaxeT,
rom arsebobs am koncefciebidan momdinare konstruqtivizmis mravali
saxe da mravalgvari praqtika. isic viciT, rom dRes yvela saxis swav-
leba xorcieldeba maRali donis testirebisa da angariSvaldebulebis
konteqstSi. am situaciebSi konstruqtivisti maswavleblebi mraval ga­
mowvevasa da siZneles xvdebian. mark vindCitlma (2002) gansazRvra
maswavlebelTa oTxi dilema konstruqtivistul praqtikaSi, romlebic
Tavmoyrilia 9.6 cxrilSi. pirveli aris konceptualuri: rogor gavi-
go konstruqtivizmis kognituri da socialuri koncefciebis mniSvn-
eloba da rogor SevaTanxmo es gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi sakuTar
praqtikaSi? meore dilema pedagogiuria: rogor vaswavlo WeSmaritad
konstruqtivistuli gzebiT ise, rom erTdroulad pativi vce Cemi mo-
swavleebis mcdelobas _ iazrovnon damoukideblad da Tan davrwmunde,
rom akademiur masalasac euflebian? mesame kulturuli dilemaa: ra
saqmianoba, kulturis codna da saubris gzebi Seqmnis erTobas mra-
valferovan klasSi? dabolos, arsebobs politikuri dilemac: rogor
vaswavlo Rrma gageba da kritikuli azrovneba ise, rom erTdroulad
davakmayofilo maswavlebelTa formalizebuli moTxovnebi da orga-
nizacia No Child Left Behind-is (arc erTi bavSvi uyuradRebod) aucile-
beli pirobebi?
 mravalferovneba da konvergencia saswavlo TeoriebSi

rogoria Tqveni azri?

gasaubrebisas gekiTxebian: `ra aris swavleba/swavlis Tqveneuli daukavSireT swavlebas/
koncefcia? rogor swavloben moswavleebi?~ portfolios da ganavrceT
gamoiyeneT `rekomendaciebi~

mravalferovneba ideaTa gonebrivi ieriSisTvis

_ rogor auxsnidiT Tqvens
mravalferovnebis Zala da faseuloba socialur-kognituri da kon- saswavlo inovaciebs ojaxebs.
struqtivistuli swavlis Teoriuli CarCos nawilia. socialur-kogni- CaatareT eqsperimenti `axali
turi Teoria aRwers unikalur urTierTqmedebebs pirovnul, garemosa ambebis~ gamocemiT.

da qceviT faqtorebs Soris, romlebic ayalibeben individis swavlasa

da motivacias. kultura, socialuri mdgomareoba, piradi istoria,
eTnikuroba, ena da rasobrivi kuTvnileba mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia
_ yvela maTgani ayalibebs iseT pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs, rogori-
caa codna da rwmenebi, agreTve garemos Taviseburebebs: resursebsa
da gamowvevebs, qceviT aqtivobebsa da arCevans. konstruqtivistuli
Teoriebis umTavresi dogmaa is, rom codna socialurad konstruire-
bulia – mas ayalibebs kultura da ojaxi, sadac Semswavlelebi cxov-
roben, viTardebian da qmnian identurobas.
9.6 cxrilSi aRweril maswavlebelTa politikuri dilemebidan erT-
erTi aris is, rom ojaxebi xSirad kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben da akri-
tikeben saganmanaTleblo reformebs. bevr maswavlebels, vinc swavlis
aratradiciul midgomebs iyenebs, uxdebaT am midgomaTa axsna moswav-
leTa mSoblebisaTvis. qvemoT mocemuli miTiTebebi gvawvdis ideebs
mSoblebTan urTierTobis Taobaze inovaciuri konstruqtivistuli
swavlebisa da swavlis Sesaxeb
bolo oTx TavSi Cven gavecaniT swavlis sxvadasxva Teoriebs. gan-
vixileT bihevioristul, informaciis gadamuSavebis, socialur-kog-
nitur, konstruqtivistul da situaciur swavlaTa ganmartebebi imis
Taobaze, Tu ras da rogor swavloben adamianebi. 9.7 cxrilSi Sejame-
bulia swavlis ramdenime varianti.

konvergencia
TiToeuli midgomis RirsebaTa CamoTvlis magivrad, ganvixiloT ma­
Ti wvlili swavlis cnebis gaazrebasa da swavlebis gaumjobesebaSi. nu
ifiqrebT, rom Tqven `saukeTeso~ midgoma unda airCioT – aseTi ram
ar arsebobs. qimikosebi, biologebi da dietologebi janmrTelobis
axsnisa da gaumjobesebis sxvadasxva Teoriebs eyrdnobian. Tqveni mo-
swavleebisaTvis produqtiuli saswavlo garemos Sesaqmnelad swavlis
sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi SeiZleba erTad iyos gamoyenebuli. bihevior-
istuli Teoria gvexmareba gavigoT stimulebis roli qcevaTa safex- daukavSireT swavlebas/
urebis CamoyalibebaSi, agreTve Sedegebisa da gamocdilebis roli portfolios da ganavrceT
qcevebis ganmtkicebas an Sesustebasa da CaqrobaSi. magram adamianTa SeiZleba Tu ara sxvadasxva
cxovreba gacilebiT metia, vidre qcevebi. ena da maRali donis az- formati, rogoricaa leqcia
rovneba moiTxovs rTuli informaciis gadamuSavebasa da damaxsovre- da adgilze samuSao, gamoy-
bas – imas, ris gagebaSic Cven kognituri modelebi dagvexmara. rac enebul iqnas sxvadasxva mod-
Seexeba adamians, rogorc codnis Semqmnels, konstruqtors da ara elSi, rogoricaa pirdapiri
ubralod informaciis gadamamuSavebels _ am SemTxvevaSi ganmartebebs swavleba an konstruqtivis-
ukve konstruqtivistuli Teoria gvTavazobs. tuli midgoma?

499
 cxrili 9.6
maswavlebelTa dilemebi konstruqtivistul praqtikaSi
maswavleblebi xvdebian konceptualur, pedagogiur, kulturul da politikur dilemebs
konstruqtivistuli praqtikis danergvisas. aq mocemulia am dilemebis axsna da tipuri
kiTxvebi, romlebsac praqtikaSi xvdebian maswavleblebi.

maswavlebelTa dilemebis tipuri kiTxvebi

kategoria

I. konceptualuri dilemebi: kog- konstruqtivizmis romeli versia SeiZleba iyos swavlebis

nituri da socialuri koncefciebis
safuZvlebis danergva. pedagogikis
Sesaxeb Tanamedrove mosazrebaTa Se-
Tanxmeba konstruqtivistuli swavlis
garemos mxardamWer mosazrebebTan.
safuZveli?
Cemi klasi unda iyos individebis koleqcia, romlebic
muSaoben konceptualur cvlilebaze Tu SemswavlelTa
erToba, romlis ganviTarebac izomeba avTentikur sagno-
briv saqmianobebSi monawileobiT?
Tu eqspertTa mier raRac ideebi sworadaa miCneuli, mo-
swavleebma unda gadaiRon es ideebi, Tu Seqmnan sakuTari?

II. pedagogiuri dilemebi: moswav-
leTa mcdelobis pativiscema _
iazrovnon damoukideblad da amav-
droulad erTgulni darCnen sferoSi
miRebuli ideebisa, ganaviTaron
sagnis Rrma codna, daeuflon Sem-
subuqebisa da gaadvilebis xelovne-
bas, gaumklavdnen klasSi SemoRebul
siaxleebs da TanamSromlobiT
samuSaos.
Cemi swavleba moswavleTa ideebze unda davamyaro Tu
saswavlo miznebze?
ra unarebi da strategiebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom gaxde
kuratori?
rogor gavuZRve klass, sadac moswavleebi erTmaneTSi
ufro saubroben, vidre CemTan?
unda davaweso Tu ara sazRvrebi da limitebi moswavleTa
ideebze?
ra saxis SefasebebiT mivaRwev im donis swavlas, rom-
liskenac viswrafvi?

III. kulturuli dilemebi: gaac- rogor SegviZlia davupirispirdeT tradiciul saklaso

nobiereT Tqveni klasis kultura,
gamokiTxviT daadgineT, ra tipis
aqtivobebia Rirebuli, mianiWeT
upiratesoba gamocdilebas, aRweras,
gansxvavebuli kulturuli safuZv-
lis mqone moswavleebis lokalur
codnas.
rutinebs da movilaparakoT imis Sesaxeb, ra aris faseuli
da wasaxalisebeli?
Cemi sakuTari Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris
swori da Rirebuli miSlis xels davinaxo gansxvavebuli
saxis saswavlo garemos potenciali?
rogor SemiZlia mivusadago erTmaneTs sxvadasxva
erovnebis moswavleTa msoflmxedveloba da amave dros
movaxdino saklaso kulturis transformireba?
SemiZlia Tu ara vando moswavleebs pasuxismgebloba maT
sakuTar swavlaze?

IV. kulturuli dilemebi: gaac rogor SemiZlia movipovo mSobelTa da administraciis

nobiereT Tqveni klasis kultura,
gamokiTxviT daadgineT, ra tipis
aqtivobebia Rirebuli, mianiWeT
upiratesoba gamocdilebas, aRweras,
gansxvavebuli kulturuli safuZv-
lis mqone moswavleebis lokalur
codnas.
mxardaWera am saxis _ radikalurad gansxvavebuli da ara-
tradiciuli _ swavlebisaTvis?
arsebuli saswavlo gegmebi (romlebic arasakmarisad
akmayofilebs Cemi moswavleebis moTxovnilebebs) unda
gamoviyeno Tu unda Sevqmna axali?
rogor ganvasxvavo problemaze dafuZnebuli gamocdile-
ba, romelic exmareba moswavleebs specifikuri mdgomare-
obis miRwevaSi _ adgilobrivi standartebisagan?
moamzadebs Tu ara konstruqtivistuli midgomebi Cems
moswavleebs adekvaturad kolejis misaRebi gamocdebi-
saTvis?

wyaro: M. Windschitl (2002). Framing construqctivism in practice as the negotiation of dilemmas: An analysis of the conceptual, peda-
gogical, cultural and political challanges facing teachers. Review of Educational Research, 72, p. 133. Copyright © 2002 by the American
Educational Research Association. ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

500
 ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba

rekomendaciebi: komunikaciebi inovaciebis Sesaxeb

iyaviT Tavdajerebuli da gulwrfeli.
magaliTebi
1. amowereT da axseniT Tqveni mosazrebebi
Tqven mier gamoyenebuli meTodebis Ses-
axeb – gaiTvaliswineT SesaZlo miznebi da
gaamyareT Tqveni pasuxebi.
2. aRiareT Secdomebi da iseTi SemTxvevebi,
roca raime gamogeparaT – axseniT ra azri
gamoitaneT maTgan.
ise moepyariT mSoblebs, rogorc Tanabar
partniorebs.
magaliTebi
1. yuradRebiT mousmineT mSoblebis SeniSv­
nebs, CainiSneT isini da mihyeviT maT moT­
xovnebsa da mosazrebebs – gaxsovdeT, ori­
ves saukeTeso gindaT bavSvisTvis.
2. mieciT mSoblebs administratoris tele-
fonis nomeri, romelic upasuxebs maT Se­
kiTxvebs axali programis an iniciativis
Sesaxeb.
3. moiwvieT mSoblebi Tqvens kabinetSi da
rogorme moaxerxeT maTi monawileoba da
asistentoba am proeqtSi.
daamyareT efeqtiani urTierToba
magaliTebi
1. gamoiyeneT gamartivebuli ena, erideT Jar-
gons- Tu Tqven unda gamoiyenoT teqnikuri
termini, axseniT is gasagebad. gamoiyeneT
swavlebis Tqveneuli saukeTeso unarebi,
raTa gaacnoT mSoblebs axali midgomebi.
2. waaxasileT adgilobrivi gazeTebi an tele-
vizia im istoriebis gasaSuqeblad, romle-
bic exeba Tqvens klasSi arsebul swavlebis
efeqtian meTodebs.
3. SeqmeniT axali strategiis amsaxveli sta­
tiebisa da literaturis Semcveli bib-
li­oTeka.
gqondeT proeqtebisa da davalebebis maga­
liTebi, romlebsac aC­venebT skolaSi mo-
sul mSoblebs.
magaliTebi
1. waaxaliseT mSoblebi mosinjon maTemati-
kis savarjiSoebi. Tu maT problema Seeqm-
nebaT, uTxariT, rogor warmatebas aRweven
Tqveni moswavleebi (maTi Svilebi) am dava-
lebebSi da gaaSuqeT moswavleebis naswav-
li strategiebi.
2. SeqmeniT moswavleTa sayvareli aqtivo-
bebis CamonaTvali da aCveneT isini mSob-
lebs.
ganaviTareT ojaxis monawileobis paketi.
magaliTebi
1. TveSi erTxel ojaxebs, mSoblebs bavS-
vebis saSualebiT gaugzavneT maTematikis,
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis an enis
unarebis aRwera da magaliTebi, romle-
bic momaval TavSia mocemuli da romelic
moswavleebma unda gaiaron. daurTeT im
saqmianobaTa CamonaTvali, romlis gakeTe-
ba bavSvebs mSoblebTan erTad SeuZliaT.
2. ojaxuri proeqti moswavleebs CauTva-
leT saSinao davalebad da dawereT masSi
niSani.
wyaro: “Addressing Parents’ Concerns over Curriculum Reform”,
by M. Meyer, M. Delgardelle, and J. Middleton. Educational
Leadership, 53 (7). Copyright © 1996 by the American Association
for Supervision and Curriculum Development. ibeWdeba ASCD.
yvela ufleba daculia. Association for Supervision and Cur-
riculum Development maswavlebelTa msoflio erTobaa, ro-
melic mxars uWers saR politikas da xelmisawvdoms xdis
saukeTeso gamocdilebas, raTa yovelma moswavlem miaRwios
warmatebas. meti informaciisaTvis ix. www.ascd.org

daukavSireT swavlebas/
9.7 cxrilSi ganvixilavT mocemul sam saswavlo Teorias, rogorc portfolios da ganavrceT
swavlebis sam fundamentur svets. moswavleebma jer unda gaigon da gamoiyeneT 9.7 cxrili: `oTxi
Sexeduleba swavlaze~ Tqven
azri gamoitanon masalisgan, Semdeg unda daimaxsovron rac gaiges, mier arCeul swavlebis fi-
dabolos, unda ivarjiSon da gamoiyenon es axali unarebi da codna, losofiis/modgomis gasaaz-
raTa isini ufro avtomaturi da moqnili gaxadon – TavianTi reper- reblad. daurTavdiT ki sx-
vadasxva Teoriuli midgomis
tuaris mudmiv nawilad aqcion. procesis nebismier nawilSi daSvebuli elementebs swavlis Tqveneul
Secdoma ganapirobebs swavlis xarisxis gauaresebas. koncefcias?

501
 cxrili 9.7

oTxi Sexeduleba swavlaze

aqcentebiT gansxvavebuli swavlis TiToeuli am Sexedulebis SigniT arsebobs variaciebi.
konstruqtivistul SexedulebebSi arsebobs urTierTTanakveTa.

kognituri konstruqtivituli

codna bihevioristuli informaciis fsiqologiuri socialuri

skineri gadamuSaveba /individualuri / situaciuri
j. andersoni piaJe vigotski

dasauflebeli codnis dasauflebeli socialur garemoSi indi- socialurad kon-

myari erToblioba codnis myari er- vidualurad konstruire- struirebuli codna
Toblioba buli codnis erToblio-
bis Secvla monawileTa wvlilze
garedan stimulirebuli garedan stimuli- daSenebuli Semswavlelis daSenebuli, erTo-
rebuli codnaze blivad agebuli

swavla faqtebis, unar-Cvevebisa faqtebis, unarebis, aqtiuri konstruireba socialurad dadgeni-

da cnebebis daufleba koncefciebisa da da Tavdapirveli codnis li codnisa da faseu-
strategiebis dag- rekonstruqcia lobebis erToblivi
roveba konstruireba
varjiSis, marTuli mimdinareobs mravalmxri- Seqmnili socialu-
praqtikiT Sedegad iqmneba strat- vi SesaZleblobebisa da rad konstruirebuli
Seqmnili egiebis efeqtiani mravalferovani proce- SesaZleblobebiT
gamoyenebiT sebis dakavSirebiT ukve
arsebul codnasTan

swavleba gadacema, prezentacia gadacema azrovnebis gamowveva, moswavleebTan codnis

(moyola) moswavleTaT- gaZRola ufro sru- Tanakonstruireba
vis ufro zusti lyofili gagebisaken
da srulyofili
codnisaken gzis
gakvleva

maswavleblis menejeri, zedamxedveli efeqturi strat- fasilitatori, damxmare fasilitatori da

roli egiebis swavleba da wamyvani
asworebs mcdar pa- modelireba ismens moswavleTa mimdi- Tanamonawile
suxebs araswori cnebebis nare ideebs, koncefciebs codnis sxvadasxva
Sesworeba da azrebs interpretaciaTa
Tanakonstruireba,
socialurad kon-
struirebuli koncef-
ciebis mosmena

TanatolTa ZiriTadad ar aris ar aris aucilebe- ar aris aucilebeli, ma- codnis konstru-
roli gaTvaliswinebuli li, magram SeuZlia gram SeiZlia azrovnebis irebis procesis Cveu-
gavlena moaxdinos stimulireba kiTxvebiT lebrivi Tanamonawile
informaciis gada-
muSavebaze

moswavlis informaciis pasiuri informaciis aqti- aqtiuri konstruireba sxvebTan da sakuTar

roli mimRebi uri gadamamuSave- (gonebaSi) TavTan aqtiuri Tana-
aqtiuri msmeneli, belistratgiaTa aqtiuri moazrovne, amx- konstruireba
direqtivebis momxmarebeli sneli, interpretatori, aqtiuri moazrovne,
mimdevari. informaciis ma- kiTxvebis damsmeli amxsneli, interpre-
organizebeli da tatori, kiTxvebis
reorganizebis gan- damsmeli
maxorcielebeli aqtiuri socialuri
dammaxsovrebeli monawile

wyaro: wignidan Reconceptualizing Learning for Restructured Schools by H.H. Marshall. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting
of the American Educational Research Association, April 1992. Copyright © Hermine H. Marshall. adaptirebulia nebarTviT.

502
Sejameba
socialur-kognituri Teoria
gansxvaveba socialuri swavlisa da socialur-kog-
nitur Teoriebs Soris. socialuri swavlis Teor-
iebma gaafarTova bihevi­oristuli Sexedulebebi
ganmtkicebisa da dasjis Sesaxeb. bihevioris-
tuli SexedulebebiT ganmtkiceba da dasja
pirdapir zegavlenas axdenen qcevaze. social-
uri swavlis Teoriis mixedviT, iman, Tu ro-
gor waxalisdeba an isjeba sxva adamianis qceva,
SeiZleba igive efeqti gamoiwvios damkvirveb-
elSi. socialur-kognituri Teoria ganavrcobs
socialuri swavlis Teorias da moicavs iseT
kognitur faqtorebs, rogorebicaa rwmenebi,
molodini da me-koncefcia.
ra aris urTierdeterminizmi? Ppirovnuli faqto­
re­bi (rwmenebi, mo­lodini, damokidebuleba da
codna), fizikuri, socialuri garemo (resurse-
bi, qcevaTa Sedegebi, sxva adamianebi, fizikuri
adgilmdebareoba) da qcevebi (individualuri
qmedebebi, arCevani, verbaluri gamonaTqvamebi)
_ es yvelaferi gavlenas axdens erTmaneTze,
urTierTzemoqmedebs.
ra aris TviTefeqtianoba da rogor gansxvavdeba
is me-s sxva sqemebisgan? TviTefeqtianoba gansx-
vadeba me-s sxva sqemebisgan imiT, rom is dava-
lebis Sesrulebis kompetenturobaze msjelo-
bas moicavs. Mme-koncefcia ufro globaluri
konstruqciaa, romelic TavisTavSi moicavs me-s
mravalmxriv aRqmas, maT Soris TviTefeqtiano-
basac. TviTSefasebisgan gansxvavebiT TviTefeq-
tianoba afasebs da gansjis pirad SesaZleblo-
bebs, TviTSefaseba ki _ sakuTar Rirsebebs.
ra aris TviTefeqtianobis wyaroebi? arsebobs oTxi
wyaro _ daostatebis gamocdileba (pirdapiri
gamocdileba), amocanasTan pirispir aRmoCeni-
sas agznebis done, arapirdapiri gamocdileba
(qceva sxvisgan aris modelirebuli) da social-
uri rwmena (“wamaqezebeli saubari” an specifi-
kuri ukukavSiri).
socialur-kognituri Teoriis gamoyeneba
rogor moqmedebs efeqtianoba motivaciaze? efeq-
tianobis Zlieri gancda iwvevs met Zalisxmevas
da Seupovrobas dabrkolebebis winaSe, maRali
miznebis da axali strategiebis Ziebas, maSin
roca Zveli midgomebi ar amarTleben. Tu TviTe-
feqtianobis gancda sustia, adamianma SeiZleba
erTbaSad Tavi aaridos davalebis Sesrulebas an
advilad danebdes, roca problemebi iCens Tavs.
ra aris maswavlebelTa efeqtianobis gancda? mas-
wavlebelTa erT-erTi pirovnuli maxasiaTebe-
li, romelic kavSirSia moswavleTa miRwevebTan,
aris maswavlebelTa efeqtianobis gancda. es
aris rwmena, rom mas SeuZlia xma miawvdinos
yvelaze rTul moswavlesac ki da daexmaros
mas swavlaSi. maRali efeqtianobis mqone mas-
wavleblebi ufro guldasmiT muSaoben, ufro
Seupovrebi arian da maTgan naklebad mosalod-
nelia daRliloba. maswavlebelTa efeqtiano-
bis gancda maRalia iseT skolebSi, sadac sxva
maswavleblebsa da administracias didi molo-
dini aqvT moswavleebTan dakavSirebiT da sa-
dac maswavleblebi mudmivad iReben direqtoris-
gan daxmarebas instruqciuli da menejmentis
problemaTa gadasaWrelad. efeqtianobis ganc-
da izrdeba moswavleebTan realuri warmatebis
miRwevisas. amrigad, nebismieri gamocdileba
da gavarjiSeba, romelic gexmarebaT warmate-
bas miaRwioT yoveldRiur swavlaSi, SegiqmniT
Tqvens karieraSi efeqtianobis gancdis zrdis
safuZvels.
ra faqtorebia CarTuli TviTregulirebul swav-
laSi? swavlebis erTi mniSvnelovani mizania mo­
amzados moswavleebi mTeli cxovrebis manZil-
ze swavlisaTvis. amisaTvis saWiroa moswavleebi
gaxdnen TviTregulirebuli Semswavlelebi; es
gulisxmobs imas, rom maT erTdroulad unda
hqondeT codna, swavlis motivacia da ne­bisyofa,
rac damoukideblad da efeqtianad swavlisaTvis
saWiro unar-Cvevebsa da Zalas uzrunvelyofs.
codna moicavs me-s, davalebis, amocanis, saswav-
lo strategiisa da misi gamoyenebis konteqs-
tis gagebas. swavlis motivacia uzrunvelyofs
davalebis Sesrulebis valdebulebas, xolo nebi-
syofa ebrZvis xelisSemSlel faqtorebs da
xels uwyobs Seupovrobas.
rogoria TviTregulirebuli swavlis cikli? ar-
sebobs TviTregulirebuli swavlis ramdenime
modeli. vini da hedvini aRweren 4 fazas: 1. amo­
canis gaanalizeba, 2. miznebis dasaxva da gegmis
Sedgena, 3. taqtikis dadgena amocanis Sesru­
lebisaTvis da 4. swavlis regulireba. zimer-
mani aRniSnavs sam msgavs fazas: 1. winaswargaaz-
reba (romelic moicavs miznebis da­saxvas, gegmis
Sedgenas, TviTefeqtianobas da motivacias) 2.
Sesruleba (romelic moicavs TviTkontrolsa
da TviTmonitorings) da 3. refleqsia (romelic
moicavs TviTSefasebas da adaptacias, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, kvlav iwvevs winaswargaazrebis/
dagegmvis fazas).
503
rogor SeuZliaT maswavleblebs mxari dauWiron
TviTefeqtianobisa da TviTregulirebuli swavlis
ganviTarebas? maswavlebelma unda CarTos mo-
swavleebi gaazrebul kompleqsur davalebebSi,
romlebic gawerilia drois xangrZliv perio-
debze. uzrunvelyofen ra kontrols TavianT
saswavlo procesebsa da Sedegebze, moswavleebi
akeTeben arCevans. CarTeT moswavleebi im kri-
teriumebis SedgenaSi, romliTac Sefasdeba maTi
saswavlo procesebi da Sedegebi, es maT saSu-
alebas aZlevs imsjelon TavianTi progresis
Sesaxeb am standartebis gamoyenebiT. dabolos,
waaxaliseT moswavleebi iTanamSromlon TavianT
megobrebTan da eZion maTTan urTierTkavSiri.
kognituri da socialuri
konstruqtivizmi
ori saxis konstruqtivizmis aRwera da maTi gansx-
vaveba konstruqcionizmisagan. fsiqologiuri kon-
struqtivistebi, maT Soris piaJe, dakavebulni
arian imis SeswavliT , Tu rogor aRiqvamen in-
dividebi samyaros, dafuZnebuls individualur
codnaze, rwmenebze, me-koncefciaze an idento-
baze – amas konstruqtivizmis pirvel talRasac
uwodeben. socialur konstruqtivistebs, mag-
aliTad vigotskis, sjerodaT, rom socialuri
urTierTobebi, kulturuli instrumentebi da
aqtivobebi ayalibebs individualur ganviTare-
basa da swavlas – esaa konstruqtivizmis meore
talRa. sxvebTan erTad mTel rig saqmianobeb-
Si monawileobis miRebiT, moswavlebi iTvise-
ben erToblivi muSaobis Sedegebs, euflebian
axal codnasa da strategiebs. Ddabolos, kon-
struqcionistebi dainteresebuli arian imiT,
Tu rogor aris konstriurebuli zogadi codna
akademiur disciplinebSi da imiTac, rogor ga-
daecema yoveldRiuri rwmenebi samyaros Sesaxeb
socioekonomikuri jgufis axal wevrebs.
gansxvavebebi konstruqtivistul SexedulebebSi cod-
nis wyaroebis, sizustisa da ganzogadebis Sesaxeb?
konstruqtivis­tebi kamaToben imis Taobaze, Tu
rogor iqmneba codna:Qagebs mas gare realoba,
gansazRvravs Sinagani kanonzomierebebi (adap-
tireba da cvlilebebi) Tu is garegani da Sin-
agani faqtorebis urTierTqmedebiT iqmneba.
fsiqologTa umravlesoba aRniSnavs rogorc
garegani, ise Sinagani faqtorebis rols, magram
isini gansxvavdebian erTi an meore faqtorisT-
vis upiratesobis miniWebiT. imarTeba diskus-
504
iebi imis Taobaze, SeiZleba Tu ara codna iyos
konstruirebuli erT situaciaSi da gamoy-
enebuli meoreSi. ver Tanxmdebian imazec, aris
Tu ara codna situaciuri, anu aris Tu ara is
specifikuri da mibmuli im konteqstze, sadac
is iqna naswavli.
ra saerTo elementebi aqvs swavlis konstruqtivi-
tuli Sexedulebebis umravlesobas? imis miuxeda-
vad, rom ar arsebobs erTi konstruqtivistuli
Teoria, bevri konstruqtivistuli midgoma gvir­
Cevs kompleqsur, gamomwvev saswavlo garemos,
avTentikur amocanebs, socialur molapara-
kebasa da Tanakonstruirebas, Sinaarsis mra-
valgvar reprezentaciebs, imis gaazrebas, rom
codna konstruirebulia da swavla moswavleTa
sakuTrebaa.
konstruqtivistul SexedulebaTa
gamoyeneba
gansxvaveba gamokvlevis meTodebsa da problemaze
dafuZnebul swavlas Soris. gamokvlevis strate-
gia iwyeba maSin, ro­ca maswavlebeli warud-
gens moswavleebs damabnevel gamocana-movlenas,
kiTxvebs an problemebs. moswavleebi svamen
kiTxvebs (romelzec pasuxi unda iyos ki an ara),
ayalibeben hipoTezas movlenis asaxsnelad an
problemis gadasaWrelad, agroveben monacemebs
hipoTezis gamosacdelad, akeTeben daskvnebs da
ganzogadebebs, raTa ukeT warmoidginon origi-
naluri problema da mis gadasaWrelad saWiro
procesebi. problemaze dafuZnebuli swavla Sei-
Zleba iTvaliswinebdes msgavs midgomas, magram
swavla iwyeba avTentikuri problemiT – iseTiT,
romelic moswavleebs gaavarjiSebs. swavlebis
mizania iswavlo maTematika, istoria, sabunebi-
smetyvelo mecnierebebi an sxva mniSvnelovani
sagani realuri problemidan gamosavlis Ziebis
saSualebiT.
ra aris instruqciuli saubrebi? instruqciuli
saubrebi isea agebuli, rom xeli Seuwyos swav-
las, magram isini saubrebia da ara leqciebi an
tradiciuli ganxilvebi. amgvari saubrebi sa-
Tanadod reagirebs moswavleTa wvlilze (kon-
tribuciebze), Tanamonawileobaze, gamowvevaze,
magram araa SemaSinebeli, damakavSirebelia da
interaqciuli –yvela moswavles moicavs. mas-
wavleblis roli da daniSnulebaa yvela mo-
swavle SemecnebiTad hyavdes CarTuli arsebiT
diskusiaSi.
im eqvsi Taviseburebis aRwera, romelsac iziarebs
kognituri moswavleobis midgomebi. 1.moswavlee-
bi akvirdebian eqspert-modelis (rogorc wesi,
maswavleblis) moqmedebas, 2. iReben garegan mx-
ardaWeras damxmaris an xelmZRvanelis (tuto-
ris) saxiT 3. iReben konceptualur damxmare
instrumentebs(skafoldingi), rac Semdeg Tan-
daTanobiT sustdeba da qreba moswavlis kompe-
tenciisa da profesionalizmis zrdasTan erTad.
4. moswavleebi mudmivad axdenen TavianTi cod-
nis verbalizacias – sityvebiT gadmoscemen im
procesebsa da Sinaarss, romelsac Seiswavlian.
5. isini axdenen TavianTi progresis refleq-
sias, adareben problemis gadaWris sakuTar un-
ars eqspertisas da TavianT wina gamocdilebas,
6. moswavleebi eZeben axal gzebs, TavianTi nas-
wavlis gamosayeneblad – gzebs, romlebzec ar
uvarjiSiaT ostatis gverdiT.
ra igulixmeba gamonaTqvamSi _ azrovneba, rogorc
inkulturacia? inkulturacia codnis dauflebi-
sa da gagebis farTo da komp­leqsuri procesia,
romelic eTanxmeba vigotskis Teorias gaSu-
alebuli swavlis Sesaxeb. iseve rogorc Cven-
ma ojaxis kulturam gvaswavla enis moxmareba,
klasis kulturas SeuZlia gvaswavlos azrovne-
ba. amisaTvis is gvTavazobs kargi azrovnebis
nimuSebs, anviTarebs saazrovno procesebs ro-
gorc pirdapiri swavlebiT, aseve waaxalisebs
mas sxvebTan urTierTobiT.
ra aris kritikuli azrovneba? kritikuli az-
rovnebis unar-Cvevebi moicavs problemis gan­
sazRvrasa da dadgenas, problemasTan daka-
vSirebuli informaciis adekvaturobisa da
Tvisebebis Sesaxeb gansjasa da Sefasebas. imis
miuxedavad, Tu ra midgomas gamoiyeneb kriti-
kuli azrovnebis gasaviTareblad, sasurvelia
ganagrZo saqmianoba damatebiTi praqtikis sax-
iT. erTi gakveTili ar aris sakmarisi.
ra aris FCL sistema? SemswavlelTa erTobebis
for­mireba aris klasebisa da skolebis orga­ni­
zebis midgoma. FCL-Si mTavaria kvleva, rom gauz-
iaro informacia sxvebs da miiRo maTganac igive,
raTa Seasrulo logikuri davaleba, romelic
moicavs Rrma sagnobriv Sinaarss. moswavleebi
erTvebian individualur an jgufur kvlevaSi,
raTa mTel klasma SeeZlos ganaviTaros sakiTx-
is gagebis unari. vinaidan masala kompleqsuria,
saWiroa moswavleebi gaxdnen sakiTxis sxvadasxva
aspeqtis eqspertebi da gauziaron erTmaneTs ga-
mocdileba. gaziareba motivirebulia logikuri
davalebiT – romlis Sesrulebac mniSvnelova-
nia.

Mylabschool es aris eleqtronul instrumentTa nakrebi, romelic dagexmarebaT am kursis

warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul
karieraSi. ix.: www.mylabschool.com

eleqtronuli gzamkvlevi proforientaciis centri resursebiT:

video qeisebi realuri klasebidan
naSromebis Sesrulebisas daixmareT kv-
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mzadeba
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- samsaxuris Zieba da gasaub­rebis teqnika
- gakveTilis dagegmva

505
maswavleblis
Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM-Tan
swavlis konstruqtivistuli Sexedulebebis
erT-erTi gavleniani ideis mixedviT, sxvadasxva
konteqstSi sxvadasxva miznebiT informaciis
gaZlierebas SeuZlia gazardos codnis maragi.
am gagebiT maswavlebeli da moswavle `jvardi-
nad kveTen~ saswavlo garemos. maswavlebelTa
Canawerebi am TavSi aris garemo, romelic gansa-
kuTrebiT mosaxerxebelia ramdenime vizitisaT-
vis. azriani saswavlo aqtivoba iseT Temebze,
rogoricaa motivacia, saswavlo garemo, Sefase-
ba da instruqtirebis strategiebi, SeiZleba
gamokvleuli iqnas aq mocemuli gamowvevebiT.
am garemoSi pirveli eqskursiiT, modiT Se­
vamowmoT moswavleze orientirebuli instruq­
rogor moiqceodnen?
aq mocemulia rogor reagirebs zogierTi maswavlebeli `sazizRari wignebis mimoxilvaze~.
mark h. smiti, me-8 - me-12 klasebis maswavle-
beli. medfordis saSualo skola, medfordi,
masaCusetis Stati
gamocdileba saukeTeso maswavlebelia. ide-
alur SemTxvevaSi SegiZlia dagegmo kursi imis
mixedviT, Seni azriT, ra aris saukeTeso saswav-
lo masala da Sen mier Sedgenili saswavlo geg-
mac Seusabamo moswavleTa dones. magram realo-
ba Tavs iCens maSin, roca klasis namdvil dones
naxav. maRali standartebi da molodini didi
miznebia, magram isini sazrisis mqone unda iyos
Tqveni klasis moswavleebisTvis. maswavleblis
profesia iseTia, romelsac mudmivi moqniloba
da situaciaze morgeba esaWiroeba. moswavleebi
sxvadasxvagvarad swavloben da maswavleblebs,
romlebic cvlian saswavlo gegmas, warmatebis
meti Sansi aqvT.
radganac am klass bevri sxvdasxva done aqvs,
mniSvnelovania ipovoT raRac saerTo, romelic
daainteresebs maT da CarTavs saswavlo proces-
Si. albaT kargi idea iqneba sxvadasxva aqtivoba-
Ta Sesruleba da, agreTve, Tu nebas darTavdiT
im sam saukeTeso moswavles, sxvebisaTvis eswav-
lebina. ar iqneba advili yvelas gaTanabreba;
Tqven dagWirdebaT uamravi drois daxarjva
gegmebis Sedgenaze, magram moTminebiTa da Zal-
isxmeviT SeZlebT saTanado donis miRwevas da
moswavleebisganac sapasuxo reaqcias miiRebT.
506
tirebis modelebi, am Tavis erT-erTi mniSvne­
lovani TemaTagani. problema, romlis winaSec
aRmoCndebiT am scenarSi, aris SeuTavsebloba
moswavleTa aqtivobebsa da maTTvis gamiznul
saswavlo gegmas, kurikulums Soris. moswavle-
Ta umravlesoba ar aris motivirebuli. isini
albaT Tvlian, rom Tqveni saqmianoba arafriT
ukavSirdeba maT cxovrebas, an is, rom ar arian
pasuxismgebelni sakuTar swavlaze. moswavleze
orientirebuli instruqtirebis mo­­delTa codna
SeiZleba dagexmaroT CarToT Tqveni moswavlee-
bi ufro aqtiur, gaazrebul swavlis procesSi.
tomas v. niukriki, me-8 klasis maswavlebeli
hamil­ton haitsis saSualo skola, arkadia,
indianas Stati
SesaniSnavi iqneboda dasawyisisaTvis klasis
moxibvla msoflio literaturiT, magram amis
magivrad, rogorc wesi, Tqveni klasi piriqiT,
iTrguneba, frustrirebulia kidev erTi `uin-
tereso” wignis gamo. mniSvnelovania iseTi wig-
nis povna, romelic ukavSirdeba moswavleTa
interesebs. sabednierod, wignTa CamonaTvalSi
ukve SerCeulia iseTebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba
Tanamedrove filmebs. albaT arsebobs musi-
kasTan, televiziasTan da reklamebTan dakav-
Sirebuli wignebic ki. rac ufro meti kavSiris
damyareba SemiZlia litaraturasa da Cems mo-
swavleTa cxovrebas Soris, miT ufro mosalod-
nelia, rom maT motivirebas SevZleb.
jef d. hortoni, me-7 - me-10 klasebis mas­wav­
lebeli. koltonis skola, koltoni, vaSing-
tonis Stati
erT-erTi problema SeiZleba iyos is masale-
bi, romelTa gamoyenebac maswavlebelma dagegma.
me momxre var, rom moswavleebi gaecnon lita-
raturis `klasikur~ nawarmoebebs. imis miuxeda-
vad, rom maswavleblebi motivirebulni arian
am nawerTa kiTxvisa da swavlebisTvis, unda
gvaxsovdes, rom moswavleebi xSir SemTxvevaSi
ase sulac ar fiqroben. am scenarSi maswavle-
belma ise unda gaacnos `klasika~ moswavleebs,
rom daainteresos isini. mTeli wignis wakiTxvis
nacvlad, airCieT is nawilebi, romlebic sau­
keTesod gamoxatavs avtoris weris stils an
mis saTqmels. Semdeg sxva nawilebic gaacaniT
bav­­Svebs sxvadasxva saswavlo saSualebis gamo-
yenebiT. arsebobs Tanamedrove stilSi gadaw-
yvetili filmebi, romlebic daainteresebs mo-
swavleebs. swavlebis ra xerxic ar unda iyos
ga­moyenebuli, yovelTvis unda arsebobdes mas-
Tan dakavSirebuli saswavlo aqtivoba.
im dros roca klasSi sami moswavle aCvenebs
daxvewili, kompleqsuri azrovnebisa da gagebis
unars, yvela moswavles SeuZlia Seitanos axa-
li xedva diskusiaSi da aRiarebul iqnas Tavisi
wvlilis gamo. saklaso diskusiebTan erTad,
SeiZleba Sedgenil iyos jgufuri an individu-
aluri proeqtebi, raTa waaxalison moswavleebi
masalaze sapasuxo reaqciisTvis. klasis mra-
valferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, me Sevafasebdi
moswavleebs Sefasebis iseTi sistemiT, romelic
avlens moswavleTa sxvadasxva donis miRwevebs.
maiql j. elisi, meaTe da meTerTme­te klase­bi,
inglisuris maswavlebeli.qvi­n­sis saSualo
skola, qvinsi, masaCusetis Stati
rogorc Cans, klasis saswavlo gegmis miRma
arsebuli mizania gaacno moswavleebs SesaniSnavi
litaraturis farTo areali. es keTilSobiluri
mizania. Tumca swavlebaSi keTilSobileba xSir-
ad gzas uTmobs praqtikulobas. maswavleblis
upirvelesi daniSnulebaa gauZRves moswav­leebs
saWiro unar-Cvevebis dauflebisken. xandaxan maT­
Tvis dikensis wakiTxvis moTxovna ar aris amis
saukeTeso saSualeba. sazafxulo saswavlo gegmam
SeiZleba warmatebulad imuSaos sam moswavleze.
me vecdebodi gamomeyo isini danarCenebisgan.
es SeiZleba koSmari aRmoCndes da gaaorgmagos
Tqveni samuSao, magram saukeTeso gamosavalia
imisaTvis, rom garkveul dones miRweulma mo-
swavleebma ar ganicadon stagnacia.
danarCen moswavleebs ki unda misceT wignebis
sxva CamonaTvali. cud mkiTxvelTa klasSi grZe-
li novelebis kiTxva araferia Tu ara 40 kvi-
raze gawelili TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba. Tu
amis magivrad Tqven mokle da axalgazrda per-
sonaJebiani damaintrigebeli Sinaarsis nawar-
moebebze SeCerdebiT, am situaciaSi sakuTar
Tavs miscemT brZolis Sanss, rom klasi marTla
daasrulebs da bolomde miiyvans wignis kiTx-
vas. kargi iqneba, Tu mravalferovnebisaTvis vi­
deomasalasac gamoiyenebT.
507
 10
Tavi

maswavleblis Canawerebi:
rogor moiqceodiT?
ra aris motivacia?

motivacia swavlasa zogierTi moswavlis gacnoba

Sinagani da garegani motivacia
oTxi ZiriTadi midgoma

da swavlebaSi motivaciisadmi
moTxovnilebebi: kompetenturoba,
avtonomia, mikuTvnebuloba
TviTgansazRvra
moTxovnilebebi: gakveTili
maswavlebelTaTvis
miznobrivi orientacia da miznebi
miznis tipebi da miznobrivi
orientacia
ukakavSiri da miznis mowoneba
miznebi: gakveTili
maswavlebelTaTvis
interesebi da emociebi
interesebis gamovlena
agzneba: mRelvareba da SfoTva
swavlis procesSi
midgoma TiToeuli mowavlisadmi:
SfoTvasTan gamklaveba
interesebi da emociebi: gakveTili
maswavlebelTaTvis
rwmena da TviTsqemebi
rwmenebi unarebis Sesaxeb
rwmenebi mizezebisa da
kontrolis Sesaxeb: atribuciis
Teoria
rwmena TviTefeqtianobis
Sesaxeb da daswavlili
umweoba
rwmenebi TviTRirebulebis
Sesaxeb
rwmenebi da TviTsqemebi:
gakveTili maswavlebelTaTvis
skolaSi swavlis motivacia:
gakveTili
saswavlo amocanebi
avtonomiis mxardaWera da
miRwevis aRiareba da mowoneba
dajgufeba, Sefaseba da dro
mravalgvaroba da konvergencia
swavlis meTodikaSi
mravalgvaroba motivaciaSi
konvergencia: strategiebi
motivaciis gasazrdelad
Sejameba
maswavleblis Canawerebi:
kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM- Tan /
rogor moiqceodnen?

508
 rogor moiqceodiT?
ivlisia da, rogorc
maswavleblis iqna, miiReT maswavle-
Canawerebi blis adgili. es skola
Tqveni arCevani ar iyo,
magram vakansiebi arcTu ise bevri iyo da imiTac
bednieri xarT, rom Tqveni profesiiT muSaobT.
aRmoCnda, rom saswavlo resursebi Tqvens skola-
Si Zalian mwiria. erTaderTi, rac xelT gaqvT,
esaa moZvelebuli teqstebi da maTi Tanmxlebi
samuSao rveulebi. nebismier Tqvens ideas ufro
saintereso masalasTan dakavSirebiT erTi pasuxi
xvdeba: biujetSi saamiso Tanxebi ar moipoveba.
rodesac arsebul masalas aTvalierebT, giCnde-
baT kiTxva, ra SeiZleba miiRos aqedan moswavlem
Tavismomabezrebeli rutinis garda. Tanac es
teqstebi Zalian rTulia Tqveni moswavleebisaT-
vis. magram miznebi, romelsac es programa isaxavs
miznad, Zalian mniSvnelovania. garda amisa, sas-
wavlo gegma am programis gavlas moiTxovs. mo-
swavleebs am programiT gamocda eqnebaT momaval
gazafxulze.
m ravali pedagogi Tanxmdeba, rom moswavleTa
motivireba erT-erTi kritikuli sakiTxia pe­
dagogikaSi. moswavleebi kogniturad, emociu-
rad Tu qceviT CarTulni unda iyvnen produq-
tiul saklaso aqtivobebSi. daviwyoT sakiTxiT,
ra aris motivacia, moviZioT pasuxebi, romle-
bic moicavs Sinagani da garegani motivaciis
sa­kiTxs, motivaciis oTx ZiriTad Teorias: bi-
hevioristuls, humanisturs, kognitursa da so-
ciokulturuls.
Semdeg ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT pi­
rov­nebis ramdenime faqtors: moTxovnilebebs,
miznebs, interesebsa da emociebs, rwmenebs, maT
Soris sakuTari qmediTunarianobis Sesaxeb.
rogor unda gamoviyenoT yvela es infor-
macia erTad swavlebis procesSi; rogor unda
SevqmnaT iseTi garemo, situacia, urTierTobe-
bi, romelic gazrdis motivacias da CarTulo-
bas swavlebis procesSi? Tavdapirvelad gan-
vixilavT, ra kavSirSia erTmaneTTan pirovnuli
gavlena motivaciaze da motivaciis mxardaWera.
Semdeg ganvixilavT, rogor axdens gavlenas mo-
tivaciaze saklaso muSaoba, samuSaos Rirebule-
ba, garemo, romelSic unda Sesruldes samuSao.
kritikuli azrovneba
rogor daainteresebT moswavleebs?
rogor dausabuTebT maT am masalis swavlis
Rirebulebas?
rogor gadalaxavT masalis sirTules?
risi codna gWirdebaT motivaciis Sesaxeb am
problemebis gadasaWrelad?
risi codna gWirdebaT Tqveni moswavleebis
Sesaxeb maTi motivaciis gasazrdelad?
kolaboracia
2 an 3 TanajgufelTan erTad moawyveT tvinis
Sturmi _ risi gakeTeba SegiZliaT, rom gazar­doT
moswavleebis motivacia.
Ddabolos, vimsjelebT motivaciis gasazrdelad
gamosayenebel strategiebze.
am Tavis gacnobis Semdeg Tqven ukve geqne-
baT pasuxi kiTxvebze.
ra aris Sinagani da garegani motivacia da
swavlis motivacia?
rogor aris ganxiluli motivacia bihevior-
istul, humanistur, kognitur da sociokul-
turul TeoriebSi?
ra gavlena SeiZleba hqondes motivacias
warmatebaze an marcxze da ra urTierT-
damokidebuleba SeiZleba arsebobdes am gav-
lenasa da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis rwmenas
Soris?
ra rols asrulebs motivaciaSi miznebi, in-
teresebi, emociebi da sakuTari SesaZleb­
lobis rwmena?
ra gare faqtorebma SeiZleba imoqmedos mas-
wavleblebze, rac gazrdis moswavleTa swav-
lis motivacias?
ra aris sagnis swavlebis Tqveneuli strate-
gia im moswavlesTan mimarTebaSi, romelic
ar aris dainteresebuli?
509

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
motivaciasTan dakavSire-
buli terminebisa da cnebebis
dawvrilebiTi ganxilvisaTvis
ixileT merfi da aleqsan-
deri (2000). motivaciasTan
dakavSirebuli terminologiis
motivirebuli aTviseba. gana-
Tlebis Tanamedrove fsiqo-
logia, 25, 3-53.
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
pesimist jeraldos SemTx-
vevaSi saqme gvaqvs daswavlil
umweobasTan, romelsac mogvi-
anebiT ganvixilavT.
gaubedavi sumi garegani
(eqstrinsikuli) faqtorebiT
motivirebuli moswavlea,
misTvis prioritetulia is,
Tu rogor warmoCindeba,
eSinia marcxis da unars ga-
nixilavs, rogorc stabilur,
fiqsirebul rames. is aris
agreTve moswavle, romelic
Tavs aridebs marcxs (warmate-
biT), rasac aseve mogvianebiT
ganvixilavT.
kmayofili spenseri Sinagani
(intrinsikuli) faqtorebiT
motivirebuli moswavlis maga-
liTia. misi mizania iswavlos,
magram mxolod is unda, rom
normalurad, damakmayofile-
blad warmoCindes. SemdegSi
amasac SevexebiT.
daliSa, romelic yovelTvis
Tavs icavs, garegani faqtore-
biT motivirebuli moswavlea.
mas aRelvebs is, Tu rogor
warmoCindeba; eSinia marcxis
da unarebsac ganixilavs,
rogorc fiqsirebuls. is Sei-
Zleba male iqces moswavled,
romelic marcxs Seegueba.
SfoTiani emi aris moswavle,
romelsac aqvs SfoTva. esec
SemdegSi iqneba ganxiluli.
motivacia _ Sinagani mdgo-
mareoba, romelic aRZravs,
warmarTavs da uzrunve-
lyofs qcevas.
510
ra aris motivacia?
motivacias, rogorc wesi, aseTnairad ganmartaven: esaa Sinagani
mdgomareoba, romelic aRZravs, warmarTavs da uzrunvelyofs qcevas.
fsiqologebi, romlebic motivacias swavloben, aqcents xuT ZiriTad
sakiTxze akeTeben:
1. rogor arCevans akeTeben adamianebi sakuTar qcevasTan dakavSire-
biT? ratomaa, rom magaliTad, erTi moswavle gulmodgined akeTebs
davalebas, meore ki televizoris yurebas arCevs?
2. ra dro unda gavides, rom motivacia amoqmeddes? magaliTad, ratom
iwyebs zogi moswavle davalebis Sesrulebas maSinve, zogi ki dros
flangavs?
3. ra xarisxiT an intensivobiT aris CarTuli adamiani arCeul qceva-
Si? yuradRebiT asrulebs moswavle davalebas, Tu meqanikurad?
4. ra aiZulebs individs iyos Seupovari an advilad danebdes? magali-
Tad, ras izams moswavle, mTlianad waikiTxavs Seqspiris nawarmoebs
Tu mxolod mis ramdenime gverds?
5. ra grZnobebi aqvs da raze fiqrobs individi, roca qcevas axorcie-
lebs? magaliTad, moswavle siamovnebas iRebs Seqspiris kiTxviT,
Tu mosalodnel gamocdaze nerviulobs? (grehemi da veineri, 1996;
pintrixi, marqsi da boili, 1993).
zogierTi moswavlis gacnoba
rogorc am da momdevno TavSic dainaxavT, arsebobs mravali faqto­
ri, romlebic gavlenas axdenen motivaciasa da swavlaze. ufro metad
rom gaverkveT am sakiTxSi, SevixedoT saSualo skolis saklaso oTaxSi
mas Semdeg, rac maswavlebelma garkveuli miTiTebebi misca Tavis moswav-
leebs. moswavleTa portretebi stipekis Sromidan (2002) aris aRebuli.
pesimisti jeraldo, rogorc yovelTvis, arc ki iwyebs saqmes da erT-
Tavad imas imeorebs, rom veraferi gaigo, an es davaleba Zalian
rTulia. roca is sworad pasuxobs Tqvens kiTxvebs, ambobs, rom
ubralod `gaartya~ da realurad ar icis, ras ambobs. did dros
imis garkvevas andomebs, raSia saqme da sul ukan da ukan iwevs.
gaubedavi sumi yovel nabijs amowmebs, surs kargad gamoCndes. Tqven
mas erTxel damatebiTi qulebi dauwereT romeliRac aparatis dax-
atvis gamo da axla yovelTvis akeTebs amas laboratoriisaTvis. ma-
gram sumi arasdros gariskavs, miiRos Sefaseba; Tu misgan amas
ar iTxoven an gamocdaze araa, sumi ar aris dainteresebuli.
kmayofili spenseri dainteresebulia am proeqtiT. faqtobrivad man
Tqvenze meti icis amis Sesaxeb. is saaTobiT kiTxulobs wignebs
qimiasa da eqsperimentebze. magram misi Sefaseba B-sa da C-s Soris
meryeobs, radgan is kmayofilia imiTac, risi miRebac yovelgvari
Zalisxmevis gareSe SeuZlia.
daliSas, romelic yovelTvis Tavs icavs isev ar aqvs Tan saxelmZRva­
nelo da iZulebulia sxva moswavlesTan erTad isargeblos er­Ti wig-
niT. Semdeg Tavs ise gaCvenebT, TiTqos muSaobs, magram sinamdvile-
Si mTels dros RlabucSi atarebs da rogorc ki zurgs SeaqcevT,
 cdilobs sxva moswavleebisagan gaigos pasuxebi: is Tavad arasodes
indomebs, radgan eSinia, rom Tu ar gamouva, yvela ifiqrebs, rom
sulelia.
SfoTiani emi saukeTeso moswavlea TiTqmis yvela saganSi, magram ro­ca
gamocdebze midgeba saqme da klasis winaSe uwevs gamosvla, yve­la­feri
`aviwydeba~, rac icis. misi mSoblebi mecnierebi arian da misganac am
gzis gagrZelebas elian, Tumca misi momavali gaurkveveli Cans.

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT TiToeul moswavles, romlebzec

zemoT iyo saubari, problemebi aqvs motivaciis erT an ramdenime aspeqtSi:
arCevani, moqmedebis dawyeba, intensivoba, Seupovroba, grZnobebi da fiqre-
bi. SegiZliaT Tu ara diagnozis dasma? pasuxebi Semdeg CanarTSia.

Tqvens klasSi TiToeuli moswavles sxvadasxva motivaciuri prob-

lema aqvs. am Tavis momdevno nawilSi ufro axlos gavecnobiT motiva-
ciis mniSvnelobas da ufro gagviadvildeba am moswavleebis gageba.

Sinagani da garegani motivacia

yvelam kargad viciT, rogor gamoiyureba motivirebuli adami-
ani, romelic Tavdauzogavad miiwevs miznisken an muSaobs muyaiTad
maSinac ki, roca samuSao mosawyenad eCveneba. ra warmarTavs qcevas
da ra aniWebs mas am energias? amisi axsna unda veZioT draivebSi,
moTxovnilebebSi, stimulebSi, SiSebSi, miznebSi, socialur zewolaSi,
TviTrwmenaSi, interesebSi, cnobismoyvareobaSi, rwmenaSi, Rirebule-
bebSi, molodinebSi da a.S. zogierTi fsiqologi motivacias pirovnuli
niSan-Tvisebebis terminebiT xsnis. zogierT adamians miRwevis maRali
moTxovnileba aqvs, eSinia gamogdebis, ainteresebs xelovneba, amdenad,
isini bevrs muSaoben, rom mets miaRwion, Tavs arideben gamocdebs da
saaTobiT aTvaliereben gamofenebs. sxva fsiqologebi motivacias ga-
nixilaven, rogorc mdgomareobas, droebiT situacias. Tu Tqven, mag-
aliTad, am Tavs kiTxulobT imitom, rom gamocda gaqvT xval, Tqven
situaciiT xarT motivirebuli (am momentSi mainc). ra Tqma unda, mo-
tivacia, romelic Cven gvaqvs drois nebismier mocemul monakveTSi,
niSan-Tvisebebisa da mdgomareobis erTgvari kombinaciaa. Tqven Sei-
Zleba swavlobdeT imitom, rom swavla TqvenTvis didi Rirebulebaa da
imitomac, rom gamocdisTvis emzadebiT.
rogorc xedavT, motivaciis zogierTi ganmarteba eyrdnoba Sinagan,
pirovnul faqtorebs, rogoricaa moTxovnilebebi, interesebi, cnobis-
moyvareoba. sxva ganmartebebSi aqcenti eqsternalur, gare faqtore-
bzea aRebuli _ jildo, socialuri zewola, dasja da a.S. motivaciis
klasikuri dayofa aseTia: Sinagani da garegani motivacia. Sinagani
motivacia aris tendencia _ miRweul iqnes miznebi sakuTari intere-
sebisa da unarebis kvaldakval. rodesac Cven Sinaganad varT motivire-
bulni, Cven ar gvWirdeba waxaliseba an dasja, ramdenadac TviTon aq-
tivoba TavisTavad warmoadgens jildos. kmayofili spenseri mxolod
imitom swavlobs qimias skolis gareTac, rom mas es unda da moswons. Sinagani motivacia _ motivi,
amas aravin aiZulebs. romelic dakavSirebulia
amis sapirispiro SemTxvevaa, roca raRacas kargi SefasebisaTvis, das­ ganmtkicebis Sinagan wyaroe-
jis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, maswavleblis siamovnebisaTvis an amoca- bTan, mag. sixarulis grZnoba,
cnobismoyvareoba.
nasTan naklebad dakavSirebuli raime sxva mizeziT vakeTebT. es garegani

511
garegani motivacia _ moti-
vacia, romelic iqmneba iseTi
gare faqtorebis zegavleniT,
rogoricaa dasja da waxal-
iseba.
mizezobriobis lokusi _
qcevis mizezis mdebareobis
gansazRvra internaloba-
eqsternalobis mixedviT.
512
motivaciaa. realurad Cven qcevas imitom ar vaxorcielebT, rom Tavad
igi gvainteresebs. Cven is gvainteresebs, ras mogvitans es qceva. gaube-
davi sumi SefasebisTvis irjeba, mas TviTon sagani ar ainteresebs.
fsiqologebi, romlebic iziareben motivaciis Sinaganad da gare-
ganad dayofis koncefcias, amboben, rom erTi SexedviT SeuZlebelia
ganvsazRvroT, motivacia Sinagania Tu garegani. arsebiTi gansxvaveba
am or tips Soris individis qcevisaTvis warmmarTveli mizezia, anu is,
mizezobriobis lokusi internaluria Tu eqsternaluri _ pirovnebis
SigniTaa Tu mis gareT. individi SeiZleba imitom kiTxulobdes, cu­
ravdes an xatavdes, rom man qcevis Tavisufali arCevani pirovnuli
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT gaakeTa (mizezobriobis internaluri
lokusi / Sinagani motivacia), an ase imitom iqceva, rom garedan, viRa-
cis an raRacis gavlenis qveSaa (mizezobriobis eqsternaluri lokusi
/ garegani motivacia) (Reeve, 1996).
rodesac Tqven sakuTar motivaciaze fiqrobT, albaT geCvenebaT,
rom es diqotomia Sinagan da garegan motivacias Soris Zalian mar-
tivia. erTi axsna isaa, rom qceva mihyveba erTgvar kontinuums ab-
soluturi TviTgansazRvrulobidan (Sinagani motivacia) sxvaTa mier
absolutur gansazRvrulobamde (garegani motivacia). magaliTad,
studenti SeiZleba akeTebdes Tavisufal arCevans, muyaiTad imuSaos
iseT sferoSi, romelic misTvis arcTu mimzidvelia, imitom, rom
es saWiroa saboloo Rirebuli miznis misaRwevad; vTqvaT, saaTobiT
ujdes ganaTlebis fsiqologias imisaTvis, rom gaxdes kargi maswav-
lebeli. Sinagani motivaciaa es Tu garegani? realurad, is sadRac
maT Sorisaa _ pirovneba Tavisufal arCevans akeTebs gare faqtorebis
(magaliTad licenziis misaRebad saWiro moTxovnebi) gaTvaliswinebiT
da Semdeg cdilobs meti sargebeli miiRos aqedan. anu pirovnebam
moaxdina eqsternaluri mizezis internalizacia.
cota xnis win sakamaTo gaxda sakiTxi Sinagani da garegani moti-
vaciis, rogorc kontinuumis sawyisi da saboloo wertilebis Sesaxeb.
alternatiuli axsna Semdegia: ramdenadac motivacia moicavs rogorc
pirovnuli niSnis, ise garemos faqtorebs, is aseve SeiZleba moicavdes,
rogorc Sinagan, ise garegan faqtorebs. Sinagani da garegani ten-
denciebi _ esaa ori damoukidebeli SesaZlebloba drois nebismier
mocemul monakveTSi da Cven SeiZleba motivirebuli viyoT TiToeuli
maTganiT (Covington & Mueller, 2001). swavlebam SeiZleba Seqmnas Sinagani
motivacia moswavleTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT da kompetenturo-
bis mniSvnelobis xazgasmiT. Tumca isic viciT, rom es yovelTvis ver
imuSavebs. yovelTvis mimzidveli da sainteresoa TqvenTvis qveSmi-
weriT gayofa? yovelTvis aRgiZravT cnobismoyvareobas arawesieri
zmnebi? Tu maswavleblebs mudmivad Sinagani motivaciis imedi eqnebaT,
imedgacrueba eliT. aris situaciebi, roca wamaxalisebeli stimulebi
da gare mxardaWera aucilebelia. maswavleblebma unda izrunon Sina-
gani motivaciis gaCenasa da SenarCunebaze, roca darwmundebian, rom
garegani motivaciac muSaobs da CarTulia swavlis procesSi (Brophy,
1988, 2003; Deci, Koestner & Ryan, 1999; Ryan & Deci, 1996). amisaTvis maT unda
icodnen motivaciaze gavlenis mqone faqtorebis Sesaxeb.
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT pasuxebi

pesimist jeraldos problemebi aqvs meore (dawyeba) da mexuTe punqtebSi; mTeli

aqtivobis ganmavlobaSi is Tavs damarcxebulad da umweod grZnobs. gaubedavi sumi
(1) akeTebs karg arCevans, (2) maSinve iwyebs da (3) daJinebiT miiwevs win. magram is
sinamdvileSi ar aris CarTuli saqmeSi da nakleb siamovnebas iRebs (4 da 5). kmayofili
spenseri ramdenadac is sakuTar arCevans mihyveba, swrafad iwyebs, CarTulia saqmeSi
da siamovnebas iRebs amocanis Sesrulebisgan. daliSa, romelic yovelTvis Tavs icavs,
arcTu karg arCevans akeTebs, ayovnebs, Tavs aridebs saqmeSi CarTvas da advilad nebde-
ba, radgan aRelvebs is, Tu rogor gansjian mas sxvebi. SfoTian emis problema mexuTe
punqtTan dakavSirebiT aqvs, anu imasTan, ras fiqrobs da ras grZnobs muSaobis ganmav-
lobaSi. mRelvarebam da SfoTvam mas SeiZleba arasaxarbielo arCevanisken ubiZgos da
daayovnos, rac gamocdisas misi SfoTvis dones kidev ufro awevs.

oTxi ZiriTadi midgoma motivaciisadmi

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT ratom kiTxulobT am Tavs? cno-
bis moyvareobisa da interesis gamo? Tu uaxloes momavalSi gamocda
daukavSireT kvlevas da ga-
geliT? maswavleblis licenziis mosapoveblad an diplomas asaRebad
navrceT
gWirdebaT es codna? iqneb gjeraT, rom es is saqmea, romelic kar- ix. Educational Leadership-is
gad gamogivaT da es gibiZgebT imuSaoT? iqneb ramdenime am mizezis 2002 wlis seqtembris gamo-
kombinaciaTan gvaqvs saqme? ra aris Tqveni motivatori? cemaSi 14 statia Temaze
`ainteresebT Tu ara moswav-
leebs swavla?” am statiebSi
motivacia sakmaod farTo, kompleqsuri sakiTxia da mraval Teo-
ganxilulia, rogor SeiZleba
rias moicavs. am Teoriebidan zogierTi laboratoriebSi cxovelebTan gavzardoT enTuziazmi, mim-
muSaobisas ganviTarda, zogi ki adamianebTan iseT situaciaSi muSao- zidvelobis xarisxi, inve-
bisas, sadac gamoyenebuli iyo Tavsatexebis Semcveli amocanebi. sxva stireba swavlaSi.

Teoriebi klinikuri an industriuli (Sromis) fsiqologiis farglebSi

daukavSireT PRAXIS II™-s da
gaweuli samuSaoebis safuZvelze warmoiqmna. ganavrceT
maslou (I, C1)
motivaciisadmi bihevioristuli midgoma. bihevioristuli midgomis mi­ ganixileT, rogor SeiZleba
xedviT, moswavlis motivaciis gageba unda daviwyoT wamaxalisebeli maslous moTxovnilebebis
daukmayofileblobam gavlena
stimulebisa da jildoebis dakvirvebuli analiziT. jildo is mim-
moaxdinos swavlaze. gaavleT
zidveli obieqti an movlenaa, romelic Sedegad mosdevs garkveul paralelebi sakuTar an sxvaTa
qcevas. magaliTad, gaubedavi sumi dajildovebuli iyo damatebiTi gamocdilebasTan skolis
qu­lebiT imisaTvis, rom man daxata SesaniSnavi diagrama. impulsi is periodSi.

obieqtebi an movlenebia, romlebic aRZravs an, piriqiT, axSobs qcevas.

magaliTad, damatebiTi qulebis dapireba wamaxalisebeli stimuli iyo
sumisTvis. Sefasebis miReba realurad iyo jildo.
Tu Cven mudmivad mogvcemen ganmtkicebas garkveuli qcevis gamo,
Cven gagviviTardeba garkveuli Cveva an tendencia _ ganvaxorcieloT
xolme garkveuli tipis qceva. magaliTad, Tu moswavle beisbolis Tama-
Sis gamo jildod miiRebs xan fuls, xan saCuqrebsa da privilegiebs,
xolo mis swavlas naklebi yuradReba mieqceva, unda vivaraudoT, rom jildo _ mimzidveli obieqti
igi did dros dauTmobs beisbolSi varjiSs da ara geometriis swavlas. an movlena, romelic Sedegad
kargi niSnebi, varskvlavebi, stikerebi da sxva saSualebebi ganmtkicebi- mosdevs sasurvel qcevas.
saTvis an garkveuli damsjeli RonisZiebebi cudi saqcielisaTvis _ es impulsi _ iseTi obieqti an
yvelaferi aris mcdeloba moswavleTa motivirebisaTvis garegani im- movlena, romelic aZlierebs an
pulsis, jildoebis an dasjis gamoyenebiT. asustebs qcevas.

513
maslous ierarqiis mixedviT,
maSin, rodesac siyvarulis,
mikuTvnebulobis
moTxovnilebebi
dakmayofilebulia, adamiani
gadadis e.w. maRali rangis,
inteleqtualuri
miRwevisa da TviTaqtualiza-
ciis moTxovnilebebze.
humanisturi interpreta-
cia _ motivaciisadmi iseTi
midgoma, romelic xazs usvams
pirovnebis Tavisuflebas,
arCevans, TviTdeterminacias,
swrafvas pirovnuli zrdisken.
moTxovnilebaTa ierar-
qia _ maslous adamianis
moTxovnilebaTa 7-safexu-
riani modeli, romelic
iwyeba bazisuri fiziolo-
giuri moTxovnilebebiT da
mTavrdeba TviTaqtualizaciis
moTxovnilebiT.
TviTaqtualizacia_individis
potencialis realizeba.
deficituri moTxovnile-
bebi _ maslous adamianis
moTxovnilebaTa pirami-
dis oTxi dabali safexuris
moTxovnileba, romlebic
pirvel rigSi unda dakmayo-
fildes.
zrdis moTxovnilebebi _
maslous mixedviT adamianis
moTxovnilebaTa piramidis sami
zeda safexuri.
514
motivaciisadmi humanisturi midgoma. meoce saukunis samocian wlebSi hu-
manisturi fsiqologiis momxreebi, maT Soris karl rojersi, ambobdnen,
rom fsiqologiis vercerTi dominanturi skola, verc bihevioruli
da froidiseuli, adekvaturad ver xsnida adamianis qcevas. motiva-
ciis humanisturi interpretacia xazs usvams motivaciis iseT Sinagan
wyaroebs, rogoricaa pirovnebis `TviTaqtualizaciis~ moTxovnileba
(maslou, 1968, 1970), Tandayolili `aqtualizaciis tendencia~ (ro-
jersi da fraibergi, 1994), an `TviTgansazRvris~ moTxovnileba (Deci,
Vallerand, Pelletier & Ryan, 1991). ase rom, humanistur WrilSi, motivireba
niSnavs adamianebis Sinagani resursebis _ maTi kompetenturobis, TviT-
Sefasebis, avtonomiisa da TviTaqtualizaciis waqezebas. maslous Teo-
ria motivaciis cnobili humanisturi axsnaa.
maslous ierarqia. abraham maslou (1970) varaudobda, rom adamia­nebs
gaaCniaT moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia mTeli diapazoniT _ dabalidan
(mag. usafrTxoeba) maRali rangis moTxovnilebebamde (TviTaqtuali­
zacia). TviTaqtualizacia maslous mier Semotanili terminia, riTic
igi aRniSnavda pirovnebis srul TviTrealizacias, misi potencialis
srul realizebas. sanam moTxovnilebaTa Semdeg safexurze gadavido-
deT, unda dakmayofildes ufro dabali rangis moTxovnilebebi.
maslou (1968) oTx SedarebiT dabali rangis moTxovnilebas: fi­
ziologiurs, usafrTxoebis, mikuTvnebulobisa da TviTSefasebis moT­
xovnilebebs uwodebda deficitur moTxovnilebebs (deficiency needs).
rodesac es moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia, maTi realize­bis mo­
tivacia iklebs. man sam zeda, maRali rangis moTxovnilebas _ inte­leq­­
tualuri miRwevebis, esTetikur, dabolos, TviTaqtualizaci­is moTxov­
nilebebs uwoda zrdis moTxovnilebebi. rodesac es moT­xovnilebebi
kmayofildeba, pirovnebis motivacia ar ikargeba, pi­riqiT, igi izrdeba
da dakmayofilebis morigi saSualebebis Zebnas iwyebs. deficituri
moTxovnilebebisagan gansxvavebiT, es moTxovnilebebi bolomde aras-
dros kmayofildeba. magaliTad, rac ufro warmatebulia Tqveni mcde­
loba, gaxdeT kargi maswavlebeli, miT ufro metad gindaT miaRwioT
ufro bevrs.
 maslous Teoria gaakritikes imis gamo, rom adamianebi aSkarad yo­­
velTvis ise ar iqcevian, rogorc es Teoriis mixedviT aris mosalod-
neli. adamianebis umravlesoba xSirad brundeba ukan, dabali rangis
moTxovnilebebisaken da erTdroulad SeiZleba motivirebuli iyos
sxva­dasxva safexuris moTxovnilebebiT. zogierTi adamiani SeiZleba
uarsac ambobdes usafrTxoebaze, megobrobaze da ganaTlebisaTvis, uf­
ro meti TviTaqtualizaciisaTvis zrunavdes.
kritikis miuxedavad, maslous Teoria saSualebas gvaZlevs mTliano-
baSi aRviqvaT moswavle, romlis fizikuri, emociuri da inteleqtua­
luri moTxovnilebebi urTierTqmedebaSia erTmaneTTan. bavSvi, romlis
usafrTxoebisa da mikuTvnebulobis gancdas safrTxe eqmneba mSoblebis
gayris gamo, nakleb interess gamoamJRavnebs wiladebis gayofis swav-
laSi. Tu skola saSiS, araprognozirebad teritoriaze imyofeba, iq
ufro meti yuradReba usafrTxoebas mieqceva, vidre swavlas an swav-
lebas. socialur jgufTan mikuTvnebuloba da am jgufis SigniT TviT-
Sefasebis ganmtkiceba mniSvnelovania moswavlisTvis. Tu imis gakeTeba,
rasac maswavlebeli iTxovs moswavlisagan, ewinaaRmdegeba am jgufis
dadgenil wesebs, maSin mosalodnelia, rom moswavle yurad ar iRebs
maswavleblis survils da SeiZleba daupirispirdes kidec mas.
motivaciisadmi ufro gviandeli midgoma, romelic fokusirebulia
adamianis moTxovnilebebze, aris TviTgansazRvris Teoria (Deci & Ryan,
2002); mas mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.

moitivaciisadmi kognituri da socialur-kognituri midgoma. kogni-

tur TeoriebSi adamiani ganxilulia rogorc cnobismoyvare, aqtiuri,
informaciis maZiebeli arseba, romelic cdilobs gadaWras pirovnuli
problemebi. amdenad, kognituri Teoretikosebi aqcents Sinagan mo-
tivaciaze akeTeben. motivaciis kognituri Teoriebi, SeiZleba iTq-
vas, bihevioristuli Sexedulebebis sapasuxod ganviTarda. kognitiv-
istebs sjeraT, rom Cveni qceva azrovnebiT aris ganpirobebuli da
ara ubralod imis gamo, rom warsulSi amasTan dakavSirebiT dagva-
jildoves an dagvsajes (Stipek, 2002). qceva wamowyebuli da regulire-
bulia gegmebis (Miller, Galanter & Pribram, 1960), miznebis (Locke & Latham,
2002), sqemebis (Ortony, Clore & Collins, 1988), molodinebisa (Vroom, 1964)
da atribuciebis (Weiner, 2000) mier. miznebsa da atribuciebs am TavSi
mogvianebiT SevexebiT.

molodini X Rirebulebis Teoriebze. Teoriebs, romlebic iTval-

iswineben rogorc bihevioristebis aqcentebs qcevis gavlenebsa da
Sedegeb­ze, aseve kognitivistebis interess individis azrovnebis gav-
lenis mimarT, SeiZleba vuwodoT molodinis / Rirebulebis Teor-
iebi. es imas niS­navs, rom qceva aRqmulia rogorc ori mTavari faqto-
ris produqti: miznis miRwevis molodinisa da am miznis Rirebulebis
produqti. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia: `mi-
vaRwevdi Tu ara warmatebas, rom mecada?~ da `iqneba Tu ara Sedegi
Rirebuli da CemTvis rime jildos momtani, Tu warmatebas mivaRwev?~
molodini X RirebulebiT
motivacia swored am ori faqtoris produqtia, ramdenadac, Tu orive
Teoriebze _ motivaciis iseTi
faqtori nulis toli iqneba, motivaciac, rom muyaiTad imuSao miznis axsna, romelic xazs usvams
misaRwevad ar iarsebebs. magaliTad, Tu me mjera, rom didi Sansi maqvs individis mier warmatebis
Sevqmna kalaTburTis gundi (maRali molodini) da am gundis Seqmna molodins gamravlebuls miznis
RirebulebasTan.
CemTvis Z­alian mniSvnelovania (maRali Rirebuleba), Cemi motivacia

515

motivaciaze sociokulturu-
li Tvalsazrisi _ Tvalsaz-
risi, romelic xazs usvams
monawileobas, identobas da
interpersonalur urTierTo-
bebs TemSi.
legitimuri periferiuli
monawileoba _ CarTuloba
jgufis saqmianobaSi maSinac
ki, roca unarebi ar aris
sakmarisad ganviTarebuli da
wvlili umniSvneloa.
516
Zlieri iqneba. magram Tu orive faqtori nulis tolia (mjera, rom ar
SemiZlia gundis Seqmna da didad arc maRelvebs kalaTburTis TamaSi),
maSin motivaciac nulis toli iqneba. (Tollefson, 2000)
Jaklin eklssa da alan vigfilds damatebiT SemoaqvT kidev dana­
xarjis cneba. Rirebulebebi ganxiluli unda iyos agreTve im konte-
qstSi, Tu ra jdeba maTi aRsruleba. ra energia ixarjeba, kidev risi
gakeTeba SeiZleba amis nacvlad, ra riski arsebobs marcxis SemTx-
vevaSi, sulelad xom ar gamovCndebi? (Eccles & Wigfield, 2001; Wigfield &
Eccles, 1992) banduras TviTefeqtianobis Teoria, romelsac mogvianebiT
ganvixilavT, socialur-kognituri molodini / Rirebulebis midgomaa
motivaciisadmi (Feather, 1982; Pintrich & Schunk, 2002).
motivaciis sociokulturuli koncefciebi. daasruleT es winadadeba:
me var . ra aris Tqveni identoba? ra jgufTan aigivebT
Tavs yvelaze metad? motivaciisadmi sociokulturuli Sexeduleba
xazs usvams erTobis wevrobas. adamianebi erTvebian aqtivobaSi, raTa
ganamtkicon Tavisi identoba da interpersonaluri urTierTobebi am
jgufis SigniT. amdenad, moswavleebi motivirebulni arian iswavlon,
Tu isini arian wevrebi im saklaso an saskolo jgufisa, romlisTvisac
swavlas didi Rirebuleba aqvs. rogorc socializaciis procesSi Cveni
kulturis ufro gamocdili wevrebisagan vswavlobT laparaks, Cacmas,
sufrasTan moqcevis wesebs, aseve imaTze dakvirvebiT, vinc Cveni sas-
kolo jgufis wevria, vswavlobT, rogori moswavleebi unda viyoT. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Cven vswavlobT im jgufisgan, romlis wevrebic
varT (Hickey, 2003; Rogoff, Turkanis & Bartlett, 2001).
identobis koncefcia centraluri sakiTxia motivaciisadmi socio-
kulturul midgomaSi. rodesac Tavs aRviqvam fexburTelad, skulp-
torad, inJinrad, maswavleblad an fsiqologad, me maqvs identoba am
jgufTan. socializaciis erT-erTi nawilia legitimuri periferiuli
monawileobis safexuridan jgufis centraluri wevris poziciaze ga-
dasvla. legitimuri periferiuli monawileoba niSnavs imas, rom damw-
yebebi CarTulni arian jgufis saqmianobaSi maSinac ki, Tu maTi SesaZ­
leblobebi arasakmarisad aris ganviTarebuli. axalbeda mqsoveli jer
matylis SeRebvas swavlobs, sanam rTvasa da qsovas iswavlides. axal-
beda maswavlebelic jer erT bavSvTan muSaobas unda mieCvios, sanam
mTel jgufs aiyvandes. TiToeuli amocana eqspertis mTliani samuSaos
nawilia. rogorc axalbedas, ise eqspertis identoba mWidro kavSirSia
jgufSi maT CarTulobasTan. isini motivirebulni arian iswavlon da
SeiTvison jgufis Rirebulebebi da gamocdileba, raTa jgufis nam-
dvil wevrebad igrZnon Tavi. (Lave & Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 1998) statia
`swavlasa da swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli istoriebi~ aRwers, rogori
Tanadgoma gauwies koreel students maswavleblebma da megobrebma,
raTa mas ukeT eswavla.
zogierTi klasi struqturirebulia, rogorc saswavlo erToba. ma­
galiTad, braunma da qampionma (1996) Camoayalibes saswavlo erTobebi
saSualo skolebSi samecniero kvlevis farglebSi, rogorc es me-9
TavSi iyo aRwerili. skardamaliam da biraiterma (1996) Camoayalibes
saswavlo erToba, romelic iyenebda kompiuterul sistemas CSILE _
Computer-Supported Intentional Learning Environment. es sistema emsaxureboda
moswavleebs Soris TanamSromluri urTierTobis warmoqmnas sxvadasx-
va sakiTxis, hipoTezisa Tu aRmoCenis irgvliv. am midgomebis problema
aris is, rom darwmunebuli unda iyo _ yvela moswavle sruli wevria
erTobisa, radgan motivacia modis rogorc identobidan, ise legi-
timuri wevrobidan. Ddaniel Hpiki (2003) am mosazrebas ase ayalibebs:
CarTuloba aris `mniSvnelovani monawileoba konteqstSi, sad unda mi-
iRo codna, romelic Rirebuli da gamoyenebadia.~
motivaciisadmi bihevioristuli kognituri da sociokulturuli
midgomebi Sejamebulia 10.1 cxrilSi. es Teoriebi erTmaneTisagan gan-
sxvavdeba pasuxiT kiTxvaze: `ra aris motivacia?~
imisaTvis, rom motivaciis Sesaxeb zemomoyvanil ideebs sistemuri
saxe mivceT swavlebis procesSi maTi gamoyenebis gasaadvileblad,
SevexoT oTx mniSvnelovan sakiTxs. motivaciisadmi yvelaze Tanamed­
rove midgomebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs moTxovnilebebze, miznebze, in-
teresebsa da emociebze, me-koncefciebze (Murphy & Alexander, 2000).

istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb

xarki swavlebas
esaa sityvebi koreeli qalis, mareboda problemebis
Cemi maswavleblebisa da
lea lisa, romelic SeerTebul gadawyvetasa da miznis
StatebSi maswavleblis statu- megobrebis gareSe is ar miR­wevaSi. magaliTad,
sis misaRebad Camovida. leas sa- viqnebodi, rac dRes var... rodesac ver vigebdi sa-
kuTari ojaxisgan, kulturisgan gans, ganmeorebiT vkiTx-
Sors yofna uwevda, magram mas ulobdi da vkiTxulob-
daxmareba gauwies maswavleblebma da megobrebma di. vizepirebdi kidec teqsts, rom kursi
_ gauziares sakuTari kultura da misic miiRes. kargi SefasebiT damexura.
yvelaferi, rasac saswavlebelSi va- ukan movitove ramdenime mZime, mtkiv-
keTebdiT, CemTvis rTuli iyo. leqciebze neuli we­li da dRes ame­rikaSi profe-
Canawerebis gakeTebisas Tu gamocdebis Cab- sori da swavluli var. Cemi ganuwyvete-
arebisas enobriv bariers vawydebodi. min- li Zalisxmeva aucilebeli iyo, magram
doda mTeli leqcia gamego, roca pirvel ara sakmarisi saimisod, rom miznisTvis
semestrSi CemTvis leqciis mxolod 30- mimeRwia. megobrebisa da maswavleblebis
40% iyo gasagebi. me mWirdeboda iseTi gareSe, romlebic stimuls maZlevdnen da
adamiani, romelic miCvenebda, rogor nebisyofas mikaJebdnen, vici, rom me ar
meswavla da rogor vyofiliyavi kargi viqnebodi is, rac dRes var. bevrma Cemma
studenti. xSirad leqtorebi ar iTval- namdvilma megobarma gaiziara Cemi kul-
iswineben im faqts, rom ucxoel stu- tura da mec maiZula meamaya misiT. maTi
dentebs gansakuTrebuli moTxovnilebebi saxelebi, maTi saxeebi samudamod aRibeWda
aqvT, sxva ram sWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom Cems gulSi.
adaptacia gaiaron. kargi iqneboda, Tu wyaro: Six Buckets of Tears: Korean Americans’ School
maswavlebeli vinmes momiCenda, vinc damex- Experiences, by Lea Lee. In Gloria Swindler-Boutte (Ed.),
mareboda leqciis CaweraSi. araaqvs mniSvn- Resounding Voices: School Experiences of People from
eloba, ra saxis problemebs vawydebodi, Devierse Ethnic Backgrounds. Published by Allyn and
yovel SemTxvevaSi, erTi wu­TiTac ar davne- Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright (c) 2002 by Pearson Educa-

bebulvar. ve­Zebdi saSualebas, rac damex­ tion. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

517
 moTxovnilebebi: kompetenturoba, avtonomia, mikuTvnebuloba

ukve ganvixileT motivaciis is Teoria, romelic moTxovnilebeb­

zea fokusirebuli _ maslous moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia. sxva adreuli
kvlevebi fsiqologiaSi motivacias ganixilavda Treitebis an myari
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis terminebiT. farTod Seiswavleboda Sem-
degi sami mTavari moTxovnileba: miRwevis, Zalauflebisa da aRiarebis
moTxovnilebebi (Pintrich, 2003). Cven ganvixilavT erT ufro axal Teo-
rias, romelic igive moTxovnilebebs usvams xazs, oRond TviTgansaz-
Rvris WrilSi.

damoukideblobis
moTxovnileba _ adamianis
moTxovnileba mihyvebodes sa-
kuTar survilebs da mis qcevas
ar gansazRvravdes garegani
jildo an iZuleba.
Sefasebis kognituri Teoria
_ es Teoria varaudobs, rom
movlenebi imdenad axdens gav-
lenas individis motivaciaze,
ramdenadac individi aRiqvams
am movlenebs, rogorc qcevis
makontrolebels an informa-
ciis wyaros.
TviTgansazRvra
TviTgansazRvris Teoria varaudobs, rom yvelaferi, rac Cven gvin­da
_ es aris kompetenturoba da unarianoba garemo samyarosTan urTier-
TobaSi, arCevanis gakeTebis ufleba da sakuTar cxovrebaze kon­trolis
SegrZneba, agreTve dakavSirebuloba sxvebTan _ mikuTvnebu­loba soci­
alur jgufTan. albaT SeniSneT, rom es moTxovnilebebi em­­­Txveva zemoT
CamoTvlili bazisuri moTxovnilebebis konceptebs: kom­­petenturoba
(miRweva), avtonomia da kontroli (Zalaufleba) da mi­­kuTvnebuloba
(afiliacia).
avtonomiis moTxovnileba centraluri sakiTxia TviTgansazRvra-
Si, radgan esaa survili _ gvqondes Cveni sakuTari survilebi da Cvens
qcevas ar gansazRvravdes gareSe jildo an zewola (Deci & Ryan, 2002;
Reeve, Deci & Ryan, 2004; Ryan & Deci, 2000). adamianebs surT TviTon mar-
Tavdnen sakuTar qcevas. isini ibrZvian sxvaTa mier dawesebuli iseTi
gare zewolis winaaRmdeg, rogoricaa wesebi, sqemebi, kanonebi da Sez-
Rudvebi.

cxrili 10.1
motivaciisadmi oTxi midgoma
bihevioristuli humanisturi kognituri sociokul-
turuli
motivaciis garegani Sinagani garegani Sinagani
wyaro

mniSvnelovani ganmtkiceba, TviTrwmenis, rwmenebi, waqezebuli

gavlena jildo, TviT-realiza- atribuciebi monawileoba
wamaxalisebeli ciisa da TviT- warmatebisa saswavlo
stimulebi, gansazRvris da marcxis erTobebSi;
dasja moTxovnile- Sesaxeb identobis
bebi ganmtkiceba
jgufis
saqmianobaSi
CarTviT

mTavari skineri maslou veineri leivi

Teoretiko- deci grehemi vengeri
sebi

518
 daukavSireT PRAXIS II™-s
TviTgansazRvra klasSi. iseTi saklaso garemo, romelic mxars uW- da ganavrceT
ers moswavlis TviT-gansazRvrasa da avtonomias, Sedegad gamoiwvevs TviTgansazRvra (I, C3)
moswavleTa dainteresebis maRal xarisxs, kompetenturobis grZnobas, ganixileT, rogor SeuZlia
kreatulobas, konceptualur daswavlas (Deci & Ryan, 2002; Williams, Wie- am grZnobas gazardos an
ner, Markakis, Reeve &Deci, 1993). rodesac moswavles SeuZlia Tavad gaake- Seamciros motivacia da aR-
wereT praqtikuli nabijebi,
Tos arCevani, mas ufro metad swams, rom samuSao mniSvnelovania, ma-
romlebic saSualebas miscems
Sinac ki, Tu es mas ar arTobs. amdenad, igi axdens ganTlebis miznebis maswavlebels Camoayalibos
internalizebas da mas warmoadgens, rogorc sakuTars. es grZnoba moswavleebSi.
avtonomiis mxardamWeri saklaso garemosgan gansxvavebiT, kontro-
daakavSireT kvlevas
lirebad garemoSi yuradReba amocanebis zepirad damaxsovrebas eniWe- da ganavrceT
ba. rodesac moswavleebs sTxoven gamovidnen gakveTilze, isini iwyeben imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaexada
am sakiTxis yvelaze advil, swraf gadawyvetas. erTi saocari aRmoCena gansxvaveba TviTgansazRvrasa
isaa, rom moswavleebsac da mSoblebsac makontrolebeli maswavlebeli da sxvaTa mier gansazRvras
urCevniaT, miuxedavad imisa, rom moswavleebi ufro mets swavloben Soris, Richard deCharms
(1976, 1983) adamianebTan
maswavleblisgan, romelic maT garkveul avtonomias aniWebs (Flink, Bog-
mimarTebaSi iyenebda or meta-
giano & Barrett, 1990). Tu gsurT gailaSqroT popularuli imijis winaaR- foras: `moTave~ (origin) da
mdeg, rogor SeZlebT moswavlis avtonomiis uzrunvelyofas? erTi pa- `paiki~. moTaveebi Tavs aRiqva-
suxi am kiTxvaze isaa, rom moswavleebTan urTierTobisas fokusireba men, rogorc sakuTari qcevis
unda moaxdinoT informaciaze da ara kontrolze. wyaros. paikebi Tavs aRiqvamen
sxvaTa mier marTuli TamaSis
umweo monawileebad.
informacia da kontroli. saskolo dRis ganmavlobaSi moswavleebis rodesac adamianebi Tavs
Tavs bevri ram xdeba. maT aqeben, akritikeben, axseneben ukanasknel paikebad grZnoben, TamaSi
vadebs, uweren niSnebs, ukiTxaven wesebs da a.S. Sefasebis kognituri Sromad iqceva, dasveneba
Teoria (Deci & Ryan, 2002; Ryan & Deci, 2000) xsnis, Tu rogor axdens es _ valdebulebad, Sinagani
motivacia _ garegan moti-
faqtorebi gavlenas moswavlis Sinagan motivaciaze imiT, rom moqmedebs
vaciad. magaliTad, Tqven al-
maTi TviTgansazRvrulobisa da kompetenturobis SegrZnebaze. am Teor- baT dagilagebiaT oTaxi an
iis mixedviT, yovel movlenas ori aspeqti aqvs, makontrolebeli da gagirecxiaT manqana ise, rom
informaciuli. Tu movlena maRali donis kontrols moiTxovs, anu Tu garegani Tqveni motivacia
is zewolas axdens moswavleze ganaxorcielos garkveuli qceva, maSin ganpirobebuli iyo mSoblis
mier, romelic daJinebiT
moswavles naklebad eqneba kontrolis gancda, Sesabamisad, Semcirdeba
iTxovda Tqvengan am saqmis
misi Sinagani motivacia. Tu, meore mxriv, movlena informaciulia, rac Sesrulebas. Tqveni Sansi, rom
zrdis moswavlis kompetenturobas, gaizrdeba Sinagani motivaciac. ra iyoT `moTave~, CaxSobilia
Tqma unda, rodesac informacia amcirebs moswavlis kompetenturobas, gareSe kontroliT. Tqven
TavisTavad es Seamcirebs motivaciasac (Pintrich, 2003). aRar gsurT garecxoT manqana,
radgan wagarTves TviTgansaz-
magaliTad, maswavlebelma moswavle SeiZleba am sityvebiT Seaqos:
Rvris gancda. DeCharms-ma
`kargia! Sen miiRe umaRlesi Sefaseba, radgan, rogorc iqna, sworad Sea- SeniSna, rom moswavleebi
srule Cemi miTiTebebi.~ esaa maRalmakontrolebeli gancxadeba, ro- mcire doziT arian marTulni
melic amcirebs moswavlis TviTgansazRvrulobis grZnobasa da Sinagan sakuTari Sinagani motiva-
motivacias. maswavlebels SeuZlia igive samuSao Semdegnairad Seaqos: ciiT da umweoni arian gareSe
kontrolis winaSe. amasTan
`kargia! Tqveneuli gageba avtoris mier gamoyenebuli meteforebisa
dakavSirebiT man ganavi-
qebis Rirsia. Tqven daimsaxureT umaRlesi Sefaseba.~ es gancxadeba uz- Tara programebi, romelTa
runvelyofs informacias moswavlis mzardi kompetenturobis Sesaxeb daxmarebiTac maswavleblebi
da gazrdis Sinagan motivacias. SeZlebdnen xeli SeewyoT mo-
ra SeuZlia maswavlebels gaakeTos, rom xeli Seuwyos moswavlis swavleTa TviTgansazRvrulo-
bis gancdis ganviTarebisaT-
kom­petenturobisa da avtonomiis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas? pir­
vis. programebSi xazgasmuli
veli safexuri aris makontrolebeli mesijebis SezRudva moswavleTa iyo realisturi miznebis
misamarTiT. maswavlebeli darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom informacia, dasaxva, miznebis misaRwevad
romelsac gascems, xazs usvams moswavlis mzard kompetenturobas. saqmianobis pirovnuli dageg-
miTiTebaSi garkveuli ideebia warmodgenili. mva, pirovnuli pasuxismge-
bloba moqmedebaze da TviTn-
dobis grZnobis ganviTareba.
mikuTvnebulobis moTxovnileba.
mikuTvnebulobis moTxovnileba _ esaa
survili daamyaro axlo emociuri kavSiri sxvebTan. rodesac maswav-

519
­
rekomendaciebi: TviTgansazRvrulobisa da avtonomiis
gancdis mxardaWera
mieciT neba da waaqezeT moswavleebi, gaa-
keTon arCevani
magaliTebi
1. dasaxeT saswavlo miznebis ganxor-
cielebis ramdenime gza (vTqvaT, re-
feratis momzadeba, gamocda da a.S.) da
mieciT moswavleebs saSualeba, airCion
erT-erTi. waaqezeT isini sasaubrod, ra-
tom gaakeTes aseTi arCevani.
2. SeqmeniT moswavleTa `komitetebi~, rom-
lebic izruneben klasis sayvarel nivTe-
bze an saklaso inventarze.
3. gamoyaviT dro damoukidebeli da gavr-
cobili proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad.
maT mier miRebul Sefasebas Soris.
2. rodesac moswavleebi irCeven Temas, ro-
melic maTgan warmosaxvas moiTxovs, ga-
nixileT kavSiri maT mier samuSaoSi Ca-
debul Zalisxmevasa da am Zalisxmevis
Sedegs Soris.
mouZebneT racionaluri axsna SezRudveb-
sa da wesebs
magaliTebi
1. axseniT mizezebi, romlebic aucilebels
xdis wesebis SemoRebas.
2. TviTonac zedmiwevniT daicaviT wesebi
da SezRudvebi.

daexmareT moswavleebs dagegmon TavianTi gaacnobiereT, rom maswavleblis mxridan

saqmianoba da ganaxorcielon sakuTriv ar- kontrols logikurad mosdevs negatiuri
Ceuli miznebi emociebi.

magaliTebi
1. gamoiyeneT miznis baraTebi. moswavleebi
CamoTvlian TavianT moklevadian da Sors
mimaval miznebs, Semdeg Camoweren 3 an 4
specifikur nabijs, rac maT am miznebTan
miaaxloebs. moswavleebs TavianTi per-
sonaluri baraTebi aqvT.
2. waaqezeT moswavleebi _ miznebi dasaxon
TiToeul saganSi, CawereT isini miznebis
wignSi an flopize da Tvali adevneT
progress am miznebisaken mimaval gzaze.
moswavleebi pasuxismgebelni unda iyvnen
sakuTari arCevanis Sedegebze.
magaliTebi
1. Tu moswavleebi arCeven megobrebTan er-
Tad imuSaon proeqtze da socializaciaze
metismetad didi drois daxarjvis gamo
ver daasruleben mas, SeafaseT proeqti
ise, rogorc amas imsaxurebs da daanaxeT
moswavleebs kavSiri dakargul drosa da
magaliTebi
1. gaagebineT moswavleebs, rom normaluria
da araferi daSavdeba, Tu isini moiwyenen
Tavisi rigis lodinSi.
2. gaagebineT maT, rom swavlis procesSi
zogjer SeiZleba Tavi frustrirebulad,
Secbunebulad, daqanculad igrZnon.
mimarTeT aramakontrolebel, pozitiur
uku­kavSirs.
magaliTebi
1. cud niSnebs an qcevas nu ganixilavT, ro-
gorc kritikis obieqts; ganixileT is,
rogorc problema, romelic unda gamos-
wordes.
2. Tavi aarideT iseT makontrolebel mi­
marTvebs, rogoricaa `valdebuli xar~,
`mogiwevs~ da a.S
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT/

leblebi da mSoblebi iReben pasuxismgeblobas da amJRavneben, rom maT

aRelvebT bavSvebis keTildReoba da interesebi, es zrdis bavSvebis
Sinagan motivacias. magram rodesac bavSvebi ver iReben ufrosebisagan
imas, rasac elian, magaliTad, rodesac ufrosebi ar reagireben maT
moTxovnilebebze, bavSvebi kargaven Sinagan motivacias (Solomon, Battistich,

520
Watson, Schraps & Lewis, 2000). moswavleebi, romelnic ganicdian mikuT-
vnebulobas maswavleblebTan, mSoblebTan an TanatolebTan, ufro emo-
ciurad arian CarTulni saskolo saqmianobaSi (Furrer & Skinner, 2003). amas
garda, emociuri da fizikuri darRvevebi, dawyebuli kvebis darRveviT,
damTvarebuli suicidiT, ufro im adamianebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli,
romelTac naklebi socialuri kavSirebi aqvT (Baumeister & Leary, 1995).

moTxovnilebebi: gakveTili maswavlebelTaTvis

bavSvobis asakidan moxucebulobamde, adamianebs surT iyvnen kom-
petenturebi da sxvebTan dakavSirebulebi. moswavleebs surT monawi­
leoba miiRon im saqmianobaSi, romelic gazrdis maT kompetenturo-
bas da ara imaSi, romelic maT marcxs moutans. es imas niSnavs, rom
moswavleebs sWirdebaT Sesabamisi amocanebi, arc Zalian advili da
arc Zalian rTuli. maTTvis aseve Zalian sasargebloa akvirdebodnen
sakuTari kompetenturobis zrdis process. es SeiZleba moxdes TviT-
monitoringis sistemebis an portfolioebis saSualebiT. imisaTvis,
rom Tavi sxvebTan dakavSirebulad igrZnon, moswavleebi unda xedavd-
nen, rom skolaSi momuSave personals Tu sxva moswavleebs maTi bedi
aRelvebT da SeuZliaT endon maT, aseve iTxovon daxmareba swavlis
pro­cesSi, roca es dasWirdebaT.
motivaciasTan dakavSirebuli ra faqtorebia kidev mniSvnelovani?
sxva Teoriebi sakvanZo sakiTxad miznebs miiCnevs.

miznobrivi orientacia da miznebi

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT Semdegi mtkicebebi SeafaseT 5

baliani skalis mixedviT. Sefaseba 1 qula niSnavs, rom sruliad eTanx-
mebiT, xo­lo 5 qula niSnavs, rom saerTod ar eTanxmebiT.

skolaSi Tavs kargad vgrZnob, roca

muyaiTi Sromis wyalobiT samuSao advili Sesasrule-
vwyvet problemebs. belia.
sxvebze meti vici. raRac axals vswavlob.
ar miwevs bevri Sroma. me var erTaderTi, vinc
dakavebuli var. umaRles Sefasebas iRebs.
pirveli vamTavreb muSaobas. megobrebTan var.
daukavSireT kvlevas
mizani aris is Sedegi an monapovari, romlis Sesrulebasac eswraf­vis da ganavrceT
kvlevis Sedegebis sinTezisaT-
individi (Locke & Latham, 2002). rodesac moswavle iswrafvis waikiTxos
vis ixileT Locke & Latham,
saxelmZRvanelos romelime Tavi, is axorcielebs mizanmimarTul qce- 2002. amocanebis motivaciisa
vas. miznebis Sesrulebisas moswavleebs Segnebuli aqvT arsebuli pi- da miznis dasaxvis praqti-
robebi (me arc ki gadamiSlia wigni), idealuri pirobebi (me TiToeuli kaSi gamoyenebadi Teoria: 35
gverdi gavige) da gansvla arsebul, realur da idealur situaciebs wliani odisea. `amerikeli
fsiqologi~, 57, 705-717.
Soris. Mmotivirebuls xdis adamianebs imoqmedon ise, rom Seamciron
gansxvaveba poziciebs Soris `sad imyofebian~ da `sad undaT, rom im­ mizani is, risi aRsrulebi-
yofebodnen~. miznebis Camoyalibeba CemTvis Zalian efeqturia. im ru­ skenac iswrafvis individi.
tinuli miznebis garda, rogoricaa, magaliTad lanCis mirTmeva (ro- miznobrivi orientacia
melic didi yuradRebis gareSec moxdeba), me yoveldRiurad vadgen sxva rwmenebi miznebis Sesaxeb,
miznebs. magaliTad, me dReisaTvis miznad davisaxe wignis am nawilis rac dakavSirebulia skolaSi
miRwevebTan.

521
 dasruleba, oTxi milis gavla da sarecxis garecxva (vici, es arc ise
sainteresoa). mas Semdeg, rac am saqmianobebis Sesruleba ga­davwyvete,
Tavs arakomfortulad vigrZnob, Tu maT ar Sevasruleb. Locke-sa da
Latham- is (2002) mixedviT, arsebobs oTxi ram mainc, ris gamoc miznebis
gansazRvra aumjobesebs moswavlis mier miRweul Sedegebs. Mmiznebi:
1. warmarTavs Cvens yuradRebas amocanisken da ar gvaZlevs dabneulo-
bis saSualebas. Cemi goneba sul cdilobs gaeqces am Temas, magram
Cemi mizani, rom davasrulo samuSao, mexmareba yuradReba werisaken
mivmarTo.
2. aZlierebs Cvens Zalisxmevas. rac ufro Znelad misaRwevia mizani,
miT metia Zalisxmeva.
3. zrdis Cvens Seupovrobas. rodesac gvaqvs naTeli mizani, naklebi
Sansia, rom sawadelis srulad miRwevamde davnebdeT; Zlieri mizne-
bi moiTxovs did Zalisxmevas da mokle vadebis daweseba swrafi moq­
medebisken gvibiZgebs.
4. uzrunvelyofs axali codnisa da strategiebis ganviTarebas, roca
Zveli strategiebi nakleb gamosadegi aRmoCndeba. magaliTad, Tu
Tqveni mizania umaRlesi Sefasebis miReba da amas ver aRwevT rome-
lime Tqveneuli meTodiT, SemdegSi axal saswavlo midgomas gamoiye­
nebT, magaliTad, ganixilavT sakvanZo sakiTxebs megobarTan.

miznis tipebi da miznobrivi orientacia

Cven mier dasaxuli miznebis tipebi gavlenas axdens motivaciaze,
ro­­melic gagvaCnia maT misaRwevad. specifikuri, rTuli da uaxloes
momavalSi gansaxorcielebeli miznebi zrdis Cvens motivacias da Se-
upovrobas (Pintrich 7 Schunk, 2002; Stipek, 2002). specifikuri miznebi aya-
libebs standartebs, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT fasdeba moswavlis ga-
mosvla. Tu gamosvla aradamakmayofilebelia, vagrZelebT. magaliTad,
me gadawyvetili maqvs `davamTavro saxelmZRvanelos ama da am Tavis
es nawili~, nacvlad imisa, rom gadawyvetili mqondes `vimuSao wignze~.
nebismieri warumatebloba me maiZulebs `gavagrZelo muSaoba~. zomieri
da ara metismeti sirTule erTgvari gamowvevaa CvenTvis. sabolood
is miznebi, romelic SeiZleba mokle vadebSi iqnas miRweuli, naklebad
mosalodnelia, rom gverdze iqnas gadaweuli sxva ufro swrafad ga-
dasawyveti movlenebis gamo. magaliTad, anonimuri alkoholikebis jgu­
febs Segnebuli aqvT moklevadiani miznebis Rirebuleba, da es cxadi
xdeba maSin, rodesac isini Tavis wevrebs mouwodeben daanebon smas
Tavi Tundac `erTi dRiT am droisaTvis~.

oTxi miznobrivi orientacia skolaSi. miznebi specifikuri ram aris.

miznobrivi orientaciebi _ es rwmenis is formaa, romelic skolaSi miR-
wevis miznebTan aris dakavSirebuli. miznobrivi orientaciebi moicavs
mizezebs, ris gamoc Cven viRvwiT Cveni miznebisaTvis da agreTve stand-
artebs, romelTa saSualebiTac vafasebT miznebisaken winsvlas. magali-
Tad, SeiZleba Tqveni mizani iyos umaRlesi Sefasebis miReba am kursSi.
ratom akeTebT amas? imitom, rom daeufloT ganaTlebis fsiqologias,
yvelaferi SeimecnoT mis Sesaxeb Tu imitom, rom Tanatolebisa da
miznobrivi orientacia
ojaxis TvalSi kargad gindaT warmoCindeT? arsebobs oTxi mTavari
rwmenebi miznebis Sesaxeb,
rac dakavSirebulia skolaSi miznobrivi orientacia: daxelovneba (swavla), prezentacia (kargad war-
miRwevebTan. moCena), samuSaos arideba da socialuri orientacia (Murphy & Alexander,

522
 miznobrivi orientaciebi
exeba mizezebs, ris gamoc
individi cdilobs miz-
nis miRwevas da stand-
artebs, ris mixedviTac
miznebisken winsvla aris
Sefasebuli. am gogonas
SeiZleba metyvelebis dax-
vewa, sxvebis daCrdilva
hqondes miznad dasaxuli
an SeiZleba ubralod
moswons sityvebTan da-
kavSirebul TavsatexebSi
monawileoba.

2000; Pintrich & Schunk, 2002). SegiZliaT Tu ara gansazRvroT ra miznobri-

vi orientaciebia asaxuli wina Tavis CanarTSi _ SeCerdiT/ dafiqrdiT/
dawereT? am mtkicebebis umravlesoba aRebulia im Teoriebis irgvliv
Catarebuli kvlevebidan, romelic moswavleebis mier maTematikis aT-
visebas exeba (Nicholls, Cobb, Wood, Yackel, Patashnik, 1990).
yvelaze gavrcelebuli gansxvaveba gamovlinda moswavleTa daxe­
lovnebulobis miRwevisa (amocanis gadaWris an swavlis mizansac uwo-
deben) da prezentaciis miznebs (e.w. unaris, egos miznebi) Soris (Midg-
ley, 2001). daostatebis miRwevis mizani SemdegSi mdgomareobs: esaa
survili ganviTarde da ganamtkico Seni codna imis miuxedavad, rogor
SeiZleba warmoCinde sxvebis TvalSi. moswavleebi, romlebic amas isaxa­
ven miznad, mudmivad eZeben, ase vTqvaT, gamowvevas da ufro daJineb-
ulebi xdebian, roca siZneleebs awydebian. ramdenadac es moswavleebi
dainteresebulni arian amocaniT da ar aRelvebT rogor Sefasdebian
sxvaTa mier, maT amocanaSi CarTul moswavleebs uwodeben (Nicholls &
Miller, 1984). xSirad vambobT, rom es adamianebi `mTlianad Caflulebi
ar­ian TavianT saqmeSi~. amas garda, isini ufro met iseT saSualebas po­
uloben, rac swavlis procesSi daexmarebaT, iyeneben Rrma kognituri
gadamuSavebis strategiebs, ukeTes saswavlo taqtikebs da, zogadad,
ufro meti TavdajerebiT udgebian amocanebs (Butler & Neuman, 1995; midg- daostatebis miRwevis mizani
ley, 2001; Young, 1997). _ pirovnebis Zalisxmeva, ga-
niviTaros unarebi da SeiZinos
miznis meore tipia prezentaciis mizani. is moswavleebi, romleb-
codna (ise rom ar aRelvebs
sac am tipis miznebi aqvT, dainteresebulni arian sakuTari SesaZle- rogor warmoCindeba).
blobebis demonstrirebiT sxvaTa winaSe. isini SeiZleba fokusireb-
ulni iyvnen kargi niSnebis miRebaze da karg Sefasebaze, SeiZleba ufro amocanaSi CarTuli moswav-
leebi - moswavleebi, romlebic
metad imaze iyvnen koncentrirebulni, rom sxvebi daCrdilon (Wolters,
fokusirebulebi arian amocanis
Y u & Pintrich, 1996). moswavle, romlis mizani sxvaTa winaSe kargad war- Sesrulebisa da problemis
moCenaa, SeiZleba imitom akeTebdes raRacas, rom Wkviani gamoCndes. gadaWraze.
magaliTad, kiTxulobdes martiv wignebs, im mizniT, rom masze Tqvan,
prezentaciis mizani _
bevri wigni aqvs wakiTxulio (Young, 1997). aseT moswavleebs egoCarTul
pirovnebis survili, gamoCndes
moswavleebs uwodeben, radgan mTlianad sakuTari TaviT arian dakave- kargad, kompetenturad sxvaTa
bulni. prezentaciis miznebis mqone moswavleebi iseT rames SeiZleba TvalSi.
akeTebdnen, rac realurad xels uSlis swavlas. magaliTad, SeiZleba
egoCarTuli moswavleebi - mo-
cdilobdnen, rom male daasrulon saqme; muyaiTad muSaobdnen mxolod
swavleebi, romlebic fokusire-
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT namuSevars sxvebic naxaven; airCion martivi amo- bulebi arian imaze, ramdenad
canebi, da Zalian arakomfortulad grZnobdnen Tavs, roca Sefasebis kargad warmoaCenen Tavs da ras
kriteriumebi winaswar mTlad garkveuli ar aris (Stipek, 2002). fiqroben maTze sxvebi.

523
 sqema 10.2
miznobrivi orientaciebi
moswavleebi SeiZleba fokusirebulni iyvnen amocanaSi CarTulobaze an
misgan ganridebaze daxelovnebulobis an prezentaciis miznobrivi orien-
taciebis mixedviT.

miznobrivi CarTulobis ganridebis

orientacia fokusi fokusi

daxelovnebu- fokusi: fokusi: vergagebis arideba

loba daostateba amocanaSi an amocanisgan Tavis daRweva.
gawafuloba daxelovneba, swavla, gageba. gamoyenebuli standartebi:
gamoyenebuli standartebi: ubralod ar dauSva Secdoma,
TviTganviTareba, perfeqcionistebi ar uSveben
progresi, Rrma wvdoma Secdomebs.
(amocanaSi CarTuloba).

prezentacia fokusi: fokusi:

(Sesruleba) gamarjveba da yvelas Tavidan arideba situaciisa,
dajabna. roca SeiZleba sulelad ga-
gamoyenebuli standartebi: moCnde, marcxis acileba.
normatiuli _ gamoyenebuli standartebi:
umaRlesi Sefasebis miReba, normatiuli _ ar iyo yvelaze
Sejibris mogeba uaresi, miiRo dabali
(egocentrirebuli mizani). Sefaseba, an iyo yvelaze neli
(egocentrirebuli mizani).

wyaro: Motivation in Education: Theory, Research, and Applications (2nd ed.), by P. Pintrich and D. Schunk, Pub-
lished by Prentice Hall. Copyright (c) 2002 by Prentice Hall. ibeWdeba Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River,
NJ nebarTviT.

moiTmineT! prezentaciis miznebi gana yovelTvis cudia? prezentaciis

miznebi sakmaod aramimzidvelad gamoiyureba, xom marTalia? adreuli
kvlevebiT dadasturebuli iyo, rom prezentaciis miznebi wamgebiania
swavlisaTvis. magram iseve, rogorc garegani motivacia, prezentaci-
is miznebic sulac araa aucilebeli yovelTvis uaryofiTad Sevafa-
soT. zogierTi kvleviT gamovlinda, rom rogorc daxelovnebulobis
miR­wevis, ise prezentaciis miznebi dakavSirebulia aqtiur saswavlo
stra­tegiebsa Dda maRal TviTrwmenasTan (Midgley, Kaplan & Middleton, 2001;
Stipek, 2002) da garegani da Sinagani motivaciis msgavsad moswavleebs
erT­droulad SeiZleba hqondeT rogorc daxelovnebulobis miRwevis,
aseve prezentaciis miznebi.
am uaxlesi aRmoCenebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganaTlebis fsiqologeb­ma
amocanaSi CarTuloba/misgan Tavis aridebis mixedviT gansxvavebis gar-
da, SemoiRes daxelovnebuloba/prezentatulobis mixedviT gansxvave-
ba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, moswavleebi SeiZleba motivirebulni
iyvnen daxelovnebulobis miRweviT an sagnis vergagebis Tavidan aci­
lebiT. maT SeiZleba miaRwion imas, rom kargad iyvnen warmoCenilni an
Tavidan aicilon situacia, roca SeiZleba sulelebad gamoCndnen. 10.2
cxrili gviCvenebs TiToeuli miznobrivi orientaciis magaliTebsa da

524
maT gavlenas. sad xedavT yvelaze met problemas? eTanxmebiT Tu ara
imas, rom realurad problemebi Tavis aridebasTan aris dakavSirebu-
li? moswavleebi, romelTac eSiniaT ver gaigon masala (daxelovnebu-
lobis arideba), SeiZleba iyvnen perfeqcionistebi _ fokusirebulni
iyvnen sworad gakeTebaze. moswavleebma, romelnic Tavidan irideben
ugunurebad gamoCenis saSiSroebis Semcvel situacias, (prezentaciis
arideba), SeiZleba TavdacviTi reaqciebs mimarTon am niSniT saxelde-
buli daliSas msgavsad. isini Tavs ise gvaCveneben, TiTqos ar arian
dainteresebulni, arc moundomebiaT yalTabandobdnen (Harackiewiz, Bar-
ron, Pintrich, Elliot & Thrash, 2002).

gawafulobis da prezentaciis miRma. zogierT moswavles arc swavla

ainteresebs da arc is, rom Wkvianad gamoCndes sxvebis TvalSi. maT
mxolod is undaT, Sromas aaridon Tavi. isini cdiloben rac SeiZleba
swrafad daasrulon saqme yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe (Pintrich &
Schunk, 2002). jon nikolsma (1984) aseT moswavleebs zarmacebi uwoda.
isini maSin grZnoben Tavs warmatebulad, roca Sroma ar uwevT, roca
samuSao martivia, roca usaqmurad arian.
miznebis bolo kategoria socialuri miznebia. moswavleTa zrdas-
Tan erTad isini sul ufro met mniSvnelobas iZenen. rodesac moswav-
leebi mozardobis asakSi Sedian, maTi socialuri kavSirebi icvleba,
farTovdeba, ufro met Tanatols moicavs. arasaswavlo aqtivobebi,
sporti, paemnebi da a.S. did konkurencias uwevs saskolo saqmianobas
(Urdan & Maehr, 1995). socialuri miznebi moicavs uamrav moTxovnilebas,
motivebs, romelTac sxvadasxva kavSiri aqvT swavlasTan _ zogierTi
xels uwyobs swavlis process, zogi ki xels uSlis. magaliTad, mo-
zardTa miznebi _ ganamtkicon megobruli kavSirebi, SeiZleba saswavlo
process gzaze gadaeRobos. TanamSromlobaze dafuZnebuli saswavlo
jgufis wevrebi ar edavebian megobrebs, roca isini arasworad pasuxo-
ben, radgan ar undaT, rom guli atkinon. ra Tqma unda, iseTi miznebi,
rogoricaa megobrebTan erTad garToba da imis SiSi, rom ar daim-
saxuro `wignis Wiis~ metsaxeli da mosawyen adamianad ar CagTvalon,
dabrkolebaa swavlis gzaze. magram mizani, rom asiamovno ojaxs an Sens
gunds muyaiTi muSaobiT, SeiZleba waadges swavlas (Urdan & Maehr, 1995).
Tu socialuri miznebi, gulisxmobs TanatolTa im jgufis wevrobas,
ro­­melic afasebs akademiur miRwevebs, esec swavlis sasargeblod imo-
qmedebs (Pintrich, 2003; A.Ryan, 2001).
Cven vlaparakobT miznebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva kategoriebis farg-
lebSi, magram moswavleebs TavianTi miznebis koordinireba uwevT ise,
rom SeeZloT gadawyvetilebebis miReba _ rogor moiqcnen da ra gaa-
keTon. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, zogjer socialuri da akademiuri
miznebi SeuTavsebelia. magaliTad, Tu moswavle ver xedavs kavSirs zarmaci moswavleebi _
skolaSi miRwevasa da warmatebul cxovrebas Soris, gansakuTrebiT ki moswavleebi, romelTac ar
undaT swavla da arc is, rom
diskriminaciis gamo, is ar daisaxavs miznad skolaSi warmatebas. aseTi
Wkvianebad iTvlebodnen,
antiakademiuri dajgufebebi TiTqmis yvela saswavlebelSi arsebobs undaT mxolod Sromis Tavidan
(moswavleTa swavlis motivaciisa da saswavlo procesSi CarTulobis acileba.
zrdis komiteti, 2004; Wentzel, 1999). zogjer TanatolebSi warmate- socialuri miznebi _
ba skolaSi warumateblobas niSnavs, TanatolebSi warmateba ki Zalian moTxovnilebaTa da motivTa
mni­Sv­nelovania. adamianTa umetesobisaTvis socialuri urTierTobebis farTo speqtri- iyo dakavSire-
buli sxvebTan, iyo jgufis
moTxovnileba bazisuri da Zalian Zlieri moTxovnilebaa.
Semadgeneli nawili.

525

`ra Sefasebas miviReb davalebis
mxolod sufTad SesrulebisaT-
vis?~
(© Glenn Bernhardt) ibeWdeba
nebarTviT.
526
ukukavSiri da miznis mowoneba
garda specifikuri miznebisa da socialuri urTierTobebis
Camoyalibebisa, arsebobs ori damatebiTi faqtori, romelic
efeqturs xdis klasSi miznebis dasaxvas. maTgan pirveli uku-
kavSiria. imisaTvis, rom motivirebuli iyo gansxvavebiT, `sad
xar~ da `sad ginda, rom iyo~, unda gagaCndes am momentSi Seni
statusis zusti aRqma da aseve imis aRqma, ramdenad Sors Se-
giZlia waxvide. cxadia, rom ukukavSiri, romelic xazs usvams
progress, yvelaze efeqturi gzaa. zrdasrulebisadmi miZRv­
nil erT-erT kvlevaSi ukukavSiri xazs usvamda, rom maT ganaxorci­
eles dasaxuli standartebis 75% da aseve imas, rom CamorCnen 25%-
iT. rodesac ukukavSiri exeboda ganxorcielebul miznebs, cdispirebis
TviTrwmena, analitikuri azrovneba da Sesruleba umjobesdeboda
(Bandura, 1997).
meore faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens miznis miRwevis motiva-
ciaze, aris miznis mowoneba. Tu moswavleebi uaryofen miznebs, rom-
lebic sxvaTa mier aris dasaxuli an uars ityvian sakuTari miznebis
dasaxvaze, motivacia daiklebs. zogadad, moswavleebi ufro metad am-
JRavneben sxvaTa mier dasaxuli miznebis Sesrulebis survils, Tu es
miznebi realisturad da mniSvnelovnad gamoiyu­reba da Tu misaRebia
is mizezebi, romelic safuZvlad udevs am miznebis Rirebulebas (Grol-
nick, Gurland, Jacob & Decourcey, 2002). urTierTdamokidebuleba maRali ran-
gis miznebsa da karg prezentacias Soris yvelaze Zlieria maSin, roca
adamianebi mTeli ZalisxmeviT iltvian TavianTi miznebisaken (Locke &
Latham, 2002).
miznebi: gakveTili maswavlebelTaTvis
moswavleebi ufro metad cdiloben naTeli, safuZvliani, zomieri
sirTulis da drois xanmokle SualedSi Sesrulebadi miznebis miRwevas.
Tu maswavleblebi yuradRebas gaamaxvileben moswavleTa prezentaciaze,
maRal Sefasebaze, Sejibrebaze, isini SeZleben waaqezon moswavleebi,
dasaxon prezentaciis miznebi. aman SeiZleba xazi gausvas moswavleTa
SesaZleblobas _ iswavlon da amocanaSi CarTul moswavleebad iqcnen
(Anderman & Maehr, 1994). moswavleebs ar SeuZliaT eqspertebiviT Camoaya­
libon TavianTi miznebi da gegmazomierad mihyvnen maT, amitom waqeze-
basa da mozomil ukukavSirs didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Tu Tqven iyenebT
raime saxis jildos an wamaxalisebeli stimulebis romelime sistemas,
darwmunebuli iyaviT, rom mizani, romelsac unergavT moswavleebs _
esaa swavla da ganviTareba erT raime konkretul sferoSi, da ara kar-
gad prezentireba da Wkvianad warmoCena. darwmunebuli iyaviT imaSic,
rom es mizani sulac araa Zalian rTuli. moswavleebs, iseve rogorc
zrdasrulebs, ar siamovnebT amocanebis Sesruleba da kargad war-
moCena im maswavlebelTan, romelic maT usargeblod da arakompeten-
turebad agrZnobinebs Tavs.
ra viciT kidev motivaciis Sesaxeb? grZnobebi mniSvnelovania.
 interesebi da emociebi

]ra gancdebi gaqvT swavlis procesSi? aRelvebuli xarT, mowyenili, daakavSireT kvlevas da ga-
cnobismoyvareoba gawuxebT Tu geSiniaT? dRes mkvlevrebi xazs usva- navrceT
Vispoel W.P. & Austin J.R.
men im faqts, rom swavla mxolod mSrali Semecnebis procesi ar aris.
(1995). warmateba da marcxi
swavlasa da informaciis gadamuSavebaze gavlenas axdens emociebi (Mill- skolaSi: kritikuli midgoma
er, 2002; Pintrich, 2003). moswavleebi ufro met yuradRebas aqceven, swav- moswavleTa atribuciuli
loben da imaxsovreben im movlenebs, warmodgenebs Tu wakiTxuls, rac rwmenebisadmi. ganaTlebis
kvlevebis amerikuli Jurnali,
iwveven emociur reaqciebs (Alexander & Murphy, 1998; Cowley & Underwood,
32, 377-422.
1998; Reisberg & Heuer, 1992) an dakavSirebulia maT interesebTan (Renninger,
Hidi & Krapp, 1992). zogjer emociebi xels uSlis swavlas, romelic yu­
radRebisa da muSa mexsierebis mobilizebas moiTxovs. es dakvirveba
SeiZleba swavlis sasargeblod iqnas gamoyenebuli (Pekrun, Goetz, Titz &
Perry, 2002). rogor SeiZleba skolaSi am aRmoCenebis gamoyeneba?

interesebis gamovlena
rogoria Tqveni azri?
skolSi maswavleblis adgilis dasakaveblad misuls mmarTveli ge­
kiTxebaT: `rogor daainteresebT moswavleebs swavliT? SegiZliaT
Tu ara aRuZraT maT interesi Tqveni sagnisadmi?~

rodesac volter vispolma da jeims Aostinma (1995) Seiswavles sa-

Sualo skolis 200 moswavle, gamovlinda, rom `sakiTxisadmi naklebi
interesi~ maTi warumateblobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezia. in-
teresi meore adgilze idga mxolod warmatebis axsnisas.
arsebobs interesis ori saxe: pirovnuli (individualuri) da situ-
aciuri. isev gasarCevia niSan-Tviseba da mdgomareoba _ kidev erTi
winaaRmdegoba Treitsa da garemoebas Soris. pirovnuli interesebi
individis ufro xangrZlivi da myari aspeqtebia. magaliTad, iyo mim-
zidveli, mogwondes, vTqvaT, enebi, istoria, maTematika, sporti, musi-
ka an kino. swavlisadmi individualuri interesis mqone moswavleebi,

moswavleTa
daintereseba
da Sesaswavl
masalasTan
dakavSirebuli
emocia erT-erTi
umniSvnelova-
nesi sakiTxia
ganaTlebaSi.

527
 argumenti / kontrargumenti
waadgeba Tu ara swavlas saswavlo procesis garTobad qceva?

argumenti mRerodnen erovnul himns da irCevdnen mTvaro-

maswavleblebma swavla unda
bas. maswavleblebi TiToeul qveyanas sxvadasxva
aqcion garTobad.
resurss aniWebdnen. imisaTvis, rom moepovebinaT
rodesac Google.com-is saSualebiT veZebdi
proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad saWiro yvela
`swavlis garTobad qcevas~, saitma aTi gverdi
resursi, qveynebs savaWro urTierToba unda
amomigdo am Temaze. cxadia, am sakiTxTan dakav-
daemyarebinaT erTmaneTTan. moqmedebda fuladi
SirebiT interesi didia. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
sistema da safondo birJa. moswavleebi muSao-
teqstis is nawilebi, romlebic ufro saintere-
bdnen Tav-Tavisi `qveynis~ moqalaqeebTan, rom
soa, gacilebiT advilad damaxsovrebadia (Pin-
Sesrulebuliyo erToblivi davaleba. zogierTi
trich & Schunk, 2002). magaliTad, moswavleebi, rom-
qveyana TaRliTobda sxva qveynebTan vaWrobisas.
lebic kiTxuloben maTTvis saintereso wignebs,
aman ganapiroba debatebis gamarTvis saWiroe-
met dros uTmoben kiTxvas da ufro pozitiu-
ba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, ndobis, omis
rad arian ganwyobilni wakiTxulis mimarT (Guth-
sakiTxebze. lizma aRniSna, rom Zalian gaerTo.
rie & Alao, 1997). TamaSebsa da sxvadasxva situa-
garda amisa, man iswavla, rogor unda imuSaos
ciis simulirebas swavlis procesSi garTobis
jgufSi maswavleblis meTvalyureobis gareSe,
elementi Seaqvs.
aseve Cawvda msoflio ekono­mikisa da interna-
magaliTad, Cemi qaliSvili me-8 klasSi iyo,
cionaluri konfliqtebis arss.
roca is da misi Tanaklaselebi sami dRis gan-
maRalmotivirebulma maswavlebelma sxva
mavlobaSi TamaSobdnen TamaSs, romelic maTma
klasSi fosta daaarsa, ro­melic mTel skolas
maswavleblebma moifiqres da `ULTRA~ daarqves.
emsaxureboda. TiToeul klass hqonda Tavisi
moswavleebi dayofilni iyv­nen jgufebad da
misamarTi da zip-kodi. moswavleebi muSaobdnen
TiToeuli jgufi hqmnida Tavis `qveyanas~. am
fostaSi da skolaSic yvela sargeblobda am
qveynebs hqonda saxelebi, simboloebi, nacio-
`dawesebulebiT~. maswavlebelma Tqva, rom es
naluri yvavili da frinveli. isini werdnen da
sistema `aviTarebs moswavleTa kreatiuli weris

axali informaciis ZiebaSi arian da saskolo saqmianobis mimarT ufro

pozitiuri atitudebi aqvT. situaciuri interesebi naklebad myari
da ufro xanmokle aspeqtebia im saqmianobisa Tu masalisa, romelic
ipyrobs moswavlis yuradRebas. rogorc pirovnuli, ise situaciuri
interesebi dakavSirebulia swavlasTan. rac ufro didia interesi,
miT ufro pozitiuria emociuri reaqciebi, metia daJinebuloba, ufro
Rrmaa informaciis gadamuSavebis procesi, ukeT xdeba damaxsovreba,
maRalia miRweva (Ainley, Hidi & Berndorf, 2002; Pintrich, 2003; Schraw & Lehman,
2001). interesi izrdeba, rodesac moswavle kompetenturad grZnobs
Tavs. amdenad, maSinac ki, roca sawyis etapze moswavle ar aris dain-
teresebuli, mas SeiZleba warmatebis miRwevisTanave gauCndes interesi
(Stipek, 2002).

interesis gaRviveba da SenarCuneba. rodesac es SesaZlebelia, sakmaod

efeqturia akademiuri saqmianobisa da myari pirovnuli interesebis
erTmaneTTan dakavSireba. magram rTulia, rom sagani, romelic TiTq-
mis yvela klasSi iswavleba, yvela moswavlis interesze iyos morge-
buli. mogiwevT situaciur interesze dayrdnoba. aq ukve mxolod is ki
araa sakmarisi, rom moswavleebSi interesi aRZraT, aramed unda Sein-
arCunoT kidec es interesi (Pintrich, 2003). magaliTad, meTiu mitCelma
(1993) aRmoaCina, rom kompiuteruli TamaSebis gamoyeneba aRviZebda
maTematikisadmi moswavleTa interess dawyebiT klasebSi, Tumca in-

528
unars ise, rom isini verc xvdebian amas~ (Dolezal,
Welsh, Pressley & Vincent, 2003).
kontrargumenti garToba xels uSlis
swavlas.
Soreul 1900-ian wlebSi, pedagogebi gvafrTx-
ilebdnen swavlisas garTobaze fokusirebis
safrTxis Sesaxeb. jon diui, romelic sakmaod
vrclad ganixilavda interesis rols swavlaSi,
werda, rom mosawyen gakveTils ver gadaaqcev
sainteresod masSi gasarTobi elementebis CarT-
viT. is ambobda: `rodesac iqmneba saWiroeba, rom
raRac saintereso gaxdes, es imitom xdeba, rom
TavisTavad interesi aris sasurveli ram. ufro
metic, TviTon frazac arasworia. sagani Tu
movlena imaze metad saintereso ar xdeba, rac
manamde iyo~ (Dewey, 1913).
mravalricxovanma kvlevebma gamoavlina,
rom interesis gaRviveba saswavlo masalisaTvis
mimzidveli, magram Seusabamo elementebis dam-
atebiT xels uSlis mniSvnelovani informaciis
aTvisebas. es `macduri detalebi~ moswavlis
yuradRebas aSorebs nakleb saintereso, magram
umTavres ideebs (Harp & Mayer, 1998). magaliTad,
moswavleebi, romlebic ecnobodnen istoriuli
pirebis biografiebs, ufro metad imaxsovrebdnen
Zalian saintereso, magram umniSvnelo informa-
cias naklebad saintereso mTavar ideebTan Se-
darebiT (Wade, Schraw, Buxton & Hayes, 1993).
Senon harpma da riCard meierma (1997) igive
Sedegebi miiRes kolejSi Catarebuli kvlevis
drosac. kolejis studentebs warudgines samec-
niero teqstebi, romlebsac emociuri interesis
damatebuli hqonda pikanturi detalebi im mo-
curaveebisa da golfis moTamaSeebis cxovrebi-
dan, romelTac mexi daecaT. mkvlevrebma aRniSnes,
rom `emociuri interesisa da kognituri intere-
sis dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi verdiqti sru-
liad naTelia. damatebam, romelic emociuri in-
teresis gazrdas emsaxureboda, marcxi ganicada
mecnieruli ganmartebebis ukeT gagebis aspeqt-
Si~. macdurma detalebma SeiZleba CaaxSos moswav-
leTa mcdeloba, mihyvnen ganmartebis logikas da
Sedegad xeli SeeSaloT teqstis azris wvdomaSi.
harpi da meieri amboben, rom `saukeTeso gza stu-
dentis dasaxmareblad, raTa man siamovneba miiRos
mocemuli kursisgan, aris is, rom daexmaro mas
am kursis kargad gagebaSi~.
rogoria Tqveni azri?
gamoxateT sakuTari mosazreba veb-gverdze:
www.mylabschool.com

teresis SenarCuneba ar xdeboda. gakveTilebi, romlebic xangrZlivad

inarCunebda moswavleTa interess, xasiaTdeboda realur cxovrebasTan
miaxloebuli problemebis gamoyenebiT da laboratoriul samuSaoebsa
da sxvadasxva proeqtebSi aqtiuri minawileobiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
arsebobs iseTi pirobebi, romlebic pasuxobs moswavleTa interesebs.
amis Sesaxeb visaubrebT qveTavSi Tvalsazrisi/kontr-Tvalsazrisi.
interesis meore wyaro fantaziaa. magaliTad, kordovam da leperma
(1996) aRmoaCines, rom moswavleebi ukeT swavlobdnen maTematikur op-
eraciebs iseTi kompiuteruli savarjiSoebis Sesrulebisas, sadac isini
kosmosuri xomaldebis kapitnebi iyvnen da kosmosSi gadasaadgileblad
maTematikuri gamoTvlebis gamoyeneba uxdebodaT. moswavleebi saxelebs
arqmevdnen TaviianT xomaldebs, imaragebdnen (warmosaxviT) sayvarel
sakvebs, ekipaJis wevrebs megobrebis saxelebs uwodebdnen da a.S.

agzneba: mRelvareba da SfoTva swavlis procesSi

Cven ukve kargad viciT, rogoria motivirebuli adamiani; viciT agzneba _ fizikuri da
isic, ras niSnavs, roca pirovneba agznebulia. agzneba moicavs ro- fsiqologiuri reaqciebi,
gorc fizikur, ise fsiqologiur reaqciebs _ cvlilebebi Seaqvs tvi- romlebic adamians fxizels,
yuradRebians xdis.
nis reaqciebSi, sisxlis mimoqcevaSi, guliscemaSi, sunTqvaSi. Cven ufro
momarTulebi, fxizlebi da aRelvebulebi vxdebiT. imisaTvis, rom

529

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
Lowenstein, G. (1994). cno-
bismoyvareobis fsiqologia:
mimoxilva. “Psychological
bulletin~, 117, 75-98. es sta-
tia erTmaneTTan kavSirSi
ganixilavs cnobismoyvareo-
basa da codnaSi aRqmul
danakliss.
530
gavigoT agznebis gavlena motivaciaze, SevexoT or sakiTxs. pirveli _
esaa RamiT mecadineobis sakiTxi. Tqven mesamed kiTxulobT teqsts da
cdilobT gaigoT, magram saSinlad geZinebaT. Tqveni yuradReba modun-
ebulia da Tvalebs Zlivs axelT. gadawyviteT, dasaZineblad waxvideT,
diliT adre adgeT da mecadineoba gaagrZeloT (gadawyvetileba, ro-
melic iciT, rom iSviaTad muSaobs). meore SemTxvevaSi, warmoidgineT,
rom xval umniSvnelovanesi gamocda geliT, romelic gansazRvravs
Tqvens momavals. Zalian RelavT da did zewolas grZnobT yvelasgan,
rom kargad CaabaroT. iciT, rom kargi gamoZineba gWirdebaT, magram
ise fxizlad xarT, rogorc arasdros. pirvel SemTxvevaSi agzneba Za-
lian dabalia, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ Zalian maRali.
fsiqologebi Tanxmdebian, rom arsebobs agznebis optimaluri done
nebismieri aqtivobisaTvis (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908). zogadad rom vTqvaT,
agznebis maRali done sasargebloa martivi amocanebis Sesrulebisas,
magram rTuli, kompleqsuri amocanis gadawyvetisas, piriqiT, ukeTesia
dabali donis agzneba. axla vnaxoT rogor SeiZleba agznebis gazrda
cnobismoyvareobis gaRviZebiT.
cnobismoyvareoba: siaxle da kompleqsuroba. interesi da cnobismoyva-
reoba erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli. cnobismoyvareoba SeiZleba
ganisazRvros, rogorc tendencia _ mravali sferoTi iyo daintere-
sebuli (Pintrich, 2003). TiTqmis 40 wlis win fsiqologebi varaudobdnen,
rom individebi bunebrivad arian motivirebulni siaxleebis, siurprize-
bis, sirTulis ZiebisaTvis (Berlyne, 1966). swavlebis kvlevam cxadyo, rom
saswavlo midgomebisa da amocanebis mravalferovnebam SeiZleba xeli
Seuwyos swavlas (BBBrophy & Good, 1986; Stipek, 2002). umcrosi asakis moswav-
leebisaTvis Sesaswavl saganTan dakavSirebuli sagnebiT manipulirebisa
da maTi aTvisebis Sansis micema SeiZleba yvelaze efeqturi gza iyos
maTSi cnobismoyvareobis stimulirebisaTvis. ufrosi asakis moswavlee-
bisaTvis kargad konstruirebuli kiTxvebi, logikuri amocanebi, para-
doqsebi SeiZleba aseve Zalian efeqtiani aRmoCndes. magram gaxsovdeT,
rom moswavleebSi interesis gaRviveba mTavari araa _ kidev bevri ramis
gakeTeba mogiwevT _ efro mniSvnelovania SeinarCunoT es interesi.
jorj louenSteini (1994) varaudobs, rom cnobismoyvareoba Rvivde-
ba maSin, roca yuradReba codnaSi garkveul danakliszea fokusire-
buli. `aseTi informaciuli danaklisi iwvevs deprivaciis iseT grZno-
bas, romelsac cnobismoyvareobas vuwodebT. cnobismoyvare adamiani
motivirebulia, rom Seivsos danaklisi codnaSi, raTa deprivaciis es
gancda Seamciros~. es idea exmianeba da hgavs wonasworobis darRvevis
piaJeseul cnebas, romelic meore TavSi ganvixileT da didi mniSvn-
eloba aqvs swavlebis procesSi. jer erTi, moswavleebs garkveuli cod-
na sWirdebaT imis gasacnobiereblad, rom garkveuli danaklisi aqvT
codnaSi _ es maTSi cnobismoyvareobas gaaRvivebs. meorec, moswavlee-
bma unda Seicnon es danaklisi ise, rom aman cnobismoyvareoba mogvces
Sedegad. SeiZleba dagvexmaros moswavleebisaTvis kiTxvebis dasma da
Semdeg ukukavSiris micema. Secdomebsac SeuZlia cnobismoyvareobis
sti­mulireba codnis garkveul deficitze miTiTebiT. dabolos, rac
mets vswavlobT, miT ufro cnobismoyvareni vxdebiT. rogorc masloum
(1970) aRniSna, codnis SeZenis moTxovnileba sul mzardia da arasdros
iklebs. ixileT miTiTebebi damatebiTi informaciis misaRebad _ rogor
gavaRvivoT interesi da cnobismoyvareoba moswavleebSi?
 rekomendaciebi: interesisa da cnobismoyvareobis gaRviveba
moswavleebSi
neba darTeT warmatebul studentebs gaake-
Ton arGevani
magaliTebi
1. sxva skolis maswavlebelTan erTad safuZ­
veli CauyareT klasebs Soris mimower-
iT megobrobas. mimowerisas moswavleebi
erT­maneTs gauziareben pirovnul gamoc-
dilebas, gaacnobiereben TavianT fotoebs,
na­xatebs, nawerebs, dasvamen kiTxvebs, gas-
cemen pasuxebs (`raze xarT axla maTema-
tikaSi?~ `ras kiTxulob?~).
2. gamoavlineT klasis eqspertebi sxvadasxva
saqmianobasa da amocanebSi. vin icis ro-
gor avagoT kompiuteriT grafikebi? ro-
gor veZioT qselSi? rogor movamzadoT
sadili?
3. moawyveT `gantvirTvis dReebi~, rodesac
moswavleebi skolis personals rolebs
gaucvlian an daexmarebian. moswavleebma
unda Seiswavlon es roli skolis perso-
nalis gamokiTxviT, moemzadon am saqmisT-
vis, Caicvan Sesabamisad da Semdeg Seafa-
son amgvari gantvirTva.
bis Sesaferisi saklaso biblioTeka.
3. ufleba mieciT moswavleebs gaakeTon ar-
­­­ Cevani TavianTi interesebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT.
CarTeT swavlebis procesSi iumori, pi­rov­
nuli gamocdileba, anekdotebi, rac Tqve­ni
naTqvamis adamianur mxares gausvams xazs.
magaliTebi
1. mouyeviT maT Tqveni sakuTari hobis, in-
teresebis Sesaxeb; imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras
aniWebT upiratesobas.
2. uTxariT moswavleebs, rom moulodneli
stumari eyolebaT; Semdeg gadaiqeciT av-
torad da uambeT maT Tqveni nawarmoe-
bebisa da `Tqvens~ Sesaxeb.
gamoiyeneT saintereso Sinaarsisa da de-
talebis Semcveli originaluri masala.
magaliTebi
1. werilebi da dRiurebi _ istoriaSi.
2. darvinis mosazrebebi _ biologiaSi

gamoavlineT moswavleTa interesebi, hobi,

maTTvis saintereso saq­mianobebi, romle-
bic gakveTilebsa da diskusiebSi SeiZleba
iqnes CarTuli.
magaliTebi
1. uzrunvelyaviT saubari moswavleebTan, ra­
Ta meti gaigoT erTmaneTis interesebze.
2. iqonieT, moswavleTa interesebisa da ho-
SeqmeniT siurprizis molodinisa da cno-
bismoyvareobis aRmZvreli situacia.
magaliTebi
1. daavaleT moswavleebs winaswar gansazRv-
ron, ra moxdeba eqsperimentSi, Semdeg ki
aCveneT realuri Sedegi.
2. moiyvaneT citatebi istoriidan da hkiT­
xeT moswavleebs, vin Tqva es.

damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:

http://mathforum.org/~sarah/Discussion.Sessions/biblio.motivation.html
wyaro: 150 Ways to Increase Intrinsic Motivation in the Classroom, by James P. Raffini. Published by Allyn and Bacon,
Boston, MA. Copyright (c) 1996 by Pearson Education. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis nebarTviT. aseve Motiva-
tion in Education (2nd ed.) by P. Pintrich and D. Schunk, 2002, Merrill/Printice-Hall, pp. 298-299.

rogorc zemoT ukve vnaxeT, zogjer agzneba arc Zalian maRalia

da arc Zalian dabali. ramdenadac saklaso oTaxi is adgilia, sadac
moswavleebi mowmdebian da fasdebian, SfoTva SeiZleba mniSvnelovani SfoTva _ zogadi mousvenro-
faqtori iyos klasis motivaciaSi. ba, daZabulobis gancda.

531
 SfoTva klasSi. Tu arsebobs adamiani, cxovrebis romelime momen-
tSi rom ar ganecados SfoTva, zogadi mousvenroba, eWvi sakuTar
Se­­saZ­leblobebSi, daZabuloba. SfoTvis gavlena saskolo miRwevebze
sruliad naTelia. `am TemasTan dakavSirebul yvela SromaSi, ierksisa
da dodsonis yvelaze adreuli (1908) Sromidan moyolebuli dRevan-
del dRemde, mkvlevrebi sul miuTiTeben saskolo miRwevebis yvela
aspeqtsa da SfoTvas Soris uaryofiT korelaciaze~ (Covington & Om-
elich, 1987). SfoTva SeiZleba iyos skolaSi warumateblobis mizezic da
Sedegic. moswavleebi imitom arian warumatebelni, rom aqvT SfoTva da
aseve, maTi warumatebloba zrdis SfoTvas. SfoTva erTdroulad aris
niSan-Tvisebac da situaciuri faqtoric. zogierTi moswavle SfoTavs
uamrav sxvadasxva situaciaSi (SfoTva rogorc Tviseba), magram zogi-
erTi situacia gansakuTrebiT iwvevs SfoTvis provocirebas (situa­
ciurad ganpirobebuli SfoTva) (Covington, 1992; Zeidner, 1998).
SfoTvas aqvs rogorc kognituri, aseve afeqturi komponentebi.
Sfo­Tvis kognituri mxare moicavs mRelvarebasa da negatiur azrebs
_ fiqrs imaze, ra cudi iqneba, Tu marcxs iwvnev da mRelvarebas, rom
ase dagemarTeba. afeqturi mxare gulisxmobs fiziologiur da emo-
ciur reaqciebs _ xelisgulebis gaoflianebas, usiamovno SegrZ­nebebs
muclis areSi, pulsis aCqarebas, SiSs (Pintrich & Schunk, 2002; Zeidner,
1995, 1998). rodesac arsebobs wnexi, rom unda moaxdino sakuTari Tavis
prezentacia moswavleebs Soris Sejibris situaciaSi, marcxs mohyveba
arasasiamovno Sedegebi, da am yvelaferma SeiZleba gamoiwvios SfoTva
(Wigfield & Eccles, 1989). saskolo asakis bavSvebTan Catarebulma kvlevebma
cxadyo damokidebuleba Zilis xarisxsa (ramdenad swrafad iZinebT da
ramdenad kargad gZinavT) da SfoTvas Soris. kargi Zili dakavSire-
bulia pozitiur agznebasTan da swavlis did survilTan. cudi Zili
ki, dakavSirebulia damasustebel SfoTvasa da naklebad warmatebul
saskolo prezentaciasTan. amas TviTonac SeamCnevdiT Tqveni piradi
gamocdilebiT (Meijer & van den Wittenboer, 2004).

rogor uSlis xels SfoTva miRwevas? SfoTva win eRobeba swavlas da

gamocdaze warmoCenas sam aspeqtSi: yuradRebis fokusireba, swavla,
Se­mowmeba. rodesac moswavleebi swavloben axal masalas, saTanado yu-
radReba unda miaqcion mas. SfoTvis maRali donis mqone moswavleebi
yuradRebas anawileben axal masalasa da sakuTar grZnobebs Soris _
ramdenad Relaven da nerviuloben. imis magivrad, rom koncentrireba
moaxdinon, isini yuradRebas uTmoben sakuTar grZnobebs da fiqroben:
`rogori daZabuli var, me amas verasodes gavigeb!~ dasawyisSi SfoTian
moswavles SeiZleba yuradRebis miRma darCes mniSvnelovani informa-
cia, romlis swavlac uwevs, radgan misi yuradReba sakuTar gancdebzea
fokusirebuli (Cassady & Johnson, 2002; Paulman & Kennelly, 1984).
magram problemebi amiT ar mTavrdeba. maSinac ki, Tu moswavlee-
bis yuradReba saTanadod koncentrirebulia, maT problemebi aqvT
im masalis aTvisebaSi, romelic nakleborganizebuli da rTulia, anu,
romelic maTgan moiTxovs daeyrdnon sakuTar mexsierebas. samwuxarod,
umetesi masala skolaSi swored aseTia. amas garda, mraval moswav-
les SfoTvis maRali doniT arasaTanado saswavlo Cvevebi aqvs. swavla
imisa, rom ufro moSvebuli iyo, avtomaturad ar gadaWris am prob-
lemas. maTi saswavlo strategiebi da saswavlo unar-Cvevebic unda
gaumjobesdes (Naveh-Benjamin, 1991).

532
 dabolos, SfoTianma moswavleebma xSirad imaze meti ician, vidre daakavSireT PRAXIS II™-s
da ganavrceT
amis demonstrirebas axdenen. maT akliaT gamocdis Cabarebis unar-
satesto SfoTva (I, C3)
Cvevebi an SeiZleba Zalian kargad ki hqondeT masala naswavli, magram
gamocda da SfoTva (http://
`gaiTiSon da yvelaferi daaviwydeT~ gamocdaze (Naveh-Benjamin, McK- www.u;rc.psu.edu/studyskills/
eachie & Lin, 1987). test_taking.html) mog­cemT rCev-
ebs, SfoTvasTan dakavSirebu-
li problemis dadgenisaTvis.

midgoma TiToeuli moswavlisadmi:

SfoTvasTan gamklaveba
zogierTi moswavle, gansakuTrebiT ki isini, visac swavlis unari
Sez­­Ruduli aqvs an emociuri darRvevebi aReniSneba, SeiZleba gansa-
kuTrebiT SfoTavdes skolaSi. rodesac moswavleebi stresul situaci-
aSi aRmoCndebian, vTqvaT, gamocdaze, maT SeuZliaT gamoiyenon SfoTv-
asTan gamklavebis sami strategia: problemebze orientacia, emociaze
orientacia da ganrideba. problemaze fokusirebuli strategia SeiZ­
leba gulisxmobdes, magaliTad, saswavlo sistemis dagegmvas, kargi
konspeqtebis Txovebas, swavlisaTvis myudro adgilis moZebnas. emo-
ciebze fokusirebuli strategia _ esaa SfoTvis Semcirebis mcdeloba,
vTqvaT, sarelaqsacio savarjiSoebis gakeTebiT an megobrisTvis Seni
grZnobebis gaziarebiT. ra Tqma unda, es ukanaskneli SeiZleba Tavis
aridebis strategiadac iqces, Tu Tqven adgebiT da picis saWmelad
waxvalT an oTaxis dalagebas daiwyebT (ver viswavli, sanam ar movawes-
rigeb aqaurobas). sxvadasxva strategia sxvadasxva dros aris efeq-
turi, magaliTad, problemis gadaWra gamocdamde da emociis `marTva~
gamocdis dros. adamianebisaTvis sxvadasxva situaciaSi sxvadasxva
strategiaa efeqturi (Zeidner, 1995, 1998).
maswavleblebi unda daexmaron SfoTian moswavleebs realistu-
ri miznebis dasaxvaSi, ramdenadac maT xSirad uWirT swori gadaw-
yvetilebis miReba. isini xSirad an Zalian rTul davalebas irCeven, an
Zalian martivs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, isini savaraudod marcxs iwvneven,
rac gazrdis maTi umweobisa da SfoTvis SegrZnebas. meore SemTxvevaSi
ki isini albaT warmatebas miaRweven, magram ar eqnebaT kmayofilebis
grZnoba, rac ufro Zalisxmevisaken ubiZgebda maT da Seamcirebda maT
SiSs saskolo saqmianobisadmi. aq SeiZleba dagvexmaros miznis baraTe-
bi, progresis diagramebi, miznebis dasaxvis Jurnalebi.

interesebi da emociebi: gakveTili

maswavlebelTaTvis
scadeT SeinarCunoT amocanis SenarCunebisTvis agznebis adeqvatu­
ri done. Tu moswavleebs Zi­li erevaT, mravalferovani informaciis
miwodebiT, maTi cnobismoyvareobis gaRvivebiT, gakvirvebiT an mcire
fizikuri aqtivobiT aRudgineT energia. gaigeT maTi interesebis Sesa­
xeb da gaiTvaliswineT es interesebi gakveTilze. Tu agzneba Zalian
maRalia, gaiTvaliswineT mi­TiTebebSi mocemuli rCevebi SfoTvasTan
dakavSirebiT.

533

Sexeduleba unarebis ucvl-
elobis Sesaxeb _ rwmena imisa,
rom unari aris fiqsirebuli
niSan-Tviseba da misi Secvla
SeuZlebelia.
Sexeduleba unarebis cva-
lebadobis Sesaxeb _ rwmena
imisa, rom unari aris xerxebis
erToblioba, romelic SeiZle-
ba Seicvalos.
534
rwmena da TviTsqemebi
Cven ukve visaubreT moTxovnilebebis, miznebis, emociebis Sesaxeb,
magram arsebobs sxva faqtoric, romelic unda gaviTvaliswinoT mo-
tivaciaze saubrisas. ra rwmenebi aqvT moswavleebs sakuTari Tavis,
sakuTari kompetenturobis, im mizezebis Sesaxeb, rac safuZvlad udevs
maT warmatebasa Tu marcxs? modiT, davsvaT kiTxva: ra rwmenebi aqvT
maT unarebis Sesaxeb?
rwmenebi unarebis Sesaxeb
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT SeafaseT Semdegi mtkicebebi eqvs­ba­
li­ani sistemiT. 1 qula dauwereT mtkicebas, romelsac sruliad eTanx-
mebiT, xolo 6 qula _ mtkicebas, romelsac saerTod ar eTanxmebiT.
Tqven gaqvT inteleqtis garkveuli maCvenebeli, magram ar SegiZ­
liaT SecvaloT is.
Tqven SegiZliaT iswavloT axali ram, magram ar SegiZliaT Sec­
valoT Tqveni inteleqtis maCvenebeli.
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, vin xarT, Tqven SegiZliaT mniSvnelovnad
SecvaloT Tqveni inteleqtis maCvenebeli.
mniSvneloba ara aqvs inteleqtis maCvenebels, Tqven yovelTvis
Se­giZliaT SecvaloT igi.
erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri rwmena, romelic moqmedebs motivaciaze,
aris rwmena unaris Sesaxeb. am rwmenebis, agreTve motivaciaze maTi moq-
medebis SeswavliT, Cven gavigebT, ratom isaxavs zogierTi adamiani Seu-
sabamo, aramamotivirebel miznebs; ratom iyenebs zogierTi moswavle mar-
cxis momtan strategiebs; ratom nebdeba zogierTi moswavle erTbaSad.
mozrdilebi iyeneben unaris or mTavar cnebas (Dweck, 1999, 2002). un-
arebis ucvlelobis Sesaxeb Sexedulebis mixedviT, unari aris stabiluri,
arakontrolirebadi niSan-Tviseba, romelic ar SeiZleba Seicvalos. am
midgomis mixedviT zogierT adamians aqvs meti unari, zogierTs _ ufro
naklebi, magram es maCvenebeli stabiluria. meore mxriv, Sexeduleba
unarebis cvalebadobis Sesaxeb, ambobs, rom unari arastabiluri da
kontrolirebadia. muyaiTi muSaobiT, swavliT, varjiSiT, codna SeiZleba
gaizardos da unari gaumjobesdes. ras fiqrobT Tqven? gadaxedeT Tqvens
pasuxebs rubrikaSi: SeCerdiT/dafiqrdiT/ dawereT. patara bavSvebi un-
arisadmi progresul midgomas amJRavneben. adreul dawyebiT klasebSi
moswavleebs sjeraT, rom Zalisxmeva da inteleqti faqtobrivad erTi da
igivea. Wkviani adamianebi mudmiv mcdelobaSi arian da maT ufro Wkvi-
ans xdis. Tu damarcxdebiT, ese igi, Zalian ar moindomeT da Wkvianic
ar xarT (Dweck, 2000; Stipek, 2002). 11-12 wlamde bavSvebi ver asxvaveben
erTmaneTisagan Zalisxmevas, unarsa da Sesrulebas. am asakisaTvis ki maT
ukve sjeraT, rom viRac, vinc uSromlad aRwevs warmatebas, marTlac
Wkviania. es is droa, roca bavSvebSi unaris Sesaxeb rwmena iwyebs ze-
moqmedebas motivaciaze (Anderman & Maehr, 1994).
moswavleebi, romlebic iziareben inteleqtis ucvlelobis Tvalsaz-
riss, isaxaven prezentaciis miznebs, raTa Tavidan aicilon situacia,
rekomendaciebi: SfoTvasasTan gamklaveba
yuradRebiT moekideT Sejibris fenomens.
magaliTebi
1. akontroleT moswavleTa saqmianoba, raTa
darwmundeT, rom arc er­Ti moswavle ar
aris gaumarTlebeli wnexis qveS.
2. SejibrebasTan dakavSirebuli TamaSebis
ganmavlobaSi darwmundiT, rom am saqmi-
anobaSi CarTul nebismier moswavles,
warmatebis Tanabari Sansi aqvs.
3. gamoiyeneT TanamSromluri aqtivobebi.
Tavi aarideT situaciebs, sadac SfoTvis
maRali donis mqone moswavleebs mouwevT
didi jgufis winaSe gamosvla.
magaliTebi
1. dausviT SfoTian moswavleebs iseTi kiTx-
vebi, romlebzec ki/ara an sxva mokle pa-
suxi SeiZleba iqnes gacemuli.
2. avarjiSeT SfoTiani moswavleebi mcire
auditoriis winaSe gamosvlaSi.
darwmundiT, rom moswavleTaTvis naTelia
yvela instruqcia. gaurk­vevloba SfoTvis
dones maRla swevs.
magaliTebi
1. testis instruqciebi dawereT dafaze an
CarTeT TviTon testSi nacvlad imisa,
rom sityvierad auxsnaT maT.
2. SeamowmeT gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma in-
struqcia. hkiTxeT ramdenime moswavles,
rogor gaakeTeben isini pirvel davale-
bas. SeusworeT, Tu Secdomas dauSveben.
3. Tu iyenebT axal formats an axali tipis
amocanas, aCveneT moswavleebs misi Ses-
rulebis magaliTi.
Tu es aucilebeli araa, Tavi aarideT
drois limits.
magaliTebi
1. mieciT saSinao davalebebi.
2. darwmundiT, rom TiToeul moswavles
Se­uZ­lia saklaso davalebis Sesruleba
drois mocemul monakveTSi.
testebsa da gamocdebs CamoaSoreT wnexis
elementi.
magaliTebi
1. aswavleT gamocdebis Cabarebis unar-Cve­
vebi; mieciT testis nimuSebi; daexmareT.
2. ar ganavrcoT Sefaseba erT testze da­
yrdnobiT.
3. uzrunvelyaviT damatebiTi samuSaoebi,
romlebic qulebs daumatebs sakurso Se-
fasebas.
4. gamoiyeneT sxvadasxva tipis testebi, rad­
gan zogierTi moswavle siZneleebs awy­
deba garkveuli formatis testebis Ses-
rulebisas.
SeimuSaveT testis alternatiuli
saSualebebi.
magaliTebi
1. gamoiyeneT zepiri an jgufuri testebi.
2. CarTeT moswavleebi proeqtebSi, daava-
leT samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli portfo-
lioebis warmoeba, am proeqtebis zepiri
wardgineba an dasrulebuli produqtis
Seqmna.
aswavleT moswavleebs TviTregulirebis
stra­tegiebi (Schutz & Davis, 2000).
magaliTebi
1. testis Catarebamde: aRiqvan testi, ro-
gorc mniSvnelovani da gamomwvevi amo-
cana, romlis Sesasrulebladac maT sak-
marisi SesaZlebloba aqvT. daexmareT
mo­s­wavleebs yuradRebis fokusireba moax­
dinon amocanaze, raTa miiRon rac Sei-
Zleba meti informacia.
2. testirebis mimdinareobisas: SeaxseneT
moswavleebs, rom testi Zalian mniS-
vnelovania, Tumca absoluturad ar aris
gadamwyveti. waaqezeT fokusireba moax-
dinon amocanaze_gamoitanon sakiTxis
mTavari idea da damSviddnen.
3. testirebis Semdeg: daubrundiT tests
da ganixileT, ram Caiara kargad da ra
SeiZleba gamoswordes. fokusSi moaqcieT
kontrolirebadi atribuciebi _ saswav-
lo strategiebi, Zalisxmeva, sakiTxebis
yu­radRebiT wakiTxva, sarelaqsacio stra­
tegiebi.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.couns.uiuc.edu/Brochures/testanx.html
535
daukavSireT PRAXIS II™-s
da ganavrceT
atribuciis Teoria ( I, C1)
ix. fsiqologiis enciklope-
dia: http://www.psychology.
org/links/Environment_Behav-
ior_Relationships/Motivation/
atribuciis Teoriebi _
motivaciis Teoria, romelic
aRwers Tu riTi xsnis da ras mi-
awers adamiani sakuTar qcevas.
536
roca SeiZleba sxvaTa TvalSi cudad gamoCndnen. isini eZeben iseT situa-
ciebs, sadac Wkvianebad gamoCndebian da daicaven sakuTar TviTSefase-
bas. gaubedavi sumis msgavsad, isini akeTeben imas, risTvisac ar uwevT
didi Sroma da gariskva da rac kargad gamosdiT radgan, maTi azriT,
bevri muSaobac da marcxic sust unars avlens. is SemTxveva ki, roca
did Zalisxmevas xarjav da mainc warumateblobas ganicdi, gamanadgure-
beli dartymaa maTTvis. moswavleebi, romelTac SezRuduli aqvT swav-
lis unari, ufro metad emxrobian unaris ucvlelobis Tvalsazriss.
maswavleblebi, romlebic iziareben inteleqtis ucvlelobis Sexedule-
bas, swrafad ayalibeben Tavis azrs moswavleebze da Znelad icvlian
mas, roca sawinaaRmdego faqtebs awydebian (Stipek, 2002). maswavleblebi,
romlebic iziareben unarisadmi progresul midgomas, amis sapirispi-
rod, miznad isaxaven daxelovnebulobis miRwevas da eZeben situacias,
romelSic gaaumjobeseben moswavleTa unar-Cvevebs, ramdenadac es niS-
navs gaxde ufro Wkviani. maTTvis marcxi ar aris gamanadgurebeli dar-
tyma, is mxolod imis mauwyebelia, rom ufro meti Sromaa saWiro. unars
amiT safrTxe ar emuqreba. progresuli Teoretikosebi zomierad rTul
miznebs saxaven, rac metad mamotivirebelia.
rwmena unaris Sesaxeb dakavSirebulia sxva rwmenebTan imis Sesa­xeb,
risi kontroli SegiZliaT da risi _ ara SegiZliaT swavlis procesSi.
rwmenebi mizezebisa da kontrolis Sesaxeb:
atribuciis Teoria
motivaciis erT-erTi kargad cnobili axsna iwyeba sityvebiT, rom
Cven sakuTari da sxvaTa qcevis gagebas vcdilobT am qcevis axsniTa da
misi mizezebis wvdomiT. imisaTvis, rom CavwvdeT Cveni warmatebisa Tu
marcxis arss, gansakuTrebiT ki moulodneli warmatebisa Tu marcxisa,
Cven vsvamT kiTxvas `ratom?~ moswavleebi sakuTar Tavs ekiTxebian:
`ratom CaviWeri?~ an `ratom gamomdis ase kargad wels yvelafers?~
TavianTi warmatebisa da marcxis mizezebi moswavleebma SeiZleba mi-
aweron unars, Zalisxmevas, ganwyobas, codnas, iRbals, daxmarebas, in-
teress, sxvaTa mier xelis SeSlas, usamarTlobas da a.S. imisaTvis, rom
gavigoT sxvaTa warmatebis an marcxis mizezi, Cven aseve mivmarTavT
atribucias. vambobT, rom sxvebi arian Wkvianebi, an iRblianebi, bevri
iSromes da a.S. motivaciis Sesaxeb atribuciis Teoriebi aRwers, ro-
gor moqmedebs motivaciaze individis axsna-ganmartebebi da msjeloba
sakuTari Tavisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb.
bernard vaineri aris ganaTlebis erT-erTi is gavleniani fsiqolo-
gi, romelmac erTmaneTTan daakavSira atribuciis Teoria da swavla
skolaSi (Weiner, 1979, 1986, 1992, 1994-I, 1994-II, 2000; Weiner & Graham, 1989).
veaineris mixedviT warmatebisa da marcxis miwerili mizezebis umete-
soba SeiZleba davaxasiaToT sami sididis mixedviT:
1. lokusi (mizezis adgilmdebareoba _ pirovnebis SigniT
an mis gareT);
2. stabiluroba (darCeba Tu ara mizezi igive uaxloesi momavlis
ganmavlobaSi);
3. kontrolirebadoba (SeuZlia Tu ara pirovnebas akontrolos
mi­zezi).
 warmatebisa da marcxis yoveli mizezis kategorizeba SeiZleba mo­
vaxdinoT am sidideebis mixedviT. magaliTad, iRbali aris eqsterna­
luri (lokusi), arastabiluri (stabiluroba) da arakontrolirebadi
(kontrolirebadoba). 10.3 cxrili gviCvenebs testSi warmatebisa da
marcxis mizezebis atribucias. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom unari, rogorc
yovelTvis, ganixileba rogorc stabiluri da arakontrolirebadi ram,
magram progresuli Teoretikosebi (razec zemoT visaubreT) ityvian,
rom unari arastabiluri da kontrolirebadia. vaineris lokusisa da
kontrolirebadobis sidideebi mWidro kavSirSia Ddeti-s kauzalobis
lokusis cnebasTan.
vainers swams, rom am sam sidides didi mniSvneloba aqvs motivaci-
isaTvis, ramdenadac isini gavlenas axdenen molodinsa da Rirebuleba-
ze. magaliTad, stabiluroba, rogorc Cans, axlo kavSirSia momavalTan
dakavSirebul molodinTan. Tu moswavleebi TavianTi marcxis mizezs
miaweren stabilur faqtorebs, magaliTad, sagnis sirTules, maT moma-
valSic marcxis molodini eqnebaT. magram Tu isini am Sedegs miaweren
arastabilur faqtorebs, vTqvaT, ganwyobas an iRbals, maT momaval-
Si ukeTesi Sedegis miRwevis imedi eqnebaT. lokusis internaloba/
eqsternaloba, rogorc Cans, axlo kavSirSia TviTSefasebasTan (Weiner,

cxrili 10.3
vaineris kauzaluri atribuciis Teoria
moswavleebma mravalnairad SeiZleba axsnan, ratom CaiWrnen test-
Si. aq aris rva mizezi, romelic warmoadgens lokusis, stabilu-
robisa da pasuxismgeblobis rva kombinacias vaineris atribuciis
modelSi.

sidideTa klasifikacia marcxis mizezi

internalur-stabilur - arakontrolirebadi dabali unari

internalur-stabilur - kontrolirebadi saerTod ar mecadineobs

internalur-arastabilur - arakontroli- cudad grZnobda Tavs

rebadi gamocdis dRes

internalur-arastabilur- kontrolirebadi ar momzadebula am

konkretuli testirebi-
saTvis

eqsternalur-stabilur - arakontroli- skolas maRali moTxovnebi

rebadi aqvs

eqsternalur-stabilur - kontrolirebadi maswavlebeli tendenci-

uria
eqsternalur-arastabilur - arakontroli- cudi iRbali (uiRbloba)
rebadi

eqsternalur-arastabilur - kontroli- megobrebi ar daxmarebian

rebadi

wyaro: Human Motivation: Metaphores, Theories and Research, by B. Weiner. Published by

Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA. Copyright © 1992 by Sage Publications. adaptirebu-
lia gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

537
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
waikiTxeT Clifford, M.M (1990).
moswavleebs sWirdebaT
gamowveva da ara advilad mis-
aRwevi gamarjveba. lideroba
ganaTlebaSi, 48 (I), 22-26. Sea-
faseT klifordis mtkiceba,
rom moswavleebs sWirdebaT
marcxis gamocdileba. vis
sWirdeba es gamocdileba
yvelaze metad?
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
Graham, S. (1991). atribuciis
Teoriis mimoxilva miRw-
evis konteqstSi. ganaTlebis
fsiqologiis mimoxilva, 3, 5-
39. es statia exeba atribuci-
is Teoriis ramdenime mTavar
princips, ramdenadac isini
ukavSirdeba miRwevisaken
swrafvas, moicavs TviTaRwer-
is wanamZRvrebs, wamatebisa da
marcxis kauzaluri atribu-
ciis emociur Sedegebs, dax-
marebis Ziebasa da daxmarebis
gacemas, TanatolTa mowone-
basa da ugulebelyofas,
miRwevis Sefasebas, atribu-
ciis process afroamerikul
populaciebSi.
538
2000). Tu marcxisa da warmatebis mizezi miewereba Sinagan faqtorebs,
warmateba CvenSi gamoiwvevs siamayis gancdas da gazrdis motivacias,
maSin, roca marcxi TviTSefasebas Seamcirebs. kontrolirebadoba daka-
vSirebulia iseT emociebTan, rogoricaa brazi, sibraluli, madliere-
ba, sircxvili. Tu pasuxismgeblobas aviRebT Cvens marcxze, danaSaulis
SegrZneba Segvawuxebs; xolo pasuxismgebloba warmatebaze ufro amays
gagvxdis. marcxi im amocanis Sesrulebisas, romelsac Cven ver vakon-
trolebT, iwvevs sircxvilisa da brazis grZnobas.
aseve, imis grZnoba, rom Tqven akontrolebT Tqvens saswavlo pro-
cess, dakavSirebulia ufro rTuli amocanebis arCevasTan, saqmeSi meti
Zalisxmevis CadebasTan, ukeTesi strategiebis gamoyenebasTan, saskolo
saqmianobaSi met daJinebulobasTan (Schunk, 2000; Weiner, 1994-I, 1994-II).
genderuli diskriminacia, feradkanianebis, gansakuTrebuli saWiroe-
bebis mqone individebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diskriminacia da sxva
faqtorebi gavlenas axdens am adamianebis mier sakuTari cxovrebis
kontrolis unaris aRqmaze (Beane, 1991; van Laar, 2000).
ixileT atribuciis Teoria, raTa meti gaigoT am Teoriis princi-
pebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb Sinagani motivaciis gasazrdelad.
atribuciebi klasSi. rodesac marcxs ganicdis is moswavle, romelic,
Cveulebriv warmatebas aRwevs xolme, is moaxdens internalur, kon-
trolirebad atribucias. magaliTad, ver gaiges miTiTebebi, daak-
ldaT codna an, ubralod, kargad ar moemzadnen. Sedegad, SemdegisaT-
vis warmatebis misaRwevad isini fokusirebas moaxdenen strategiebze.
aseT reaqcias xSirad mivyavarT miRwevamde, siamayis, maRali kontro-
lis SesaZleblobis gancdamde (Ames, 1992; Stipek, 2002).
mTavari problema motivaciasTan dakavSirebiT wamoiWreba maSin,
roca moswavleebi marcxs miaweren stabilur, arakontrolirebad mize-
zebs. aseTi moswavleebi TiTqos eguebian marcxs, depresiaSi vardebi-
an da Tavs umweod grZnoben. isini aramotivirebulebi arian. (Weiner,
2000). am moswavleebis reaqcia marcxze aris ufro meti fokusireba
sakuTar araadekvaturobaze; maTi damokidebuleba saskolo saqmiano-
bisadmi kidev ufro gauaresebulia (Ames, 1992). apaTia logikuri reaq-
ciaa warumateblobaze, Tu moswavles sjera, rom mizezi stabiluria,
cvlilebebsa da kontrols ar eqvemdebareba. amas garda, moswavleebi,
romlebic amgvarad afaseben sakuTar warumateblobas, ar cdiloben
moiZion daxmareba, maT sjeraT, rom maTi daxmareba aravis da arafers
SeuZlia (Ames & Lau, 1982).
maswavleblis saqmianoba da moswavleTa atribuciebi. rogor sazRvraven
moswavleebi warmatebisa Tu warumateblobis mizezebs? nu dagvaviwyde-
ba isic, rom adamianebi sxvaTa warmatebisa da warumateblobis mizeze-
bis atribuciasac axdenen. rodesac maswavlebeli fiqrobs, rom moswav-
lis warumateblobis mizezi moswavlis kontrols ar eqvemdebareba, is
keTilganwyobilia mis mimarT da ar sjis. Tu warumatebloba miew-
ereba kontrolirebad faqtors, rogoricaa, magaliTad, arasaTanado
Zalisxmeva, maswavlebeli gaRiziandeba da gabrazdeba, mosalodnelia,
rom sayvedurs gamoTqvams moswavlis misamarTiT. es tendenciebi, ro-
gorc Cans, mdgradia yvela drosa da kulturaSi. (Weiner, 1986, 2000).
rogor aRiqvamen moswavleebi maswavlebelTa am reaqciebs? sandra
grehemi (1991, 1996) ramdenime sakvirvel pasuxs iZleva am kiTxvaze.
naTelia, rom Tu maswavlebels ecodeba moswavle, romelic Secdomas
uSvebs, aqebs `kargi mcdelobis~, exmareba da zrunavs masze, roca
mos­wavle misgan amas ar iTxovs, moswavle, savaraudod, Tavis waru-
mateblobas arakontrolirebad mizezs miawers. Cveulebriv, es mizezi
misTvis iqneba unaris nakleboba. magaliTad, grehemma da barkerma
sTxoves sxvadasxva asakis cdispirebs SeefasebinaT im ori biWis un-
arebi da Zalisxmeva, romlebsac maT ekranze uCvenebdnen. kadrebi ase-
Ti iyo: maswavlebeli dadioda klasSi, roca moswavleebi muSaobdnen.
igi Cerdeboda or biWTan, akvirdeboda maT muSaobas. pirvel biWTan
komentars ar akeTebda. meores ki eubneboda: `modi miganiSneb. ar da-
gaviwydes aTianis gadatana~. am biWs misTvis daxmareba ar uTxovia da
arc etyoboda rame, rom ver akeTebda davalebas. yoveli asakobrivi
jgufis cdispirebma, yvelaze patarebmac ki, ise aRiqves es situa-
cia, TiTqos am biWs naklebi SesaZleblobebi hqonda. maT maswavleblis
qcevaSi Semdegi mesiji waikiTxes: `sawyalo bavSvo, Sen ar SegiZlia amis
gakeTeba, modi, me dagexmarebi~.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom maswavlebeli sul kritikuli unda iyos
da ar daexmaros moswavleebs? ra Tqma unda, ara! magram es gviCvenebs
imas, rom `Seqeba, rogorc nugeSi~ marcxis gamo (Brophy, 1985) an zed-
meti mzrunveloba sxvanairad SeiZleba iqnas aRqmuli. grehemi (1991)
varaudobs, rom umciresobaTa warmomadgeneli moswavleebi SeiZleba
maswavlebelTa sibralulis msxverplad iqcnen. xedavs ra im realur
problemebs, romelTac awydebian moswavleebi, maswavlebelma SeiZleba
`Seamsubuqos~ moTxovnebi, rom moswavleebma `warmatebas miaRwion~. ma-
gram aseT sibraluls, Seqebas, daxmarebas aseTi qveteqsti SeiZleba
erTvodes: `Sen ar gaqvs unari Tavi gaarTva amas, ase rom me gadav­xedav
Sens Sedegebs~. grehemi ambobs: `yvelaze marTebuli iqneba vkiTxoT
Savkanian moswavleebs, warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi xom ar xdebian
xolme maswavlebelTa keTilganwyobili ukukavSiris samizne da, amde-
nad, dabal SesaZleblobebze gadakruli sityvebis adresatebi~ (1991).
aseTi mowyale ukukavSiri, Tundac kargi ganzraxviT naTqvami, SeiZle-
ba rasizms niRbavdes.

rwmena TviTefeqtianobis Sesaxeb

da daswavlili umweoba
Cven ukve gavecaniT `me~-sTan dakavSirebul erT-erTi yvelaze mniS-
vnelovan rwmenas, romelic moqmedebs motivaciaze: rwmena sakuTari
qmediTunarianobis Sesaxeb, TviTefeqtianoba _ esaa rwmena individis
kompetenturobisa da efeqtianobis Sesaxeb mocemul sferoSi. bandura
(1997) ase xsnis TviTefeqtianobas: `esaa rwmenebi sakuTari SesaZle-
blobebis Sesaxeb _ moaxdino saTanado organizeba da Seasrulo saWiro
moqmedebebi mocemuli miznis misaRwevad~. Cven gansakuTrebiT gvain-
teresebs moswavleTa TviTefeqtianoba (TviTrwmena) romelic aucile-
belia, maTematikis, weris, istoriis, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebe­
bis, sportisa da sxva sagnebis Sesaswavlad, saswavlo strategiebis
asaTviseblad da bevr sxva gamowvevasTan gasamklaveblad, romlebsac
skola gvTavazobs. ramdenadac TviTefeqtianoba sakvanZo cnebaa so- TviTefeqtianoba _ pirovnebis
rwmena sakuTari kompeten-
cialur-kognitur TeoriaSi, Cven es cneba siRrmiseulad ganvixileT turobis Sesaxeb garkveul
mecxre TavSi. situaciaSi.

539
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
erTi uaxlesi kvleviT
dadginda, rom SfoTva mniS-
vnelovan rols asrulebda
TviTefeqtianobis Sefasebisas
saSualo skolis asakis bavS-
vebSi. ixileT Klassen, R. M.
(2002). motivaciuri rwmenebi
indokanadel da anglokanadel
mozardebSi: `me~-sa da koleq-
tiuri rwmenebis kros-kul-
turuli kvleva. disertacia.
simon freizeris saxelobis
universiteti. Burnaby, B.C.,
kanada.
SeZenili umweoba _ gamoc-
dilebaze damyarebuli molo-
dini, rom individis yoveli
mcdeloba marcxiT dasrul-
deba.
540
TviTefeqtianoba da atribuciebi erTmaneTze moqmedebs. Tu warmate-
ba miewereba internalur an kontrolirebad mizezs, rogoricaa unari
an Zalisxmeva, TviTefeqtianoba izrdeba. magram Tu warmateba miewereba
iRbals an sxvebis Carevas, TviTefeqtianoba SeiZleba ar gaZlierdes.
TviTefeqtianobac moqmedebs atribuciaze. adamianebi TviTefeqtiano-
bis maRali maCvenebliT mocemul momentSi (`me mexerxeba maTematika~)
Tavis marcxs miaweren arasaTanado Zalisxmevas (`ufro dakvirvebiT
unda Sememowmebina davaleba~). maSin, roca adamianebi TviTefeqtinobis
dabali maCvenebliT (`me ar mexerxeba maTematika~), Tavis warumate-
blobas unaris naklebobas miaweren (`debili var!~). amdenad, maRali
TviTefeqtianoba garkveul situaciebSi kontrolirebadi atribucii-
saken ubiZgebs adamians, xolo kontrolirebadi atribucia Tavis mxriv,
zrdis TviTefeqtianobas. Tu moswavles miaCnia, rom unari ar SeiZleba
Seicvalos, aqvs dabali TviTefeqtianobis gancda da marcxis mizezi
miewereba unaris naklebobas (`me ubralod ar SemiZlia amis gakeTeba
da verc verasdros SevZleb~), motivacia gaqreba (Bandura, 1997; Pintrich
& Schunk, 2002).
Teoretikosebis umravlesoba, romel Teoriasac unda warmoad-
gendnen isini, Tanxmdeba, rom TviTefeqtianoba, kontroli an TviT-
gansazRvra kritikuli sakiTxebia adamianebis Sinagani motivaciisaT-
vis. rodesac adamianebi ijereben, rom esa Tu is movlena an Sedegi maT
cxovrebaSi umetesad arakontrolirebadia, maT uviTardebaT SeZenili
umweoba (Seligman, 1975). imisaTvis, rom gavigoT ra Zala aqvs daswavlil
umweobas, ganvixiloT eqsperimenti (Hiroto & Seligman, 1975): cdispirebi
iReben amoxsnad an iseT Tavsatexebs, romelTa amoxsna SeuZ­lebelia.
is cdispirebi, romelTac eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi amo­uxsnel Tav-
satexebs aZlevdnen, meore fazaSi, roca ukve Cveulebriv Tavsatexebs
sTavazobdnen, Zalian cota maTganis amoxsnas axerxebdnen. maT CaT-
vales, rom mainc ver xsnian da raRatom unda scadon?
daswavlili umweoba iwvevs sami tipis deficits: motivaciurs, kog-
nitursa da afeqturs. moswavleebi, romlebic umweod grZnoben Tavs,
ar arian motivirebulni, rom imuSaon. pesimisti jeraldos msgavsad,
isini marcxs elian da arc undaT, rom scadon _ qreba motivacia.
ram­denadac pesimisturad arian ganwyobilni, es moswavleebi xelidan
TviTefeqtianoba
erT-erTi is faqto-
ria, romelic moti-
vaciaze moqmedebs.
es moswavle Tavisi
warmatebis albaT
sul mcire nawils
miawers iseT inter-
nalur faqtorebs,
rogoricaa misi
SesaZleblobebi da
Zalisxmeva.
uSveben momentebs, roca SeuZliaT gavarjiSdnen da ganaviTaron Tavi- daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
da ganavrceT
anTi unarebi da SesaZleblobebi _ uviTardebaT kognituri deficiti.
daswavlili umweobis cneba
dabolos, maT xSirad uCndebaT iseTi afeqturi problemebi, rogori- pirvelad ganvixileT meoTxe
caa depresia, SfoTva, gulgriloba (Alloy & Seligman, 1979). Tuki Camoya­ TavSi uunarobis swavlasTan
libdeba, mere Zalian Zneli xdeba daswavlili umweobis gavlenisagan kavSirSi. daswavlili umweoba
aseve erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
Tavis daRweva.
sakiTxia im moswavleebisaT-
vis, romlebic warumate-

rwmenebi TviTRirebulebis Sesaxeb blobis riskis winaSe dganan,

rogorc es mexuTe TavSi iyo
aRwerili. ganvixileT mravali
ra kavSiria atribuciebsa da unaris Sesaxeb rwmenebs, TviTefeqti­ faqtori, romlebmac SeiZleba
anobas, TviTRirebulebas Soris? kovingtoni da misi kolegebi varau- daswavlil umweobamde migvi-
yvanos, maT Soris fizikuri
doben, rom es faqtorebi erTad grovdeba sami tipis motivaciaSi: ori-
an kognituri unarSezRudu-
entacia daostatebaze, marcxis arideba da marcxis daSveba, rogorc es loba, rasistuli, genderuli
10.4 cxrilSia naCvenebi (Covington, 1992; Covington & Mueller, 2001). stereotipebi, siRatake da a.S.
daostatebaze orientirebuli moswavleebi Zalian afaseben miRw-
evas da unars ganixilaven, rogorc gaumjobesebads (progresuli mid-
daxelovnebaze orientire-
goma). amdenad, isini fokusirebas axdenen daxelovnebulobis miznebze, buli moswavleebi _ moswav-
raTa gazardon TavianTi unar-Cvevebi da SesaZleblobebi. maT ar eSin- leebi, romlebic fokusireb-
iaT marcxis, ramdenadac marcxi ar uqmnis safrTxes maTi TviTRire- ulni arian saswavlo miznebze,
ramdenadac maTTvis miRweva
bulebisa da kompetenturobis grZnobas. es saSualebas aZlevs maT
Zalian Rirebulia da Tvlian,
rom unarebis gaumjobeseba

cxrili 10.4 SesaZlebelia.

daxelovnebaze orientirebuli, marcxis amridebeli

da marcxs Seguebuli moswavleebi
damokidebuleba dasaxuli atribuciebi unaris strategia
marcxisadmi miznebi xedva

orientireba naklebi mizani: Zalisxmeva, progresuli; adaptaciuri

daxelovne- SiSi zomierad swori gaumjobe- strategia;
baze marcxisadmi rTuli da strategiis sebadi sxva gzis
gamomwvevi gamoyeneba, moZebna;
Sesabamisi daxmarebis
codna aris Zieba,
warmatebis varjiSi/
mizezi metis swavla

marcxis didi prezentaciis unaris Uucvleli, TavdacviTi

arideba SiSi miznebi, nakleboba dadgenili strategiebi;
marcxisadmi Zalian aris susti
Zlieri marcxis Zalisxmeva,
an Zalian mizezi Tavis
martivi moCveneba, rom
ar gaRelvebs

marcxTan marcxis molo- prezentaciis unaris ucvleli daswavlili

Segueba dini, miznebi an nakleboba dadgenili umweoba,
depresia umiznoba aris danebeba
marcxis
mizezi

541

Mmoswavleebi, romlebic
marcxs gaurbian _ moswav-
leebi, romlebic Tavs arideben
marcxs, akeTeben imas, rac
ician rom kargad gamouvaT, ar
riskaven da amtkiceben, rom ar
adardebT rogor warmoCinde-
bian.
marcxs Seguebuli moswav-
leebi _ moswavleebi, romleb-
sac sjeraT, rom maTi marcxi
maTive dabali unarebiT aris
ganpirobebuli da amas ve-
rafers uSvelian.
542
dasaxon zomierad rTuli amocanebi, gariskon da konstruqciulad
gaumklavdnen warumateblobas. zogadad, isini TavianT warmatebas mi-
aweren sakuTar Zalisxmevas. amdenad, isini iReben pasuxismgeblobas
swavlaze da Zlieri TviTefeqtianobis gancda aqvT. isini ukeTesad
axdenen sa­kuTari Tavis warmoCenas SejibrebiT situaciebSi, ufro
swrafad swavloben, meti TviTndoba da energia aqvT, ufro maRali
agzneba, mSvidad xvdebian ukukavSirs (es maT safrTxes ar uqmnis) da,
agreTve, aqvT Zlieri survili, iswavlon TamaSis wesebi, rom miaRwion
warmatebas. yvela es faqtori daJinebuli, warmatebuli swavlis wina-
pirobaa (Covington & Mueller, 2001; McClelland, 1985).
M m arcxis aridebaze orientirebuli moswavleebi iziareben una­
risad­m i ucvlelobis midgomas, amdenad, isini isaxaven prezentaciis
miz­nebs. maT ar aqvT sakuTari Tavisadmi maRali ndoba da Zlieri TviT­­
Rirebulebis gancda; isini am faqtorebs ar ganixilaven prezenta-
ciisagan damoukideblad. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, isini Wkvianad
grZnoben Tavs im xarisxiT, ra qulac miiRes ukanasknel testirebaSi;
maT arasdros aqvT Zlieri TviTefeqtianobis gancda. imisaTvis, rom
kompetenturad igrZnon Tavi, maT Tavi (me-xati) unda aaridon marcxs;
Tu zogadad warmatebulni arian, warumatebloba SeiZleba airidon
gaubedavi sumis msgavsad, anu mcire riskis gaweviT, imis keTebiT, rac
ician, rom kargad gamouvaT. Tu, meore mxriv, didi warumatebloba ga-
nucdiaT, daliSas msgavsad, romelic yovelTvis Tavs icavs, SeiZleba
Tavdacvis strategiebs mimarTon, _ magaliTad, didad ar Seiwuxon Tavi,
dasaxon Zalian patara an Zalian maRali miznebi, an Tavi mogvaCvenon,
rom araferi aRelvebT. zustad testirebis win moswavles SeuZlia
Tqvas: `saerTod ar mimecadinia!~ an `erTaderTi, rac minda, is aris,
rom ar CaviWra.~ amis Semdeg nebismieri Sefaseba, romelic ar niSnavs
CaWras, maTTvis ukve warmatebaa. dayovneba meore TavdacviTi strate-
giaa. dabali Sefaseba ar gamoxatavs dabal unars, Tu moswavle ityvis:
`me kargad Cavabare gamocda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom momzadeba
wuxel RamiT daviwye~. cudi prezentaciis gamo danaSaulis SfoTvac
SeiZleba CavTvaloT TavdacviT strategiad (Covington & Omelich, 1987).
samwuxarod, marcxis aridebis strategiebs sabolood swored waru-
mateblobamde mivyavarT. Tu warumatebloba warumateblobas mosdevs
da amis gasamarTleblad moyvanili mizezebi sakmaod mwiria, moswav-
leebma SeiZleba sabolood gadawyviton, rom arakompetenturni arian.
daiklebs maTi TviTRirebulebisa da TviTefeqtianobis gancda. isini
nebdebian da marcxs Seguebul moswavleebad iqcevian. maT sjeraT, rom
problemebi uunarobis gamo aqvT. rogorc es adrec vnaxeT, is moswav-
leebi, romlebic marcxis mizezs uunarobas miaweren da sjeraT, rom
unari fiqsirebuli da stabiluria, ufro metad mosalodnelia, rom
depresiaSi Cavardnen, apaTia da umweoba daeufloT. pesimisti jeral-
dos msgavsad maT faqtobrivad imedi ar aqvT, rom rame Seicvleba.
maswavlebels SeuZlia daexmaros moswavleebs, rom isini ar iqc-
nen warumateblobasTan Seguebul moswavleebad imiT, rom xeli Seu-
wyos maT ufro realisturi miznebis dasaxvaSi. zogierT moswavles
mxardaWera sWirdeba, ufro maRali miznebis misaRwevad eTnikuri Tu
genderuli stereotipebis pirobebSi. Sebralebisa da gamarTlebis
nacvlad ukeTesi iqneba, Tu maswavlebeli aseT moswavleebs aswavlis,
rogor unda iswavlon da rogor aiRon pasuxismgebloba. es ganuviTa-
rebs am moswavleebs TviTefeqtianobas swavlis procesSi da Tavidan
aacilebs daswavlil umweobas.
 rekomendaciebi: TviTefeqtianobisa da TviTRirebulebis
gancdis amaRleba
xazi gausviT moswavleTa winsvlas moce-
mul sferoSi
magaliTebi
1. daubrundiT xolme ganvlil masalas da
aRniSneT, ra `advilia~ axla is.
2. waaqezeT moswavleebi, SeimuSavon pro-
eqtebi, rodesac ufro mets iswavlian.
3. SeitaneT portfolioSi gansakuTrebiT
kargad Sesrulebuli davalebebi.
dasaxeT saswavlo miznebi Tqveni moswav-
leebisaTvis da mieciT maT daxelovnebebu-
lobaze orientaciis magaliTi.
magaliTebi
1. aRiareT progresi da gaumjobeseba.
2. mouyeviT maT Tqveni piradi gamocdilebis
Sesaxeb, rogor ganaviTareT Tqveni un-
arebi konkretul sferoSi da mouyvaneT
imaTi magaliTebic, visac icnoben Tqveni
moswavleebi.
3. mouyeviT im moswavleTa Sesaxeb, romelT-
ac gadalaxes fizikuri, mentaluri an
ekonomikuri sirTuleebi.
4. nu gaamarTlebT moswavleTa marcxs imis
gamo, rom skolis gareT maT raime prob-
lema aqvT. daexmareT maT iyvnen warmate-
bulebi skolaSi.
gaatareT specifikuri RonisZiebebi Sede-
gebis gaumjobesebisaTvis da gadaxedeT
Tqvens Sefasebas, roca es moxdeba.
magaliTebi
1. daubruneT moswavleebs nawerebi saTana-
do komentarebiT _ ra gaakeTes sworad
da ra _ SecdomiT, ratom SeiZleba daeS-
vaT maT es Secdomebi.
2. Tanaklaselebs Tavad gaasworebineT erT-
maneTis naSromebi.
3. uCveneT moswavleebs, rogor asaxavs maTi
mier micemuli ufro maRali Sefaseba
maTsave gazrdil kompetencias da zrdis
klasis saSualo monacems.
aqcenti gaakeTeT warsul Zalisxmevasa
da miRwevebze.
magaliTad:
1. dasaxeT da mimoixileT miznebi moswav-
leebTan erTad; sTxoveT maT aRweron,
rogor gadaWres problemebi.
2. SeadareT erTmaneTs TavdacviTi da mar-
cxis amridebeli strategiebi.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.emory.edu/EDUCATION/mfp/self-ef-
ficacy.html

rwmenebi da TviTsqemebi:
gakveTili maswavlebelTaTvis
Tu moswavles swams, rom mas ar aqvs saTanado unari Tavi gaarTvas
umaRles maTematikas, maSin is swored am rwmenis Sesabamisad imoq-
medebs maSinac ki, Tu misi realuri SesaZleblobebi saSualoze maRa- daakavSireT swavlebas/port-
lia. am moswavleebs naklebi motivacia eqnebaT gaakeTon maTematikuri folios da ganavrceT
amocanebi, ramdenadac isini marcxs elian. Tu moswavleebs swamT, rom ifiqreT swavlebis Tqveneul
maTi warumatebloba miuTiTebs maT sisuleleze, isini TavdacviT meqa- midgomaze. esaa sakiTxi,
nizmebs mimarTaven. mxolod mowodeba, rom ufro metad scadon, ar romelzec xSirad mogiwevT,
aris sakmarisi. moswavleebs sWirdebaT naTeli argumenti, rom maTi saubari roca samuSaos dawye-
bamde gasaubrebaze mixvalT.
Za­lisxmeva ukvalod ar Caivlis, rom sulac araa aucilebeli, maRali
ra rwmenebi gaqvT moswavleTa
miznis dasaxva. isini mxolod warumateblobamde miiyvanos, rom maT motivirebasTan dakavSirebiT?
SeuZliaT gaaumjobeson TavianTi Sedegebi, rom maTi SesaZleblobebi rogor SeZlebT moswavleebs
SeiZleba Seicvalos. maT sWirdebaT avTentikuri daxelovnebis gamoc- ganuviTaroT maRali TviTe-
dileba. miTiTebebSi naxavT ideebs TviTefeqtianobisa da TviTRireb- feqtianobis gancda? (ideebi-
ulebis gasaviTareblad. saTvis ix. `rekomendaciebi~).

543

daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
daukavSireT erTmaneTs me-
5 Tavis informacia da am
TavSi ganxiluli masala im
gamowvevebis Sesaxeb, romelic
maswavleblis winaSe dgas, mis
mier moswavleTa motivaciis
gazrdis procesSi.
swavlis motivacia _
tendencia ganaxorcielo mniS-
vnelovani da Rirebuli aka-
demiuri aqtivobebi da scado
miiRo maTgan sargebeli.
544
rogor SeiZleba davakavSiroT yvela es informacia motivacias­
Tan? rogor SeuZliaT maswavleblebs motivaciis gasaZlierebeli
ga­r emos, situaciebis, urTierTobebis, Seqmna? am sakiTxebs mogvi-
anebiT SevexebiT.
skolaSi swavlis motivacia
maswavleblebi koncentrirebulni arian ganaviTaron motivaciis
gansakuTrebuli tipi TavianT moswavleebSi _ swavlis motivacia. iere
brofi (1988) ase aRwers moswavleTa swavlis motivacias: `esaa mo-
swavlis tendencia _ moZebnos Rirebuli da mniSvnelovani akademiuri
aqtivobebi da ecados miiRos maTgan akademiuri sargebeli. swavlis
motivacia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc pirovnuli niSani da rogorc
situaciuri specifikuri garemoeba~. swavlis motivacia ufro mets
gulisxmobs, vidre swavlis survili da misadmi swrafvaa. is agreTve
moicavs moswavlis mentaluri Zalisxmevis xarisxs. magaliTad, teqstis
aTjer wakiTxva SeiZleba gamoxatavdes moswavlis daJinebulobas da
Seupovrobas, magram swavlis motivacia gulisxmobs ufro azriani, aq-
tiuri saswavlo strategiebis gamoyenebas, rogoricaa bazisuri idee-
bis Sejameba da Sefaseba, sakuTari sityvebiT am yvelafris gaazreba,
sakvanZo mimarTebebis grafikebis ageba da a.S. (Brophy, 1988)
ratom xdeba saWiro swavlis motivaciaze zrunva? interviuSi iere
brofim 5 komponenti CamoTvala:
jer erTi, gakveTilebze daswreba iZulebiT xasiaTs atarebs,
saskolo kurikulumi da saswavlo aqtivobebi SerCeulia sazoga-
doebrivi dakveTis da ara imis safuZvelze, rasac es moswavleebi
airCevdnen, amis saSualeba rom hqonodaT. meore, maswavleblebi
klasSi Cveulebriv muSaoben 20 an met bavSvTan da yovelTvis ver
axerxeben TiToeuli moswavlis moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswine-
bas. Sedegad, zogierTi moswavle mowyenili da imedgacruebulia.
mesame, klasebi iseTi socialuri formirebebia, sadac TiToeuli
movlena sajaroa. Aamdenad, warumatebloba ara marto pirovnebis
gulgatexilobas iwvevs, aramed danarCenebsac acbunebs. meoTxe,
moswavleebs sistematurad afaseben, periodulad mSoblebs saq-
mis kursSi ayeneben maTi Svilebis swavlis Taobaze. dabolos,
maswavleblebi da moswavleebi xSirad yoveldRiuri rutinisa
da erTferovnebis monawileebad iqcevian xolme. saskolo saqmi-
anoba dadis masalis bolomde gavlamde (maswavleblisaTvis) da
davalebis Sesrulebamde (moswavlisaTvis) (Gaedke & Shaughnessy,
2003, gv. 206-207).
am konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, kargi iqneboda, moswavleebi
skolaSi motivaciiT aRsavseni rom modiodnen, magram es ase ar xdeba.
Mmaswavleblebis movaleobis Sesrulebisas, Cven gviwevs davsaxoT sami
mTavari mizani: pirveli_produqtiulad CavrToT moswavleebi sak-
laso saqmianobaSi, anu SevqmnaT swavlisadmi motivaciis garemo; meore
da Sors mimavali mizani vaqcioT Cvens moswavleebSi swavlisadmi mo-
tivirebuloba pirovnul maxasiaTeblad, ise, rom maT `SeeZloT TviT-
ganaTleba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze~ (Bbandura, 1993). dabolos _ Cven
gvsurs Cveni moswavleebi iyvnen kogniturad aqtiurebi _ Rrmad az-
rovnebdnen imis Sesaxeb, rasac swavloben. sxva sityvebiT, Cven gvinda,
 cxrili 10.5.

swavlis motivaciis cnebis ageba

swavlis motivacia maSin Cndeba, roca es eqvsi elementi erTad gvxvdeba.

swavlis motivaciis maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic

optimaluri maxasiaTeblebi amcirebs swavlis motivacias

motivaciis Sinagani: garegani: garemos faqtorebi,

wyaro pirovnuli faqtorebi, rogoricaa rogoricaa jildo, socialuri
moTxovnilebebi, interesebi, wnexi, dasja.
cnobismoyvareoba, siamovneba

miznis swavlis mizani: prezentaciis mizani: survili

tipi pirovnuli kmayofileba gamowvevebis kargad warmoCnde sxvaTa TvalSi;
miRebisas da ganviTareba; tendencia tendencia airCio Zalian rTuli
airCio zomierad rTuli da gamomwvevi an Zalian martivi miznebi.
miznebi.

CarTulobis amocanaSi CarTuloba: amocanis egocentrirebuloba:

tipi amoxsnaze koncentrireba. koncentracia imaze,
rogor Canxar sxvebis TvalSi.

miRwevis miRwevis motivacia: marcxis aridebis motivacia:

motivacia daxelovnebis motivacia. SfoTvisadmi midrekileba.

SesaZlebeli warmateba da marcxi warmateba da marcxi miewereba

atributaciebi miewereba kontrolirebad arakontrolirebad mizezebs.
Zalisxmevasa da unars.

rwmena unaris progresuli midgoma: rwmena, rom Sexeduleba unaris

Sesaxeb unari SeiZleba ganviTardes muyaiTi ucvlelobis Sesaxeb: rwmena, rom
SromiT,axali codnisa da unari aris stabiluri, arakontro-
unar-Cvevebis SeZeniT lirebadi Tviseba.

rom isini iyvnen moazrovneebi (Blumenfield, Puro & Mergendoller, 1992).

am TavSi Cven SevexeT Sinagani da garegani motivaciis, atribuc-
iebis, miznebis, interesebis, emociebisa da TviTsqemebis rols moti-
vaciaSi. 10.5 cxrili asaxavs TiToeuli am faqtoris wvlils swavlis daukavSireT PRAXIS II™–s
motivaciaSi. da ganavrceT
am TavSi ganxiluli centraluri sakiTxebi aseTia: ra SeiZleba ga­­­ TARGET (I, C1, 2, 3)
aRwereT TARGET-is modelis
akeTon moswavleebSi swavlis motivaciis mxardasaWerad da wasaxali­
mTavari cnebebi da CamoTva-
seblad? rogor SeuZlia maswavlebels gamoiyenos atribuciebis, mizne­ leT amasTan dakavSirebuli
bis, interesebis, rwmenebis, TviTsqemebis Sesaxeb codna, rom gazardos strategiebi.
swavlis motivacia? am sakiTxebze sadiskusiod Cven gamoviyenebT TAR-
GET-is models.
qerol eimsma (1990, 1992) Camoayaliba eqvsi sfero, sadac maswav­ daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
leblebi iReben gadawyvetilebas, rac gavlenas axdens moswavleTa
gamoiyeneT TARGET-is modeli
swav­lis motivaciaze. es sferoebia: xasiaTi amocanisa, romlis Ses- (cxrili 10.6), raTa Camoayali-
rulebac moeTxoveba moswavles; avtonomia, romelic miniWebuli aqvT boT motivaciis strategiebi
muSaobisas moswavleebs; rogoraa aRiarebuli da mowonebuli mo- im klasisaTvis, romelsac
swavleTa miRweva; gamocdilebis dajgufeba; procedurebis Sefaseba; Tqven aswavliT.

545

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
ix. specialuri statia `avTen-
tikuri swavla~ `Educational
Leadership~ aprili, 1993
akademiuri amocana _ moswav-
lis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao
Sinaarsis dauflebisa da gon-
ebrivi operaciebis warmoebis
CaTvliT.
mniSvnelovneba/miRw-
evis Rirebuleba _ amocanis
kargad Sesrulebis mniS-
vnelovneba; rogor exmianeba
warmateba individis pirovnul
moTxovnilebebs.
Sinagani Rirebuleba, in-
teresis _ siamovneba, rasac
individi amocanis Sesrule-
biT iRebs.
sargeblianobis Rirebuleba
_ is wvlili, rac amocanis
Sesrulebas Seaqvs individis
miznebis ganxorcielebaSi.
avTentikuri amocana _ im
problemebTan dakavSirebuli
amocana, romlebsac moswav-
leebi klasis gareT, realur
cxovrebaSi pirispir awydebian.
546
drois ganrigis SemuSaveba klasSi. epSteinma (1989) Seqmna akronimi
TARGET [T-task (amocana), A-autonomy (avtonomia), R-recognition (aRiareba, mo-
woneba), G-grouping (dajgufeba), E-evaluation (Sefaseba), T-time (dro)], raTa
Seejamebina maswavleblis es gavlenis sferoebi. Ees modeli naCvenebia
10.6 cxrilSi.
saswavlo amocanebi
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, rogor SeuZlia akademiur amocanas imo-
qmedos moswavlis motivaciaze, gavaanalizoT amocana. amocanebi Sei-
Zleba iyos saintereso an mosawyeni. moswavleTaTvis maT sxvadasxva
Rire­buleba aqvT.
amocanis Rirebuleba. albaT gaxsovT mravali Teoretikosis varaudi,
rom motivaciis siZlieres garkveul situaciebSi gansazRvravs ro-
gorc warmatebis molodini, aseve am warmatebis Rirebuleba. moswav-
leTa rwmena amocanis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb saSualebas iZleva winaswar
vivaraudoT, ra arCevans gaakeTeben isini, CaerTvebian Tu ara samec-
niero saqmeSi, SeuerTdebian Tu ara gunds. warmatebis molodini amo-
canis Sesrulebisas winaswar gansazRvravs miRwevas _ ramdenad kargad
Seasruleben davalebas moswavleebi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa
gakveTilebze Tu gundSi (Wigfield & Eccles, 2002-II).
amocanis Rirebuleba oTx komponents gulisxmobs: mniSvnelovneba,
interesi, sargeblianoba da danaxarji (Eccles & Wigfield; Eccles, Wigfield &
Schiefele, 1998). mniSvnelovneba da Sesrulebis Rirebuleba Zalian mniS-
vnelovani sakiTxebia amocanis kargad SesrulebisaTvis, isini mWidro
kavSirSia individis moTxovnilebebTan (magaliTad, mowonebis, aTle-
truobis moTxovnileba da a.S.). Tu vinmes aqvs Zlieri moTxovnileba
Wkvianad warmoCndes da sjera, rom testSi miRebuli maRali Sefaseba
misi siWkvianis maCvenebelia, maSin am tests Sesrulebis didi Rireb-
uleba eqneba moswavlisaTvis. meore komponentia interesi da Sinagani
Rirebuleba. es gulisxmobs im siamovnebas, romelsac individi TviTon
aqtivobisagan iRebs. zogierT adamians siamovnebas aniWebs TviTon swav-
lis procesi. sxvebs moswonT, roca Zlieri fizikuri datvirTva aqvT
da Tavsatexebs xsnian. amocanebs SeiZleba hqondeT sargeblianobis
Rirebuleba. es imas niSnavs, rom isini gvexmarebian mokle an grZel-
vadiani miznebis miRwevaSi, magaliTad, xarisxis mopovebaSi. dabolos,
maT aqvT danaxarji_ igulisxmeba is msxverpli, risi gaRebac gviwevs,
anu is negatiuri Sedegi, romelic mohyveba am amocanis Sesrulebas,
magaliTad, sxva saqmianobisaTvis drois uqonloba an daRliloba.
amocanis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb zemomoyvanili msjelobidan Tqven
SegiZliaT naxoT, pirovnuli da garemos gavlenebi mudmivad urT-
ierTqmedeben motivaciaze. amocana, romlis Sesrulebasac vTxovT mo-
swavleebs, garemos aspeqtia; is eqsternaluri faqtoria moswavlisaT-
vis. magram amocanis Sesrulebis Rirebuleba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
individis internalur moTxovnilebebTan, rwmenebTan, miznebTan.
avTentikuri amocanebi. bolo dros bevri iwereba swavlebisas avTen-
tikuri amocanebis gamoyenebaze. avTentikuria amocana, romelsac ka-
vSiri aqvs realur cxovrebiseul problemebsa da situaciebTan, rasac
moswavleebi skolis gareT awydebian an momavalSi waawydebian. Tu Tqven
moswavleebs mosTxovT daizepiron is cnebebi, romelTac arasdros
gamoiyeneben, iswavlon masala mxolod imitom, rom igi testSi Sedis,
ganmeorebiT gaakeTon amocana, romelic ukve kargad aqvT gagebuli,
maSin swavlis motivacia dabali iqneba. magram Tu amocanebi iqneba
avTentikuri, moswavleebi dainaxaven maTi sargeblianobis Rirebule-
bas da es amocana maTTvis mniSvnelovani da saintereso gaxdeba.
lemaze dafuZnebuli swavleba avTentikuri amocanebis gamoyenebis
problemaze dafuZnebuli swavleba avTentikuri amocanebis gamoy-
enebis erT-erTi magaliTia.
Pproblemaze dafuZnebuli swavlebis erT-erT magaliTad SeiZleba problemaze dafuZnebuli
ganvixiloT SemTxveva, roca ilinoisis Statis me-7 da me-8 klasebis swavla _ meTodebi, romlebic
moswavleebs warudgens re-
moswavleebs sTxoves pasuxi gaecaT kiTxvaze: `ra unda gakeTdes, Tu alur problemebs, romelTac
birTvuli narCenebis nagavsayrels Cvens teritoriaze moawyoben?~ mo- SeiZleba calsaxad arc hqon-
swavleebma maleve gaiges, rom es realuri problema martivi ar iyo. deT “swori” pasuxi.

cxrili 10.6
TARGET-is modeli moswavlis swavlis motivaciis gasazrdelad
maswavleblebi mravali sakiTxis Sesaxeb iReben gadawyvetilebas, rac gavlenas axdens moti-
vaciaze. TARGET-is akronimi pirvel planze swevs amocanas, avtonomias, aRiarebas, dajgufe-
bas, Sefasebas da dros.

TARGET-is fokusi miznebi SesaZlo strategiebis mag-

sfero aliTebi

amocana rogoraa saswavlo amocanis Sinagani iseTi swavleba, romelic

sturqturirebuli mimzidvelobis gazrda; dakavSirebuli iqneba moswav-
amocanebi _ risi swavla unda gaxdes mniSvne- leTa cxovrebasa da gamoc-
gakeTeba moeTxove- lobis mqone. dilebasTan;
baT moswavleebs anazRaurebis (fuladi an
raime
sxva saxis), miRwevis an
qulebis gamo;miznebis dasax-
visa da TviT-regulirebis
mxardaWera.

avtonomia/ moswavleTa monawil- optimaluri Tavisuflebis alternatiuli davalebebis

pasuxismgeb- eoba saswavlo/sas- miniWeba moswavleTaTvis, wardgena;
loba kolo gadawvetile- raTa maT gaakeTon arCevani moswavleebisadmi TxovniT
bebSi da aiRon pasuxismgebloba mimarTva, gaakeTon komen-
tarebi saskolo cxovrebaze,
maTi komentarebis seriozu-
lad miReba; moswavleTa wax-
aliseba, gamoiCinon inicia-
tiva da Seafason sakuTari
swavla;
TiToeuli moswavleTaTvis
liderobis saSualebis micema

aRiareba aRiarebisa da TiToeuli moswavlisaTvis pirovnuli miRwevebis waxal-

mowonebis xasiaTi iseTi SesaZleblobis Seqmna,
da dajildoebis rom isini iyvnen aRiarebulni
gamoye- neba saskolo da mowonebulni; miznisaken
siste- maSi winsvlis, progresis aRniSvna
da mowoneba; Ziebisa da
iniciativis mowoneba.
iseba;
imis xazgasma, rom kargi sax-
eli warmavalia;
moswavleTaTvis saskolo
aqtivobebis
farTo speqtris wardgena;

547
 dajgufeba saskolo saqmianobi- iseTi garemos Seqmna, sadac
sa da gamocdilebis miRebuli da mowonebulia
organizeba. TiToeuli moswavle;
socialuri urTierTobebis
gafarToeba, gansakuTrebiT,
rTuli moswavleebisaTvis;
socialuri unar-Cvevebis
ganviTareba.
TanamSromlobiTi swavlis,
problemis gadaWris, gadaw-
yvetilebis miRebis uzrunve-
lyofa;
jgufis wevrobis mraval-
ferovnebis Seqmna, raTa
gaizar-dos TanatolTa urT-
ierToba;
unarebis mixedviT dajgufe-
buli klasebis gauqmeba.

Sefaseba Sefasebis xasiaTi Sefasebisa da moxsenebis miRwevis socialur Sedar-

da misi gamoyeneba, procesebi; saqmianoba, ro-
Sefasebis proce- melic dakavSirebulia
durebi. standartizebuli testebis
gamoyenebasTan; miznebisa da
standartebis
gansazRvra.
ebaze aqcentis Serbileba;
moswavleTaTvis TavianTi
Sedegebis gaumjobesebis
saSualebis micema; (swavlis
unar-
CvevaSi) Sefasebisa da an-
gariSis daweris praqtikis
danergva, rac moswavleebis
ukeT swavlas uzrunvelyofs;
moswavleTa CarTva Sefasebis
procesSi.

dro saskolo dRis ganri- gamorCeuli moswavleebis moswavleTaTvis, progresis

gis SemuSaveba CarTva saswavlo amocanebSi;
dRis ganrigs unda ganapiro-
bebdes saswavlo amocana da
moswavlis moTxovnilebebi.
Taviseburad warmarvis saSu-
alebis micema;
saswavlo aqtivobebis gan-
rigis moqnilobis uzrunve-
lyofa;
maswavleblebisaTvis drois
faqtorze kontrolis
uflebis miniWeba.

wyaro: Reinventing Schools for Early Adolescents: Emphasizing Task Goals, by M. L. Maehr and E. M. Anderman, The El-
ementary School Journal, 93.5, pp. 604-605. Copyright © 1993 by The University of Chicago Press. adaptirebulia nebarTviT.

daukavSireT kvlevas mecnierebi ar adasturebdnen safrTxis saSiSroebas. garemos damcvelebi

da ganavrceT
ganaTlebis fsiqologiis
mimoxilvis 1998 wlis ivnisis
gamoSveba, Karen Harris-isa
da Pet Alexander-is redaq-
torobiT, moicavs statiebis
serias, aRwers integrirebul
swavlebas, sadac saubaria
moswavlis arCevanze. erTi
statia, romlis avtoria Ruth
Garner, (gv. 227-238) aRwers
SezRuduli arCevanis Zalas.
moiTxovdnen am narCenebis gadatanas, miuxedavad imisa, rom amas SeiZleba
gaekotrebina kompania, sadac mravali adgilobrivi mcxovrebi muSaob-
da. Statis sakrebulos zogierTi warmomadgeneli moiTxovda narCenebis
Statidan gatanas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu qveyanaSi ar moiZebneboda li-
cenzirebuli adgili, romelic miiRebda am momwamvlel nivTierebebs.
kompania irwmuneboda, rom problemis yvelaze usafrTxo gadawyveta nar-
Cenebis damarxva iyo. moswavleebs evalebodaT gamoekvliaT es sakiTxi,
gamoekiTxaT sxvadasxva mxare da SeemuSavebinaT rekomendaciebi, romelT-
ac eqspertebs da mosaxleobas warudgendnen. `problemaze dafuZnebul
swavlebaSi moswavleebi asruleben mecnierebis, istorikosebis, eqimebis
da a.S. rolebs, anu rolebs im adamianebisa, romelTac realurad ekisre-
baT dasmuli problemis mogvareba. motivacia izrdeba, ramdenadac mo-
swavleebi acnobiereben, rom es maTi problemaa~ (Stepien & Gallagher, 1993).

548
 sqema 10.1

didi asoebi a
lwer
marT
punqtuacia
ebi
mZime
dasrulebuli
ti
winadadebebi aqcen
SemoqmedebiTo ime
ba il-mZ
wert

moswavlis avtonomia: SeamowmeT

moswavlis avtonomiis am xelSemwyobi teqnikis gamoyenebiT maswavlebeli gansazRvravs ama
Tu im TemasTan dakavSirebul unar-CvevaTa nakrebs, xolo moswavle im unar-CvevaTa nakrebs,
romelsac am davalebis mixedviT Seafaseben. yoveli Tavis gavlisas unda Semowmdes yvela
unar-Cveva. am samuSaos avtor moswavles surs, rom maswavlebelma misi SemoqmedebiToba da zm-
nis gamoyenebis unari Seamowmos.

wyaro: 150 Ways to Increase Intrinsic Motivation in the Classroom, by James P. Raffini. Published by
Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright (c) 1996 by Pearson Education. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis
nebarTviT.

avtonomiis mxardaWera da miRwevis

aRiareba da mowoneba
meore sfero, romelsac TARGET exeba, moswavlisaTvis miniWebuli
avtonomia da arCevanis uflebaa. arCevani skolaSi norma ar aris. bavS-
vebi da mozardebi aTasobiT saaTs uTmoben skolas, sadac sxva adami-
anebi wyveten, ras unda akeTebdnen isini. arada, Cven viciT, rom TviT-
gansazRvra da mizezobriobis lokusis internalobis gancda kritikuli
sakiTxia Sinagani motivaciis aRsaZvrelad (Reeve, Nix & Hamm, 2003). ra
SeiZleba moimoqmedon maswavleblebma iseTi, rom Seqmnan Tavisufali
arCevanis SesaZlebloba, Tanac ise, rom amas qaosi ar mohyves?

arCevanis Tavisuflebis mxardaWera. umarTavi aRmoCenebisa da umizno

diskusiis msgavsad, arastruqturirebuli da umarTavi arCevani Sei-
Zleba Zalian cudic aRmoCndes swavlisaTvis (Garner, 1998). magaliTad,
daisonma (1997) aRmoaCina, rom bavSvebs SfoTva ipyrobT da Relaven,
rodesac maT maswavlebeli avalebs daxaton an daweron rac undaT da
rogorc undaT. daisoni ambobs, rom moswavleebi am SeuzRudav arCevans
aRiqvemen, rogorc `sazarel Tavisuflebas~. me vici, rom Tu damam-
Tavrebeli klasis moswavleebs vTxov gaakeTon maTi Sefasebis ganmsaz-
Rvreli sadiplomo proeqti, maT SiSi Seipyrobs, iseve, rogorc me Cav-
vardebi panikaSi, Tu mTxoven moxsenebis gakeTebas `razec minda~.

549
 ukacravad, me aq Cemi nebis
vis surs wakiTxulis Sej-
winaaRmdeg var. uars vam-
ameba? kalvin, Sen xom ara?
bob TanamSromlobaze.
Calvin & Hobbes. Copyright © Bill
Watterson. Dist. by Universal Press
Syndicate. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.
yvela ufleba daculia.
miznis struqtura _ xerxi,
romliTac moswavle ukav-
Sirdeba maT, vinc amave mizniT
muSaobs.
550
kalvin, protestze daxarjuli
maT SeuZliaT Cemi sxeulis
energiis naxevari davalebebi-
gadaadgileba, magram Cems suls
saTvis rom mogexmara. . .
ver daatyveveben! Cemi suli
Tavisufalia! kedlebi mas ver
SeuSlis xels! kanonebi ver
SegiZliaT scadoT
SezRudavs! is avtoritets ar
Setyobinebis gamog-
emorCileba!
zavna, Tumca Cemi
suli mas dablokavs!
alternativa SezRuduli arCevania _ mivceT moswavleebs arCeva-
nis saSualeba, romelic Rirebul amocanebs daayenebs maT winaSe, ma-
gram aseve mivceT ufleba mihyvnen pirovnul interesebs. dabalanseba
saukeTeso gamosavalia: `metismeti avtonomia avelurebs, xolo metis-
metad cota _ mosawyenia~ (Guthrie, 1998). gaTri aRwers, rogor gaakeTa
kvlevisa da weris arCevani me-5 klaselma gogonam. klasi swavlobda
sa­mefo peplis cxovrebis cikls. yoveli bavSvi muSaobda sxvadasxva he­­­
terogenur gundSi. TiToeul gunds hyavda Wupri, romlis zrdasac
es gundi akvirdeboda. klasSi Seqmnes biblioTeka, sadac Tavmoyrili
iyo sxvadasxva literatura, rukebi, informaciis eleqtronuli baza
da sxva resursebi. maswavlebeli aswavlida bavSvebs im unar-Cvevebs,
rac dasWirdebodaT _ indeqsis gamoyeneba, miznebis dasaxva, daskvnebis
dawera, magram moswavleebs hqondaT Tavisufleba Tavad aerCiaT Tema
da Sesabamisi resursebi am Temis asaTviseblad.
moswavleebs SeiZleba hqondeT avtonomia _ rogor miiReben mas-
wavleblis an Tanaklaselebisagan ukukavSirs. maswavlebeli gaacnobs
moswavleebs, ra unar-Cvevebi unda ganviTardes mocemuli kursis far-
glebSi, romlebic erTi kursis ganmavlobaSi unda Semowmdes, moswav-
leebi ki TviTon irCeven, romeli rodis unda Sefasdes. namuSevars
isini daurTaven im unar-Cvevebis CamonaTvals, romelic undaT, rom am
konkretul namuSevarSi Semowmdes.
miRwevis aRiareba. TARGET-is mesame sfero aris miRwevis aRiareba, mo-
woneba. moswavleebi aRiarebulni unda iyvnen maTi pirovnuli maqsimu-
mis miRwevis, rTuli amocanebis gadaWris, Seupovrobis, kreatulobis
gamo, da ara ubralod imitom, rom maT sxvebze ukeT gaarTves saqmes
Tavi. me-6 TavSi naTqvami iyo, Cven aRvniSneT, rom moswavleTa dajil-
doeba im saqmianobis gamo, romelic maT ukve isedac moswonT, Seam-
cirebs maT Sinagan motivacias. swavlebis procesSi martivad araferi
xdeba. Seqebas da jildos SeiZleba paradoqsuli Sedegic mohyves. maga­
liTad, Tu warmatebas aRwevs ori moswavle da maswavlebeli mxolod
erTs aqebs, mesiji meore moswavlis mimarT SeiZleba gulisxmobdes
imas, rom Seqebul moswavles naklebi unari aqvs da mas meti muSaoba
uwevda warmatebis misaRwevad da Seqebis damsaxurebisaTvis. moswav-
leebma SeiZleba daaskvnan, rom SeqebaSi moiazreba Semdegi: me ar var
Zalian Wkviani da roca warmatebas vaRwev, Seqebas vimsaxureb; kritika
ki niSnavs, rom maswavleblis azriT, me Wkviani var da metis gakeTeba
SemeZlo (Stipek, 2002).
ra saxis mowoneba da aRiareba ubiZgebs moswavleebs ukeT swavlisa­
ken? erT pasuxs ruT garneris Sroma (1987) gvaZlevs. me-5 da me-6
klasis moswavleebs misces saintereso, mravalferovani saazrovno
amocanebi. amocanis amoxsnas mohyveboda an personaluri komentari, an
standa­rtuli Seqeba `Zalian kargia~, an Sefaseba qulebiT, an saer-
Tod ar keTdeboda ukukavSiri. interesi, prezentatuloba, Zalisxmevis
atribuciebi da amocanaSi CarTuloba maRali iyo maSin, roca moswav-
leTa Sromas mihyveboda personaluri komentari. egoCarTuli motiva-
cia (survili kargad an ukeTesad gamoiyurebode sxvebis TvalSi) ufro
maRali iyo qulebiT Sefasebisa da standartuli Seqebis Semdeg.

dajgufeba, Sefaseba da dro

albaT Tqvenc geyolebodaT maswavlebeli, romelsac SeeZlo moen-
domebina TqvenTvis bevri gemuSavaT _ vinc bevrs imuSavebda, `cocxali
gadarCeboda~; an SeiZleba saaTebi gagitarebiaT gundis, orkestris, qo­
ros an Teatraluri jgufis SemadgenlobaSi. Tu asea, maSin gecodine-
baT, ra mamotivirebeli Zala aqvs sxva adamianebTan urTierTobas.

dajgufeba da miznis struqtura. motivaciaze SeiZleba did gavlenas ax­

dendes is gza, ra gziTac Cven sxvebTan vurTierTobT, im adamianebTan,
romlebic aseve CarTulebi arian garkveuli miznis miRwevaSi. jon-

cxrili 10.7

gansxvavebuli miznobrivi struqturebi

TiToeuli miznobrivi struqtura dakavSirebulia gansxvavebul urTierTobasTan individebsa
da jgufebs Soris. es urTierToba gavlenas axdens miznis miRwevis motivaciaze.

TanamSromloba Sejibri individualizmi

gansazRvreba moswavleebs sjeraT, moswavleebs sjeraT, moswavleebs sjeraT, rom

rom maTi mizani
miRwevadia, mxolod
Tu sxva moswavleebic
miaRweven am mizans.
rom isini miaRweven maTi mcdeloba miaRwion
mizans mxolod im SemTx- mizans, ar aris
vevaSi, Tu sxva moswavle- dakavSirebuli sxva
ebi ver miaRweven am moswavleTa mcdelobasTan,
mizans. miaRwion am mizans.

magaliTebi gunduri gamarjveba _ Sejibri golfSi, Cogbur- axali enebis swavla,

TiToeuli moTamaSe im Tis erTeulTa TanrigSi, muzeumis daTvaliereba,
SemTxvevaSi imarjvebs, silamazis konkursebi da wonis momateba an dakleba,
Tu gundis danarCeni a.S. mowevisaTvis Tavis danebeba.
wevrebic imarjveben.

wyaro: Learning Together and Alone: Cooperation, Competition, and Individualization, (5th ed.), by D. Johnson & R. Johnson. Published by Allyn
and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright © 1999 by Pearson Education. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

551
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
kooperaciuli swavlebis
gansxvavebul formebze Cat-
arebuli kvlevebis mimoxilvi-
saTvis ixileT O’Donnell, A.M.
& O’Kelly, J. (1994). swavla
Tanatolebisagan: pozitiuri
Sedegebis ritorikis miRma.
“Educational psychology Review“
6, 321-351.
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
brofim dawera gakveTilis
prezentaciis wardgenis ram-
denime magaliTi, romlebic
fokusirebuli iyo proce-
durebsa da muqraze:
`nu eliT, rom mTeli dRis
ganmavlobaSi gasarTob saqmes
mogcemT!~
`ybedebi lanCis dros
wasakiTxad miiReben mesame
gverds~.
`Tu aTi saaTisaTvis daas-
rulebT, SegeZlebaT gareT
gaxvideT~.
daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
da ganavrceT
me-12 TavSi ganxiluli iqneba,
rogor movigoT dro swav-
lisaTvis xelis SemSleli
faqtorebis SemcirebiT,
umtkivneuli cvlilebebiT da
disciplinasTan dakavSire-
buli problemebis Tavidan
aridebiT.
552
sonma da jonsonma (1999) am interpersonalur faqtors amocanis miz-
nis struqtura uwodes. gvaqvs sami saxis struqtura: TanamSromluri,
SejibrebiTi da individualisturi. es naCvenebia 10.7 cxrilSi.
rodesac amocana gulisxmobs kompleqsur swavlas da moiTxovs prob­
lemis gadaWris unar-Cvevebs, TanamSromlobas ufro maRal miRwe­vamde
mivyavarT, vidre Sejibrs, gansakuTrebiT ki im moswavleebSi, romelT-
ac naklebi unarebi aqvT. moswavleebi swavloben miRwevis miznebis
dasaxvas da molaparakebebs awarmoeben erTmaneTTan. isini ufro metad
altruistebi xdebian. interaqcia, romelic ase izidavs moswavleebs,
swavlis procesis nawili xdeba. da ra aris Sedegi? Cndeba maslous
mier aRwerili mikuTvnebulobis moTxovnileba, da izrdeba motivacia
(Stipek, 2002; Webb & Palincsar, 1996). mravali midgoma arsebobs, romlebSic
moiazreba da ganxilulia TanatolebTan erTad swavla da jgufuri
swavla. amas me-11 TavSi ganvixilavT.
Sefaseba. rac ufro didi iqneba aqcenti SejibrebiT Sefasebasa da
qu­­lebze, miT meti moswavle iqneba koncentrirebuli daxelovnebis
miRwevis miznebze metad prezentaciis miznebze. da dabali miRwevis
mqone moswavleebs, romelTac naklebi imedi aqvT, rom kargad moax-
denen prezentacias an daeuflebian amocanas, mxolod is endomebaT,
rom rogorme `bolomde gavidnen~. erTi kvleviT dadginda, rom daba-
li miRwevis pirvelklaseli moswavleebi Txzavdnen pasuxebs, avsebdnen
furcels naxatebiT an iwerdnen sxva moswavleebisagan mxolod im miz­
niT, rom rogorme daesrulebinaT, rasac akeTebdnen. erTma moswav-
lem savarjiSos dasrulebis Semdeg, romelSic mas erTmaneTTan unda
daekavSirebina sityva da ganmarteba, Tqva: `me ar vici, ras niSnavs es
sityva, magram gavakeTe savarjiSo~ (Anderson, Brubaker, Alleman-Brooks &
Duffy, 1985). Rrma Seswavlis Semdeg mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom samuSao
am moswavleebisaTvis metismetad Zneli iyo, amdenad, isini sityvebsa
da ganmartebebs SemTxveviT akavSirebdnen.
rogor SeiZleba maswavleblebma Tavidan aicilon moswavleTa kon­
centrireba mxolod qulebze da samuSaos Sesruleba principiT `oRond
es damamTavrebina~? yvelaze TvalsaCino pasuxi SeiZleba iyos: qulebis
gadafasebiT da klasSi muSaobis mniSvnelobis xazgasmiT. moswavleebma
unda Seignon samuSaos Rirebuleba. nacvlad imisa, rom uTxraT maT,
`Tqven dagWirdebaT amis codna testirebisas~, uTxariT, rogor ga-
moadgebaT es informacia nebismieri problemis gadaWrisas, rac maT
endomebaT. warmoidgineT, rom gakveTili iZleva pasuxebs saintereso
kiTxvebze. uTxariT moswavleebs, rom gageba ufro mniSvnelovania,
vidre dasruleba. samwuxarod, mravali maswavlebeli ar mihyveba am
rCevas. Jere Brophy (1988) werda, rom rodesac is da misi kolegebi daax-
loebiT asi saaTis ganmavlobaSi akvirdebodnen eqvs maswavlebels, rom-
lebic sakuTari gakveTilebis prezentacias axdendnen aRmoaCines, rom
isini amas akeTebdnen rutinuli, yovelgvari enTuziazmisagan daclili
sityvebiT. isini aRwerdnen procedurebs, saubrobdnen muqaraze, xazs
usvamdnen dasrulebis mniSvnelobas, mkacri toniT hpirdebodnen mo-
swavleebs, rom ganvlil masalaze eqnebodaT testireba da a.S.
erT-erTi saSualeba, rom xazi gavusvaT swavlis upirates mniSvn-
elobas qulebTan SedarebiT, aris sakuTari Tavis Sefasebis gamoyene-
ba. es avtonimiis winapirobacaa. sakuTari Tavis Sefaseba da miznebis
dagegmva, romelic naCvenebia 10.2 cxrilSi, SeiZleba adaptirebuli da
gamoyenebuli iyos yvela klasSi.
dro. gamocdili maswavleblebis umravlesobam icis, rom skolaSi dRis
manZilze Zalian bevri ramaa gasakeTebeli, dro ki sakmarisi ar aris,
maSinac ki, Tu mTeli arsebiT CaerTvebian saqmeSi, moswavleebs uwevT
SeCereba da sxva gakveTilze gadarTva, rogorc ki zari dairekeba, an
roca maswavlebeli etyviT, rom ganrigiT sxva proeqtze gadarTvis
droa. moswavleebma win unda waiwion, rogorc gundma. Tu zogierTi
moswavle ufro swrafad midis win an, piriqiT, sxvebs CamorCeba, mas
mo­uwevs gundis temps auwyos fexi. amdenad, ganrigi, aiZulebs ra mo-
swavleebs, maTTvis bunebriv tempze swrafad an nela waiwion win, an
Sewyviton procesSi CarTuloba, xSirad xels uSlis motivacias. Zne-
lia ganaviTaro TviTrwmena da Seupovroba moswavleebSi, roca maT ara
aqvT ufleba bolomde miiyvanon is saqme, romelSic CarTulebi arian.
rogorc maswavlebeli, SeZlebT ki swavlaSi CarTulobisa da Seupo­
vari swavlisaTvis saWiro drois uzrunvelyofas? zogierT dawyebiT
klasSi aris DEAR dro (Drop Everything And Read _ miatove yvelaferi da

sqema 10.2
sakuTari Tavis Sefaseba da miznebis dagegmva
am formis Sevsebisas moswavleebi kavSirSi afaseben sakuTar Sromasa
da miznebs da samomavlod axal miznebs saxaven.

saxeli xelmZRvaneli
sagani meoTxedi

1. sakuTari Tavis Sefaseba:

a) ramdenad kargad varTmev me am kurss Tavs?
b) ra siZneleebi maqvs?
g) ra drosa da Zalisxmevas vxarjav am kursze?
d) mWirdeba Tu ara meti daxmareba am kursis daZlevisas?
Tu ki, micdia Tu ara misi miReba?

2. akademiuri mizani:
a) Cemi miRwevis mizani meoTxedis dasrulebamde aris
b) me msurs am miznisTvis muSaoba, radgan
g) me mivaRwev am mizans imiT, rom

3. qceva an socialuri mizani:

a) Cemi misaRwevi mizani meoTxedis dasrulebamde aris
b) me msurs am miznisTvis muSaoba, radgan
g) me mivaRwev am mizans imiT, rom

variaciebi
konsultants SeuZlia am aqtivobis gamoyeneba yoveli meoTxedis da-
sawyisSi da TviTSefasebisa da miznebis dasaxvis furclebis adaptacia
konkretuli klasisTvis. Semdgomi Sexvedrebi aseve sasargebloa moswav-
leTaTvis sakuTari gegmebis SefasebaSi daxmarebis TvalsazrisiT.

wyaro: 150 Ways to Increase Intrinsic Motivation in the Classroom, by James P. Raffini. Published by
Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright (c) 1996 by Pearson Education. adaptirebulia gamomcem-
lis nebarTviT.

553
cxrili 10.8
motivaciis mxardamWeri an misTvis ZirgamomTxreli strategiebi
motivaciis mxardamWeri ramdenime strategia
strategia
pasuxismgeblobisa da
maRali molodinis gamovlena
maswavlebeli saubrobs samuSaos
mniSvnelovnebaze
naTeli, zusti miznebi
da miTiTebebi
mimarTebebi kurikulumis farglebSi
swavlisa da varjiSis SesaZlebloba
dramatul xelovnebaSi
Zalisxmevis atribuciebi
riskis gawevis waxaliseba
TamaSebis gamoyeneba
cnebis ganmtkicebisaTvis
an ganvlili masalis gasameoreblad
kavSiri skolasa da saxlis Soris
amocanis mravalgvarad prezentacia
pozitiuri saklaso menejmenti,
Seqeba,
sayveduris micema gancalkevebiT
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis stimuli-
reba
arCevanis saSualeba
maswavlebeli eubneba moswavleebs,
rom maT SeuZliaT Tavi gaarTvan
amocanas
moswavleTa dafaseba da pativiscema,
maTTan dakvirvebuli saubari
554
magaliTi
maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs aCvenon mSoblebs namuSevari
da xeli moawerinon.
`Cven unda SevamowmoT davaleba sul mcire 1 wuTis manZileze,
rac niSnavs, rom yuradRebiT unda gadaavloT Tvali~.
maswavlebeli zustad xsnis, rogor arian moswavleebi gada­
nawilebulni jgufSi da ra evaleba TiToeuls.
maswavlebeli mimarTebis cnebas maTematikaSi adarebs da upiri-
spirebs kiTxvaSi arsebul unar-Cvevebs.
istoriuli pirovnebebis Seswavlis Semdeg moswavleebi Tavad
weren da dgamen scenarebs
maswavlebeli sityvebiT TamaSisas ekiTxeba moswavles, imecadina
Tu ra man wina dRes. moswavle Tavs uqnevs. maswavlebeli eubneba:
`xedav rogor gexmareba es?~
`axali bavSvi mWirdeba, vinc jer ar gamomiZaxia. aba vin
gariskavs?~
maTematikis gakveTilze wonasworobis cnebis gasagebad, bavSvebi
5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi wonian Tavis sayvarel saTamaSos, romlis
motanac sTxoves im dRisaTvis.
maTematikis kursis ukeT asaTviseblad, sTxoveT ojaxis wevrebs
Seadginon `ruka~ (Cartebi) im aqtivebisa, rac periodulad meor-
deba kviris ganmavlobaSi.
maswavlebeli iyenebs gamravlebis oTx gzas: `jadosnuri gamrav-
leba~, simReriT gamravleba, mTeli klasis baraTebis mimoxilva,
TamaSi `msoflios garSemo~.
`xeli aswieT, roca mzad iqnebiT samuSaod.
`xedav, meSvide merxze xeli aswies. momwons, rom isini moT-
minebiT elodebian danarCenebs~.
`Cven dRes movuxmobT fantazias. Cven wavalT warmosaxviT
TeatrSi.~
moswavleebs SeuZliaT Tavad amoirCion, rogor awarmoon Tavi-
anTi rveulebi an airCion sasurveli Tema.
`es sakmaod rTuli masalaa da Tqven mas Tavs kargad arTmevT.
me vicnob iseT ufrosebs, romelTac uWirT amis gakeTeba.~
maswavlebeli uflebas aZlevs axal moswavles, mTeli dRe damx-
mare moswavlesTan ijdes.
 motivaciis ZirgamomTxreli ramdenime strategia

strategia magaliTi

inteleqtis da ara Zalisxmevis rodesac moswavle gakveTilze isvris replikas, rom igi sule-
atribucia lia, maswavlebeli arafers ambobs, da cota xnis ASemdeg acxadebs
`aba iman scados, vinc Wkviania~.

maswavlebeli ufro metad aqcents rodesac maswavlebeli awyobs poeziis saRamos, sadac moswavlee-
akeTebs Sejibrze da ara erTobliv bi kiTxuloben leqsebs, xolo maTi Tanatolebi sxedan `JiuriSi~
muSaobaze da qulebiT afaseben gamomsvlelebis wakiTxul leqsebs.

moswavlis Sromis naklebi aRiareba stendebi gamoiyeneba qulebis saCveneblad

maswavlebeli ar zrunavs axali sas- maswavlebeli xmas uwevs da kritikulia, roca moswavleebi
wavlo unar-Cvevebis skafoldingze raimes Tavs ver arTmeven.
(damxmare saSualebebze)

araefeqturi/negatiuri ukukavSiri `yvelasTvis gasagebia?~ am kiTxvaze ramdenime moswavle iZleva

dadebiT pasuxs da maswavlebelic agrZelebs.

kavSirebis nakleboba martin luTer kingis xsovnis dRes maswavlebeli atarebs dis-
kusias kingze da Semdeg gakveTilis darCenili dro eTmoba
kolumbs.

advili _ amocanebi maswavlebeli iyenebs martiv da gasarTob davalebebs, romlebic

naklebad emsaxureba saswavlo miznebs.

negatiur saklaso atmosfero `mapatieT, magram me vTqvi gverdis nomeri. Cumad rom yofiliya-
viT da gesminaT, gaigebdiT.~

sadamsjelo saklaso menejmenti maswavlebeli imuqreba dabali qulebiT, Tu moswavleebi

leqsikonSi ar moZebnian sityvebs.
samuSao, romelic metismetad maswavlebeli moswavleebs aZlevs damoukidebel samuSaos maTema-
rTulia tikaSi, romlis gakeTebac mxolod ramdenime moswavles SeuZlia.

neli tempi tempi gaTvlilia yvelaze sust moswavleebze _ danarCenebi am-

Tavreben da ar ician ra qnan.

aqcentis gakeTeba Sesrulebaze maswavlebeli ambobs, rom mTavaria droze daasrulon da ara
da ara swavlaze iswavlon da eZebon leqsikonebSi.

areuli, keTilmouwyobeli saklaso ar aris gaformebuli stendebi, rukebi, Cartebi, dafebi, sadac
oTaxi moswavleTa namuSevrebi iqneba gamofenili.

cudi dagegmareba maswavlebeli ar qmnis mcire jgufebs, romlebic erTad

imuSavebdnen

sajaro dasja yvela moswavle fexze dgas. maswavlebeli kiTxulobs im bavSvebis

sias, romelTac daasrules davaleba da aZlevs maT dajdomis
uflebas. fexze darCenilebs ki ukiTxavs leqcias pasuxismgeb­
lobis grZnobis Taobaze.

wyaro: adaptirebulia How do nine third-grade teachers motivate their students?

by S. E. Dolezal, L. M. Welsh, M. Pressley, & M. Vincent. Elementary School Journal, 2003,
103, pp. 247-248.

555
 kulturuli
sxvaobebis
gaTvaliswineba
amocanebis Sed-
genisas zrdis
kulturuli
codnis mniSvn-
elobas. es ki,
Tavis mxriv,
zrdis moswav-
leTa motiva-
cias da maTTvis
saskolo saqmi-
anobis mniSvn-
elobas.

waikiTxe) _ esaa xangrZlivi periodebi, roca yvela, maswavlebelic ki,

kiTxulobs. zogierT saSualo skolasa Tu kolejSi Camoyalibebulia
iseTi ganrigi, sadac maswavleblebi muSaoben gundurad raTa saswavlo
dro blokebad gaanawilon.
Cven SegviZlia vnaxoT, rogor Tanxvdeba klasSi erTmaneTs es mamo-
tivrebeli faqtorebi. klasSi. sara Ddolezal da misi kolegebi akvird-
ebodnen da gamoihkiTxes mesame klasis maswavleblebi rva kaTolikur
skolaSi da winaswar gansazRvres maTi moswavleebis motivaciis xarisxi
(Dolezal, Welsh, Pressley & Vincent, 2003). 10.8 cxrili ajamebs dramatul
gansxvavebas motivaciis maxardamWer strategiebsa da im strategiebs
Soris, romlebic anadgurebs motivacias. im klasebSi, sadac motivacia
dabalia, moswavleebi arian mousvenrad, martiv, advilad Sesasrule-
beli amocanebis micemisas bevrs laparakoben, swavleba araorganize-
bulia, saklaso atmosfero _ zogadad negatiuri. zomierad motivire-
bul klasebSi megobruli situaciaa, moswavleebi jgufurad muSaoben.
maswavleblebi keTilganwyobilni da yuadRebianni arian. gakveTilebs
ukavSireben moswavleTa cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas; organizaciuli
rutina umtkivneuloa; klasSi sufevs dadebiTi atmosfero. maswavle­b­
lebi warmatebiT axerxeben moswavleTa yuradRebis mipyrobas da maTSi
TviTregulirebis waqezebas, magram uWirT yuradRebis SenarCuneba
_ albaT imitom, rom amocanebi Zalian martivia. maRalmotivirebul
klasebSi maswavleblebs aqvT yvela pozitiuri maxasiaTebeli _ pozi-
tiuri atmosfero klasSi, umtkivneulo menejmenti, TviTregulirebis
waxaliseba da efeqturi swavleba. garda amisa, warmatebis waxalisebisa
da mxardaWerisas isini sxva gamomwvev amocanebsac amateben. es SesaniS-
navi motivatorebi moswavleebSi motivaciis asamaRlebel mxolod erT
an or midgomas rodi eyrdnobian, isini iyeneben 10.8 cxrilSi mocemul
strategiebis farTo repertuars.

mravalgvaroba da konvergencia swavlis motivaciaSi

ukve davinaxeT, rom swavlis motivacia Cndeba moswavlis moTxovni­

lebebis, miznebis, emociebis, interesebis, rwmenebisa da atribuciebis urTi­

556
erTqmedebiT amocanis tipTan, avtonomiasa da aRiarebasTan, dajgufebis
struqturasTan, Sefasebis procedurebTan, micemul drosTan.

mravalgvaroba motivaciaSi
moswavleebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian eniT, kulturiT, ekono­
mikuri mdgomareobiT, pirovnulad, codniT, gamocdilebiT. amitom gan-
sxvavebulia maTi moTxovnilebebic, miznebic, interesebic, rwme­ne­bic.
magaliTad, TviTrwmena sakvanZo cnebaa motivaciaSi, ramdenadac igi
saSualebas iZleva winaswar vivaraudoT, rogor moaxdens moswavle sa-
kuTari Tavis akademiur prezentacias. magram kulturuli sxvaobebic
arsebiTia. mamrobiTi sqesis da afroamerikeli moswavleebi uf­ro me-
tad arian darwmunebuli sakuTar akademiur SesaZleblobebSi da maTi
samomavlo miRwevebis winaswar gansazRvra gacilebiT rTulia, vidre
Sedare­biT azielamerikeli da mdedrobiTi sqesis moswavleebisa, romle-
bic naklebad amJRavneben sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi zedmet Tavdajere-
bulobas. mamrobiTi sqesis niWieri moswavleebi naklebad avlenen zed-
met Tavdajerebulobas, xolo mdedrobiTi sqesis niWieri moswavleebi,
savaraudod, saTanadod ar Seafaseben sakuTar SesaZleblobebs, maSin,
roca naklebi unaris mqone moswavleebi xSirad amJRavneben sakuTari
Tavis gadaWarbebuli Sefasebis tendencias (Pajares, 2000).
am mravalferovnebaTa gaTvaliswinebam amocanebis Sedgenisas, av- daukavSireT swavlebas/
tonomiis miniWebisas, miRwevis aRiarebisas, dajgufebisas, Sefasebisas, portfolios da ganavrceT
mTeli Tavis rekomendaciebSi
drois menejmentis gansazRvrisas, SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos moti-
mocemuli rCevebi miusadageT
vaciaze. magaliTisTvis aviRoT interesi. rodesac moswavles weriT im asakobriv jgufs,
davalebebs kulturul konteqstSi asrulebineb, es erT-erTi gzaa misi romelTanac gegmavT
interesis aRZvrisa da SenarCunebisa (Alderman, 2004; Bergin, 1999). rode- Sesvlas.

sac laTinosi imigranti moswavleebi maRal klasebSi weriTi davalebis

SesrulebiT gadadiodnen iseT Temebze, rogoricaa imigracia, biling­
vizmi, jgufuri cxovrebis stili (anu es iyo Temebi, romlebic maT-
Tvis da maTi ojaxebisaTvis iyo mniSvnelovani), maTi naSromebi ufro
vrceli iyo da naweris xarisxic _ bevrad maRali (Rueda & Moll, 1994).
ena moswavlis skolasTan damakavSirebeli centraluri faqtoria.
rodesac orenovan moswavleebs saSualeba eZlevaT davaleba Seasru-
lon or enaze _ im saxelmwifos enaze, sadac imyofebian da mSobliur
enaze, maTi motivacia da CarTuloba SeiZleba gaizardos. robert hime-
nesma (2000) laTinos moswavleebze Catarebul kvlevaSi aRmoaCina, rom
warmatebuli mkiTxvelebi kiTxvas aRiqvamdnen, rogorc azris miniWebis
process. isini orive enas iyenebdnen, raTa masala gaegoT. magaliTad,
amCnevdnen, rom zogierTi inglisuri sityvis nawili espanuri sityva iyo,
rac maT Targmnas uadvilebda. naklebad warmatebul moswavleebs sxva
miznebi hqondaT. maT sjerodaT, rom kiTxva mxolod inglisuri sit­­yvebis
sworad gamoTqmaa. ra Tqma unda, mosalodnelia, rom maTi interesi da
TviTrwmenis gancda inglisurad kiTxvisas naklebi iqneboda.
moswavleTa waqezebam, daeyrdnon sakuTar kulturul codnas, Se­
iZ­leba gazardos maTi motivacia. Tumca es arc ise xSirad xdeba.
`Se­sabamisobis nakleboba moswavlis cxovrebiseul gamocdilebasa da
saskolo swavlebas Soris kargad aris aRwerili, gansakuTrebiT ki
mcireSemosavliani ojaxebis, feradkaniani an imigranti moswavleebis
SemTxvevaSi~ an maRali klasis moswavleebSi swavlis motivaciisa da
Car­Tulobis gazrdis komiteti, 2004).

557
 konvergencia: strategiebi motivaciis gasazrdelad
sanam TiToeuli moswavlisa da TiToeuli klasisaTvis ar iqneba Ses­
rulebuli oTxi bazisuri piroba, arc erTi mamotivirebeli stra­tegia
ar iqneba warmatebuli. pirveli: klasSi ar unda iyos xelis SemSleli
faqtorebi (me-12 TavSi naxavT im informacias, risi codnac gWirdebaT
imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom es moTxovna Sesrulebulia); meore: mas-
wavlebeli unda iyos momTmeni da gulSematkivari adamiani, romelic
moswavleebs ar sjis Secdomebis gamo. yoveli moswavle Secdomas unda
ganixilavdes, rogorc swavlisa da ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas (Clifford,
1990, 1991); mesame: davaleba gamomwvevi unda iyos, magram marTebuli.
Tu samuSao Zalian martivia an Zalian rTuli, moswavleebs mcire mo-
tivacia eqnebaT. isini fokusirebas moaxdenen davalebis dasrulebaze
da ara masalis Cawvdomaze; dabolos: saswavlo amocanebi avTentikuri
unda iyos, amocanas ki avTentikurs kulturis gavlena xdis (Bergin,
1999; Brophy & Kher, 1986; Stipek, 1993).
mas Semdeg, rac es bazisuri pirobebi dakmayofildeba, mocemul si­
tuaciaSi moswavleTa swavlis motivaciaze gavlena SeiZleba oTx kiTx-
vad CamovayaliboT: SemiZlia Tu ara warmatebiT gavarTva Tavi am amo-
canas? minda Tu ara warmateba? ra mWirdeba saimisod, rom warmatebas
mivaRwio? ganvicdi Tu ara mikuTvnebulobas? ( maRali klasis moswav-
leebSi swavlis motivaciisa da CarTulobis gazrdis komiteti, 2004;
Eccles & Wigfield, 1985). Cven gvsurs, rom moswavleebs sakuTari SesaZle-
blobebis rwmena hqondeT, raTa energiiTa da enTuziazmiT Seudgnen
swavlas; Cven gvsurs, rom maT daafason da gaigon amocanebisa da
muSaobis mniSvneloba imisaTvis, rom iswavlon da mxolod Sefasebis
miRebasa da saqmis dasrulebaze ar iyvnen koncentrirebulni; Cven gv-
surs, maT sjerodeT, rom warmateba mova, roca isini karg saswavlo
strategiebs gamoiyeneben da ara TavdacviT, marcxis Tavidan amride­
bel da reputaciis SemnarCunebel strategiebs. rodesac sagani rTu-
lia, Cven gvinda, rom moswavleebi amocanaze iyvnen fokusirebulni
da ar Relavdnen imaze, rom SeiZleba marcxi ganicadon da `gaiTiSon~;
Cven gvsurs, rom moswavleebs hqondeT skolisadmi mikuTvnebulobis
gancda, sjerodeT, rom maswavleblebi da Tanatolebi zrunaven maTze
da SeuZliaT am adamianebs endon.

SemiZlia Tu ara amis gakeTeba? darwmunebulobisa da pozitiuri mo­

lodinis formireba. realur miRwevas mxolod waxaliseba da waqezeba
ver uSvelis. progresisaTvis saWiroa:

1. muSaobis dawyeba moswavleTa realurad arsebuli donidan da svla

mozomili nabijebiT. tempi cocxali unda iyos, magram ara imdenad
swrafi, rom moswavleebs Semdeg etapze gadasvla uwevdeT im masalis
srulad aTvisebamde, rasac mocemul momentSi gadian. es SeiZleba
moiTxovdes sxvadasxva moswavlisaTvis gansxvavebuli amocanebis
micemas. erT-erTi SesaZlebloba SeiZleba is iyos, rom erTi da imave
testisa da davalebis irgvliv maswavlebels hqondes rogorc Zalian
martivi, ise Zalian rTuli kiTxvebi. sabolood, aseT SemTxve­vaSi
TiToeuli moswavle warmatebulia. rodesac qulebis daweraze midge-
ba saqme, darwmundiT, rom Tu kargad imuSavebs, yo­vel moswavles
aqvs minimun damakmayofilebeli niSnis miRebis Sansi.
2. darwmundiT, rom saswavlo miznebi cxadi, specifikuri da axlo mo-
mavalSi ganxorcielebadia. rodesac igegmeba xangrZlivi proeqtebi,

558
 maswavlebelma igi nabij-nabij unda ganaxorcielos da `sub-miznebad~ daukavSireT PRAXIS II™-s
dahyos; daexmaros moswavleebs SeigrZnon winsvla da progresi. Tu da ganavrceT
swavlis Sinagani motivaciis
SesaZlebelia, moswavleebs warudgineT sxvadasxva sirTulis miznebi
mxardaWera (I, C2, 3)
da mieciT arCevanis saSualeba.
praqtikuli rCevebisaTvis,
3. aqcenti gaakeTeT TviTSedarebasa da ara sxvebTan Sedarebaze. daex- miTiTebebisTvis, varaudebi-
mareT moswavleebs dainaxon sakuTari progresi me-6 TavSi aRwerili saTvis, rogor SeiZleba
TviTmenejmentis strategiebis CvenebiT. mieciT konkretuli ukuka- gaizardos da ganmtkicdes
vSiri da SeniSvnebi. uTxariT, ras akeTeben sworad, ras _ SecdomiT swavlis motivacia, mimarTeT
da auxseniT, ratomaa es Secdoma. periodulad dausviT kiTxvebi im moswavleTa CarTulobisa
da motivaciis gazrdas:
problemaze, romelic erT dros rTulad eCvenebodaT, axla ki mar-
http://www.nwrel.org/request/
tivad aRiqvamen. aRniSneT, ramdenad ganviTardnen. oct00/textonly.html.
4. uTxariT moswavleebs, rom akademiuri unarebi gaumjobesebadia
specifikur amocanebTan mimarTebaSi. anu is faqti, rom moswavles
uWirs algebra, sulac ar niSnavs, rom mas geometriac gauWirdeba
an kargad ver iswavlis enebs.
5. mieciT moswavleebs problemis warmatebiT gadaWris magaliTi. gan-
sakuTrebiT maSin, roca giwevT ramdenime gzis gamonaxva. moswav-
leebma unda dainaxon, rom swavla absoluturad umtkivneulod da
uSecdomod ar xdeba, da arc maswavlebelia gamonaklisi.

minda Tu ara amis gakeTeba? swavlis Rirebulebis danaxva. maswavle-

blebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon Sinagani da garegani motivaciis strategiebi,
raTa daanaxon moswavleebs saswavlo amocanebis Rirebuleba.

miRweva da Sinagani Rirebuleba. imisaTvis, rom gaCndes miRwevis Ri­

re­buleba, saswavlo amocanebi unda davukavSiroT moswavleTa Rire­
bulebebs. pirvel rigSi moswavleebs unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba
da­ikmayofilon usafrTxoebis, mikuTvnebulobis, miRwevis moTxovnile-
bebi klasSi. saklaso oTaxi SiSisa da daucvelobis gancdas ar unda
iw­vevdes. meore: darwmunebulebi unda viyoT, rom genderuli an eTni-
kuri stereotipebi xels ar uSlis motivacias. magaliTad, unda avuxs-
naT moswavleebs, rom rogorc mamakacebs, aseve qalebs nebismier sfer-
oSi SeiZleba hqondeT maRali miRweva, da rom arc erTi sfero ar aris
romelime sqesis `teritoria~. maTematikaSi, sabunebismetyvelo mec-
nierebebSi, manqanebis meqanikasa Tu sportSi miRwevebi srulebiTac ar
miuTiTebs maskulinurobaze, iseve rogorc literaturaSi, xelovne-
baSi, musikaSi, enebSi warmateba ar aris feminurobis maniSnebeli.
Sinagani motivaciis wasaqezeblad mravali strategia arsebobs. ram­
denime maTgani brofisagan (1988) visesxeT:

1. daukavSireT saklaso aqtivoba moswavleTa interesebs sportSi, mu­­­­ daukavSireT kvlevas

sikaSi, mimdinare politikur movlenebs, Sinaur cxovelebs, maT oja­ da ganavrceT
xur da megobrebTan dakavSirebul problemebs, gatacebas Sinauri Abi-Nader, J. (1991). momav-
cxovelebiT, televiziisa da kinos varskvlavebiT da a.S. (Schiefele, lis xatis Seqmna: strategiebi
umciresobaTa warmomadgeneli
1991). Tumca amave dros darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom gesmiT, ra-
moswavleebis motivaciis gas-
sac laparakobT. magaliTad, Tu Tqven iyenebT frazas meraia qeris azrdelad. Phi Delta Kappan,
sim­Reridan, sasurvelia, rom erkveodeT musikaSi da am Semsruleb- 72, 546-549. Focus Questions:
elsac icnobdeT. rodesac es SesaZlebelia, mieciT moswavleebs sa- ratomaa xSirad umciresobis
Sualeba, mihyvnen TavianT interesebs. warmomadgeneli moswavlee-
2. gamoiwvieT cnobismoyvareoba. gaiTvaliswineT da gamoiyeneT gansx- bisaTvis saskolo saqmianoba
aramamotivirebeli?
vaveba moswavleTa rwmenebsa da faqtebs Soris. magaliTad, Stipekma
ra SeiZleba gakeTdes?
(1993) aRwera aseTi SemTxveva: maswavlebeli me-5 klaselebs ekiTxe-
boda, cxovrobdnen Tu ara, maTi azriT, sxva planetebze `adamiane­

559
 ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba
rekomendaciebi: motivacia swavlisadmi (ojaxi
da partnioroba erTobebSi)
ojaxis bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli miznebis
gageba
magaliTebi
1. SexvdiT moswavleTa mSoblebs individu-
alurad an mcire jgufebSi araformalur
situaciaSi, finjan yavaze da gaigeT, ra
gegmebi da survilebi aqvT SvilebTan daka-
vSirebiT.
2. SeadgineT kiTxvarebi da SeityveT ojaxis
wevrebisagan, maTi azriT, ra unar-Cvevebis
ganviTareba sWirdebaT maT Svilebs. air-
CieT TiToeul moswavlesTan dakavSirebu-
li TiTo mizani da SeimuSaveT gegma, ro-
gor unda SeasruloT es mizani skolaSi da
mis gareT. gauziareT es gegma moswavleTa
ojaxis wevrebs da sTxoveT maT komentaris
gakeTeba.
gamoavlineT moswavleTa da maTi ojaxebis
interesebi, romlebic SeiZleba dakavSire-
buli iyos miznebTan.
magaliTebi
1. sTxoveT ojaxis erT-erT wevrs gagacnoT
misi romelime unar-Cveva an hobi.
2. daadgineT ras aniWeben ojaxSi upirate-
sobas. iqneba es saWmeli, musika, samuSao,
sportis romelime saxeoba, romeliRac
feri, saqmianoba, himni, kino Tu TamaSebi.
daukavSireT gakveTilebi am interesebs.
uCveneT ojaxebs gza, romlis saSualebiTac
mizans miuaxlovdebian.
magaliTebi
1. aswavleT maT `progresis Cartebis~ an miz-
nis baraTebis warmoeba, romlebic SeiZle-
ba, vTqvaT, macivarze gaikras.
2. sTxoveT ojaxis wevrebs gamoTqvan saku-
Tari azri: ramdenad efeqturad miaCniaT
maTi Svilebis dasaxmareblad TqvenM mier
gaweuli Sroma.
imuSaveT ojaxebTan erTad, raTa bavSvebs
CamoayalibdeT SesaZleblo­bebis rwmena da
pozitiuri molodinebi.
magaliTebi
1. ojaxis wevrebTan saubrisas Tavi aarideT
erTi bavSvis Sedarebas meoresTan.
560
2. sTxoveT ojaxis wevrebs xazi gausvan Ses-
rulebuli davalebis Zlier da kargad ga-
keTebul monakveTebs. maT SeuZliaT miam-
agron davalebas SeniSvna, sadac aRniSnuli
iqneba samuSaos sami saukeTeso da erTi sus­
ti elementi, romlis gaumjobesebac mizan­
Sewonili iqneboda.
SeiamxanageT ojaxebi da maTTan erTad da­
anaxveT moswavleebs swavlis Rirebuleba.
magaliTebi
1. miiwvieT ojaxis wevrebi gakveTilze da aC­
veneT maT, rogor arTmeven bavSvebi Tavs
maTematikas da rogor weren davalebebs.
2. CarTeT mSoblebi im unar-Cvevebisa da cod-
nis gamovlenaSi, romlebic SeiZleba saxlSi
iqnas gamoyenebuli.
uzrunvelyaviT ojaxebi im resursebiT, rom­
lebic Camoayalibeben unar-Cvevebsa da nebi-
syofas.
magaliTebi
1. uCveneT ojaxis wevrebs martivi strate-
giebi _ rogor SeuZliaT ganaviTaron Ta-
vianT bavSvebSi saswavlo unar-Cvevebi.
2. CarTeT ufrosi moswavleebi `davalebis
Sesrulebis cxeli xazis~ servisSi, raTa maT
daxmareba gauwion umcros moswavleebs.
xSirad moawyveT swavlasTan dakavSirebuli
sazeimo RonisZiebebi.
magaliTebi
1. mas Semdeg, rac daasrulebT dinozavrebis
Temas, miiwvieT mSoblebi klasSi, bibli­
oTekaSi an kafeteriaSi bavSvebis mier mow-
­­yobili `dinozavrebis muzeumis~ dasa­T­va­
liereblad. muzeumis daTvalierebis Sem­deg
mSoblebi wavlen klasSi am TemasTan dakav-
Sirebuli TavianTi bavSvebis portfolios
gasacnobad.
2. moawyveT moswavleTa namuSevrebis mcire
gamofenebi, magaliTad, biblioTekebSi, sa­
zogadoebriv centrebSi.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.
http://www.naesp.org
/ContentLoad.do?contentId=896
 bi~. rodesac moswavleebi dadebiT pasuxs iZleodnen, maswavlebeli
ekiTxeboda, SeeZloT Tu ara adamianebs arseboba Jangbadis gareSe!
moswavleebs es Tema axali naswavli hqondaT da upasuxes, rom ara.
Semdeg maswavlebeli eubneboda maT, rom sxva planetebis atmos-
feroSi Jangbadi ar aris. am saocarma gansxvavebam sxva planetebze
adamianebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb moswavleebis rwmenasa da im codnas
Soris, rac maT hqondaT Jangbadis Sesaxeb, didi diskusiebi warmoS-
va. isini msjelobdnen sxva planetebis atmosferosa da im arsebebis
Sesaxeb, romelTac am atmosferos pirobebSi cxovreba SeeZloT da
a.S. mSrali leqcia planetebis atmosferos Sesaxeb Zalian mosawyeni
iqneboda, am diskusiam ki sagnis mimarT didi interesi gamoiwvia.
3. aqcieT saswavlo amocana garTobad. bevri gakveTili SeiZleba warim-
arTos simulaciebisa da TamaSebis gziT, rogorc es argumenti/kon-
trargumentSi (Tvalsazrisi-kontrTvalsazrisi) iyo naCvenebi. Tu
marTebulad gamoviyenebT, aseTi gakveTilebi SeiZleba Zalian Rire-
buli da imavdroulad, saxalisoc iyos.
4. gamoiyeneT siaxleebi da iyaviT megobrulebi da daukavSireT nac-
nob Sinaarss. nu CaacivdebiT motivaciis asamaRleblad ramdenime
strategias. saWiroa mravalferovneba. amocanebis miznobrivi struq-
turis mravalferovnebas (TanamSromloba, Sejibri, individualizmi)
iseTive damxmare Zala aqvs, rogorc swavlebis sxvadasxva pirobebs.
rodesac masala abstraqtuli an ucnobia moswavleTaTvis, daakav-
SireT igi maTTvis kargad nacnob raime saganTan an movlenasTan.
magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom gaagebinoT maT im teritoriis sidide,
sadac aTenis akropolisia ganTavsebuli, SeadareT igi safexburTo
moedans. Brophy-m (1988) aRwera erTi maswavlebeli, romelmac moswav-
leebs waukiTxa nawyveti `spartakidan~, imis saCveneblad, rogori
monoba iyo antikur samyaroSi.

instrumentuli Rirebuleba. zogjer Znelia waaqezo Sinagani motivacia

_ am dros maswavleblebi amocanebis `instrumentuli~ Rirebulebis
sargeblianobas unda daeyrdnon. mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebma
mravali unar-Cveva SeiZinon, romlebic maT momavalSi gamoadgebaT,
rogorc maRal klasebSi, ise skolis Semdgom cxovrebaSi.

1. rodesac es kavSiri Semdgom cxovrebasTan ar aris naTeli, Tqven

unda auxnaT igi moswavleebs. Jeanette Abi-Nader (1991) aRwers erT pro-
eqts, PLAN-is programas, romelic naTelyofs am kavSirebs. am pro-
gramis farglebSi gamoiyenebuli sami mTavari strategia, ro­melTa
daxmarebiTac moswavleebi SeZleben fokusireba moaxdinon momavalze,
Semdegia: (1) muSaoba mentorebTan da im adamianebTan, romelTac PLAN-
is programa aqvT gavlili da romlebic urCeven moswavleebs, rogor
airCion kursi, gaanawilon dro, Caiweron SeniSvnebi, gaiTvaliswinon
kulturuli gansxvavebebi skolaSi; (2) moswav­leebisaTvis am skolis
kursdamTavrebulTa warmatebebis Sesaxeb moyola. xSirad kursdam-
TavrebulTa warmatebuli naSromebi stendebzea xolme gamofenili;
(3) saubari klasSi momaval cxovrebiseul situaciebze. magaliTad,
`rodesac Tqven kolejSi SexvalT, aseT viTarebas waawydebiT~ an `war-
moidgineT, rom mSobelTa krebaze xarT, Tqven gsurT kargi ganaTleba
Tqveni SvilebisaTvis da erT-erTi is mSobeli xarT, romelmac unda daukavSireT swavlebas/
isaubros amis Sesaxeb. ai amitomacaa mniSvnelovani iswavloT audito- portfolios da ganavrceT
daumateT Tqvens portfoli-
riis winaSe saubris unar-Cvevebi~.
os ideebi mSoblebis CarTu-
2. zogierT situaciaSi, maswavleblebs SeuZliaT mimarTon swavlebaSi
lobis Sesaxeb, romlebic am
wamaxalisebeli stimulebisa da jildos gamoyenebas (ixileT me-6 Tavi). TavSi iyo ganxiluli.

561
 Tumca gaxsovdeT, rom roca moswavleebi isedac dainteresebulni
arian, dajildoebas SeuZlia xeli SeuSalos Sinagan motivacias.
3. swavlebisas gamoiyeneT problemuri situaciebi da avTentikuri
amocanebi. daakavSireT saswavlo sakiTxebi realur cxovrebiseul
prob­lemebTan.

ra mWirdeba saimisod, rom warmatebas mivaRwio? amocanaze foku-

sireba. rodesac moswavleebi aw­y­­debian siZneleebs, rac bunebrivia
kidec, rTuli saqmis keTebisas, mniSvnelovania, rom maT SeinarCunon
yu­radRebis intensiuroba da darCnen fokusirebulni amocanaze. Tu es
ase ar moxdeba da yuradRebis fokusSi moeqceva mRelvareba prezen-
taciaze, warumateblobis SiSze, Wkvianad warmoCenis survilze, maSin
swavlis motivacia daikargeba.

1. mieciT moswavleebs SesaZlebloba xSirad gamoavlinon TavianTi cod-

na kiTxva-pasuxis, mokle davalebebis, unar-Cvevebis demonstrirebis
saSualebiT. darwmundiT, rom Tqven mier moswavleTa pasuxebis Semow-
meba xdeba ise, rom SegiZliaT Secdomebis swrafad Sesworeba. Tqven
ar gsurT, rom moswavleebi Secdomas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ver ac­
nobierebdnen. kompiuteruli programebi moswavleebs dauyov­nebliv
aZlevs niSans Secdomaze, iqamde, sanam es Secdomebi CvevaSi gadava.
2. rodesac es SesaZlebelia, SeaqmnevineT moswavleebs dasrulebuli
produqti. isini uf­ro Seupovrebi da amocanaze koncentrirebulni
iqnebian. naTeli Sedegis molodinSi, yvelas gamogvicdia dasru­lebu­
li saqmis xilvis moTxovnilebis Zala. magaliTad, me xSirad viwyeb sax-
lis SeRebvas da vfiqrob, rom erT saaTs wavimuSaveb, mag­ram ramdenime
saaTis Semdeg isev am saqmeSi garTuls mipoviT, radgan minda, rom das-
rulebuli saqme vixilo.
3. Tavi aarideT aqcentis gakeTebas qulebsa da Sejibrze. aqcentis ga-
keTeba qulebze moswavleebs ubiZgebs iyvnen egocentrirebulebi da
naklebad CarTulebi amocanaSi. es seriozuli dartymaa SfoTiani
moswavleebisaTvis.
4. SeamcireT riskis faqtori, oRond ise, rom Zalian ar gaamartivoT
amocana. rodesac amocana sariskoa (arsebobs marcxis didi al­baToba),
moswavleTa motivacia mcirdeba. Zneli, kompleqsuri amocanis mice-
misas, moswavleebs mieciT didi dro, agrZnobineT mxardaWera da
mzadyofna daxmarebisaTvis, uCveneT resursebi da agreTve mieciT
namuSevris gadaxedvisa da Secdomebis Sesworebis Sansi..
5. iyaviT nimuSi swavlisadmi maRali motivaciis mqone adamianisa. mou­
yeviT moswavleebs Tqveni interesebis Sesaxeb da agreTve imis Ses-
axeb, rogor umklavdebodiT siZneleebs.
6. aswavleT garkveuli saswavlo taqtikebi, romlebic dasWirdebaT
ma­sa­lis dasaufleblad. uCveneT moswavleebs, rogor iswavlon da
daimaxsovron ise, rom ar mouxdeT TavdacviTi strategiebis gamoyene-
ba an meqanikurad dazepireba.

maqvs Tu ara klasisadmi mikuTvnebulobis gancda? am Temas vrclad gan-

vixilavT me-11 Tav­Si. SevexebiT TanamSromluri (kooperatiuli) swav-
lebisa da saswavlo erTobebis Seqmnis sa­kiTxebs. ojaxebis mxardaWera
dagexmarebaT moswavleTaTvis Sesabamisi strategiebis CamoyalibebaSi.

562
Sejameba
ra aris motivacia?
gansazRvreT motivacia. motivacia aris Si­na­gani
mdgo­mareoba, romelic aRZravs, warmarTavs da
ganamtkicebs qcevas. motivaciis Seswavla foku-
sirebulia Semdeg sakiTxebze: rogor da ratom
iwyeben adamianebi spacifikuri miznebisaken aq-
tivobas, ra dro sWirdebaT maT, rom CaerTon aq-
tivobaSi, ramdenad intensiurad arian CarTulni,
ramdenad Seupovrebi arian miznis misaRwev ma-
Teul mcdelobebSi, ras fiqroben da grZnoben
mTel am procesSi.
ra gansxvavebaa Sinagan da garegan motivacias So-
ris? Sinagani motivacia _ esaa ten­dencia moiZio
da gadalaxo gamowvevebi, rodesac mivyvebiT Cvens
pirovnul interesebs da vaviTarebT SesaZleblo-
bebs. esaa motivacia gaakeTo raRac, rac ar aris
valdebuleba da ar xar iZulebuli. garegani mo-
tivacia efuZneba iseT faqtorebs, romlebic araa
dakavSirebuli TviTon aqtivobasTan. Cven realu-
rad ar varT dainteresebulni am saqmianobiT, Cven
mxolo is gvaRelvebs, ras movigebT amiT.
ra mniSvneloba aqvs kauzalobis lokuss mo­ti­va­
ciasTan mim­arTebaSi? arsebiTi gansxva­ve­ba Sinagan
da garegan motivacias Soris aris moqmedebis
pirovnebiseuli mizezi. anu, sadaa moTavsebuli
qcevis kauzalobis lokusi, pirovnebis SigniT Tu
mis gareT. Tu lokusi internaluria, motivacia
Sinagania; Tu lokusi eqsternaluria, maSin mo-
tivaciac garegania. xSirad motivacia orive ele-
ments moicavs. faqtobrivad, Sinagani da garegani
motivacia ori gancalkevebuli tendenciaa, rom-
lebic SeiZleba erTdrouladac moq­medebdnen.
ra aris sakvanZo faqtorebi motivacia­Si bihevior-
istuli, hu­manisturi, kognituri da sociokulturuli
midgomebis mi­xedviT? bihevioristebi wina planze
sweven garegan motivacias, romelsac ganapirobebs
wamaxa­lisebeli stimulebi, jildo da dasja. hu-
manistebi aqcents Sinagan motivaciaze akeTeben,
romelsac qmnis pirovnebis zrdis, TviTrealiza-
ciis, TviTgansazRvris moTxovnilebebi. kognitiv-
istebi xazs usvamen pirovnebis mier mniSvnelobis,
gagebis, kompetenturobis mopovebis sur­vils da
individis atribuciebisa da interpretaciebis Za-
las. sociokulturuli midgoma aq­cents akeTebs
jgufis saqmianobaSi legitimur CarTulobasa da
jgufTan identobaze.
ganasxvaveT erTmaneTisagan deficituri da arso-
brivi moT­xovnilebebi maslous mi­­xed­viT.
mas­lou oTx dabali safexuris moT­xov­ni­le­bas
(usafrTxoebis, uSiSroebis, mikuTvnebulobis da
TviTSefasebis) uwodebda ukmaris moTxovnile-
bebs. rodesac dakmayofilebulia es moTxovnile-
bebi, dRis wesrigSi dgeba TviTrealizaciis
moTxovnileba. man Camoayaliba sami maRali do-
nis moTxovnileba (inteleqtualuri miRwevis,
esTetikuri siamovnebis, TviT-aqtualizaciis),
romelTac arsobrivi moTxovnilebebi uwoda.
rodesac es moTxovnilebebi kmayofildeba, iz-
rdeba pirovnebis motivacia _ ufro metad ganvi-
Tardes da dakmayofilebis sxva wyaroebi eZebos.
ra aris molodinis RirebulebiTi Teoriebi? am
TeoriebSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom miz-
nis miRwevis Cveneul motivacias ganapirobebs
warmatebis molodini da CvenTvis am miznis Rire-
buleba. Tu romelime maTgani nulis tolia, moti-
vaciac nuls utoldeba.
ra aris legitimuri periferiuli monawileoba? es
imas niSnavs, rom jgufis saqmianobaSi xdeba dam-
wyebebis CarTvac, maSinac ki, Tu maTi SesaZle-
blobebi jer saTanadod ar aris ganviTarebuli.
axalbedebisa da eqspertebis identoba mWidro
kavSirSia maT monawileobasTan jgufis saqmi-
anobaSi. isini motivirebulni arian Caswvdnen da
gaiTavison jgufis Rirebulebebi da saqmianoba
da SeinarCunon jgufTan identoba.
moTxovnilebebi: kompetenturoba, avtono-
mia, mikuTvnebuloba
ra bazisuri moTxovnilebebi axdens gav­lenas moti-
vaciaze da rogor moqme­debs motivaciaze TviTdeter-
minacia? TviTde­te­r­­minaciis Te­oria varaudobs,
rom motivaciaze gavlenas axdens kompetenturo-
bis, avtonomiis, kontrolisa da mikuTvnebulo-
bis moTxovnilebebi. rodesac moswavleebs aqvT
TviTdeterminaciis gancda, isini Sinaganad ari-
an motivirebulni, ufro maRali TviTSefaseba
aqvT da mets swavloben. aqvs Tu ara moswavles
TviTdeterminaci­is gancda, nawilobriv damokide-
bulia maswavlebelze _ ra saxisaa moswavleebTan
misi komunikacia, aris es informaciis miwodeba
Tu maTze kontrolis mopovebis mcdeloba. amas
garda, maswavlebeli moswavles unda acnobdes
perspeqtivebs, aZlevdes arCevanis saSualebas,
asabuTebdes SezRudvebis saWiroebas. igi moswav-
lis cud Sedegs unda aRiqvamdes problemad, ro-
563
melic saWiroebs gadaWras da ara gasakritikebel
obieqtad.
miznobrivi orientacia da motivacia
ra saxis miznebia yvelaze metad mamotivirebeli?
mizani zrdis motivacias, Tu aris specifikuri,
zomierad rTuli da axlo momavalSi ganxor-
cielebadi.
aRwereT daxelovnebulobis miRwe­vis, pre­zen­taciis,
samuSaosTvis Tavis ari­de­bisa da socialuri mizne-
bi. daxelovnebulobis miRwevis mizani aris cod-
nis SeZenis, unar-Cvevebis dauflebis swrafva;
es ubiZgebs moswavleebs moiZion gamowvevebi da
Seupovrad gaumklavdnen siZneleebs. prezenta-
ciis mizani aris kargi niSnebis miRebis, sxvebTan
SedarebiT ufro Wkvianad, an unarianad gamoCe-
nis swrafva; es ubiZgebs moswavleebs dakavebulni
iyvnen mxolod sakuTari TaviT da imaze fiqriT,
rogor warmoCndebian (egoCarTuli moswavleebi).
moswavleebma SeiZleba daisaxon es miznebi an Tavi
aaridon maT. Tavis aridebas didi problemebi mo-
hyveba. Tavis amridebeli moswavleebis meore tipi
is moswavleebia, romlebic yvelaze advil gzebs
eZeben situaciis mosagvareblad. maT mxolod is
surT, ipovon umartivesi gzebi situaciidan ga­
mosaZromad. socialuri miznebis mqone moswavle­
ebs sxvadasxva faqtorma SeiZleba Seuwyos xeli an
Seaferxos swavlaSi. es maT specifikur miznebzea
damokidebuli (kerZod, garToba megobrebTan Tu
ojaxis gaxareba).
ra xdis klasSi miznis dasaxvas efeqti­an? imi­saTvis,
rom miznis dasaxva klasSi iyos efeqtiani, mo-
swavleebs dakvirvebiT unda mivceT ukukavSiri
progresis Sesaxeb. zogadad, moswavleebi iTa-
viseben iseT miznebs, romlebic realisturi,
zomierad rTuli da mniSvnelovania da romelTa
mniSvnelovneba damajereblad aris argumen-
tirebuli.
interesebi da emociebi
rogor moqmedebs interesebi da emociebi motiva-
ciaze? emociebi gavlenas axdens swavlasa da in-
formaciis gadamuSavebaze. moswavleebi ufro
met yuradRebas aqceven, ufro metad swavloben
da imaxsovreben informacias, romelic maTSi emo-
ciur reaqciebs iwvevs da dakavSirebulia maT in-
teresebTan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa sifrTx-
ile. `macdurma detalebma~, saintereso, magram
araarsebiTma da swavlisaTvis aracentralurma
564
informaciam SeiZleba Seaferxos swavla.
ra rols asrulebs SfoTva motivaciaSi? saqmia­
no­baTa umravlesobisTvis arsebobs agz­nebis op-
timaluri done. zogadad agznebis maRali done
sasargebloa martivi amocanebis SemTxvevaSi,
magram kompleqsuri amocanebisaTvis umjobesia
dabali agzneba. rodesac agzneba Zalian daba-
lia, maswavlebels cnobismoyvareobis gamowveva
SeuZlia moswavleebis codnis deficitis gamoye­
nebiT an raime sxva aqtivobiT. Zlieri SfoTva ag-
znebis maRali donis erT-erTi magaliTia.
rogor aferxebs SfoTva motivacias? SfoT­va Sei-
Zleba iyos cudad gamosvlis mizezic da Sedegic.
igi SeiZleba xels uSlides yuradRebis koncen-
tracias, swavlas an gaxsenebas. bevr SfoTian mo-
swavles daxmareba sWirdeba, imis­Tvis, rom aiT-
visos gamocdis Cabarebisa da swavlis efeqturi
strategiebi.
rwmenebi da TviTsqemebi
rogor moqmedebs motivaciaze rwmena una­ris Sesa­
xeb? rodesac adamianebi iziareben unaris ucvle­
lobis, damoukideblobis Teorias, anu sjeraT,
rom unari fiqsirebuli ram aris, isini amJRavne-
ben tendencias _ dasaxon prezentaciis miznebi
da Tavidan airidon marcxi. rodesac darwmuneb-
ulni arian, rom unari ganviTarebadia (progresu-
li midgoma), isini ufro daxelovnebis miznebs
daisaxaven da marcxsac konstruqciulad gaum-
klavdebian.
ra aris atribuciebis sami ganzomileba vaineris
TeoriaSi? vaineris Teoriis mixedviT, warmatebisa
da marcxis mizezis atribucia sami ganzomilebiT
SeiZleba davaxasiaToT: lokusi (internaluria
mizezi Tu eqsternalu­ri), stabiluroba (myaria
mizezi Tu cvalebadi), pasuxismgebloba (SeuZlia
Tu ara individs gaakontrolos mizezi). mTavari
problema motivaciasTan dakavSirebiT maSin iCens
Tavs, roca moswavles warumateblobis mizezad
stabiluri, ara­kontrolirebadi movlena miaC-
nia. es moswavleebi SeiZleba Seeguon marcxs, Ca-
vardnen depresiaSi da gauCndeT umweobis gancda,
rasac, Cveulebriv, `aramotivirebulobas~ vuwo-
debT.
ra aris TviTefeqtianoba da rogor aris igi da-
kavSirebuli daswavlil umweobasTan? TviTefeqtia­
noba gulisxmobs garkveul situaciaSi sakuTari
kompetenturobis Sesaxeb adamianis rwmenas. qme-
diTunarianoba, kontroli, TviTgansazRvra kri-
tikuli sakiTxebia Sinagan motivaciasTan mimar-­­
TebaSi. rodesac adamianebs sjeraT, rom sx-
vadasxva movlena da Sedegi maT cxovrebaSi
ume­tesad arakontrolirebadia, maT SeiZleba
ga­nuviTardeT daswavlili umweoba, rac, Tavis
mxriv, dakavSirebulia sami saxis: motivaciur,
kognitur da afeqtur deficitTan. moswavleebi,
romlebic uimedod grZnoben Tavs, aramotivire-
bulni da saqmisadmi gulgrilni iqnebian. isini
xelidan gauSveben SesaZleblobas gaavarjiSon
da ganaviTaron unar-Cvevebi da SesaZleblobebi,
ganuviTardebaT kognituri deficiti da xSirad
SeawuxebT iseTi afeqturi problemebi, rogori-
caa depresia, SfoTva, gulgriloba.
rogor axdens TviTRirebuleba gavlenas motiva­
ciaze?daxelovnebulobaze orientirebuli mos­
wav­leebi afaseben miRwevas, maTTvis unari gaum-
jobesebadia _ amdenad, fokusirebulni arian
daxelovnebulobis miRwevis miznebze, ar er-
idebian risks da marcxsac konstruqciulad um-
klavdebian. dabali TviTRirebuleba, rogorc
Cans, dakavSirebulia marcxis Tavidan amridebel
da masTan Semgueblur strategiebTan, raTa in-
dividi daculi iyos marcxis Sedegebisagan. aseT
daxmarebas xanmokle efeqti aqvs da sabolood
anadgurebs motivaciasa da TviTSefasebas.
motivacia skolaSi swavlisadmi:
TARGET
gansazRvreT swavlis motivacia. maswavleb­lebi gan­
sakuTrebiT erTi tipis motivaciiT arian dain-
teresebulni _ moswavleTa swavlis motivaciiT.
moswavleTa swavlis motivacia erTdroulad
pirovnuli niSanicaa da mdgomareobac gulisx-
mobs seriozul damokidebulebas akademiur sa-
muSaosTan, misgan rac SeiZleba metis miRebas da
am procesSi Sesabamisi saswavlo strategiebis
gamoyenebas.
ra aris TARGET? esaa akronimi, romelic exe­ba
eqvs sferos, sadac maswavlebeli iRebs gadaw-
yvetilebas da gavlenas axdens moswavlis swavlis
motivaciaze. es sferoebia: amocanis xasiaTi; av-
tonomia, romelic eniWebaT moswavleebs muSaobi-
sas; rogoraa aRiarebuli da mowonebuli moswav-
lis miRweva; gamocdilebis dajgufeba; Sefasebis
procedurebi; drois ganrigis SemuSaveba.
rogor axdens gavlenas motivaciaze amocanebi?
amo­­­canebi, romelTac maswavleblebi aZleven mo-
swavleebs, gavlenas axdens motivaciaze. rode-
sac moswavleebs aZleven iseT amocanas, romelic
dakavSirebulia maT interesebTan, aRviZebs maT
cnobismoyvareobas an dakavSirebulia realur
cxovrebiseul problemebTan, moswavleTa swav-
lis motivacia ufro maRalia. amocanebs SeiZleba
hqondes Sesrulebis, Sinagani da sargeb­lianobis
Rirebuleba. Sesrulebis Rirebuleba aris moswav-
lisaTvis warmatebis mniSvnelovneba. Sinagani Ri-
rebuleba exeba im siamovnebas, rasac moswavle amo-
canisgan iRebs. sargeblianobis Rirebuleba imiT
ganisazRvreba, am amocanis Sesru­lebiT ramdenad
SegviZlia mivuaxlovdeT Cvens moklevadian Tu
Sors mimaval miznebs.
ganasxvaveT SezRuduli da SeuzRudavi ar­Cevani.
umarTavi aRmoCenebisa da umizno diskusiis ms-
gavsad, arastruqturirebulma da umarTavma ar-
Cevanma SeiZleba Zalian cudad imoqmedos swav-
laze. amis alternativa SezRuduli arCevania.
mivceT moswavleebs arCevanis saSualeba, ro-
melic Rirebul amocanebs daayenebs maT winaSe,
magram aseve mivceT ufleba _ mihyvnen pirovnul
interesebs. balansi saukeTeso gamosavalia. ase
rom, moswavleebi arc zedmeti TavisuflebiT gav-
elurdebian da arc SezRudulad da mowyenilad
igrZnoben Tavs.
rogor SeiZleba aRiarebam Seamciros mos­wavlis
mo­­tivacia da TviTefeqtianoba? aRiarebas da jil-
dos klasSi SeuZlia gazardos swavlis motivacia,
Tu erTic da meorec aris Sedegi exeba pirovnuli
ganviTarebisa da ara SejibrSi mopovebuli gamar-
jvebisa. Seqeba da jildo fokusirebuli unda
iyos moswavlis mzard kompetenturobaze. xandax-
an Seqebas SeiZleba paradoqsuli Sedegi mohyves _
moswavleebma maswavleblis kritika an Seqeba aRiq-
van, rogorc gadakruli naTqvami maT unarebze.
CamoTvaleT sami miznobrivi struqtura da ga-
nasxvaveT isini erTmaneTisagan. moswavleTa urT-
ierTobaze TanaklaselebTan gavle­nas axdens
saqmianobis miznobrivi struqtura. miznobrivi
struqtura SeiZleba iyos SejibrebiTi, individ-
ualisturi da TanamSromluri. TanamSromluri
miznobrivi struqtura aqezebs motivacias, swav-
las, gansakuTrebiT ki dabali SesaZleblobebis
mqone moswavleebSi.
rogor SeiZleba SefasebiTma klimatma imoqmedos
miznebis dasaxvaze? rac ufro SejibrebiTia Sefa­
seba, miT ufro metad saxaven moswavleebi prezen-
taciis miznebs da imaze axdenen fokusirebas,
565
rom `kompetenturad warmoCndnen~, anu xdebian
egoCarTulebi. rodesac fokusi ufro metad Ses-
rulebazea da ara gagebaze, swavlaze, moswavleebs
mxolod is surT, rom bolomde miiyvanon samuSao,
gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, Tu is rTulia.
ra gavlenas axdens dro motivaciaze? imisaT­
vis, rom gaizardos swavlis motivacia, maswav-
leblebi moqnilni unda iyvnen saklaso drois
ganrigis SemuSavebisas. im moswavleebs, romlebic
iZulebulni arian ahyvnen maTTvis bunebrivad
misaRebze, aseve im moswavleebs, romelnic iZule-
bulni arian Sewyviton muSaoba saqmeSi CarTvisTa-
nave, swavlaSi Seupovroba ar ganuviTardebaT.

Mylabschool es aris eleqtronul instrumentTa nakrebi, romelic dagexmarebaT am kursis

warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul
karieraSi. ix.: www.mylabschool.com

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maswavleblis
Canawerebi: kavSirebi
ganixileT es sakiTxebi, rogorc es Tavis da-
sawyisSi gaakeTeT: ramdenad maRali iyo TqvenSi
TviTdeterminaciis gancda, rodesac irCevdiT
skolaSi muSaobas da rodesac am davalebas as-
PRAXIS IITM - Tan
rulebdiT? risi molodini gqondaT, rodesac
resursebi iTxoveT? gibiZgebT Tu ara kuriku-
lumi da saskolo Sefaseba, rom dasaxoT miznebi
TqvenTvis da Tqveni moswavleebisaTvis?

rogor moiqceodnen?
gTavazobT ramdenime maswvleblis pasuxs kiTxvaze, rogor moiqceodnen moswavleTa motivaciis gas-
azrdelad mwiri resursebis pirobebSi.

ician maT mocemuli Temis irgvliv. maswavlebeli

eimi frideti, meore klasis maswavlebeli.
dafaze wers TiToeul pasuxs. Semdeg xdeba imis
fiSeris dawyebiTi skola, valpoli, masaCu-
Camowera, ra undaT rom icodnen am Temaze. mesa-
setsi.
me sveti TandaTan ivseba masalis gavlisas da mas
Zalian efeqtian gza, romelsac me viyeneb,
hqvia `ra viswavleT~.
mos­wavleebis dasaintereseblad da maTSi cno-
bismoyvareobis gasaRviZeblad, aris kiTxvis das­­
ma gakveTilis dawyebamde. es maT gakveTilze fo­­ deniel hartmani,
kusirebuls xdis. wlis ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi meore klasis maswavlebeli.
uk­ve Tavad svamen kiTxvebs. meore efeqtian gza kleimontis dawyebiTi skola, balvini,
maT dasaintereseblad aris `sami svetis~ tvinis misuri.
Sturmi. Tavidan moswavleebi fiqroben imaze, ra pirvel rigSi nu moeSvebiT. ar gWirdebaT sa­

566
xelmZRvaneloebi imisaTvis, rom efeqturi mas-
wavleblebi iyoT. gadaxedeT kurikulums da gam-
oyaviT miznebi, romelTa Sesrulebac gevalebT
TiToeul safexurze. mas Semdeg, rac TqvenTvis
cnobili gaxdeba miznebi, gamoiCineT kreatulo-
ba. moswavleTa motivireba da daintereseba buneb­
rivi ram aris. arCevanis micemiTa da swavlebis
sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT maT aqtiurad
CarTavT swavlaSi. bavSvebi sasiamovnod gagaoce-
ben, rogorc ki maT arCevanis saSualebas miscemT.
maikl iasisi, tanglenis dawyebiTi skola,
minetonka, minesota.
codnis SeZena xdeba aqtiuri swavlebiTa da
monawileobiT. samuSao rveulebis (romlebic sa-
varjiSoebzea fokusirebuli) micema, rogorc
cod­­nis pirveladi wyarosi, SeiZleba mosawyeni
aRmoCndes moswavleTaTvis. me am situacias ase mi-
vudgebodi: pirvel rigSi CavrTavdi mos­wavleebs
diskusiebSi da Sevafasebdi maT arsebul cod-
nas. Semdeg mivcemdi maT gamowvevis winaSe davay-
enebdi da gavafarTovebdi maT codnas marTuli
aRmoCenis gziT, daveyrdnobodi magaliTebs am
`mosawyeni~ samuSao rveulebidan. sanam isini da-
moukideblad imuSaveben cnebebze samuSao rveu-
lebSi, gaizrdeba maTi TviTefeqtianoba da TviT-
Sefaseba.
keli makelroi bonini,
umaRlesi skolis mrCeveli. klein oukis
umaRlesi skola, sprin­gi, texasi.
mesame klaselebTan aqtiuri swavleba, sagni­
sadmi interesisa da enTuziazmis gamovlena gazr-
dis moswavleTa interess da CarTulobas. ramden-
jer mogismeniaT aseTi ram: `is iyo qali = energia
da saukeTeso maswavlebeli, vinc ki odesme myo-
lia. yvelaze mosawyen da rTul Te­masac ki sax-
alisos da sainteresos xdida~. me es bevrjer mo-
mismenia da es amtkicebs Cems mosazrebas. roca
maswavlebeli Relavs imaze, rom moswavleebma
aRiqvan masala, rogorc maTTvis saWiro da gamo-
sadegi informaciis wyaro, es Zalian efeqturia,
garda amisa, moswavleebs uyvarT da ainteresebT
is sagani, romelsac maTTvis pativsacemi da say-
vareli maswavlebeli aswavlis. Tu vigrZnobdi,
rom masala Zalian rTulia, gakveTils davyofdi
nawilebad da gamoviyenebdi sxvadasxv teqnikas _
diskusiebs, ganmeorebiT swavlas, jgufur pro-
eqtebs _ raTa moswavleebi daweodnen swavlis
Ta­­vianT safexurs. rodesac moswavleebi motivi-
rebulebi arian, isini yvelafers gaarTmeven Tavs,
ragind rTuli iyos masala. bavSvebi motivireb-
ulebi xdebian, roca xedaven, rom maswavlebeli
gulwrfelad zrunavs maTze.
pemgaskili, meore klasis maswavlebeli
riversaidis dawyebiTi skola, dublini,
ohaio.
swavleba kreatuli unda iyos. gamoiyeneT
Tqveni dro da SemoqmedebiToba, raTa gaiTval-
iswinoT is miznebi, romelTa miRwevac gevalebaT
da moifiqreT is gzebi, romelTa saSualebiTac
gaxdiT am miznebs mniSvnelovans Tqveni moswav-
leebisaTvis da miusadagebT maT. gamoiyeneT
sxva SesaZlo resursebi, biblioTekebi, biuroe-
bi, resurs-centrebi. dagegmeT iseTi aqtivo-
bebi, rogoricaa videoCvenebebi, jgufuri muS-
aoba, eqskursiebi, proeqtebi, raTa SeinarCunoT
moswavleTa interesi da CarTuloba. isargeb-
leT im saSualebebiT, rac moswavleebs saxl-
Si aqvT _ videoCanawerebi, wignebi, interneti.
gaocdebiT, iseTi daxmarebis gaweva SeuZliaT
TanamSromlur mSoblebs, Tuki maT daxmarebi-
sTvis mimarTavT. Tqven SegiZliaT aratradici-
uli gziT gamoiyenoT Zveli samuSao rveulebis
furclebic ki. SegiZliaT xeli SeuwyoT moswav-
leTa warmatebas susti mkiTxvelebis ufro kom-
petentur mkiTxvelebTan dawyvilebiT. aqcenti
gaakeTeT imaze, rom saWiroa erToblivi muSao-
ba masalis aTvisebisaTvis. aqtiuri monawileoba
da CarTuloba daexmareba Tqvens moswavleebs
ukeT gamoTqvan TavianTi azrebi.
567
 11
Tavi

maswavleblis Canawerebi :

CarTuli swavla: rogor moiqceodiT?

socialuri procesebi
swavlaSi

TanamSromloba Tanatolebi
mSoblebi da maswavleblebi
kolaboracia da kooperacia

da erToba kolaboracia, jgufuri muSaoba

da kooperatiuli swavleba
TanamSromlobiTi swavlebis
amocanebi
moswavleTa momzadeba
TanamSromlobiTi swavlebisaTvis
TanamSromlobis formebi
gza yovel moswavlemde:
kooperaciuli swavlis
marTebuli gamoyeneba
saklaso erToba
konfliqtis konstruqciuli
gadaWra
moqalaqeobrivi Rirebulebebi
CarTva erTobaSi
mikuTvnebuloba
Zaladoba skolaSi
prevencia
pativiscema da dacva
erToba klasis gareT: servis swavla
mravalgvaroba da erTgvarovneba
socialur CarCoSi
mravalgvaroba
erTgvarovneba
Sejameba
maswavleblis Canawerebi:
kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM- Tan /
rogor moiqceodnen?

568
 rogor moiqceodiT?
Tu raime saSineli
maswavleblis tra­gedia moxdeba, maga­
kritikuli azrovneba
ra uSualo reaqcia geqnebaT?
Canawerebi liTad, 11 seqtemberis
ras etyviT im moswavleebs, romlebic Zalian
teraqtis msgavsi, an SeW­
ra skolaSi, rogor gaumklavdebiT am situa- nerviuloben da tirian?
cias? warmoidgineT, rom skolaSi xarT, zamTar- rogor moiqceviT Semdegi ramdenime kvirisa
ia, samSabaTi dRea, gviani dila da samxrobT. da Tvis manZilze, roca moswavleebi SiSiT
gaigeT, rom skolis maxloblad viRac moswav- gaixseneben aseT movlenebs?
leebs msawavleblebi da sxva moswavleebi auyva-
niaT mZevlad. dadis aTasgvari xmebi, arian Tu kolaboracia
ara SeiaraRebuli moswavleebi, ra moTxovnebi klasis 2 sxva wevrTan erTad moifiqreT ras
aqvT, vin arian, ramdeni mZevali hyavT da rodis
etyodiT klass.
daiwyo es incidenti. Tqveni skolis maswavle-
blebsa da moswavleebs ojaxebi da megobrebi
hyavT im raionSi sadac Tqven imyofebiT. mo-
swavleebi Zalian Relaven, zogi tiris.

u
maRlesi skolis moswavleebSi CarTulobisa
da swavlisadmi motivaciis gazrdis komite-
ti (2004) statias `CarTuloba skolaSi~ ase
iwyebda: `swavla da warmateba saswavlo proces-
Si aqtiur CarTvas moiTxovs _ Raribia moswavle
Tu mdidari, zangi, mulati, Tu TeTrkaniani.~
CarTuloba ufro mets niSnavs, vidre kognituri
procesebi da motivacia. CarTuloba, rogorc
komiteti aRniSnavda, `gulisxmobs moswavlis
CarTvas socialuri urTierTobebis qselSi~.
am TavSi SevexebiT CarTulobis ramdenime
mniSv­nelovan aspeqts, romelTac didi mniSvn-
eloba aqvT warmatebisaTvis, rogorc skolaSi,
ise mis gareT. daviwyebT kolaboraciiTa da
Ta­namSromlobiT, rac niSnavs sxvebTan er-
Tad muSaobas swavlis procesSi. Semdeg gan-
vixilavT saklaso erTobis sakiTxs. da bolos,
CarTul swavlebas klasis miRma. mTeli Tavis
manZilze yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT imaze, ra
SeiZleba gaakeTon maswavleblebma, rom xeli
Seuwyon yvela moswavlis CarTulobas.
roca waikiTxavT mTel Tavs, SegeZlebaT upa­
suxoT Semdeg kiTxvebs:
ra gavlenas axdens socialuri urTierToba
skolaSi swavlaze?
rogor uwyobs xels TanamSromlobiTi swav-
lebis strategiebi akademiur da socialur
ganviTarebas?
ra problemebi SeiZleba gaCndes TanamSrom-
lobiT swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT da rogor
SeiZleba avaridoT maT Tavi?
rogor SemiZlia Sevqmna saswavlo erToba
Cems klasSi?
ra SeiZleba gakeTdes Zaladobis sapasuxod
skolaSi da rogor unda moxdes Zaladobis
prevencia?
ra SesaZleblobebi da problemebi SeiZleba
gaCndes servis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT?

569

es gogona, rogorc Cans, swav-
laSi CarTuli moswavlea. ra
socialurma kavSirebma Sei-
Zleba Seuwyos xeli mis Car-
Tulobas?
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
dawyebiTi skolis Jurnalis
1999 wlis maisisa da 2000
wlis maisis gamoSveba exeboda
skolaSi miRweul Sedegebs _
socio-emocionalur ganvi-
Tarebas, TviTregulirebas,
fizikur aqtivobasa da servis
swavlebas subieqtebis gauT-
valiswineblad.
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
ixileT Educational Leader-
ship-is 2002 wlis seqtembris
nomerSi (tomi 60, #1) moTavse-
bulia 14 statia Temaze `an-
aRvlebT Tu ara moswavleebs
swavla?~ am statiebSi ganxi-
lulia, rogor unda Seewyos
xeli enTuziazms, stimuls,
investirebas swavlaSi.
570
es Tavi CarTul swavlebas eZRvneba. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, es
Tavi imis erTgvar kulminaciad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rac ukve viciT in-
dividualuri gansxvavebebis, swavlebis, motivaciis Sesaxeb. CarTuloba
moicavs iseT qcevebs, rogorebicaa yuradReba, Zalisxmeva, Seupovroba,
gamZleoba siZneleebis winaaRmdeg; aseve iseT emociebs, rogoricaa en-
Tuziazmi, siamaye, interesi, siamovneba. moswavleebi saskolo saqmiano-
baSi SeiZleba CaerTvnen TanatolebTan da maswavleblebTan megobruli
kavSirebis saSualebiT, sportuli gundebis wevrobiT, sxvadasxva aq-
tivobebSi monawileobiT. amdenad, CarTuloba moicavs socialur kav-
Sirebs. da bolos, CarTuloba kognituria, radgan moswavleebi swav-
laSi axdenen Tavisi gonebrivi unarebis investirebas. isini iyeneben
kognitur da metakognitur strategiebs, informaciis gadamuSavebas,
damaxsovrebas, sakuTari Tavis, rogorc moswavleebis Sesaxeb rwmenebis
formirebas.
CarTuli swavleba mniSvnelovania yoveli moswavlisa da yoveli
skolisaTvis, radgan aseT moswavleebs xSirad ufro maRali miRwevebi
aqvT; swavlis process mowyvetili moswavleebi ki xSirad erTad gar­
bian skolidan (Fredericks, Blumenfeld & Paris, 2004). araCarTulobis Sede-
gebi Zalian seriozulia, gansakuTrebiT ki Rataki moswavleebisTvis.
privilegirebuli ojaxebis Svilebis swavlisaken Semobruneba ufro
SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuradac da qceviTac. magram im moswavleebs,
romelTac privilegiebi ar aqvT, aseTi CaurTveloba Zalian Zvirad
ujdebaT. amas ewireba maT mier arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba. diplo-
misa da saWiro unar-Cvevebis gareSe isini umuSevrobis, siRatakis,
janmrTelobis Seryevis, kriminalur cxovrebis wesSi CarTvis safrTx-
is winaSe dganan. bevri skola, romelsac aseTi moswavleebi hyavs, ver
axerxebs maTi CarTulobis gazrdas verc kogniturad, verc emociu-
rad, ver qcevis TvalsazrisiT (umaRlesi skolis moswavleebSi CarTu-
lobisa da swavlisadmi motivaciis gazrdis komiteti, 2004). ra unda
gakeTdes aseT dros? Zalian mniSvnelovania socialuri procesebi.
socialuri procesebi swavlaSi
rodesac skolaSi CarTulobaze fiqrobT, fiqrobT Tu ara gav-
lenaze, rasac socialuri garemo da kultura axdens moswavlis swav-
laze? magaliTad, wignebis kiTxvas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs Tu ara
Tqveni klasis sxvadasxva moswavlisaTvis? aqvT kiTxuloben Tu ara
Tqveni moswavleebi sxvadasxva wigns skolis gareT? Cven amave TavSi
ganvixilavT, rogor swavloben adamianebi sxva adamianebTan interaq-
ciiT da ra gavlena aqvs swavlaze socialur interaqcias, dialogs,
kulturas. TiToeuli es sakiTxi Zalian mniSvnelovania ganaTlebis
fsiqologiaSi. ori aTeuli wlis win jerom brunerma _ erT-erTma pir­
velma, vinc swavlis individualuri koncefciebis Seswavla daiwyo _
ganacxada: `mivedi daskvnamde, rom swavla umetes SemTxvevaSi erTob­
livi, komunaluri aqtivobaa, kulturis gaziarebaa~ (1986).
modiT ganvixiloT moswavleze sami socialuri gavlenis wyaro _
Ta­natolebi, mSoblebi da maswavleblebi.
Tanatolebi
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT gaixseneT skolis wlebi. gyavdaT
Tu ara aseTi megobrebi: normalurebi, popularulebi, `Wkuis kolofe-
bi~, xumarebi, wveulebis moyvarulebi, narkomanebi, da a.S.? romeli
kategoria warmoadgenda Tqvens skolaSi umravlesobas? ra gavlenas
axdendnen megobrebi Tqvenze?

lorens steinbergma (Laurence Steinberg) da misma kolegebma Seiswavles

mSoblebis, Tanatolebisa da erTobis konteqsti saskolo miRwevaSi
(Durbin, Darling, Steinberg & Brown, 1993; Steinberg, 1996, 1998). samwliani muSa­
obis ganmavlobaSi maT Seiswavles 20000 umaRlesi skolis moswavle
viskonsinisa da kaliforniis cxra skolaSi. steinbergma aRniSna, rom
am moswavleebidan 40% ubralod mihyveboda swavlebas. klasSi isini
ar axdendnen yuradRebis Zlier koncentrirebas da realurad ar muSa­
obdnen. 90% sxvebisgan iwerda saSinao davalebas, 66% swavlis bolo
wels testirebas did mniSvnelobas aRar aniWebda da Sesasrulebel
davalebas `afuCeCebda~. steinbergi amtkicebs, rom es nawilobriv Tana-
tolTa zewolis gamo xdeba. `mozardTa umetesobisaTvis Tanatolebis
azri ufro mniSvnelovania, roca saqme swavlas exeba, vidre sakuTari
mSoblebis~ (1998). am kvlevis Sedegebi asaxavs imas, rom Tanatolebi
Za­lian did gavlenas axdenen mozardebis qcevaze, radgan xSirad sa-
sacilod igdeben zogierTs.
yoveli mexuTe moswavle ambobda, rom maTi megobrebi dasci­
nodnen warmatebul moswavleebs. rodesac maT gamokiTxvisas
ekiTxebodnen, Tu romel kategoriaSi isurvebdnen moxvedras,
xuTjer meti moswavle ambobda, rom surda, yofiliyo `popu-
laruli~ da `xumara~, vidre misTvis ewodebinaT `Wkuiskolofa~.
samjer met moswavles surda yofiliyo `wveulebebis moyvaru-
li~ an `narkomani~, vidre `Wkuiskolofa~. amave dros, `Wkuis-
kolofebi~ yvelaze naklebad iyvnen bednierebi am statusiT,
daaxloebiT naxevars surda, rom sxva jgufSi yofiliyo (Stein-
berg, 1998 gv. 332).

bavSvebi SemTxveviT ar irCeven megobarTa wres. dawyebiT skolebSi

bavSvebi amJRavneben tendencias, megobrebad airCion iseTi moswavlee-
bi, romlebsac maTi msgavsi Sexeduleba aqvs swavlis mimarT (Wentzel,
1999). jili hamis (Jill Hamm, 2000) kvlevis mixedviT, romelic erTma-
neTs adarebda afro-amerikeli, aziel-amerikeli da evro-amerikeli
mos­wavleebis megobrul paternebs, aRmoCnda, rom yvela am populaciis
war­momadgenlebi megobrebad irCevdnen msgavsi Sexedulebebis mqone
Tanaklaselebs (Tumca, araidenturebs). afro-amerikeli moswavleebi
sxva moswavleebze metad iTvaliswinebdnen eTnikur msgavsebas.
aseve cxadia, rom akademiur miRwevas yvelaze naklebi Rirebuleba
afro-amerikel moswavleebSi aqvs (Steinberg, Dornbush & Brown, 1992; Wentzel
& Battle, 2001). Tumca, sifrTxile unda gamoviCinoT kvlevasTan dakav-
SirebiT, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs SesaZlo individualur da jgufur
gansxvavebebs. magaliTad, rodesac evro-amerikel, espanuri warmoSobis
amerikel da afro-amerikel moswavleebs ekiTxebodnen, daesaxelebinaT
is Tanatolebi, romlebTanac surdaT megobroba, samive populaciis
gogonebma da evro-amerikelma biWebma aseTebad maRali miRwevis Tana-
tolebi daasaxeles. amis sapirispirod, afro-amerikelma da espanuri
warmoSobis biWebma favoritebad daasaxeles dabali miRwevis mqone
biWebi (Graham, Taylor & Hudley, 1998).

571
daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
da ganavrceT
mesame TavSi vnaxeT, rom
maswavlebelTa mxridan yur-
adReba Zalian mniSvnelovania;
gansakuTrebiT ki im moswav-
leebisaTvis, romlebic riskis
qveS arian skolaSi.
572
mSoblebi da maswavleblebi
did rols asruleben mSoblebi da maswavleblebi. rodesac gamoi-
kiTxes 3407 moswavle me-9-dan me-12 klasamde da sTxoves maT, aRe-
weraT mSoblebis da TanatolTa jgufis orientacia, aRmoCnda, rom
is mozardebi, romlebmac mSoblebi daaxasiaTes, rogorc avtoritetu­
lebi (momTxovnebi, magram pasuxismgeblobiT savse, racionaluri da
demokratiulebi), iyvnen keTilganwyobilebi da afasebdnen, rogorc
ufrosebis, ise TanatolTa Sefasebebs, yofiliyvnen `normalurebi~ da
`Wkuiskolofebi~. is moswavleebi ki, gansakuTrebiT gogonebi, romle-
bic mSoblebs axasiaTebdnen, rogorc ara mzrunvelebs, xSir SemTxveva-
Si ugulebelyofdnen ufrosebis Rirebulebebs da iyvnen `wveulebis
moyvarulebi~ da `narkomanebi~. xolo Semwynarebeli mSoblebis biWebs
ufro metad garToba ainteresebdaT, anu `wveulebis moyvarulebi~
iyvnen (Durbin, Darling, Steinberg & Brown, 1993). faqtobrivad, mozarde-
bi, romelTac hyavT avtoritetuli mSoblebi midrekilni arian mo-
eqcnen Tanatolebis gavlenis qveS saskolo miRwevebTan mimarTebaSi,
xolo narkotikebisa da alkoholis gamoyenebis mxriv naklebad eqcev-
ian TanatolTa gavlenis qveS, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu megobrebsac
avtoritetuli mSoblebi hyavT (Collins, Maccoby, Steinberg, Hetherington &
Bornstein, 2000).
rodesac bavSvebs saerTod ara hyavT megobrebi an cota megobari
hyavT, maswavleblebsa da mSoblebs mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba
SeuZliaT, raTa waaxalison saskolo miRwevebi. ketrin venzelma da misma
kolegebma aRmoaCines, rom maswavleblebis mxridan aRTqmuli mxardaWera
dakavSirebulia swavlisadmi pozitiur motivaciasTan da skolaSi arse-
bul wesrigTan (Wentzel & Battle, 2001). amas garda, saSualo skolaSi mas-
wavlebelTa mier gamoTqmul mowonebas anazRaurebs TanatolTa mxri-
dan uaryofis negatiuri efeqti. is moswavleebi ki, romlebsac cota
megobari hyavT, magram ar arian uaryofilni TanatolTa mxridan, da
amave dros mowonebas imsaxureben maswavleblebis mier, inarCuneben
mowesrigebulobas rogorc akademiur, ise socialur aspeqtSi.
CarTuli swavlebisTvis socialuri procesebis mniSvneloba Segvi-
Zlia umaRlesi skolis moswavleebSi swavlisadmi motivaciisa da Car-
Tulobis gazrdis komitetis (2004) sityvebiT SevajamoT:
garda imisa, rom swavla gulisxmobs kognitur procesebs,
swavlisadmi motivacia damokidebulia moswavlis socialur
urTierTobaze. imis albaToba, rom moswavleebi iqnebian mo-
tivirebulni da aqtiurad CaerTvebian swavlis procesSi, iz-
rdeba, roca amas mxars uWeren maswavleblebi, ojaxi da Tana-
tolebi. amdenad, CarTuloba yuradRebas amaxvilebs kavSirze
moswavlesa da im socialur garemos Soris, romlis farglebSic
mimdinareobs swavla. skolebi, romlebic aqcents akeTeben Car-
Tulobaze, uzrunvelyofen mikuTvnebulobis gancdas person-
alizebuli instruqtirebis, moswavleTa cxovrebisadmi intere-
sis gamovlenis, mxardamWeri, yuradRebiani socialuri garemos
Seqmnis saSualebiT (gv. 3).
rom gavigoT, rogor unda SevqmnaT mxardamWeri, mzrunveli so-
cialuri garemo, Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT kolaboracia da koop-
eracia.
 kolaboracia da kooperacia

miuxedavad akademiur standartebze, prezentaciaze, testebze kon- daukavSireT kvlevas

centrirebisa, skola ufro mets gulisxmobs, vidre ubralod akade- da ganavrceT
Jurnalis ‘Theory into Practice’
miuri swavlaa. ra Tqma unda, akademiuri swavleba upirvelesi mimar-
2002 wlis zamTris gamoSveba
Tulebaa, `magram skolas mTavari pasuxismgebloba akisria moswavlis eZRvneba sakiTxs `azrovnebis
ganviTarebis sxva aspeqtebzec, magaliTad, moswavleebSi im atitudebis, uzrunvelyofa TanatolebTan
unar-Cvevebis, orientaciebis ganviTarebaze, romlebic maT dasWird- erTad swavliT~. am nomris
ebaT, raTa icxovron, iyvnen kargi moqalaqeebi da emsaxuron demokra- redaqtoria TanamSrom-
lobiTi swavlebis sferos
tiul saxelmwifos~ (Battistich, Watson, Solomon, Lewis & Schraps, 1999). amas
erT-erTi wamyvani mkvlevari
garda, ganaTleba amzadebs moswavleebs, moergon cxovrebas da daak- Angela O’Donnell. aq aris
mayofilon misi moTxovnebi. Noreen Webb-is, Alison King-
is, Annemarie Palincsar-is da
korporaciaTa umetesoba eZebs iseT adamianebs, romlebic sxvaTa statiebic.
ara­marto kargad floben garkveul akademiur unar-Cvevebs, ar-
amed aqvT unaric harmoniulad imuSaon sxva adamianebTan erTad
da maTTan erTad Seqmnan Sekruli gundi, gamoiCinon iniciativa
da pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, SeZlon efeqturi komunikacia (Ar-
onson, 2000).

ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi mecnierebi ikvlevdnen ko-

laboraciasa da TanamSromlobas skolebSi. Tumca, arsebobs gark­veuli
Seusabamobebi. kvlevebis umetesobam gamoavlina, rom namdvilad Tanam-
Sromluri jgufebi pozitiur gavlenas axdenen moswavlis empaTiaze,
tolerantobaze, Semwynareblobaze, megobrobaze, sakuTari Tavis ndo-
basa da gakveTilebze daswrebazec ki (Solomon, Watson & Battistich, 2001). ima-
sac amtkiceben, rom TanamSromlobiT swavlebas SeuZlia bavSvebisa da
mozardebisaTvis socialuri problemebis mogvarebac (Gillies, 2003, 2004).

efeqturad gamoyenebuli TanamS-

romlobiTi swavlebis strategiebi
zrdis kolaboraciul unar-Cvevebs,
pozitiur urTierTdamokidebulebas,
individualur pasuxismgeblobas.

573
daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
da ganavrceT
mikuTvnebulobis moTxovnile-
ba mesame safexuria maslous
mier warmodgenil ierarqi-
aSi, romelic me-10 TavSi iyo
ganxiluli. urTierTobis
SenarCunebis moTxovnile-
ba Zalian Zlieria. me es
gamaxsenda, rodesac Cemma
qaliSvilma me-4 klasSi miiRo
SeniSvna. man baraTi gadasca
amxanags gakveTilis dros.
lizis axsna aseTi iyo: lanCis
dros Sexla-Semoxla hqondaT
da `es saqme unda gaerCia~.
kolaboracia – xedva, Tu
rogor unda daamyaro urT-
ierToba Sengan gansxvavebul
adamianebTan; pativs scems
gansxvavebebs, avtoritetebs da
iTvaliswinebs sxvis codnas.
kooperacia - erToblivi
muSaoba saerTo miznebis mis-
aRwevad.
kooperaciuli swavla - gansx-
vavebuli unarebis moswavleTa
muSaoba jgufebSi, sadac isini
iReben jildos jgufis saerTo
warmatebis Sesabamisad.
574
kolaboracia, jgufuri muSaoba
da kooperatiuli swavleba
terminebi _ kolaboracia, jgufuri swavla da TanamSromlobiTi
swav­la xSirad erTi mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. maT Soris msgavseba
marTlac aris, magram aris gansxvavebac. gansxvaveba kolaboraciasa
da TanamSromlobas Soris yovelTvis rodia cxadi. ted panici (Ted
Panitz, 1996) saubrobs Semdeg gansxvavebebze: kolaboracia esaa xedva,
Tu rogor unda daamyaro urTierToba sxvebTan _ rogor iswavlo da
imuSao. kolaboracia urTierTobis gzaa imaTTan, vinc gansxvavebulia,
aqvs Zalaufleba. TanamSromloba ki, amave dros, aris sxva adamian-
ebTan erTad muSaoba erTi raime saerTo mizinis misaRwevad (Gillies,
2003). kolaboraciuli swavlebis fesvebi britanel pedagogebSi unda
veZioT, romelTac surdaT, maT moswavleebs aqtiurad gamoeyenebinaT
Seswavlili literatura. TanamSromlur swavlebas amerikuli safuZve-
li aqvs, rasac fsiqologebis, jon diuisa da kurt levinis SromebSi
vipoviT. SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom TanamSromlobiTi swavleba ko-
laboraciis erT-erTi gzaa.
jgufuri muSaoba gulisxmobs ramdenime moswavlis erTobliv meca-
dineobas _ isini SeiZleba TanamSromlobdnen da SeiZleba ara. jgufSi
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mravali saqmianoba. magaliTad, moswavleebma
SeiZleba erToblivad Caataron adgilobrivi kvleva. Tu moswavleebma
10 axali cneba unda iswavlon biologiaSi, ratom ar unda mivceT maT
ufleba, gainawilon es terminebi da erTmaneTs aswavlon? rac mTa-
varia, darwmundiT, rom jgufis TiToeul wevrs SeuZlia amocanasTan
gamklaveba. zogjer isec xdeba, rom mTeli jgufis saqmes erTi-ori
moswavle akeTebs.
jgufuri muSaoba SeiZleba Zalian gamosadegi iyos, magram TanamS-
romlobiTi swavleba ufro mets moiTxovs, vidre ubralod bavSvebis
ganawilebas jgufebSi. anjela o’doneli (Angela O’Donnell) da jim o’keli
(Jim O’Kelly) aRweren maswavlebels, romelmac ganacxada, rom iyenebda
`TanamSromlur swavlebas~ rodesac, awyvilebda moswavleebs da av-
lebda maT referatis daweras, oRond TiToeul moswavles referatis
mxolod erTi nawili unda daewera. samwuxarod, maswavlebelma maT ar
gamouyo erTad samuSao dro. moswavleebma miiRes Sefaseba mxolod
TavianTi nawilis mixedviT da jgufuri Sefaseba mTliani proeqtis
Sesabamisad. erTma moswavlem miiRo umaRlesi Sefaseba, Tavis nawilSi,
magram C Sefaseba mTlian proeqtSi, imitom, rom misma partniorma mi-
iRo F. gamovida, rom erTi moswavle daisaja C SefasebiT im situaciis
gamo, romlis gakontrolebac Tavad ar SeeZlo. xolo meore moswavle,
romelsac araferi gaukeTebia, dajildovda C SefasebiT. es ar yofila
TanamSromluri swavleba, amas jgufur muSaobasac ki ver davarqmevT.
kooperaciuli jgufebis miRma. kooperaciul swavlebas didi istoria
aqvs amerikis ganaTlebis sistemaSi. jer kidev adreul 1900-ian wlebSi
jon diui akritikebda Sejibris moments ganaTlebaSi da mouwodebda
pedagogebs, SeeqmnaT skolis iseTi struqtura, romelic demokrati-
uli swavlebis principebze iqneboda agebuli. es ideebi uaryofil
iqna 40-50-ian wlebSi da maTi adgili SejibrebasTan dakavSirebulma
ideebma daikava. 60-ian wlebSi individualuri da TanamSromluri swav-
lebis struqturebi kvlav aqtualuri gaxda. es erTi mxriv adamianis
uflebebis dacviT iyo ganpirobebuli da, meore mxriv, interaqciuli
 cxrili 11.1

kooperaciuli swavlebis sxvadasxva forma gansxvavebuli daniSnulebiT

kooperaciuli swavlebis sxvadasxva formas (damuSaveba, piaJeseuli, vigotskiseuli) gan-
sxvavebuli daniSnuleba aqvs, sxvadasxva struqtura sWirdeba da sakuTari potenciuri
problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebi moepovebaT.

aspeqti damuSaveba piaJeseuli forma vigotskiseuli forma

jgufis zoma patara (2-4) patara wyvili

jgufis heterogenuri/ homogenuri homogenuri heterogenuri

Semadgenloba

amocanebi ganmeoreba? integracia aTviseba unar-Cvevebi

maswavleblis fasilitatori fasilitatori modeli/ megzuri

roli
potenciuri umniSvnelo daxmareba; araqtiuroba; umniSvnelo daxmareba;
problemebi araTanabari monawileoba ar aris kognituri araadekvaturi
konfliqti dro/dialogi

problemebis daxmarebis gawevis kamaTis Semotana daxmarebis gawevis

gadaWra pirdapiri miTiTeba; pirdapiri swavleba;
daxmarebis nimuSis micema; daxmarebis gacemis
intaraqciis Cawera modelireba.

wyaro: wignidan Educational Psychology Review, 6, gv. 327, ‘Learning from Peers: Beyond the Rhetoric of Positive Results’, A.M.
O’Donnell-isa da J.O’Kelly-is avtorobiT. saavtoro ufleba © 1994 Plenum Publishing Corporation. ibeWdeba Springer Science
and Business Media-s didsulovani nebarTviT.

kavSirebiT (Webb & Palincsar, 1996). dRes swavlebis konstruqtivistuli

perspeqtivebi interess iCenen kolaboraciisa da kooperaciuli swav-
lebisadmi da `didia interesi iseTi situaciebis mimarT, sadac jgufis
saqmianobaSi integrirebulia damuSavebis, interpretaciis, axsnis, ar-
gumentaciis procesebi da sadac swavlas xels uwyoben sxva pirovnebe-
bic~ (Webb & Palincsar, 1996, gv. 844).
swavlebis sxvadasxva Teoria TanamSromlobiT swavlebas gansxvaveb-
uli mizezebis gamo uWeren mxars (O’Donnell, 2002; O’Donnell & O’Kelly, 1994).
informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoretikosebi xazs usvamen jgufuri dis-
kusiebis mniSvnelobas moswavleTa mier arsebuli codnis gaxsenebaSi,
elaboraciaSi, codnis gaRrmavebaSi. rodesac jgufis wevrebi wamoWri-
an sakiTxebs da cdiloben am problemebis axsnas, maT uwevT sakuTari
codnis organizeba, mimarTebebis damyareba, mimoxilva; erTi sityviT,
mTeli im procesebis ganxorcieleba, romlebic xels uwyobs informa-
ciis gadamuSavebas. piaJes mimdevrebi amboben, rom interaqcia jgufis
SigniT qmnis kognitur konfliqtebsa da uwonasworobas, rac individs
ubiZgebs, kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenos sakuTari Sexeduleba da axali
ideis Zebna daiwyos. an, rogorc piaJem ganacxada (1985): `gamovides
arsebuli garemoebidan da axali mimarTulebiT wavides~ (gv. 10). isini,
vinc vigotskis Teorias aniWeben upiratesobas, amboben, rom socialur
interaqcias didi mniSvneloba aqvs swavlisaTvis, ramdenadac maRali
fsiqikuri funqciebi, rogoricaa gansja, gageba, kritikuli azrovne-

575
 ba socialur interaqciaSi aRmocendeba da Semdeg xdeba individis
mier maTi internalizeba. bavSvebi sxvebTan erTad ukeT Seasruleben
gonebriv amocanebs, sanam SeZlebdnen amas individualurad. amdenad,
TanamSromlobiTi swavleba uzrunvelyofs socialur mxardaWeras da
amzadebs sayrdens (scaffolding) saimisod, rom moswavleebma win waiwion
swavlis mxriv.
cxrili 11.1 ajamebs TanamSromlobiTi swavlebis funqciebs sx-
vadasxva Teoretikosis xedvis mixedviT da aRwers TiToeuli jgufis
ramdenime elements. TanamSromlobiTi swavlebis am funqciebma sarge-
beli rom moitanos, jgufis wevrebi erTmaneTTan mWidrod unda Tanam-
Sromlobdnen, TiToeuli monawile CarTuli unda iyos saqmianobaSi.
magram, rogorc es yovelma maswavlebelma Tu mSobelma icis, TanamS-
romloba avtomaturad ar iwyeba bavSvebis jgufebSi gadanawilebiT.

ra SeiZleba cudad Semotrialdes: jgufuri swavlebis araswori ga­

moyeneba. Tu yuradRebiT ar dagegmavT da yvelafers kargad ar gaakon­
trolebT, jgufurma interaqciam SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos swavlas,
klasSi socialuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebis nacvlad. magaliTad, Tu
arsebobs konformizmis waqezeba _ vTqvaT, jildos gamoyeneba xdeba ar-
amarTebulad, an erTi moswavle gavlenas axdens danarCenebze _ inter-
aqcia SeiZleba araefeqturi da araproduqtuli aRmoCndes. SeiZleba
ganmtkicdes araswori Sexedulebebi, an Sexeduleba Camoyalibdes ua-
resi da ara saukeTeso ideebis kombinirebiT (Battistich, Solomon & Delucci,
1993). moswavleebi, romlebic jgufSi muSaoben da araswor pasuxamde
midian, SeiZleba ufro darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom marTlebi arian im
Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, rom `ori Tavi sjobnis erTs~ (Puncochar &
Fox, 2004). aseve, dabali moswrebis mqone moswavleebis ideebi SeiZleba
ignorirebuli iyos da dacinvis saganic ki gaxdes, maSin, roca maRali
statusis moswrebis mqone moswavleebis ideebi yovelTvis mowonebu-
lia, miuxedavad am ideebis xarisxisa da wyobisa (Anderson, Holland & Pal-
incsar, 1997 Cohen, 1986). meri makaslinma da tom gudma (Mary McCaslin & Tom
Good, 1996) jgufuri swavlebis ramdenime sxva naklic CamoTvales:
moswavleebi xSirad processa da procedurebs met Rirebulebas ani-
Weben, vidre swavlas. siswrafe da samuSaos droze adre dasruleba
ufro mniSvnelovania maTTvis, vidre dafiqrebuli azrovneba da
swavla.
moswavleebi Secdomebis gasworebas ufro iSviaTad cdiloben, vi-
dre mcdari Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas.
socializaciam da interpersonalurma urTierTobebma SeiZleba da-
jabnos swavlis procesi.
moswavleebma SeiZleba ufro didi yuradReba jgufis `eqsperts~
miapyron da ara maswavlebels. swavla pasiuria da rac iswavleba,
SeiZleba SecdomiT iswavlebodes.
Semcirebis nacvlad, statusobrivi gansxvaveba SeiZleba kidev ufro
gaizardos. zogi moswavle sruliad usaqmuradaa, radgan jgufi mas-
Tan erTad Tu mis gareSe mainc miiwevs win. sxvebi ufro metad rw-
mundebian, rom jgufis gareSe verafers axerxeben.

Semdeg monakveTSi ganvixilavT, rogor SeiZleba airidon maswav-

leblebma es problemebi Tavidan da xeli Seuwyon namdvil TanamSrom-
lobas.

576
TanamSromlobiTi swavlebis amocanebi
TanamSromluri jgufebis dagegmva iwyeba miznis dasaxviT. risi
gakeTeba evalebaT moswavleebs? ra aris amocana? TanamSromluri
jgu­febis amocanebi SeiZleba iyos met-naklebad struqturirebuli.
ma­Ralstruqturirebuli amocanebi gulisxmobs varjiSs, sxvadasxva
rutinebisa da procedurebis aTvisebas, kiTxvebis gacemas saxelmZ-
RvaneloebSi dasmul sakiTxebze, maTematikur angariSsa da a.S. nak-
leb struqturirebuli kompleqsuri amocanebis SemTxvevaSi ki ar aris
zustad Camoyalibebuli procedurebi, moiTxovs problemis moZie-
bas da maRali safexuris azrovnebas. arasrulad struqturirebuli
problemebi aris kidec namdvili jgufuri amocanebi da moiTxovs
resursebs (codna, unar-Cvevebi, strategiebi problemebis gadasaWre-
lad, kreatuloba) jgufis yoveli wevrisagan. maRalstruqturirebuli
amocanebi ki aseve efeqturad SeiZleba gadaiWras individualurad. es
gansxvaveba Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan swored nakleb struqturi-
rebuli, kompleqsuri, namdvili jgufuri amocanebi moiTxovs ufro me-
tad maRali xarisxis interaqcias, vidre rutinuli amocanebi, rodesac
saqme exeba swavlasa da problemis gadaWras (Cohen, 1994; Gillies, 2004).

maRalstruqturirebuli, mimoxilvis da unar-Cvevebis amocanebi. met-

nak­lebad struqturi­rebuli amocanebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gan-
vlili masalis gameoreba gamocdisaTvis, SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
struqturirebuli teqnikiT, vTqvaT STAD-iT (Student Teams Achievement
Divisions-is abreviatura, rac qarTulad `moswavleTa jgufis miRwevis
ganawilebas~ niSnavs. mTargmn. Sen.), sadac gundebi (oTxi moswavliT)
erTmaneTs ejibrebian yvelaze warmatebuli jgufis gamosavlenad
(Slavin, 1995). Seqebam, aRiarebam, Sinaganma jildom SeiZleba gazardos
motivacia, Zalisxmeva, Seupovroba da, Sesabamisad, swavlis xarisxi.
dialogis formireba Semofargluli rolis miniWebiT, SeiZleba aseve
xelSemwyobi faqtori iyos moswavleTa CarTulobis gasazrdelad,
roca saqme gvaqvs rutinul, savarjiSo an masalis gasameorebel dava-
lebebTan.

cudad struqturirebuli, konceptualuri da problemis gadaWris amo-

canebi. Tu amocana nakleb struqturirebuli da ufro kognituria, Ria
cvlilebasa da elaboraciul diskusias SeuZlia ufro didi daxmareba
gagviwios (Cohen, 1994; Ross & Raphael, 1990). amdenad, iseTi strategiebis
gamoyeneba, romelic xels uwyobs farTo da produqtiul interaqcias,
maSinaa marTebuli, roca mizani maRali safexuris azrovnebisa da prob-
lemis gadaWris gzebis ganviTarebaa. aseT situaciebSi, maRal struq-
turirebulma procesma, magaliTad Sejibrma jgufebs Soris jildos
mosapoveblad, rigidulma rolurma ganawilebam SeiZleba xeli SeuSa-
los moswavleTa interaqciasa da miznis mimarTulebiT winsvlas. iseTi
teqnikebi, rogoricaa reciprokuli kiTxvari (King, 1994), reciprokuli
swavleba (Palincsar & Brown, 1984; Rosenshine & Meister, 1994), wyvilebSi muSao-
ba (Kagan, 1994), an `jigsou~ ufro produqtiuli iqneba, radgan rodesac
maTi gamoyeneba sworad xdeba, isini xels uwyoben eqstensiur interaq-
cias da elaboraciul azrovnebas iseT situaciebSi, roca moswavleebs
kopleqsuri masala aqvT gasavleli. aseT dros jildos gamoyeneba
araefeqturia. rodesac jildos sTavazob moswavles, xSirad mizani
swored am jildos mopoveba xdeba (Webb & Palincsar, 1996).

577

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM–s da
ganavrceT
kooperaciuli swavlebis
maxasiaTeblebi (II, A2)
swavlebis mravali strategia,
romelsac `kooperaciuli
swavleba~ ewodeba, xSirad
ganicdis garkveuli Tavise-
burebebis naklebobas, rom-
lebic Zalian mniSvnelovania
aseTi meTodiT swavlebisaT-
vis. CamoTvaleT es Tavise-
burebebi da axseniT maTi
roli.
578
socialuri unar-Cvevebisa da komunikaciis amocanebi. rodesac wyvi-
lebSi swavlebis mizani gvaqvs, socialurma unar-Cvevebma da interjgu-
furma Sexedulebebma, mravalgvarobis Sefasebam, specifikuri rolebis
ganawilebam da jgufis SigniT funqcionirebam SeiZleba komunikacias
Seuwyos xeli (Cohen, 1994; Kagan, 1994). aseT situaciebSi kargi iqneba,
Tu liderobis xSirad SecvliT. umciresobebis warmomadgenlebsa da
moswavle gogonebs eqnebaT saSualeba, ganaviTaron liderobis unar-
Cvevebi. amas garda, jgufis wevrebi gaecnobian TavianTi megobrebis
liderobis unars (Miller & Harrington, 1993). jildo albaT ar iqneba
saWiro, isini CaerTvebian saqmianobaSi, raTa Camoayalibon erToba, pa-
tiviscema, pasuxismgebloba gundis TiToeul wevrze.
moswavleTa momzadeba TanamSromlobiTi
swavlebisaTvis
rogoria Tqveni azri?
dawyebiT skolaSi samuSaoze miRebis win intervius dros aseTi
kiTxvebi winaSe aRmoCndiT: `iyenebT Tu ara jgufur samuSaoebs
swavlebaSi? ratom? rogor ganaxorcielebT amas am skolaSi?~
devid da rojer jonsonebma (David & Roger Johnson,1999) CamoTva­
les xuTi elementi, romelic gansazRvravs kooperaciuli swavlebis
jgufs:
pirispir interaqcia
kolaboraciuli unar-Cvevebi
pozitiuri urTierTdamokidebuleba
jgufuri procesebi
individualuri pasuxismgebloba
moswavleebi erTmaneTTan axlos arian, maT Soris ar aris saklaso
distancia. jgufis wevrebs Soris aris pozitiuri urTierTdamokide-
buleba _ maT sWirdebaT erTmaneTis mxardaWera, ganmartebebi, meg-
zuroba. maSinac ki, roca erTad muSaoben, jgufis wevrebma sakuTari
codnis demonstrireba unda moaxdinon. isini individualurad iReben
pasuxismgeblobas. kolaboraciuli unar-Cvevebi saWiroa jgufuri muS-
aobis efeqturad funqcionirebisaTvis. xSirad saWiroa, rom garkveu-
li unar-Cvevebi, magaliTad, konstruqciuli ukukavSiri, SeTanxmebis
miRweva, TiToeuli wevris CarTva saqmianobaSi, winaswar gamomuSavde-
bodes da manamde gavarjiSdes, sanam jgufi aiRebs amocanas. saboloo
jamSi, jgufis wevrebi akontroleben jgufur procesebs da urTier-
Tobebs, raTa darwmundnen, rom jgufi efeqturad muSaobs da gaigon
jgufis dinamika. isini svamen kiTxvas: `vmoqmedebT, rogorc jgufi?
yvela erTad muSaobs?~
avstraliaSi me-8-12 klasel moswavleebSi Catarebulma kvlevam ga-
moavlina, rom TanamSromlobiT jgufebSi gaerTianebuli moswavleebi
pozitiuri urTierTdamokidebulebiTa da daxmarebiT ufro met warmate-
bas aRwevdnen maTematikaSi, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebsa da ucxo
enaSi, vidre is moswavleebi, romlebic arastruqturirebul jgufebSi
iyvnen gaerTianebulni. amas garda, struqturirebuli jgufebis moswav-
leebi ufro xSirad aRniSnavdnen, rom swavla saxaliso iyo.
kooperaciuli jgufebis Seqmna. ra zomisa unda iyos kooperaciuli
gundi? pasuxi damokidebulia saswavlo miznebze. Tu moswavleebs ub­
ralod masalis gadaxedva, gameoreba evalebaT, erT jgufSi 4, 5 an 6
moswavlis gaerTianeba savsebiT misaRebia. magram Tu mizani TiToeuli
moswavlisTvis imis xelSewyobaa, rom man monawileoba miiRos diskus-
iebSi, problemis gadaWraSi, Seiswavlos kompiuteri, aseT SemTxvevaSi
2-4 moswavlis gaerTianeba ufro marTebulia. TanamSromluri jgufebis
formirebisas sasurvelia sqesTa balansis dacva. zogma kvlevam ga-
moavlina, rom rodesac jgufSi cota gogonaa, isini diskusiis miRma
rCebian, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba ufro unarianebi iyvnen. amis
sapirispirod, rodesac jgufSi erTi an ori biWia, isini liderebad
iqcevian xolme, maT yovelTvis ekiTxebian azrs gogonebi, miuxedavad
imisa, rom es biWebi SeiZleba Zalian morcxvebi da naklebad unari-
anebi iyvnen. zogadad, morcxv moswavleebTan individualuri muSaoba
jobia (O’Donnell & O’Kelly, 1994; Webb & Palincsar, 1996). ra SemTxvevasTanac
unda gvqondes saqme, maswavlebelma unda akontrolos jgufebi, raTa
darwmundes, rom yvelas Seaqvs wvlili saerTo saqmianobaSi, yvela aq-
tiurobs da swavlobs.

ganmartebebis gacema da miReba. praqtikaSi jgufuri swavlebis efeqte-

bi gansxvavebulia da damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra xdeba jgufSi real-
urad da vin aris masSi gaerTianebuli. Tu samuSaoze mxolod ramden-
ime adamiani iRebs pasuxismgeblobas, es adamianebi iswavlian, magram
isini, vinc ar aris CarTuli jgufSi, savaraudod, isev ucodinari
dar­Ceba. moswavleebi, romlebic svamen kiTxvebs da iReben pasuxebs,
mudmivad cdiloben, moiZion ama Tu im movlenis axsna, ufro mets
iswavlian, vidre isini, romlebic pasiuroben, arc kiTxvebs svamen da
arc Sesaswavl sakiTxs uRrmavdebian. cxadia, rom rac ufro metad
poulobs moswavle gaazrebul axsnas da uziarebs mas Tavis megobrebs,
miT mets swavlobs amxsneli. naswavlis kargad axsna sxvisTvis, rogorc
Cans, ufro mniSvnelovania swavlisaTvis, vidre sxvisi axsnilis mosmena
(Webb, Farivar & Mastergeorge, 2002; Webb & Palincsar, 1996). axsnisaTvis mTeli
Seni codnis organizeba gWirdeba, am codnis sakuTari sityvebiT gad-
mocema, magaliTebisa da analogiebis mofiqreba (romlebic akavSirebs
informacias imasTan, rac ukve cnobilia), codnis Semowmeba kiTxvebze
pasuxis gacemiT. es SesaniSnavi saswavlo strategiebia (King, 1990, 2002;
O’Donnell & O’Kelly, 1994).
kargi axsna sakmarisad Sesabamisi, drouli, swori da elaboraciu-
lia saimisod, rom daexmaros msmenels Secdomis gamosworebaSi. kargi
axsna scems pasuxs kiTxvaze `ratom?~ (Webb da sxvebi, 2002; Webb & Mas-
tergeorge, 2003). magaliTad, saSualo skolaSi moswavleebi maTematikis
gakveTilze sxedan da jgufurad muSaoben Seedeg sakiTxze:
gamoTvaleT 30 wuTiani satelofono zaris Rirebuleba, roca
pirveli wuTis Rirebuleba $0.22-ia da yoveli damatebiTi wuTi
$0.13 Rirs.

axsnisa da maswavleblis an jgufis romelime wevris mxridan gaweu-

li daxmarebis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebda swavlas, rac ufro
maRali iyo es xarisxi, miT ukeTesi iyo swavla. cxrili 11.2 gviCvenebs
daxmarebisa da axsnis sxvadasxva xarisxs. ra Tqma unda, moswavleebma
yuradReba unda daZabon da gamoiyenon daxmareba. daxmarebis mimRebic
iRebs pasuxismgeblobas, Tu swavla kargad midis. magaliTad, Tu damx-

579
 mare ambobs: `13 gavamravloT 29-ze~, Semdeg daxmarebis mimRebi svams
kiTxvas: `ratom 29-ze?~ kiTxvis sworad dasma da gasagebad axsna kri-
tikuli sakiTxia da Cveulebriv, es unar-Cvevebi unda iswavlebodes.

cxrili 11.2
daxmarebis doneebi kooperaciul jgufebSi
moswavleebi ukeT swavloben, Tu isini gascemen da iReben
maRali donis daxmarebas

done aRwera da magaliTi

maRali
6 verbalurad Camoyalibebuli axsna imisa, rogor
unda gadaiWras problema mTlianad an nawilobriv
(`13 centi gaamravleT 29-ze, radgan pirveli
wuTis Semdeg rCeba 29 wuTi~)

5 Tvlis wesi verbaluri saxelwodebebis gareSe

(gvaqvs 30, ase rom, gamoaklebT erTs)

4 ricxobrivi gamoxatva (13-jer 29)

3 ricxvebis dawera (dawereT 13, qveS 29 da Semdeg
gaamravleT)

2 gaeciT pasuxi mTlianad an nawilobriv

(me $3.77 miviRe)
1 araSinaarsobrivi da arainformaciuli pasuxi
(gaakeTeT ise, rogorc aris naTqvami)
0 ar aris pasuxi
dabali

wyaro: wignidan ‘Productive helping in cooperative groups’ by N.M. Webb, S.H. Farviar, &
A.M. Mastergeorge. Theory in Practice, 41 (1), gv. 14 saavtoro ufleba © College of Educa-
tion, The Ohio State University. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

rolebis miniWeba. maswavleblebi moswavleebs rolebs aniWeben

im mizniT, rom xeli Seuwyon kooperaciasa da srul monawileobas.
zogi roli aRwerilia 11.3 cxrilSi. Tu gamoiyenebT rolebs, darw-
mundiT, rom es rolebi swavlas Seuwyobs xels. iseT jgufebSi, rom-
lebic yuradRebas amaxvilebs socialur unar-Cvevebze, rolebi mos-
menas, waxa­lisebas, gansxvavebuli azris pastiviscemas unda uwyobdes
xels. jgufebSi, romlebic orientirebulia varjiSze, gameorebaze, an
bazisuri unar-Cvevebis dauflebaze, rolebi xels unda uwyobdes Se-
upovrobas, waxalisebasa da monawileobas. jgufebSi, romlebic orien-
tirebulia azrovnebaze, msjelobaze problemis gadaWraze, kompleq-
sur swavlebaze, rolebi xels unda uwyobdes azrian diskusias, axsnisa
da mignebebis gaziarebas, gamokvlevas, kreatulobas. darwmundiT, rom
moswavleebs ar uqmniT STabeWdilebas, TiTqos jgufis mTavari mizani
am procedurebis ganxorcieleba, anu rolebis Sesrulebaa. rolebi ar
aris TavisTavad mizani, isini mxolod xels unda uwyobdnen swavlas
(Woolfolk Hoy & Tschannen-Moran, 1999).

580
 cxrili 11.3
moswavleTa SesaZlo rolebi kooperaciul swavlaSi
imis mixedviT, ra daniSnuleba aqvs jgufs da ra asakisani arian
misi wevrebi, es miniWebuli rolebi SeiZleba xelSemwyobi aRmoCndes
TanamSromlobasa da swavlaSi. ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia moswav-
leebs dasWirdeT swavla, rogor iTamaSon es rolebi, magram rolebi
ise unda icvlebodes, rom moswavleebma SeZlon, monawileoba mi­iRon
jgufuri swavlebis sxvadasxva aspeqtSi.

roli aRwera

xelSemwyobi xels uwyobs da waaxalisebs moridebul

da uxaliso moswavleebs, aiZulebs maT
CaerTon saqmianobaSi.

Semqebi/gamamxnevebeli asaxavs sxvaTa wvlils da xazs usvams

miRwevas.

`mcveli~ awonasworebs monawileobas da akontro-

lebs, rom aravin iyos dominanti.

instruqtori exmareba danarCenebs, Cawvdnen akademi-

uri Sinaarsis teqsts da xsnis cnebebs.

kiTxvebis moTave akontrolebs imas, rom moswavleTa

kiTxvebi ar darCes dausmeli da pa-
suxgaucemeli.

Semmowmebeli amowmebs jgufis Sexedulebebs,

gamoiZiebs yvelam gaigo Tu ara sakiTxi.

amocanebis xelmZRvaneli aiZulebs jgufs, yuradReba sxva

araferze gadaitanon.

`Camweri~ iwers ideebs, gadawyvetilebebs, gegmebs.

refleqtori aCvenebs jgufs progress (progresis

naklebobas).

simSvidis uzrunvelmyofi akontrolebs disciplinas.

masalis makontrolebeli iRebs da abrunebs masalas.

wyaro: wignidan Cooperative Learning by S. Kagan. Published by Kagan Publishing, San Clem-
ente, CA. saavtoro ufleba © 1994 Kagan Publishing. adaptirebulia nebarTviT. 1-800-WEE
CO-OP.

TanamSromlobiTi swavlebis strategiebi xSirad gulisxmobs jgu-

fis mTeli klasis winaSe angariSiT wardgenas. Tu odesme daswrebi­xarT
aseT angariSs, gecodinebaT, rom is zogjer saSinlad mosawyenia. pro-
cesi rom ufro sasiamovno da gamosadegi gaxdes rogorc mom­xseneblisT­
vis, ise msmenelisaTvis, anamaria palinsari da lesli he­renkoli (2002)
moswavleebs aswavlidnen mosmenisas inteleqtualuri rolebis gamoy- daukavSireT swavlebas/
enebas. es rolebi efuZneboda prognozebisa da Teoriebis Camoyali­ portfolios da ganavrceT
daamateT cxrili 11.3 `moswav-
bebis, Sedegebis Sejamebis, prognozebisa da Teoriebis SedegebTan
leTa SesaZlo rolebi koop-
dakavSirebis mecnierul strategiebs. zog msmenels evaleboda moxse­ eraciul swavlaSi~ da cxrili
nebis Semowmeba, ramdenad naTeli iyo kavSiri prognozebsa da Teor- 11.5 `sanimuSo kiTxvebi urT-
iebs Soris. sxvebs aRmoCenebis mkafiooba unda SeemowmebinaT. danarCe- ierTgamokiTxvisas dialogis
nebi iRebdnen pasuxismgeblobas, SeemowmebinaT, ramdenad akavSirebdnen wasaxaliseblad~

581
cxrili 11.4
ra unda gaiTvaliswinoT TanamSromlobiTi swavlebis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebisas?
rCevebi socialuri unar-Cvevebis
amocanebi: gundis Sekvra,
TanamSromluri unar-
Cvevebi
jgufis zoma 2-5 kaciani jgufebi, saer-
da Semadgenloba To interesebi, Sereuli
jgufebi, meCxeri jgufebi
ratom vaniWebT monawileobisa da
rolebs? konfliqtis regulireba,
liderebis cvlileba
garegani aucilebeli ar aris, Tumca
jildo SeiZleba gamosadegi iyos.
maswavleblis roli modeli _ wamaxalisebeli
moswavleTaTvis mosmena, monacvleoba,
aucilebeli waxaliseba, konfliqtis
unar-Cvevebi mogvareba
ra uwyobs xels modelireba da varjiSi
swavlas?
mosmena da
Tvalyuris devneba...
potenciuri araproduqtiuli konfliq-
problemebi ti, monawileobis ar miReba
problemebis mogva- martivi amocanebi, so-
reba cialuri unar-Cvevebis
pirdapiri swavleba, gundis
Sekvra, jgufuri proces-
ebis ganxilva
dasawyisi erTi an ori unari, magali-
Tad, mosmena da perifra-
zireba
wyaro: wignidan ‘Implications of cognitive approaches to peer learning for teacher education’ by A. Woolfolk Hoy & M. Tschannen-
Moran in Cognitive perspectives on peer learning, A. O’Donnell & A. King (red.), 1999, gv. 278. adaptirebulia Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates, Inc da Anita Woolfolk Hoy-s nebarTviT.
582
struqturirebuli amocanebi: arastruqturirebuli
gameoreba, varjiSi da unar- amocanebi: problemis
Cvevebi gadaWra, azrovneba
2-4 kaciani jgufebi, Sereuli 2-4 kaciano jgufebi.
SesaZleblobebi, saSualoze SearCieT wevrebi ise,
maRali/saSualoze dabali an rom xeli Seewyos in-
maRali-dabali/saSualo-sa- teraqcias.
Sualo
CarTulobis monitoringi, interaqciis, diver-
dabali SesaZleblobebis gentuli azrovnebis,
moswavleebis uzrunvelyofa, mimarTebiTi msje­
rom SeeZloT Tavisi unarebis lobebis, debatebis,
ganovlena. jgufis fasilitaciis
waxaliseba
saWiroa, raTa waaxalisos moti- ar aris aucilebeli.
vacia, Zalisxmeva, Seupovroba.
modeli _ mmarTveli, instruq- modeli _
tori fasilitatori
kiTxvebis dasma, axsna, Si- kiTxvebis dasma, axsna,
naarsis codna, strategiebis elaboracia, Semow-
daswavla meba, divergentuli
azrovneba, racionaluri
azrovneba, sinTezi
mravalgvari, gaazrebuli axsna, interaqciis moculoba
yuradReba da varjiSi da xarisxi, codnis
resursebis gamoyeneba
da dakavSireba, Semow-
meba da srulyofa
daxmarebis gacemis umniSvnelo araCarTuli moswavlee-
unar-Cvevebi, araCarTuli mo- bis usaqmuroba, zerele
swavleebi azrovneba, kamaTisaTvis
Tavis arideba
urTierTdamokidebulebisa kamaTis wamowyeba,
da individualuri pasux- azrovnebiTi rolebis
ismgeblobis Camoyalibeba, ganawileba, adekvaturi
daxmarebis gacemisa da axsnis drois gamoyofa
swavleba
moswavleTa wyvilebis saubari masalis erTdrouli
erTmaneTSi ganxilva
momxseneblebi erTmaneTTan faqtebs, Teoriebsa da aRmoCenebs. kvleve- daukavSireT kvlevas da
bi aCvenebs, rom aseTi rolebis gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs klasSi dia- ganavrceT
King. A. (1990). TanatolTa in-
logs, azrovnebasa da problemis gadaWras, cnebebis wvdomas (Palincsar
teraqciis gazrda da swavleba
& Herrenkohl, 2002). cxrili 11.4 ajamebs am rCevebs kooperaciuli swav- urTierTgamokiTxvis saSu-
lebis formirebisaTvis. alebiT. American Educational
Research Journal, 27, 664-687.

TanamSromlobis formebi
axla ganvixilavT gansxvavebul strategiebs rogorc socialuri,
ise kognituri swavlebis dasanergad.

urTierTgamokiTxva. urTierTgamokiTxva ar moiTxovs raime specifi-

kur masalas, an testirebis procedurebs da SeiZleba gamoiyenoT sxva­
dasxva asakis moswavleebTan. gakveTilis, an maswavleblis mier masalis
axsnis Semdeg, moswavleebi muSaoben wyvilebSi an sameulebSi, svamen da
pasuxoben kiTxvebs masalis irgvliv (King, 1990, 2994, 2002). maswavleblebi
svamen kiTxvebis dasawyiss (ix. cxrili 11.5) da Semdeg moswavleebs as-
wavlian, rogor Camoayalibon specifikuri SekiTxvebi masalis irgvliv
am kiTxvebis dasawyisebis gamoyenebiT. moswavleebi ayalibeben kiTx-
vebs, monacvleobiT svamen maT da pasuxoben kidec. es procesi ufro
efeqturia, vidre tradiciuli sadiskusio jgufebi, radgan igi xels
uwyobs masalis ufro Rrma gaazrebas. iseTi kiTxvebis gamoyeneba ufro
efeqturia, romlis nimuSi cxrilSia mocemuli da romlebic xels uw­
yobs mimarTebebis damyarebas gakveTilsa da adre miRebul codnasa
da gamocdilebas Soris. magaliTad, me-9 klasSi msoflio kulturebis
gakveTilze baton garsias mier dasmul aseTi saxis SekiTxvebs Semdegi
diskusia mohyva `kulturis~ cnebasTan dakavSirebiT:

sali: Tqveni sityvebiT axseniT, ras niSnavs kultura.

jimi: batonma garsiam gakveTilze Tqva, rom kultura aris codna da
is Sexedulebebi, romelsac sazogadoebis wevrebi iziareben. Cemi
azriT, esaa yvelaferi: sazogadoebis yvela wevrisaTvis saerTo
rwmena da qcevebi, religia, kanonebi, musika, medicina...
sali: aseve, cekva, xelovneba, ojaxuri rolebi.
bari: codna enasac moicavs. ase rom, kultura enasac gulisxmobs.
jimi: mec ase mgonia. kiTxva maqvs: rogor axdens kultura gavlenas
sazogadoebis enaze?
bari: jer erTi, ena Sedgeba sityvebisagan, romlebic mniSvnelovania
am kulturis farglebSi mcxovrebi adamianebisaTvis. sityvebiT
aRniSnulia iseTi ram, rac ainteresebT da sWirdebaT adami-
anebs. amitom sxvadasxva kulturas sxvadasxva leqsikoni aqvs.
zogierT kulturaSi SeiZleba ar aris sityva telefoni, radgan
maT es nivTi ar sWirdebaT da arc aqvT. magram telefoni mniS-
vnelovania Cvens kulturaSi, Sesabamisad Cven sxvadasxva sity-
vas viyenebT mis aRsaniSnavad: mobiluri telefoni, cifruli
telefoni, magidis telefoni, ukabelo telefoni, telefonis
avtomati da a.S.
jimi (siciliT): sanaZleos Camoval, udabnos kulturebs ar eqnebaT urTierTgamokiTxva - mid-
Tovlisa da TxilamurebiT srialis aRmniSvneli sityvebi. goma, romlis mixedviTac
sali (ubrundeba baris): Seni ar gaqvs rame SekiTxva? moswavleTa or an sam kaciani
jgufi erTmaneTs SekiTxvebs
bari: magari kiTxva movifiqre! verasdros upasuxebT. vTvaT, sadRac
usvams gakveTilis an prezenta-
arsebobs garkveuli jgufi, romelic ar laparakobs romelime ciis Semdeg.

583

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
ganavrceT
kooperaciuli swavlebis
formebi
STAD da `jigsou~ mxolod
ori teqnikaa kooperaciuli
swavlebis mravalricxovani
teqnikebidan, romelTagan
TiToeuli garkveuli miznis
misaRwevad aris Seqmnili. Tu
gsurT gaecnoT TanamSrom-
luri swavlebis teqnikebsa
da maT gamoyenebas, ixileT
veb-gverdi http://www.utc.
edu/Teaching-Resource-Center/
CoopLear.html TanamSromlo-
biTi swavlebis teqnikisa da
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
skriptuli kooperacia _
saswavlo strategia, romlis
mixedviTac ori moswavle
morigeobiT ajamebs masalas da
ganixilavs am daskvnebs.
584
konkretul enaze? SeiZleba yvela dabadebidanvea laparakis un-
ars moklebuli, an rame amdagvari. rogor Seqmnian isini Tavi-
anT kulturas, an eqnebaT Tu ara saerTod kultura?
sali: es imas niSnavs, rom isini ver SeZleben erTmaneTTan urTierTo-
bas.
jimi: ar eqnebaT musikac. imitom rom ver SeZleben imReron.
bari: moicadeT! ratom ver SeZleben erTmaneTTan komunikacias? iq­
neb maT ganaviTaron araverbaluri enis sistema, rogorc iciT,
adamianebi iyeneben Jestebis enas (King, 2002).
cxrili 11.5
sanimuSo kiTxvebi urTierTgamokiTxvisas dialogis
wasaxaliseblad
masalis Seswavlis an gakveTilze daswrebis Semdeg moswavleebi
iyeneben am dasawyisebs, raTa Camoayalibon kiTxvebi da
upasuxon maT.
ra aris axali magaliTi imisa, rom...?
rogor gamoiyenebdiT amas im mizniT, rom...?
ra moxdeba, Tu...?
ra susti da Zlieri mxareebi aqvs...?
rogor ukavSirdeba.... imas, rac aqamde viswavleT?
axseniT ratom... axseniT rogor...
rogor axdens gavlenas...?
ra mniSvneloba aqvs....?
ratom aris mniSvnelovani...?
ra msgavsebaa ... ...s Soris? ra gansxvavebaa ......-s Soris?
ra aris saukeTeso... da ratom?
SeadareT ... da ... raTa...
Tqveni azriT ra iwvevs...?
ra daskvnebs gamoitandiT iqidan, rom...?
eTanxmebiT am mtkicebas, rom...? daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi.
wyaro: wignidan ‘Structuring peer interaction to promote high-level cognitive processing’ by A.
King. Theory in Practice, 41 (1), gv. 34-35. saavtoro ufleba © 2002 College of Education,
The Ohio State University. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.
skriptuli TanamSromloba. donald danserom da misma kolegebma ga-
naviTares meTodi wyvilebSi swavlebisaTvis da mas skriptuli TanamS-
romloba uwodes. moswavleebi erTad muSaoben TiTqmis yvela saganSi.
magaliTad, kiTxvisas orive partniori kiTxulobs teqsts, Semdeg erT-
erTi akeTebs wakiTxulis sityvier Sejamebas. misi partniori akeTebs
komentars am Sejamebaze, uTiTebs gamotovebul sakiTxze an Secdo-
maze. Semdeg partniorebi erTad muSaoben, raTa moaxdinon informa-
ciis elaboracia _ daamyaron asociaciebi, xatebi, mnemonika, kav­Sirebi
manamde ganvlil masalasTan, moifiqron magaliTebi, analogiebi da a.S.
partniorebi asruleben msmenelisa da Semajamebelis rolebs kiTxvis
Semdeg etapze, Semdeg ki cvlian rolebs manam, sanam ar daasruleben
samuSaos (Dansereau, 1985; O’Donnell & O’Kelly, 1994).
 am meTodebis garda, spenser kaganma (1994) ganaviTara TanamSrom-
lobiTi swavlebis mravali struqtura, romlis mizani sxvadasxva saxis
saswavlo da socialuri amocanebis Sesrulebaa. CanarTSi `rekomenda­
ciebi~ SemogTavazebT ideebs imis Sesaxeb, rogor unda danergoT koope­
raciuli swavleba praqtikaSi.

gza yovel moswavlemde:

kooperaciuli swavlis marTebuli gamoyeneba
sasurvelia, rom kooperaciuli swavla yuradRebiT daigegmos, mag­
ram, roca saqme gvaqvs gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebis mqone moswav- daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
leebTan, es kidev ufro met yuradRebasa da momzadebas moiTxovs
moiyvaneT magaliTebi, rogor
da­gegmvisas. magaliTad, iseTi struqturebi, rogoricaa skriptuli gamoiyenebT kooperaciuli
TanamSromloba im pirovnebebs Soris, romlebic sakuTar Tavze iReben swavlebis struqturebs.
kiTxvis dasmis an axsnis rols d aim moswavleebs Soris, romlebic pa-
suxoben da romlebsac aswavlian. am interaqciaSi Tqven gsurT dainaxoT
da mo­isminoT axsna da swavleba da ara ubralod swori pasuxebi. magram
mravali moswavle, romelTac swavlasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi
aqvT, siZneleebs awydebian axali cnebebis swavlisas. Sedegad rogorc
amxsneli, ise moswavle SeiZleba imedgacruebuli darCes. garda amisa,
SeiZleba amas swavlasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mqone moswavlis
socialuri ugulebelyofa mohyves. moswavleebs, romelTac swavlas-
Tan dakavSirebiT problemebi aqvT, xSirad eqmnebaT siZneleebi sazoga-
doebasTan urTierTobaSi, amitom ar aris marTebuli, maT SevuqmnaT
iseT situacia, sadac ufro meti dawunebaa mosalodneli. ase rom,
rodesac moswavleebi swavloben axal da Znelad aRsaqmel cnebebs,
kooperaciuli swavleba SeiZleba ar iyos saukeTeso arCevani swavlas-
Tan dakavSirebuli problemebis mqone moswavleebis SemTxvevaSi (Kirk
da sxvebi, 2006). kvlevebiTac dadasturda, rom aseTi moswavleebisaTvis
kooperaciuli swavleba yovelTvis ar aris efeqtiani (Smith, 2006).
kooperaciuli swavla SeiZleba ar iyos efeqtiani niWieri moswav-
leebisTvisac, roca jgufebSi sxvadasxva unaris bavSvebi arian gaer-
Tianebulebi. tempi zogjer Zalian dabalia, amocanebi ki Zalian marti-
vi. aseve niWieri moswavleebi xSirad gamodian maswavleblis rolSi an
swrafad asruleben samuSaos mTeli jgufis nacvlad. aseT SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba gamoiyenoT kompleqsuri amocanebi, rac saSualebas mogcemT,
sxvadasxva safexurze mimdinareobdes muSaoba _ niWieri moswavleebic
iyvnen CarTuli muSaobis procesSi, Tanac ise, rom danarCeni klasi
gverdze ar darCes (Smith, 2006).
TanamSromlobiTi swavleba SeiZleba saukeTeso arCevani iyos mra-
valenovan klasebSi. xSirad erT klasSi 4, 5, 6 an meti enis warmomad-
geneli swavlobs erTad. maswavleblebs ver movTxovT, TiToeuli mo-
swavlis mSobliuri ena icodes. aseT klasebSi kooperaciuli swavleba
Zalian efeqturia. moswavleebi, romlebic or enaze laparakoben, daex-
marebian sxva moswavleebs gakveTilebis Targmnasa da gagebaSi. moswav-
leebisaTvis, romlebic axla swavloben im qveynis enas, sadac cxovro-
ben, aseT jgufebSi muSaoba da Tanajgufelebisagan mxardaWeris miReba
SeiZleba ukeTesi saSualeba iyos enis asaTviseblad (Smith, 2006).
jigsous kooperaciuli struqtura gansakuTrebiT exmareba im mo-
swavleebs, romlebic swavloben im qveynis enas, sadac cxovroben. am
moswavleebs aqvT informacia imis Sesaxeb, ra sWirdeba jgufs; maTac

585
 rekomendaciebi: kooperaciuli swavlebis gamoyeneba
moargeT jgufis zoma da misi Semadgenloba
Tqvens saswavlo miznebs.
magaliTebi
1. socialuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisa da
gundis Sekvris mizniT, SeqmeniT 2-5 kaciani
jgufebi, saerTo interesebze dafuZnebuli
jgufebi, Sereuli unarebis mqone jgufebi,
meCxeri jgufebi.
2. struqturirebuli faqtobrivi da unar-
Cvevebze dafuZnebuli varjiSisa da gameo-
rebis mizniT gamoiyeneT 2-4 kaciani, Sereu-
li SesaZlebleobebis mqone jgufebi.
3. maRali safexuris konceptualuri da az-
rovnebiTi amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad
gamoiyeneT 2-4 kaciani jgufebi. SearCieT
wevrebi da xeli SeuwyeT interaqcias.
mianiWeT Sesabamisi rolebi.
magaliTebi
1. socialuri unar-Cvevebisa da gundis Sekvr-
is mizniT, gamoyaviT monawileebisa da kon-
fliqtis momgvarebelTa rolebi; cvaleT
liderebi.
2. struqturirebuli faqtobrivi da unar-
Cvevebze dafuZnebuli varjiSisa
gameorebis mizniT moswavleebs mianiWeT
da
CarTulobis makontroleblis roli da
darwmundiT, rom dabali moswrebis mqone
moswavleebs aqvT TavianTi unarebis gamov-
lenis saSualeba.
3. maRali safexuris konceptualuri da az-
rovnebiTi amocanebis gamoyenebisas gam-
oyaviT rolebi, romlebic xels Seuwyo-
ben interaqcias, divergentul azrovnebas,
mimarTebiT msjelobebs, debatebSi jgufis
fasilitacias. ar misceT saSuleba rolebs,
xeli SeuSalon swavlas.
darwmundiT, rom, rogorc maswavlebeli
asrulebT mxardamWeris rols.
magaliTebi
1. socialuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisa da
gundis Sekvris mizniT, iyaviT modeli da
biZgis mimcemi.
2. struqturirebuli faqtobrivi da unar-
Cvevebze dafuZnebuli varjiSisa da gameo-
rebis mizniT iyaviT mimarTulebis mimcemi
da monitori. daarwmuneT dabali statusis
moswavleebi, rom maT aqvT resursi.
3. maRali safexuris konceptualuri da az-
rovnebiTi amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad
ikisreT jgufis fasilitatoris roli: in-
586
teraqciis gaZliereba, divergentuli az-
rovnebis gaSlili diskursis stimulireba.
imoZraveT klasSi da akontroleT jgufebi.
magaliTebi
1. socialuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisa da
gundis Sekvris mizniT Tvalyuri adevneT
mosmenas, rolebis monacvleobas, waqezebas,
konfliqtis mogvarebas.
2. struqturirebuli faqtobrivi da unar-
Cvevebze agebuli varjiSisa da gameorebis
mizniT Tvalyuri adevneT kiTxvebis dasmas,
mravlobiTi, elaboraciuli axsnebis mice-
mas, yuradRebas, varjiSs.
3. maRali safexuris konceptualuri da az-
rovnebiTi amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad
Tavalyuri adevneT kiTxvebis dasmas, axs-
nas, elaboracias, Semowmebas, divergentul
azrovnebas, racionaluri axsnis moZebnas,
sinTezs, codnis wyaroebis gamoyenebasa da
maT Soris mimarTebebis damyarebas.
daiwyeT patara da martivi amocanebiT, sanam
Tqven da moswavleebi gaigebT, rogor unda
gamoiyenoT Ykooperaciuli meTodebi.
magaliTebi
1. socialuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisa da
gundis Sekvris mizniT, daiwyeT erTi an
ori unariT, rogoricaa mosmena da peri-
frazireba.
2. struqturirebuli faqtobrivi da unar-Cve­
vebze dafuZnebuli varjiSisa da gameorebis
mizniT gamoiyeneT moswavleTa wyvilebi,
romlebic erTmaneTSi imsjeleben.
3. maRali safexuris konceptualuri da az-
rovnebiTi amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad
gamoiyeneT jgufuri gamokiTxva wyvilebSi
da mcire raodenobiT kiTxvis mxolos da-
sawyisi.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.ncsu.edu/felder-public/Cooperative_
Learning.html
http://www.co-operation.org/
http://www.edtech.kennesaw.edu/intech/coopera-
tivelearning.htm
wyaro: adaptirebulia wignidan ‘Implications of
Cognitive Approaches to peer Learning for Teacher
Education’ by A. Woolfolk Hoy & M. Tschannen-
Moran, 1999. In A. O’Donnell & A. King (red.),
Cognitive Perspectives on Peer Learning (gv. 257-
284). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
uwevT laparaki, axsna da interaqcia. faqtobrivad, jigsous meTodi
ganviTarda mravalferovan jgufebSi maRali urTierTdamokidebulebis
Seqmnis aucileblobis pasuxad. eliot aronsonma da misma studentebma
gamoigones jigsous klasi. aronsonma ganaviTara meTodi: `rogorc
aucilebloba feTqebadi situaciis mosagvareblad.~ (Aronson, 2000, gv.
137). sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, im dros ostinis skolebSi, sa-
dac aronsoni moRvaweobda, desegregacia moxda. TeTrkaniani, afro-
amerikeli, espanuri warmoSobis moswavleebi erTad isxdnen klasebSi
`jigsou~ _ kooperaciuli
da erTmaenTs dasanaxad ver itandnen. mtroba da SuRli derefnebSi
sistema, romelSic jgufis
muSti-kriviT grZeldeboda. aronsonis pasuxi jigsous klasi iyo. TiToeuli wevri valdebulia,
jigsouSi jgufis TiToeul wevrs eZleva masalis raRac nawili, sxva wevrebs aswavlos sagnis
romelic unda iswavlos jgufis danarCenma nawilmac, xolo TviTon es erTi konkretuli nawili.

wevri iqceva am nawilis `eqspertad~. moswavleebs uwevT erTmaneTisT-

vis swavleba, TiToeulis wvlili Zalian mniSvnelovania. ufro axal
versiaSi _ jigsou II-Si, damatebulia eqspertTa jgufebi, sadac gaer-
Tianebulni arian sxvadasxva saswavlo jgufis eqspertebi, romelTac
erTi da igive masala aqvT. isini msjeloben, raTa darwmundnen, rom
sworad esmiT maTze mindobili masala da Semdeg gegmaven, rogor unda
aswavlon es masala TavianTi jgufebis danarCen wevrebs. Semdeg es
moswavleebi ubrundebian TavianT saswavlo jgufebs da gadascemen
maT im informacias, razec SeTanxmdnen sxva eqspertebTan erTad. sabo­
lood moswavleebi abareben tests, romelic moicavs mTels masalas da
qulebs iReben gundis qulebis mixedviT. jgufebma SeiZleba imuSaon
jildos mopovebis an aRiarebis gamo (Aronson, 2000; Slavin, 1995). magram
aronsonis azriT, swavla ufro xSirad TanagrZnobisa da pativiscemis
gamo xdeba. statia `swavlasa da swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli isto-
riebi~ mogiTxrobT amerikaSi mcxovrebi erT-erTi moswavlis Sesaxeb,
romelic swavlobda inglisurs da ostinis erT-erTi adreuli jig-
sous klasis mowafe iyo.
judi pitsi (Judy Pitts, 1992) aRwers jigsous formatis gakveTils, ro-
gor unda Seiswavlon biblioTeka. proeqtis arsi TiToeuli jgufisaT-
vis aris is, rom maT miawodon klass codna sxva qveynis biblioTekebis
Sesaxeb. jgufebma unda gadawyviton, ra informacia miawodon klass
da rogor gaxadon es informacia saintereso. jgufis TiToeuli wevri
pasuxismgebelia garkveuli resursis aTvisebaze. isini valdebulebi
arian, jgufis sxva wevrebis aswavlon, rogor gamoiyenon es resur-
si saWiroebisamebr. moswavleebi, romlebic swavloben am resursebs,
Tavdapirvelad xvdebian `eqspertebs~, raTa darwmundnen, rom maTac
ician am resursis gamoyeneba.
am dros moswavleebi awydebian kompleqsur, realur problemebs da
ara ubralod asruleben davalebebs. isini swavloben saqmis uSualo
keTebiT da sxvebis swavlebis saSualebiT. moswavleebma unda daikavon
pozicia da daamtkicon misi marTebuloba (magaliTad, rogor unda
miawodos Cvenma jgufma danarCen klaselebs codna TurqeTis Sesaxeb).
maT SeiZleba sxvadasxva gziT warmoadginon informacia: grafikebis,
monacemTa bazis, rukebis, interviuebis, an enciklopediidan amoRe-
buli statiebis saSualebiT. maT aseve unda moiSvelion informacia
sxva wyaroebidanac. es gakveTili aris magaliTi mravali konstruqtiv-
istuli midgomisa, romlebic mecxre TavSi aRvwereT. moswavleebs aqvT
kargi Sansi iswavlon, rogor unda Seiswavlon biblioTeka.

587
 istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb
xarki swavlebas
jigsous strategiis Seqmni- `me gavacnobiere, rom vicodi. Tqven Zalian maRa-
dan ramdenime wlis Semdeg marTla suleli ar li iyaviT (es yvelaferi ma-
eliot aronsonma Semdegi vyofilvar~ Sin gamaxsenda, roca Tqvens
werili miiRo: wigns vkiTxulobdi), ase
eqvsi futi, didi Savi wveri gqondaT da Zalian
Zvirfaso profesoro aronson!
sasacilo iyaviT, yvelas gvacinebdiT.
me var ___ universitetis kursdamTavrebuli.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki isaa, rom rodesac
dRes miwveva miviRe harvardis samarTlis skol-
muSaoba daviwyeT jigsous jgufebSi, me mivxvdi,
idan. es albaT ucnaurad ar mogeCvenebaT, magram
rom sulac ar viyavi iseTi suleli. is bavS-
neba momeciT, raRac giTxraT. me meeqvse Svili
vebi, romelTac mtrad miviCnevdi, Cemi megobrebi
var SvidSvilian ojaxSi. da gaxlavarT erTader-
gaxdnen, maswavlebelic Zalian megobruli iyo
Ti Cems da-Zmebs Soris, romelic kolejSi Cair-
Cemdami. me Semiyvarda skola, Semiyvarda swavla
icxa, iq swavla daasrula da axla samarTlis
da Sedegad axla harvardSi mivdivar.
skolaSi midis.
Tqven albaT aseT werils bevrs iRebT, ma-
Tqven albaT dainteresdiT, ratom gwerT da
gram mainc gadavwyvite momewera, radgan mindoda,
getrabaxebaT viRac ucxo adamiani sakuTari miR-
raRac meTqva. rogorc deda miyveba, momakvdavi
wevebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, me mTlad ucxo ara var,
davbadebulvar. saxlis pirobebSi gavCndi da
miuxedavad imisa, rom piradad arasodes Sevx-
Turme Wiplari kiserze mqonda Semoxveuli. bebi-
vedrivarT. iciT, gasul wels me socialuri
aqalma xelovnuri sunTqva Camitara da sikvdils
fsiqologiis kurss gavdiodi Tqveni wigniT
gadamarCina. is rom axla cocxali iyos, masac
`socialuri cxoveli~ da roca winaswarmzao-
mivwerdi werils, vetyodi, rom me Wkviani da
bisa da jigsous Sesaxeb wavikiTxe, es yvelaferi
kargi biWi gavizarde da axla harvardSic ki
Zalian nacnobad momeCvena. Semdeg gavacnobiere,
mivdivar. magram, samwuxarod, is ramdenime wlis
rom me pirveli vswavlobdi im klasSi, sadac
win gardaicvala. amitom axla gwerT Tqven _
Tqven jigsous strategia ganaxorcieleT. ma-
adamians, romelic im bebiaqalze aranakleb mniS-
Sin me-5 klasSi viyavi da ostinSi vswavlobdi.
vnelovani xarT CemTvis. Tqvenc masaviT ixseniT
roca vkiTxulobdi, mivxvdi, rom me viyavi is
Cemi sicocxle.
biWi, Tqven rom karlosad moixseniebdiT. Sem-
deg Tqvenc gagixseneT. roca pirvelad SemoxvediT wyaro: wignidan Nobody Left to Hate: Teaching Compassion
after Columbine, by E. Aronson. Published by Worth Publish-
Cvens klasSi, me Zalian SeSinebuli viyavi da ers. saavtoro ufleba © 2001 Worth Publishers. ibeWdeba
mZulda skola. Tavi suleli megona, araferi ar Henry Holt and Company, LLC.-s nebarTviT.

saklaso erToba

devid da rojer jonsonebi (1999) aRweren sam meTods usafrTxo da

produqtuli skolebisaTvis: kooperaciuli erToba, konfliqtis kon-
struqciuli mogvareba da moqalaqeobrivi Rirebulebebi. am sami meTo-
dis erToba moicavs pozitiuri urTierTdamokidebulebis ideas. mo-
swavleebi erTad muSaoben saerTo miznis misaRwevad. ramdenime gverdi

588
 konfliqtis marTva SeiZleba
rTuli movlena aRmoCndes
axalgazrdebisTvis. kvleveb-
ma aCvena, rom mravali kon-
fliqti saSualo da umaRles
skolebSi an destruqciuli
gziT iWreba an saerTod ar
gvardeba.

ukve davuTmeT TanamSromlur swavlebas, axla SevexoT danarCen or

meTods _ konfliqtis konstruqciuli mogvarebasa da moqalaqeobrivi
Rirebulebebs.

konfliqtis konstruqciuli gadaWra

konfliqtis konstruqciuli gadaWra arsebiTi sakiTxia klasSi,
daukavSireT swavlebas/
radgan konfliqti gardauvali da saWiroc kia swavlebisas. piaJes gan- portfolios da ganavrceT
viTarebis Teoria da konceptualuri cvlilebebis swavlebis gamokvl- daumateT cxrili11.6 `akade-
miuri da interpersonaluri
eva gveubneba, rom namdvili swavleba moiTxovs kognitur konfliqts.
konfliqti da swavla~ swav-
moswavleebs, romlebic cdiloben, iyvnen jgufis SemadgenlobaSi, in- lebis Tqveneul resursebs.
terpersponaluri konfliqtebi eqnebaT erTmaneTSi, ramac aseve Sei-
Zleba migviyvanos swavlamde. cxrili 11.6 gviCvenebs, ra pozitiuri
Za­la SeiZleba hqondes akademiur da interpersonalur konfliqts
saswavlo procesSi. me-10 klasel moswavleebs Soris Catarebuli erT-
erTi kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom im moswavleebs, romlebic uS-
vebdnen Secdomas sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, SeiZleba gamoesworebinaT
es Secdomebi erTmaneTTan msjelobiT, sadac ganixilavdnen sakuTar
mcdar magram urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebs (Schwarz, Neuman &
Biezuner, 2000).

TanaklaselTa konfliqti. skolaSi gavrcelebuli konfliqtis erTi

forma aris gaRizianeba da gamojavreba. maswavleblebi cdiloben, aR-
mofxvran es movlena. magaliTad, gamokiTxuli me-8 klaselebidan, 60%-
ma Tqva, rom maT cxovrebaSi yofila aseTi faqtebi. Tumca maswavle-
blebma Tqves, rom aseTi SemTxvevebi SeiZleba mxolod 16% iyos (Barone,
1997). kvlevebiT dadginda, rom me-6-10 klaselTa daaxloebiT 33% aris
CarTuli aseT konfliqtebSi (Nansel da sxvebi, 2001). zRvari karg urTi­
erTobasa da aseT mtrul gamojavrebas Soris Zalian viwroa, magram
TiTis miSvera viRacis mimarT imas niSnavs, rom tolerantobas ar
gamoiCenen imis mimarT, visac naklebi Zala aqvs, naklebad popularu-
lia, an raime rasobrivi, eTnikuri an religiuri niSniT aris abuCad
agdebuli.

589
 cxrili 11.6
akademiuri da interpersonaluri konfliqti da swavla
Tu kargad warimarTeba, konfliqti SeiZleba swavlebis xelSemwyobic aR-
moCndes. akademiur konfliqtebs kritikul azrovnebamde da konceptualur
cvlilebebamde mivyavarT. interesTa konfliqti gardauvalia, magram Sesa-
Zlebelia misi ise warmarTva, rom wagebuli aravin darCes.

akademiuri winaaRmdegoba interesTa konfliqti

erTi adamianis ideebi, informa-
cia, Teoriebi,
daskvnebi da mosazrebebi SeiZle-
ba SeuTavsebeli
aRmoCndes meore adamianis idee-
bTan da a.S. es
ori adamiani SeiZleba dajdes da
ecados, rom
SeTanxmebas miaRwios.
winaaRmdegobis procedura
poziciebis gamokvleva da momza-
deba.
poziciebis warmodgena da maTi
dacva.
sawinaaRmdego poziciis ukugdeba
da Cvens
poziciaze Setevis ukugdeba.
perspeqtivebis Setrialeba.
orive mxaris saukeTeso mosazre-
bebisa da
argumentebis sinTezi da integ-
rireba.
erTi adamianis mcdeloba, miiRos
maqsimaluri
sargebeli, xels uSlis, blokavs
meore adamians,
romelic imaves cdilobs.
integraciuli (problemis
gadaWris) molaparakeba
survilebis aRwera.
grZnobebis aRwera.
am survilebisa da grZnobebis
mizezis aRwera.
sxvisi perspeqtivis aReba.
sami SesaZlo SeTanxmebis gamoyofa,
romlebmac
SeiZleba gazardos erToblivi
sargebeli.
erTi maTganis arCeva da SeTanx-
mebis formalizeba.

wyaro: wignidan ‘The Three Cs of School and Classroom Management’, by D. Johnson and R. Johnson. In H.J.
Freiberg (Ed.), Beyond Behaviorism: Changing the Classroom Management Paradigm. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
saavtoro ufleba © 1999 Allyn & Bacon. adaptirebulia nebarTviT.

ra unda gaakeTon maswavleblebma? TiTqmis yvela klasSi xdeba konf­

daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
ganavrceT
konfliqtis mogvareba (II,
A2)
rCevebisa da klasebSi konkre-
tuli moqmedebebisaTvis
TanamSromlobis dasanergad
waikiTxeT statia `TanamSrom-
loba, konfliqti da Zaladoba
skolaSi: sistemuri midgoma~,
ix. veb-gverdi:
(http://iume.tc.columbia.edu/
choices/briefs/choices05.html)
liqtebi. maTi mogvarebis swavla erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi unar-
Cvevaa cxovrebaSi. erT-erTi longituduri kvlevis saSualebiT, ro-
melic ori wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebda, aRmoCnda, rom im agresiul
bavSvebSi, romelTac maswavleblebi aswavlidnen konfliqtis mogva-
rebis strategiebs, agresiam da Zaladobam iklo (Aber, Brown & Jones,
2003). magram, rodesac maswavleblebi dumiliT xvdebian agresiasa da
gamojavrebas, moswavleebma SeiZleba es Seuracxyofad aRiqvan (Wein-
stein, 2003). cxrili 11.7 gviCvenebs, ra unda gakeTdes an ar gakeTdes
skolebSi gamojavrebasTan dakavSirebiT.
konfliqtis mogvareba Zalian rTulia bevri CvenganisaTvis, axal-
gazrdebisaTvis ki kidev ufro did sirTules warmoadgens. sazoga-
doebis mosazrebas Tu ganvixilavT skolebSi ZaladobasTan dakavSire-
biT, gaocdebiT, ra cota informacia aqvs xalxs moswavleebs Soris

590
arsebuli konfliqtebis Sesaxeb (Johnson, Johnson, Dudley, Ward & Magnuson,
1995; Rose & Gallup, 2001). dawyebiT skolebSi konfliqti xSirad xdeba
resursebis gamo (saskolo inventari, kompiuteri, sportuli aRWur-
viloba, saTamaSoebi) upiratesobebis miniWebis gamo (romeli aqtivoba
unda ganxorcieldes Tavdapirvelad da jer romeli TamaSi unda iTa-
maSon). 30 wlis win Catarda kvleva sami didi qalaqis 8000 moswavleze
da aRmoCnda, rom moswavleebs Soris konfliqtebis 90% an destruqci-
ulad gvardeba, an saerTod ar gvardeba (DeCecco & Richards, 1974). mas
Semdeg Catarebul SedarebiT mcire kvlevebmac igive Sedegebi aCvena.
rogorc Cans, konfliqtebis arsebobis pirobebSi mTavari strategiaa
ugulebelyofa, Zala da muqara (Johnson et al, 1995). Tumca, arsebobs
ukeTesi gzebic _ TanatolTa mediacia da molaparakebis strategiebi,
romlebic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze iswavleba.

cxrili 11.7
ra unda gakeTdes da ra ar unda gakeTdes gamojavrebasTan dakavSirebiT
gamojavrebam SeiZleba tragikul Sedegebamdec migviyvanos. isaubreT klasSi imis Sesaxeb,
rogor unda moiqcnen aseT dros moswavleebi.

ra unda gaakeToT: ra ar unda gaakeToT:

1. yuradRebiT moepyariT sxvebis grZnobebs. 1. gamoajavroT imas, visac kargad
2. dakvirvebiT da keTilgonivrulad gamoiyeneT ar icnobT.
iumori. 2. dascinoT gogonebs sqesis gamo
3. ikiTxeT, xumroba romelime konkretul (Tu biWi xarT).
sakiTxze vinmes tkivils xom ar ayenebs. 3. dascinoT sxvas sxeulis gamo.
4. sxvebisganac dasaSvebad miiCnieT gamojavreba, 4. dascinoT sxvebis ojaxis wevrebs.
Tu amas Tqven TviTonac akeTebT. 5. dascinoT imaze, razec gTxovaT,
5. Tu TqvenTvis xumroba raime konkretul Temaze rom ar gexumraT.
mtkivneulia, uTxariT sxvebs amis Sesaxeb. 6. dascinoT mas, vinc nerviulobs da
6. gaavleT zRvari uwyinar xumrobasa da xedavT, rom dRes cud xasiaTzea.
mtkivneul dacinvas Soris. 7. mtkivneulad aRiqvaT uwyinari
7. scadeT SeiswavloT sxvebis `sxeulis ena~, raTa xumrobebi.
maSinac ki dainaxoT maTi wyena, roca amas ar 8. CaylapoT Tqveni grZnobebi
amboben. dacinvasTan dakavSirebiT.
8. daexmareT sust moswavles, roca is dacinvis
obieqtad iqceva.

wyaro: wignidan Secondary Classroom Management: Lessons from Research and Practice (3rd ed.), by C. S. Weinstein. Published
by McGraw-Hill. saavtoro ufleba © 2003 McGraw-Hill. adaptirebulia McGraw-Hill Companies-s nebarTviT.

TanatolTa mediacia da molaparakeba. devid jonsonma da misma ko-

legebma Caatares konfliqtis mogvarebis treiningi me-2-5 klasel 227
moswavlesTan. moswavleebma Seiswavles 5 safexuriani molaparakebis
strategia: daukavSireT kvlevas
kerZod: da ganavrceT
1. erToblivad gansazRvreT konfliqti. ganacalkeveT pirovneba prob- strategiebis detalurad
ganxilvisaTvis ixileT sta-
lemisagan da aqtivobisagan, Tavi aarideT gamarjveba-wagebaze fiqrs
tia `konfliqtis mogvareba
da naTlad warmoaCineT TiToeuli mxaris miznebi. da TanatolTa mediacia~,
2. gacvaleT pozicia da interesebi. warmoadgineT sacdeli mizani; JurnalSi ‘Theory into Practice’
mousmineT meore mxaris miznebsa da gaigeT misi emociebis Sesaxeb. devid da rojer jonsonebis
iyaviT TanamSromluri da moqnili. redaqtorobiT.

591
 3. SeatrialeT perspeqtiva. SeafaseT situacia sxva adamianis TvaliT,
SecvaleT rolebi da imsjeleT am kuTxidan.
4. gamoyaviT sul mcire sami SeTanxmeba, romelic ormxriv sargebels
moitans. dasaxeT miznebi, iazrovneT SemoqmedebiTad da darwmun-
diT, rom yvelas aqvs Zala, moifiqros problemis gadaWris gza.
5. miaRwieT integraciul SeTanxmebas. darwmundiT, rom gaTvaliswine-
bulia orive mxaris miznebi. Tu araferi gamova, scadeT cvlilebebi
an CarTeT saqmeSi mesame mxare _ mediatori.

konfliqtis mogvarebis swavlebis garda, jonsonisa da jonsonis

kvlevisas yvela moswavles avarjiSebdnen mediaciis strategiebSi. .
mediatorebi icvlebodnen. yoveldRiurad maswavlebeli irCevda or
moswavles, romelic klasis mediatori unda yofiliyo da etarebina
mediatoris maisuri. jonsonma da misma kolegebma aRmoaCines, rom mo-
swavleebi euflebodnen konfliqtis mogvarebisa da mediaciis strate­
giebs; warmatebiT iyenebdnen maT rogorc skolaSi, ise saxlSi.
TanatolTa mediacia warmatebuli aRmoCnda ufros moswavleebSic,
imaTSic, visac seriozuli problemebi hqonda (Sanchez & Anderson, 1990).
erT programaSi bandebis SerCeul wevrebs utardebodaT treiningi
mediaciaSi. Semdeg maT sTavazobdnen, nebayofilobiT mieRoT monaw-
ileoba mediaciis procesSi, romelsac skolis mrCeveli gauwevda meT-
valyureobas. procesi imarTeboda mkacri wesebiT, rasac mxareebi unda
mieyvana werilobiT SeTanxmebamde, romelsac orive mxare moawerda
xels. sanCesma da andersonma (1990) aRmoaCines, rom skolaSi Zaladoba
minimumamde Semcirda: `mediaciis procesis mTeli magia komunikacia
iyo~ (gv. 56).
Tu Tqven ar gaqvT skolaSi aseTi treiningebis Catarebis saSuale-
ba, sxvagvarad mainc SegiZliaT daexmaroT Tqvens moswavleebs, ufro
efeqturad gaumklavdnen konfliqts. magaliTad, esme qodelma (Cven am
maswavlebels pirvel TavSi gavecaniT) Tavis me-5 klasel moswavleebs
Seaswavla oTxsafexuriani gza konfliqtis Tavidan asarideblad. man
es safexurebi kidec gamoakra TvalsaCino adgilas: `1. uTxariT sxvebs,
ra ar mogewonaT. 2. uTxariT maT, ra grZnoba gamoiwvia maTma naTqvamma
(an namoqmedarma) TqvenSi. 3. uTxariT maT, ra gindaT iyos momavalSi.
4. isini gipasuxeben, Tu risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT. gilocavT! Tqven kon-
fliqtebis saukeTeso momgvareblebi xarT!~ (Codell, 2001, gv. 23).

moqalaqeobrivi Rirebulebebi
sazogadoebas aerTianebs moqalaqeobrivi Rirebulebebi _ rwmenebi-
sa da Sexedulebebis erToblioba. am RirebulebaTa aTviseba xdeba
pirdapiri swavlebis, modelirebis, literaturis kiTxvis gziT, jgu-
fur diskusiebSi CarTviT, mosazrebebis gaziarebiT. zog maswavlebels
aqvs `mosazrebebis yuTi~, sadac moswavleebs SeuZliaT Cayaron Tavian-
Ti mosazrebebi werilobiTi saxiT. yuTi ixsneba kviraSi erTxel klasis
Sekrebisas da moswavleebis mosazrebebi Sekrebazeve ganixileba. jon-
soni da jonsoni (1999) gvTavazoben klasis krebis magaliTs, sadac ga-
nixileba mosazrebebi pativiscemis Sesaxeb. erTi moswavle eubneba da-
narCen klaselebs, rom man wina dRiT Tavi damcirebulad igrZno, roca
aravin usmenda mas, TamaSis wesebis axsnas rom cdilobda. moswavleebma
ganixiles, ras niSnavs, roca pastiviscemiT gepyrobian da ratom aris
pativiscema mniSvnelovani. Semdeg moswavleebi erTmaneTs uziarebdnen

592
pirovnul gamocdilebas, ras ganicdidnen, roca iyvnen pativiscemiT
garemoculni an roca, piriqiT, uyuradRebod grZnobdnen Tavs.

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT ganixileT aronsonis (Aronson, 2000,

gv. 171) mier aRwerili situacia. Tqven xarT umaRlesi skolis social-
uri kvlevebis maswavlebeli. rogorc ki waradgenT Temas sadiskusiod,
erT-erTi yvelaze daumorCilebeli moswavle, deivi ambobs: `me ukve
gadavwyvite: ar minda viyo amerikeli. da rogorc ki Sansi momecema,
waval aqedan!~ ras moimoqmedebT?

pativiscema iwyeba maswavleblisgan. deivis gancxadebis pasuxad,

misma maswavlebelma mis santosma pativiscema gamoavlina (adaptirebu-
lia Nobody left to hate: Teaching compassion after Columbine by E. Aronson, 2000,
New York: Worth, gv. 171-173):

`romelime sxva qveyanaze fiqrob, deiv?~

aRmoCnda, rom deivs ori-sami qveyana aqvs gonebaSi, mag­
ram rodesac is asaxelebs maT, zogierTi sxva moswavle asaxe­
lebs specifikur problemebs, romlebic am qveyanaSi arsebobs.
imarTeba cocxali da energiuli diskusia. deivi Tavis mosaz-
rebaze dgas, magram diskusiis msvlelobisas, igi met interess
amJRavnebs Tanaklaselebis naTqvamis mimarT. mis santosi dis-
kusiaSi aqtiurad ar erTveba. igi mSvidad zis da yuradRebiT
usmens.
garkveuli drois Semdeg, mis santosi svams kiTxvas: `gindaT
im qveyanaSi cxovreba, sadac problemebi ar aris?~ misi toni
mSvidia, Tumca kiTxva provokaciulia. igi diskusiis konteqs-
tidan gamomdinare am kiTxviT deivs mimarTavs, magram kiTxva
yvelas exeba. ramdenime moswavle am kiTxvidan gamomdinare aya-
libebs daskvnebs. Semdeg maswavlebeli exmareba maT, ifiqron
potenciur Rirebeulebaze, icxovron qveyanaSi, sadac miCneuli
iqneba, rom Sroma progresisaTvis mimdinareobs. anu qveyanaSi,
sadac jer kidev mniSvnelovani saqmea gasakeTebeli. moswavleebi
inspirirebulebi arian. maT mohyavT im adamianebis magaliTebi,
romlebmac didi wvlili gaiRes, raTa qveyanaSi ukeTesi pirobe-
bi Seqmniliyo danarCeni moqalaqeebisaTvis. kerZod, eseni arian:
eleanor ruzvelti, martin luTer kingi umcrosi, cezar Cavesi
da sxvani. cota xnis Semdgom deivi Tavis magaliTsac asaxelebs.
daukavSireT kvlevas da
misi toni interess gamoxatavs. igi ukve naklebad imedgacrue-
ganavrceT
buli da ufro imediani Cans. Rirsebis swavlebasTan da-
kavSirebiT sruli diskusiis
keTilSobilebis, Rirsebis swavleba. zog pedagogs swams, rom moqala­ sanaxavad ixileT Abbeduto,
qeobrivi Rirebulebebi keTilSobilebis swavlebiT aris SesaZlebeli. L. (Ed.) (2002). Taking sides:
Clashing on controversial issues
Tumca yvela ar eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom Rirseba SeiZleba skola-
in educational psychology (gv.
Si iswavlebodes, rogorc amas dainaxavT rubrikaSi `argumenti/kon- 128-155). Guilford, CT: McGraw-
trargumenti~. Hill/Duskin.

moqalaqeobrivi Rirebulebebis swavleba kurikulumis farglebSi: maga­

liTi. esme qodeli (Esme Codell, 2001, gv. 34) aRwers, rogor gamoiyena
man literatura moswavleebisaTvis imis asaxsnelad, rom gamojavreba
da dacinva tkivils ayenebs adamianebs. esmes me-5 klasel moswavleebs
wakiTxuli hqondaT `asi kaba~. es iyo moTxroba Rarib imigrant gogon-
aze, romelsac klasis sxva gogonebi dascinodnen. moTxrobis wakiTxvis

593
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
ixileT ‘Educational Leadership’-
is 2003 wlis martis gamoS-
vebis ramdenime statia Temaze
`mzrunveli skolebis Seqmna~.
aq aris statiebi dacinvaze,
Tanaklaselebs Soris ndobaze,
servis swavlebaze, erTobis
Camoyalibebaze da a.S.
ix. ‘Educational Leadership’-is
2003 wlis seqtembris gamoS-
vebis ramdenime statia Temaze
`urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba
klasebSi~. aq aris statiebi
moswavleebis mosmenaze, empa-
Tiaze, motivaciaze.
ix. Johnson, D. W. & Johnson,
R. (2005). specialuri gamoS-
veba: `mSvidobis swavleba~.
Teoria praqtikaSi, 44 (4).
594
Semdeg, erTi moswavle, saxelad eSvorti, mivida esmesTan da yurSi
CasCurCula, rom raRacis Tqma undoda TanaklaselebisaTvis:
me davayene is piriT klasisaken, davade xelebi mxrebze, da
danarCen moswavleebs vuTxari: `eSvorts unda, raRac gagizia­
roT. imedi maqvs, gaiTvaliswinebT ukve Seswavlil moTxrobas.~
`me mxolod cxra-naxevari TiTi maqvs, _ amoiluRluRa eS-
vortma da xelebi aswia, _ Zalian gTxovT, nu damcinebT amis
gamo.~
klasi azuzunda, magram maleve dawynarda. bolos bili wa­
modga da wamoiyvira: `yvelas seirs vuCveneb, vinc ki gabedavs
da dagcinebs!~
`ho, mec!~ Tqva kerkma.
`ho, eS! Sen marto gviTxari, Tu romelime sxva klasis mo-
swavle dagcinebs da Cven mas movuvliT!~
klasi erT muStad Seikra. eSvorti momibrunda da gamiRima.
es iyo literaturis Zala!
CarTva erTobaSi
SeiZleba dainteresdeT, pirvelad ra nabijebi unda gadadgaT er-
Tobis Sesaqmnelad. aq mocemulia, rogor aRwera me-7 klasis maswavle-
belma sakuTari samuSao gamocdileba inglisuris Semswavlel erT-erT
klasSi, rodesac is cdilobda, SeemuSavebina wesebi da procedurebi
(Freiberg, 1999, gv. 171).
Tavdapirvelad, roca klasTan muSaoba daviwye, moswavleebs
vkiTxe, rogor warmoedginaT Cveni erTad muSaoba. Semdeg vuTx-
ari, Tavad me rogor vapirebdi maTTan muSaobas. gamaoca damTx-
vevebma. maT surdaT, scodnodaT, ra saxis testebs Sev­Tavazebdi,
ra raodenobisa da xarisxis samuSao eqnebodaT Se­sasrulebeli,
rogor davalebebs mivcemdi, raze visaubrebdiT klasSi, ra ra-
odenobiT da intensivobiT eqnebodaT saSianao davalebebi, sad
SeeZloT dajdoma, rogori iqneboda Sefaseba, aRiricxeboda Tu
ara monawileoba gakveTilze. Cven visaubreT saukeTeso da cudi
gakveTilebis Sesaxeb. visaubreT pativiscemaze da pativisce-
mis saWiroebaze ideebisa da erTmaneTis mimarT, mosmenaze da
aq­tiuri monawileobis miRebis survilze. vesaubre maT `Cems mas­
wavleblobis droze~ da maT `moswavleobis droze~. es iyo xuTi
Tvis win. da axla gaognebuli var TanamSromlobis xarisxiT. wina
wlis kurikulumis kvalobaze, bevrs mivaRwie. Cven gvaqvs klasis
kreba kviraSi erTxel, sadac ganvixilavT, rogor midis muSaoba
da saWiroa Tu ara, rom SevcvaloT raime. Cven SevqmeniT saklaso
konstitucia da vimsjeleT masze, roca vigrZeniT, rom cvlile-
bebi iyo Sesatani. ar mjeroda, rom es rames Secvlida, magram mo-
swavleebma marTla gamakvirves TavianTi mondome­biT, pasuxismge-
blobiT. es namdvilad warmatebuli welia. guli mwy­deba, rom is
mTavrdeba da Cemi moswavleebi Semdeg safexurze ga­dadian. minda,
rom vTxovo skolis direqtors, mom­ces ufleba, Semdeg welsac me
vaswavlo Cems moswavleebs. ToTxmeti welia maswavlebeli var, ma-
gram es weli saukeTeso iyo CemTvis. me vgrZnob mxardaWeras Cemi
moswavleebis mxridan da Cemma moswavleebmac miTxres, rom isinic
imaves grZnoben Cemgan.
 argumenti / kontrargumenti
unda iswavlebodes Tu ara skolebSi Rirseba da TanagrZnoba?
yvela pedagogi ver Tanxmdeba imaze, unda
iswavlebodes Tu ara skolaSi TanagrZnoba,
tolerantoba da keTilSobilebisa da moral-
urobis sxva aspeqtebi. aq ori sawinaaRmdego
azria moyvanili.
argumenti saskolo swavleba unda
moicavdes Rirsebis
swavlebas.
am mosazrebis momxreebi aqcents akeTeben
skolaSi Zaladobaze, mozardTa fexmZimobaze,
narkotikebis gamoyenebaze, rogorc imis naTel
dasturze, rom pedagogebma unda izrunon moral-
urobasa da Rirsebaze. isini amboben, rom ojaxe-
bi ukve naklebad zrunaven am sakiTxebze da es
roli axla skolam unda Seasrulos. Tomas likona
(Thomas Lickona, 2002) aRwers Rirsebis swavlebas,
rogorc awon-dawonil, dakvirvebul Zalisxmevas,
romlis Sedegadac unda moxdes adamianis iseTi
Tvisebebis kultivireba, rogoricaa sibrZne, pati-
osneba, saTnoeba, disciplina. Rirsebis swavlebis
miznebia Sromismoyvare adamianebis aRzrda, kar-
gi skolebis daarseba (romlebic yuradRebianebi
iqnebian da did wvlils Seitanen adamianis gana-
TlebaSi) da kargi sazogadoebis formireba (ro-
melic efeqturad gaumklavdeba iseT problemebs,
rogorebicaa Zaladoba da siRatake). am miznebis
gansaxorcileblad, likonas rwmeniT, moswavleebs
unda hqondeT codna, moraluri azrovneba, emo-
cionaluri Tvisebebi: TviTpativiscema da empa-
Tia, da iseTi unar-Cvevebi, rogorebicaa Tanam-
Sromloba da komunikacia. Rirsebis swavlebis
strategiebi moicavs sikeTisa da TanamSromlobis
modelirebas, demokratiuli da mxardamWeri sak-
laso erTobis Seqmnas, TanamSromluri swavlebis
strategiebis gamoyenebas, kurikulumSi moralu­
ri punqtebis CarTvas, konfliqtis mogvarebis
swavlebas.
Rirsebis swavleba
kontrargumenti
araefeqturi da saSiSia.
alfi koni (Alfie Kohn, 2002) aRniSnavs, rom
termin `Rirsebis swavlebas~ ori mniSvneloba
aqvs. pirveli zogadi mosazrebaa, romelsac iz-
iareben mSoblebic da pedagogebic da gulisx-
mobs imas, rom moswavleebi unda gaizardon
karg, mzrunvel, patiosan adamianebad. meore
aris programebisa da strategiebis viwro wyeba
garkveuli Rirebulebebis saswavleblad. cota
iqneba iseTi adamiani, romelic SeiZleba ar dae-
Tanxmos pirvel mosazrebas, magram meore mniS-
vnelobasTan dakavSirebiT azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
arsebobs. magaliTad, koni (2002) ambobs:
is, rac igulisxmeba Rirsebis swavle-
baSi, umetes SemTxvevaSi aris Segonebebi
da garegani stimulebi, romlebic Seqmnil-
ia saimisod, rom aiZulos moswavle, ufro
muyaiTad imuSaos da gaakeTos is, rasac mis-
gan iTxoven. maSinac ki, roca waqezebulia
sxva Rirebulebebi (vTqvaT, mzrunveloba
da patiosneba), swavlebis SerCeuli meTodi
aris indoqtrinizaciis tolfasi. aqcenti
keTdeba ufro moswavleTa garkveul qcev-
aSi wavarjiSebaze, imis nacvlad, rom vubi-
ZgoT maT Rrma, kritikuli azrovnebisaken.
konis varaudiT, nacvlad imisa, rom vizrun-
oT moswavleTa xasiaTis gamosworebaze, ukeTesi
iqneba, Tu skolebis struqturis gamosworebaze
vizrunebT, raTa skola gaxdes ufro mzrunveli
da samarTliani.
Tqven rogor fiqrobT?
mieciT xma veb-gverdze: www.mylabschool.com

moswavleTa pativiscemisa da maTi cxovrebis meore magaliTs gva-

Zlevs esme qodeli. `madam esmes~ (mas urCevnia, rom ase vuwodoT)
hqonda dilis aseTi rituali:
diliT sruldeba sami ram. me dila mSvidobisas vusurveb
Cems yovel moswavles da vrwmundebi, maTganac viReb sasiamovno
misalmebas. Semdeg vkreb `problemebs~ `problemebis kalaTaSi~.
esaa didi mwvane kalaTa, sadac bavSvebi toveben TavianT prob-

595
 lemebs, rac saxlidan gamohyvaT da mTlianad skolaze gadaerT-
vebian. zogjer bavSvs araferi awuxebs. zogjer ki igi uamrav
problemas uSvebs kalaTSi da mec vasaxiereb, TiTqos mTeli
Zalisxmeva mWirdeba, rom rogorme gavaTrio maTi problemebiT
saocrad damZimebuli kalaTa. bolos ki, sanam Semovlen klas-
Si da miusxdebian merxebs, meubnebian sityvas, romelsac viwer
furcelze da vdeb konvertSi. es SeiZleba nebismieri sityva
iyos, magram bavSvebi irCeven xolme sityvas, romelsac sadRac
mohkres yuri da zustad ar ician ras niSnavs, an am sityvas
garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs maTTvis (Codell, 2001, gv. 30).

mikuTvnebuloba
rodesac moswavleebi xedaven, rom maTi skola Sejibrebis asparezia,
sadac maT gansxvavebulad eqcevian rasis, sqesis, an eTnikurobis mixed-
viT, mosalodnelia, rom isini erTbaSad dakargaven interess. magram
rodesac isini grZnoben, rom aqvT arCevani, aqcenti keTdeba pirovnul
ganviTarebaze da ara sxvasTan Sedarebaze, rodesac maT pativiscemiT
epyrobian da mxars uWeren maswavleblebi, moswavleebs, savaraudod,
mWidro da keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba eqnebaT skolisadmi (Os-
terman, 2000). Cven ukve visaubreT wina TavebSi moswavleTaTvis stimu-
lis micemaze, raTa isini CarTulni iyvnen swavlebaSi da dadebiTi ati-
tudebi CamouyalibdeT ganaTlebis mimarT. davinaxeT, rom kulturuli
faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT swavleba Zalian efeqturia. ganvixileT
avTenturi amocanebi da problemaze dafuZnebuli swavleba, rogorc
saSualebebi moswavleTa interesebTan da cxovrebasTan paralelis
gasavlebad. ganvixileT TARGET-is (target qarTulad samiznes niSnavs.
mTargmn. Sen.) modeli, romelic gvexmareba, gavzardoT swavlisadmi
motivacia. aq ganvixilavT gamokvlevas, romelic avlens, ra exmareba
moswavles, gansakuTrebiT ki mozards, igrZnos kavSiri skolasTan.
moswavleebs maSin uCndebaT mikuTvnebulobis gancda skolisadmi,
roca grZnoben, rom maswavleblebi zrunaven maTze. mesame TavSi davi-
naxeT, rom zrunva SeiZleba iyos akademiuric da pirovnulic. rodesac
ketrin venzeli (Kathryn Wentzel, 1998, 2002) ekiTxeboda moswavleebs, said-
an icodnen, rom maswavleblebi maTze zrunavdnen, isini saubrobdnen im
maswavleblebze, romlebic cdilobdnen, gakveTili ufro saintereso
gaexadaT, iyvnen samarTlianebi, yuradRebianebi da patiosnebi moswav-
leebTan urTierTobisas, amowmebdnen TiToeul moswavles, raTa dar-

moswavleebs maSin
uCndebaT mikuTvnebulobis
gancda skolisadmi, roca
swamT, rom maswavleblebi
maTze zrunaven

596
wmunebuliyvnen, rom yvelam gaigo masala... sxva kvlevaSi moswavleebi
aRwerdnen maswavleblebs, romlebic amCnevdnen, roca moswavle dab-
neuli iyo da mizezs arkvevdnen. moswavleebs swamT, rom maswavleblebi
maTze zrunaven, roca disciplinaruli procedurebi samarTliania da
ar aris Seuracxmyofeli; rodesac maswavleblebi mimarTaven iumors
moswavleebTan urTierToibsas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maswavle-
blebi endobian da afaseben Tavis moswavleebs, rogorc mowafeebsac
da rogorc adamianebsac (umaRlesi skolis moswavleebSi CarTulobisa
da swavlisadmi motivaciis gazrdis komiteti, 2004).

Zaladoba skolaSi

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT ra moimoqmeda Tqvenma umaRles- daukavSireT kvlevas

ma skolam im dapirispirebebis pasuxad, rac 90-iani wlebis bolosa da ganavrceT
skolis Carevis Sedegad bavS-
da XI saukunis dasawyis wlebSi xdeboda? gaxsovT Tqveni fiqrebi da
vebSi Zaladobis cvlileba,
gancdebi? ixileT Aber, J. L., Brown, J. L.
& Jones, S. M. (2003). ganvi-
ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi kolumbinis umaRles skolaSi momx- Tarebis Zaladobis traeq-
dari mkvlelobebis Semdeg pedagogebi, mSoblebi, fsiqologebi, poli- toria Sua bavSvobaSi: kursi,
demografiuli gansxvavebebi,
tikosebi da Jurnalistebi bevrs daobdnen imaze, rogor unda momx-
saskolo Careva. Developmental
dariyo aseTi movlenebis prevencia. rogor SeeZlo or, Cveulebriv Psychology, 39, 324-348.
ojaxSi aRzrdil moswavles aseTi saSineli danaSaulis Cadena. 2005
wels minesotas wiTeli tbis umaRles skolaSi momxdarma kriminalma
gagvaxsena, rom problema ar amowurula. eliot aronsonis (Elliot Ar-
onson, 2000) wigni `nuravis gavimetebT siZulvilisaTvis: TanagrZnobis
swavleba kolumbinis mixedviT~ saukeTeso axsnaa imisa, ra moxda da ra
SeiZleba gakeTdes dRes. wignsa da moyvanil kvlevaSi aris ramdenime
fundamenturi gakveTili pedagogebisaTvis.
rogorc aronsoni aRniSnavs, es tragikuli movlenebi msrolelTa
emocionaluri paTologiebis, StatebSi iaraRis martivad mopovebis sa-
Sulebis, skolebSi kargi dacvisa da meTvalyureobis ararsebobis, me-
diasa da video TamaSebSi naCvenebi Zaladobis bralia. am problemis ga-
dasaWrelad savaraudo saSualebebi iyo potenciuri `amrevebis~ adreve
gamovlena dabezRebis an moswavleTa sakuTrebis Semowmebis, metalis de-
teqtorebis, iaraRis kontrolis, mediaSi Zaladobis amsaxveli kadrebis
SezRudvis gziT. es sakiTxebi marTla imsaxurebs yurad­Rebas.
problemis gadaWris TiToeulma am saSualebam zogierT skolaSi
SeiZleba situacia gamoasworos, magram TiToeuls bevri problemac ax-
lavs Tan. erik harisi da dilan kleboldi _ is moswavleebi, romelTc
isroles kolumbinSi, _ gamorCeuli moswavleebi iyvnen, isini kargad
iqceodnen, asrulebdnen saSinao davalebebs, normaluri niSnebi hqon-
daT. maT msgavsi moswavleebi skolebSi aTasobiT arian. metalis dete-
qtorebi SeiZleba kargi saSualeba iyos, magram man zogierT skolaSi
SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos saswavlo erTobebis funqcionirebas. Tanac
borotmoqmedma SeiZleba gareT daicados da mere daesxas Tavs vinmes.
iaraRis kontroli rTuli gansaxorcielebelia politikurad da SeiZ­
leba verasdros aRmofxvras moswavleTa mier iaraRis mopovebis Ses-
aZlebloba. mediaSi cenzuras pirovnebis uflebebis darRveva moaqvs.
arc erTi es gza ar midis kolumbinis tragediis realur mizezamde.
aronsoni (2000, gv. 88) ambobs:

597
daukavSireT kvlevas tragediis axsna imiT, rom pirovneba paTologiuria, prob-
da ganavrceT lemas swvdeba zedapirulad da ara Zireulad. ras ityviT sas-
ixileT Petit, G. S. & Dodge, K.
kolo atmosferoze, romelic am axalgazrda adamianebs aseT
A. (2003). moZalade bavSvebi:
specialuri gamoSveba. Devel- ugunurebad, sastikebad da uguloebad aqcevs? ratom eZieben
opmental Psychology, 39 (2). isini SurisZiebas? cdiloben saxelis moxveWas Tanaklaselebi-
saken mimarTuli iaraRis saSualebiT? rogor da ratom igrZnes
maT Tavi uaryofilebad, ignorirebulebad, skolaSi usamarT-
lobis msxverplad? zrunaven ki skolebi Tavis moswavleebSi
Rirseuli Taviseburebebis gasaviTareblad? SeuZliaT Tu ara
skolebs, ukeTesad Seqmnan inkluziuri, mzrunveli erTobebi
moswavleTa pozitiuri rolebis modelirebiT?
umaRles skolebSi Zaladoba romc Semcirdes, interpersonaluri Za­
ladoba axalgazrdebSi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia rogorc mSoblebisaTvis,
ise maswavleblebisaTvis (Lowry, Sleet, Duncan, Powell & Kolbe, 1995). yovel-
dRiurad amerikaSi cecxlsasroli iaraRiT 8 oc wlamde asakis axal-
gazrda iRupeba (bavSvTa dacvis fondi, 2005). amerikis sazogadoebaSi
yvelaze xSirad Zaladobis msxverplni 12-24 wlis asakis axalgazrdebi
xdebian da Zaladobis es faqtebi xSirad saswavleblebis farglebSi
xdeba. aseTi Zaladobis faqtebis Sedegad gardacvlilTa erTi mesamedi
interpersonalur Zaladobas ewireba (Peterson & Newman, 2000). am prob-
lemas mravali mizezi aqvs, is sazogadoebis yoveli fenis sazrunavia.

prevencia
Zaladobaze saukeTeso pasuxi skolaSi aris prevencia. rogorc mas-
wavlebels, SeiZleba xeli ar migiwvdebodeT televiziiT gasul Zalado-
bis amsaxvel kadrebze, metalis deteqtorebze, iaraRis kontrolze,
magram bevri SegiZliaT isaubroT Tqvens klasebSi Seqmnil erTobaze.
SeigiZliaT pirdapiri da iribi mniSvnelobiT aswavloT Tqvens moswav-
leebs erTmaneTis miReba da TanagrZnoba; SeqmnaT mikuTvnebulobis
kultura yoveli Tqveni moswavlisaTvis.
Cikagos bandis zogierTi wevri ambobda, rom isini maSin Caebnen ban-
dis saqmianobaSi, roca maswavleblebi Seuracxyofas ayenebdnen, saja-
rod amcirebdnen, dascinodnen maT kulturas, ignorirebas ukeTebdnen
klasSi, an maT adanaSaulebdnen, Tuki rame cudi moxdeboda. moswavlee-
bi SeuerTdnen bandebs, raTa Tavi daecvaT maswavleblebisagan, rom-
lebic maT mxolod laTinuri warmoSobis niSniT arCevdnen (Padilla, 1992;
Parks, 1995). ohaioSi Catarebulma orwlianma kvlevam gamoavlina, rom
bandis wevri moswavleebi pativs scemdnen im maswavlebels, romelic
daJinebiT zrunavda maT akademiur miRwevebze (Huff, 1989). erTxel niu-
jersis urbanul umaRles skolaSi erT-erT niWier pedagogs vkiTxe,
rogor maswavlebels Tvlida yvelaze efeqturad avazak, amrev moswav-
leebTan muSaobisas. man Tqva, rom arsebobs ori tipi: maswavleblebi,
romelTac ver SeaSineb da verc gaasuleleb, isini moswavleebisagan
iTxoven swavlas da maswavleblebi, romlebic marTla zrunaven moswav-
leebze. rodesac vkiTxe, Tavad romel tips miekuTvneboda, mipasuxa,
rom orives. is aris magaliTi `rbili momTxovnelobisa~, rogorc amas
Semdeg ganyofilebaSi davinaxavT.
maswavleblebma da moswavleebma unda icodnen potenciuri safrT­
xis sagangaSo niSnebi. cxrili 11.8 gviCvenebs niSnebis or saxeobas _ sa-
gangaSo, gadaudebel safrTxes da potenciur problemebs. ra SeiZleba
moimoqmedon skolebma? CanarTSi `rekomendaciebi~ gaecnobiT, rogor
unda gavumklavdeT feTqebad situaciebs (Weinstein, 2003).

598
 rekomendaciebi: potenciurad feTqebad situaciasTan gamklaveba
problemur situaciaSi imoqmedeT nela da nu gausvamT xazs sakuTar Zalauflebas.
dakvirvebiT.
magaliTebi
magaliTebi 1. elaparakeT ganmartoebiT, Tu es SesaZle-
1. SeinarCuneT simSvide, ramdenadac es Sesa- belia.
Zlebelia. 2. erideT aseT argumentebs: `me ara, Sen ki~.
2. daamyareT TvalebiT kontaqti. 3. ar daemuqroT da ar auwioT xmas.

gamoamJRavneT pativiscema. acnobeT moswavles mosalodneli qcevisa da

misi negatiuri Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romelsac
magaliTebi misi arCevanis an gadawyvetilebis pasuxad
1. daiWireT marTebuli distancia. gaakeTebT. Semdeg moSordiT moswavles da
2. ar SeaviwrovoT moswavle. nu SeiWrebiT gadawyveitlebis misaRebad dro mieciT.
mis pirovnebaSi.
3. ilaparakeT pativiscemiT. saxeliT mimar-
magaliTebi
TeT moswavles. 1. `maikl, dabrundi merxTan, Torem momiwevs,
4. erideT Jestikulacias. rom direqtors davuZaxo. ramdenime wami
gaqvs gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.~ Semdeg
isaubreT mokled. maswavlebeli Sordeba moswavles, SeiZleba
miubrundes sxva moswavleebs.
magaliTebi 2. Tu maikli ar irCevs sasurvel qcevas,
1. Tavi aarideT grZel Segonebebs. Se­­axseneT negatiuri Sedegebi. (`ese igi,
2. daicaviT ganawesi. aqcenti gaakeTeT prob- gircevnia, rom davuZaxo direqtors?~) da
lemaze. ilaparakeT garkveviT. SeasruleT danapirebi.
3. naklebad mwvave problemebs mogvianebiT
gaumklavdiT. damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.njcap.org/templated/Programs.html

wyaro: adaptirebulia Secondary Classroom Management: Lessons from Research and Practice, 3rd ed., by C.S. Weinstein. saavtoro
ufleba © 2003 McGraw-Hill. adaptirebulia McGraw-Hill Companies nebarTviT.

pativiscema da dacva
erTi sistema, romelic ganviTarda, raTa CaixSos Zaladoba skolaSi,
aris `pativiscema da dacva~, romelic Seiqmna jonsonis institutSi,
minesotaSi, qalaq mineapolisSi. programa efuZneba 5 ideas: pirveli
_ yvela valdebulia, pativi sces da daicvas sxva adamianis uflebebi.
meore _ ar unda davuSvaT Zaladoba. mesame _ programa yuradRebas
amaxvilebs Zaladobis maprovocirebel qcevebze rogorc personalis,
ise moswavleebis, mSoblebis mxridan; magaliTad, sxvebis uaryofaze,
racionalizaciaze, gansjasa da dadanaSaulebaze Zaladobis gamo. meo-
Txe _ mocemulia zusti gansazRvreba, ra warmoSobs Zaladobas; ga-
nasxvavebs Zaladobis or saxes _ mCagvrel/msxverplis Zaladoba da
Za­ladoba, romelic Cveulebrivi konfliqtidan modis. dasasrul,
programa moicavs ufrosebze centrirebul prevencias, romelic ga-
moasworebs saskolo klimats, da moswavleebze centrirebul Carevas,
romelic ayenebs moswavleebs arCevanis winaSe da uCvenebs maT, ra mo-

599
daukavSireT kvlevas hyveba maT arCevans (Rembolt, 1998). cxrili 11.9 mimoixilavs arCevanisa
da ganavrceT da misi Sedegebis doneebs.
Parks, C. P. (1995). bandebis
meore midgoma, romelic amyarebs pativiscemasa da mowonebas, esaa
qceva skolaSi: miTi Tu re-
aloba? Educational Psychology servis swavleba.
Review, 7, 41-68.

erToba klasis gareT: servis swavla

reziume servis swavla meore midgomaa, romelic axdens akademiuri swav-

am mimoxilvis mizania, lis kombinirebas pirovnul da socialur ganviTarebasTan saSualo
gavigoT bandis qcevis buneba skolebisa da kolejis moswavleebisaTvis (Fredericks, 2003; Woolfolk Hoy,
amerikis skolebSi. yuradRe-
Demerath & Pape, 2002). ganaTlebis reformasTan servis swavlis dakav-
bas gavamaxvilebT im qcevebze,
romlebic SeiZleba gavle-
Sireba gamoyofs am ukanasknelis ramdenime Taviseburebas.
nas axdendes an amwvavebdes
Zaladobas. moulodneli organizebulia da akmayofilebs erTobis aqtualur moTxovnile-
aRmoCena is iyo, rom skolaSi bebs.
ar arsebobda didi empiriuli
integrirebulia moswavleTa kurikulumSi.
masala Zaladobis Sesaxeb.
cxadia, rom skolis bandebma
gamoyofs dros servis gamocdilebis gaazrebisa da dawerisaTvis.
ukanaskneli aTwleulebis uzrunvelyofs saSualebebs axlad naswavli akademiuri unar-Cvevebi-
manZilze didi cvlilebebi sa da codnis gamoyenebisaTvis.
ganicades, imata Zalado- zrdis rogorc akademiur swavlas, aseve sxvebze zrunvas.
bam metwilad narkotikebisa
da iaraRis tarebis gamo.
skolaze am Zaladobis erTi
servis swavlis aqtivobebi SeiZleba moicavdes gamokveTil, Tval-
umTavresi dartyma isaa, Sisacem serviss (swavlebasa da usaxlkaroTa TavSesafrebis sakvebiT
rom man dakarga `neitral- uzrunvelyofas), irib serviss (sakvebis, fulis Segrovebas TavSesaf-
uri zonis~ statusi, sadac rebisaTvis), an propagandas (posterebis damzadebas sakvebis uzrunv-
yovelgvari Setakebebi unda
elsayofad, sagazeTo statiebis daweras) (Johnson & Notah, 1999). servis
wydebodes. Cans, rom skolaSi
quCis bandebis cxovrebis el-
swavleba SeiZleba iyos problemaze dafuZnebuli swavlebis (romelic
ementebma SeaRwia. mimoxilva me-9 TavSia aRwerili) erT-erTi formac, sadac problema gulisxmobs,
ikvlevs problemebs, romle- rogor unda dakmayofildes moTxovnileba erTobaSi.
bic dakavSirebulia skolis erTobis servis swavlaSi monawileobam SeiZleba uzrunvelyos mo-
Zaladobis gansazRvrebebTan
zardTa politikuri da moraluri ganviTareba. servis swavlis pro-
da literaturasTan, skolis
bandebis tendenciebs, bande-
eqtebis farglebSi mozardebi sxvebTan erTad muSaobiT gamocdian sa-
bis wevrobis mizezebs, risks, kuTar kompetenturobasa da qmediTunarianobas. moswavleebi sakuTar
savaraudo strategiebs prob- Tavs aRiqvamen, rogorc politikisa da moralis warmomadgenlebs da
lemis aRmosafxvrelad. ara ubralod karg moqalaqeebs (Youniss & Yates, 1997). amas garda, er-
Tobis servis swavleba SeiZleba daexmaros mozardebs, axleburad if-
servis swavleba midgoma,
romelic gulisxmobs akademi-
uri swavlebis pirovnul da
socialur ganviTarebasTan
kombinirebas.

erTobis servis proeqtebma

SeiZleba uzrunvelyos mo-
zardTa moraluri ganviTareba,
kompetenturobisa da qmediTu-
narianobis gancda, toleran-
toba da ubiZgos moswavleebs,
kritikulad Seafason sakuTari
roli sazogadoebaSi.

600
 cxrili 11.8
Zaladobis sagangaSo niSnebis amocnoba
es CamonaTvali Seadgina amerikulma fsiqologTa asociaciam. damatebiTi informacia
SegiZlLiaT moipovoT saitze: http://helping.apa.org/warningsigns/

Tu Tqven xedavT am niSnebs, Zaladoba Tu Tqven xedavT am niSnebs garkveuli

seriozulad aris mosalodneli:
moTminebis dakargva yoveldRiurobaSi
gaxSirebuli fizikuri Sejaxebebi
vandalizmi an sakuTrebis xelyofa
narkotikebisa da alkoholis gazrdili
moxmareba
sarisko qcevebis gazrdili raodenoba
dawvrilebiTi gegmebi Zaladobis
gansaxorcieleblad
muqara, rogor miayeno sxvas tkivili
cxovelebis wvaleba
iaraRis tareba
periodis ganmavlobaSi, CaTvaleT, rom
arsebobs Zaladobis potenciali:
Zaladobrivi da agresiuli qceva
narkotikebisa da alkoholis seriozuli
moxmareba
bandebis wevroba an survili, iyo bandis
SemadgenlobaSi
mowoneba da swrafva iaraRis
(gansakuTrebiT ki cecxlsasroli iaraRis)
mimarT
sistematuri muqara
grZnobebis (miT umetes, brazis)
gaukontrolebloba
megobrebisagan da saerTo saqmianobisagan
CamoSoreba
uaryofisa da martosulobis gancda
dacinvis msxverplad qceva
cudad swavla
disciplinasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi
da skolis xelmZRvanelobasTan xSiri
problema
upativcemulobis gancda
sxvaTa grZnobebisa da uflebebis ar aRiareba.

wyaro: wignidan ‘Warning Signs’. saavtoro ufleba © 1999 American Psychological Association. adaptirebulia
nebarTviT. damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT veb-gverdi: http://apahelpcenter.org/featuredtopics/feature.php?id=38

iqron sakuTar urTierTobaze adamianebTan, romlebic maT ar hgvanan, daukavSireT swavlebas/

rac maT ufro tolerantulebs gaxdis (Tierney, 1993). da bolos, servis portfolios da ganavrceT
daumateT cxrilebi 11.8 `Za-
swavlebis gamocdileba zrdis `mzrunvelobis eTikas~, ramac SeiZleba
ladobis sagangaSo niSnebis
Sedegad mogvces socialur problemebTan ufro warmatebuli brZola amocnoba~ da 11.9 `pativisce-
(Rhodes, 1997). am TvalsazrisiT, moswavleTa CarTvam servis swavleba- ma da dacva~ Tqvens saswavlo
Si mozardebi SeiZleba ufro kritikulad daafiqros sakuTar rolze resursebs.
sazogadoebaSi (Woolfolk Hoy, Demerath & Pape, 2002; Claus & Ogden, 1999).
dRes mravali skola monawileobs servis swavlaSi da mas ganixilavs
rogorc skolis damTavrebisaTvis aucilebel moTxovnas, magram zogi-
erTi pedagogi kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs am moTxovnis samarTliano-
basa da adekvaturobas. am sakiTxis samarTlianobis Taobaze sul mcire
sami skolis moTxovna ganixileboda sasamarTloSi, Tumca maT mxari ar
dauWires (Johnson & Notah, 1999).
servis swavlis kvlevebi sxvadasxva Sedegs gvaZlevs. zogierTi kv-
leviT dadginda, rom es maRal socialur pasuxismgeblobas, toler-
antobas, empaTias, ufrosebisadmi dadebiT atitudebs, moswavleebis
maRal TviTSefasebas gvaZlevs (Solomon, 2001). erT-erTi qalaqis samrev-

601
 cxrili 11.9
pativiscema da dacva
arCevanis, Sedegebis, SeTanxmebis es CamonaTvali gviCvenebs gazomil reaqcias Zaladobis
TiToeuli donisaTvis.

Zaladobis pirveli meore mesame meoTxe mexuTe

done* done done done done done

Zaladoba wesis darRveva Zalis araswo- Zalis borotad ganmeorebiTi paTologia

(msubuqi dar- rad gamoyeneba gamoyeneba (serio- borotmoq-medeba (daumor-
Rveva) (ganmeorebiTi zuli darRveva) (mwvave darRveva) Clebeli)
darRveva)
personalis win aRudgebian win aRudgebian win aRudgebian win aRudgebian win aRudgebian
moqmedeba qcevas; qcevas; qcevas; qcevas; qcevas;
Zaladobis Sew- Zaladobis Sew- Zaladobis Sew- Zaladobis Sew- Zaladobis Sew-
yveta; yveta; yveta; yveta; yveta;
problemasTan xelmZRvanelo- xelmZRvanelo- xelmZRvanelo- xelmZRvanelo-
gamklaveba; bisadmi mimarTva; bisadmi mimarTva; bisadmi mimarTva; bisadmi mimarTva;
intervenciis an- intervenciis intervenciis anga- intervenciis an- intervenciis an-
gariSis aRwera; angariSis aRwera; riSis aRwera; gariSis aRwera; gariSis aRwera;
Zaladobis konfliqtis konfliqtis tipis konfliqtis tipis fsiqosocialuri
aRmkveTi wesis tipis Sefasebis Sefasebis mcd- Sefasebis mcd- rekomendaciebis
mimoxilva; mcdeloba; eloba; eloba; Sesruleba;
risxvis Senel- molaparakeba mSoblebTan msj- fsiqosocialuri mSobelTa kreba;
eba, konfliqtis mSoblebTan eloba parental- Sefasebis ga- mSoblebisaT-
mogvareba, Tana- uri keTeba; vis programis
tolTa mediacia programis irgvliv. mSobelTa kreba; SemuSaveba;
an klasis kreba. mSoblebisaTvis intensiuri
programis Se- Terapiis kursis
muSaveba; Catareba moswav-
ojaxuri sabWos lisaTvis
mowveva.

moswavleTa im moqmedebis xelmZRvanelobis xelmZRvanelobis xelmZRvanelobis xelmZRvanelobis

Sedegebi ganxilva, rac informireba; informireba; informireba; informireba;
Zaladobas mo- cxovrebiseuli mSoblebis in- mSoblebis in- mSoblebis in-
hyveba; mSoblebis unar-Cvevebze formireba; formireba; formireba;
informireba; muSaoba; mcire xniT didi xniT didi xniT
anazRaureba; mSoblebis in- garicxva; garicxva; garicxva;
legaluri formireba; Zaladobrivi Zaladobrivi alternatiul
qmedeba SezRudva, sanam dajgufeba; dajgufeba; dawesebulebaSi
muSoaba dasrul- risxvis daokeba; garicxva; moTavseba;
deba; uflebebiT aR- anazRaureba; anazRaureba;
anazRaureba; Wurva; legaluri qmedeba legaluri
legaluri anazRaureba; qmedeba
qmedeba legaluri qmedeba

SeTanxmeba** sityvieri Se- martivi xelSek- garicxvis xelSek- garicxvis bottom-line

Tanxmeba ruleba ruleba I xelSekruleba II xelSekruleba

* moswavleebis am doneebze ganTavseba xdeba maT mier Zaladobrivi qcevis ganxorcielebis sixSirisa da simwvavis mixed-
viT. nebismieri Zaladobrivi qceva, romelic rasistulia, seqsizmis gamomxatvelia, moicavs fizikur Seuracxyofas, an
personalis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, dauyovnebliv Tavsdeba mesame an ufro maRal doneze. programaSi mocemulia
qcevebi, romelic Seesabameba TiToeul am dones.
** xelSekrulebebis sruli aRwerisaTvis ixileT wyaro.

wyaro: wignidan ‘Making Violence Unacceptable’ by C. Rembolt, Educational Leadership, 56 (1), gv. 36. saavtoro ufleba © 1998
American Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. ibeWdeba ASCD-s nebarTviT. yvela ufleba daculia. Asso-
ciation for Supervision and Curriculum Development maswavlebelTa msoflio erTobaa, romelic mxars uWers saR politikas
da uziarebs saukeTeso gamocdilebas, raTa yovelma moswavlem miaRwios warmatebas. damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.
www.ascd.org

602
 rekomendaciebi: servis swavlis gamoyeneba
servisi unda iyos xangrZlivi da
erTjeradi proeqti.
magaliTebi
1. imis nacvlad, rom ori kviris ganmavlobaSi
ataroT sakvebi moswavleebTan erTad, Car-
TeT isini xangrZliv proeqtSi, moamzadon
saWmeli usaxlkaro ojaxebis TavSesaf-
rebisaTvis.
2. daukavSirdiT adgilobriv saagentoebs,
raTa gaigoT realuri moTxovnilebebi,
romelTa uzrunvelyofa SeuZliaT moswav-
leebs. ewveT veb-gverdebs:
http://www.volunteermatch.org/
an http://www.usafreedomcorps.gov/
gaiTvaliswineT virtualuri moxaliseoba.
ixileT:
http://www.serviceleader.org/new/virtual/
magaliTebi
1. gadaTargmneT dokumenti sxva enaze.
2. gamoiyeneT maRali teqnologiebi, magal-
iTad, moamzadeT PowerPoint™, Hypercard™,
QuickTime™ an sxva kompiuteruli prezen-
tacia.
3. SeqmeniT saagentos gazeTi an broSura, an
gamoiyeneT saagentos arsebuli publika-
ciebi.
4. waikiTxeT sagazeTo da onlain publika-
ciebi.
5. SeiswavleT da dawereT statiebi bro-
SurebisaTvis, gazeTebisaTvis, veb-saitebi-
saTvis.
6. SeqmeniT logo saagentosaTvis an progra-
misaTvis.
darwmundiT, rom servis swavlis mizani
swavlaa.
magaliTebi
1. dasaxeT zusti da naTeli miznebi proeq­
tisaTvis.
ara 2. ganixileT klasis Sesabamisi standarte-
bi mecnierebaSi, istoriaSi, jandacvaSi,
literaturaSi da a.S. raTa naxoT, rogor
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes isini servis swav-
lebis farglebSi. magaliTad, rogor Sei-
Zleba advilad daiswavlos moswavlem bi-
ologiuri cnebebi moxucebulebisaTvis an
skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisaTvis kvebis
swavlebis proeqtis SeqmniT.
3. daavaleT moswavleebs, drodadro sa-
kuTar gamocdilebaze ifiqron, awarmoon
Jurnalebi, daweron an daxaton, ra iswav-
les da fiqri saklaso diskusiebis dros
gauziaron erTmaneTs.
darwmundiT, rom servisi emyareba moswav-
leTa niWsa da unar-Cvevebs, is namdvilad
Rirebulia maTTvis, visTvisacaa gankuTvni-
li; moswavleTa miRwevisa da sargebliano-
bis gancda gamomdinareobs maTi unar-Cveve-
bidan, daexmaron sxvebs.
magaliTebi
1. SemoqmedebiTi niWiT dajildoebuli mo-
swavleebi SeiZleba oTaxebis mowyobaSi
daexmaron moxucebulTa centrebs.
2. im moswavleebma, romlebic kargi mTxro-
belebi arian, SeiZleba bavSvTa gasarTob
centrebSi an bavSvTa klinikebSi imuSaon.
3. orenovanma moswavleebma SeiZleba dax-
mareba gauwion maswavleblebs da mSob-
liur enaze gadaTargmnon broSurebi da
gazeTebi, an Tarjimnebad imuSaon adgilo-
briv klinikebSi.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.service-learningpartnership.org/site/Pag-
eServer an http://www.fiu.edu/`time4chg/Library/big-
dummy.html

lo skolaSi servis swavlis warmatebuli gamocdileba hqondaT (Youniss

& yates, 1999). am programis gavla moeTxovebodaT umcrosklaselebs.
klasSi ganixileboda iseTi movlenebis moraluri mxare, rogoricaa
usaxlkaroba, siRatake, imigrantebis eqspluatacia, Zaladoba qalaqSi.
moswavleebs evalebodaT daaxloebiT oci saaTis gatareba qalaqis sa-

603
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
daamateT cxrili 11.10 `kul-
turuli auditis ganxor-
cieleba klasSi~ swavlebis
Tqveneul resursebSi.
sadiloSi. mkvlevrebi ambobdnen, rom am kursis gavlis Semdeg mo-
swavleebs `gacnobierebuli hqondaT socialuri usamarTloba, masTan
brZolis movaleoba da amaRlebuli TviT-rwmena~ (Yates & Youniss, 1999).
Tu gadawyvetT, gamoiyenoT servis swavla, rCevebisaTvis mimarTeT
CanarTs `rekomendaciebi~. am rCevebis umravlesoba aRebulia riCard
sagoris (Richard Sagor, 2003), eliasa da Svabisgan (Elias & Schwab, 2006).

mravalgvaroba da erTgvarovneba socialur CarCoSi

mravalgvaroba
mravalgvarobis gageba da Sefaseba centraluri sakiTxia CarTuli
swavlebis xelSesawyobad. magaliTad, kooperaciuli jgufebis Seqmni-
sas unda gesmodeT, rom jgufebSi ganawilebas rasobrivi an enobrivi
niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT arasasurveli Sedegi mohyveba _ moswavleebi
erTmaneTze ifiqreben, rom isini `raRac kategoriis~ warmomadgenlebi

cxrili 11.10

kulturuli auditis ganxorcieleba klasSi

riCard sagori girCevT, ganaxorcieloT kulturuli auditi,
rac dagexmarebaT gansazRvroT, aris Tu ara Tqveni saklaso
oTaxi is adgili, sadac gansxvavebuli kulturebis warmomad-
genel moswavleebi Tavisuflad grZnoben Tavs. SegiZliaT es
martom an sxva klasebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad ganaxor-
cieloT.

I nabiji _ CaiwereT da SeagroveT.

Cveulebriv dRes CaiwereT gakveTili da Tavi mouyareT yvela
saswavlo masalas, rac am gakveTilze gamoiyeneT.
II nabiji _ mimoixileT.
gadaxedeT Tqvens leqciebs, ganmartebebs, diskusiebs, masalas,
romelic gamoiyeneT sailustraciod.
III nabiji _ gauziareT sxvebs Tqveni aRmoCenebi.
gauziareT kolegebs Tqveni aRmoCenebi, raTa naxoT, aris Tu
ara skolaSi an klasSi multikulturuli an monokulturuli
perspeqtivebis modelebi.
IV nabiji _ moiwvieT gareSe pirebi ganxilvisaTvis da kolabo-
raciisaTvis.
Tu ara xarT kmayofili Tqveni swavlebisa da masalis inkluziuro-
biT, moiwvieT gansxvavebuli kulturebis warmomadgeneli mSoblebi an
skolis mflobelebi, raTa ganixilon Tqveni monacemebi, mogcen SeniS-
vnebi da rCevebi.

wyaro: wignidan ‘Motivating Students and teachers in an era of standards by R. Sagor, gv. 78-79.
saavtoro ufleba © 2003 American Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. ibe-
Wdeba ASCD-s nebarTviT. yvela ufleba daculia. Association for Supervision and Curriculum
Development maswavlebelTa msoflio erTobaa, romelic mxars uWers saR politikas da uzi-
arebs saukeTeso gamocdilebas, raTa yovelma moswavlem miaRwios warmatebas. damatebiTi
informaciisaTvis ix. www.ascd.org

604
cxrili 11.11

deklaracia skolasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb

cota xnis win iyo Sexvedra mkvlevrebs, pedagogebsa da ganaTlebis politikuri kursis
ganmsazRvrelebs Soris. ganixileboda is, Tu ra aris cnobili swavlaSi skolasTan kavSiris
rolis Sesaxeb. maT SeimuSaves Semdegi deklaracia.

deklaracia skolasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb

moswavleebi maSin metad aRweven warmatebas, roca grZnoben skolasTan kavSirs. dakavSirebu-
loba skolasTan aris moswavleebis rwmena, rom ufrosebi zrunaven maTze, rogorc moswavlee-
bze da rogorc pirovnebebze. Tavi skolasTan dakavSirebulad rom igrZnon:

moswavleebis mimarT gamovlenili unda iyos maRali molodini da simkacrec, oRond mx-
ardaWerasTan erTad.
unda arsebobdes pozitiuri urTierTobebi moswavleebsa da ufrosebs Soris.
moswavleebi usafrTxod unda grZnobdnen Tavs fizikuradac da emociuradac.
skolasTan dakavSirebuli moswavleebis raodenobis zrda gavlenas axdens pasuxismgeblobaze,
magaliTad:
akademiur prezentaciaze
Cxubis, gamojavrebis, vandalizmis incidentebze
gacdenebze
skolis damamTavrebel niSnebze
mecnierulad dasturdeba, rom moswavlis mzardi dakavSirebuloba skolasTan uzrunvelyofs:
motivacias
CarTulobas klasSi
gaumjobesebul daswrebas
es faqtorebi, Tavis mxriv, zrdian akademiur miRwevas. es aRmoCenebi marTebulia da Ta­
nabrad moqmedebs sxvadasxva rasis, eTnikurobis an sxvadasxva Semosavlis mqone moswavleebis
SemTxvevaSi.

dadasturebulia, rom moswavle, romelic Zlier kavSirs ganicdis skolasTan:

naklebad Caidens cud saqciels.
naklebad gamoavlens Zaladobas skolaSi.
naklebad gamoiyenebs sxvadasxva mavne nivTierebasa da Tambaqos.
naklebad eqneba problemebi emocionalur sferoSi.
naklebad mosalodnelia, rom adreul asakSi hqondes seqsi.
yvelaze efeqtiani strategiebi moswavlis skolasTan kavSiris gasazrdelad aris:
maRali standartebisa da molodinebis implementacia da akademiuri xelSewyobis gamov-
lena.
samarTliani da mtkice disciplinaruli politikis gatareba, romelic erToblivad iqneba
SeTanxmebuli.
ndobis damyareba moswavleebs, maswavleblebs, personals, administratorebsa da ojaxebs
Soris.
iseTi maswavleblebis daqiraveba da maTTvis xelSewyoba, romlebic profesionalebi iqnebian
Tavis saganSi, saswavlo teqnikebSi. daigegmeba iseTi saklaso menejmentSi, romelic gaiT-
valiswinebs TiToeuli moswavlis moTxovnilebebs.
mSoblebisa da ojaxebis waqezeba, gamoavlinon maRali molodini saskolo warmatebebis
mimarT.
iseTi garemos uzrunvelyofa, sadac TiToeul moswavles sul mcire erT ufrosTan mainc
eqneba axlo urTierToba skolaSi.
wyaro: wignidan ‘A case for school connectedness’. by R. W. Blum. Educational Leadership, 62 (7), gv. 20. saavtoro
ufleba © 2005 American Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. ibeWdeba ASCD-s nebarTviT. yvela
ufleba daculia. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development maswavlebelTa msoflio erTobaa, romelic
mxars uWers saR politikas da uziarebs saukeTeso gamocdilebas, raTa yovelma moswavlem miaRwios warmatebas. damate-
biTi informaciisaTvis ix. www.ascd.org

605
 arian. darwmundiT, rom kooperaciuli jgufis TiToeul wevrs Seu-
Zlia raRac Sehmatos jgufs. amas jgufis amocanebisaTvis, jgufis
wevrobisa da rolebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. amocanebi SeiZleba
emyarebodes jgufis wevrTa codnas. vis aqvs cxovelebis movlis an
manqanebis SekeTebis gamocdileba? vis aqvs patara bavSvebis movlis
gamocdileba? vis SeuZlia saubari or enaze? vin xatavs, mReris, kar-
gad beWdavs an vis aqvs organizatoruli niWi? es codna SeiZleba
CarTuli iqnas amocanebSi da amgvari gamocdilebis mqone moswavleebi
SeiZleba sxvadasxva jgufSi gadanawildnen.
TiToeul moswavleSi CarTulobisa da mikuTvnebulobis gasazrde-
lad, riCard sagori (Richard Sagor, 2003) gvirCevs klasSi ganvaxorcieloT
kulturuli auditi, romelic 11.10 cxrilSia naCvenebi.

erTgvarovneba
ra msgavsebebi gvxvdeba skolaSi qceviTi, emocionaluri, socialuri
an kognituri CarTulobis Sesaxeb? axalgazrdobis saskolo ganviTa-
rebisa da problemebis prevenciis programebis gamokvleva miuTiTebs
warmatebis sam mTavar faqtorze. warmatebuli programebi aqcents
akeTeben moswavleebSi socialuri da emocionaluri kompetenturo-
bis, sxva adamianebTan kavSirebis, erTobebSi Setanili wvlilis zrdas
(Greenberg, 2003). es sami faqtori Seesabameba sam mTavar ganyofilebas
am TavSi _ kooperacia saklaso jgufebSi, saklaso erTobis Seqmna da
skolis gareT arsebul erTobasTan kavSiri.
cota xnis win iyo Sexvedra mkvlevrebs, pedagogebsa da ganaTlebis
politikuri kursis ganmsazRvrelebs Soris. ganixileboda is, Tu ra
aris cnobili (konvergenciebi) saskolo kavSirebis rolis Sesaxeb swav-
laSi. am jgufma SeimuSava deklaracia skolasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb (Blum,
2005), romelic 11.11 cxrilSia warmodgenili. es deklaracia CarTul
swavlasTan dakavSirebuli erTgvarovnebis sakmaod kargi Sejamebaa.

Sejameba

luri qcevebis wnexs, magaliTad narkotikebis

socialuri procesebi swavlaSi
ra socialuri faqtorebi moqmedebs skolaSi swav-
laze? Tanatolebi, mSoblebi, maswavleblebi
gavlenas axdenen normebisa da Rirebulebebis
dadgenaze saskolo miRwevis Sesaxeb. bavSvebi
irCeven iseT megobrebs, romlebTanac saerTo
interesebi da orientaciebi akavSirebT. Tavis
mxriv, es jgufebi gavlenas axdenen bavSvebis
akademiur motivaciaze. magram amave dros did
rols TamaSoben mSoblebi da maswavleblebi. is
moswavleebi, romelTac avtoritetuli mSoble-
bi hyavT, ufro metad irCeven pozitiur same-
gobro wres da ufro metad uZleben antisocia­
miRebis cdunebas. Tu moswavles cota megobari
hyavs an saerTod umegobroa, maswavleblis mxri-
dan misi saqcielis, am moswavlisaTvis swavlis
Seqeba SeiZleba Zalian mniSvnelovani iyos.
kolaboracia da kooperacia
ra gansxvavebaa kolaboraciasa da kooperacias So-
ris? erTi midgoma isaa, rom kolaboracia aris
xedva, rogor unda iurTierTo sxvebTan _ ro-
gor iswavlo da imuSao. kolaboracia urTier-
Tobis gzaa maTTan, vinc gansxvavebulia, aqvs
Zalaufleba da emyareba codnas, romelic sxva

606
adamianebSic aris gavrcelebuli. TanamSrom-
loba ki, meores mxriv, aris sxva adamianebTan
erTad msuSaoba, raTa miaRwioT saerTo mizans.
daswavlis Teoriis ra elementebia CarTuli koope­
raciul swavlaSi? swavleba TanamSromlur jgu­
febSi SeiZleba ganmtkicdes gameorebiTa da
elaboraciiT (informaciis gadamuSavebis Te­
oria), uwonasworobis SeqmniTa da gadaWriT
(piaJes Teoria), umaRlesi fsiqikuri proces-
ebis safuZveli (scaffolding) (vigotskis Teoria).
aRwereT namdvili kooperaciuli swavlis xuTi
ganmsazRvreli elementi. moswavleebi pirispir
urTierToben da erTma­neTTan axlos arian,
maT Soris ar aris saklaso distancia. jgu-
fis wevrebSi aris pozitiuri urTierTda­
mokidebuleba _ maT sWirdebaT erTmaneTis mxar­
daWera, ganmartebebi, megzuroba. maSinac ki,
roca erTad muSaoben, jgufis wevrebma saku-
Tari swavlis demonstrireba unda moaxdinon.
isini individualurad iReben pasuxismgeblobas.
kolaboraciuli unar-Cvevebi saWiroa efeqturi
jgufuri funqcionirebisaTvis. xSirad iseTi
unar-Cvevebi, rogoricaa konstruqciuli fid-
bekis micema, konsensusis miRweva, TiToeuli
wevris CarTva saqmianobaSi, saWiroa, rom iswav-
lebodes da manamde gavarjiSdes, sanam jgufi
aiRebs amocanas. saboloo jamSi, jgufis wevre-
bi akontroleben jgufur procesebs da urT-
ierTobebs, raTa darwmundnen, rom jgufi efeq-
turad muSaobs da gaigon jgufis dinamika.
rogori unda iyos amocanebi kooperaciul swav-
laSi? metnaklebad struqturirebuli amocana
kargad muSaobs struqturirebuli teqnikis ga­
moyenebiT; gareganma jildom aseT pirobebSi
SeiZleba gazardos motivacia, Zalisxmeva, Se-
upovroba; rolebi _ gansakuTrebiT ki is role-
bi, romlebic yuradRebas amaxvilebs samuSaos
Sesrulebaze _ SeiZleba aseve produqtiuli
iyos. meores mxriv, strategiebi, romlebic xels
uwyobs farTo da produqtul interaqcias,
gamoiyeneba maSin, roca mizani maRali safex-
uris azrovnebisa da problemis gadaWris una-
ris ganviTarebaa. am dros jildos gamoye­nebam
jgufs SeiZleba gadaaxvevinos miznisken mima-
vali gzidan. rodesac mizania socialuri unar-
Cvevebis ganmtkiceba, interjgufuri Sexed-
ulebebis gageba da mravalgvarobis dafaseba
sfecifikuri rolebis miniWebam SeiZleba xeli
Seuwyos komunikacias. jildo am SemTxvevaSi ar
aris saWiro, man SeiZleba xelic ki SeuSalos
mizans, ramdenadac mizani erTobis Sekvra, pati-
viscemis damyareba da pasuxismgeblobis grZno-
bis gaCenaa jgufis wevrebze.
ra strategiebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT kooperaciuli
swavlisas? es strategiebia urTierTgamokiTxva,
TanamSromloba, jigsou da mravali sxva strate-
gia, romlebic aRwerili aqvs spenser kagans.
saklaso erToba
raSi mdgomareobs jonsonisa da jonsonis sami
Teoria, romelsac didi mniSvneloba aqvs sak-
laso erTobis Camosayalibeblad? es sami Teo-
ria aris kooperaciuli erToba, konfliqtis
konstruqciuli mogvareba, da moqalaqeobrivi
Rirebulebebi. saklaso menejmenti iwyeba er-
Tobis SeqmniT, romelic damyarebuli iqneba
kooperaciul swavlaze. erTobaSi devs pozi-
tiuri urTierTdamokidebulebis idea. moswav-
leebi muSaoben erTad, raTa miaRwion saerTo
mizans. konfliqtis konstruqciuli mogvareba
arsebiTi sakiTxia klasSi, radgan konfliqti
gardauvali da saWiroc kia swavlebisas. ma-
gram maswavleblebi xSirad sworad ar afseben
Tanatolebs Soris konfliqtebisa da daCagvris
SemTxvevebis raodenobas. TanatolTa mediacia
erT-erTi kargi saSualebaa moswavleebs Soris
Setakebebis mosagvareblad. TanatolTa media-
ciis safexurebia: (1) konfliqtis erToblivad
gansazRvra. (2) poziciebisa da interesebis
gacvla. (3) perspeqtivebis Setrialeba. (4) sul
mcire sami SesaZlo iseTi SeTanxmebis gamoyofa,
romelic orive mxares moutans sargebels. (5)
integraciuli SeTanxmebis miRweva. bolo meTo-
dia moqalaqeobrivi Rirebulebebi_ rwmenebisa
da Sexedulebebis erToblioba, romelic aer-
Tianebs sazogadoebas. Rirebulebebi daiswav-
leba pirdapiri swavlebis, modelirebis, lit-
eraturis kiTxvis gziT, jgufur diskusiebSi
CarTviT, mosazrebebis gaziarebiT.
rogor iwyeben maswavleblebi mzrunveli erTobis
Seqmnas? erTobis Seqmnis dasawyebad, maswavle-
belma unda naTelyos, Tu ras elis rogorc aka-
demiuri samuSaosgan, ise moswavleTa qcevisgan.
sak­laso procedurebi moswavlis moTxovnile-
bebisa da uflebebis pativiscemiT unda iyos
gansazRvruli. moswavleebma ician, rom maswav-
leblebi maTze zrunaven, roca xedaven, rom mas-
607
wavleblebi cdiloben gakveTilebi saintereso
gaxadon, arian samarTlianebi da patiosnebi,
zrunaven imaze, rom TiToeulma moswavlem gai-
gos masala, ician xerxebi, rogor daexmaron mo-
swavleebs, roca maT raRac problemebi aqvT.
Zaladoba skolaSi
ra SeiZleba gakeTdes skolaSi Zaladobis aR-
mosafxvrelad? Zaladoba sagrZnoblad mcirde-
ba skolebSi, magram iseTi incidentebi, rogori-
caa iaraRis Seatana skolaSi, did yuradRebas
saWiroebs. 12-24 wlamde asakis axalgazrdebi
yvelaze xSirad xdebian Zaladobis msxverpli.
ZaladobasTan gamklaveba TanamgrZnobi, pativis-
cemaze damyarebuli klasebis SeqmniT SeiZle-
ba. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kulturuli
sxvaobebis pativiscema da maT mimarT maRali
molodinebis gamomJRavneba. iseTma programeb-
ma, rogoricaa `pativiscema da dacva~ SeiZleba
didi daxmareba gauwion maswavleblebs Zalado-
basTan brZolaSi...
erTobebi klass miRma: servis swavleba
ra aris servis swavleba? servis swavlebis saqmi-
anobebi aris organizebuli da akmayofilebs
erTobis aqtualur moTxovnilebebs. es saqmi-
anobebi integrirebulia moswavleTa kuriku-
lumSi da gamoyofilia dro saimisod, rom mo-
swavlem gaiazros aqedan miRebuli gamocdileba
da gamoiyenos axlad SeZenili unar-Cvevebi da
codna. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom Sesruldes
servis swavlebis orive aspeqti: Rirebuli ser-
visis Sesruleba da moswavleTa swavlebis uz-
runvelyofa.

Mylabschool es aris eleqtronul instrumentTa nakrebi, romelic dagexmarebaT am kursis

warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul
karieraSi. ix.: www.mylabschool.com

eleqtronuli gzamkvlevi proforientaciis centri resursebiT:

video qeisebi realuri klasebidan
naSromebis Sesrulebisas daixmareT kv-
leviTi navigatori
- Ppraqtikisa da licenzirebisaTvis
mzadeba
- profesiuli portfolios gan­viTareba
- samsaxuris Zieba da gasaub­rebis teqnika
- gakveTilis dagegmva

maswavleblis
Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM-Tan

maswavlebelTa axal Taobas ufro didi gavlenis
moxdena SeuZlia profesiaze, vidre wina Taobebs.
saxalxo sibrZne, institucionaluri mexsiereba, swav­
lebis istoria dagexmarebaT imuSaoT moswavleebT-
an, romelTac skolaSi momxdari incidentebis, ter-
oristebis mier dabombvis, sna­iperTa Semotevebis
ga­mocdileba aqvT. maswavleblebis uf­ro adreuli
Taoba moswavleebs Soridan momavali safrTxis asa-
rideblad wvrTnida. Semdegma Taobam qveynis Signi-
dan momavali safrTxe unda aaridos maT.
es movlenebi gavlenas axdens moswavleTa emo­
ciebze, imaze, Tu rogor urTierToben isini Tqven-
Tan da erTmaneTTan. es yvelaferi gavlenas axdens
aseve pedagogebis mier saklaso da saskolo mene-
jmentis ganxorcielebaze, kurikulumis Sedgenaze.
Tqven da Tqvens kolegebs didi roli gekisrebaT
im reaqciebis CamoyalibebaSi, rasac skolebi da
erTobebi Tanamedrove cxovrebis realobis pa-
suxad gamoavlenen.

608
rogor moiqceodnen?
warmogidgenT ramdenime maswavleblis pasuxs kiTxvaze, rogor daexmarebodnen moswavles problemuri situ-
aciis gadalaxvaSi.
uiliam rodni aleni. me-11-12 klasebis mas­
wavlebeli. luizianas maTematikis, mecnierebisa
da xelovnebis skola, naCitoCesi, luiziana.
11 seqtembers diliT, roca teroristuli aqti da­
iwyo, gakveTili mqonda. gadavwyvite, mos­wavleebi Cvens
auditoriaSi wameyvana, sadac farTo ekranze vadevneb-
diT Tvals, rogor ingreoda msoflio savaWro centris
Senobebi. momdevno dReebSi Cven vsaubrobdiT rogorc
TavisTavad terorizmze, aseve Cvens reaqciebze. zogma
moswavlem Zalian ganicada nanaxi, zogierTma ki es
advilad gadalaxa. aRmovaCine, rom Cemi msjelobe-
bi amerikis istoriis targikuli movlenebis Sesaxeb,
ufro did gavlenas axdenda moswavleebze, romelTac
axlaxans udidesi erovnuli tragedia gamoiares.
yovelTvis movuwodeb Cems moswavleebs, ga­mo­xa­
ton TavianTi Sexedulebebi movlenis Se­saxeb. amav-
droeulad, skolaSi gvyavs sami mrCe­veli, romlebic
exmarebian moswavleebs emo­cionaluri problemebis
daZlevaSi. rogorc ori qaliSvilis mamam, me vici,
rom mozardebi xSirad ise gvaCveneben Tavs, TiTqos
araferi aRelvebdeT, ma­Sinac ki, roca sinamdvileSi
ase ar aris. mozardebs Zalian exmareba is garemo, sa-
dac aqvT saSualeba, urTierToba hqondeT TanamgrZnob
uf­rosTan, romelic mousmens maT da gaiziarebs maT
problemebs.
suzi iangi. me-5 klasis maswavlebeli.
iorkis saSualo skola, iorki, meini.
Tu moxdeba iseTi tragedia, sadac mZevlad ai-
yvanen maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs, darwmunebuli
var, rom Cveni skolis mmarTveli gaakeTebs gancxade-
bas da yvelas gaagebinebs, ra moxda. me davucdi mis
miTiTebebs da amis Sesabamisad vimoqmedeb.
skolis pirveli reaqciis Semdeg, Sevecdebi mo­
vipovo faqtebi incidentis Sesaxeb. Semdeg, Tu moswav-
leebi damisvamen kiTxvebs an endomebaT am sakiTxze
msjeloba, davazusteb, rom maT zustad gaiges rac
moxda. vetyvi maT yvelafers, rac vici da mivuTi­
Teb, ra aris mosazreba, gavacalkeveb erTmaneTisa-
gan faqtebs da mosazrebebs. vetyvi maT Cems azrs,
Tu es daainteresebT. mexuTeklaselebs surT, icod-
nen simarTle da gaagrZelon cxovreba Cveul ritmSi.
vgrZnob, rom rodesac vuziareb maT Cems SiSebs, es
siamovnebT, radgan SeiZleba TviTonac imaves grZnob­
dnen, an SeiZleba mSoblebisgan mousmeniaT ra­ime ms-
gavsi. maT ise aRar eSiniaT, roca xedaven, rom sxva-
sac SeiZleba igive grZnobebi hqondes.
moswavleebs ar siamovnebT erTi situaciis irgv­
liv triali, rac unda tragikuli an saintereso iyos
igi. maT normaluri mdgomareoba moswonT. SemimCn-
evia, rom rodesac vesaubrebi raime sakiTxze, Cven
vsaubrobT manam, sadamdec maT es sWirdebaT, Sem-
deg Cveul gakveTils vubrundebit da swavlas ritm­Si
vagrZelebT.
qeiT boili. me-9-12 klasebis inglisuris mas­wav­
lebeli. duneleni, niu-jersi.
aseTi situacia iwvevs mizezebze msjelobas, ra-
mac daZabuli atmosfero SeiZleba Seqmnas. me vcdi,
CavaxSo gavrcelebuli xmebi da SeZlebisdagvarad
swrafad moviZio faqtebi. movlenis Semdgom komuni-
kacia kulminacias aRwevs. saukeTeso gza, gaigo ra
emociuri da fsiqologiuri gavlena moaxdina movle-
nam moswavleze, aris msje­loba. aseve unda mivceT
moswavleebs saSualeba, gamoTqvan TavianTi mosazreba
_ werilobiTi an sxva raime saxiT. yvelas sWirdeba ga-
mosavali, moswavleebs unda mivaniWoT Tavisufleba,
gamoTqvan Tavisi azri.
karen boiarski. me-5 klasis maswavlebeli.
uolter blekis dawyebiTi skola, haistouni,
niu-jersi.
erTi gza, rom SevumsubuqoT moswavleebs mRel­
vareba, aris is, rom ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan, ras
ver vakontrolebT da ras vakontrolebT. Camovaweri-
noT moswavleebs yvelaferi, rac maT aRelvebT. am dros
maT SeiZleba daweron, rom Zalian ganicdian, roca sa-
kuTar oTaxs kargad ver alageben, karg niSnebs ver iRe-
ben an teroristebis Semotevas grZnoben. ganvixiloT
gansxvaveba am movlenebs Soris. saSianao davalebis ga-
keTeba is situaciaa, romelsac moswavle marTavs, magram
terori­zmis SemTxvevaSi es ase araa. maT unda Sevumsub-
uqoT mRelvareba yuradRebis imaze gadataniT, rac maT
xelewifebaT, rac maT kontrols eqvemdebareba.
kimberli brijersi. sabavSvo baRis maswavlebe­
li. dodsonis baRi, Hermitage, tenesi.
saSineli tragediebi mexsierebaSi samudamod
rCeba. albaT, gaxsovT ras akeTebdiT da sad iya-
viT 11 seqtembers. im bavSvebsac, romelTac aswav-
liT, yovelTvis emaxsovrebaT aseTi dReebi; magram
imis damaxsovreba ki, ras grZnobdnen im dros, imazea
damokidebuli, Tqven rogor gaumklavdebiT am situa-
cias. rodesac xdeba raime tragedia, an mTavari sain-
formacio gamoSvebebi midis, televizors dabal xmaze
vrTav, Tumca Cve­ulebriv vagrZeleb saqmianobas. am
gziT bavSvebi grZnoben, rom isinic istoriis nawilni
arian, magram amave dros Cveulebriv agrZeleben Ta-
vianT normalur dRis reJims. Semdegi dReebisa da
kvirebis ganmavlobaSi mihyeviT maT replikebs. mieciT
saSualeba, ganixilon maTTvis saintereso movlena.
SeZlebisdagvarad amomwuravad upasu­xeT maT kiTxvebs
da mieciT Tavisufleba, Riad ims­jelon da gamoTqvan
fiqrebi da grZnobebi.
609
 12
Tavi

saswavlo garemos
maswavleblis Canawerebi:
rogor moiqceodiT?
organizebis saWiroeba
mTavari amocana:

Seqmna moswavleTa Soris

TanamSromlobis damyareba
saklaso menejmentis miznebi
pozitiuri saswavlo garemos Seqmna
zogierTi kvlevis Sedegebi
saWiro wesebi da procedurebi
saswavlo sivrcis mowyoba
kompiuteriT sargeblobis dagegmva
dawyeba: klasTan muSaobis pirveli
kvirebi
kargi saswavlo garemos SenarCuneba
CarTulobis xelSewyoba
prevencia saukeTeso mkurnalia
disciplinur problemebTan
gamklaveba
gansakuTrebuli problemebi
saSualo klasebis moswavleebTan
TiToeul moswavlemde miRweva :
pozitiuri qcevis xelSewyoba
komunikaciis saWiroeba
gagzavnili Setyobineba -
miRebuli Setyobineba
diagnozi: visi problemaa es?
rCevebis micema: moswavlis
problema
konfrontacia da asertuli
disciplina
mravalgvaroba da konvergencia
saswavlo garemoSi
mravalgvaroba: kulturis
gaTvaliswinebiT Sesatyvisi
menejmenti
konvergencia: menejmentis
midgomis kvleva
Sejameba
maswavleblis Canawerebi:
kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM- Tan /
rogor moiqceodnen?

610
 rogor moiqceodiT?
ori biWi aterorebs
maswavleblis Tqvens erT-erT moswav-
Canawerebi les. isini ufro didebi,
Ronivrebi da asakiTac
ufrosebi arian, vidre Tqveni moswavle, romelic
Tavis asakTan SedarebiT patara tanisaa da mor-
cxvia. samwuxarod es abezrebi Zalian popularu-
li biWebi arian skolaSi, nawilobriv imitomac,
rom warmatebuli sportsmenebi arian. maTi mi­
zeziT mudmivad xdeba incidentebi avtobusSi
gakveTilebis dawyebamde Tu maTi damTavrebis
Semdeg, savarjiSo darbazSi, skolis holSi, lanC-
ze. aris mudmivi daSineba, lanCis fulis warTmeva,
fexis dadeba, xelis kvra, sityvieri Seuracxyofa
_ `Sniro!~ maTi sayvareli mimarTvaa. es biWebi
Tqveni moswavleebi ar arian. Tqvenma moswavlem ki
skolis gacdenas mouxSira. klasSi yofnis drosac
misi muSaobis xarisxi sagrZnoblad daeca.
a m TavSi mimoxilulia gzebi, romlebiTac mas­
wavleblebi saklaso menejmentis saSualebiT
swavlisaTvis socialur da fizikur garemos
qmnian. esaa erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sa­kiTxi
maswavleblebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki dam-
wyebi maswavleblebisaTvis. kargi menejmen­ti
warmatebis mniSvnelovani sawindaria. Tu ra­
toma, ase, amas mocemul TavSi gavarkvevT. war­
matebuli menejerebi ufro did dros uTmoben
swavlebas, met moswavles rTaven saqmianobaSi,
maTi daxmarebiT ufro meti moswavlexdeba TviT­
menejeri~.
pozitiuri saswavlo garemo unda Camoyal-
ibdes da SenarCundes kidec mTeli wlis ganmav-
lobaSi. saukeTeso gza amis gansaxorcieleblad,
aris is, rom problemebi manamde aviridoT
Tavidan, sanam isini gaCndebian. magram, roca
problema Cndeba, unda gamovavlinoT marTebu-
li da adekvaturi reaqcia. ras gaakeTebT, Tu
moswavleebi Riad dagipirispirdebian klasSi an
romelime moswavle rCevas gTxovT raime rTu-
li pirovnuli problemis mosagvareblad? an
romelime moswavle saerTod amovardeba klasis
saqmianobidan? am TavSi ganvixilavT, ra gziT
kritikuli azrovneba
rogor gaarTmevT Tavs am situacias?
vin unda CarioT saqmeSi?
ras moimoqmedebT verbalur homofobiur
gamoxtomebTan dakavSirebiT?
ras moimoqmedebdiT, es ori biWi Tqveni
moswavle rom yofiliyo?
ras moimoqmedebdiT, es cinikosebi da maTi
msxverpli gogonebi rom yofiliyvnen?
kolaboracia
Tqveni jgufis or-sam wevrTan erTad moaxdi-
neT am biWebTan, maT maswavleblebTan, mSoblebT-
an an direqtorTan saubris inscenireba _ anu
imaTTan, visTan saubarsac gadawyvetT. rogoria
am situaciasTan gamklavebis Tqveneuli gegma?
unda ganaxorcielon maswavleblebma Tavis mo-
swavleebTan efeqturi komunikacia am da mra-
val sxva situaciaSi.
am Tavis gacnobis Semdeg Tqven, SeZlebT upa­
suxoT Semdeg kiTxvebs:
ra gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebia klasSi mene-
jmentTan dakavSirebiT da ra moTxovnile-
bebi aqvT sxvadasxva asakis moswavleebs?
rogor daadgenT klasisaTvis wesebsa da pro­
cedurebs?
rogor moawyobT fizikur garemos SeqmniT
klasSi, rom is Seesabamebodes Tqvens sas-
wavlo miznebsa da meTodebs?
rogor ganalagebT kompiuterebs Tqvens sak-
laso oTaxSi, rom maTi ganlageba Seesabame-
bodes Tqvens saswavlo miznebsa da meTodebs?
Ras gvirCevs kunini menejmentTan dakavSire-
buli problemebis aRmosafxvrelad?
ra reaqcia unda gqondeT im moswavlis ma­marT,
romelic iSviaTad asrulebs davalebas?
konfliqtis gadasaWrelad maswavlebelsa da
moswavles Soris, romeli ori gansxvavebuli
midgoma arsebobs?
611

daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
zogierTi pedagogi maswavleb-
els, ise moixseniebs rogorc
menejers. Isini kritikulni
arian maswavleblis am imijis
mimarT da Tvlian, rom igi
manipulaciisa da gancalkev-
ebulobis momaswavebelia. aris
Tu ara menejeris maTeuli
metafora adekvaturi? sxva
ra metaforebi SegiZliaT
miusadagoT maswavlebels,
romelic wesrigisa da disci-
plinis SenarCunebas cdilobs?
Cemi kvleva am sferoSi saSu-
alebas maZlevs vivaraudo, rom
jgufis liderebis (instruq-
torebi, megzurebi da a.S.),
problemaTa gadaWriT dakave-
buli adamianebis(fizikosebi,
Wadrakis moTamaSeebi), aRmz-
rdelebis (deda, mama, baRis
maswavleblebi) da a.S. imiji
damwyebi maswavleblebis imijis
msgavsia.
daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
da ganavrceT
motivacia da saklaso menej-
menti erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli. Mme-10 TavSi
aRwerili mamotivirebeli
strategiebis gamoyeneba, kargi
nabijia efeqturi saklaso
menejmentis dasawyebad.
612
organizebis saWiroeba
im kvlevis Semdeg, romelic miznad isaxavda moswavleTa miRwevebTan
dakavSirebuli faqtorebis Seswavlas, saklaso menejmenti gamoiyofa
rogorc cvladi, romelsac didi gavlena aqvs (Marzano & Marzano, 2003).
saklaso menejmentis codna da misi saTanadod gamoyeneba maswavleb-
lis saqmianobis dauflebis mniSvnelovani faqtorebia. menejmentTan
dakavsirebuli problemebisagan gamowveuli stresi da gadaRliloba
gamofitvis winapirobaa swavlaSi (Emmer & Stough, 2001). ra xdis menej-
ments esoden sabedisweros?
klasi garemos gansakuTrebuli tipia. mas gansxvavebuli Tavise-
burebebi aqvs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen klasis wevrebze imisda
miuxedavad, rogoraa mganlagebuli moswavleebi Tu merxebi, an ra mo­
lodinebi aqvs maswavlebels ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT (Doyle, 1986;
2006). klasebi mravalganzomilebiania. gadatvirTulia adamianebiT, amo-
canebiT, drois wnexiT. Gansxvavebuli miznebis, saSualebebis, unarebis
mqone mravalma adamianma, unda gaiziaros erTi da igive resursebi,
Seasrulos sxvadasxva amocana, sruliad gamoiyenos masala, Sevides da
gavides oTaxSi da a.S. amas garda aqtivobebs sxvadasxva gavlena aqvs.
dabali unarebis mqone moswavleebze koncentrirebam, SeiZleba gazar-
dos maTi monawileoba da CarTuloba, magram amavdroulad SeiZleba
gamoiwvios diskusiis seneleba da migviyvanos menejmentTan dakavSire-
bul problemebamde, Tuki es bavSvebi ver axerxeben kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacemas. movlenebi xdeba erTdroulad _ yvelaferi erTbaSad da tem-
pic Zalian maRalia. yoveldRiurad maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs
Soris uzarmazari informaciis gacvla xdeba.
siswrafisa da intensivobis gamo, movlenebi araprognozirebadia.
maSinac ki, roca yvelaferi dagegmili da gawerilia, proeqtori adg-
ilzea, yvelaferi mzadaa, gakveTili proeqtoris naTuris gadawvam an
klasis gareT atexilma xmaurma SeiZleba CaSalos. ramdenadac sak-
laso oTaxi sazogadoebrivi adgilia, is, Tu rogor umklavdeba mas-
wavlebeli amgvar moulodnelobebs, sayovelTao gansjis sagani xdeba.
moswavleebi yovelTvis amCneven, roca maswavlebels `eSinia~. Aqvs Tu
ara tendenciurobas da `favoritizms~? ra xdeba, roca wesi irRveva?
dabolos, yvela klass aqvs istoria. konkretuli maswavleblis an mo-
swavlis qmedeba nawilobriv imazecaa damokidebuli adre ra xdeboda
moswavlis meTxuTmeted dagvianebas gakveTilze maswavleblisgan sul
sxva reaqcia mohyveba, vidre mis pirvel dagvianebas. da kidev, sas-
wavlo wlis pirveli kvirebi gavlenas axdens mTel welze.
mTavari amocana: moswavleTa Soris
TanamSromlobis damyareba
arc erTi aqtivoba ar iqneba warmatebuli misi wevrebis TanamS-
romlobis gareSe. maSinac ki, roca zogierTi wevri ar iRebs monaw-
ileobas, maT unda miscen danarCenebs muSaobis saSualeba. (yvelas
gvinaxavs iseTi moswavleebi, mTel klass rom aferxeben.) ase rom,
maswavleblebisaTvis menejmentis mTavari amocana klasSi wesrigisa da
harmoniis damyarebaa _ saklaso aqtivobisas moswavleTa TanamSromlo-
bis SenarCunebis gziT (Doyle, 2006). klasis mravalganzomilebianobis,
 sanam stereotipuli klasebi
isea mowyobili, rom moswav-
leebi wynarad sxedan rigSi
da xelebi merxebze uwyviaT,
realoba is aris, rom mas-
wavleblebs erTdroulad
gansxvavebul aqtivobaTa
ganxorcieleba uwevT.

spontanurobis, swrafi tempis, araprognozirebadobis, sajaroobisa da

istoriebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es sakmaod rTuli amocanaa.
moswavleTa Soris TanamSromlobis damyareba gacilebiT meti ram
aris, vidre cud qcevasTan efeqturi gamklaveba. es gulisxmobs aq-
tivobebis dagegmvas, masalis momzadebas, moswavlis mimarT adekva-
turi qceviTi da akademiuri moTxovnebis wayenebas. zusti signalis
gacemas, cvlilebebis umtkivneulod gatarebas, problemebis winaswar
gansazRvras da maT aridebas, aqtivobebis SerCevas da maTi iseTi Tan-
mimdevrobiT ganxorcielebas, rom ar ganeldes intersi da a.S. aseve,
sxvadasxva aqtivoba gansxvavebul menejerul unar-Cvevebs moiTxovs.
magaliTad, axali da rTuli aqtivoba ufro saSiSi iqneba klasisaTvis,
vidre kargad nacnobi da martivi. aqtivobidan aqtivobamde moswavleTa
adekvaturi monawileobac icvleba. magaliTad, xmamaRali komentarebi
hip-hopis stiliT kiTxvisas `mwvane kvercxebisa da lor, SaSxis~ SemTx-
vevaSi, moswavlis CarTulobasa da TanamSromlobaze miuTiTebs da ara
xelis SeSlaze misi mxridan xelis SeSlaze (Doyle, 2006).
ra Tqma unda, sabavSvo baRis moswavleebSi TanamSromlobis da-
myareba sul sxva amocana, vidre maRali klasis moswavleebis Sem-
TxvevaSi. jere brofim da karolin evertsonma (1978) gamoyves sak-
laso menejmentis oTxi safexuri, romlebic ganisazRvra asakobrivi
moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. sabavSvo baRSi da dawyebiTi skolis
pirvel klasebSi mniSvnelovania wesebisa da procedurebis pirdapiri
swavleba. Semdeg klasebSi, saklaso rutina TiTqos avtomaturad xor-
cieldeba, magram axali procedurebi SeiZleba pirdapir iswavlebodes,
xolo mTliani sistema moiTxovs monitorings da ganmtkicebas.
dawyebiTi skolis damTavrebisas zogierTi moswavle xelmZRvan-
elobis mimarT uaryofiT ganwyobas amJRavnebs da ma|T eWvis TvaliT
uyurebs. am etapze menejmenti produqtiulad unda gaumklavdes am
xelis SemSlel faqtorebs da gazardos im moswavleTa motivacia, rom-
lebic naklebad emorCilebian maswavlebelTa mosazrebebs da ufro
metad sakuTar socialur cxovrebaze xdebian koncentrirebuli. sa-
Sualo skolis damamTavrebel kalsebSi, mTavari sakiTxi kurikulumis
Sedgena, akademiuri masalis moswavlis interesebsa da unarebze morge-
ba da TviT menejerebad gaxdomaSi maTi daxmareba. pirveli gakveTilebi
TiToeul semestrSi unda daeTmos konkretuli procedurebis swavle-
bas masalisa da inventaris asaTviseblad, davalebebis Sesasruleblad.
Tumca moswavleTa umravlesobam icis, ras elian maTgan.

613
daukavSireT swavlebas
/portfolios da ganavrceT
ifiqreT swavlebis Tqveneul
xedvaze, amas xSirad gkiTxaven
samuSao interviuze. rogoria
saklaso menejmentis Tqve-
neuli xedva? ra wesebs Semo­
iRebT da rogor danergavT
maT yoveldRiurobaSi?
saklaso menejmenti _
jansaRi, qceviTi problemebis-
gan SedarebiT Tavisufali, sas-
wavlo garemos Seqmnis mizniT
gamoyenebuli teqnikebi.
dawesebuli dro _ swavlisT-
vis dadgenili dro.
614
saklaso menejmentis miznebi
SeCerdi dafiqrdi dawere samsaxuris miReba gsurT erT did sko­
laSi da gasaubrebaze xarT. es skola Tavisi inovaciebiT aris cno-
bili. direqtoris TanaSemwe erTxans giyurebT da mere gekiTxebaT: `ra
aris saklaso menejmenti?~ _ ras upasuxebdiT?
saklaso menejmentis mizani pozitiuri, produqtiuli saswavlo gare-
mos SenarCunebaa. Tumca calke aRebuli wesrigi TavisTavad ar Se­iZleba
iyos mizani. rogorc me-6 TavSi, araeTikuria saklaso menej­mentis te-
qnikebis gamoyeneba mxolod im mizniT, rom moswavleebi mor­Cilad da Cu-
mad isxdnen. ratomaa saWiro aseTi muxlCauxreli Sroma saklaso menej-
mentis gansaxorcieleblad? Amis pasuxad arsebobs sul mcire sami mizezi.
meti dro swavlas. me erTxel wammzomiT ganvsazRvre dro, romelic
satelevizio qvizSous (TamaSi, satelevizio-Sou, romelSic kiTxvebs
gisvamen da amiT Sens codnas amowmeben) komerciul miznebs eTmoboda.
gavogndi, roca aRmovaCine, rom programisTvis gankuTvnili drois nax-
evari swored amaze ixarjeboda. Tu igive midgomas gamoiyenebT klasSi
anu, gansazRvravT TiToeuli aqtivobisTvis daTmobil dros dRis man-
Zilze, gagikvirdebaT, roca aRmoaCenT, aqtualur swavlebas ra cota
dro eTmoba. yoveldRiurad uamravi dro ikargeba Sewyvetinebis, xelis
SemSleli faqtorebis, dagvianebuli dasawyisis, uxeSi cvlilebebis
gamo (Karweit, 1989; Karweit & Slavin, 1981).
realurad, moswavleebi swavloben maSin, roca meti gza ar aqvT.
Swavlisa da masze daxarjuli drois Semswavlelma TiTqmis yvela kv-
levam, aRmoaCina mniSvnelovani kavSiri daxarjul drosa da moswavlis
swavlas Soris (Berliner, 1988). faqtobrivad, korelacia naswavl Sinaars-
sa da moswavlis swavlas Soris ufro maRalia, vidre korelacia mas-
wavleblis specifikur qcevasa da moswavlis swavlas Soris (Rosenshine,
1979). Amdenad, saklaso menejmentis erTi mniSvnelovani mizania gazar-
dos realurad swavlisaTvis daTmobili dro. amas zogjer dawesebul
dros uwodeben.
ubralod swavlisaTvis meti drois gamoyofa avtomaturad ar migvi-
yvans warmatebamde. imisaTvis, rom Rirebuli iyos, dro efeqturad
unda iqnas gamoyenebuli. rogorc es kognitur swavlisaTvis daTmobil
TavebSi vnaxeT, moswavleebis mier informaciis gadasamuSaveblad ar-
Ceuli gza, centraluri faqtoria im sakiTxis gansazRvraSi ras swav-
loben da imaxsovreben isini. rogorc wesi, moswavleebi swavloben imas,
raSic varjiSoben da ris Sesaxebac fiqroben (Doyle, 1983). specifikur
saswavlo amocanebze daxarjul dros xSirad uwodeben CarTulobis an
amocanisaTvis gankuTvnil dros.
Tumca, CarTulobis dro mainc ar iZleva swavlis garantias. mo-
swavleebi SeiZleba Zalian wvalobdnen rTuli masalis asaTviseblad
an araswor saswavlo strategiebs iyenebdnen. rodesac moswavleebi
didi warmatebiT muSaoben, namdvilad swavloben da esmiT sakiTxi, Cven
daxarjul dros akademiur saswavlo dros vuwodebT. saklaso menej-
mentis meore mizania akademiuri saswavlo drois gazrda moswavleebis
aqtiurad CarTviT Rirebul da adekvatur aqtivobebSi 12.1. svetovani
diagrama. gviCvenebs moswavlis mier skolaSi gatarebuli 1000 saaTidan
rogor ikavebs akademiuri saswavlo dro mxolod 333 saaTs.
moswavleebis swavlaSi CarTuloba dawyebiTi klasebidanve did efeqts
iZleva. ramdenime kvleviT dadasturda Semdegi: pirvel kalsSi maswav-
leblis zrunva imaze, rom moswavle samuSaoze iyos koncentrirebuli,
gaizardos misi Seupovroba, me-4 klasamde da ufro zeviTa klasebSic
maRali miRwevebis sawindaria (Fredericks, Blumenfeld & Paris, 2004).

sqema 12.1

vin icis raSi ixarjeba dro?

swavlisaTvis gamoyofili 1000 saaTidan Statebis umravlesobaSi akademiur
saswavlo dros mxolod 300-400 saaTi eTmoba.
d r o

mTliani dro daswrebis dro Aaqtiuri aka- CarTulobis akademiuri

(kanoniT (mTlian dros demiuri dro dro (aqtiur saswavlo dro
dadgenili minus gacde- (daswrebis akademiur (mniSvnelovan,
saaTebi) nili dReebi) dros minus dros minus adekvatur
dasvenebe- is dro, roca amocanaSi Car-
bi, lanCi, moswavleebi Tulobis dro)
gadaadgileba amocanaze ar
da a.S.) arian koncen-
trirebuli)

wyaro: Elementary Classroom Management (3rd ed.), by C. S. Weinstein and A. J. Mignano, Jr., 2003, New York: McGraw-
Hill. Copyright  2003 by The McGrew-Hill Companies. adaptirebulia nebarTviT.

swavlaSi CarTuloba. TiToeul saklaso aqtivobas monawileobis Tavi- amocanisaTvis gankuTvnili

si wesi aqvs. zogjer es wesebi mkafiod aris gansazRvruli maswavleb- dro _ saswavlo amocanis Ses-
lis mier, magram xSirad isini implicituri da ganusazRvrelia. maswav- rulebaze daxarjuli dro.

leblebi da moswavleebi SeiZleba verc acnobierebdnen, rom sxvadasxva

aqtivobisas sxvadasxva wess miyvebian (Berliner, 1983). magaliTad, kiTx-
visas moswavles evaleba xeli aiwios da ise gaakeTos komentari, sxva
dros ki man SeiZleba ubralod TvaliT aniSnos maswavlebels.
akademiuri saswavlo dro
rogorc me-5 TavSi vnaxeT, wesebs, romlebic adgenen, vin unda ilapara-
_ dro, romlis ganmavloba-
kos, ris Sesaxeb da rodis, visTan da ramden xans, xSirad monawileobis Sic moswavle realurad aris
struqturas uwodeben. imisaTvis, rom maTi monawileoba warmatebuli CarTuli saswavlo amocanebis
iyos garkveul saqmianobaSi, moswavleebi unda Caswvdnen monawileobis gadawyvetaSi.

615
daukavSireT swavlebas /
portfolios da ganavrceT
unda imsaxurebdes Tu ara
kulturaluri gansxvaveba,
verbaluri TuU araverbal-
uri, moswavleebis mxridan
saTanado pativiscemasa da
yuradRebas? rogor SeiZleba
kulturalurma gansxvave-
bam interaqciis stilsa da
molodinebSi gaarTulos
saklaso menejmenti?
daukavSireT swavlebas /
portfolios da ganavrceT
arsebobs mravali kompiut-
eruli programa, romelic
exmareba maswavleblebs
marTon sakuTari aqtivo-
bebi klasis SigniTac da mis
gareTac.
monawileobis struqtura _
mocemul aqtivobaSi monaw-
ileobis miRebis formaluri
da araformaluri wesebi.
TviTmenejmenti _ sakuTari
qcevis marTva da am qcevaze
pasuxismgeblobis aReba.
616
struqturas. zogierT moswavles monawileobis naklebi unari gaaCnia.
mo­nawileobis struqtura, rasac isini saxlSi swavloben mSoblebTan, da-
ZmasTan da sxvebTan urTierTobisas, SesabamisobaSi ar modis saskolo
saqmianobaSi monawileobis struqturasTan (Tharp, 1989). magram maswav-
leblebi am gansxvavebas yovelTvis ver acnobiereben. maT hgoniaT, rom
bavSvi ver ergeba skolas, ar icis rodis ra Tqvas, uxalisod monawil-
eobs saklaso aqtivobebSi da ver xvdebian ratom xdeba ase.
ra SegviZlia aqedan davaskvnaT? imisaTvis, rom SevasruloT sak-
laso menejmentis meore mizani _ CavrToT moswavleebi swavlaSi, unda
davrwmundeT, rom TiToeulma moswavlem icis, rogor miiRos monaw-
ileoba saklaso aqtivobaSi. sakvanZo sakiTxia gacnobiereba. ra aris
Tqveni wesebi da molodinebi? gasagebia Tu ara isini Tqveni moswavlee-
bisaTvis, Seesabameba Tu ara maT kulturul da ojaxur gamocdile-
bas? ra dauwereli rolebi da Rirebulebebi SeiZleba moqmedebdes?
mkafiod uCvenebT Tu ara monawileobis gzebs? zogierTi moswavlis
SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu moswavles qceviTi da emociu­ri
problemebi aqvs, SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes mniSvnelovani qcevebis pir­
dapiri swavleba da gavarjiSeba. (Emmer & Stough, 2001).
monawileobis struqturis SegrZnebis kargi magaliTi mogvces adri-
ana elton lim da misma kolegebma axali zelandiis erT-erT skolaSi
(2001). am klaasis bavSvebis movaleobebSi Sedioda garkveuli drois
saavadmyofoebSi gatareba. maswavlebelma, mis nikoram sTxova Tavis
erT-erT moswavle gogonas, huhanas aRewera ukanaskneli viziti hospi-
talSi. huhana daTanxmda, magram rodesac amis dro movida da maswavle-
belma ixmo huhanas klasis winaSe gamosuliyo da Tavisi gamocdilebis
gasaziareblad, huhanam Tavi Caxara. maswavlebelma imis nacvlad, rom
dapirispireboda huhanas, ubralod Tqva: `kargi, Tu Cven davsxdebiT
wreSi, huhana mogviyveba, ra moxda.~ rodesac moswavleebi wreSi dasxd-
nen, maswavlebelma Tqva: `kargi, huhana, rac mis nikoram ixmo dedaSeni
da man... sad wagiyvana man?~ da huhanam daiwyo moyola, maswavlebeli
exmareboda mas kiTxvebis dasmiT, axsenebda detalebs, rac icoda huha-
nasTan saubridan da moTminebiT eloda mis pasuxebs. maswavlebelma ki
ar CaTvala, rom bavSvs ar hqonda sakmarisi kompetencia, man dainaxa,
rom situacia uSlida xels huhanas Tavisi kompetenciis gamovlenaSi.
TviTmenejmentis menejmenti. menejmentis sistemis mesame mizani, davex-
maroT moswavleebs sakuTari Tavis ukeT marTvaSi. Tu maswavleblebi
fokusirebas moaxdenen moswavleTa kanonmorCilebaze, isini Zalian did
dros daxarjaven swavleba-swavlis drois monitoringsa da Sesworebe-
bze. Moswavleebs skolis daniSnulebad da skolaSi sakuTar movaleobad
miaCniaT mxolod wesebis dacva da ara akademiuri codnis siRrmiseuli
wvdoma. kompleqsuri swavlis struqturebi, rogoricaa TanamSromluri
an problemaze dafuZnebuli swavla, moswavlis mxridan moiTxovs TviT-
menejments. wesebisadmi morCileba ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom
swavlis am struqturebma imuSaos (McCaslin & good, 1998).
morCilebis moTxovnidan TviTregulirebisa da TviTkontrolis
swav­lebaze gadasvla mniSvnelovani win wadgmuli nabijia saklaso
menejmentSi (Weinstein, 1999). tom seviji (1999) martivad ambobs: `dis-
ciplinis fundamenturi daniSnuleba TviTkontorlis ganviTarebaa.
akademiuri codna da teqnologiuri unar-Cvevebi mcire Sedegs moi-
tans, Tu maTi dauflebis mosurneni, TviTkontrolis unars arian
moklebulni.~ TviTkontroliT moswavleebi pasuxismgeblobis demon-
strirebas axdenen _ unarisa, romelic sakuTari moTxovilebebis
dakmayofilebas gulisxmobs sxvaTa uflebebisa da moTxovnilebebis
gaT­valiswinebiT (Glasser, 1990). moswavleebi TviTkontrols arCevanis
gakeTebiT da am arCevanis SedegebTan gamklavebiT, miznebisa da pri-
oritetebis gansazRvriT, drois menejmentis, swavlisTvis kolabora-
ciiT, dapirispirebebis mogvarebiTa da mSvidobis damyarebiT, maswav-
leblebsa da TanaklaselebTan ndobis damyarebiT swavloben (Bear, 2005;
Rogers & Frieberg, 1994).
TviTmenejmentis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba did dros moiTxovs, ma-
gram moswavleTaTvis imis swavleba, rogor aiRon pasuxismgebloba,
garjad Rirs. rodesac dawyebiTi da saSualo skolis maswavleblebi
klasebis efeqtur menejments ki axdenen, magram moswavleebSi TviT-
menejmentis ganviTarebas ar isaxaven miznad, roca maTi moswavleebi am
kargad organizebul klasebSi aRar sxedan, damoukideblad muSaobisas
problemebi eqmnebaT.

pozitiuri saswavlo garemos Seqmna

Tqveni klasisaTvis gegmis Sedgenisas did daxmarebas gagiwevT am wig- daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
niT ukve gacnobili masala. magaliTad, Tqven iciT, rom problemebis da ganavrceT
me-13 TavSi Tqven gaigebT,
arideba SesaZlebelia individualuri gansxvavebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
ra mniSvnelovania gegmis yu-
rogorc es me-2, me-3, me-4 da me-5 TavebSi iyo aRwerili. zogjer mos­ radRebiT Sedgena da zustad
wavleebi mouxelTebelni xdebian, radgan masala maTTvis Zalian rTu- gansazRvruli miznebi. kargi
lia. Rodesac gakveTilebis done moswavlis unarebs ar Seesabameba, dagegmareba saklaso menejmen-
imis gamo, rom moswavlis done ufro dabalia, misTvis SeiZleba mosa- tis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia.
bezrebeli gaxdes. am dros moswavle SeiZleba davainteresoT sxvadasx-
va, maTTvis misaReb saqmianobaSi CarTviT.
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, maswavleblebi maSin axerxeben discip-
linasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadaWras, roca moswavleTa mo-
tivaciaze zrunaven. swavlaSi CarTuli moswavle, rogorc wesi, mas-
wavleblebTan da TanaklaselebTan konfliqtSi erTdroulad ar Seva.
moswavleTa motivirebis yvela calke arebuli gegma win wadgmuli na­bi­-
jia problemebis mogvarebaSi.

zogierTi kvlevis Sedegebi

ra SeiZleba kidev gaakeTon maswavleblebma? texasis universitetSi, daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
ostinSi, ramdenime wlis manZilze Seiswavlidnen saklaso menejments
imisaTvis, rom gaecnoT kvle­
(Emmer & stougj, 2001; Emmer, Evertson & Anderson, 1980; Emmer & Gerwels, 2006). vas, romelic Catarda emerisa
am saqmianobaSi CarTuli adamianebis mTavari midgoma iyo klasebis da evertsonis menejmentis
didi raodenobis Seswavla. isini awarmoebdnen xSir dakvirvebas da principebis da aseve sxva
Semdeg SedarebiT naklebi sixSiriT stumrobdnen skolas wlis ganmav- midgomebis Sesamowmeblad,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, ganmt-
lobaSi. ramdenime TveSi klasebs Soris Zalian didi gansxvaveba dafiq-
kicebis strategiebi mozard-
sirda. zogierT SemTxvevaSi menejmentTan dakavSirebuli problemebi ebSi, ixileT Gottfredson, D. C.,
umniSvnelo iyo, maSin, roca sxvebi amgvar problemebSi yelamde iyvnen Gottfredson, G. D. & Hybl, L. G
Caflulni. gamovlindnen yvelaze efeqturi da yvelaze araefeqturi (1993). mozardTa qcevis mar-
maswavleblebi saklaso menejmentis TvalsazrisiT, aseve aRinusxa mo- Tva: mravalwliani da mraval
skolaSi Catarebuli kvleva.
swavleTa miRwevebi wlis bolos.
amerikis ganaTlebis kvlevis
Mmkvlevarebma Seiswavles pirveli kvirebis manZilze klasebSi war- Jurnali, 30, 179-217. zogadad,
moebuli dakvirvebis Canawerebi, raTa enaxaT, rogor iwyebdnen klas- am principebma gaaumjobesa
Tan muSaobas yvelaze efeqtianad warmoCenili maswavleblebi. Semdeg qceva.
erTmaneTs Seadares, harmoniuli, maRali miRwevebis mqone klasebis

617

procedurebi _ moqmedebi-
saTvis winaswar gawerili
safexurebi
daukavSireT PRAXIS II™-s
da ganavrceT
procedurebi da rutina
Sesabamisi procedurebi da
rutina amcirebs uwesrigobasa
da cudi qcevis SesaZleblo-
bas, zogavs dros, romelic
saswavlo amocanebisaTvis
SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli.
gamoyaviT is xSiri aqtivoba
da saklaso movlenebi, romle-
bic kargad struqturirebuli
procedurebisa da rutinebis
saSualebiT SeiZleba Ses-
ruldes. axseniT principebi,
romlebic safuZvlad udevs
procedurebsa da rutinebs,
raTa isini gasagebi gaxdes
moswavleebisaTvis.
618
maswavlebelebi da is pedagogebi, romlebic problemebiT iyvnen gare-
moculi. am SedarebaTa safuZvelze mkvlevarebma ganaviTares menejmen-
tis principebi. Semdeg es principebi aswavles maswavlebelebis axal
jgufs _ Sedegebi Zalian pozitiuri iyo. maswavleblebs, romlebic am
principebs iyenebdnen, naklebi problemebi hqondaT; maTi moswavleebi
klasis arevaze mec dros swavlas uTmobdnen. miRwevac bevrad maRali
iyo. am kvlevebis aRmoCenebi safuZvlad daedo saklaso menejmentis
Sesaxeb or wigns (Emmer, Evertson & Worsham, 2006; Evertson, Emmer & Worsham,
2006). mravali idea, romelsac Semdeg gverdebze SexvdebiT, swored am
wignebidan aris aRebuli.
saWiro wesebi da procedurebi
SeCerdi dafiqrdi dawere
romel sam ZiriTad wess daadgendiT Tqvens klasSi?
dawyebiT skolaSi maswavleblebs uwevT 20-30 moswavlis,xelmZrvan
eloba. cxadia, pedagogebs erTnaiorad ar xelewifebaT, Seasrulebi-
non bavSvebs gansxvavebuli aqtivobebi. Sesabamisi wesebisa da proce-
durebis gareSe udidesi dro ikargeba erTi da igive kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacemaSi: `fanqari gamityda, rogor davwero?~; `davamTavre wera, axla
ra vqna?~; `karlosma xeli mkra!~; `saSinao davaleba karadaSi damrCa.~
saSualo skolaSi, maswavleblebs asobiT moswavlesTan aqvT urT-
ierToba, romlebic udides masalas gadian da klasidan klasSi ga-
dadian sxvadasxva gakveTilze. am asakis moswavleebi xSirad eWvqveS
ayeneben maswavleblis avtoritets. warmatebuli menejerebi emeris,
ever­tsonisa da maTi kolegebis kvlevebSi gegmavdnen procedurebs da
wesebs, raTa am saxis situaciebis gasamklaveblad.
procedurebi. rogor unda moxdes masalisa da davalebebis ganawileba
da Segroveba? ra pirobebSi SeuZliaT moswavleebs datovon oTaxi?
ro­gor ganisazRvreba maTi Sefaseba da qulebi? inventaris gamoyenebis
ra konkretuli rutina arsebobs sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis, xe-
lovnebais an profesiul gakveTilebze? procedurebi (xSirad maT ru-
tinebs vuwodebT) aRwers, rogor unda Sesruldes moqmedeba klasSi,
Tumca maTi Camowera iSviaTad xdeba; procedurebi aris klasSi raime
qmedebis Sesrulebis gza. kerol veinSteini da endi mignano (Weinstein,
2003; Weinstein & Mignano, 2003) amboben, rom maswavleblebs maswavleblebi
wesrigis dasamyareblad Semdegi rutinebis dadgena esaWiroebaT:
1. administraciuli rutina, rogoricaa daswreba.
2. moswavleTa gadaadgileba, rogoricaa klasSi Sesvla da klasis da-
toveba, magaliTad tualetSi wasvla.
3. saklaso oTaxis dalageba, magaliTad, mcenareebis morwyva an piradi
nivTebis Senaxva.
4. gakveTilebis warmarTvis rutina, magaliTad, rogor unda Segrovdes
da daubrundeT moswavleebs namuSevrebi.
5. urTierToba maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris, magaliTad, rogor
unda miipyro maswavleblis yuradReba, roca daxmareba gWirdeba.
6. saubari moswavleTa Soris, magaliTad, daxmarebis gacema an socia­
lizacia.
rekomendaciebi: saklaso procedurebis dadgena
gansazRvreT moswavleebisaTvis procedure-
bi, rogor mouaron me­r­xebs, saklaso inven-
tars da sxva saSualebebs.
magaliTebi
1. gamoyaviT dalagebis dro yoveldRiurad
an kviraSi erTxel.
2. aCveneT moswavleebs, rogor unda Seal-
agon skamebi merxebs qveS, aiRon da daa-
brunon masala, romelic Taroebzea gan-
Tavsebuli, gaTalon fanqrebi, gamoiyenon
wyali, an mixedon laboratoriis inven-
tars da miaCvieT isini am moqmedebebs.
3. daaweseT morigeoba masalisa da inven-
taris mosavlelad.
gadawyviteT, rogor unda Semovidnen mo-
swavleebi klasSi an rogor datovon sak-
laso oTaxi.
magaliTebi
1. daaweseT procedura, romelsac mo-
swavleebi klasSi SemosvlisTanave Sea-
sruleben. zogierT maswavlebels aqvs
standartuli miTiTeba (`amoiReT Tqveni
davalebebi da gadaxedeT.~)
2. auxseniT moswavleebs ra pirobebSi Seu-
ZliaT klasis datoveba da darwmundiT,
rom gaiges, rodis esaWiroebaT am nebarT-
vis aReba.
3. auxseniT moswavleebs, rogor unda mi-
iRon klasSi Semosvlis nebarTva dagvi-
anebis SemTxvevaSi.
4. daadgineT Tqveni damokidebuleba kla-
sidan gasvlasTan dakavSirebiT. mravali
maswavlebeli iTxovs, moswavleebi adg-
ilze darCnen da mSvidad isxdnen, sanam
miiRebdnen klasis datovebis uflebas.
rodis unda datovon moswavleebma klasi,
amas wyvets maswavlebeli da ara zari.
SemoiReT signali da aswavleT is Tqvens
moswavleebs.
magaliTebi
1. klasSi: sinaTlis anTeba-Caqroba, akor-
di pianinoze an Camwerze, zarismagvari
xma, amas garda, SegiZliaT gaxvideT win,
SexedoT moswavleebs da TqvaT: `yuradRe-
ba!~, aiRoT Tqveni HJurnali da bavSvebi-
saken waiwioT.
2. holSi: SegiZliT xelis aweviT, taSis
SemokvriT an raime sxva saSualebiTbavS-
vebs misceT signali `SeCerdi~!
3. saTamaSo moedanze: SegiZliaT aswioT xeli
da daustvinoT, rac niSnavs: `swordi!~
daaweseT procedurebi saklaso aqtivobeb-
Si moswavleTa monawileobisaTvis.
magaliTebi
1. gadawyviteT, rogor moiqcnen: xeli as-
wion, raTa miiRon laparakis nebarTva, Tu
daelodon, sanam molaparake daasrulebs
saubars.
2. gansazRvreT signali, romelic imis man-
iSnebeli iqneba, rom gsurT yvelam er-
Tad gipasuxoT. zogierTi maswavlebeli
am dros Setyupebul xelebs swevs maRla,
zogi ambobs: `yvela erTad!~
3. darwmundiT, rom mkafiod gansazRvreT
gansxvavebuli procedurebi sxvadasxva
aqtivobebisaTvis: kiTxvisas, diskusiisas,
maswavleblis saubrisas, saklaso samuS-
aos Sesrulebisas, filmis yurebisas, bib-
lioTekaSi da a.S.
4. gansazRvreT, erTdroulad ramdeni mo-
swavle SeiZleba iyos fanqris saTlelTan,
maswavleblis magidasTan, onkanTan, wignis
TaroebTan, sakiTxav kuTxeSi, saabazano-
Si.
gansazRvreT ra saxis komunikacias gamoiy-
enebT, rogor SeagrovebT da daubrunebT
moswavleebs namuSevrebs.
magaliTebi
1. gamoyaviT adgili, sadac CamowerT dava-
lebebs. zogi maswavlebeli saamisod daf-
is erT kuTxes iyenebs, zogi davalebebs
feradi carciT wers.
2. zustad gansazRvreT, rogor da sad unda
Segrovdes namuSevrebs. zogierTi maswav-
lebeli maT yuTSi an kalaTaSi agrovebs,
zogierTi am saqmes erT moswavles ava-
lebs.
damatebiTi ideebisaTvis ixileT: http://www.
educationworld.com/a_lesson/lesson/lesson274.shtml
619
specifikuri saklaso wesebi,
romlebic yvela moswavlis
mier kargad gagebuli, SeiZle-
ba mniSvnelovani faqtori iyos
saklaso garemos SenarCunebi-
saTvis. pativiscemiT gamsWval-
uli da efeqturi.
daukavSireT PRAXSIS II™-s
da ganavrceT
wesebi (I, C4)
samarTliani, mtkice wesebi
pozitiur gavlenas moaxdens
swavlis motivaciaze, ramdena-
dac isini qmnian usafrTxo da
Tbil saklaso garemos. aRwer-
eT, rogor unda dadgindes da
ganmtkicdes efeqturi wesebi.
gaiTvaliswineT asakobrivi
Taviseburebebi.
daukavSireT swavlebas
/portfolios da ganavrceT
estumreT dawyebiTi skolis
klasebs da CaiwereT wesebi,
romlebic maswavleblebs aqvT
dadgenili dawyebiTi skolis
sxvadasxva klasSi. gamoyaviT
klasebis umravlesobisTvis
saerTo wesebi, aseve uCveulo
wesebi.
wesebi _ debulebebi, rom-
lebic exeba mosalodnel da
akrZalul qcevebs, imas, Tu ra
aris dasaSvebi da ra _ ara.
620
Ees eqvsi rutina unda gamoiyenoT, rogorc erTgvari CarCo sakla­
so procedurebisa da rutinebis dagegmvisas. amaSi rekomendaciebic
dagexmarebaT.
wesebi. wesebi exeba klasSi daSvebul da akrZalul aqtivobebs. anu ra
SeiZleba gakeTdes da ra ar unda gakeTdes klasSi. procedurebisagan
gansxvavebiT, wesebi yovelTvis dawerilia da TvalsaCinod aris gamofe-
nili. wesebis SemuSavebisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT rogori atmosferos
Seqmna gsurT. moswavleTa romeli qceva gamogadgebaT maTi efeqtianad
swavlebis xelSemwyobad? ra SezRudvebi SeiZleba iyos saWiro, moswav-
leTa qcevis samarTavad? Tqven mier dadgenili wesebi, SesabamisobaSi
unda iyos mTel skolaSi moqmed wesebsa da swavlis principebTan.
magaliTad, mcire jgufebis kvlevebidan viciT, rom moswavleTaTvis
sasargebloa, roca isini Tanaklaselebs uxsnian masalas. isini sxvaTa
swavlebiT swavloben. urTierTdauxmareblobis wesi, SeiZleba ar See-
sabamebodes kargi swavlis principebs. an magaliTad wesma `ar waSa-
loT werisas!~ SeiZleba ubiZgos moswavleTa yuradRebis fokusireba
moaxdinos Secdomebis ardaSvebaze _ vidre azris naTlad gadmocemaze
(Burden, 1995; Emmer & Stough, 2001; Weinstein & Mignano, 2003).
wesebi pozitiuri da dakvirvebadi unda iyos. Tuki SeZlebT, um-
jobesia SeimuSaoT mravaliu specifikuri sakiTxis momcveli ramdenime
zogadi wesi, vidre CamoweroT uamravi nebadarTuli, Tu akrZaluli
qceva. magram Tu akrZalva exeba specifikur qcevas, magaliTad kampu-
sis datovebas an tualetSi mowevas, wesebma es unda asaxos (Emmer &
Gerwels, 2006).
wesebi dawyebiTi skolebisaTvis. evertsoni da misi kolegebi (2006) iZ­
levian zogadi wesebis oTx magaliTs dawyebiTi skolebisaTvis:
1. pativi eciT da zrdilobianad moeqeciT yvela adamians. axseniT naT-
lad, ras gulisxmobT sityvaSi `zrdilobiani~ _ rom es gamoricxavs
Cxubs, dacinvas, xeliT Sexebas. zrdilobiani qcevis magaliTi aris
Seni rigis dalodeba; sityvebis: `Tu SeiZleba~, `gmadlobT~, upa-
tivcemlo mimarTvebis akrZalva. es wesi exeba rogorc ufrosebTan,
aseve TanatolebTan qcevas.
2. iyaviT momarTuli da momzadebuli. es wesi xazs usvams klasSi aka-
demiuri muSaobis mniSvnelobas. momarTuloba niSnavs dRis ener-
giul dasawyiss da adekvatur gadasvlas aqtivobidan aqtivobaze.
3. mSvidad mousmineT sxvebis, saubars. es exeba maswavleblebsac da mo-
swavleebsac, rogorc mravalricxovan klasebSi aseve mcire jgufeb-
Si diskusiebisas.
4. daemorCileT saskolo wesebs. es Seaxsenebs moswavleebs, rom maT
klasSi moqmedebs skolis saerTo wesebi. am SemTxvevaSi moswavle
ver ityvis, rom mas klasSi saReWi rezinis ReWva an radios mosmena
nebadarTuli egona, maSin, roca es skolaSi akrZlulia: `Tqven ar
giTqvamT, rom es CvenTvisac akrZalulia~.

Nnebismieri wesebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebma unda iswavlon am we-

sis Sesabamisi qceva. saWiro iqneba magaliTebis moyvana, gavarjiSeba,
ganxilva.
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, sxvadasxva aqtivoba sxvadasxva wess moiTxovs.
es SeiZleba damabneveli iyos dawyebiTi skolis moswavleTaTvis, sanam
am wesebs daiswavlian. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aiciloT es dabneuloba
da uwesrigoba, SegiZliaT moifiqroT niSnebi TiToeuli aqtivobis we-
sebisaTvis, Semdeg, saqmianobis dawyebamde, uCvenoT moswavleebs es
niSani, rac Seaxsenebs maT wesebs. es iqneba zusti da mudmivi miniSneba
monawileobis struqturaze ise, rom ara mxolod sanimuSo moswav-
leebs, aramed yvelas ecodineba, ra aris mosalodneli. ra Tqma unda,
wesebi unda aixsnas da ganxilul iqnas, sanam niSnebis efeqti srulad
iqneba gamovlenili.

wesebi saSualo skolebisaTvis. emerma da misi kolegebma (2006) mogva- daukavSireT swavlebas
wodes wesebis eqvsi magaliTi saSualo skolebisaTvis: /portfolios da ganavrceT
miusadageT es wesebi im mo-
1. moitaneT klasSi yvela saWiro masala. maswavlebelma unda gansaz- swavleebs, romelTac Tqven
Rvros kalmis, fanqris, qaRaldis, rveulis, teqstis da a.S. tipi. unda aswavloT.

2. zari rom darekavs dasxediT Tqvens adgilebze da moemzadeT muS-

aobis dasawyebad. mravali maswavlebeli am wesis kombinirebas ax- daukavSireT swavlebas
dens gakveTilis dawyebis standartul procedurasTan, magaliTad, /portfolios da ganavrceT
`gamaxurebeli~ savarjiSosTan, an imis moTxovnasTan, rom moswav- aq moyvanilia ramdenime rCeva
leebs momzadebuli hqondeT rveuli, roca zari dairekeba. Sedegebis gamoyenebasTan da-
kavSirebiT. aRebulia riCard
3. pativi eciT sxva adamianebs da zrdilobianni iyaviT maT mimarT.
qarvinisgan:
es wesi exeba Cxubs, verbalur Seuracxyofas, zogadad problemebis
Seqmnas. igulisxmeba, rom wesi daculi unda iqnas maswavlebelTan aCveneT, yovelTvis ra
mimarTebaSic. mohyveba wesis darRvevas.
4. pativi eciT sxva adamianis sakuTrebas. am wesSi igulisxmeba is qone- SearCieT yvelaze Sesaf-
erisi Sedegebi savaraudo
ba, rac skolis, maswavleblis, an sxva moswavlis sakuTrebaa.
alternativebidan, gaiT-
5. mousmineT da iyaviT wynarad, roca sxva laparakobs. exeba situa- valiswineT darRvevebi,
cias, roca laparakobs maswavlebeli an sxva moswavle. situacia, moswavleebis
6. daemorCileT saskolo wesebs. dawyebiTi skolis msgavsad. es wesic CarTuloba da saukeTeso
mraval qcevasa da situacias exeba, imisaTvis, rom ar dagWirdeT sa- gza, romelic isev moswav-
les waadgeba.
TiTaod yvela maTganis gameoreba Tqvens klasSi. es aseve Seaxsenebs
SeaxseneT wesi da misi dar-
moswavleebs, rom Tqven maT Tvalyurs adevnebT rogorc klasSi, Rvevis Sedegi moswavles,
ise mis gareT. darwmundiT, rom Tavad iciT skolis yvela wesi. zo- romelic arRvevs wess.
gierTi moswavle daxelovnebulia maswavleblis darwmunebaSi, rom arafris Tqma aRar aris
misi konkretuli qceva `sinamdvileSi wesebs ar ewinaaRmdegeba.~ saWiro.
isaubreT privatulad.
Tqveni saubari unda
Sedegebi. Roca ukve gansazRvruli geqnebaT wesebi da procedurebi esmodes mxolod wesis
da Camoyalibebuli maTTan saTanado mimarTeba, unda moifiqroT, ras damrRvev moswavles.
moimoqmedebT, roca moswavle daarRvevs wess an ar mihyveba procedu- ar SeaviwrovoT moswavle.
ras. Zalian gviania gadawyvetilebis miReba maSin, roca wesi dairRveva. ar aRiqvaT situacia,
rogorc gamarjveba-dam-

621
 arcxebis asparezi. es araa
Sejibri. nu SeecdebiT Za-
lauflebis demonstrirebas.
Nnu ganrisxdebiT. Seinar-
CuneT simSvide da wynarad
ilaparakeT, magram mo-
swavlis bodiSma ukan ar
dagaxevinoT.
zogjer moswavlisTvis
Sedegis arCevis uflebis
micema kargi gamosavalia.
profesionali yovelTvis
eZebs moswavlis daxmarebis
saukeTeso gza.
wyaro: riCard qarvini. imedis
xelaxali aRmoCena: Cveni swav-
lebis saukeTeso strategia.
bunebrivi/logikuri
Sedegebi _ dasjis nacvlad
moswavleebs saSualeba aqvT
ganmeorebiT ganaxorcielon
qceva, gamoasworon, an pirispir
dadgnen im Sedegebis winaSe,
rac TavisTavad moyva maT
qcevas.
622
mravali darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, logikuri Sedegi ukan dabruneba da
`sworad moqcevaa~. moswavleebi, romlebic uTavbolod darbian hol-
Si, SeiZleba ukan miabrunoT da mosTxovoT ise gamovidnen, rogorc
saWiroa. dausrulebeli davaleba SeiZleba xelaxla gakeTdes. Ddafan-
tuli nivTebi, SeiZleba milagdes (Charles, 2002-II). Tqven SegiZliaT
gamoiyenoT bunebrivi an logikuri Sedegebi, raTa xeli SeuwyoT emo-
cionalur da socialur ganviTarebas Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatarebiT
(Elias & Schwab, 2006):
Tqveni reaqcia unda ganasxvavebdes erTmaneTisagan saqcielsa da mis
avtors _ problema qcevaSia da ara moswavleSi.
xazgasmiT aRniSneT moswavleebTan, rom maT aqvT moqmedebis arCevis
da kontrolis dakargvis Tavidan acilebis Zala da unari.
xeli SeuwyveT azrovnebas, sakuTari saqcielis Sefasebas, proble-
mis gadaWras _ Tavi aarideT moralis kiTxvas.
daexmareT moswavleebs, racionalurad Seafason da gansazRvron
SemdegSi rogor moiqcevian sxvagvarad analogiur situaciaSi.
mTavari aq is aris, rom gadawyvetilebebis miReba sasjelTan (da
jil­dosTan dakavSirebiT) unda xdebodes ufro adre, anu moswavlem
unda icodes, ra aris mosalodneli wesis darRvevis an araswori pro-
ceduris gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi da ra mniSvneloba aqvs amas misTvis.
me vurCev Cems studentebs-momaval maswavleblebs Caiweron skolisa
da kolega maswavleblebis wesebi da Semdeg Seadginon TavianTi saku-
Tari wesebi. zogjer Sedegebi ufro rTulia. veinSteinma da mignanom
Seiswavles dawyebiTi skolis oTxi maswavleblis muSaobis Sedegebi da
aRmoaCines, rom maswavleblebis mier dadgenili negatiuri Sedegebi 7
kategoriaSi Tavsdeba, romlebic 12.1 cxrilSia mocemuli.
vin adgens wesebsa da Sedegebs? pirvel TavSi aRwerili iyo gamocdili
maswavlebeli keni, romelic moswavleebs aZlevda maT `uflebebis sias~,
imis nacvlad, rom ganesazRvra wesebi. es `uflebebi~ exeba yvela im
situacias, sadac SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes wesebis amoqmedeba da exmare-
ba moswavleebs miznis miRwevasa da TviTmmartvelad camoyalibebaSi.
uflebebis magaliTebi mocemulia 12.2 cxrilSi. wesebTan SedarebiT
ufro metad meti yuradRebis miqceva uflebebsa da pasuxismgeblobis
ganviTarebaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia moswavleebisaTvis. `aswavlo bavS-
vebs is, rom garkveuli qceva aris Secdoma, imitom, rom amas ambobs wesi
srulebiT gansxvavdebamaTTvis imis swavlebisgan, ratom ambobs amas
wesi, anu, rom es qceva aris Secdoma da daexmaro gaigon ratomaa ase~
(Weinstein, 1999). moswavleebma unda gaigon, rom wesebi imitomaa Sedge-
nili, rom yvelam erTad iswavlos da imuSaos. SemiZlia davamato, rom,
rodesac kens rTul klasebSi uwevda Sesvla, is da misi moswavleebi
adgendnen e.w. `kanonebs~, romlebic daicavda moswavleTa uflebebs.
Tu apirebT, rom CarToT moswavleebi wesebisa da konstituciis
SedgenaSi, mocda dagWirdebaT, sanam klasSi erTianobis grZnobas Ca-
moayalibebdeT. sanam moswavleebi mniSvnelovanwilad CaerTvebian sak-
laso wesebis aRsrulebaSi, maT sWirdebaT, rom endobodnen maswavleb-
elsa Tu situacias (Elias & Schwab, 2006).
dagegmvis meore saxe, romelic gavlenas axdens saswavlo garemoze,
aris fizikuri garemos mowyoba, _ igulisxmeba aveji, masalebi, sas-
wavlo inventari.
 cxrili 12.1
sasjelis Svidi kategoria
1. imedgacruebis, ukmayofilebis gamoxatva. Tu moswavles uyvars maswavlebeli da pativs
scems mas, ukmayofilebisa da imedgacruebis gamoxatva mas sakuTar saqcielze daaf-
iqrebs.
2. privilegiebis dakargva. moswavleebma SeiZleba dakargon Tavisufali dro. Tu maT ar
aqvT Sesrulebuli saSinao davaleba, SeiZleba moeTxovoT misi gakeTeba Tavisufal
dros an dasvenebaze.
3. jgufisgan gacalkeveba. moswavleebi, romlebic xels uSlian Tana­jgufelebs an ar
TanamSromloben, SeiZleba CamovaSoroT jgufs, sanam isini mzad ar iqnebian TanamS-
romlobisaTvis. zogierTi maswavlebeli aseT moswavles uSvebs sxva klasSi, an holSi,
sadac mas sxva moswavleebi da maswavleblebi yuradRebas ar miaqceven.
4. problemis werilobiTi asaxva. moswavleebma SeiZleba daweron ra moimoqmedes da ra
gavlena iqonia aman sxvebze, werilobiT moixadon bodiSi. meore SesaZleblobaa, sTxo-
voT moswavles obieqturad aRweros ra qna, Semdeg maswavlebeli da moswavle moaweren
xels am nawers da daaTariReben. es im SemTxvevisTvis, Tu mSoblebi an administracia
dainteresdebian momxdari faqtiT.
5. gakveTilebis Semdeg datoveba. es SeiZleba iyos xanmokle Sexvedra gakveTilebis Semdeg,
Tavisufal dros, an lanCze. mTavari mizani, moswavlesTan momxdar faqtze saubaria.
(maRal klasebSi es sasjeli xSirad gamoiyeneba rogorc dasja. garicxva kidev ufro
eqstremaluri sasjelia).
6. direqtorTan gagzavna. gamocdili maswavleblebi amas iSviaTad mimarTaven. Tumca,
roca es saWiroa, asec iqcevian. zogierT skolaSi moswavleebi direqtorTan konkre-
tuli darRvevis gamo igzavnebian, magaliTad Cxubis gamo. Tu etyviT moswavles, rom
wavides direqtorTan, xolo is uars ganacxadebs wasvlaze, Tqven SegiZliaT darekoT
direqtorTan da uTxraT, rom masTan moswavles gzavniT. moswavle dgeba arCevanis wi-
naSe, gamopcxaddes direqtorTan, Tu Semdeg `damalvisTvis~ agos pasuxi.
7. kontaqti mSoblebTan. Tu problema ganmeorebiTi xasiaTisaa, maswavlebelTa umravle-
soba ojaxebs ayenebs saqmis kursSi. es keTdeba im mizniT, rom daexmaroT moswavles da
ara imitom, rom daadanaSauloT mSoblebi an dasajoT moswavle.
wyaro: Elementary Classroom Management (3rd ed.), by C. S. Weinstein and A. J. Mignano, Jr., 2003, New York: McGraw-Hill. Copy-
right  2003 by The McGrew-Hill Companies. adaptirebulia nebarTviT.

saswavlo sivrcis mowyoba

SeCerdi dafiqrdi dawere gonebiT gadaxedeT yvela im saklaso
oTaxs sadac odesme moxvedrilxarT, romeli maTgani mogeCvenaT `stu­
marTmoyvrulad~? romeli mogeCvenaT civad da carielad? hqonda Tu
ara maswavlebels klasTan iseTi midgoma, rom moswavleebs ufleba daakavSireT PRAXIS II™-s
da ganavrceT
hqonodaT gansxvavebuli saqme ekeTebinaT?
saklaso sivrce (I,C4)
klasis fizikuri garemos
saswavlo sivrce mimzidveli unda iyos da xels unda uwyobdes im organizeba gavlenas
aqtivobebs, romelTa ganxorcielebasac gegmavT klasSi, is aseve pa- axdens moswavlis qcevasa
tiviscemis gamomxatveli unda iyos misi wevrebis mimarT. pativiscema da swavlaze. aRwereT rogor
iwyeba klasis karebSi daxvedriT da patara moswavleebis daexmarebiT, SeiZleba axdendes interieris
mowyobiloba gavlenas
Tavisi klasis cnobaSi. erTi skola, imitom dajildovda arqiteqturis
saswavlo garemoze.
gamo, rom TiToeuli klasis karebi sxvadasxva naTel ferad SeReba, ase gamoiyeneT klasis
rom, patara moswavleebs SeeZlo advilad epova Tav-Tavisi `saxlebi~ organizebis principebi,
(Herbert, 1998). klasSi SeiZleba iseTi sivrce iyos Seqmnili, rom xels raTa gaaZlieroT swavla
uwyobdes mSvidad kiTxvas, jgufis kolaboracias, damoukidebel muS- da minimumamde
daiyvanoT uwesrigoba.
aobas. Tu moswavleebi iyeneben masalas, maT unda SeeZloT misi ad-

623
 cxrili 12.2

moswavleTa uflebebis sia

moswavleebs klasSi aqvT Semdegi uflebebi:
iCurCulon, roca maswavlebeli ar laparakobs da ar iTxovs
siCumes.
aRniSnon avtoroba an raime sxva samuSaos Sesruleba minimum TveSi erTxel.
ivarjiSon gareT im dReebSi, roca fizkulturis gakveTili ar aqvT.
hqondeT 2 wuTiani gantvirTvebi.
hqondeT jansaRi sakvebi sauzmeze.
monawileoba miiRon TavianTi magidis arCevaSi.
hqondeT ganmartoebis saSualeba. miiRon sxvisi nivTebiT
sarfeblobis nebarTva.
hqondeT komforti.
daReWon saReWi rezina buStebis gabervisa da xmauris gareSe.
gaakeTon arCevani dRis ganrigTan dakavSirebiT.
hqondeT dro Tavisufali samuSaosaTvis.
imuSaon partniorebTan erTad.
esaubron klass, ise, rom am dros sxva aravin laparakobdes.
imuSaon ise, rom xels araferi uSlideT.
wyaro: Elementary Classroom Management (3rd ed.), by C. S. Weinstein and A. J. Mignano, Jr., 2003, New York: McGraw-
Hill. Copyright  2003 by The McGrew-Hill Companies. adaptirebulia nebarTviT.

vilad migneba. marJ SererTan interviuSi (1999) herb koli aRwers, ro­
gor qmnis pozitiur garemos Tavis klasebSi:
ai ras vakeTeb: valageb lamaz nivTebs, plakatebs, saTamaSoebs,
Tavsatexebs da vaCveneb moswavleebs, rom es aris gamowveva. es
aris maTi provocirebis gza, iazrovnon. Tqven unda SeqmnaT is-
eTi garemo, romelic Semosvlisas bavSvs aTqmevinebs: `me marTla
minda vnaxo, ra aris aq. me marTla gamixardeba amis danaxva~.
roca saqme klasis mowyobas exeba, sivrcis dagegmarebaSi gasaTval-
iswinebelia ori ram: pirovnuli sivrce da interesTa sivrce.

daukavSireT swavlebas/porT-
folios da ganavrceT
miumateT sqema 12.2 swavlebis
Tqveneul resursebs
aqtivobis zona _ saklaso
oTaxis is nawili, sadac
yvelaze intensiurad xorciel-
deba urTierToba.
pirovnuli sivrce. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom fizikurma garemom gavlena
moaxdinos swavlebasa da swavlaze klasSi, romelic teritoriebad aris
dayofili? wina adgilebi ar zrdis monawileobis xarixs moswavleebi-
saTvis, romelTac klasis winaSe uwevT sityviT gamosvla, amave dros
ukan jdomac ufro gaarTulebs monawileobas da xels Seuwyobs fiqreb-
sa da ocnebebSi wasvlas (Wolfolk & Brooks, 1983). aqtivobis zona, sadac
monawileoba da CarTuloba maqsimaluri, SeiZleba sxva adgilas iyos
mowyobili, magaliTad klasis erT mxares, konkretul saswavlo cen-
trTan axlos (Good, 1983-I; Lambert, 1994). aqtivobis zonis gafarToebisaT-
vis veinSteini da mignano urCeven maswavleblebs imoZraon mTel klasSi,
roca es SesaZlebelia, daamyaron TvalebiT kontaqti da mimarTon kiTx-
vebiT moSorebiT msxdom moswavleebs, periodulad ucvalon adgilebi
moswavleebs, rom sul erTi da igive bavSvebio ar isxdnen ukan.
horizontalur rigebs bevri upiratesoba aqvs, rac aseve axasiaTebs
tradiciul mwkrivebs. orive gamosadegia damoukidebeli muSaobisaT-
vis, maswavleblisTvis, moswavlisaTvis, prezentaciisaTvis. isini ubi-
Zgeben moswavles fokusireba moaxdinos gamomsvlelze da misavlela-
dac advilia. horizontaluri rigebi moxerxebulia wyvilebSi, Tumca
aseTi ganlageba didi jgufis SemTxvevaSi mouxerxebelia.

624
 rekomendaciebi: saswavlo sivrcis formireba
gamoyaviT stabiluri punqtebi da gegma
amis mixedviT SeadgineT.
magaliTebi
1. gaxsovdeT, rom audio-video aparaturasa
da kompiuterebs denis wyaro sWirdebaT.
2. saxatavi saSualebebi moaTavseT onkanTan
axlos.
masalebi advilad misawvdomi unda iyos
moswavleTaTvis da unda arsebobdes mox-
erxebuli adgili maT Sesanaxad.
magaliTebi
1. darwmundiT, rom masalebi advilad mis-
awvdomia moswavleTaTvis da maTi Tval-
Taxedvis areSia.
2. iqonieT sakmarisi Taroebi imisaTvis, rom
masalebi erTad ar iyos daxrovili.
uzrunvelyaviT klasSi sufTa da moxerxe-
buli garemo.
magaliTebi
1. wignis Taroebi sakiTxav kuTxesTan axlos
ganalageT, saTamaSoebi saTamaSo sivrces-
Tan axlos.
2. Cxubis prevencia moaxdineT samuSao sivr-
cis gadatvirTvis Tavidan acilebiT.
Tavi aarideT mkvdar sivrceebs da `sir-
bils~.
magaliTebi
1. ar ganalagoT interesTa sivrceebi oTax-
is ganapira adgilebSi da ar datovoT
mkvdari zona SuagulSi.
2. nu moaTavsebT raime avejs am didi sivr-
cis SuagulSi, raTa ar Seiqmnas mis
garSemo Semorbenis aucilebloba.
ganalageT nivTebi ise, rom kargad xedav-
deT Tqvens moswavleebs da maTac SeeZloT
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/classroom_design.cfm
merxebis dajgufeba an wreSi ganlageba jgufis interaqciisaTvis
saukeTeso saSualebaa. wreebi gansakuTrebiT mosaxerxebelia diskus-
iebisas, amave dros damoukidebeli muSaobis saSualebasac iZleva.
TqvenTvis Tvalyuris devneba.
magaliTebi
1. darwmundiT, rom xedavT yvela danayofs.
2. dasviT bavSvebi ise, rom ar sWirdebodeT
skamebisa da merxebis Setrialeba.
darwmundiT, rom samuSao sivrce gancal­
kevebuli da myudroa.
magaliTebi
1. darwmundiT, rom magidebi an samuSao
adgilebi gasasvlelebSi ar dgas. moswav-
les ar unda sWirdebodes erT sivrceze
gavla, raTa meoremde mivides.
2. xmauriani aqtivobebisaTvis gankuTvnili
sivrce ganaTavseT myudro adgilebidan.
rac SeiZleba moSorebiT SeqmeniT simyu-
drove danayofebis SeqmniT.
uzrunvelyaviT arCevanis saSualeba da
moq­niloba.
magaliTebi
1. gamoyaviT personaluri magidebi individ-
ualuri muSaobisaTvis, gaS­lili magidebi
jgufuri muSaobisaTvis, iatakze dasawyo-
bi bali­Se­bi mTeli klasis krebisaTvis.
2. gamouyaviT moswavleebs adgili, sadac
Tavis pirad nivTebs Seinaxaven. es gan-
sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, roca moswav-
leebs ar aqvT piradi merxebi.
SecvaleT ganlageba, Semdeg SeafaseT da
gaaumjobeseT.
magaliTebi
1. gaakeTeT orkviriani ganlageba da Semdeg
SeafaseT.
2. CamowereT Tqveni moswavleebis saWiroe-
bebi. isini am oTaxSi cxovroben kidec
da saklaso oTaxis dizaini Zalian mniS-
vnelovania.
625
 sqema 12.2

saklaso oTaxis mowyoba dawyebiTi klasis moswavleebisTvis

sqemaze meoTxe klasis maswavlebelma saklaso oTaxis sivrce ise dagegma, rom saSualeba aqvs
moawyos prezentaciebi da demonstraciebi, muSaoba mcire jgufebSi, kompiuteruli interaq-
tivobebi, maTematikuri aqtivobebi, kiTxva, xatva da sxva samuSaoebi avejis mudmivi gadaadg-
ilebis gareSe.`Sin.cxovelebi~

patara dafa dafa maswavleb-

magida lis wignebis
karada

l karada
skami ab
.m
ag
id
a

kompiuteri kompiuteri
`cxovelebi~
karada
`maTEmatika~
karada

xelovnebi-
masalebi
sTvis
maTemati-
masalebi

kisaTvis

kompiuteri
maswav-
`cxovelebi~

leblis
xaliCa
karada

magida

masalebis
Sesanaxi
karadebi karada TamaSebi failebi karada

wyaro: Elementary Classroom Management (3rd ed.), by C. S. Weinstein and A. J. Mignano, Jr., 2003, New York: McGraw-Hill. Copy-
right  2003 by The McGrew-Hill Companies. adaptirebulia nebarTviT.

merxebis dajgufeba saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs isaubron, dae-

xmaron erTmaneTs, gacvalon masalebi, imuSaon jgufur amocanebze.
Tumca orive es ganlagebis orive aRniSnuli varianti mouxerxebelia
prezentaciisTvis da SeiZleba problemuri aRmoCndes saklaso menej-
mentisTvisac.
moswavleTa SequCeba (akvariumi), ise, rom axlos isxdnen yuradRebis
fokusTan (ukana rigi SeiZleba fexzec idges), SeiZleba mxolod mcire
drois ganmavlobaSi gamoviyenoT, radgan aseTi ganlageba mouxerxebe-
lia da disciplinur problemebs qmnis. meore mxriv, aseTi ganlageba
jgufis kohesiurobis (SeWidulobis) gancdas qmnis da gamosadegia ma-
Sin, roca maswavlebels surs moswavleebma Tvali adevnon gamosvlas,
gonebriv ieriSs an dainaxon mcire moculobis vizualuri informacia.

626
cxrili 12.3
rCevebi kompiuteruli laboratoriis marTvisaTvis
mosazrebebi aRebulia qeril bolikisa da jeims kuperis (Cheryl Bolick &James Cooper, 2006)
naSromidan.

sanam klass warudgendeT yovelTvis winaswar `gaiareT~ teqnologiis gakveTili da teqnolo-

giis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis mzad gqondeT saTadarigo gakveTili.
xSirad gamoyenebuli kompiuteruli operaciebisaTvis (programis gaxsna, simbolos CarTva,
dokumentis dabeWdva da a.S.) dabeWdeT miTiTebebi baraTebze, gaxvriteT, akinZeT da SeinaxeT
es nakrebi yovel kompiuterTan.
miTiTebebis micemisas sTxoveT moswavleebs kompiuteris gamorTva.
`daniSneT~ saklaso oTaxis teqnologiis `menejerebi~ _ daswrebis menejeri, romelic amow-
mebs daswrebas da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi exmareba maswavlebels; masalebis menejeri, romelic
arigebs masalebs; teqnikuri menejeri, romelic asworebs printerisa da kompiuteris xarve-
zebs da gakveTilis dasrulebis menejeri, romelic moswavleebis wasvlamde amowmebs samuSao
adgilebis sisufTaves, kompiuterebis gamorTvas, programebis daxurvas.
Tu gakveTilebs Soris klasis mosawesrigeblad dro ar gyofniT, sTxoveT ufrosklaselebs
daxmareba. ubralod gakveTili xuTi wuTiT adre daamTavreT da sTxoveT maT klasis momzadeba
momdevno gakveTilisaTvis.
did proeqtebze muSaobisas dabeWdeT detaluri instruqciebi: `Seinaxe samuSao; ar gaagrZelo
muSaoba, sanam megobars imave wertilamde misvlaSi ar daexmarebi~. es naklebnayofier moswav-
leebs problemebis ufro swrafad mogvarebaSi exmareba, klass proeqtis erTsa da imave etapze
muSaobas aiZulebs da xls uwyobs kooperaciul swavlas.
klasis wesad aqcieT, rom moswavleebs erTmaneTis daxmareba SeuZliaT, magram ar unda Seexon
sxvis kompiuters. amgvarad Tqven SegiZliaT darwmunebuli iyoT, rom moswavleebi swavloben
erTmaneTis daxmarebis drosac ki.
yovel kompiuterTan dadgiT plastmasis wiTeli Wiqa. moswavleebi mas uxmaurod Semodgamen
monitorze, Tu daxmareba sWirdebaT.
laboratoriidan gasvlamde sTxoveT moswavleebs moabrunon Taguna ise, rom Candes masSi mo-
Tavsebuli burTula. ase naklebi burTulis dakargvas uzrunvelyofT.
daamagreT sxvadasxva feris `stikerebi~ yoveli monitoris marcxena da marjvena zeda kuTxeSi.
gamoiyeneT isini imis misaniSneblad ekranis romel mxareze gaqvT saubari. es gansakuTrebiT
mosaxerxebelia konkretul programebze (mag., Kid Pix) muSaobisas, raTa gansazRvroT visi rig-
ia, Tu erT kompiuterTan ori moswavle muSaobs.
CarTeT yvela dinamiki kvebis mTavar blokSi. axsnis dros bloki gamorTeT, xolo moswavlee-
bis muSaobisas – CarTeT. Tu klasi axmaurdeba gamorTeT kvebis bloki moswavleTa yuradRebis
misapyrobad.
gamoiyeneT video karta, raTa monitoris gamosaxuleba televizoris ekranzec Candes.
dabeWdeT baraTze `daelodeT instruqciebs~ da miakariT yoveli monitoris zeda kuTxeSi.
Tqveni miTiTebebis Semdeg moswavleebi baraTebs monitoris ukana mxares gadaitanen.
SeqmeniT folderi `Start~ meniuSi da moswavleebTan muSaobisas gamoyenebuli yvela programa
moaTavseT am folderSi. moswavleebs ar dasWirdebaT programis gaSveba – yvelaferi rac
sWirdeba erT folderSi eqnebaT.
kompiuterul laboratoriaSi muSaobisas yovel moswavles Tavisi kompiuteri CaabareT. mo-
swavleebma laboratoriaSi merxebze ganawilebis wesi, SeiZleba sxva gakveTilebzec gamoiy-
enon. isini Zalian swrafad ewyobian samuSao magidebTan, roca TavianTi adgili ician.
qselSi muSaobisas sTxoveT teqnologiebis koordinators gaxsnas saerTo folderi inter-
netis resursebisaTvis. internet-gakveTilis dagegmvisas ubralod SeinaxavT am folderis
veb-gverdis mokle gzas. laboratoriaSi muSaobisas moswavleebs SeuZliaT saerTo folderis
gaxsna kavSirze (link) ormagi daklikebiT da pirdapir veb-gverdze gadasvla resursis unifici-
rebuli maCveneblis (URL) dabeWdvis gareSe. es zogavs maswavleblisa da moswavlis drosa da
energias.

wyaro: `Tips for Managing a Computer Lab~ from C. M. Bolick & J. M. Cooper (2006). `Classroom Management and Technology’,
in C. Evertson & C. Weinstein (Eds.), Handbook for Classroom Management: Research, practice, and contemporary issues. ibeWdeba
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. and Cheryl Mason Bolick, Ph. D.

627
 rekomendaciebi: kompiuterebis gamoyeneba: menejmenti
Tu klasSi mxolod erTi kompiuteri gaqvT:
uzrunvelyaviT misawvdomoba.
magaliTebi
1. moZebneT klasSi iseTi adgili, sadac Ses-
aZlebeli iqneba kompiuteris ise moTavse-
ba, rom masalis danaxva mTelma klasma Se-
Zlos.
2. monaxeT iseTi adgili, oTaxis ganapiras,
sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba dajdoma da
ekranis yureba, ise, rom man xeli ar Se-
uSalos sxva moswavleebs.
moemzadeT.
magaliTebi
1. darwmundiT, rom gakveTilisaTvis saWiro
software dainstalirebulia da muSaobs.
2. darwmundiT, rom software-is gamoyenebis
instruqcia da davalebis Sesasruleblad
saWiro miTiTebebi, gamosaCen adgilas devs
da maTSi yvelaferi zustadaa gansazRvru-
li.
3. CamoayalibeT kriteriumebi davalebis Ses-
amowmeblad.
daniSneT `eqspertebi~, romlebic daxmare-
bas gauweven Tanaklaselebs kompiuterTan
muSaobisas.
magaliTebi
1. daaostateT da cvaleT ~eqspertebi~.
2. gamoiyeneT ufros moxaliseTa (mSoblebi,
ufrosi da-Zma)
daxmareba.
SeimuSaveT sistema kompiuteris gamoy-
enebisaTvis.
magaliTebi
1. SeimuSaveT ganrigi, raTa darwmundeT, rom
yvela moswavles SeuZlia kompiuteriT
sargebloba da aravis ar aqvs monopolia.
2. SeimuSaveT standartuli gzebi moswavle-
Ta samuSaos SenaxvisaTvis.
damatebiTi ideebisaTvis ixileT:
http://www.internet4classrooms.com/one_computer.htm
interesTa sivrce. interesTa sivrcis dizaini gavlenas axdens imaze,
rogor iyeneben moswavleebi am sivrces. magaliTad, kerol veinSteini
exmareboda maswavlebels da maT ganaxorcieles cvlilebebi interesTa
628
Tu klasSi erTze meti kompiuteria:
dagegmeT kompiuterebis ganlageba ise, rom
Seesabamebodes swavlis Tqveneul miznebs.
magaliTebi
1. TanamSromluri jgufebis SemTxvevaSi kom-
piuterebi ise ganalageT, rom moswavleebs
saSualeba hqondeT Semousxdnen Tavisi
jgufis kompiuters.
2. sxvadasxva kompiuterebze gansaxorcie-
lebeli gansxvavebuli proeqtebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, saSualeba mieciT moswavleebs
martivad gadavidnen erTi kompiuteridan
meoreze.
mosinjeT kompiuterebis gamoyenebis sxva
modelebi.
magaliTebi
1. navigatoruli modeli _ 4 moswavle erT
kompiuterTan. erT moswavles abaria mausi
da klaviatura, meore `navigatoria~. erTi
`ukan mjdomi~ warmarTavs jgufis prog-
ress, xolo meore `ukan mjdomi~ areguli-
rebs dros. navigatori 10-20 wuTis manZil-
ze ecnoba konkretuli software-s muSaobis
principebs. navigators ar SeuZlia Seexos
mauss. klaviaturasa da mauss rigrigobiT
marTaven.
2. fasilitatoruli modeli _ 6 moswavle
erT kompiuterTan. fasilitators meti
gamocdileba aqvs, ukeT aris gavarjiSe-
buli, moqmedebs rogorc megzuri an mas-
wavlebeli.
3. kolaboraciuli jgufis modeli _ 7 mo-
swavle erT kompiuterTan. TiToeuli mci-
re jgufi pasuxismgebelia Seqmnas jgufis
saboloo produqtis raRac nawili. magal-
iTad, erTi jgufi dawers, meore Seqmnis
ruqas, mesame gamoiyenebs kompiuters mo-
nacemTa Segrovebisa da organizebisaTvis.
sivrceSi. Aman saSualeba misca maswavlebels meti gogona CaerTo sa- daukavSireT kvlevas
mecniero saqmianobaSi da meti moswavle daesaqmebina sxvadasxva sama- da ganavrceT
gamokvleva imis Sesaxeb, Tu
nipulacio xelsawyosTan. meore gamokvlevaSi cvlilebebi Catarda bib-
rogor dagegmes maswavle-
lioTekis kuTxeSi, ramac Sedegad moitana klasSi literaturiT ufro blebma TavianTi klasebis
metad daintereseba (Morrow & Weinstein, 1986). Tu Tqven apirebT interes- fizikuri garemo, ixileT
Ta sivrcis mowyobas klasSi, rCevebisaTvis ixileT rekomendaciebi. Pointon, P. & Kershner, R.
pirovnuli da intersTa zona ar aris ori erTmaneTisagan damo­ (2000). gadawyvetilebebis
miReba klasis mowyobasTan
ukidebeli ram. mravali maswavlebeli am ganlagebebis kombinirebas
dakavSirebiT: sami gamocdi-
axdens. moswavleTa individualuri merxebi SeiZleba centrSi ganla- li maswavleblisa da maTi
gdes, interesTa sivrce ki _ ukan an kedlebis gaswvriv mTel klasSi. moswavleebis Sexedulebebi.
aseTi ganlageba moqnili da moxerxebulia rogorc didi, ise patara swavleba da maswavlebelTa
jgufebisaTvis. ganaTleba, 16, 117-127.

kompiuteriT sargeblobis dagegmva

dRedReobiT ukve bevr klasSi dgas kompiuterebi. zogan mxolod
erTi kompiuteria, zogan ramodenime, zogierT klasSi ki mowyobilia
kompiuteruli laboratoria TiToeuli moswavlisaTvis. kompiuterebis
produqtiulad gamoyeneba SeiZleba menejmentis sirTuleebTan iyos da-
kavSirebuli. kompiuterebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT imisaTvis, rom ga­videT
msoflio monacemTa bazaze; davweroT, davxatoT, SevqmnaT dizaini, Ca-
vataroT samecniero eqsperimentebi sxva drosa da adgilze, viTanamS-
romloT sxva adamianebTan meore oTaxSi an okeanis gaRma, vimuSaoT an
movawyoT prezentacia, SevinaxoT davalebebi, Sefasebebi. imisaTvis, rom
kompiuterebi produqtiulad iqnes gamoyenebuli, maswavleblebs mar-
TebT swori menejmentis warmoeba.
bevr klasSi ar iqneba imdeni kompiuteri, rom TiToeulma bavSvma indi-
vidualurad imuSaos, zogan ki SeiZleba saerTodD ar iyos rekomendaciebSi
ganxilulia regularul klasebSi kompiuterebis gamoyenebis sakiTxi.

dawyeba: klasTan muSaobis pirveli kvirebi

dizainis, wesebisa da procedurebis gansazRvra pirveli nabijebia
saklaso menejmentSi, magram rogor unda miaRwion am adreul kriti-
kul etapze maswavleblebma moswavleTa Soris TanamSromlobas? erT
kvlevaSi detalurad aris gaanalizebuli dawyebiTi klasebis efeqtiani
da araefeqtiani maswavleblebis saqmianoba saswavlo wlis pirveli kvi-
rebis manZilze, gansxvaveba TvalSisacemi aRmoCnda (Emmer, Evertson &
Anderson, 1980). meore an mesame kviraSi, araefeqturi maswavleblebis
moswavleebi sul ufro metad daumorCilebelni da amocanaze nak-
lebad koncentrirebulebi gaxdnen.

dawyebiTi klasebis efeqtiani menejerebi. efeqtiani maswavleblebis

SemTxvevaSi pirveli dReebi kargad iyo organizebuli. saxeliani, sam-
kerde niSani ukve mzad iyo. TiToeuli bavSvisaTvis iyo raRac damain-
teresebeli. masala mowerigebuli iyo da maswavleblebs SemuSavebuli
hqondaT gegma, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT moswavleTa xelidan gaSvebis
SemTxvevebi. kargad umklavdebodnen maT kiTxvebs: `sad davalago Cemi
nivTebi?~; `rogor unda warmovTqva maswavleblis saxeli?~; `SeiZleba
raRac vuTxra Cemi merxis mezobels?~; `sad aris tualeti?~ da a.S.
efeqtiani maswavleblebi Riad gamoxatavdnen TavianT molodinebs. maT

629
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
saklaso menejmentis Sesaxeb 5
SesaniSnav da Zalian praqti-
kul diskusias naxavT:
Evertson, C. M., Emmer, E. T.
& Worsham, M. E. (2006).
saklaso menejmenti daw-
yebiTi klasebis maswavle-
belTaTvis. bostoni: Allyn
& Bacon.
Emmer, E. T., Evertson, C. M. &
Worsham, M. E. (2006). sak-
laso menejmenti saSualo
klasebis maswavleblebi-
sTvis. bostoni: Allyn &
Bacon.
Freiberg, H. J. (1999). bihevior-
izms miRma: saklaso menej-
mentis paradigmis Secvla.
bostoni: Allyn & Bacon.
Weinstein, C. S. & Mignano,
A. J., Jr. (2003). dawyebiTi
klasebis menejmenti: kv-
levebi da gamocdileba.
niu-iorki: McGrow-Hill.
Weinstein, C. S. (2003). saSualo
klasebis menejmenti:
kvlevebi da gamocdileba.
niu-iorki: McGrow-Hill.
630
advilad gasagebi, efeqturi wesebi hqondaT SemuSavebuli da moswav-
leebs maSinve aswavlidnen yvelaze mniSvnelovan wesebs. isini wesebssx-
va sagnebis msgavsad aswavlidnen _ umartavdnen, aZlevdnen magaliTebs
da avarjiSebdnen.
efeqtiani maswavleblebi pirvel kvirebSi did dros uTmobdnen we-
sebisa da procedurebis Seswavlas. zogierTi maswavlebeli proce-
durebis swavlebisas upiratesobas aniWebda gavarjiSebas, sxvebi mimar-
Tavdnen jildos sasurveli qcevis CamoyalibebisaTvis. umravlesoba
iyenebda zars an raime sxva saxis signals, raTa miepyro moswavleTa
yuradReba. es maswavleblebi mTel klasTan muSaobdnen sasiamovno aka-
demiur aqtivobebze. isini ar Cqarobdnen moswavleTa mcire jgufebad
dayofas. mTeli klasis muSaoba maswavleblebs saSualebas aZlevda,
ekontrolebinaT TiToeuli moswavlis swavlis procesi. cudi qceva
swrafad aRikveTeboda, magram ara uxeSad.
cudad organizebul klasebSi pirveli kvirebi gansxvavebulad mim-
dinareobda. wesebi ar muSaobda, isini bundovani an Zalian rTuli
iyo. magaliTad, erT maswavlebels hqonda aseTi wesi, rom moswavleebi
`unda iyvnen saWiro dros saWiro adgilas.~ moswavleebs ar uxsnid-
nen amis mniSvnelobas, Sesabamisad maT qcevaze es wesi gavlenas ver
moaxdenda. arc karg, arc cud qcevas ar mosdevda mudmivi da Tanmim-
devruli Sedegi. rodesac moswavle wess daarRvevda, maswavlebeli mas
akritikebda, afrTxilebda an emuqreboda.
cudad organizebul klasebSi, rutinuli amocanebis Sesasrulebe-
li procedurebi dRidan dRemde icvleboda da ar xdeboda gavarjiSe-
ba. am aucilebeli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebis nacvlad, araefeqturi
maswavleblebi iseT procedurebs uTmobdnen dros, romlebic ar iyo
maincdamainc saCqaro. magaliTad, erT-erTi maswavlebeli pirvelive
dReebSi aswavlida moswavleebs, rogor unda moqceuliyvnen xanZris
SemTxvevaSi maSin, roca moswavleebma jer ar icodnen yoveldRiu-
rad saWiro procedurebi. bavSvebi umiznod dabodialebdnen klasSi
da erTmaneTs ekiTxebodnen, ra unda gaekeTebinaT. xSirad isini erT-
maneTTan saubrobdnen, radgan araferi hqondaT gasakeTebeli. arafeq-
turi maswavleblebi xSirad tovebdnen klass. zogi maTgani weraSi iyo
garTuli an daxmarebas uwevda mxolod erT moswavles. ar hqondaT
samoqmedo gegma im SemTxvevisTvis, roca moswavle igvianebda an xels
uSlida gakveTilis warmarTvas. erTma araefeqturma maswavlebelma
gamoiyena zari, rogorc imis maniSnebeli, rom iTxovda yuradRebas,
magram mogvianebiT ufleba misca moswavleebs ar mieqciaT yuradReba
zaris xmisaTvis. erTi sityviT, pirveli kvirebi am klasebSi Zalian
araorganizebuli iyo da moulodnelobebiT aRsavse iyo, rogorc mas-
wavleblebis, ise moswavleebisaTvis.
saSualo klasebis efeqtiani menejmenti. rogor unda daviwyoT muS-
aoba saSualo klasebSi? irkveva, rom gansxvaveba dawyebiTi klasebis
efeqtian da araefeqtian maswavleblebs Soris am SemTxvevaSic ZalaSia
rCeba. aqac efeqtiani maswavleblebi did yuradRebas aqceven pirve-
live dReebSi wesebis, procedurebis, molodinebis gansazRvras aqac.
akademiuri muSaobisa da klasSi moqcevis wesebi naTlad aris axsnili
da Tanmimdevrulad ganmtkicebuli ukve sawyis etapze. kontroldeba
moswavleTa qceva da swrafad xdeba reagireba wesebis darRvevaze.
unarSezRuduli bavSvebis klasebSi samuSao cikli ufro moklea; mo-
swavleebs ar moeTxovebaT Seusveneblad muSaoba erT sakiTxze didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi. drois TiToeul monakveTSi isini moqnilad gada-
dian erTi aqtivobidan meoreze. zogadad rom vTqvaT, efeqtiani mas-
wavleblebi dakvirvebiT adevneben Tvalyurs TiToeuli bavSvis prog-
ress, moswavleebs ar aqvT saSualeba Tavi aaridon Sromas ise, rom ar
iwvnion Sedegebi (Emmer & Evertson, 1982).
mTeli am monitoringisa da wesebis mudmivi ganmtkicebis gaTval-
iswinebiT, SeiZleba gagiCndeT kiTxva, xom ar aris iZulebuli saSualo
klasebis maswavlebeli, iyos mkacri da iumors moklebuli. es araa
aucilebeli. efeqtiani maswavleblebi xSirad kidec iRimebian da kidec
xumroben moswavleebTan (Moskowitz & Hayman, 1976). nebismieri gamocdi-
li maswavlebeli getyviT, rom Rimilis sababi xSirad geqnebaT, roca
klasSi TanamSromlobis atmosfero.

kargi saswavlo garemos SenarCuneba

kargi starti kargi dasawyisia. efeqtiani maswavleblebi am dasaw­

yisze amyareben imeds. isini menejmentis maTeul sistemas inarCune-
ben produqtiul saswavlo aqtivobebSi problemebis prevenciiTa da
moswavleebis CarTulobiT. Cven ukve ganvixileT moswavleTa CarTu-
lobis SenarCunebis ramdenime gza. moptivaciisadmi miZRvnil TavSi,
vsaubrobdiT cnobismoyvareobis gaRvivebaze, gakveTilebis moswavle-
Ta interesebTan gakveTilebis dakavSirebaze, prezentaciis miznebis
nacvlad, swavlis miznebis dasaxvaze pozitiur molodinebze. kidev
risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT maswavleblebs?

CarTulobis xelSewyoba
SeCerdi dafiqrdi dawere ra aris is saqmianoba, romelSic bolom­ daukavSireT PRAXIS II™-s
da ganavrceT
de xarT xolme CarTuli, rodesac dro TiTqos saerTod qreba? rom-
moswavleTa CarTulobis uz-
eli aqtivobebi ar gaZlevT yuradRebis modunebis saSualebas? runvelyofa
ganaTlebis fsiqologiis
gakveTilis formati gavlenas axdens moswavlis CarTulobaze. zo­ principi aris is, rom rac
gadad, roca izrdeba maswavleblis meTvalyureoba, izrdeba moswavlis metadaa moswavle kogniturad
CarTuli saqmianobaSi, miT
CarTulobis droc (Emmer & Evertson, 1981). magaliTad, erTi kvleviT
ufro metad swavlobs. ra
dadginda, rom maswavleblis meTvalyureobis qveS myofi dawyebiTi taqtikebi SeiZleba gamoiyenos
klasebis moswavleebi, amocanas drois 97%-s uTmobdnen, xolo mo- maswavlebelma, raTa maqsi-
swavleebi, romlebic damoukideblad muSaobdnen, amocanas uTmobdnen malurad gazardos moswav-
drois mxolod 57%-s (Frick, 1990). es imas ar niSnavs, rom maswavlebleb- leTa kognituri CarTuloba
saswavlo amocanebSi?
ma unda daaqveiTon moswavleTa damoukidebeli muSaoba. es mxolod
imaze miuTiTebs, rom aseTi saqmianoba yuradRebiT dagegmarebasa da
monitorings moiTxovs.
rodesac amocanis Sesrulebisas xdeba Semdegi nabijis mudmivi
miTiTeba, CarTuloba ufro maRalia. iseTi saqmianoba, romlis TiToeu-
li nabiji naTlad aris gansazRvruli, aseve zrdis CarTulobas, radgan
TiToul nabijs logikurad mivyavarT Semdeg safexuramde. rodesac
moswavles srulad aqvs xelT saWiro masala, romelic sWirdeba, esec
ubiZgebs mas darCnen fokusirebuli darCes amocanaze. Tu didia mo-
swavlis cnobismoyvareoba, igi motivirebuli iqneba ganagrZos pasuxis
Zieba. rogorc iciT, moswavleTa CarTulobas zrdis avTentikuri _
amocanebic, amocanebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia realur cxovrebas-

631
 rekomendaciebi: moswavleTa CarTulobis SenarCuneba
naTeli gaxadeT samuSaos ZiriTadi
moTxovnebi.
magaliTebi
1. SeadgineT da warudgineT moswavleebs ru­
tinuli samuSaos moTxovnebi romlebic exe-
ba dasaTaurebas, referatis zomas, sa­weri
saSualebebis gamoyenebas, akuratulobas.
2. daadgineT da ganmarteT wesebi davalebis
dagvianebis an misi dausruleblobis, gac­
denebis SemTxvevisaTvis. Tu davalebis
da­­­usrulebloba CvevaSi gadadis, zomebi
sawyis etapzeve miiReT. Tu saWiroa, mSob-
lebsac gaesaubreT.
3. mniSvneloba mianiWeT vadebs da iyaviT Se-
upovari, Tu moswavles Zalian sapatio mi­
zezi ar aqvs dagvianebisaTvis.
gaacaniT moswavleebs davalebis specifika.
SeamowmeT samuSao procesis progresi
magaliTebi
1. darwmundiT, rom yoveli moswavle swo-
rad iwyebs. Tu Tqven SeamowmebT mxolod
im moswavleebs, romlebic xels aiweven
da daxmarebas iTxoven, mxedvelobis miR-
ma dagrCebaT is moswavleebi, romlebic
fiqroben, rom sworad akeTeben, arada
realurad ar esmiT sakiTxi, aseve Zalian
moridebuli moswavleebi, romlebsac rcx-
veniaT daxmarebis Txovna da isinic, rom-
lebic saerTod ar apireben muSaobas.
2. periodulad SeamowmeT progresi. diskus-
iebisas darwmundiT, rom yvelas SeuZlia
pasuxis gacema.
xSirad gqondeT akademiuri moswrebis Sesa­
xeb ukukavSiri

magaliTebi
1. ufro mcirewlovan moswavleebTan Sem-
oiReT davalebis micemis rutinuli pro-
cedura, magaliTad, yoveldRiurad da-
faze, erTsa da imave adgilas dawereT,
ra aqvT davalebad. ufrosi moswavleebis
SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba ukarnaxoT maT dava-
leba, dauweroT da silabusis saSualebiT
warudginoT.
2. SeaxseneT moswavleebs SemdegSi ra eqnebaT
davalebad.
3. rTuli davalebebis SemTxvevaSi, moswav-
leebs daurigeT furclebi, sadac aRweri-
li iqneba, ra unda gakeTdes, ra resursebi
unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, ra vadebSi unda
Sesruldes davaleba da a.S. ufros mo-
swavleebs Tqveni Sefasebis kriteriumebic
SeiZleba gaacnoT.
4. aCveneT maT, rogor unda Sesruldes dava-
leba, maTTan erTad gaakeTeT pirveli
sakiTxebi an mieciT nimuSi.
magaliTebi
1. dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebi rveulebs
ukan unda iRebdnen davalebis Cabarebis
meore dRes.
2. kargi naSromi unda daikidos klasis wina­
Se; mSoblebs saxlSi yovelkvireulad unda
gaegzavnos Sefasebis furclebi.
3. yoveli asakis moswavle SeiZleba flob-
des niSnebis, Sesrulebuli proeqtebis
Canawerebs.
4. ufrosi moswavleebis SemTxvevaSi xangrZ­
livi samuSao dayaviT ramdenime fazad da
TiToeul fazaze mieciT ukukavSiri.
damatebiTi ideebisaTvis ixileT:
http://www.cat.ilstu.edu/teaching_tips/handouts/en-
gage.shtml an
http://trc.virginia.edu/Publikations/Teaching_Concerns/
TC_Topic/Engaging_Students.htm
es rCevebi gankuTvnilia kolejis studen-
tebisTvis magram aq bevr karg ideas naxavT.

Tan. igive efeqti aqvs im saqmianobebsac, romelTa Sesruleba didi

gamowvevaa moswavlisaTvis da romliTac kmayofildeba misi intere-
sebi, (Emmer & Gerwels, 2006).
rasakvirvelia, maswavlebels ar SeuZlia gamudmebiT akontrolos
moswavle, an mxolod misi cnobismoyvareobis imedad darCes. aris kidev
raRac, ramac unda ubiZgos moswavles, damoukideblad muSaobisTvis.
dawyebiTi da saSualo klasebis kvlevisas evertsonma, emerma da maT-

632
 gadanacvleba gulisxmobs mo-
swavleTa moZraobas garkveu-
li tempiT, ramdenadac saqmi-
anobis tipebi da adgilebi,
sadac es saqmianobebi unda
ganxorcieldes dRis ganmav-
lobaSi icvleba.

ma kolegebma aRmoaCines, rom klasis efeqturi menejerebi iyenebdnen

kargad dagegmil sistemas, romelic saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs
waremarTaT samuSao process (Emmer, Evertson & Worsham, 2006; Evertson,
Emmer & Worsham, 2006). rekomendaciebi swored am mignebebis gaTval-
iswinebiT aris Sedgenili.

prevencia saukeTeso mkurnalia

problemebis mogvarebis saukeTeso gza ra Tqma unda maTi preven-
ciaa. jeikob kuninma Tavis klasikur kvlevaSi (1970) Seiswavla saklaso
menejmenti efeqtiani (romelTac klasSi problemebi met-naklebad ar
hqondaT) da araefeqtiani (romelTa klasebSi qaosi sufevda) maswavle-
blebis SedarebiT. Oorive zemoaRniSnul jgufze dakvirvebiT, kuninma
daadgina, rom disciplinur problemebTan brZolisas isini erTmaneTi-
sagan didad ar gansxvavdebodnen. gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
warmatebuli menejerebi ukeTesad axdendnen problemebis prevencias.
kuninma aRniSna, rom efeqtian menejerebi gansakuTrebiT oTx rameSi
iyvnen daxelovnebulebi: `CarTulobaSi~, saqmianobebis Tanadroulo-
baSi, jgufze fokusirebasa da moqmedebis menejmentSi (Doyle, 1977).
am faqtorebis mniSvneloba ufro mogvianebiT Catarebuli kvleviTac
dadginda (Emmer & Stough, 2001; Evertson, 1988).

CarTuloba (withitness). CarTuloba niSnavs Semdegs Tqven agrZnobinebT CarTuloba _ kuninis mixed-
moswavleebs, rom yvela saqmis kursSi xarT, rac klasSi xdeba, araferi viT, monawileoba yvelaferSi,
rac ki klasSi xdeba.
gamogeparebaT. `CarTul~ maswavleblebs TiTqos mesame Tvali aqvT ke-
faze da imasac xedaven, rac maT zurgs ukan xdeba. isini ar axdenen mx- gadafarva _ ramdenime aqti-
olod ramdenime moswavlesTan interaqcias, radgan es danarCen klass vobis erTdrouli zedamxed-
moadunebs. Mudmivad adevnebdnen Tvalyurs klass da TvalebiT amyare- veloba.
ben kontaqts moswavleebTan, moswavleebma ician, rom kontrolqveS
fokusireba jgufur muSao-
arian (Charles, 2002-I; Brooks, 1985).
baze _ aqtivobaSi maqsimalu­
aseTi maswavleblebi yovelTvis axerxeben, rom mcire uwesrigo- ri raodenobis moswavleebis
ba did areulobaSi ar gadaizardos. maT yovelTvis ician, vin qmnis CarTvis unari.
problemas da darwmunebulni arian, rom swored am adamianTan aqvT
saqme. kunins Tu davesesxebiT, isini ar uSveben Secdomebs arc drois
(didxans mocda, sanam vinme gamoeqomagebodes) da arc samiznis Tval-
sazrisiT (roca xdeba sxva moswavlis dadanaSauleba, xolo realuri
damnaSave uvneblad daiZvrens Tavs situaciidan, ise, rom ar aiRebs
pasuxismgeblobas Tavis qcevaze).

633
 Tu erTdroulad Cndeba ori problema, efeqturi menejeri jer im
problemas umklavdeba, romelic ufro seriozulia. magaliTad, rode-
sac maswavlebeli aZlevs SeniSvnas or moswavles, Sewyviton CurCuli
da ar aqcevs yuradRebas marTalia mcire, magram wakinklavebas fan-
qris mTlelTan, is saqmeSi nakleb gacnobierebulobas avlens. moswav-
leebi xvdebian, rom nebismieri situaciidan `gamoZvrebian~, Tu WkuiT
moiqcevian (Charles, 2002-II).

gadafarva da jgufze fokusireba. Tanadrouloba gulisxmobs ramde­

nime aqtivobis erTdroulad gakontrolebas. magaliTad, maswavlebe-
li SeiZleba asworebdes romelime moswavlis davalebas, amave dros
Tvalyurs adevnebdes mcire jgufis muSaobas, aRkveTos sxva jgufSi
mimdinare incidenti replikiT `SemomxedeT!~ da a.S. (Burden, 1995; Charles,
2002-II).
Jgufur muSaobaze fokusirebis SenarCuneba gulisxmobs rac sei-
Zleba maqsimaluri moswavlis CarTvas aqtivobaSi da ara mxolod
erTi-oris. yovel moswavles unda hqondes raime saqme gakveTilze.
magaliTad, maswavlebelma SeiZleba sTxovos moswavleebs, yvelam dawe-
ros pasuxi kiTxvaze, Semdeg calkeul moswavleebs sTxovos pasuxis
gacema danarCenebi Seadareben sakuTar pasuxebs. maswavlebels SeuZlia
moiTxovos gunduri pasuxebi, sanam igi klasSi imoZravebs, raTa darw-
mundes, rom yvela monawileobs (Charles, 2002-II). magaliTad, gramatikis
gakveTilze maswavlebels SeuZlia Tqvas: `vinc fiqrobs, rom swori
pasuxia `dajdnen~, aswios baraTis wiTeli mxare, xolo vinc fiqrobs,
rom swori pasuxia~, aswios baraTis mwvane mxare (Hunter, 1982). es aris
erT-erTi gza, raTa maswavleblebi darwmundnen, rom yoveli moswavle
iRebs monawileobas da yvelas esmis masala.

moZraobis menejmenti. moZraobis menejmenti gulisxmobs gakveTilebisa

da moswavleTa gadaadgilebis Sesabamisi tempiT warmarTvas. efeqtiani
maswavlebeli Tavidan iridebs mouxerxebel gadasvlas Semdeg etapze,
magaliTad, ar gaakeTebs gancxadebas axali aqtivobis dawyebis Sesaxeb,
sanam moswavleTa yuradRebas ar miipyrobs, an ar daiwyebs axal aq-
tivobas, roca Zveli ar aris dasrulebuli. aseT situaciebSi klasis
erTi mesamedi gadadis axal saqmianobaze, bevri isev wina samuSaos as-
rulebs, zogierTi svams kiTxvas, ra gaakeTos, zogi dro ixelTebs da
gaerToba, umetesoba dabneuli iqneba. meore problema, romelzec sau-
brobda kunini, aris Seneleba, anu didi dros dakargva, axali saqmiano-
bis dawyebamde. zogierTi maswavlebeli Zalian bevr miTiTebas iZleva.
problemebi Cndeba maSinac, roca erTi moswavle muSaobs, danarCenebi
uyureben da icdian.

mzrunveli urTierToba: kavSiri skolasTan. rodesac maswavleblebsa

da moswavleebs Soris aris pozitiuri urTierToba, ndoba, menejment-
Tan dakavSirebuli problemebi aRar Cndeba. moswavleebi pativs scemen
im maswavleblebs, romlebic uxesad, rigidulad da usamarTlod ar
avlenen sakuTar Zalauflebas, iyeneben swavlebis kreatiul meTodebs,
raTa swavla saxaliso gaxadon. moswavleebi aseve afaseben im maswav-
leblebs, romlebic avlenen akademiur da pirovnul mzrunvelobas,
moswavleebs udgebian, rogorc individebs da ara rogorc ubralod
moswavleebs, aqvT pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, minimalurad mimarTaven
gare kontrols, yuradRebis miRma ar rCebaT aravin, cdiloben gaa-
Zlieron TavianTi moswavleebi, aqvT efeqturi komunikaciis unari da

634
ainteresebT moswavlis cxovreba (Elias & Schwab, 2006; Woolfolk Hoy & Wein-
stein, 2006). pozitiuri urTierTobebis damyareba da saklaso erTobis
SeqmnisaTvis gaRebuli energia win gadadgmuli nabijia menejmentTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis prevenciisaken. moswavleebi, romlebsac
aqvT skolasTan kavSiris gancda, Tavs ufro bednierad grZnoben, aqvT
TviTdisciplinis ufro maRali unari, naklebad emuqrebaT narkoti-
kuli nivTierebebis gamoyenebis, Zaladobis, adreuli sqesobrivi kav-
Sirebis safrTxe (Freiberg, 2006; McNeely, Nonnemaker & Blum, 2002).

moswavleTa socialuri unarebi, rogorc prevenciis saSualeba. rac Se-

exeba moswavleebs. ra SeiZleba gaakeTon maT? rodesac moswavleebi gan-
icdian socialuri da emociuri unar-Cvevebis naklebobas, rogoricaa
masalebis gaziareba, sxvaTa ganzraxvebis amokiTxva, frustraciasTan
gamklaveba, amas xSirad mohyveba menejmentTan dakavSirebuli prob-
lemebi. amdenad, socialuri da emociuri TviTregulirebis swavlebisa
yoveli mcdeloba, win wadgmuli nabijia menejmentTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis prevenciisaken. drois mokle SualedSi maswavlebels Seu-
Zlia aswavlos es unar-Cvevebi da moaxdinos maTi modelireba, Semdeg
misces moswavleebs ukukavSiri da gaavarjiSos isini am unar-Cvevebis
sxvadasxva situaciis gamoyenebaSi. drois xangrZliv monakveTSi Tanam-
SromlobiTa da kompromisze wasvlis unariT, maswavlebels SeuZlia
Secvalos agresiulobis ganmapirobebeli atitudebi, (Elias & Schwab,
2006). me-3 da me-11 TavebSi ganxiluli iyo, mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb,
rogor unda moxdes socialuri da emociuri unar-Cvevebis swavleba.

disciplinur problemebTan gamklaveba

rogoria Tqveni azri?
Tqven imyofebiT samuSao gasaubrebaze. Saswavlo wlis naxevari ga- daukavSireT kvlevas da
sulia, Tqven ki am dros giwevT klasis ayvana. direqtori gekiTxe- ganavrceT
`Phi Delta Kappa~ – ‘sazoga-
baT: ` ra iyo yvelaze rTuli problema, romelic disciplinasTan
doebis kvleva’ yoveli wlis
dakavSirebiT gqondaT da rogor gaarTviT mas Tavi?~ seqtemberSi atarebs gamok-
iTxvas, raTa gamoavlinos mo-
2005 wels `Phi Delta Kappa~-m gamoaqveyna sajaro skolebis mimarT saxleobis atitudebi sajaro
mo­saxleobis atitudebis dasadgenad Catarebuli 37-e yovelwliuri skolebis mimarT. respon-
dentebs sTxoven skolebis
gamokiTxvis Sedegebi. 1969 dan 1999 wlamde, TiTqmis yovel wels
Sefasebas, im problemebis
skolebis umTavres problemad saxeldeboda disciplinis nakleboba gamovlenas, romelTa winaSec
(Rose & Gallup, 1999). 2000 wlidan finansebis nakleboba gadavida pirvel dgas skolebi, gaumjobesebis
adgilze, Tumca disciplinasTan dakavSirebulma problemebma Seinar- strategiebis CamoTvlas, az-
Cuna mowinave poziciebi, meore an mesame adgili. rogorc Cans, mo- ris gamoTqmas aseT aqtualur
sakiTxebze, rogoricaa skolis
saxleobis azriT disciplina udidesi gamowvevaa maswavleblebisTvis.
arCeva, ojaxSi ganaTleba, vau-
efeqturi menejmenti ar niSnavs yovel mcire darRvevaze sajaro Cerebi, Rirebuleba.
reagirebas. aseTma sajaro yuradRebam SeiZleba, piriqiT ganamtkicos
cudi qceva. rogorc es me-6 TavSi vnaxeT. Sul araa aucilebeli, mainc-
damainc im maswavleblebs hyavdeT sanimuSo klasebi, romlebic xSirad
aZleven moswavleebs SeniSvnebs, (Irving & Martin, 1982). umniSvnelovanesi
sakiTxia, acnobierebde, ra xdeba da icode, risi gakeTebaa saWiro moZraobis menejmenti _
problemis prevenciisaTvis. gakveTilebisa da jgufis
moswavleTa umetesoba swrafad wyvets arasasurvel qcevas, rode- dinamikis saTanado siCqaris
sac maswavlebeli ubrZanebs (`Sewyvite!~). magram zogjer es araa sakma- SenarCuneba, moqnili gadasvle-
biTa da mravalferovnebiT.
risi. erT-erTi kvleviT dadginda, rom daumorCilebeli moswavleebi

635
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
im kvlevis sanaxavad, romelic
Catarda maswavleblebis
problemur qcevasTan gam-
klavebis Sesaswavlad ixileT
Brophy, J. & McCaslin, M. (1992).
aq mocemulia maswavlebelTa
angariSi, rogor aRiqvamen
isini problemur moswavleebs
da rogor umklavdebian maT.
Cvens sinamdvileSi es cneba
Seesabameba, saSualo skolis
dawyebit klasebs. Jurnali,
93, 3-68.
636
iSviaTad emorCilebian maswavleblis pirvel miTiTebas. xSirad isini
amas negatiurad pasuxoben, saWiro xdeba brZanebis 4-jer an 5-jer
gameoreba (Nelson & Roberts, 2000). emeri da misi kolegebi (2006), aseve
levini da nolani (2000) gvaswavlian cudi qcevis swrafad aRsakveT
eqvs martiv saSualebas:
daamyareT TvalebiT kontaqti, an midiT axlos wesrigis damrR­vevTan.
SeiZleba sasargeblo aRmoCndes sxva araverbaluri signalebic, mag-
aliTad samuSaoze miTiTeba. darwmundiT, rom moswavle realurad
wyvets TqvenTvis arasasurvel qcevas da ubrundeba samuSaos. Tu
ase ar moiqceviT, igi CaTvlis, rom SeuZlia ignorireba gaukeTos
Tqvens signals.
mosinjeT verbaluri replikebi, magaliTad, saxeliT mimarTva (ub­
ralod axseneT misi saxeli masalis axsnisas), dausviT kiTxva, ix-
umreT (magram ara sarkastulad) magaliTad ase: `albaT momeCvena.
geficebiT gavige, rogor wamoiyvira viRacam pasuxi, magram es Seu-
Zlebelia, radgan jer aravin gamomiZaxia.~
hkiTxeT moswavleebs, ician Tu ara im negatiuri Sedegebis Sesaxeb,
rac mohyveba maT cud qcevas an gaugzavneT `me-Setyobineba~, razec
mogvianebiT visaubrebT.
Tu isini ara sworad asruleben saklaso proceduras, SeaxseneT
maT es procedura da Tvali adevneT, rom sworad Seasrulon. Tqven
SegiZliaT wynarad SeagrovoT maTi piradi nivTebi, romlebic xels
uSlian swavlaSi da Tan uTxraT, rom gakveTilis Semdeg es nivTebi
daubrundebaT.
mSvidad, keTilganwyobili toniT sTxoveT moswavles Camoayalibos
wesi an procedura da Semdeg mihyves mas. glaseri (1969) gvTavazobs
sam kiTxvas: `ras akeTeb? xom ar aris es wesis darRveva? ras unda
akeTebde?~
mkafiod, asertulad, keTilganwyobili toniT uTxariT moswavles
Sewyvitos cudi qceva. (mogvianebiT ganvixilavT asertul mesi-
jebs moswavleTa misamarTiT). Tu moswavle SemogibrunebT pasuxs,
ubralod gaimeoreT moTxovna.
daayeneT moswavle arCevanis winaSe. magaliTad, rodesac moswavle,
maswavleblis moTxovlis miuxedavad agrZelebs pasuxebis wamoyvi-
rebas, maswavlebelma seiZleba uTxras: `jon, Sen gaqvs arCevanis
saSualeba. dauyovnebliv Sewyvite wamoZaxeba da sapasuxod xeli as-
wie, an gadadi ukan da me da Sen mogvianebiT visaubrebT. Gadawyvite
rogor girCevnia.~ (Lewin & Nolan, 2000).
mravali maswavlebeli amjobinebs ukve aRwerili logikuri Sede-
gebis, rogorc sasjelis sawinaaRmdego movlenis Gamoyenebas. magaliTad,
Tu erTi moswavle zians miayenebs meore moswavles, Tqven SegiZliaT
mosTxovoT damnaSaves moixados bodiSi. patiebis aqcia. gulisxmobs,
rogorc patiebis Txovnas verbalurad, aseve raime saxiT am zianis
anazRaurebas. es daexmareba damnaSaves ganiviTaros empaTia da so-
cialuri perspeqtiviT xedva, ramdenadac mouwevs imaze dafiqreba, ra
iqneba Sesabamisi `sazRauri~ (Elias & Schwab, 2006).
Tu Tqven gadawyvetT sasjelis dawesebas, veinSteinisa da mignanos
naSromis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebi, gagiwevT daxmare-
bas, rogor unda ganaxorcieloT es. magaliTebi aRebulia maswavle-
belTa realuri gamocdilebidan, romelic maT naSromebSia moyvanili.
arsebobs garkveuli gafrTxilebebi sasjelis dawesebasTan dakav-
SirebiT. arasodes gamoiyenoT dabali miRwevis statusi sasjelis zo-
mad (kiTxvis dabali donis moswavleebisTvis dabali niSnebis dawera
da meti saSinao davalebis micema) saklaso wesebis darRvevisaTvis.
aseTi ram mxolod maSin SeiZleba gaakeToT, Tu am qcevis sargebe-
li gadawonis zianis miyenebis risks. rogorc karolin orenji (2000)
aRniSnavs, `efeqtiani, mzrunveli maswavlebeli arasdros gamoiyenebs
dabali miRwevis statuss, Sefasebas an raime msgavss, rogorc disci-
plinis ganmamtkicebels. aseTi strategia araefeqturi da usamarT-
loa. es mxolod dagvakargvinebs moswavles.~

gansakuTrebuli problemebi saSualo klasebis

moswavleebTan

rogoria Tqveni azri?

apirebT muSaobis dawyebas umaRles skolasi, romelic mediis yu- daukavSireT Tqvens swavle-
radRebis qveS aRmoCnda tavisi ` nulovani tolerantobis politi- bas/portfolios
da ganavrceT
kis~ gamo.direqtori gekiTxebaT:~ rogoria Tqveni pozicia nulovan
imisaTvis, rom gaecnoT 24
tolerantobasTan dakavSirebiT~ sxva Secdomas, romelic
SeiZleba dauSvas maswavle-
saSualo klasebis bevri moswavle arasodes asrulebs Tavis dava- belma, gamoiwvios moswavlis
lebas. maTSi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis gaRvivebis garda, ra SeiZleba SfoTva da travma miayenos
mas, ixileT Orange, C. (2000).
kidev moimoqmedos maswavlebelma am situaciaSi? ramdenadac moswav-
maswavlebelTa mier daSve-
leebs am asakSi bevri davaleba aqvT, maswavleblebsac uamravi mo- buli 25 udidesi Secdoma da
swavle hyavT, xSirad SeiZleba gakontroldes ra Sesrulda da ra ara. maTi Tavidan arideba. (Thou-
SeiZleba sasargeblo aRmoCndes moswavleebisTvis dRis gegmis gamoy- sand Oaks Ca Corwin)
enebis swavleba _ iqneba es gamoiyenon dRis gegma, qaRaldze dawerili
Tu eleqtronuli versia. amas garda maswavlebelma akuratulad unda
mouaros Canawerebs. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania davalebis Seus-
ruleblobis SemTxvevaSi. dadgenili Sedegebis aRsruleba ar dauw-
eroT moswavles niSani mxolod imitom, rom is sakmarisad Wkviania.
mkafiod ganumarteT am moswavleebs, rom arCevani maTzea: SeuZliaT
Seasrulon davaleba da Caabaron gamocda, SeuZliaT ar Seasrulon
davaleba da dadgnen im Sedegebis winaSe, rac amas mohyveba. Tqven aseve
privatulad unda hkiTxoT moswavles, xom ar arsebobs raime mizezi,
rac mas xels uSlis muSaobaSi.
problemebi Cndeba im moswavleebTan, romlebic gamudmebiT arR­
veven erTsa da imave wesebs, yovelTvis aviwydebaT masala an erTvebian
CxubSi. ra SeiZleba moimoqmedoT am dros? moSorebiT dasviT isini
im moswavleebisagan, romlebic SeiZleba maTi gavlenis qveS aRmoCnd-
nen. scadeT manamde aiyvanoT xelSi, sanam wess daarRvevdnen, magram
rodesac wesi ukve darRveulia, Seupovrad da mtkiced aRasruleT daukavSireT PRAXIS II™-s
da ganavrceT
darRvevis Tanmdevi dadgenili Sedegebi. ar gacdunoT dapirebam, rom
moswavleTa cudi qceva
SemdegSi ukeTesad moiqcevian (Levin & Nolan, 2000). aswavleT moswav- yvelaze kargad organizebul
leebs, rogor akontrolon sakuTari qceva da aseve TviTregulirebis klasebSic ki iqneba cudi
is teqnikebi, romlebic me-6 TavSi ganvixileT. dabolos, SeinarCuneT qcevis SemTxvevebi. ganmar-
megobruli damokidebuleba moswavleebTan. xelidan ar gauSvaT iseTi teT am qcevebze reagirebis
principebi. ra strategiebi
momentebi, roca SeZlebT maTTan sxva Temebze saubars da ara mxolod
SeiZleba gamoiyenos maswav-
wesis darRvevis ganxilvas. lebelma, raTa efeqturad da
gamomwvevma, utifarma moswavlem SeiZleba seriozuli probleme- samarTlianad gaumklavdes
bi Segviqmnas. Tu Zalian feTqebadi situaciaa, ecadeT rac SeiZleba aseT problemebs?

637
 rekomendaciebi: sasjelis daweseba
gadadeT situaciis ganxilva iqamde, sanam
Tqven da situaciis monawile moswavleebi
ar damSviddebiT da ufro obieqturad ar
SeZlebT msjelobas.
magaliTebi
1. mSvidad uTxariT moswavles: `dajeqi da
ifiqre imaze, rac moxda. ramdenime wuTSi
visaubrebT~ an `ar momwons is, rac axla
vnaxe. dResve rogorc ki Tavisufali dro
gamogiCndeba amaze, visaubroT.~
2. uTxariT: `Zalian gavbrazdi imaze, rac
moxda. yvelam amoiReT rveulebi. amis Ses-
axeb davwerT.~ ramdenime wuTis Semdeg,
roca daweren, klasma SeiZleba ganixilos
es incidenti.
Sajarod ar dasajoT moswavle.
magaliTebi
1. cal-calke esaubreT moswavleebs momxdar
faqtze.
2. ar SeaxsenoT moswavles sajarod, rom is
ar asrulebs Tavis movaleobas.
3. axlos midiT disciplinis damrRvev mosa­
wavlesTan, da esaubreT ise, rom mxolod
mas esmodes.
mas Semdeg, rac daisjeba, dauyovnebliv
ganaaxleT pozitiuri urTierToba moswav-
lesTan.
magaliTebi
1. mieciT davaleba an sTxoveT daxmareba.
2. SeaqeT mis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao da
realurad an simbolurad `zurgze mouTa-
TuneT~, Tu amis sababs gaZlevT misi muSa­
oba. eZebeT amis ganxorcielebis SesaZ­
lebloba.
daadgineT sadamsjelo zomebi, romlebic mo­­
ergeba mraval SemTxvevas.
magaliTebi
1. saSinao davalebis SeusruleblobisaTvis: (a)
Sexseneba; (b) gafrTxileba; (g) davalebis Ses-
ruleba dRis dasrulebamde; (d) gakveTilebis
Semdeg darCena, davalebis Sassruleblad; (e)
samoqmedo gegmis Sesadgenad mSoblebsa da
maswavlebelTan erTad moswavlis monawil-
eoba situaciis ganxilvaSi.
sasjelis dawesebasTan erTad yovelTvis as-
wavleT moswavleebs problemis gadaWris
strategiebi, raTa SemdegSi maT iswavlon
sworad moqceva (Elias & Schwab, 2006).
magaliTebi
1. gamoiyeneT `problemebis dRiurebi~, sadac
moswavleebi Caweren ras grZnobdnen, ga-
moavlenen problemas da TavianT mizanebs,
ifiqreben problemis gadaWrisa da miznis
miRwevis SesaZlebel gzebze.
2. aswavleT simSvidis SenarCuneba, amisTvis
gamoiyeneT metodi `5-2-5~: rac Semdeg-
Si mdgomareobs: brazis pirveli niSnebis
ga­moCenisTanave, moswavleebs SeuZliaT
sa­kuTar Tavs uTxran: `SeCerdi, Seinar-
Cune simSvide~, Semdeg ramdenjerme nela
CaisunTqon, 5-mde daiTvalon, Semdeg 2 mde
daiTvalon da Tan sunTqva Seikavon, Sem-
deg ki 5-jer amoisunTqon.
damatebiTi ideebisaTvis ixileT:
http://www.stopbullyingnow.com an
http://www.cfchildren.org

swrafad aRkveToT igi. am dros mogebuli aravinaa. Moswavles unda

mi­vceT Sansi, rom saxe ar dakargos da damSviddes. Amis erTi SesaZle-
bloba, aris is, rom vuTxraT: `Sen airCie, iTanamSromleb Tu ara.
SegiZlia erT wuTSi moifiqro.~ Tu moswavle gemorCilebaT, amis Sem-
deg mas aucileblad unda gaesaubroT. oRond mogvianebiT. xolo Tu
moswavle uars ityvis, SegiZliaT mosTxovoT mas holSi mocda, sanam
daawynarebT klasSi situacias da moswavleebs kvlav CarTavT muSao-
baSi, Semdeg ki unda gaxvideT masTan da piradad gaesaubroT. Tu igi
uars ambobs klasis datovebaze, gagzavneT sxva moswavle direqtoris

638
TanaSemwis dasaZaxeblad. Tu moswavle TanaSemwis mosvlamde dagTanxm- daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
debaT, mis xafangSi nu gaebmebiT, mihyeviT gegmas. Tu aseTi situaciebi da ganavrceT
mesame TavSi Cven ganvixileT
xSirad xdeba, SeiZleba imsjeloT skolis mrCevlebTan, mSoblebTan,
im niSnebisa CamonaTvali,
an sxva maswavleblebTan erTad. Tu problema pirovnuli xasiaTisaa, romlebic skolaSi Zaladobis
moswavle gadayvanil unda iqnas sxva maswavlebelTan. dResdReobiT saSiSroebaze miuTiTebs.
bevrs laparakoben wesebis damrRvevia mimarT nulovan toleranto-
baze. aris Tu ara es kargi idea? Argumenti/kontrargumenti ganixilavs
or midgomas am sakiTxis mimarT.

istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb

xarki swavlebas
sendi krupinski, qimiis mas- `me vimeorebdi: robert, aseTi suleluri saqcieli!?~
wavlebeli niu-jersis erT- (Tumca amis kiTxva Zalian
erTi skolis qimiis mas-
Semomxede, Semomxede...~ mindoda). me mas vuTxari:
wavlebeli sendi krupinski, `gatyob, rom Zalian ganerv-
mogviTxrobs, rogor gaumklavda igi saSiS si­ iulebuli xar, damelaparake ra moxda.~ gairkva,
tuacias. roberti Semovida klasSi da pirdapir rom roberti da denieli megobrebi iyvnen, ma-
denielis merxisaken gaeSura: gram robertma gaigo, rom deniels mis megobar
gogonasTan hqonda urTierToba. me movismine
Cveulebisamebr, karebTan videqi, rodesac
iseTi raRacebi, risi mosmenac ar mindoda, ma-
bav­­Svebi klasSi Semodiodnen. davinaxe, rom ro­
gram es erTaderTi gza iyo robertis dasakave-
berti CanTisa da wignebis gareSe Semovida. es
blad direqtoris TanaSemwis mosvlamde.
uCveulod momeCvena da Tvali gavayole, da-
rodesac TanaSemwem roberti waiyvana, me de-
vinaxe, rogor gadakveTa klasi da denielTan
nieli gamoviyvane klasidan da vkiTxe rogor
mivida, romelic ukve merxTan ijda. robertma
iyo, xom ar sWirdeboda eqTanTan wasvla, an
mokida xeli magidas da denielis skamis fexs
klasis datoveba. man miTxra, rom yvelaferi
da amoatriala, Tan ilanZReboda da yviroda.
rigze iyo. me vuTxari, rom Zalian Wkvianurad
swrafad mivirbine. pirveli rac vTqvi, is iyo,
moiqca, robertze xeli rom ar aswia. is Ta-
rom deniels avukrZale xelis aweva. is iatakze
vis adgils daubrunda, bavSvebi Semoexvivnen
egdo zurgze, roberti Tavze adga da dahyviroda.
da ekiTxebodnen, rogor grZnobda Tavs. me maT
me vimeorebdi: `robert, Semomxede, Semomxede...~
vuTxari: `roberti direqtoratSia, denieli
rogorc iqna, TvalebSi Semomxeda. Semdeg vuTx-
Tavs kargad grZnobs. axla mivubrundeT qimias.~
ari: `unda gamomyve.~ Cven erTad gavemarTeT kari-
garkveuli drois Semdeg, direqtorma denieli
saken, magram Sua gzaze isev motrialda da yvir-
TanatolTa mediaciis oTaxSi ixmo.
ili daiwyo. Zalian mSvidad gavumeore: `unda
sami dRis ganmavlobaSi roberts skola-
gamomyve, axlave!~ igi gamomyva. karebTan rom
Si misvla aekrZala, magram sanam wavidoda, man
mivediT, me aviRe telefoni da davreke direq-
bodiSi mouxada sendis. sendim misi bodiSi mi-
toratSi vuTxari maT, rom iyo problema da
iRo da maT isaubres,imis Sesaxeb, rogor SeeZlo
mWirdeboda daxmareba. Semdeg Cven gavediT Semo-
roberts sxvagvarad gamklaveboda am situacias.
sasvlelSi. roberti Zalian gabrazebuli iyo
rodesac roberti skolaSi dabrunda, sendim bi-
da wasvlas apirebda. me vTxove mas SeCerebuliyo
Webi erTmaneTisgan moSorebiT dasva _ase Sedegad
da damlaparakeboda, ra moxda, ra awuxebda. me ar
maTi gakontroleba ufro advili iyo.
miyviria, ar miTqvams: `robert, rogor Caidine

639
 argumenti / kontrargumenti
aris Tu ara nulovani tolerantoba kargi idea?
Zalian aSkara Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi zogi- li garemoebebisa, saskolo sistema da-
erT skolaSi `nulovani tolerantobis~ poli- JinebiT moiTxovda sasjelis aRsrulebas
tikas mimarTaven. Sedegi? niu-jersis erT-erT iaraRis flobis gamo.
skolidan ori rva wlis moswavle garicxes
erT-erTi moswavle gogona gamosaSve-
droebiT `teroristuli muqaris~ gamo. maT
bi saRamodan aiyvanes manqanaSi samza-
Tanaklaselebs qaRladis Tofebi miuSvires
reulos danis datovebis gamo. TavdebiT
TamaSisas. aqvs Tu ara azri da Sedegi nulovan
gamoSvebis Semdeg man ganacxada: `isini
tolerantobas?
me ocenebebs marTmeven.~da marTlac,
rodesac skolebis xelmZRvaneloba ase-
argumenti nulovan tolerantobas nu-
Ti eqscesebis Sesaxeb msjelobs, maT avi-
lovani mniSvneloba da azri aqvs.
wydebaT ra dartymas ayeneben moswavlis
momavals.
Tu internetiT moviZiebT masalas nulo-
van tolerantobaze skolebSi rogorc wesi, am
2001 welsPpresaSi daibeWda`A-s (American Bar
movlenis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul uamrav in-
Association)-is
rekomendacia, Sewydes skolebSi
formacias moviZiebT. magaliTad, 2001 wlis 29
nulovani tolerantobis politika.~ statiaSi
agvistos salon magazine-s gamocemaSi moTavsebu-
asociaciis mier mirebuli rezoluciis garda,
li iyo joana ualdis statia `nulovani tol-
iyo aseTi fraza: `nulovani tolerantoba iqca
erantobis marcxi~. aq moyvanilia joana ualdis
erTaderT gzad skolaSi arsebuli problemebis
mier moxmobili ori magaliTi:
mosagvareblad.~ (Associated Oress, 2001 wlis 21
Tebervali, aseve SegiZliaT ixiloT: http://www.
17 wlis kargi moswavle arkanzasSi Ta-
cnn.com/2001/fyi/teachers.ednews/02/21/zero.tolerance.
vis bolo saswavlo wels skolaSi avbed-
ap/). am vebgverdze SegiZliaT gamoTqvaT Tqveni
iTad iwyebs. misi momavali swavlis
Sexeduleba nulovani tolerantobis Sesaxeb.
sakiTxi gaurkvevelia, radgan 45 dRiT
da bolos, nulovani tolerantobis mxamdam-
sxva skolaSi gaamweses. Ra danaSaulisT-
Weri mravali popularuli RonisZieba, rogori-
vis? misi manqanis TviTneburi Cxrekisas
caa magaliTad gaZlierebuli dacvis samsaxuri
skolis xelmZRvanelobam narkotikebi
skolebSi, monitorebi SesasvlelebSi, metalis
ara, magram jibis dana da safxeki aRmo-
deteqtorebi, did gavlenas ar axdens skolaSi
aCina, romelic daudevrobiT darCenoda
momxdar incidentsa da maT raodenobaze (Hyman,
moswavlis mamas, roca igi manqanis sarkes
2006; NCES, 2003).
akeTebda. miuxedavad am Semamsubuqebe-

zogjer Zalian kargi gamosavalia incidentis Sesaxeb Canawerebis

warmoeba da sadac dafiqsirebuli iqneba moswavlis saxeli, misi si-
tyvebi da saqcieli, TariRi, dro, adgili, maswavleblis reaqcia _ da
maTi Senaxva. es Canawerebi gamogadgebaT zogadi tendenciebis dadge-
naSi, administratorebTan, mSoblebTan Sexvedrisas da a.S. (Burden, 1995).
zogjer maswavleblebi moswavleebs xels awerineben am Canawerebze.
Zaladoba da nivTebis dazianeba rTuli da saSiSi problemaa. pirve-
li nabiji aris daxmarebis Txovna xelmZRvanelobisaTvis da monawilee-
bisa da msxverplis saxelebis gageba. Semdeg Tavi unda aaridoT xalxis
Segrovebas. `mayurebeli~ situacias kidev ufro gaamZafrebs. nu Se-
ecdebiT Cxubis Sewyvetas daxmarebis gareSe. darwmundiT, rom skolis
xelmZRvaneloba saqmis kursSia. rogorc wesi, skolas aqvs garkveuli

640

kontrargumenti dResdReobiT saWiroa nu-
lovani tolerantoba.
nulovani tolerantobis sasargeblo ar­gu­­
mentebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs skolis usafrT­
xoebas, skolebisa da maswavleblebis pasuxismge-
blobaze _ daicvan moswavleebi da sakuTari
Tavi. ra Tqma unda, axal ambebSi gacxadebuli
mravali incidenti gadametebuli reaqciaa bavS-
vebis oinebze, an kidev es aris, nulovani tol-
erantobis cudi, metismetad gulmodgine gamov-
lena bavSvebis ucodvel Secdomebze an raRac
lafsusebze. magram rogor unda ganasxvaos
skolis xelmZRvanelobam ra aris ucodveli da
ra _ saSiSi? magaliTad, bevrs laparakobdnen
imaze, rom endi uiliamsi (moswavle, romelmac
ori Tanaklaseli mokla santiSi, kaliforniis
StatSi) gasrolamde arwmunebda megobrebs, rom
is ubralod xumrobda.
im SemTxvevis sapasuxod, roca gogona pirda-
pir gamosaSvebi saRamodan aiyvanes, radgan mas
dana upoves manqanaSi, NewsMax.com-is Jurnal-
istma maik galaherma (2001) Tqva:
me namdvilad mesmis im amerikelebisa, ro­
melTac saprotesto werilebi momweres
eleqtronuli fostiT, isini fiqroben,
rom am SemTxvevaSi saqme gaumarTleblad
Sors wavida. sircxvilia, rom es gogo-
na, yvela parametriT kargi moswavle da
SesaniSnavi axalgazrda qali ver daeswro
gamosaSveb saRamos. magram me vTvli, rom
wesi wesia da iaraRTan mimarTebaSi nu-
lovani tolerantobis politikac, mSo-
belTa mier skolebSi usafrTxoebis dac-
vis moTxovniT Seiqmna.
Semdeg batonma galaherma aRwera tragikuli
SemTxveva, rodesac iaponiis erT-erT skolaSi
viRac SeSlilma rva bavSvi mokla daniT, ro-
melic sul raRac erTi duimiT grZeli iyo im
danaze, romelic am moswavlis manqanaSi aRmoa-
Cines.
2003 wlis 13 ianvris USA Today-s gamoSve-
baSi me wavikiTxe greg topos statia: `Zaladoba
skolaSi Tanxvdeba dabal niSnebs: eqspertebi,
romlebic moswavleebSi Zaladobrivi qcevis
niS­nebs xedaven, amaSi adanaSauleben mSoblebs,
pre­natalur samedicino problemebs, agresiul
sazogadoebas; pedagogebi eZeben gamosavals.~
statia iwyeboda Semdegi magaliTebiT: meore
klasis moswavlem indianaSi gaixada maswavleb-
els da fexsacmeli esrola, sabavSvo baRis mo-
swavlem filadelfiaSi mucelSi daartya Tavis
fexmZime maswavlebels, 8 wlis moswavle meri-
lendSi benzinis dasxmiT da skolis dawviT. gam-
oyenebiT imuqreboda (zustad icoda, sad unda
daeqcia). topo ambobs: `dawyebiTi skolebis di-
reqtorebi da eqspertebi aRniSnaven, rom aseTi
Zaladoba da agresia bavSvebSi arasodes unax-
avT. imata Tavdasxmam da muqaram Tanatoleb-
sa da maswavleblebze.~ topos mier moxmobili
statistikuri monacemebi, gviCvenebs, rom mar-
Talia zogadad Zaladobam skolaSi iklo, ma-
gram dawyebiTi skolebis maswavleblebze Tav-
dasxmebis ricxvi matulobs.
rogoria Tqveni azri?
daafiqsireT Tqveni pozicia
www.mylabschool.com -ze.

politika aseT situaciebTan gasamklaveblad. swavlasa da swavlebas-

Tan dakavSirebuli istoriebi mogiTxrobT erTi maswavleblis Sesaxeb,
romelic daexmara or moswavles aRekveTaT Zaladobrivi situaciis
aRkveTaSi maT moTxovnilebebze fokusirebiT.

TiToeul moswavlemde miRweva pozitiuri

qcevis xelSewyoba
me-6 TavSi Cven ganvixileT qcevis funqcionaluri analizi da po­
zitiuri qcevis xelSewyoba. pozitiuri qcevis xelSewyoba saWiroa IDEIA-s
farglebSi im moswavleTaTvis, romelTac garkveuli unarebi SezRudu­

641

winaswari koreqtireba _
riskis qveS myofi moswavlee-
bis adekvaturi mimarTulebiT
warmarTva _ qcevis serio-
zuli problemebis prevenciis
mizniT.
642
li aqvT, an gansakuTrebuli midgoma esaWiroebaT swavlebis Tvalsaz-
risiT. pozitiuri qcevis xelSewyoba SeiZleba sruli saskolo programis
Semadgeneli nawili iyos. maswavleblebi da direqtorebi skolis doneze:
Tanxmdebian saerTo midgomaze pozitiuri qcevis xelSewyobisTvis
da problemebis mosagvareblad.
aviTareben pozitiuri, specifikuri qcevis molodinebsa da proce-
durebs am molodinebis Sesaswavlad.
ayalibeben saSualebebis erTgvar kontinuums (martividan ufro rTu­
lamde da Zlieramde), Sesabamisi qceva da qcevis dasaswavlad dar-
Rvevebis gamosasworeblad.
axdenen pozitiuri qcevis xelSewyobis integrirebas skolis disci-
plinarul politikaSi.
klasis masStabebiT maswavleblebma unda gamoiyenon prevenciis
stra­tegiebi, rogoricaa winaswari koreqtireba. es gulisxmobs moswav­
lis cudi qcevis konteqstis dadgenas, alternatiuli qcevis zust
gan­­sazRvras, iseTi situaciis Seqmnas, sadac naklebad iqneba mosalod-
neli arasasurveli qcevis gamovlena; Semdeg, mosalodneli pozitiuri
qcevis axal konteqstSi gameorebas da sasurveli qcevisTvis Zlieri
ganmtkicebis micemas. xazgasmulia moswavlis CarTulobis SenarCuneba,
pozitiuri fokusi, wesebis sistematuri ganmtkiceba, cudi qcevis ga-
mosworeba, umtkivneulo cvlilebebis dagegmva (Freiberg, 2006; www.pbis.
org/schoolwide.htm).
marTalia, pozitiuri qcevis mxardaWeris Sesaswavlad bevri kvleva
ar aris Catarebuli, magram Cvens xelT arsebuli, Sedegebi, erTob
sagulisxmoa. erT-erTi kvleviT, romelic erTmaneTs adarebda pozi-
tiuri qcevis xelSemwyob programaSi monawile saSualo skolis moswav-
leebs im moswavleebTan, romlebic am programaSi ar monawileobdnen,
aRmoCnda, rom programaSi monawile moswavleebi ufro avlendnen
pozitiur qcevas. disciplinuri darRvevebi _ rogorc verbaluri, ise
fizikuri agresia _ Semcirda. amas garda, gaumjobesda moswavleebis
mier skolis usafrTxoebis aRqma (Metzler, Biglan, Rusby & Sprague, 2001). mo-
swavleebisaTvis pozitiuri qcevis xelSewyoba zogadi ganaTlebis far-
glebSic sasrgebloa. skolaSi pozitiuri qcevis xelSewyobis kvlevam
gamoavlina disciplinuri darRvevebis Semcireba (Lewis, Sugai & Colvin,
1998; Taylo-Green, 1997). amas garda liuisma da sugaim (1996) aRmoaCines,
rom pozitiuri qcevis xelSewyoba warmatebulad gamoiyeneba moswav-
leebSi qceviT darRvevebis dros (Soodak & McCarthy, 2006).
komunikaciis saWiroeba
SeCerdi dafiqrdi dawere moswavle geubnebaT: `Tqven rom wigni
mogveciT wasakiTxad, sruli idiotobaa _ me ar vkiTxulob mas!~ _ ras
upasuxebT?
komunikacia maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris arsebiTia, rodesac
Cndeba problema. komunikacia imaze metia vidre `maswavlebeli laparakobs
_ moswavle usmens.~ is gacilebiT metia, vidre sityvebis ubralo gacv-
la-gamocvla individebs Soris. Cven komunikacias mravali gziT vaxor-
cielebT. Cveni moqmedebebi, moZraobebi, toni, saxis gamometyveleba da
sxva araverbaluri qcevebi gzavnilebia moswavleTa misamarTiT. xSirad
Cven rom gvgonia, rom konkretuli setyobineba gavuSviT, srulebiTac
ar aris is Setyobineba, romelsac Cveni moswavleebi iReben.

gagzavnili Setyobineba _ miRebuli Setyobineba

maswavlebeli: karl, sad aris Seni davaleba?
karli: mamaCemis manqanaSi damrCa dilas.
maswavlebeli: isev? xval momitan mamaSenis werils, imis dasadasture-
blad, rom Sen namdvilad gaakeTe davaleba. am werilis
gareSe ver Segafaseb.
Setyobineba, romelsac karli iRebs: me Sen ver gendobi. damamtkice-
beli sabuTi mWirdeba, rom Sen davaleba Seasrule.

maswavlebeli: cal calke dasxediT merxebTan. dadeT Tqveni nivTebi

merxis qveS. jein da lorel, Zalian axlos sxedxarT
erTmaneTTan, romelime gadajeqiT!
Setyobineba, romelsac iReben moswavleebi: me mgonia, rom Tqven orni
iyalTabandebT am testSi.
mis linkolnis sabavSvo baRSi axali moswavle Semodis. bavSvi moTx-
upnuli da daubanelia. mis linkolni odnav exeba mas mxarze da ambobs:
`moxaruli var, rom aq xar.~ iZabeba da swrafad Sordeba bavSvs.
Setyobineba, romelsac iRebs axali moswavle: me Sen ar momwonxar.
vfiqrob, rom cudi xar.

yoveli interaqciisas xdeba Setyobinebis gagzavna da Setyobinebis

miReba. zogjer maswavleblebi darwmunebulebi arian, rom gzavnian erT
Setyobinebas, magram maTi xma, sxeulis poza, sityvebi, Jestebi _ sxva
Setyobinebis gamomxatvelia.
moswavleebs SeuZliaT dainaxon faruli Setyobineba da mas upa-
suxon. magaliTad, moswavle SeiZleba mtrulad pasuxobdes, Tu Tavs
Seuracxyofilad grZnobs maswavleblis (an sxva moswavlis) mxridan,
Tumca SeiZleba verc ki gipasuxoT saidan modis Seurawyofis es
grZnoba. SeiZleba Seuracxmyofeli iyo maswavleblis toni da ara si-
tyvebi, romlebic man warmoTqva. am dros maswavlebeli fiqrobs, rom
umizezod esxmian Tavs. komunikaciis upirvelesi principi aris is, rom
adamianebi pasuxoben imas, rac maTi azriT iTqva an nagulisxmevi iyo.
araa aucilebeli es iyos is, rac sityvierad iTqva.
moswavleebs mouyoliaT CemTvis maswavleblis Sesaxeb, romelic
efeq­tur komunikacias perifrazirebis wesis gamoyenebiT uwyobs xels.
sanam komunikaciis romelime monawile, maT Soris maswavlebeli, pasuxs
gascemdes sxva monawilis Setyobinebas, man daskvna unda gamoitanos
wina monawilis naTqvamidan. Tu misi daskvna araswori iqneba, es imas
niSnavs, rom msmenelma arasworad gaigo Setyobineba, romlis avtori
xelaxla ganmartavs Tavis azrs. amis Semdeg Setyobinebis mimRebi kv-
lav gaakeTebs perifrazirebas. procesi grZeldeba manam, sanam Setyo-
binebis avtori ar daadasturebs, rom msmenelma sworad gaigo.
perifrazireba ufro metia, vidre ubralo saklaso savarjiSo. es
Se­­iZleba pirveli nabiji iyos moswavleebTan komunikaciis dasamyare-
blad. sanam maswavlebels adekvaturi reaqcia eqneba moswavlis prob-

643
daukavSireT PRAXIS II-s
da ganavrceT
moswavle-maswavleblis
komunikacia
kargad marTuli klasebi
moiTxovs ormxriv komu-
nikacias maswavlebelsa da
moswavles Soris. aRwereT
maswavleblis moswavlee-
bTan komunikaciis sxvadasxva
stili da ganmarteT, rogor
gavlenas axdens TiToeuli
es stili moswavlis qcevaze.
perifrazirebis wesi _
aqtiuri mosmenis iseTi
strategia, roca msmeneli
rac SeiZleba zustad ajamebs
mosaubris naTqvams, sanam
pasuxs gascemdes.
644
lemebze, man unda icodes problemis realuri arsi. Rodesac moswavle
ambobs, `es wigni sruli idiotobaa, ratom unda wavikiTxoT igi?~ igi
realurad SeiZleba imas gulisxmobdes, rom wigni misTvis Zalian rTu-
lia, uWirs misi gageba da Tavi suleli hgonia.
diagnozi: visi problemaa es?
rogorc maswavlebels, Tqven bevri moswavlis qceva ar mogewonebaT,
dauSveblad, usiamovnod da problemurad miiCnevT maT. Znelia gverdidan
Sexedo am problemebs, obieqturad Seafaso da SearCio saukeTeso gamo-
savali. Tomas gordonis mixedviT (1981) moswavle-maswavleblis urTier-
TobisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia gansazRvra, ratomaa konkretuli
qceva problemuri da visi problemaa es. am kiTxvebze pa­­suxi Zalian mniS-
vnelovania. Tu es marTlac moswavlis problemaa, mas­wavlebeli unda iyos
mrCeveli, mxardamWeri, daexmaros moswavles gamosavlis povnaSi. magram
Tu es aris maswavleblisa problema, misi pasuxismgeblobaa, rom gadaWras
igi moswavlesTan erTad.
imis gansazRvra, visTvis aris es problema, yovelTvis martivad ar
xdeba. am sakiTxSi kargad gasarkvevad ganvixiloT sami problemuri
situacia:
1. moswavle wers uxams sityvebs da xatavs seqsualuri scenebis amsax-
vel suraTebs saskolo enciklopediaSi.
2. moswavle geubnebaT, rom mSoblebma iCxubes da mas mamamisi sZuls.
3. moswavle mSvidad kiTxulobs gazeTs saklaso oTaxis boloSi.
ratomaa es qcevebi problemuri? Tu Tqven ar SegiZliaT am qcevis
atana, radgan igi seriozul gavlenas axdens Tqvenze, rogorc mas-
wavlebelze, xels giSliT Tqveni miznebis miRwevaSi, maSin problema
Tqvenia da moswavlisTvis konfrontaciis gaweva da gamosavlis moZbna
Tqveni pasuxismgeblobaa. pirvel SemTxvevaSi problema maswavleblisaa
_ ramdenadac fuWdeba skolis qoneba.
Tu Tqven qceva imitom gawuxebT, rom is Tavad moswavles uSlis
xels, Sewuxebuli xarT Tavad bavSvis gamo, magram qceva uSualod
swavlebas ar uSlis xels, maSin es moswavlis problemaa. moswavle,
romelsac sZuls mama, swavlebis procesSi xels ar SegiSliT, Tumca
Tqven gsurT, rom mas aseTi gancdebi ar hqondes. es marTlac moswav-
lis problemaa da man TviTon unda monaxos gamosavali.
mesame situacia ufro rTuli gansasazRvria. erTi mxriv, maswav-
lebels xeli ar eSleba, amitom es moswavlis problemaa. magram gaze-
Tis kiTxvisas man SeiZleba maswavlebelsac SeuSalos xeli, amitom es
maswavleblis problemadac iqceva. aseT bundovan situaciebSi reaqcia
ganisazRvreba imiT, rogor aRiqvams maswavlebeli moswavlis qcevas ra
gamocdileba aqvs.
mas Semdeg, rac daismeba diagnozi, anu ganisazRvreba visTvis aris
es problema, dgeba moqmedebis dro.
rCevebis micema: moswavlis problema
modiT davubrundeT situacias, roca moswavlem davaleba idioto-
bad monaTla. rogor SeiZleba maswavlebeli pozitiurad gaumklavdes
am situacias?
moswavle: es wigni namdvili idiotobaa! ratom unda wagvekiTxa?
maswavlebeli: ganerviulebuli Canxar. rogorc Cans, SenTvis es dava-
leba Rirebuli ar iyo.
[maswavlebeli axdens moswavlis sityvebis perifrazirebas, cdilobs
sityvebTan erTad emociebic moisminos.]
moswavle: diax, me mgonia, rom es iyo usargeblo! ara mgonia rom
es Rirebuli iyos. me ver wavikiTxe igi.
maswavlebeli: Zalian rTuli wasakiTxi iyo da es gawuxebs.
moswavle: diax, namdvili suleli megona Tavi. vici, rom SemiZlia
kargi moxsenebis dawera, magram ara am wigniT.
maswavlebeli: vfiqrob, SemiZlia mogce ramdenime miniSneba, rac wig-
nis gagebas gagiadvilebs. SegiZlia mnaxo gakveTilebis
Semdeg?
moswavle: diax.

maswavlebelma am situaciaSi mimarTa empaTiuri mosmenis xerxs, raTa empaTiuri mosmena _ imis
daxmareboda moswavles gamosavlis povnaSi. (rogorc ukve SeamCnevdiT, Cawvdoma, rac mosaubris
emociebisa da zraxvebis
aseTi midgoma perifrazirebas eyrdnoba.) igi cdilobda moesmina mo- ukan dgas da maTi dabruneba
swavlisaTvis da imis nacvlad, rom maSinve mieyara rCevebi, gadaw- perifrazirebis saSulebiT.
yvetilebebi, sayvedurebi, kiTxvebi _ man Ria komunikacias mimarTa. aq
moyvanili maswavleblis ramdenime pasuxi, romelic gaumarTlebeli da
araefeqturi iqneboda:

me es wigni imitom avirCie, rom igi yvelaze TvalsaCinod asaxavs av­

toris stils yvela im nawarmoebs Soris, rac Cvens biblioTekaSia.
Sen dagWirdeba misi wakiTxva momaval welsac. (maswavlebeli amar-
Tlebs arCevans, es moswavles ar aZlevs saSualebas aRiaros, rom
wigni misTvis Zalian rTuli iyo.)
namdvilad waikiTxe? mgoni, saerTod ar Segisrulebia davaleba da
axla ginda Tavi daiZvrino. (maswavlebeli brals sdebs moswavles,
mis Setyobinebas moswavle ase aRiqvams: `maswavlebeli ar mendoba.~
is an Tavs daicavs an miiRebs maswavleblis mosazrebas.)
Seni saqme wignis wakiTxvaa da ar mkiTxo ratom. me ukeT vici, ra
aris ukeTesi. (maswavlebeli xazs usvams Tavis statuss da moswav-
les es ase esmis: `Sen ar SegiZlia gadawyvito, ra aris SenTvis
ukeTesi!~ moswavle SeiZleba aRSfoTdes an pasiurad miiRos maswav-
leblis Sexeduleba.)

empaTiuri, aqtiuri mosmena ufro metia, vidre moswavlis sityvebis

TuTiyuSiviT gameoreba, empaTiuri mosmenisas unda xdebodes emo-
ciebis daWera, agreTve imisa, rac am emociebis miRma dgas. sokolovma,
garetma, sedkerma da sedkerma (1986) aqtiuri mosmenis komponentebi
ase Seajames: (1) gare stimulis dablokva; (2) yuradRebiT mopyroba
rogorc verbaluri, ise araverbaluri Setyobinebebisadmi; (3) zRvr-
is gavleba Setyobinebis azrobriv da emociur Sinaarss Soris; (4)
daskvnebis gakeTeba mosaubris grZnobebze dayrdnobiT.
rodesac moswavle acnobierebs, rom misi esmiT da ar aris nega-
tiurad Sefasebuli imis gamo, rac Tqva an rasac grZnobs, mas uCndeba
ndoba maswavleblis mimarT da ufro gaxsnilad iwyebs saubars. zogjer
realuri problema mogvianebiT gamoikveTeba xolme saubarSi.

645

me-Setyobinebebi gulisxmobs
moswavlisaTvis imis miTiTe-
bas, ras akeTebs arasworad,
rogor moqmedebs es Tqvenze
da ra grZnobebs iwvevs. es
akisrebs moswavles pasux-
ismgeblobas, nebayoflobiT
Secvalos qceva.
646
konfrontacia da asertuli disciplina
axla davubrundeT moswavles, romlis qceva xels uSlis swavle-
bas. maswavlebeli iRebs gadawyvetilebas, SeaCeros moswavle. es aris
maswavleblis problema. am SemTxvevaSi saWiro xdeba konfrontacia da
ara rCevis micema.
me-Setyobineba. gordoni (1981) gvirCevs, rom moswavlis qcevis Sesacv-
lelad mivmarToT `me-Setyobinebas~. igulisxmeba rom moswavles unda
mivmarToT pirdapir, asertulad, oRond ara braldebis toniT da
vuTxraT ras akeTebs is, rogor moqmedebs misi qceva Cvenze, rogorc
maswavlebelze da ra grZnobas iwvevs CvenSi. moswavles aqvs saSualeba
nebayoflobiT Secvalos qceva da xSirad asec xdeba. aq aris moyvanili
me-Setyobinebis ori magaliTi:
Tu Tqvens CanTebs datovebT merxebs Soris gasasvlelebSi, me SeiZ­
leba fexi wamovkra da rame vitkino.
rodesac yvela erTad laparakobT, me ver SevZleb koncentrirebas
TiToeul pasuxze da es CemTvis usiamovno iqneba.
asertuli disciplina. li da marlen kanterebi (1992; Canter, 1996) gvTa­
vazoben maswavleblis problemis gasamklavebel sxva midgomasac,. isini
Tavis meTods asertul disciplinas uwodeben. mravali maswavlebe-
li araefeqturia moswavleebTan urTierTobaSi, radgan isini an Za-
lian sustebi da pasiurebi arian an Zalian mtrulebi da agresiulebi
(Charles, 2002-I).
nacvlad imisa, rom moswavles pirdapir, miuTiTon, ra qnan, pasi-
uri maswavleblebi TxovniT mimarTaven moswavleebs iqneb scadon da
moifiqron, rogori SeiZleba iyos maTi adekvaturi qceva. pasiurma mas-
wavlebelma SeiZleba bavSvis arasasurvel qcevaze ise gaakeTos komen-
tari, rom ar aRniSnos, rogor unda moiqces bavSvi sxvanairad: `ratom
iqcevi ase? ar ici wesebi?~ an `sem, klass xels xom ar uSli?~ aseTma
maswavlebelma SeiZleba mkafiod Tqvas, ra moxdeba, magram ar mihyves
dadgenil Sedegs, yovelTvis misces moswavles `kidev erTi Sansi~. da
bolos, aseTma maswavlebelma SeiZleba ignorireba gaukeTos qcevas,
romelic dauyovnebel reagirebas moiTxovs an Zalian gvian gamoxatos
reaqcia.
reaqciebis mtruli stili sxvagvar Secdomebs gulisxmobs. maswav-
leblebi mimarTaven Sen-Setyobinebebs, romliTac brals sdeben mo-
swavleebs, Tan ise, rom mkafiod ar umartaven rogor unda moiqces:
`grcxvenodes Seni saqcielis gamo!~ an `arasodes mismen!~ an `bavSviviT
iqcevi!~ maswavlebeli SeiZleba daemuqros bavSvs, magram ar Seasrulos
muqara, imitom, rom igi Zalian bundovania (`ar ici ra gelis, roca
moval SenTan!~) an Zalian mkacri. magaliTad, fizkulturis gakveTil-
ze maswavlebeli eubneba moswavles, rom mas sami kviris manZilze mou-
wevs skamze jdoma. ramdenime dRis Semdeg, roca gunds erTi moTamaSe
daaklda, maswavlebelma dasjil moswavles TamaSis ufleba misca. Tan
erTxelac ar daubrunebia skamze, raTa sasjeli sisruleSi moeyvana.
xSirad pasiuri maswavlebeli, romelic pasiuri iyo, mtrulad gadai-
qceva xolme da feTqdeba, roca moswavle gamudmebiT cudad iqceva.
pasiuri da mtruli stilis sawinaaRmdegod, asertuli reaqcia mo-
swavleebs uCvenebs, rom maswavlebeli zrunavs maTze, swavlebis pro-
cesze da amitom ver dauSvebs cud qcevas. asertuli maswavleblebi
mkafiod ayalibeben Tavis molodinebs. imisaTvis, rom maqsimalurad daukavSireT kvlevas
efeqturi iyos, maswavlebelma saubrisas xSirad unda Caxedos moswav- da ganavrceT
imisaTvis, rom gaecnoT or
les TvalebSi da saxeliT mimarTos moswavles saxeliT. asertul mas-
zust, swor kvlevas, imis
wavleblebs mSvidi, sandomiani xma aqvT. isini moswavleebs aseTi si- Sesaxeb Tu rogor pasuxoben
tyvebiT arasodes adanaSauleben: `Sen ubralod ar gesmis!~ an `Sen me bavSvebi susti maswavle-
ar mogwonvar!~ asertuli maswavlebeli erTveba kamaTSi samarTliano- blebis bundovan komunika-
bis gamo. moiTxovs cvlilebas da ara bodiSsa da dapirebebs. cias, ixileT: Bugental, D. B.,
Lyon, J. E., Lin, E.K., McGrath,
asertuli disciplinis efeqturobis Sesaxeb maswavlebelTa azrebi
E. P. & Bimbela, A. (1999).
iyofa. am meTodis kritikosebi adre kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebdnen bavSvebi `yurebs ixSoben~
sasjelze fokusirebul midgomas da xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas, susti, Zalauflebis armqone
rom asertuli disciplina moswavlis TviTmarTvas uSlis xels (Render, ufrosebis orazrovani komu-
Padilla & Krank, 1989). jon kovaleski (1992) aRniSnavda, rom `moswavles nikaciis stilis sapasuxod.
`bavSvis ganviTareba~, 70, 214-
ufro moralurs xdis ara wesebis codna, an Tundac maTi ridi, aramed
230; Bugental, D. B., Lewis, J.
garkveuli gziT moqmedebis mizezebis ganxilva.~ Tumca dRes, aser- C., Lin, E., Lyon, J. & Kopeikin,
tuli disciplinis ufro Tanamedrove ganmartebebi aqcents akeTebs H. (1999). dadanaSauleba da
moswavleTa swavlebaze `pativiscemis, ndobis, mxardaWeris atmosfer- ara kontroli: urTierTo-
oSi, agreTve imaze, rogor unda aiRos moswavlem sakuTar Tavze pasux- bebis marTva naklebi Zalau-
flebis mqone ufrosebis mier.
ismgebloba~ (Charles, 2002-I).
`ganviTarebis fsiqologia, 35,
1367-1378.
konfrontacia da molaparakeba. Tu me-Setyobineba an asertuli reaq-
cia ar gaamarTlebs da moswavle ganagrZobs cudad moqcevas, moswavle
da maswavlebeli konfliqtSi ebmebian. arsebobs ramodenime safrTxe. me-Setyobineba _ mkafio,
arabraldebiTi gancxadeba
ori individi ukve veRar axerxebs zustad aRiqvas erTmaneTis qceva.
imis Sesaxeb, rogor moqmedebs
kvlevam aCvena, rom rac ufro metad xarT gabrazebuli meore adami- raRac Senze.
anze, miT ufro mZafrad aRiqvamT mas, moZalades xolo sakuTar Tavs
_ umwikvlo msxverplad. rodesac Tqven fiqrobT, rom meore adamiani
cdeba da amave dros isic fiqrobs, rom yvelaferi Tqveni bralia, asertuli disciplina _ reaq-
aseT situaciaSi ormxrivi ndoba SeuZlebeli xdeba. TiTqmis SeuZle- ciis stili mkafio, mtkice,
magram ara mtruli.
belia problemis TanamSromlobis gziT gadaWra. sakiTxis ganxilvisas
realuri problema ikargeba da dro urTierTbraldebebis wayenebaSi,
TavdacvaSi (Baron & Byrne, 2003).
arsebobs sami meTodi konfliqtis mogvarebis maswavlebelsa da mo-
swavles Soris. erT-erTi gza maswavleblis mier gamosavlis moZiebaa,
roca sagangaSo situaciis dros, roca moswavle uars ambobs TqvenTan
sasaubrod klasidan gasvleze, Tumca es ar aris gamosavali yvela
situaciaSi. meore meTodi aris is, rom maswavleblma daTmos. Tqven
SeiZleba dagarwmunoT moswavlis konkretulma argumentma, Tumca am
meTodis gamoyenebac ar aris yovelTvis marTebuli.
gordoni gvTavazobs mesame midgomas, romelsac is `marcxis gamom­
ricxav meTods~ uwodebs. gamosavlis Ziebisas xdeba rogorc moswav-
lis, ise maswavleblis moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswineba. daTmobaze mx-
olod erT mxares ar uwevs wasvla; mxareebi inarCuneben pativiscemas
rogorc sakuTari Tavis, aseve erTmaneTis mimarT. `marcxis gamom-
ricxavi meTodi~ warmoadgens problemis gadasaWrelad eqvssafexurian
strategias:
1. gansazRvreT problema. ras exeba konkretulad qceva? ra unda Ti­
Toeul mxares? (mimarTeT aqtiur mosmenas, raTa daexmaroT moswav-
les namdvili problemis gamotqmaSi.)
2. moaxdineT gamosavlis SesaZlo variantebis generireba. gamoiyeneT
tvinis Sturmi, magram gaxsovdeT, am etapze ar unda dauSvaT idee-
bis Sefaseba.
3. SeafaseT gamosavlis TiToeuli varianti. nebismier mxares aqvs uf­

647
 leba veto daados nebismier ideas. Tu ar moiZebna mosawoni gamo-
savali, gaimeoreT gonebrivi ieriSi _ miiReT gadawyvetileba.
4. airCieT erTi gamosavali konsensusis gziT da ara xmis micemiT.
saboloo jamSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT yvela kmayofili unda
iyos.
5. gansazRvreT, rogor unda ganaxorcieloT miRebuli gadawyvetile-
ba. ra iqneba saWiro? vin iqneba pasuxismgebeli TiToeul amocanaze?
ra dro aris amisTvis dadgenili?
6. SeafaseT miRebuli gadawyvetilebis warmateba. sisruleSi moyvani-
dan cota xnis Semdeg dasviT kiTxva: `kmayofilebi varT Tu ara
Cvens mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT? ramdenad kargad muSaobs is?
raime cvlilebebi xom ar Segvetana?~

klasSi arsebuli mravali konfliqti SeiZleba mniSvnelovani saSua­

leba gaxdes am urTierTobis asaTviseblad.

mravalgvaroba da konvergencia saswavlo garemoSi

Cven ganvixileT saklaso menejmentis ramdenime perspeqtiva. ra

Tqma unda ar arsebobs erTi universaluri strategia, romelic yvela
situaciaSi gamodgeba swavlisaTvis socialuri da fizikuri garemos
Sesaqmnelad. pirvel rigSi ganvixiloT kulturis roli warmatebul
saklaso menejmentSi.

mravalgvaroba: kulturis gaTvaliswinebiT

Sesatyvisi menejmenti
disciplinis kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom afro-amerikeli da laTino­
amerikeli moswavleebi, gansakuTrebiT ki biWebi, ufro xSirad da uf­ro
mkacrad isjebian, vidre sxva moswavleebi. maT xSirad toveben dasasje-
lad gakveTilebis Semdeg skolaSi da droebiTac xSirad ricxaven (Gay,
2006; Monroe & Obidah, 2002; Skiba, Michael, Nardo & Peterson, 2000). ratom?
mosazreba, rom afroamerikeli da laTinoamerikeli moswavleebi uf­
ro xSirad imitom isjebian, rom isini ufro xSirad Cadian danaSauls,
monacemebiT ar dasturdeba. es moswavleebi ufro mkacrad isjebian
mcire darRvevebis uxeSobis an gamowvevis, im sityvebisa da qmede-
bebis gamo, romlebic maswavlebelTa mier interpretirdeba, rogorc
danaSauli, romelic mkacr sasjels imsaxurebs. erT-erTi axsna amisa
aris kulturuli sinqronizaciis nakleboba maswavleblebsa da moswav-
leebs Soris. `Savkaniani, gansakuTrebiT mamrobiTi sqesis moswavleebis
ena, siarulis manera, mzera, Cacmuloba SiSs, gadametebul reaqcias
iwvevs maswavleblebsa da skolis administratorebSi~ (Irvine, 1990). af-
roamerikeli moswavleebi SeiZleba daisajon im qcevis gamo, romelic
maT sulac ar hqondaT Cafiqrebuli, rogorc upativcemulobisa da
uwesobis gamomxatveli. maswavleblebi did samsaxurs gauweven sakuTar
Tavs da Tavis moswavleebsac, Tu ecdebian, rom SeiTvison meore, maTi
moswavleebis mSobliuri kulturac. daexmaron maT imis swavlasi, ro-
gor icxovron saxlis Tu saxlis miRma garemoSi. maswavleblebi unda
wvdebodnen Tavisi moswavleebis sityvebisa da saqcielis azrs, raTa

648
ar moaxdinon maTi araswori interpretacia da usamarTlod ar dasa-
jon bavSvebi (Gay, 2006).
Kulturis Sesatyvisi menejmenti kulturis Sesabamisi swavlebis
erTi nawilia. Jeneva gei (2006) ambobs:
Tu saklaso oTaxi komfortulia, aris mzrunveli da mxar-
damWeri atmosfero, romelic xels uwyobs moswavleTa CarTu-
lobas, naklebad iqneba mosalodneli, rom disciplina dair-
Rveva. saklaso menejmentic da saskolo miRwevebic SeiZleba
gaumjobesdes gansxvavebuli eTnikuri, rasobrivi, socialuri
da enobrivi fonis SeqmniT, rac imas niSnavs, rom kurikulumi
da swavleba moswavleebisTvis kulturulad Sesabamisi da mniS-
vnelovani unda iyos.
maswavleblebi, romlebic efeqturad muSaoben aseT moswavleebTan,
menejments kulturis gaTvaliswinebiT adgenen da `rbilad momTxovne-
bi~ arian (Irvine & Armento, 2001; Irvine & Fraser, 1998). zogjer es rbilad
momTxovni maswavleblebi uxeSebi Canan gare damkvirveblis TvalSi
(Burke-Spero, 1999; Burke-Spero & Woolfolk Hoy, 2002). magaliTad erT-erTi
kvlevis Sedegebma aCvena:
adamiani, romlisTvisac ucxoa afroamerikuli cxovrebis
kultura, arasworad gaigebs Zlier, TiTqos saSiS, magram si­
namdvileSi am moswavleebisadmi mzrunvel disciplinas. faqto-
brivad, disciplinis naklebobas yvela aRiqvamda, rogorc ar-
amzrunveli da apaTiuri swavlebis maniSnebels (gordon, 1998).
karla monro da jenifer obida (2002) akvirdebodnen mis simpsons,
afro-amerikel me-8 klasis sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa Semswav-
leli sagnebis afroamerikel maswavlebels. is Tavis Tavs aRwerda,
rogorc akademiuri miRwevebis, ise qcevis mxriv moswavleebis mimarT
maRali molodinebis mqone maswavlebels, rogorc. is xSirad mimar-
Tavda iumors da dileqtzec esaubreboda xolme moswavleebs, raTa
naTeli gaexada maTTvis Tavisi molodinebi:

mis simpsoni (mimarTavs klass): Tu iciT, rom sulelurad apirebT moq­

cevas, modiT CemTan da miTxariT: `me vapireb suleliviT moviqce
sportuli gundis mxardamWer aqciaze.~ amdenad, me gavagrZeleb
gakveTils da Tqven ki gagiSvebT, sadac gindaT. (klasi icinis)
mis simpsoni: seriozulad geubnebiT. Tu iciT, rom cudi dRe gaqvT,
ar gindaT, vinme SegexoT, raime giTxraT, eSmaki SegiCndaT da
gaRizianebuli xarT, unda moxvideT da miTxraT: `me Zalian ga­
Rizianebuli var da ver wamoval gundis mxardasaWer aqciaze.~
(moswavleebi sxvadasxva komentarebs akeTeben)
mis simpsoni: axla me minda giTxraT, rom Tqvengan kargad moqcevas
veli, imitom, rom Tqven yvelaze mowifuli da dafiqrebuli mo-
swavleebi xarT am SenobaSi... nu maiZulebT, rom SevaCero aqcia
da vTxovo me-8 klaselebs Sekrebis datoveba.
eduardi: lanCzec Cumad visxdebiT ara? (klasi icinis)
mis simpsoni: ar ginda ocneba imaze, ras SeWam. (klasi icinis) kargi.
SevudgeT saqmes. (moswavleebi iwyeben davalebis Sesrulebas)

bevri afroamerikeli moswavle SeiZleba skolis miRma ufro direq-

tiul marTvasa da disciplinas iyos miCveuli. SesaZloa maT ojaxebSi
miRebuli iyois aseTi mimarTvebi: `dade kamfeti~ an `wadi daiZine.~

649
rodesac maswavleblebi da
mSoblebi iziareben erTsa
da imave molodinebs, mxars
uWeren erTmaneTs, isini
ukeTes Sedegebs miiReben da
ufro metad SeZleben pozi-
tiuri qcevis xelSewyobas
skolebSi.

maSin, roca TeTrkanianTa ojaxebSi igive azri SeiZleba ase gamoixa-

daukavSireT kvlevas da tos: `kamfeti xom ar gveWama vaxSmamde?~ an `ar aris Zilis dro xom
ganavrceT ar aris~ rogorc riCard milneri ambobs: `sakiTxi unda idges ara ase,
imisaTvis, rom gaecnoT romeli midgomaa marTebuli an mcdari, aramed romeli midgoma ufro
`rbilad momTxovn~ maswavle-
efeqturad muSaobs da kavSirSia moswavleTa arsebul codnasa da Sem-
blebs, ixileT Irvine. J. J. &
Armento, B. J. (2001). swavleba
ecnebis gzebTan.~
kulturaTa gaTvaliswinebiT:

konvergencia: menejmentis midgomebs kvleva

gakveTilis dagegmva dawye-
biT da saSualo klasebSi.
da Irvine, J. J. & Frazer, J. W.
(1998). rbilad momTxovni
maswavlebeli. `ganaTlebis
kvireuli~. es masala Se-
giZliaT naxoT aseve veb _
gverdze: www.edweek.org/
ew/ewstory.cfm?slug=35irvine.
h17&keywords=Irvine
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
urbanuli skolebis menejmen-
tis SesaniSnavi analizisaTvis
ixileT H. Richard Milner (2006).
saklaso menejmenti urbanul
klasebSi. aseve C. Evertson &
C. S. Weinstein (Eds.) saklaso
menejmentis saxelmZRvanelo:
kvlevebi, gamocdileba
da Tanamedrove mignebebi.
kulturis Sesatyvisi
menejmenti _ kulturuli
Taviseburebebis gaTval-
iswineba saswavlo procesis
dagegmvisas da moswavleebTan
urTierTobisas.
rbilad momTxovni _ efeqtu-
ri maswavleblebi, romlebic
afroamerikel moswavleebTan
urTierTobaSi maRal molo-
dinebsa da mzrunvelobas
avlenen.
Cven ganvixileT ramdenime midgoma klasSi disciplinis dasamyare-
blad. aris Tu ara zogierTi maTgani ufro efeqturi? kvlevebi gva-
Zlevs amaze pasuxs. emerma da osikerma (1990) ganaxorcieles menej-
mentis sami ZiriTadi midgomis meta-analizi: moswavleebze gavlenis
moxdena mosmeniTa da problemis gadaWriT, rogorc es aRwera gor-
donma (1981); jgufis marTva saklaso SekrebebiTa da moswavleTa dis-
kusiebiT, rogorc amas gvirCevda glaseri (1969, 1990); da kontroli
jildosa da dasjis saSualebiT, romlis magaliTic mogvces kantereb-
ma (1992). calsaxa pasuxi am midgomebis gavlenis Sesaxeb moswavleTa
qcevaze. ar arsebobs Tumca, zogierTma Sefasebam aRmoaCina fraiber-
gis (1999) mtkice menejmentis programisa da im programebis pozitiuri
gavlena, romlebic iyeneben jildosa da dasjas (Lewis, 2001).
ideebis integrireba. avstraliaSi Catarebuli kvleviT, ramon liuisma
daadgina, rom moswavleTa adekvaturi qcevis dajildoeba da mowoneba,
saubari maTTan imis Sesaxeb, ra gavlenas axdens maTi qceva sxvebze, mo-
swavleebis CarTva disciplinasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis
miRebaSi, aradireqtiuli miTiTebebis micema da dauSvebeli qcevis aR-
wera rogorc wesi moswavleebSi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis gaRvivebas
iwvevda. sainteresoa is faqti, rom es zomebi asaxavs im sam ZiriTad
midgomas, romelic emerma da osikerma aRweres: gavlena, jgufis mar-
Tva da kontroli. liuisma isic aRniSna, rom maswavleblebisaTvis
zogjer rTulia aseTi zomebis miReba, roca moswavleebi agresiulebi
arian, arada es swored is SemTxvevaa, roca yvelaze metadaa saWiro
amgvari Carevebi. rodesac maswavlebels emuqrebian, Znelia man mo-
swavlisTvis saWiro ram gaakeTos, magram es swored is momentia, roca
pozitiurad unda vimoqmedoT.

650
 daukavSireT Tqvens
ojaxebTan saubari saklaso menejmentis Sesaxeb.rogorc ukve araerTx- swavlebas/portfolios
el vnaxeT, ojaxebTan partnioroba ganaTlebis mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. da gaavrceT
es exeba saklaso menejmentsac. rodesac maswavleblebi da mSoblebi am TavSi mocemuli informa-
erTsa da imave molodinebs iziareben da mxars uWeren erTmaneTs, isini ciis safuZvelze daumateT
Tqvens portfolios ideebi,
ukeT SeZleben pozitiuri saswavlo garemos Seqmnas da swavlisaTvis rogor unda iTanamSromloT
meti drois daTmobas. rekomendaciebSi gaecnos ideebs imis Sesaxeb, mSoblebTan.
rogor SeiZleba imuSaoT ojaxebsa da erTobebTan.

ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba

rekomendaciebi: saklaso menejmenti (TanamSromloba

ojaxebsa da erTobebTan]])
darwmundiT, rom TiToeuli moswavlis oja­ SemTxvevaSic. es SeiZleba iyos sayvareli
xi saqmis kursSia Tqvens klassa da skolaSi kerZis momzadeba, sasurveli videos yure-
moqmedi wesebisa da molodinebis Sesaxeb. bis SesaZlebloba da a.S.

magaliTebi gamoavlineT erTobaSi, talantebi klasSi

1. ojaxebTan erTad mowyobili zeimebis dros
daavaleT Tqvens moswavleebs gaiTamaSon
sketCebi, romlebSic warmodgenili iqneba
_ rogor unda Seasrulo isini, da rogor
`JRers~ an rogor `gamoiyureba~ maTi dar-
Rveva.
2. gaakeTeT saxlebSi macivrebze gasakvreli
plakatebi, romlebic msubuqad asaxavs Zi­
riTad wesebsa da molodinebs.
3. ufrosi moswavleebis SemTxvevaSi, mieciT
mSoblebs sia savaldebulo vadebisa, ro­
melTa ganmavlobaSic unda Sesruldes
davaleba, aseve rCevebi, rogor unda Ses-
ruldes samuSao xarisxianad, rogor Sei-
Zleba aviridoT Tavidan bolo wuTebis
panika.
4. komunikacia awarmoeT sxvadasxva gziT. Tu
SesaZlebelia gamoiyeneT ojaxis mSobli-
uri ena.
gaxadeT ojaxi Tqveni partniori kargi moqa-
laqeobis aRiarebisa da mowonebis saqmeSi.
magaliTebi
1. gaugzavneT qebis furceli mSoblebs, roca
moswavle, gansakuTrebiT ki is, romelic
disciplinur problemebs qmnida, kargad
muSaobs.
2. miawodeT ojaxebs ideebi, rogor aRniSnon
bavSvis miRweva, mcire finansuri miRwevebis
saswavlo garemos Sesaqmnelad.
magaliTebi
1. daawerineT moswavleebs avejisa da xa­
li­Cebis maRaziebSi gasagzavni werilebi
TxovniT, rom maT Semoswiron skolas mor­
Cenili xaliCebi sakiTxavi kuTxis mosa­
wyobad.
2. moiZieT moswavleTa ojaxebis iseTi wevre-
bi, romelTac SeuZliaT wignis Taroebis
gakeTeba, xatva, qargva, wera, mcenareebis
movla an kompiuteris SekeTeba.
3. daamyareT kontaqti biznesmenebTan, raTa
maT gaiRon Semowiruloba kompiuterebis,
printerebis Tu sxva aRWurvilobis saxiT.
iTanamSromleT ojaxebTan, rodesac qcevas-
Tan dakavSirebuli problemebi Cndeba.
magaliTebi
1. elaparakeT ojaxis wevrebs telefoniT an
midiT maTTan saxlSi. gaakeTeT Canawerebi
problemur qcevasTan dakavSirebiT.
2. mousmineT ojaxis wevrebs da maTTan er-
Tad gadaWeriT problema.
damatebiTi ideebisaTvis ixileT:
http://www.educationworld.com/clsrm_mgmt/index.
shtml

651
Sejameba
organizebis saWiroeba
ra sirTuleebi arsebobs saklaso menejmentTan da­
kavSirebiT? klasebi Tavisi bunebiT mraval­gan­
zomilebiania, axasiaTebs spontanuroba, swra­fi
tempi, dauyovnebeli, araprognozirebadi mo­v -
­­lenebi, sajarooba, masze gavlenas axdens mos­­
wavleebisa da maswavleblebis qcevebis is­to­­
riebi. maswavlebelma yoveldRiurad unda ga­­iT­
valiswinos es Taviseburebebi. produqti­uli
sak­laso aqtivoba moiTxovs moswavleTa TanamS-
romlobas. TanamSromlobis SenarCuneba sxvadasx-
va asakobriv jgufebSi gansxvavebulad xde­ba.
daw­yebiTi klasebis moswavleebi swavloben, ro-
gor wavidnen skolaSi da esaWiroebaT ZiriTadi
zogadi procedurebis aTviseba. uf­rosi moswav-
leebi swavloben gansxvavebul sagnebze muSaobis
specifikas. maswavleblebs, romlebic mozard-
ebTan muSaoben, moeTxovebaT, rom sworad Seafa-
son mozardTa jgufis Zala.
ra miznebi aqvs karg saklaso menejments? efeqtu-
ri saklaso menejmentis mizania sakmarisi dro
gamoyos swavlisaTvis; gaumjobesdes drois
menejmenti, raTa moswavleebi aqtiurad iyvnen
CarTulni swavlaSi; monawileobis struqtura
unda iyos mkafio, pirdapiri da mudmivi; efeq-
turma saklaso menejmentma xeli unda Seuwyos
moswavleSi TviTmenejmentis, TviTkontrolis,
pasuxismgeblobis ganviTarebas.
pozitiuri saswavlo garemos Seqmna
gansxvaveba wesebsa da procedurebs Soris. wesebi
exeba imas, ra SeiZleba gakeTdes da ra aris
akrZaluli klasSi. isini Cveulebriv da­werilia
da TvalsaCinod aris gamokruli. procedure-
bi exeba administraciul amocanebs, moswavle-
Ta gadaadgilebas, klasis movlas, gakveTilis
warsamarTad rutinebs, interaqcias moswavlesa
da maswavlebels da aseve moswavleebs Soris.
wesebi SeiZleba uflebebis saxiT Camoyalibdes
da maT SedgenaSi moswavleebmac miiRon monaw-
ileoba. gawerili unda iyos Sedegebi wesebisa
da procedurebis Sesrulebis an maTi darRvevis
Tanmdevi Sedegebi. maswavlebelmac da moswav-
lemac unda icodes ra moxdeba orive aRniSnul
SemTxvevaSi.
gansxvaveba pirovnuli sivrcisa da interesTa sivrcis
mowyobaSi. Arsebobs klasis mowyobis ori ZiriTa-
di gza _ teritoriuli (tra­diciuli saklaso
652
ganlageba) da funqcionaluri mowyoba (sivrcis
dayofa samuSao da intersTa sferoebad). moqni-
loba xSirad yvelaze mniSvnelovania. masalebis
misawvdomoba, komforti, privatuloba, roca es
saWiroa, meTvalyureobis Semsubuqeba, gegmebis
gadafaseba mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia saswavlo
sivrcis mowyobisas.
kompiuterTan dakavSirebuli menejmenti. rodesac
klasSi kompiuterebia, gansakuTrebiT mniSvne­
lovania mkafio procedurebi. imisda miuxeda-
vad ramdeni kompiuteria klasSi, maswavleblebma
unda ifiqron, risi codna dasWirdebaT moswav-
leebs, aswavlon maT procedurebi, uzrunvelyon
instruqciebiT. SeiZleba eqspertebad moswavlee-
bis an moxalise mSoblebis gamoyeneba. gansxvave-
buli roluri struqturebi SesaZlebels xdis
kompiuteruli amocanebis gaadvilebas.
gansxvavebebi efeqtiani da araefeqtiani moswav-
leebis muSa­obasi saswavlo wlia pirvel kvirebSi.
klasis efeqturi me­ne­jerebi pirvel dReebSi
bavSvebs advialad gasageb ZiriTad wesebsa da
procedurebs aswavlian, aZleven maT magaliTebs
da avarjiSeben. moswavleebi CarTulebi arian
kargad organizebul, sasiamovno aqtivobebSi
da erTmaneTTan TanamSromloben. efeqtur mas-
wavleblebs wesebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi axa-
siaTebT zusti, mkafio da stabiluri, mudmivi
reaqciebi.
kargi saswavlo garemos SenarCuneba
rogor SeiZleba maswavleblebma xeli Seuwyon Car-
Tulobas? zogadad, roca izrdeba maswavleblis
meTvalyureoba, izrdeba mos­wavlis CarTulobis
droc. rodesac amocanis Sesrulebisas xdeba
Semdegi nabijis mudmivi miTiTeba, CarTuloba
ufro maRalia. iseTi saqmianobebi, romelTa
TiToeuli nabiji naTlad aris gansazRvruli,
aseve zrdis CarTulobas, radgan TiToeul
nabijs logikurad mivyavarT Semdeg safexur-
amde. rodesac mkafiodaa gansazRvruli samuS-
aos moTxovnebi, misawvdomia masala da xdeba
aqtivobis monitoringi, CarTuloba izrdeba.
ganmarteT is faqtorebi, romlebic gamoyo kuninma
da romlebic mniSvnelovania saklaso menejment-
Tan dakavSirebuli problemebis prevenciisaTvis.
imisaTvis, rom Seqmnan pozitiuri ga­remo da
moaxdinon problemebis prevencia, maswavle-
blebma unda gaiTvaliswinon individualuri
gansxvavebebi, SeinarCunon moswavlis motivacia
da ganamtkicon pozitiuri qceva. maswavleble-
bi, romlebic warmatebiT axdenen problemebis
prevencias, daxelovnebulni arian oTx sakiTxSi,
romlebic kuninma ase Camoayaliba: `CarTuloba~,
Tanadrouloba, jgufze fokusireba da mozrao-
bis menejmenti. rodesac saWiro xdeba sasje-
lis daweseba, maswavlebelma es mSvid vitrebaSi
kerZo saubriT unda ganaxorcielos. garda kun-
inis ideebis gaTvaliswinebisa, maswavleblebs
problemebis prevencia SeuZliaT mzrunveli
saklaso garemos SeqmniT da moswavleebisaTvis
imis swavlebiT, rogor gamoiyenon socialuri
da emociuri TviTregulirebis unar-Cvevebi.
aRwereT cudi qcevis aRkveTis Svidi safexuri.
maswavlebel­ma pirvel rigSi unda daamyaros
TvalebiT kontaqti an gamoiyenos raime sxva
araverbaluri signali. Semdeg gamoiyenos ver-
baluri replika, magaliTad, moswavlis saxelis
xseneba masalis axsnisas. amis Semdeg maswavle-
beli wesrigis damrRvevs ekiTxeba, icis Tu ara
man, ra moyveba mis cud qcevas, Semdeg Seax-
senebs mas proceduras da exmareba moswavles
sworad mihyves mas. Tu es ar gaamarTlebs,
maswavlebelma SeiZleba mosTxovos moswavles
wesis an proceduris Camoyalibeba da mis Ses-
abamisad moqceva, agreTve mkafiod, asertulad
da aramtruli toniT mosTxovos mas Sewyvitos
cudi saqcieli. Tu esec ar gaamarTlebs, mas-
wavlebelma SeiZleba SesTavazos moswavles ar-
Cevanis gakeTeba _ Sewyvitos cudad moqceva an
Semdeg erT-erTze isaubron imaze, ra Sedegebi
mohyveba amas.
ra sirTuleebi arsebobs saSualo klasebSi? sa-
Sualo klasebis maswavleblebi, momzadebulebi
unda iyvnen saimisod, rom gaumklavdnen moswav-
Mylabschool es aris eleqtronul instrumentTa nakrebi, romelic dagexmarebaT am kursis
warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul
karieraSi. ix.: www.mylabschool.com
eleqtronuli gzamkvlevi
video qeisebi realuri klasebidan
naSromebis Sesrulebisas daixmareT kv-
leviTi navigatori
leebs, romlebic ar asruleben davalebebs, ar-
Rveven erTsa da imave wess, an Riad upirispird-
ebian maswavlebels.
komunikaciis saWiroeba
ra igulisxmeba `empaTiur mosmenaSi~? roca raime
problema Cndeba, aucilebelia komunikacia mo-
swavlesa da maswavlebels Soris. yovelgvari
interaqcia adamianebs Soris, Tundac es iyos
dumili an ugulebelyofa, raRac mniSvnelobis
matarebelia. empaTiuri, aqtiuri mosmena Zalian
mniSvnelovania, rodesac moswavle probleme-
biT midis maswavlebelTan. maswavleblebma unda
moaxdinon ukukavSiri da imis perifrazireba,
rac gaiges. es ufro metia, vidre sityvebis Tu-
iTiyuSiviT gameoreba. am gziT unda daviWiroT
emociebi, zraxvebi da azri, rac maT ukan dgas.
ganasxvaveT erTmaneTisagan pasiuri, mtruli da
asertuli reaqciebis stili. pasiuri stili Sei-
Zleba ramdenime formiT ga­movlindes. nacvlad
imisa, rom pirdapir uTxras moswavles, rogor
moiqces, maswavlebeli ubralod komentars
akeTebs qcevaze da sTxovs mas ifiqros ufro
adekvatur qcevaze, an emuqreba moswavles, Tum-
ca am muqaras arasodes asrulebs. reaqciebis
mtruli stilis SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli
akeTebs Sen-Setyobinebebs da brals sdebs mo-
swavles, Tan mkafiod ar uTiTebs, rogor unda
moiqces. asertuli stili uCvenebs moswavlee-
bs, rom maswavlebeli zrunavs maTze, swavlebis
procesze da Sesabamisad ver dauSvebs cud qce-
vas. asertuli maswavleblebi mkafiod ayalibe-
ben TavianT molodinebs.
proforientaciis centri resursebiT:
- Ppraqtikisa da licenzirebisaTvis
mzadeba
- profesiuli portfolios gan­viTareba
- samsaxuris Zieba da gasaub­rebis teqnika
- gakveTilis dagegmva
653
maswavleblis
Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM-Tan

maswavleblebi iRwvian imisaTvis, rom Seqm-
nan iseTi saswavlo garemos Sesaqmnelad, sadac
moswavleebi Tavs usafrTxod, respeqtabelurad
igrZnoben. Tavis dasawyisSi moyvanili SemTxve-
va, safrTxes uqmnis garemos, minimum erTi mo-
swavlisTvis. mainc rogorc klasis mmarTvelma
unda kiTxoT sakuTar Tavs risi gakeTeba SegiZ­
liaT, raTa ara mxolod SeamciroT problema
Tqveni moswavlisTvis, aramed aiciloT moma-
valSi msgavsi problemis gaCenis albaToba.

rogor moiqceodnen?
qvemoT moyvanilia ramdenime gamocdili maswavleblis pasuxi kiTxvaze, rogor gaumklavdebod-
nen isini dacinvas da gamojavrebas skolaSi.

am situaciis ugulebelyofa da yuradRebis

jolita harperi, miRma datoveba (situaciis monawile moswavlee-
mesame klasis maswavlebeli.
bis sqess mniSvneloba ar aqvs). me cal-calke
akademiuri liderebis momzadebis
gamovkiTxavdi, rogorc Tavdamsxmelebs, ise maT
akademia, ohaio.
msxverpls, raTa rac SeiZleba meti informacia
me mjera, rom mTelma saswavlo garemom unda
mimeRo. Tu es SemTxveva erTjeradi xasiaTisa
Seasrulos roli aseTi SemTxvevebis prevenci-
iqneboda, me Tavad gavumklavdebodi mas mSo-
aSi. amas xels Seuwyobs mxareebs Soris mkafio,
blebTan erTad, magram Tu mas sistematuri xas-
naTeli komunikacia. kolegebic unda CavayenoT
iaTi eqneboda, saqmis kursSi Cavayenebdi skolis
saqmis kursSi. maswavlebelma klasis miRmac un­
xelmZRvanelobas. aseTi situaciebis uyuradRe-
da SeZlos dacinvis situaciis gakontroleba,
bod miRma datoveba Zalian sariskoa. SeiZleba
magaliTad, lanCze, derefnebSi, sadac ufro
saqmeSi CagverTo mrCevelebic. yuradReba unda
xSirad xdeba kidec aseTi SemTxvevebi. aucile-
gavamaxviloT, axalgazrdebis midrekilebaze ase­
belia komunikacia dacinvis msxverplsa da mas-
Ti qcevisadmi. sasjeli unda iyos mesiji mTeli
wavlebels Soris. me yuradRebiT movusmendi am
skolisaTvis da mianiSnebdes imas, rom skola is
moswavles da masTan erTad Sevecdebodi mome-
adgilia, sadac yvelas aqvs ufleba Seuferxe-
Zebna gamosavali. Tu es ori abezari Cemi mo-
blad iswavlos.
swavle iqneboda, me maTTanac aucileblad da-
vamyarebdi komunikacias, raTa maTTvis naTeli
gamxdariyo ra gavlenas axdens maTi qceva sxva den doili,
adamianebze, gamomewvia maTSi empaTiis grZnoba me-11 klasis istoriis maswavlebeli,
da survili, SeecvalaT qceva. wm. iosebis akademia, hofmani, ilinoisi
rogorc maRali klasebis maswavlebeli, me
gan­sakuTrebiT gavamaxvilebdi yuradRebas aseT
qeiT boili, situaciebze. aseTi SemTxvevebi dawyebiT kla­
me-9-12 inglisuri enis maswavlebeli
sebSic Zalian mtkivneulia, magram mas SeiZ­leba
klasebSi.
ufro mZime Sedegebi mohyves maRal kla­sebSi.
dunelenis umaRlesi skola, niu-jersi.
Zalian SemaSfoTebda is faqti, rom aseTi qcev-
cudi qceva saSualo klasebSi SeiZleba moma-
isadmi midrekileba SeumCneveli darCaT dawye-
valSi qceviTi darRvevebis maniSnebeli iyos. da
biT safexurze, roca maswavleblebsac da mSo-
rac ufro metad mivcemT aseT qcevas arsebobis
blebsac meti gavlena aqvT moswavleebze. Cemi
saSualebas, miT ufro meti iqneba misi ganviTa-
pirveli nabiji iqneboda skolis personalis
rebis Sansi. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba

654
gamofxizleba, gansakuTrebiT ki imaTi, vinc
Tvalyurs adevnebs derefnebs, kafeterias, mo-
swavleTa TavSeyris adgilebs. saWirod CavTv-
lidi mrCevelebis Carevasac. mrCeveli gansaz-
Rvravda, saWiro iqneboda Tu ara mSoblebis
saqmis kursSi Cayeneba. Cvens sazogadoebaSi bolo
dros mimdinare movlenebi mafiqrebinebs, rom
naklebi yuradReba eqceva aseT qcevas, TiTqos
problemis mogvareba TavisiT SeiZlebodes.
keli kroketi
midoubrukis dawyebiTi skola,
fortvorti, texasi.
ar unda gamoviCinoT Semwynarebloba aseTi
SemTxvevebis mimarT. arc skolam, arc maswav-
lebelma, arc administraciam ar unda dauS-
vas aseTi garemos arseboba. dauyovnebliv unda
aRiweros nebismieri incidenti da gansaxilve-
lad gadaeces direqtors. me imave dRes movi-
wvevdi krebas skolis mrCevelebTan.
Amis Semdeg,Drogor moviqceodi, damokidebu-
lia administraciaze, Tumca unda gvaxsovdes,
rom Semdegi nabiji aucilebelia. maswavlebelma
Tvalyuri unda adevnos viTarebas. 48 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi unda gamokiTxos moswavle, xom
ar ganmeorebula incidenti. Tu igi daibneva
an daadasturebs, rom Tavdasxma grZeldeba,
me mas vTxov, daweros amis Sesaxeb. mec Cemi
mxriT davwer im kiTxvebs, rac davusvi mas da
agreTve mis pasuxebs. am orive nawers CavrTav
moxsenebaSi, romelsac direqtorsac warvudgen
da mrCevlebsac
rogorc maswavleblebi, Cven wina planze vd­
gavarT. Cveni da moswavleebis urTierToba asax-
avs erT-erT upirveles urTierTobas mmarTv-
elobasa da civilizebul sazogadoebas Soris.
TiToeulma Cvenganma sityviT Tu saqmiT mxari
unda dauWiros samyaros gaumjobesebas.
655
 13
Tavi

maswavleblis Canawerebi: rogor

moiqceodiT?

swavlis swavleba pirveli nabiji: dagegmva

swavlebis amocanebi
moqnili da kreatiuli gegmebi
– taqsonomiis gamoyeneba
meore midgoma: dagegmva
konstruqtivistuli midgomis
Sesabamisad
maswavlebelTa instruqtireba
efeqtiani maswavleblebis
maxasiaTeblebi
ganmarteba da pirdapiri
instruqtireba
saklaso davaleba da saSinao
davaleba
zepiri da weriTi gamokiTxva
jgufuri diskusia
maswavlebelTa molodinebi
molodinis efeqtis ori saxe
molodinis wyaroebi
namdvilad axdens Tu ara
maswavlebelTa molodinebi
gavlenas moswavleebis
miRwevaze?
moswavleze centrirebuli swavla:
magaliTebi kiTxvaSi, maTematikasa
da mecnierebaSi
werisa da kiTxvis swavleba
da swavla
maTematikis swavleba da swavla
mecnierebis swavla da swavleba
TiToeul moswavlemde
miRweva: efeqturi swavleba
inkluziur klasebSi
teqnologia da gansakuTrebuli
moswavleebi
gansxvaveba da msgavseba swavlaSi
mravalgvaroba: diferencirebuli
swavleba
mravalgvaroba:
swavlebis meTodis Sesaxeb
debatebis miReba
Sejameba
maswavleblis Canawerebi: P
RAXIS IITM- Tan /
rogor moiqceodnen?

656
 rogor moiqceodiT?
Tqveni pirveli samu­
maswavleblis Sao dRea axal skolaSi.
Canawerebi gadmogces unarebis da
Temebis grZeli sia, ro-
melic warmodgenili iqneba testSi. testis Cab-
areba moswavleebs gazafxulze mouwevT da misi
devizia `arc erTi bavSvi yuradrebis miRma~.
Tqven igebT, rom axali skola im skolebis sia-
Sia, romelebic kontroldeba, radgan bolo 2
wlis ganmavlobaSi Sesabamisi wliuri progresi
ver aCvena. Tqven eTanxmebiT imas, rom testiT
savaldebulo Temebi Zalian mniSvnelovania, ma-
gram rogorc Cans, skolas ar gaaCnia gegma, ro-
gor unda aswavlo es Temebi da unar-Cvevebi
mos­wavleebs, garda faqtebisa da unar-Cvevebis
ubralod miwodebisa.
e s Tavi exeba swavlasa da moswavleebs, fo­
kusirebulia swavlebasa da maswavleblebze.
Tav­dapirvelad ganvixilavT, rogor adgenen
mas­­wavleblebi gegmebs, rogor apireben saswav-
lo gegmebisa da Temebis taqsonomiis, rogorc
da­gegmvis safuZvels gamoyenebas.
ra viciT kidev swavlebis Sesaxeb? aris Tu
ara raime gansakuTrebuli Taviseburebebi, rac
Sedegian maswavleblebs araSedegianisagan gamo-
arCevs? kvlevebma gamoavlina, ramdenime mniS-
vnelovani faqtori, romlebsac ganvixilavT.
rogor unda davsaxoT miznebi da Sevadgi-
noT gegmebi am codnis, aseve Sedegiani maswav-
leblebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebis
safuZvelze, ganvixilavT ramdenime zogadi sa-
gnebis maswavlebelze orientirebul strate-
gias: leqcias, muSobas, saklaso davalebebis
Sesrulebas, saSinao davalebas, weriT da zepir
gamokiTxvas, jgufur diskusias.
Tavis bolo paragrafSi yuradRebas gavamax-
vilebT moswavleze orientirebul midgomebze
ramdenime saganSi _ kiTxvaSi, weraSi, maTemati-
kasa da mecnierebaSi, aseve efeqturi swavlebis
kritikuli azrovneba
rogor moaxerxebT moswavleebSi cnobismoy­
vareobisa da interesis gaRvivebas im Temebi-
sa da unar-Cvevebisadmi, romlebic tes­tiT
Semowmdeba?
rogor warmoadgenT am masalis Seswavlis mniSv­
nelobas?
rogor CarTavT moswavleebs swavlaSi?
kidev risi codna gWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom
moamzadoT moswavleebi am mniSvnelovani te-
stirebisaTvis?
kolaboracia
Tqveni jgufis 3-4 studentTan erTad monax-
eT Tqvens saganSi sakvanZo koncepti, romelic
albaT testSi iqneba warmodgenili. dagegmeT
gakveTili, romelic daexmareba Tqvens moswav-
leebs gaigon da daimaxsovron es koncepti.
elementebze inkluziur klasebSi. ganaTlebis
fsiqologebma Seiswavles, rogor swavloben ada­
mianebi am sagnebs da SeimuSaves daskvnebi swav-
lebisaTvis. am Tavis gavlis Semdeg, SegeZlebaT
upasuxoT Semdeg kiTxvebs:
rodis da rogor unda gamoiyenon maswavle-
blebma swavlebis miznebi da Temebi dagegm-
visaTvis?
ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba warmatebuli
maswavlebeli?
ra situaciebSi iqneba yvelaze adekvaturi
Semdegi formatebi: leqcia, saklaso davale-
ba da saSinao davaleba, weriTi gamokiTxva,
jgufuri diskusia?
ra gavlenas axdens moswavlis swavlis pro-
cesze maswavleblis molodini?
rogor icvleba maswavleblis roli direqti-
ul da konstruqciul swavlis midgomebSi?
ra sazomiT unda miudgeT kiTxvis, maTema-
tikisa da sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis, mec-
nierebis swavlebas?
657

daakavSireT da ganavrceT
Tqvens swavleba/portfolio-
sTan mimarTebaSi
ra midgoma gaqvT dagegm-
visadmi? rogor daukavSirebT
swavlebis midgomebs saswavlo
miznebs?
SegiZliaT martom dagegmamoT,
magram TanamSromloba ukeTesi
gzaa. kolegebs Soris ideebis
gaziareba SeiZleba saukeTeso
Sedegi gamoiRos swavlebaSi.
658
pirveli nabiji: dagegmva
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT greta morin-derSimeri (2006) svams
kiTxvas, romeli amaTgani aris swori maswavleblis gegmebis mimarT:
mTavari dro aris.
mcire gegmac xangrZlivad muSaobs.
gegmebi imisTvis aris, rom dairRves.
SegiZliaT es TviTon gaakeToT.
ar moixedoT ukan.
`yvela erTi sazomiT izomeba.~
rodesac Tavis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTxvaze - `ras moimoqmedebdiT?~
_ fiqrobdiT, Tqven gegmavdiT. ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi, gana-
Tlebis mkvlevarebi did interess iCens maswavleblis mier dagegmvis
procesisadmi. mraval maswavlebels gamohkiTxes maTi gegmebis Sesaxeb,
sTxovdnen, `xmamaRla efiqraT~ dagegmvis procesSi an ewarmoebinaT
Jurnalebi, romlebSic aisaxeboda maTi gegmebi. mkvlevarebi aseve ram-
denime Tvis ganmavlobaSi intensiurad akvirdebodnen maswavleblebs.
Tqveni azriT ra gairkva?
aq aris moyvanili kvlevebis Sedegebi. pirveli: dagegmvisas dginde-
ba, ras iswavlian moswavleebi, ramdenadac dagegmvisas ganisazRvreba
drois da masalis kurikulumis, davalebebis, amocanebis moswavleebi-
saTvis _ dro dagegmvis arsia. rodesac maswavlebeli gadawyvets kviris
manZilze 7 saaTi dauTmos enas da 15 wuTi mecnierebas, bavSvebi ufro
enas iswavlian, vidre sabunebismetyvelo sagnebs. faqtobrivad, aseTi
gansxvavebebi iCens Tavs yovelTvis, roca garkveul sagnebs ufro didi
dro daeTmoba (Clark & Yinger, 1988; Karweitt, 1989). gansakuTrebiT mniS-
vnelovania dagegmva wlis dasawyisSi, ramdenadac mravali rutina, pa-
terna, dawesebuli dro, am etapze ganisazRvreba. amdenad mcire gegmac
xangrZlivad muSaobs im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi gansazRvravs, ras unda
aswavlidnen da ras unda swavlobdnen.
meore: maswavleblebi ramdenime doneze axdenen dagegmvas esaa
wliuri, semestruli, drois calkeuli monakveTebze, kvirisa da dRis
gegmebi. yvela es done erTmaneTTan unda iyos koordinirebuli. wli-
uri gegmis Sesruleba moiTxovs mis ganawilebas semestrebze, semes-
truli gegmis ganawilebas drois calkeul danayofebze, Tavis mxriv
am gegmebis ganawilebas kvirebsa da dReebze. gamocdili
maswavleblebisaTvis drois calkeuli monakveTis dageg-
mva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. amas mosdevs kvirisa da
dRis gegmebi. roca gamocdilebas SeiZenT, ufro gagiad-
vildebaT dagegmvis am doneebis koordinireba da CarTva
kurikulumis erTiani standartebSi (Morine-Dershimer, 2006).
mesame: samwuxarod gegmebi swavlebis procesSi mcird-
eba, Tumca ar baTildeba. dagegmva moqnilobis saSuale-
bas unda iZleodes. dadasturebulia, rom rodesac mas-
wavleblebi metismetad amaxvileben yuradRebas gegmebze,
ra situaciac ar unda iyos, yovel wuTs gegmas arian mi-
jaWvulebi, maTi moswavleebi ar swavloben imdens, ramden-
sac is moswavleebi, visi maswavleblebic moqnilebi ari-
an (Shavelson, 1987). amdenad gegmebi imitom ar dgeba, rom
dairRves, Tumca xandaxan aucilebeli xdeba mcireodeni
gadaxveva.
imisaTvis, rom gegmebi moqnili da kreatiuli iyos,
maswavleblebs unda hqondeT informacia moswavleebis
Sesaxeb, maTi interesebis, unar-Cvevebisa da im sagnebis `Semdeg ki, ra Tqma unda SesaZle-
Sesaxeb, romelTac aswavlian, swavlebisa da alternatiuli gzebis, belia, odnav mainc mivaRwioT or-
agreTve imis Taobaze, rogor unda imuSaon jgufebSi, skolisa da ganizebulobas~
erTobebis molodinebisa da SezRudvebis Sesaxeb, rogor gamoiyenon Glen Dines-is nebarTviT. Phi Delta
Kappan.
masala da teqstebi da moaxdinon maTi adaptireba, rogor mouyaron
Tavi mTel am codnas da gamoiyenon mniSvnelovan aqtivobebSi. damw-
yeb maswavleblebelTa gegmebi xSirad ar muSaobs, radgan maT mcire
informacia aqvT moswavleTa da sagnis Sesaxeb, ar SeuZliaT zustad
Seafason ra dro dasWirdebaT moswavleebs konkretuli saqmianobis
gansaxorcieleblad, ibnevian, roca ganmartebas an sxva magaliTis
moyvanas sTxoven (Calderhead, 1996).
Ddagegmvisas SegiZliaT es sakuTari ZalebiT ganaxorcieloT, mag­
ram TanamSromloba ukeTesia. sxva maswavleblebTan erTad muSaoba da
ideebis gaziareba saukeTeso gzaa swavlebaSi. zogierTi pedagogi Tv-
lis, rom iaponiaSi gamoyenebuli TanamSromlobiTi midgoma, romelsac
`kenSu~ _ anu `daxelovneba swavlis gziT~ ewodeba, , erT-erTi mize-
zia, ratomac arian aseTi waramtebulebi iaponeli moswavleebi saer-
TaSoriso testirebebSi. am procesis ZiriTadi nawili gulisxmobs
maswavle­belTa mcire jgufis mier gakveTilis warmarTvas, xdeba jgu-
fis erT-erTi wevris gakveTilis magnitofonze Cawera. Semdeg Canawers
uyureben jgufis danarCeni wevrebi, aanalizeben moswavleTa pasuxebs
da msjeloben gakveTilis gaumjobesebaze. sxva maswavleblebi imave
gakveTils atareben gakeTebuli daskvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT Setanili
cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. akademiuri wlis bolos yoveli saswavlo
jgufi aqveynebs Tavisi muSaobis Sedegebs. amerikis SeerTebul Stateb-
Si am process gakveTilis Seswavla ewodeba (Morine-Dershimer, 2006). am
midgomis ukeT gasacnobad mimarTeT internets, ZiebisaTvis gamoiyeneT
sityva `lesson study~. aseve ixileT gakveTilis gegmis magaliTebi, saZie-
bo sistemaSi CawereT `lesson plans~ an moiZieT konkretuli sagnisa da
klasis mixedviT, magaliTad `math lesson plans~ (maTematikis gakveTilis
gegmebi) an `4th-grade lesson plans~ (meoTxe klasis gakveTilebis gegmebi).
Mmagram, rac ar unda kargi iyos gakveTilis gegma, romelsac samec-
niero saitebze naxavT, igi mainc adaptirebas saWiroebs konkretul
situaciasTan. adaptacia SeiZleba moxdes swavlebamde an amis Semdeg.
faqtobrivad, is, rac gamocdilma maswavleblebma ician dagegmvis Ses-

659

daakavSireT da ganavrceT
Tqveni swavleba/portfolio-
sTan mimarTebaSi
gakveTilis Seswavlis
ganmartebisaTvis ixileT:
http://www.rbs.org/cur-
rents/0502/what_is_lesson_study.
shtml an moiZieT internetSi
`lesson study~.
daakavSireT da ganavrceT
Tqvens swavleba/portfolio-
sTan mimarTebaSi
moiZieT internetSi `goals
2000~, raTa gaecnoT yvela
mizans.
gakveTilis Seswavla _ mas-
wavleblebi, rogorc jgufi,
aviTareben, amowmeben, aum-
jobeseben gakveTilebs, sanam
sasurvel saboloo Sedegs ar
miiReben.
swavlebis miznebi _ naTeli
da mkafio debuleba imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra unda iswavlos
moswavlem.
660
axeb, ukukavSiri da imis analizia, ram imuSava da ram ara. amdenad,
yovelTvis moixedeT ukan, gaaanalizeT Tqveni gegmebi da daxelovndeT
profesiul TvalsazrisiT. TanamSromlobiTi refleqsia da gakveTilis
gadaxedva mTavari komponentebia gakveTilis Seswavlis midgomisa da
dagegmvisadmi.
da bolos, ar arsebobs efeqturi dagegmvis erTi konkretuli mod-
eli. ase rom dagegmarebisas `erTi zoma yvelas ver miudgeba. dageg-
mareba problemis gadaWris kreatiuli procesia gamocdili maswavle-
blebisaTvis. am maswavleblebma ician, rogor warmarTon gakveTili
da rogor aswavlon bavSvebs efeqturad. maT ician, risi molodini
unda hqondeT da rogor warmarTon procesi efeqturad. amitom maT
ar sWirdebaT miyvnen dawvrilebiT gegmas, romelic maswavlebelTa
mosamzadebeli programiT iswavles. dagegmva ufro araformaluri xa-
siaTsaa _ es `maT TavSi xdeba~. yovel SemTxvevaSi, gamocdili mas-
wavleblebi am swavlebas saWirod miiCneven da Tvlian, rom man didi
daxmareba gauwia da Seuqmna safuZveli momavali saqmianobisaTvis (Clark
& Peterson, 1986).
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ra gziT adgenT gegmebs, gonebaSi yovelTvis
unda gitrialebdeT saswavlo miznebi. amjerad ganvixilavT, ra miznebi
unda gvqondes moswavleebTan dakavSirebiT.
swavlebis amocanebi
dRes bevrs laparakoben Sexedulebebze, miznebze, Sedegebze, stan-
dartebze. Zalian zogad, abstarqtul doneze sazogadoebaSi aseTi
didi miznebi arsebobs sajaro skolebTan mimarTebaSi: `yoveli bavSvi
skolSi swavlisaTvis mzad unda mivides.~ esaa erT-erTi mizani rvi-
dan, romelic dasaxuli aqvs amerikis ganaTlebas da Camoyalibebulia
`miznebi 2000~-Si. aseTi zogadi miznebi naklebmniSvnelovania swavlebi-
saTvis. isini unda Camoyalibdes standartebad ise, rogorc es samxreT
karolinaSi ganaxorcieles. magaliTad, `moswavleebma unda iswavlon
wiladebi, Sereuli ricxvebi, aTwiladebi, SeZlon wiladebis gadayva-
na aTwiladebSi, aseve aTwiladebis ekvivalenturi wiladebis povna.~
zogjer standartebi gadayvanilia maCveneblebSi, rogoricaa `ekvival-
enturi wiladobrivi miznebis warmodgena~ (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001). am
safexurze maCveneblebi axlos dgas swavlebis arsebiT mizanTan.
norman gronlandi (2004) swavlebis miznebs gansazRvravs, rogorc
swavlebis ganzraxuli Sedegebs. miznebi aris is Sesruleba, prezenta-
cia, romelsac veliT moswavleebisagan swavlebis Semdeg, raTa aCvenon
is, rac iswavles, rasac velodiT, rom unda eswavlaT. biheviorauli
midgomis mqone adamianebis dawerili miznebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs
moswavlis dakvirveba da SEfaseba cvlilebebze, biheviorauli mizne-
bi iyenebs terminebs, rogoricaa CamonaTvali, gansazRvra, damateba,
aRricxva. kognituri miznebi, meores mxriv, aqcents azrovnebasa da
mixvedrilobaze akeTebs, moicavs iseT terminebs, rogoricaa gageba,
Secnoba, Seqmna, gamoyeneba. ganvixiloT erTi damuSavebuli meTodi
specifikuri miznebis dasawerad.
meijeri: daiwyeT specifikis dadgeniT. robert meijerma ganaviTara
cno­bili sistema swavlebis miznebis Casawerad (Mager, 1975). misi idea
ima­Si mdgomareobs, rom miznebma unda aRweros ra unda gaakeTon mo-
swavleebma, rodesac Tavisi miRwevis demonstrirebas moaxdenen da ro-
gor unda gaigon maswavleblebma, rom isini amas akeTeben, amdenad, daakavSireT da ganavrceT
amas biheviorul miznebs uwodeben. meijeris mixedviT, miznebi sami PRAXIS II™-Tan mimarTebaSi
swavlebis miznebi
nawilisgan. pirveli: is aRwers moswavlis sasurvel qcevas. ra unda
aRwereT bihevioruli swavlis
gaakeTos moswavlem? meore: is CamoTvlis pirobebs, ra pirobebSic aR- miznebis ZiriTadi element-
mocendeba es qceva. rogor unda iyos mowonebuli da Semowmebuli es ebi. dawereT TiToeuli tipis
qceva? mesame: iZleva kriteriums, romliTac unda Sefasdes moswavlis mizani im sagnisaTvis, romlis
Sesrulebuli testi. magaliTad, socialuri swavlebis mizani SeiZleba swavlebasac gegmavT.

iyos: `adgilobrivi gazeTis mocemul statiaSi (pirobebi) moswavlem

TiToeuli gancxadeba unda aRniSnis an `f~ asoTi, rogorc faqti an `m~ daakavSireT da ganavrceT
asoTi, rogorc mosazreba (moswavlis dakvirvebadi qceva), gancxade- Tqvens swavleba/portfolio-
bebis 75% unda iyos sworad Sesrulebuli (kriteriumi).~ saboloo sTan mimarTebaSi
qcevaze ase xazgasmuli, meijeris sistema gaSlili debulebaa. meijeri rogor fiqrobT aris Tu ara
bihevioruli miznebi miznebi
amtkicebs, rom moswavleebs SeuZliaT Tavad aswavlon sakuTar Tavs,
realurad, Tu `Sualeduri
Tu maT kargad Camoyalibebul miznebs dausaxaven. rgolia dasasrulisaken?~

gronlandi: daiwyeT zogadi gansazRvrebiT. norman gronlandi gvTa­

vazobs gansxvavebul midgomas, romelic xSirad gamoiyeneba kognituri
miznebis dasawerad. mas swams, rom mizani Tavdapirvelad zogadi ter-
minebiT unda Camoyalibdes (gageba, gadaWra, Sefaseba da a.S.). Sem-
deg maswavlebelma unda Semoitanos sicxade da CamoTvalos qcevis
ramdenime nimuSi, romelic imis maniSnebeli iqneba, rom moswavlem
miaRwia mizans (ixileT magaliTi 13.1 cxrilSi.) aq mizani namdvilad
warmoadgens da mxars uWers kvlevis proeqts. maswavlebeli verasdros
SeZlebs CamoTvalos yvela qceva, romelic moicavs `warmodgenas da
mxardaWeras~, magram dawyebiTi, zogadi miznis Camoyalibeba specifi-
kuri magaliTebiT daniSnulebas naTels gaxdis.
swavlebis miznis uaxlesi kvleva upiratesobas aniWebs gronlan-
diseul da mis msgavs midgomebs. jeims pofemi (2005-I), romelic adre
specifikur miznebs emxroboda, aseT rekomendacias iZleva:
unda iRwvodeT imisaTvis, rom ramdenime, namdvilad pirve-
lad, farTo, gazomvad swavlebis miznans miaRwioT Tqvens klas-
Si. viwro, hiperspecifikuri miznebis Warb raodenobas naklebi
Rirebuleba eqneba TqvenTvis, radgan, Tu Cveulebrivi maswav-

cxrili 13.1
gronlandis kombinirebuli meTodi miznebis Camosayalibeblad
zogadi mizani
warmoadgens da mxars uWers mokvlevis gegmas jgufamde.
bihevioraluri miznebi _
specifikuri magaliTebi swavlebis miznebi, romlebic
1. aRwers gegmas kargad organizebuli maneriT. formulirebulia dakvirveba-
2. ajamebs mignebebsa da daskvnebs. di qcevis terminebiT.
3. iyenebs TvalsaCino masalas, raTa naTeli gaxados ideebi
da kavSirebi.
4. pirdapir da srulad pasuxobs jgufis wevrebs. kognituri miznebi _ blumis
taqsonomiaSi instruqtirebis
5. warmoadgens angariSs, romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebs
miznebi, romlebic formu-
dagegmvaze.
lirebulia maRali donis
6. warmodgenisa da kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemiT gviCvenebs, gegmis
azrovnebis operaciebis
sityvier marTebulobas. gamomxatveli terminebiT:
wyaro: Gronlund’s Combined Method for Creating Objectives, Norman Gronlund, How to Write informaciis gageba, analizi,
and Use Instructional Objectives (6th ed.) © 2000. adaptirebulia Pearson Educationn, Inc., Upper sinTezi d.a.S.
Saddle River, NJ.

661

daakavSireT da ganavrceT
PRAXIS II™-Tan mimarTebaSi
ganaTlebis miznebis taqso-
nomia
taqsonomiebi gavlenas axdens
swavlebis yovel aspeqtze,
dawyebuli saxelmZRvaneloe-
bis dizainidan, damTavrebuli
gakveTilis dagegmviT. CamoT-
valeT TiToeuli taqsonomiis
mTavari miznebi da aRwereT
TiToeuli miznis fokusi.
CarTeT es miznebi swavlebis
miznebSi, romelTac Tqven
ayalibebT.
662
lebeli xarT, maleve gadaafasebT maT. meores mxriv, inteleq-
turad marTvadi, farTo, gazomvadi miznebis mcire raodenoba
aramarto swavlebaSi SegiwyobT xels, aramed aseve dagexmarebaT
gansazRvroT ra unda iqnes Sefasebuli.
moqnili da kreatuli gegmebi _ taqsonomiis
gamoyeneba
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT ifiqreT davalebaze, romelsac
erT-erT Tqvens klass miscemT. ra tipis azrovnebas moiTxovs es dava-
leba?
faqtebisa da terminebis damaxsovrebas?
situaciis, amocanis, problemis gaanalizebas?
ZiriTadi ideebis gagebas?
Sefasebebis gakeTebas an mosazrebebis gamoTqmas?
informaciis gamoyenebas problemis gadasaWrelad?
axali raRacis Seqmnas an formirebas?
50 wlis win benjamin blumis xelmZRvanelobiT Seikribnen eqsperte-
bi ganaTlebis Sefasebis dargSi, raTa gaeumjobesebinaT kolejisa
da universitetis gamocdebi. maTi muSaobis Sedegi mTels msoflioSi
aisa­xa ganaTlebis yovel safexurze (Anderson & Sosniak, 1994). blumma
da misma kolegebma SeimuSaves taqsonomia anu klasifikaciis siste-
ma ganaTlebis miznebisaTvis. miznebi daiyo sam sferod: kogniturad,
afeqtuad da fsiqomotorulad. gamoqveynda wignic, romelic aRwers
TiToeuli sferos miznebs. realur cxovrebaSi, qcevebi am sami sfero-
dan erTdroulad aRmocendeba. maSin, roca moswavleebi weren (fsiqo-
motorika), isini aseve imaxsovreben an azrovneben (kognituri sfero),
aseve maT aqvT raime emociuri reaqcia amocanaze (afeqturi sfero).
kognituri sfero. blumis taqsonomiaSi CamoTvlilia azrovnebis anu
kognituri sferos eqvsi bazisuri mizani (Bloom, Engelhart, Frost, Hill &
Krathwohl, 1956):
1. codna: damaxsovreba an Secnoba ise, rom ar aris aucilebeli misi
gageba, gamoyeneba an Secvla.
2. mixvedra: warmodgenili masalis gageba ise, rom ar aris aucilebeli
daakavSiro igi raime sxvasTan.
3. gamoyeneba: zogadi cnebis gamoyeneba konkretuli problemis gada-
saWrelad.
4. analizi: raRacis dayofa Semadgenel nawilebad.
5. sinTezi: raRac axlis Seqmna sxvadasxva ideis kombinirebiT.
6. Sefaseba: masalis an meTodis Rirebulebis gansja, ramdenad SeiZle-
ba misi gamoyeneba konkretul situaciaSi.
ganaTlebaSi am miznebs ganixilaven, rogorc ierarqias, TiToeu-
li unar-Cveva emyareba wina unar-Cvevas, Tumca aseTi ierarqia mTlad
zusti ar aris. zogierTi sagani, magaliTad maTematika, am struqtu-
raSi kargad ver jdeba (Kreitzer & Madaus, 1994). xSirad moismenT aseT
Sefasebebs, maRali donis miznebi da dabali donis miznebi. codna,
mixvedriloba da gamoyeneba dabali donis miznebSi erTiandeba, xolo
analizi, sinTezi da Sefaseba maRali donis miznebSi. aseTi midgoma
miznebisadmi, zedapirulia Tuca gamosadegi (Gronlund, 2004). miznebis
taqsonomia dagvexmareba Sefasebebis dagegmvisas, ramdenadac sxvadasx-
va procedura Seesabameba sxvadasxva donis miznebs, rogorc amas me-15
TavSi dainaxavT.
daakavSireT da ganavrceT
blumi 2001. pedagogebi 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobdnen blu- kvlevasTan mimarTebaSi
ixileT `Teoria praqtikaSi~
mis taqsonomiiT. es naSromi XX saukunis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
2002 wlis Semodgomis gamoSve-
naSromadaa aRiarebuli ganaTlebaSi (Anderson & Sosniak, 1994). 2001 wels baSi, Tema blumis taqsonomiis
ganaTlebis mkvlevarTa jgufma gamouSva pirveli ZiriTadi Seswore- ganaxlebuli gamocema. redaq-
buli gamocema taqsonomiisa (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001). axal versiaSi tori: lorin andersoi.
SenarCunebulia eqvsi bazisuri done odnav Sevclili mimdverobiT,
magram sami donis saxelebi Seicvala, raTa ukeT gadmoeca nagulisx-
taqsonomia _ klasifikaciis
mevi kognituri procesebi. es eqvsi kognituri procesia: damaxsovreba sistema.
(codna), gageba (mixvedra), gamoyeneba, analizi, Sefaseba da Semoqmedi-
Toba (sinTezi). amas garda, taqsonomias daemata axali sfero, ro-
melic gamoxatavs imas, rom kognituri procesi warmarTavs, imas, risi kognituri sfero _ blumis
taqsonomiis mixedviT
damaxsovreba, gageba an gamoyenebac giwevT. Tu SexedavT cxrils 13.2.,
azrovnebisa da mexsierebis
dainaxavT Sedegs. axla gvaqvs eqvsi procesi: damaxsovrebis, gagebis, sfero.
gamoyenebis, analizis, Sefasebisa da SemoqmediTobis kognituri aqtebi.
es procesebi moqmedebs codnis oTx formaze: faqtobriv, konceptua-
lur, procedurul da metakognitur codnaze.
ganvixiloT, rogor Camoayalibebs es ganaxlebuli taqsonomia miz­
nebs socialuri mecnierebebisa da enebis klasebSi. mizani, romelic
exeba konceptualuri codnis analizs, Semdegia:

alamos brZolis istoriuli dokumentis wakiTxvis Semdeg moswav-

leebi SeZleben gaigon avtoris Sexeduleba an tendencia.
metakognituri codnis Sefasebis mizani SeiZleba iyos:

moswavleebma ifiqron sakuTar strategiebze avtoris tendenciebis

gamosavlenad.

afeqturi sfero. miznebi afeqturi sferos, anu emociuri reaqciebis

sferos taqsonomiaSi ar Secvlila originaluri versiaSi. es miznebi
sxvadasxva doniT sruldeba (Krathwohl, Bloom & Masia, 1964). yvelaze
dabal doneze, moswavle ubralod yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs konkre-
tul ideaze. umaRles doneze igi aiTvisebs ideas an Seafasebs mas da
mis Sesabamisad imoqmedebs. aq aris xuTi ZiriTadi mizani afeqtur
sferoSi:
1. miReba: gacnobiereba an raRacis daswreba garemoSi. es aris daax-
loebiT aseTi safexuri: me movusmen am koncerts, magram ver dag-
pirdebiT, rom momewoneba.
2. reagireba: raime axali qcevis, rogorc gamocdilebis Sedegis Cvene-
ba, am doneze, adamianma SeiZleba taSi daukras koncertis Semdeg an
meore dRes am koncertidan raime melodia iRiRinos.
3. Sefaseba (Rirebulebis miniWeba): gansazRvra qcevisa. adamianma SeiZ­
leba koncertze wasvla arCios filmze wasvlas.
4. organizeba: individis zogad RirebulebebSi axali Rirebulebis
CarTva, prioritetebSi misTvis garkveuli adgilis miniWeba. es is
safexuria, roca adamiani daiwyebs koncertebze siaruls.
5. daxasiaTeba Rirebulebis mixedviT: stabilurad axali Rirebulebis
Sesabamisad moqmedeba. am umaRles safexurze, adamiani mkafiod
gamoxatuli musikis moyvarulia da amis demonstrirebas igi Riad
da stabilurad moaxdens.

663
 cxrili 13.2
kognituri sferos Sesworebuli taqsonomia
codnis sfero
faqtobrivi codna
konceptualuri codna
proceduruli codna
metakognituri codna
wyaro: A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching and Assessing by Lorin W. Anderson & David R. Krathwohl. Published by Allyn and Bacon, Boston,
MA. Copyright 2001 by Pearson Education. ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT.
afeqturi sfero _ aq: blu-
mis taqsonomiis mixedviT ati-
tudebsa (damokidebulebebsa)
da grZnobebze koncentrire-
buli ganaTlebis miznebis er-
Toblioba; moicavs motivacias,
interesebs, Rirebulebebs.
fsiqomotoruli sfero _
fizikuri unarebi, maTi ga-
varjiSeba da koordinireba.
664
kognituri procesebis sfero
damaxsovreba gageba gamoyeneba analizi Sefaseba SemoqmediToba
kognituri sferos bazisuri miznebis msgavsad, es xuTi mizanic
Zalian zogadia. swavlebis specifikuri miznebis Camosawerad unda
daadginoT, ras gaakeTeben realurad moswavleebi miRebis, reagirebis,
Sefasebis da a.S. dros. magaliTad, sakvebis gakveTilis mizani Se-
fasebis safexurze, SeiZleba iyos: sakvebis Semadgenlobisa da rome-
lime kategoriisadmi miniWebis nawilis Semdeg gakveTilis 50% daeT-
moba swrafad da advilad mosamzadebeli produqtebisadmi boikots,
kanfetze uaris Tqmas erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
fsiqomotoruli sfero. ukanasknel dromde fsiqomotorul, anu fizi-
kuri unar-Cvevebis miznebis sferos, maswavleblebis mier kontrol-
deboda da pirdapir fizikur aRzrdas ar gulisxmobda. am sferoSi
arsebobs ramdenime taqsonomia (Harrow, 1972; Simpson, 1972), romlebic
gamomdinareobs bazisuri aRqmidan da asaxavs ganviTarebul, Semoq-
medebiT moZraobaze gadasvlas. jeims qengelosi (1990) gvTavazobs
gzas vifiqroT fsiqomotoruli sferos miznebze, rogorc an (1) ne-
bayofilobiT motorul unarze, romelic moiTxovs simtkices, Zliere-
bas, moqnilobas, simardes, siswrafes an (2) unarze, rom gamoavlinos
specifikuri unar-Cveva.
miznebi fsiqomotorul sferoSi unda iwvevdes dainteresebas sx-
vadasxva sagnis pedagogebis xelovnebis, teqnikuri sagnebis, specialo-
bis maswavleblebis mxridan. sxva sagnebic, rogoricaa qimia, fizika,
biologia, aseve moiTxovs specifikur moZraobebsa da kargad ganviTa-
rebul Tvalisa da xelis koordinacias. laboratoriis aRWurvilobis,
kompiuteris mausis, xelovnebis gakveTilebze saWiro sagnebis gamoy-
eneba axali fizikuri unar-Cvevebis dauflebas gulisxmobs. aq aris
moyvanili ori fsiqomotoruli mizani:
oTxi wuTi erTi milis rva wuTSi dafarvis Semdeg an maSin,
roca pulsi 120-s qvemoT iqneba.
gamoiyeneT kompiuteris mausi, raTa aiRoT da gadaitanoT
failebi.
 moswavleebisaTvis swavlebis ra mizanic ar unda gqondeT, teri daukavSireT swavlebas/port-
Tenbrinki (2006) girCevT am kriteriumebis gamoyenebas. miznebi: folios da ganavrceT
kognituri, afeqturi da
fsiqomotoruli taqson-
1. unda iyos moswavleze orientirebuli (xazgasmuli unda iyos, ras omiebis Sejameba CarTeT
veliT moswavlisagan). Tqvens swavlebis wyaroebis
2. aRwerdes Sesabamis saswavlo Sedegs (ganviTarebis mxriv Sesabamissa failSi.
da Sesabamiss TanmimdevrobiT, aseve ufro komleqsur miznebs, rom-
lebic mohyveba aucilebel miznebs).
3. iyos naTeli da gasagebi (arc Zalian zogadi da arc Zalian specifi-
kuri).
4. SeiZlebodes dakvirveba (Tavi aarideT iseT Sedegebs, romelTac ver
aRiqvamT, rogorc Sefasebadsa da gasagebs).

megzuri gagiwevT daxmarebas, Tu miznebs iyenebT TiToeuli gakveTi-

lis an TiToeuli davalebisTvisac ki.

meore midgoma: dagegmva konstruqtivistuli

midgomis Sesabamisad
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT ifiqreT imave davalebaze, ro-
melic wina SemTxvevaSi gaanalizeT rubrikaSi `SeCerdiT / ifiqreT /
dawereT~. ra aris mniSvnelovani, romelic am davalebebSia? sxva ra
gzebi SegiZliaT iswavloT am ideebTan dakavSirebiT, garda davale-
bebis?

rekomendaciebi: swavlebis miznebis gamoyeneba

Tavi aarideT `magiur sityvebs~ _ frazebs,
romlebic Zalian keTilSobilurad da mniSv­
nelovnad JRers, magram Zalian cotas gve­
ubneba (`moswavleebi Rrma moazrovneebad
un­da iqcnen~).
magaliTebi
1. SeinarCuneT yuradRebis fokusi im specifi-
kur cvlilebebze, romelic arRiniSneba
moswavlis codnasa da unar-CvevebSi.
2. sTxoveT moswavleebs, ganmarton miznebis
mniSvneloba. Tu isini ver SeZleben
specifikuri magaliTebis dasaxelebas, es
imas niSnavs, rom Tqveni miznebi Tqveni gan-
zraxvebis Sesaxeb maT verafers eubneba.
moargeT aqtivobebi miznebs.
ganviTareba, warudgineT maT poziciis am-
saxveli moxsenebebi, moawyveT debatebi, pro­
eqtebis an Secdomebis ganxilva.
3. Tu gsurT, rom moswavleebs ganuviTardeT
ukeTesad weris unari, SeuqmeniT iseTi pi-
robebi, rom weron.
darwmundiT, rom Tqveni testebi kavSirSia
Tqvens miznebTan.
magaliTebi
1. CamowereT miznebi da zogadi monaxazi tes­
tebisaTvis _ gadaxedeT am monaxazebs, roca
raime cvlileba moxdeba.
2. SeafaseT testebi sxvadasxva miznis mniSvn-
elobisa da TiToeulze daxarjuli drois
mixedviT.

magaliTebi damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:

1. Tu mizani leqsikonis damaxsovrebaa, mieciT http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/b/x/bxb11/Objec-
moswavleebs dasamaxsovrebeli da avarjiSeT. tives/ an
2. Tu mizani aris azris gamotanis unaris http://edtech.tennessee.edu/‘bobannon/objectives.html

665
 tradiciulad swavlebis dagegmva maswavleblebis pasuxismgeblo­
baa, ganviTarda. Tumca konstruqtivistul midgomebSi ganviTarda
dagegmvis axali gzebi. maswavleblebi da moswavleebi erTad midian
gadawyvetilebamde SinaarsTan, aqtivobebTan, midgomebTan dakavSire-
biT maswavleblebs aqvT. moswavleTa mier specifikuri qcevisa da
unar-Cvevebis dauflebaze, ufro didi miznebi, `mniSvnelovani ideebi~,
romelic warmarTavs dagegmvas. es miznebi Sexedulebebi an unarebia,
romelTac maswavlebeli kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba.

konstruqtivistuli dagegmvis magaliTi. istoriaSi vito perones (1994)

aqvs sami mizani Tavisi saSualo klasebis moswavleebisaTvis. mas surs,
rom misma moswavleebma SeZlon:
sqema 13.1

Tematuri rukis dagegmva

Temis _ `imigrantebi SeerTebul StatebSi~ qvemoT mocemuli gegmiT, istoriis maswav-
lebels SeuZlia gamoavlinos Sesaswavli Temebi, sakamaTo sakiTxebi, ideebi. mTeli
Temis `dafarvis~ nacvlad, ramdenime sakiTxia Rrmad ganxiluli.

martooba
gaZevebisa da
ena sakiTxebi SezRudvis
kanonmdebloba
kultura

pluralizmi

nativizmi

diskriminacia pirveli
amerikelebi
moqalaqeoba

sagareo politika

politikuri kulturuli ekonomikasTan kolonizatorebi

liderebi liderebi kavSiri rogorc emigrantebi

emigrantebi evropel
emigrantebi SeerTebul emigrantTa
aziidan StatebSi talRebi

emigrantebi
sakvebTan, musikas-
laTinuri
Tan, esTetikasTan
amerikidan da
da religiasTan
karibis zRvis
urTierToba
kunZulebidan

wyaro: How to Engage Students in Learning, by V. Perrone, Educational Leadership, 51 (5), p. 13 . Copyright © 1994 by the American
Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. ibeWdeba ASCD. yvela ufleba daculia. Association for Supervision and
Curriculum Development maswavlebelTa msoflio erTobaa, romelic mxars uWers saR politikas da xelmisawvdoms xdis
saukeTeso gamocdilebas, raTa yovelma moswavlem miaRwios warmatebas. damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. www.ascd.org

666
 cxrili 13.3

ramdenime Tema integrirebuli dagegmvisaTvis ufros moswavleebTan

guladoba dro da sivrce
saidumlo jgufebi da instituciebi
gadarCena samuSao
adamianTa interaqcia zraxvebi
momavlis erTobebi mizezi da Sedegi
komunikacia/ena albaToba da prognozireba
adamianTa uflebebi cvlilebebi da koneservacia
da movaleobebi
identoba/asaki mravalgvaroba da variacia
urTierTdamokidebuleba avtobiografia

wyaro: adaptirebulia Toward a Coherent Curriculum by J. A. Beane (Ed.), 1995, Alexandria, VA: Association
for Supervision and Curriculum Development; Interdiscciplinary High School Teaching by J. H. Clarke and R. M
Agne, 1997, Boston: Allyn & Bacon; and Teaching through Themes by G. Thompson, 1991, New York: Scholastic. See
Thompson for resources and strategies to develop some of these themes in elementary school and Clarke and Agne
for ideas at the hign school level.

pirveladi wyaroebis gamoyeneba, hipoTezebis formulireba

da sistematur swavlaSi CarTva
mravali SexedulebaisTvis Tavis garTmeva
gaxdnen dakvirvebuli mkiTxvelebi da aqtiurad werdnen.
wamoWran da gadaWran problemebi.

dagegmvis procesis Semdegi safexuri aris iseTi saswavlo garemos

Seqmna, romelic saSualebas miscems moswavleebs, miaRwion am miznebs
ise, rom, gaTvaliswinebuli iyos maTi individualuri interesebi
da unarebi. perone (1994) gvirCevs gamovavlinoT `is ideebi, Teme-
bi, romelTa saSualebiTac gaviTvaliswinebT perspeqtivebis siRrmesa
da mravalferovnebas da davexmarebiT moswavleebs ganaviTaron mniS-
vnelovani cnebebi.~ saSualo klasebis istoriis kursSi Tema SeiZleba
iyos `demokratia da revolucia~, `samarTlianoba~, `simamace~. maTema-
tikaSi an musikaSi `paternebi~, literaturaSi _ `pirovnuli identoba~.
perone gvirCevs sakiTxi davgegmoT, rogorc azrovnebis gza, rogor
SeuZlia Temas swavlebisa da cnebebis generireba. sakiTxis gegmis mag-
aliTi Temis `imigrantebi SeerTebul tatebSi~ gamoyenebiT, ixileT
13.1 naxazze.
sakiTxis maswavlelebsa da moswavleebs SeuZliaT erToblivad
imuSaon, raTa gamoavlinon is aqtivobebis, masalebis, proeqtebisa da
davalebebis, romelic xels Seuwyobs moswavleebSi cnebebisa da unar-
Cvevebis ganviTarebas _ gakveTilebisa mTavar miznebs. maswavlebeli
ufro nakleb dros uTmobs specifikuri moxsenebebisa da davalebebis
dagegmvas, did dros andomebs gansxvavebuli resursebis Segrovebass
da moswavleTaTvis swavlaSi xelSewyobas. yuradRebis gamaxvileba xde-
ba ara imdenad moswavleTa TvalsaCino Sedegze, aramed swavlis pro-
cessa da azrovnebaze, rac am Sedegis ukan dgas.

667
daakavSireT da ganavrceT
PRAXIS II™-Tan mimarTebaSi
Tematuri erTeulebis gegmva
Tematuri saswavlo erTeule-
bi, romlebic axdenen ori an
meti Sinaarsobrivi sferos
integrirebas, damaxasiaTebel
movlenad iqca Tanamedrove
klasebSi. aRwereT princi-
pebi, romelic saWiroa am
aqtivobebis Camosayalibeblad
da ganmarteT, rogor unda
Sefasdes moswavlis swavlis
procesi.
668
integrirebuli da Tematuri gegmebi. peroneseuli dagegmvis sqema
gvi­C­­venebs gzas, gamoviyenoT SeerTebuli Statebis imigrantebis Tema,
raTa istoriis kursSi CavrToT sakamaTo sakiTxebi. amJamad swavleba
TemebiTa da integrirebuli SinaarsebiT mTavari elementia dagegmvisa
da gakveTilis formatis gansazRvris dawyebuli sabavSvi baRebidan
(Roskos & Neuman, 1998), damTavrebuli maRali klasebiT (Clarke & Agne,
1997). magaliTad, elen houmstedma, karen makginisma (saSualo skolebis
maswavleblebi) da elizabet peitma (kolejis profesori) (Pate, McGin-
nis & Homestead, 1995) Seqmnes `adamianTa interaqciis~ kursi, romelic
moicavda rasizmis, msoflio SimSilis, dabinZurebis, haerisa da wylis
xarisxis Seswavlas. moswavleebi sakamaTo sakiTxebs ecnobodnen sax-
elmZRvaneloebisa da sxva wyaroebis gamoyenebas, swavlobdnen mona-
cemTa baziT sargeblobas, axdendnen adgilobrivi oficialuri pirebis
gamokiTxvas, iwvevdnen stumrebs klasSi. moswavleebs unda ganeviTare-
binaT codna mecnierebaSi, maTematikasa da socialur mecnierebebSi.
isini swavlobdnen damajereblad werasa da laparaks da am procesSi,
agrovebdnen fuls SimSilTan sabrZolvelad afrikaSi.
efeqtiani dagegmva SeiZleba gamoviyenoT dawyebiT klasebSic. ar aris
saWiro calke vimuSaoT gamoTqmaze, Semdeg mosmenis unar-Cvevebze, weris
unar-Cvevebsa da amis Semdeg socialur disciplinebsa da mecnierebebze.
yvela es unari SeiZleba erTad ganviTardes, Tu moswavleebi imuSaveben
avTenturi amocanebis gadaWraze. zogierTi sakiTxi, romelic SeiZleba
gamoviyenoTYTemebis integrirebisaTvis, ukavSirdeba adamianebis, mego-
brobas, komunikacias, Cveulebebis, erTobebis, paternebis. ufrosi bavS-
vebisaTvis gamosadegi magaliTebi mocemulia 13.3. cxrilSi.
davuSvaT gaqvT idea icodeT, ris gageba surT moswavleebs, rogori
iqneba Tqveni swavleba, rom mizans miaRwioT? Tqven unda gadawyvi-
toT, rogor daiwyeba kvira da CamoayaliboT iseTi swavleba, romelic
miznebs Seesabameba.
maswavlebelTa instruqtireba
rogor aRmoaCenT, ra aris warmatebuli swavlis sakvanZo sakiTxebi?
SegiZliaT hkiTxoT moswavleebs, direqtorebs, kolejis profesorebs,
gamocdil maswavleblebs, CamoTvalon kargi maswavleblis damaxasiaTe-
beli Tvisebebi. an SegiZliaT ramdenime klasSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
awarmooT SemTxvevis Seswavla, daakvirdeT klasebs, garkveuli maxa-
siaTeblebis mixedviT SeafasoT maswavleblebi da Semdeg naxoT, rom-
eli Tvisebebi axasiaTebdaT im maswavleblebs, romelTa moswavleebsac
ufro maRali Sedegebi hqondaT an ufro metad iyvnen motivirebulni
swavlisadmi. (amisaTvis, ra Tqma unda dagWirdebaT gadawyvitoT, ro-
gor SeafasebT maT Sedegebsa da motivacias) SegiZliaT gamoavlioT
maswavleblebi, romelTa moswavleebi wliTi wlobiT ukeTes Sedegs
aCveneben, vidre is moswavleebi, romlebic sxva maswavleblebTan muS-
aoben. Semdeg SegiZliaT daakvirdeT warmatebul maswavleblebs da
CainiSnoT ras akeTeben isini. aseve SegiZliaT moamzadoT maswavleb­
lebi, raTa gamoiyenon gansxvavebuli strategiebi erTi da imave
gakveTilis Casatareblad da SeafasoT, romeli strategia iyo yvelaze
efeqturi, kameriT gadaiRoT maswavleblebi da Semdeg aCvenoT maT
Canaweri, sTxovoT giTxran, ris Sesaxeb fiqrobdnen, roca aswavlidnen
 efeqturma maswavleblebma
ician, rogor Camoayalibon
Tavisi codna magaliTebis,
ganmartebebis, ilustra-
ciebis da aqtivobebis saxiT.

da swavlebis procesSi ra axdenda maT gadawyvetilebebze gavlenas. daakavSireT da ganavrceT

SegiZliaT SeiswavloT gakveTilis Canawerebi da gaigoT, ra daexmara PRAXIS II™-Tan mimarTebaSi
maswavleblebze orientire-
moswavleebs gagebaSi.
buli swavla
yvela es da aseve sxva midgomebic gamoiyeneba swavlebis kvlevisa- maswavlebelze orientire-
Tvis? (Floden, 2001). xSirad mkvlevarebi iyeneben swavlasa da swavlebas buli swavla xSirad ganix-
Soris mimarTebas, rogorc safuZvels swavlebis midgomebis gasaviTa- ileba, rogorc `tradiciuli~
reblad da am midgomebis Sesamowmeblad eqsperimentebSi (Brown, 1992; midgoma swavlebisadmi. ra
situaciebSia swavlis es
Greeno, Collins & Resnick, 1996). ganvixiloT ramdenime specifikuri daskvna
formati yvelaze efeqturi?
swavlebis Sesaxeb, romlebic am proeqtebidan miviReT. ra ZiriTadi safexurebia gas-
avleli swavlebis am formis
gasatareblad

efeqtiani maswavleblebis maxasiaTeblebi

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT gaixseneT maswavlebeli, romelmac
yve­laze karg Segegs miaRwia Tqvens maswavleblebs Soris _ adamiani,
romlisganac yvelaze meti iswavleT. ra Tvisebebi axasiaTebda mas? ra
gziT aRwevda igi aseT Sedegebs?
efeqtiani swavlebis zogierTi adreuli kvleva yuradRebas amaxvi­
lebda maswavleblebis pirovnul tvisebebze. Sedegebma gviCvena sami
Tviseba, romelic unda axasiaTebdes maswavlebels: codna, mkafiooba
da siTbo.

maswavleblis codna. aqvT Tu ara im maswavleblebs, romelTa codna ganavrceT da daakavSireT

sxva TavebTan mimarTebaSi
Tavis saganSi didia, pozitiuri gavlena moswavleebze? es damokide- maswavleblis darling-hamon-
bulia saganze. aRmoCnda, rom maRali klasebis moswavleebi ufro me- dis kvlevis sruli ganxilvi-
tad maTematikas swavloben im maswavleblebisagan, romelTac maRali saTvis xarisxTan dakavSirebiT
samecniero xarisxi da mniSvnelovani Sromebi aqvT am dargSi (Wayne & ixileT pirveli Tavi.
Toungs, 2003). Tu gadavxedavT sxva sagnebis maswavleblebs, mimarTeba
moswavlis swavlis xarisxTan arc ise naTelia. maswavlebelbs, romelT-
ac kargad ician Tavis saganSi, ar aris aucilebeli, rom yavdeT mo-
swavleebi, romlebic ufro mets swavloben. magram maswavleblebs,
romelTac meti ician, naTeli axsna SeuZliaT da ufro metad momza-
debulebi xvdebian moswavleTa problemebs. isini mzad arian pasuxi
gascen moswavlis nebismier kiTxvas da borZikiT ar pasuxoben maT.
Amdenad, codna aucilebelia, magram aucileblobiT ar ganapirobebs
efeqtur swavlebas, radgan meti codna saSualebas aZlevs maswavleb-
els, misi gakveTili iyos ufro naTeli da ufro organizebuli.

669
daakavSireT da ganavrceT
kvlevasTan mimarTebaSi
linda darling-hamondis
Sromidan, romelic pirvel
TavSi ganvixileT, viciT,
rom maswavleblebis xarisxi
(romelic fasdeba maT saganSi
mopovebuli sertifikatebisa
da samecniero xarisxebis
mixedviT) kavSirSia moswav-
leTa miRwevasTan.
daakavSireT da ganavrceT
Tqveni swavleba/portfolio-
sTan mimarTebaSi
Tu dakvirvebixarT pirvel
klass, SegiZliaT TqvaT, rom
maswavlebeli iyenebda pirda-
pir instruqtirebas. ratom
aris es misaRebi, ratom ara?
pirdapiri instruqtireba
/ eqsplicituri swavleba _
sistematuri instruqtirebi-
sTvis ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis,
faqtebis da informaciis
dasaufleblad.
aqtiuri swavleba _ swavleba,
romelic gulisxmobs maswav-
leblis mier masalis maRal
doneze axsnas, magaliTebis
moyvanas da aqtiur interaq-
cias moswavleebTan.
sabaziso unar-Cvevebi _
mkafiod struqturirebuli
codna, romelic saWiroa Sem-
deg, ufro maRal safexurze
swavlisTvis da romlis swavla
SesaZlebelia nabij-nabij.
670
mkafiooba da organizeba. rodesac barak rozenSainma da norma ferst-
ma (1973) mimoixiles 50-mde swavlebis kvlevis Sedegebi daaskvnes, rom
mkafiooba iZleoda yvelaze met garantias, rom maswavlebeli iqneboda
efeqturi. im maswavleblTa moswavleebi, romlebic mkafiod da naTlad
uxsnian maT masalas, ufro mets swavloben da pozitiurad afaseben
sakuTar maswavleblebs (Hines, Cruickshank & Kennedy, 1985; Land, 1987). mas-
wavleblebi, romelTac didi codna aqvT bundovan ganmartebebs ar
aZleven klass. rac ufro naTeli da gasagebia maswavleblis ganmarte-
bebi, miT ufro mets swavloben moswavleebi (Berliner, 1987; Evertson, 2003;
Land, 1987).
siTbo da enTuziazmi. rogorc iciT, zogierT maswavlebels ufro me­
ti enTuziazmi aqvs. zogi kvlevebis Sedegad dadasturda, rom mas-
wavleblebis enTuziazmis xarisxi kavSirSia moswavleTa miRwevasTan
(Rosenshine & Furst, 1973). siTbo, megobruloba, gageba maswavleblis is
Tvisebebia, romlebic yvelaze metadaa dakavSirebuli moswavleTa ati-
tudebTan (Murray, 1983; Ryans, 1960; Soar & Soar, 1979). sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, maswavleblebs, romlebic ufro Tbilebi da megobrulebi ari-
an, metad yavT moswavleebi, romelTac moswonT Tavisi maswavleblebi
da zogadad klasi. magram yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom es korelaci-
uri kvlevis Sedegebia. Sedegebi ar gveubneba imas, rom maswavleblis
enTuziazmi aris moswavleebis mxridan meti swavlis mizezi an siTbo
iwvevs pozitiur atitudebs. miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze mxolod
imis Tqma SegviZlia, rom raRaca ori cvladi, rogorc wesi, erTad gvx-
vdeba. maswavleblebs, romlebic axdenen sakuTari enTuziazmis demon-
strirebas, ufro yuradRebiani da CarTuli moswavleebi yavT, magram
ara aucileblad warmatebuli testirebaSi (Gillett & Gall, 1982).
am zogadi Tvisebebis miRma, rogor unda Camoayalibos maswavle-
belma swavlebis struqtura? am Tavis momdevno nawilSi aRvwerT for-
matebs, strategiebs _ swavlebis konstruirebisas `saSen masalas~. da-
viwyebT strategiiT, romelis yvelaze metad asocirdeba swavlebasTan,
esaa ganmarteba da pirdapiri instruqtireba.
ganmarteba da pirdapiri instruqtireba
zogierTi kvleviT dadginda, rom maswavleblebis warmodgenas sak-
laso drois erTi meeqvsedidan erT meoTxedamde ukavia. maswavleblis
axsna Sesabamisia imisa, rom didi moculobis masala moswavleebs unda
warudginos mokle droSi auxsnas maT axali Tema, miawodos infor-
macia, moaxdinos moswavleTa motivireba, ufro meti iswavlon Ta-
visiT. maswavlebelTa wardgena yvelaze metad Seesabameba kognitur
da afeqtur miznebs taqsonomiis dabal doneze, rac adre aRvwereT:
damaxsovrebas, gagebas, gamoyenebas, miRebas, reagirebasa da Sefasebas
(Arends, 2001; Kindsvatter, Wilen & Ishler, 1992).
pirdapiri instruqtireba. 70 _ 80-ian wlebSi aRiniSneboda afeTqeba kvle­
vebisa, romlebic fokusirebuli iyo efeqtur swavlebaze. yoveli am
kvlevis Sedegi avlenda swavlebis yvelaze efeqtur models, romelic
gaaumjobesebda moswavlis swavlas. barak rozenSaini da robert stiv-
ensi (1986) am midgomas `pirdapir swavlas~, anu `eqsplicitur swav-
lebas~ uwodeben. tom gudi (1983-I) imave midgomas uwodebs `aqtiuri
swavleba~.
 pirdapiri swavlis modeli specifikur pirobebs ergeba, radgan igi
wamovida kvlevisadmi konkretuli midgomidan. mkvlevarebma gamoav-
lines pirdapiri swavlebis elementebi im maswavleblebis SedarebebiT,
romelTa moswavleebi mosalodnelze mets swavloben, maswavleblebT-
an, romelTa moswavleebic swavloben imdens, ramdensac elodnen maT-
gan anu saSualod. mkvlevarebi fokusirebulni iyvnen arsebul gamoc-
dilebaze amerikul klasebSi. radganac yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo
swavlebis tradiciul formebze, kvleva ver gamoavlenda warmatebul
inovaciebs. efeqturoba Cveulebisamebr ganisazRvreboda, rogorc sa-
Sualo gaumjobeseba standartizebuli testebis SedegebSi mTeli kla-
sis an skolis maStabiT. amdenad, Sedegebi moicavda did jgufebs da
ara TiToeul moswavles jgufSi. maSinac ki, roca jgufis saSualo
Sedegebi izrdeba, calkeuli moswavleebis miRweva SeiZleba mcird-
ebodes (Brophy & Good, 1986; Good, 1996; Shuell, 1996).
am pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SegiZliaT darwmundeT, rom pirda-
piri swavleba saukeTesoa ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis _ mkafiod struq-
turirebuli da arsebiTi unar-Cvevebi, rogoricaa mecnieruli faqte-
bi, maTematikuri gamoTvlebi, leqsikoniT sargebloba, gramatikuli
wesebi (Rosenshine & Stevens, 1986) saswavleblad. es unar-Cvevebi moicavs
amocanebs, romlebic metnaklebad araorazrovania; isini SeiZleba
nabij-nabij iqnas naswavli standartizebuli da testebiT Semowmebu-
li. swavlebis qvemoT aRwerili midgomebi aucileblad ar Seesabameba
iseT miznebs, rogoricaa moswavleebis daxmareba weron kreatiulad,
gadaWran kompleqsuri problemebi, momwifdnen emociuri Tvalsaz-
risiT. franc veinerti da andreas helmke (1995) Tvlian, rom pirdapir
swavlisTvis damaxasiaTebelia:
maswavleblis saklaso menejmentis gansakuTrebuli efeqturoba, xo­lo
moswavleTa mxridan xelisSemSleli qcevis Zalian dabali gamovlena.
Mmaswavlebelis mxridan gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gamaxvileba aka-
demiur Sedegebze da swavlis drois gamoyeneba saimisod, rom wamoi-
wyos da xeli Seuwyos moswavleTa saswavlo aqtivobebs.
aswavleblis mier amocanebis yuradRebiT amorCeva, axdens infor-
maciisa da problemis gadaWris strategiebis naTlad da mkafiod
wardgenas. moswavlis progresisa da saswavlo sirTuleebis mud-
mivad aRniSvna, efeqturi daxmarebiT Semamasubuqebeli swavlebiT
uzrunvelyofa.

rogor unda gamoiyenos maswavlebelma es sakiTxebi?

rozenSainiseuli swavlebis eqvsi funqcia. rozenSainma da misma kole­

gebma (Rosenshine, 1988; Rosenshine & Stevens, 1986) gamoyves swavlebis eqvsi
funqcia, romelic efeqturi swavlebis kvlevas emyareba. is SeiZleba
gamogvadges Sesamowmeblad an erTgvar CarCod ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis
saswavleblad.
1. wina dRis samuSaos mimoxilva da Semowmeba., Tu moswavleebi uSveben
Secdomebs an raime arasworad esmiT, ganmeorebiT aswavleT.
2. axali masalis wardgena. mizani unda iyos naTeli da mkafio, aswav-
leT nabij-nabij da mouyvaneT bevri, maT Soris, sapirispiro SemTx-
vevis magaliTebic.
3. avarjiSeT da Tvalyuri adevneT. gamokiTxeT moswavlebi, mieciT
savarjiSo problemebi, yuradRebiT mousmineT, xom ar uSveben Sec-
domebs, aswavleT ganmeorebiT, Tu saWiro iqneba. ganagrZeT `marTu-

671
 li varjiSis~ es? procesi, sanam moswavleebi sworad ar upasuxeben
Tqveni kiTxvebis 80%-s.
4. iqonieT ukukavSiri da gaakeTeT Sesworebebi maT pasuxebze dayrd-
nobiT., Tu saWiro iqneba, aswavleT ganmeorebiT.
5. uzrunvelyaviT damoukideblad gavarjiSebis SesaZlebloba. mieciT
moswavleebs saSualeba, TavisiT gamoiyenon axali naswavli masala
saklaso samuSaoebSi, TanamSromlur jgufebSi, saSinao davalebaSi.
warmateba da swori pasuxebi damoukidebeli muSaobisas 95% unda
iyos. es niSnavs, rom maswavleblis kargi gamosvliT, moswavleebi
kargad unda iyvnen momzadebuli, `marTuli varjiSiT~ da davale-
bebi ar iyos Zalian rTuli. varjiSi unda mimdinareobdes manam,
sanam unar-Cvevebi bolomde ar daiswavleba da avtomaturi ar gax-
deba. moswavleebi pasuxismgebelni unda iyvnen im samuSaoze, rasac
asruleben _ SeamowmeT es.
6. yovelkvireuli da yovelTviuri mimoxilva, raTa moxdes swavlebis
Sejameba. mimoxilva SeiZleba gakeTdes saSiano davalebis saxiT.
SeamowmeT xSirad da aswavleT ganmeorebiT, Tu rame xarvezi gamov-
lindeba.
es eqvsi funqcia ar aris safexurebi, romelTac aucileblad Tan-
mimdevrobiT unda mivyveT, Tumca yoveli maTgani efeqtiani swavlebis
Semadgeneli nawilia. magaliTad, ukukavSiri, mimoxilva, ganmeorebiT
swavleba maSin unda xdebodes, roca es saWiro gaxdeba. aseve yovelT-
vis unda gaxsovdeT moswavleTa asaki da arsebuli codnac _ ufro
axal­gazrda da nakleb momzadebuli moswavleebis SemTxvevaSi mokle
unda iyos Tqveni ganmartebebi. gamoiyeneT axsnis, varjiSis, ukukavSui-
risa da Sesworebebis ufro xSiri da mokle cikli. megzuri mogawvdiT
ideebs pirdapiri swavlebis gamoyenebis gzas saukeTeso dakavSirebiT.

ratom muSaobs pirdapiri swavleba? pirdapiri swavlebis ra aspeqte-

biT SeiZleba aixsnas misi warmateba? linda andersonis (1989-II) azriT
gakveTilebi, romelic exmareba moswavleebs daamyaron mimarTeba mTa-
var ideebs Soris, uzrunvelyofs moswavleebSi zusti cnebebis Cam-
oyalibebas. maswavleblis kargad organizebuli wardgena, zusti da
naTeli ganmartebiTi mimaTebebis gamoyeneba da mimoxilva, rogorc
es megzurSi iyo aRwerili, daexmareba moswavleebs, Caswvdnen kavSirs
ideebs Soris. Tu es kargad ganxorcieldeba, gakveTilze pirdapiri
swavleba SeiZleba iyos is resursi, romelsac moswavleebi cnebis
asagebad gamoiyeneben. magaliTad, mimoxilva aaqtiurebs arsebul cod-
nas, amdenad moswavle mzad aris gasagebad. lakonuri, mkafio wardgena
da marTuli varjiSi agvacilebs moswavlis informaciiT gadatvirTvas.
mravalricxovani magaliTebi da ganmartebebi sistemisa da konceptebis
asagebad bevr gzas iZleva. marTuli varjiSi maswavlebels saSualebas
aZlevs dainaxos moswavlis azrovnebis done, misi Secdomebi.
yovel saganSi iqneba es inglisuri Tu qimia, SeiZleba saWiro iyos
pirdapiri swavleba. nodingsi Seaxsenebs maswavleblebs, rom moswavleebi
SeiZleba saWiroebdnen imisa pirdapir swavlebas, rogor gamoiyenon sx-
vadasxva masala ise, rom maqsimaluri sargebeli miiRon maTgan. moswav-
leebs, romlebic TanamSromlobiT jgufebSi muSaoben, SeiZleba dasWir-
deT miTiTebebi, modelireba, varjiSi, rogor dasvan kiTxvebi da miscen
ganmartebebi. rTuli problemebis gadasaWrelad moswavleebs dasWirde-
baT SesaZlo strategiebis pirdapiri miTiTeba problemis gadasaWrelad.

672
rekomendaciebi: efeqturi swavleba
yuradRebiT moekideT gakveTilebis orga-
nizeba.
magaliTebi
1. SeimuSaveT iseTi miznebi, romelic daex-
mareba moswavleebs yuradRebis fokusSi
moaqcion gakveTilis daniSnuleba.
2. daiwyeT gakveTili imiT, rom dafaze mok­
led dawereT mokle monaxazi, an gakveTil-
ze klasTan erTad garkveuli drois ganmav-
lobaSi imuSaveT am monaxazis gakeTebaze.
3. Tu es SesaZlebelia dayaviT Tqveni gamos-
vla mkafio safexurebad.
4. periodulad gaakeTeT mimoxilva.
gaiTvaliswineT da gakveTilze sirTulee-
bis dasaZlevad SeadgineT gegma
magaliTebi
1. gaakeTeT mkafio da zusti wardgena gak­
veTilis Sesaxeb, uTxariT moswavleebs
ro­gor unda iswavlon im dRes.
2. SeadgineT savarjiSoebi da gaiTvaliswi-
neT moswavleTa problemebi _ ideebisaT-
vis mimarTeT maswavlebelTa saxelmZR-
vanelos.
3. mzad gqondeT axal terminTa ganmarte-
bebi da moamzadeT magaliTebi axali kon-
ceptebisaTvis.
4. moifiqreT analogiebi, romlebic ideebs
ufro gasagebs gaxdis.
5. daalageT gakveTili logikuri mimdevro-
biT. Sesamowmeblad zepirad Tu werilo-
biT dasviT kiTxvebi, raTa darwmundeT,
rom moswavleebma gaiges ganmartebebi.
mieciT moswavleebs zusti da mkafio gan­
martebebi.
magaliTebi
1. Tavi aarideT bundovan da orazrovan
frazebs.
2. gamoiyeneT specifikuri saxelebi da ara
`is~, `maT~, `raRac~.
3. Tavi aarideT Jargons an familarul fra-
zebs. SegiZliaT CaiweroT gakveTili da
Semdeg SeamowmoT sakuTari Tavi.
4. TiToeul safexurze mieciT moswavleebs
iseTi ganmartebebi, rom yvelam gaigos da
ara mxolod yvelaze Wkvianebma.
5. erTdroulad nu moedebiT ramdenime ide­
as da nu gadauxvevT Temas.
daamyareT naTeli mimarTebebi iseTi kav-
Sirebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa `imitom,
rom~, `Tu...maSin...~, `amdenad~.
magaliTebi
1. `CrdiloeTs hqonda upiratesoba samoqa-
laqo omSi, radgan misi ekonomika mrewv-
elobaze iyo damyarebuli.~
2. aseTi kavSirebi dagexmareba moaxdinoT iseT
TvalsaCino masala, rogoricaa grafikebi,
cnebis monaxazebi, ilustraciebi.
aniSneT moswavleebs raime fraziT, rom
sxva Temaze gadadixarT.
magaliTebi
1. `Semdegi sakiTxia~, `axla Cven davubrunde-
biT~, Semdegi nabiji iqneba~.
2. gaakeTeT Temis monaxazi, CamoTvaleT
sakvanZo sakiTxebi, daxazeT cnebis grafi-
ki dafaze, gamoiyeneT proeqtori.
gamoavlineT enTuziazmi Tqveni sagnis da
gakveTilisadmi.
magaliTebi
1. uTxariT moswavleebs, ratomaa mniSvne­
lovani gakveTili. moifiqreT raime uke-
Tesi argumenti, vidre - `es testSi dag-
WirdebaT~ an `amis codna momaval wels
dagWirdebaT.~ xazi gausviT TviTon swav-
lis mniSvnelobas.
2. TvalebiT daamyareT kontaqti moswavlee-
bTan.
3. cvaleT saubris tempi da xmis simaRle.
gamoiyeneT siCume da pauza raRacis xa-
zgasasmelad.
damatebiTi ideebisaTvis efeqturi swavlebis
irgvliv, ixileT:
http://education.qld.gov.au/curriculum/learning/teach-
ing/technology/principl/
proncipl.html
specifikuri ideebisaTvis sxvadasxva saganSi,
ixileT:
http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/sped/projects/ose/in-
formation/interventions.html
673
 cxrili 13.4

aqtiuri swavleba da maswavleblis wardgineba

aq aris moyvanili ramdenime idea, rogor SevinarCunoT moswavleebis kognituri CarTuloba
gakveTilze. es ideebi SeiZleba adaptirebul iqnas sxvadasxva asakisaTvis.

kiTxva, yvela wers: dasviT kiTxva, sTxoveT
yvelas Caweros mokled pasuxi, Semdeg das-
viT kiTxva: `ramden moswavles surs gagviz-
iaros Tavisi mosazreba?~
Sedegis gamomxatveli winadadebebi: gamos-
vlis, gakveTilis axsnis raRac nawilis Sem-
deg, sTxoveT moswavleebs daasrulon wina-
dadebaSi, rogoricaa `me viswavle . . . , me
damainteresa . . . , gamakvirva . . .~ Semdeg
rogorc wina SemTxvevaSi, dasviT kiTxva, vis
surs gaacnos sxvebs Ta­visi Canaweri. moswav-
leebs SeuZliaT Seinaxon es Canawerebi Tavis
portfolioSi.
gamoiyeneT wyvilebad muSaoba: mieciT mokle
ganmarteba, Semdeg sTxoveT moswavleebs, imuSa-
on wyvilebad, raTa gaiazron procesi an idea.
xmis micema: dasviT kiTxvebi ase: `ramdeni
Tqvengani . . .~ da aRricxeT. `ramdeni Tqven-
gani eTanxmeba raSons?~, `ramdeni Tqvengani
aris mzad gavagrZeloT?~, `ramdenma Tqven-
ganma miiRo 48 am amocanaSi?~
gunduri pasuxi: mTels klass gaameorebineT
unisonSi mniSvnelovani faqtebi an ideebi,
magaliTad: `garemo erTi mTliani sistemaa~ an
`10 gverdian poligons ewodeba dekagoni.~
saubari-Cawera: uTaxriT moswavleebs, rom
isaubrebT 3-4 wuTs. maT unda mogisminon, ma-
gram ar CainiSnon. am drois gasvlis Semdeg,
sTxoveT daweron mTavari ideebi, Seajamon an
dasvan kiTxvebi, rac gauCndaT, Tqveni sau-
brisas

wyaro: Inspiring Active Learning: A Handbook for Teachers, by M. Harmin. Copyright 1994 by the Association for Supervision and Curricu-
lum Development. ibeWdeba ASCD-is nebarTviT.

pirdapiri swavlebis Sefaseba. pirdapir swavlebas, gansakuTrebiT ki

maSin, roca masSi CarTulia maswavleblis vrceli moxsenebebi da leq­
ciebi, garkveuli naklic aqvs. SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom zogierT mo-
swavles miyolebiT ramdenime wuTze metxans mosmena ar SeuZlia da Sem-
deg, ubralod, gamo iTiSeba. maswavleblis moxsenebam SeiZleba pasiur
mdgomareobaSi Caayenos moswavleebi, sakuTar Tavze aiRos umetesi
kognituri samuSao da saSualeba ar misces dasvan kiTxvebi an Tundac
ifiqron maTze (Freiberg & Driscoll, 2005). skriptuli TanamSromloba erT-
erTi gzaa aqtiuri swavlebis CasarTavad gakveTilebSi. moxsenebisas,
maswavlebeli ramdenimejer sTxovs moswavleebs imuSaon wyvilebad.
erTi moswavle Seajamebs, meore ki gaakritikebs am Sejamebas. es aZlevs
saSualebas moswavleebs, Seamowmon, rogor gaiges masala, moaxdinon
sakuTari codnis organizeba, sakuTari sityvebiT gamoxaton ideebi.
sxva SesaZleblobebi aRwerilia 13.4 cxrilSi.
kritikosebi imasac amboben, rom pirdapiri swavleba daswavlis mc-
dar Teoriazea agebuli. maswavleblebi mcire nawilebad yofen masalas,
TiToeul nawils warmoadgenen mkafiod, ganamtkiceben an asworeben,
zusti cnebebi gadaaqvT maswavleblidan moswavleze. moswavle moiaz-
reba rogorc `carieli WurWeli~, romelic imis molodinSi ufroa,
rodis aavseben codniT, da ara aqtiuri damgrovebeli codnisa (Berg
& Clough, 1991; Driscoll, 2005). pirdapiri swavlebis es kritika exmaureba
bihevioruli daswavlis Teoriebis kritikas.

674
 sakmarisi damamtkicebeli sabuTia imis, rom pirdapiri swavleba da daakavSireT da ganavrceT
ganmarteba exmareba moswavleebs iswavlon aqtiurad da ara pasiurad Tqvens swavleba / portfo-
liosTan mimarTebaSi
(Leinhardt, 2001). ufro axalgazrda da naklebad momzadebuli moswavlee-
aq aris moyvanili ramdenime
bis SemTxvevaSi, moswavleTa mier gakontrolibulma swavlis procesma idea imis Sesaxeb, rogor unda
maswavleblis miTiTebebisa da swavlebis gareSe, SeiZleba gamoiwvios CarToT moswavleebi aqtiurad
moswavleTa codnis sistematuri deficiti. miTiTebebis gareSe, cnebe- gakveTilSi. sTxoveT maT:
bi, romelTac agteben moswavleebi, SeiZleba mcdari da arasruli iyos
1. uTxran pasuxi merxis mezo-
(Weinert & Helmke, 1995). magaliTad, harisma da grehemma (1996) aRweres
bels.
sakuTari qaliSvilis, leas gamocdileba enisa da progresuli gana- 2. Camoayalibon mTavari idea
Tlebis skolaSi, sadac maswavleblebma warmatebiT ganaviTares maT erTi an ori winadade-
qaliSvilSi kreatiuloba, azrovneba, wvdomis unari. baiT. daweron es daskvnebi
qaRaldze da gauziaron
Cvens qaliSvils da sxva bavSvebsac, meores mxriv, probleme- merxis mezobels an masTan
bi hqondaT unar-CvevebTan dakavSirebiT. sabavSvo baRis dam- erTad gaimeoron proce-
Tavrebisas mas ar hqonda progresi kiTxvaSi da misma maswavle- dura.
3. daweron pasuxi baraTze da
belma gviTxra, rom misi rwmeniT, leas aRqmis problema hqonda
Semdeg aswion is.
an swavlis unari ar gaaCnia. leam daiwyo kiTxvebis dasma, ra 4. aiwion xeli, Tu pasuxi
xdeboda mis Tavs, radgan sxva bavSvebi kiTxulobdnen, is ki ician (miscen saSualeba
vera. sabolood Sefaseba gakeTda. maswavlebels Seamowmos
mTeli klasi).
Semowmebam gamoavlina, rom lea ar iyo swavlis uunaro, mas Zlieri 5. aswion xeli Tu eTanxme-
unari hqonda wvdomis, magram ver umklavdeboda sityvebs. sabednierod, bian pasuxs, romelic maTma
leas mSoblebma icodnen, rogor unda eswavlebinaT qaliSvilisaTvis Tanaklaselma Tqva.
6. aswion sxvadasxva feris
sityvebTan gamklavebis unar-Cvevebi. am unar-Cvevebis pirdapiri swav-
baraTebi imisda mixedviT,
leba daexmara leas daeZlia es problema daaxloebiT eqvs kviraSi. romelia swori pasuxi - a,
Rrma wvdoma da uwyveti Sesruleba cekvaSi, maTematikasa Tu kiTxvaSi, b, Tu g.
moiTxovs eqspertis mxridan magaliTis micemas da eqstensiur varjiSs
ukukavSiri (Anderson, Reder & Simon, 1995). marTuli da damoukidebeli wyaro: aRebulia rozenSainis
`eqsplicituri swavlebidan~.
varjiSi ukukavSiris TanxlebiT, umTavresi sakiTxia pirdapiri swav-
aseve ixileT D.Berliner & B.
lebis modelSi. Rosenshine, `saubarebi maswav-
leblebTan~.

saklaso davaleba da saSinao davaleba daakavSireT da ganavrceT

Tqvens swavleba / portfo-
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT daubrundiT dawyebiT da saSualo liosTan mimarTebaSi
Tqvens failSi CarTeT 13.4.
klasebSi gatarebul dReebs. gaxsovT raime saSinao davaleba? ra aRi-
cxrili
beWda Tqvens mexsierebaSi am davalebebTan dakavSirebiT? Tu aswavliT dawyebiT klaseb-
Si, gamoiyeneT 13.8. cxrili
saklaso davaleba. mxolod mcire kvlevebia Catarebuli saklaso da­
vale­bebis, damoukidebeli saklaso samuSaos gavlenasTan dakavSirebiT, skriptuli TanamSromloba _
saswavlo strategia, romlis
magram cxadia, aseTi teqnikebi Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba. erTi kvleviT
mixedviTac ori moswavle mo-
dadginda, rom amerikis dawyebiT skolebSi maTematikis gakveTilebis nacvleobiT ajamebs masalas
51% moswavleTa damoukidebel muSaobas eTmoba, iaponiaSi es dro 26%- da ganixilavs am daskvnebs.
ia, xolo taivanSi - mxolod 9% (Stigler, Lee & Stevenson, 1987). zogierTi
pedagogi am gansxvavebas miawers azieli moswavleebis upiratesobas daukavSireT kvlevas da
maTematikaSi. ganavrceT
saklaso davaleba unda mosdevs gakveTilis axsnas da avarjiSebdes imisaTvis, rom gaecnoT
moswavleebs. samwuxarod, mravali samuSao rveuli xels ar uwyobs kvlevas saSinao davalebebTan
dakavSirebiT, `Teoria
mniSvnelovani miznebis aTvisebas. sanam davalebas miscemdeT moswav-
praqtikaSi~-s 2004 wlis
leebs, hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs, daexmareba Tu ara igi moswavleebs ra- zafxulis gamoSvebaSi ixileT,
Racis swavlaSi. moswavleebma unda dainaxon kavSiri gakveTilsa da statia `saSinao davaleba~.
davalebas Soris, auxseniT ratom asruleben am samuSaos. miznebi na- mowveuli redaqtori haris
Teli unda iyos maTTvis, xelT unda hqondeT yvela masala, rac SeiZ­ kuperi.

leba dasWirdeT da samuSaoc sakmarisad advili iyos saimisod, rom

saklaso davaleba _
damoukidebeli saklaso
samuSao.

675
 argumenti / kontrargumenti
ramdenad Rirebulia saSinao davalebaze drois daxarjva?
rogorc mravali sxva meTodi ganaTlebaSi,
saSinao davalebac azrTa sxvbadasxvaobas iw­
vevs. 1900-ian wlebSi saSinao davaleba ganix-
ileboda, rogorc mniSvnelovani gza mentaluri
disciplinisaken, magram 1940 wlisaTvis saSinao
davalebas ukve akritikebdnen da mas dabali
rangis swavlebad miiCnevdnen. 1950 wlisaTvis,
sa­Sinao davaleba TiTqos xelaxla aRmoaCines,
rogorc saSualeba, davweodiT sabWoTa kavSirs
sabunebismetyvelo sagnebsa da maTematikaSi. 60-
iani wlebisaTvis igi Zlier wnexad miiCnies
mos­wavleebze. 80-ian wlebSi saSiano davaleba-
ze isev alaparakdnen, rogorc amerikeli bavS-
vebis monacemebis gaumjobesebis saSualebaze
msoflios sxva qveynebis bavSvebTan SedarebiT
(Cooper & Valentine, 2001-I). yvela asrulebs saSinao
davalebas _ xom ar aris es drois flangva?
argumenti saSinao davaleba ar exmare-
ba moswavleebs, iswavlon.
ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenad saintere-
soa aqtivoba, moswavleebs mainc mobezrdebaT
is. amitom ra saWiroa, mivceT maT samuSao
skolaSic da skolis gareTac? isini ubralod
daiRlebian swavlisgan. ikargeba mniSvnelovani
SesaZlebloba erTobis CasarTavad da Tavisu-
fali drois gasatareblad, rac Camoayalibebda
karg moqalaqes. rodesac mSoblebi exmarebian
bavSvebs saSinao davalebebis SsrulebaSi, amiT
SeiZleba kargze metad cudi saqme gaukeTon Svi-
lebs. garda amisa, bavSvebs, romlebic gaWirve-
buli ojaxebidan arian, xSirad uwevT muSaoba,
ris gamoc ver axrxeben saSinao davalebebis
Sesrulebas. amas is mosdevs, rom gansxvaveba
swavlaSi mdidar da Rarib bavSvebs Soris, kidev
ufro izrdeba. amasTan arsaniSnavia isic, rom
kvlevebi winaaRmdegobrivia saSinao davalebebis
efeqtTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, erTi kvlev-
iT dadginda, rom saklaso samuSao ukeT exmare-
boda dawyebiTi klasis bavSvebi swavlaSi, vidre
saSinao davalebebi (Cooper & Valentine, 2001-I).
kontrargumenti kargad dagegmili saSinao
davaleba did samsaxurs gauwevs mraval mo-
swavles.
haris kuperma da jefri valentainma saSinao
davalebebze Catarebuli mravali kvleva mimoix-
iles da daadgines, rom mcire kavSiri arsebobs
saSinao davalebebsa da swavlas Soris, magram-
kavSiri saSinao davalebasa da miRwevas Soris
izrdeba, rac ufro meti asakisani umcrosi mo-
swavleebis SemTxvevaSi arian moswavleebi. dada-
sturda, rom ufrosklaselebs, romlebic ufro
metad asruleben saSinao davalebebs (da nak-
lebad uyureben televizors gakveTilebis Sem-
deg), niSnebic maRali aqvT, maSinac, roca gaT-
valiswinebulia sxva faqtorebi _ sqesi, swavlis
safexuri, eTnikuroba, socialur-ekonomikuri
statusi, ufrosebis meTvalyureoba (Cooper
& Valentine, 2001-I; Cooper, Valentine, Nye & Kindsay,
1999). am aRmoCenebze dayrdnobiT erovnuli PTA am
rekomendaciebs gvTavazobs:
bavSvebisaTvis swavlebis dabal safexurze
saSinao davaleba maSinaa efeqturi, Tu misi
Sesruleba 10-20 wuTze met dros ar moiTxovs.
SedarebiT ufros bavSvebs SeiZleba mivceT
davaleba, romelic 30-60 wuTSi Sesruldeba,
maRal klasebSi saSinao davalebebis Sesrule-
ba sxvadasxva saganSi sxvadasxva dros SeiZleba
saWiroebdes (Henderson, 1996).
rogoria Tqveni azri?
sakuTari poziciis dasafiqsireblad
mimarTeT saits www.mylabschool.com

damoukideblad miaRwion warmatebas. Sedegebis maCvenebeli maRali _

100%-mde unda iyos. rodesac saklaso davaleba Zalian rTulia, mo-
swavleebi varaudiT asruleben mas an iweren mxolod im mizniT, rom
male gavidnen boloSi (Anderson, 1985).
kerol veinSteinma da endi mignanom (2003) aReweres samuSao rve­
ulebis ramdenime alternativa, magaliTad, Cumad anda xmamaRla kiTxva
partniorTan erTad; naweris wakiTxva klasis winaSe; werilebis wera

676
an Jurnalebis warmoeba; saubris Cawera da punqtuaciurad gasworeba;
problemebis SeTxzva; xangrZliv proeqtebsa an moxsenebebze muSaoba;
Tavsatexebis amoxsna, kompiuteruli aqtivobebi. Cemi azriT erT-erTi
saukeTeso variantia jgufuri moTxrobis dawera. moTxrobas iwyebs
ori moswavle da kompiuterSi krefs teqsts. Semdegi ori agrZelebs
da a.S. moswavleebi kiTxuloben, weren, akeTeben redaqtirebas da aum-
jobeseben teqsts.

saSinao davaleba. saklaso davalebebisagan gansxvavebiT, saSinao dava-

lebebs sistematurad ikvleven ukve 75 welia (Cooper, 2004; Cooper &
Valentine, 2001-I; Corno, 2000; Trautwein & Koller, 2003). rogorc amas `Tvalsaz-
risi/kontrTvalsazrisidan~ dainaxavT, debatebi mimdinareobs imaze,
ramdenad mniSvnelovania saSiano davaleba.
imisaTvis, rom Sedegiani iyos individualuri Tu damoukidebeli
muSaoba, saklaso davaleba Tu saSinao davaleba, moswavleebi unda
iyvnen CarTulni da Seasrulon samuSao. pirveli nabiji saamisod davr-
wmundeT, rom moswavleebi sworad iwyeben, esmiT davaleba. kargi iqne-
ba, Tu pirveli ramdenime sakiTxi klasSi gakeTdeba da gamoswordeba
cnebebTan dakavSirebiT Secdomebi. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
saSinao davalebebis SemTxvevaSi, radgan moswavles SeiZleba aravin
hyavdes saxlSi iseTi, vinc rCevis micemas SeZlebs, roca problemebs
waawydeba davalebis Sesrulebisas. meore gza imisa, rom SevinarCunoT
moswavleTa CarTuloba, aris is, rom davakisroT maT pasuxismgebloba,
sworad Seasrulon davaleba da ara ubralod Seavson furceli. es imas
niSnavs, rom davaleba unda Semowmdes da moswavleebs mieceT SesaZle-
bloba, Seasworon Secdomebi an gadaxedon da cvlilebebi Seitanon
samuSaoSi. gamocdil maswavleblebi xSirad iyeneben aseT gzas, raTa
gakveTilis dawyebisTanave swrafad Semowmdes davaleba, isini avaleben
moswavleebs Seamowmon erTmaneTis an TanaklaselTa davalebebi.

saklaso da saSinao davalebebis mniSvnelobis gazrda. saklaso dava-

leba gansakuTrebiT moiTxovs yuradRebiT monitorings. SesaZlebloba,
rom moswavleebs hqondeT Tqveni daxmarebis imedi, ufro mniSvnelova-
nia, vidre maTTvis daxmarebis SeTavazeba, sanam isini amas gTxovdnen.
amisaTvis, unda imoZraoT klasSi da Tavi aaridoT didi drois daTmo-
bas mxolod erTi-ori moswavlisaTvis. mokle, xSiri kontaqti ukeTesia
(Brophy & Good, 1986). zogjer SesaZlebelia muSaobdeT mcire jgufTan,
sanam sxva moswavleebi asruleben saklaso davalebas. aseT situaciebSi
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, moswavleebma icodnen, rogor moiqcnen,

677
daakavSireT da ganavrceT
Tqvens swavleba / portfo-
liosTan mimarTebaSi
am Tavidan daamateT Tqvens
portfolios ideebi saSinao
davalebebSi mSoblebis CarT­
vasTan dakavSirebiT,.
daakavSireT da ganavrceT
PRAXIS II™-Tan mimarTebaSi
gamokiTxva
kiTxvebis efeqturi dasma
erT-erTi yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani unar-Cvevaa,
romelsac unda flobdes
maswavlebeli. es aris aseve
erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli
unar-Cveva asaTviseblad.
rCevebisaTvis ixileT `SekiTx-
vebis tipebi~
(http://www.unl.edu/teach-
ing/teachquestions.html).
678
Tu daxmareba dasWirdebaT. erTi gamocdili maswavlebeli, romlis mu­
Saobac aRweres einSteinma da mignanopma, Tavis moswavleebs aswavlida:
`hkiTxeT Tqvens sam Tanaklasels da Semdeg me.~ sanam maswavlebels mo-
swavleebs hkiTxavdnen, jer sami Tanaklaselisagan unda mieRoT rCeva.
es maswavlebelo wlis dasawyisSi garkveul dros uTmobda moswavlee-
bisaTvis imis swavlebas, rogor daxmareodnen erTmaneTs _ rogor
daesvaT kiTxvebi da rogor miecvaT ganmartebebi.
rac Seexeba saSinao davalebis monitorings. saSiano davalebis Ses-
rulebisas, moswavleebs sWirdebaT saxlSi vinme, vinc daexmareba swor
pasuxamde miiyvans da ara ubralod etyvis maT swor pasuxs (Pressley,
1995). magram yvela mSobelma ar icis, rogor daexmaros bavSvs (Hoover-
Dempsey, 2001). megzuri ojaxebTan da erTobebTan partniorobis Sesaxeb
mogawvdiT ideebs, rogor daexmaroT mSoblebs, rom Tavis mxriv isini
daexmaron bavSvebs.
zepiri da weriTi gamokiTxva
maswavleblebi svamen kiTxvebs, moswavleebi pasuxoben. swavlebis am
formas xSirad zepir gamokiTxvas uwodeben da mravali welia gamoiy-
eneba (Stodolsky, 1988). maswavleblis kiTxvebi ayalibebs erTgvar CarCos
sagnisaTvis. maswavleblis TvalTaxedviT modeli aris Sedgeba inicia-
ciisagan (maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas), pasuxisagan (moswavle pasuxobs),
reaqciisagan (Seqeba, Sesworeba, gavrcoba) da IRE-gan (Burbules & Bruce,
2001). esaa is safexurebi, romlebic mudmivad meordeba.
ganvixiloT umTavresi sakiTxebi zepir gamokiTxvaSi anu kiTxve­
bis faza. gamokiTxvis efeqturi teqnikebi gakveTilze maswavleblebi-
saTvis SeiZleba erT-erTi yvelaze saukeTeso da Zlieri berketi iyos.
um­Tavresi elementi inovaciebisa, rogoricaa kognituri Segirdoba,
TanatolTa swavlebis xerxi, avTenturi saswavlo aqtivobebi, da Ta-
namedrove swavlebis TiTqmis yvela sxva teqnika, aris moswavleTa kog-
nituri CarTulobis SenarCuneba. yvelaze metad swored aq gamogvadgeba
gamokiTxvis strategiebi. kiTxvebi garkveul rols asrulebs kogni-
ciaSi. isini SeiZleba daexmaron moswavleebs, aRidginon informacia,
aseve SeiZleba gamoavlinon xarvezi codnaSi, gaaRviZon cnobimoyva-
reoba da xangrZlivi interesi, gamoiwvion kognituri konfliqti da
uwonasworoba, rasac mohyveba codnis struqturis cvlileba. maT Sei-
Zleba imoqmedon, rogorc erTgvarma replikebma, rCevebma, Semaxsene-
blebma. moswavleebmac, iseve, rogorc maswavleblebma, unda iswavlon
kiTxvebis efeqturad dasma. yovelTvis veubnebi Cems moswavleebs, rom
pirveli nabiji kvlevis kargi proeqtis gansaxorcielblad, aris kargi
kiTxvis dasmaa.
am droisaTvis, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT maswavlebelTa kiTxveb­
ze, raTa maT maqsimalurad didi daxmareba gauwion moswavleebs. damw-
yebi maswavleblebis umetesoba, romlebTanac vmuSaob, gakvirvebulebi
rCebian xolme, roca aRmoaCenen, ramdenad karg Sedegs iZleva, kargad
dasmuli kiTxva da ra rTulia maTi Camoyalibeba.
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT gaixseneT Tqveni ukanaskneli leq-
cia. ra tipis kiTxvebs gisvamdaT profesori? ra tipis azrovnebaa sa­
Wiro am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad? damaxsovreba, gageba, gamoyeneba,
analizi, Sefaseba Tu SemoqmediToba? ramden xans elodeba profesori
pasuxs?
 ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba
rekomendaciebi: saSinao davaleba
darwmundiT, rom ojaxSi ician, ras elian
moswavleebisagan, rom iswavlon.
magaliTebi
1. semestris dasawyisSi gagzavneT saxlebSi
mTavari miznebis CamonaTvali, ZiriTadi
da­valebebis nimuSebi, savaldebulo Tari-
Rebi, saSinao davalebebis `kalendari~ da
CamonaTvali resursebisa, romelic Tavi-
suflad SeuZliaT moiZion biblioTekebsa
da internetSi.
2. mokled da mkafiod aRuwereT moswavleebs
Tqveni politika saSinao davalebebTan da-
kavSirebiT _ rogor Sefasdeba igi zoga-
dad klasis SefasebebTan mimarTebaSi, ra
Sedegebi mohyveba davalebis dagvianebiT
Sesrulebas, daviwyebas, Seusruleblobas
da sxva.
daakisreT ojaxebs, Seasrulon mniSvne­lo­
vani roli _ daexmaron bavSvebs davalebis
SesrulebaSi.
magaliTebi
1. SeaxseneT ojaxis wevrebs, rom saSinao
davalebaSi daxmareba niSnavs xelSewyobas,
mosmenas, kontrols, Seqebas, msjelobas,
tvinis Sturms da ara uSualod swavlebas
da bavSvis magivrad davalebis Sesrule-
bas.
2. waaqezeT ojaxis wevrebi, ojaxSi Seqmnan
kargi garemo swavlisaTvis, gamoyon dro
saamisod da aqcion igi dRis Semadgenel
nawilad.
3. bavSvebs xandaxan mieciT iseTi davalebe-
bi, romlebic saxalisoa da mTels ojaxs
CarTavs saqmeSi _ Tavsatexebi, saojaxo
albomebi, satelevizio programebis er-
Tad yureba da mimoxilvis gakeTeba.
4. mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis Sexvedraze
hkiTxeT ojaxis wevrebs, ra sWirdebaT
saimisod, rom daxmareba gauwion bavSvebs
davalebis SesrulebaSi. sakontrolos
damatebiTi ideebisaTvis ixileT:
http://www.ncpie.org/DevelopingPartnerships/ an http://www.bhssc.org/sdprn/homework.htm an
http://www.pathwaystocollege.net/collegereadiness/toolbox/imp_integrate.htm
Temebi? wasakiTxi masala? saitebi? swav-
lis unar-Cvevebis axsna da ganmarteba?
hkiTxeT da gaiTvaliswineT ojaxis wevrTa
rCevebi saSinao davalebebTan dakavSirebiT.
magaliTebi
1. gaarkvieT, ra pasuxismgeblobebi da val-
debulebebi akisria bavSvs ojaxSi _ ra dro
SeuZlia dauTmos saSinao davalebas?
2. periodulad moawyveT `saSinao davale-
bebis cxeli xazi~ kiTxvebisa da rCevebi-
saTvis.
Tu bavSvs saxlSi aravin hyavs iseTi, rome­
lic daexmareba saSinao davalebis Sesrule-
baSi, moZebneT raime sxva sistemas,
romelic daxmarebas gauwevs mas.
magaliTebi
1. miuCineT bavSvebs damxmare moswavleebi,
romlebsac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi daure-
kaven.
2. Tu bavSvs aqvs kompiuteri, mieciT maT
saWiro vebsaitebis misamarTebi.
3. sajaro biblioTekebSi SeqmeniT daxmarebis
gawevis SesaZlebloba da es resursebi
yvelas gaacaniT.
isargebleT ojaxisa da erTobebis `codnis
fondebiT~, raTa daakavSiroT erTmaneTTan
saSinao davaleba da realuri cxovreba er-
TobaSi (Moll, 1992).
magaliTebi
1. gakveTili miuZRveniT Temas, rogor iyene-
ben ojaxis wevrebi maTematikas da kiTxvas
kervisas da saojaxo saqmianobisas (Epstein
& Van Voorhis, 2001).
2. CamoayalibeT saSinao davalebaTa inter-
aqciuli proeqtebi, romelsac ojaxebi
er­Tad Seasruleben, raTa Seafason ojax-
isTvis saWiro produqcia, magaliTad, ga­
dawyviton, ra iyidon _ Sampuni Tu qaRal-
dis pirsaxocebi.
679
konvergenciuli kiTxvebi _
kiTxvebi, romelTac mxolod
erTi swori pasuxi aqvT.
divergentuli kiTxvebi _
kiTxvebi, romelsac ar gaaCnia
erTi swori pasuxi.
SekiTxvebis tipi. zogierTma pedagogma gamoTvala, rom Cveulebrivi
mas­wavlebeli saaTis ganmavlobaSi 30-dan 120 kiTxvamde svams, anu daax-
loebiT 1 500 000 kiTxvas mTeli karieris manZilze (Sadker & Sadker, 2006).
rogoria es kiTxvebi? mravali maTgani SeiZleba davaxasiaToT blumis
kognituri sferos miznebis taqsonomiis terminebSi. 13.5 cxrili moce-
mulia kiTxvebis magaliTebi taqsonomiis sxvadasxva safexurze.
gamokiTxvis kategoriebad dayofis meore varianti konvergentuli
(mxolod erTi swori pasuxis mqone) da divergentuli (mravali SesaZlo

cxrili 13.5
kiTxvebi kognituri sferos miznebisaTvis
kiTxvebi SeiZleba daisvas ise, rom xeli Seuwyos azrovnebas blumis taq-
sonomiis yvela safexurze kognitur sferoSi. ra Tqma unda, azrovnebi tipi
damopkidebulia imaze, ra uZRoda win diskusias klasSi.

kategoria mosalodneli magaliTebi

azrovnebis tipi

codna (dam- gaxseneba an informaciis ukve • gansazRvreT. . .

axsovreba) naswavlisa cnoba, • romelia . . .-is dedaqalaqi?
• ras gveubneba teqsti . . .-is
Sesaxeb?

mixvedrilo- masalis wvdomis demonstri- • axseniT Tqveni sityvebiT. . .

ba (gageba) reba; transformacia, reorga- • SeadareT. . .
nizeba, interpretacia. • ra aris . . .-is mTavari idea?
• aRwereT, ra dainaxeT. . .

gamoyeneba informaciis gamoyeneba prob- • romeli principi Cans . . .-Si?

(gamoyeneba) lemis gadasaWrelad erTi • gazomeT . . .-is sivrce.
swori pasuxis saSualebiT. • gamoiyeneT . . .-is wesi, raTa
gadaWraT . . .

analizi kritikuli azrovneba; mizeze- • ram iqonia gavlena . . .-is

(gaanali- bisa da motivebis gamovlena;
zeba) daskvnebis gakeTeba specifi-
kur monacemebze dayrdnobiT;
daskvnebis analizi, raTa davi-
naxoT, ramdenad dasabuTebu-
lia isini.
daweraze?
• ratom airCies vaSingtoni . . .?
• romelia CamoTvlilTagan
mosazreba da romeli faqti?
• Tqvens eqsperimentze dayrdno-
biT, ra aris qimiuri. . .?

sinTezi divergentuli, original- • ra aris kargi saxeli . . .-Tvis?

(Semoqmede- uri azrovneba, originaluri • rogor SeiZleba SevagrovoT
biToba) gegma, daniSnuleba, dizaini an fuli . . .-sTvis?
moTxroba. • rogori iqneboda SeerTebuli
Statebi, Tu samxreTelebi
moigebdnen. . . ?

Aanalizi ideebis mniSvnelobis gansja, • SeerTebuli Statebis romeli

(gaanali- mosazrebebis SeTavazeba, stan- senatoria yvelaze efeqturi?
zeba) dartebis gamoyeneba. • Tqveni azriT, romeli naxatia
saukeTeso? ratom?
• ratom aniWebT upiratesobas
. . .-s?

wyaro: Questioning Skills by M. Sadker and D. Sadker, in J. Cooper (Ed.), Classroom Teaching Skills: A Handbook
(3rd ed.) (pp. 143-160), 1986, Boston: D. C. Health. Copyright 1986 D. C. Health. adaptirebulia nebarTviT.

680
swori pasuxis mqone) kiTxvebis terminebSi xdeba. kiTxvebi, romlebic
exeba konkretul faqtebs, konvergentulia: `vin marTavda ingliss 1540
wels?~ an `vin dawera piter peni?~ kiTxvebi, romlebic exeba mosazre-
bebsa da hipoTezebs, divergentulia: `am moTxrobis romeli personaJi
ggavT yvelaze metad, ratom?~ an `as weliwadSi, ukanaskneli 5 prezi-
dentidan, romeli iqneba yvelaze aRiarebuli?~
ganaTlebis saxelmZRvaneloebSi didi dro eTmoba maswavleblebi-
saTvis imis moTxovnisas, rom dasvan bevri maRali safexuris (analizi,
Sefaseba da SemoqmediToba) da divergentuli kiTxva. aris Tu ara es
saukeTeso gza gamokiTxvisaTvis? kvlevam ramdenime saocari Sedegi
gamoavlina.

kiTxvebis morgeba moswavleebze. efeqturi SeiZleba iyos rogorc maRa­

li, ise dabali donis kiTxvebi (Barden, 1995; Redfield & Rousseau, 1981).
sxvadasxva moswavlisaTvis gansxvavebuli kiTxvebia efeqturi. umcrosi
moswavleebisaTvis an naklebi unaris mqone yvela asakis moswavleebi-
saTvis ukeTesia martivi kiTxvebi, romlebic swori pasuxebis met Sanss
iZleva, wamaxalisebeli faqtoria moswavleebisaTvis daxmarebis gaw-
eva, Tu swori pasuxebi ar aqvT, xSirad SevaqebT. maRali unar-Cvevebis
mqo­ne moswavleebisaTvis ufro rTuli kiTxvebis dasma jobs rogorc
maRal, ise dabal doneze, am SemTxvevaSi ufro rekomendebulia kriti-
kuli fidbekis micemas (Berliner, 1987; Good, 1988).
ra asakisa da unarebisac ar unda iyvnen moswavleebi, maT unda hqon­
deT saazrovno kiTxvebis gamocdileba da Tu saWiro gaxdeba kidec
unda vaswavloT maT rogor upasuxon am kiTxvebs. rogorc merve TavSi
davinaxeT, kritikuli azrovnebisa da problemis gadaWris unar-Cve­
vebis dasaufleblad, moswavleebs unda hqondeT gavarjiSebis SesaZle-
bloba. maT aseve sWirdebaT dro pasuxis mosafiqreblad. magram kvle­
vebiT dadginda, rom maswavleblebi saSualod erT wuTs icdian, sanam
moswavle pasuxs gascemdes (Rowe, 1974). ganvixiloT Semdegi epizodi
saklaso cxovrebidan (Sadker & Sadker, 2006):
maswavlebeli: vin dawera poema `Tovlian saRamos tyeSi~? tom?
tomi: robert frostma.
maswavlebeli: sworia. ra xdeba am poemaSi? sali?
sali: mamakaci aCerebs Tavis marxils, rom uyuros xeebs, ro-
gor ifarebian TovliT.
maswavlebeli: diax. ema, ra fiqrebi utrialebs am mamakacs gonebaSi?
ema: is fiqrobs ra mSvenieria xeebi (erTi wamis ganmavlobaSi
pauza aqvs).
maswavlebeli: raze fiqrobs is kidev? jo?
jo: is fiqrobs, rom darCeba tyeSi xeebis sayureblad (wamis
ganmavlobaSi pauza aqvs).
maswavlebeli: diax, da kidev? rita? (naxevari wamis ganmavlobaSi elo-
deba) midi, rita, Sen SegiZlia pasuxis gacema. (icdis
naxevar wams) kargi, ratom fiqrobs, rom ar SeuZlia
gaCerdes da xeebsa da Tovls uyuros?
sara: me vfiqrob, SeiZleba. . . (aqvs pauza wamis ganmavlobaSi).
maswavlebeli: ifiqre, sara. (maswavlebeli naxevari wamis ganmavlobaSi
icdis) kargi, maik? (isev elodeba naxevari wamis ganmav-
lobaSi.) jon? (icdis naxevar wams) ra dagemarTaT dRes
yvelas? ar waikiTxeT poema?

681
 aseT situaciaSi mcire azriani pasuxebi SeiZleba movisminoT. rode-
sac maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas, Semdeg icdis sul mcire 3-dan 5 wama-
mde sanam mimarTavdes romelime moswavles konkretulad, moswavleebi
ufro metad iZlevian vrcel pasuxebs, ufro meti moswavle monawil-
eobs, svmas kiTxvebs an Tavisi nebasurviliT gamoTqvams iniciativas,
Tqvas swori pasuxi, izrdeba iseTi pasuxebis raodenoba, romlebic
emyareba analizs, sinTezs, daskvnas, gansjas, zogadad, moswavleebi
ufro darwmunebulebi arian Tavis pasuxebSi (Berliner, 1987; Rowe, 1974;
Sadker & Sadker, 2006).
es erTgvari gaumjobesebaa swavlebaSi, magram 5 wamiani siCume arc
ise advili samarTavia. is varjiSs moiTxovs. Tqven unda scadoT sTxo-
voT moswavleebs mokled Caiweron ideebi an mosazrebebi kiTxvasTan
dakavSirebiT sxva moswavlesTan erTad an maT erTad Camoayalibon
pasuxi. es molodins ufro asatans xdis da moswavleebs aZlevs fiqris
saSualebas. ra Tqma unda, Tu cxadia, rom moswavleebs ar esmiT kiTxva,
did xans mocda aq ver dagexmarebaT. rodesac Tqvens kiTxvas carieli
mzeriT xvdebian, sxvanairad CamoayalibeT kiTxva an ikiTxeT, xom ar
SeuZlia vinmes ganmartos igi. Tumca, dadasturda, rom pasuxis lo-
dinis drois gaxangrZliveba efeqts ar iZleva universitetebSi (Duell,
1994), amdenad, universitetis jgufebSi, lodinis dro Tavad Segi-
ZliaT gansazRvroT.
axla, rac Seexeba moswavleebis SerCevas, rom maT gascen kiTxvebs
pasuxi. Tu Tqven kiTxviT mimarTavT mxolod moxaliseebs, araswori
warmodgena SegeqmnebaT imaze, ramndenad kargad esmis jgufs masala.
Tanac, iniciativas, rogorc wesi erTi da igive bavSvebi iCenen. mra-
val gamocdil maswavlebels aqvs garkveuli sistematuri gzebi, raTa
darwmundnen, rom yvelas ekiTxebian: isini saxelebs iReben kalaTidan
da siaSi aRniSnaven moswavleebs, romelTac gasces pasuxi (Weinstein,
2003; Weinstein & Mignano, 2003). meore gza aseTia: Tqven moswavleebis
saxelebs werT baraTebze da SemTxveviTad iRebT moswavlis saxelebs.
baraTebi SegiZliaT asve gamoiyenoT imisaTvis, rom masze aRniSnoT,
ramdenad kargad upasuxa moswavlem kiTxvas an xom ar sWirdeba raime
daxmareba.

moswavleTa pasuxebze reagireba. ras akeTebT mas Semdeg, rac moswavlee-

bi gipasuxeben kiTxvaze? yvelaze gavrcelebuli reaqcia aris martivi
`kargi~ an `aha~ (Sadker & Sadker, 2006). magram arsebobs ukeTesi reaqciebic,
romlebic damokidebulia imaze, moswavlis pasuxi sworia, nawilobriv
swori Tu mcdari. Tu pasuxi swrafi, mkafio da sworia, ubralod moi-
woneT igi da dasviT morigi kiTxva. Tu pasuxi sworia, magram moswavle
gaubedavad ambobs mas, mieciT moswavles fidbeki imis Sesaxeb, ratomaa
es pasuxi swori: `sworia, kris, senati mTavrobis sakanonmdeblo struq-
turaa, radgan senati. . . ` es mogcemT saSualebas, ganmeorebiT ganmar-
toT sakiTxi. Tu es erTi moswavle ar aris darwmunebuli, sxvebic
SeiZleba imave mdgomareobvaSi iyvnen. Tu pasuxi nawilobriv an sru-
liad mcdaria, magram moswavlis mcdeloba aSkaraa, unda miawodoT mas
damatebiTi informacia, replikebi, gaumartivoT kiTxva, mimoixiloT
wina safexurebi, ganmeorebiT aswavloT masala. Tu moswavlis mcdari
pasuxi mtknari sisulelea, ukeTesi iqneba, Tu ubralod SeusworebT da
ganagrZobT (Good, 1988; Rosenshine & Stevens, 1986).

682
jgufuri diskusia
jgufuri diskusia garkveuli TvalsazrisiT zepiri gamokiTxvis daakavSireT da ganavrceT
strategiis msgavsia, magram, is ufro metad instruqciul saubars kvlevasTan mimarTebaSi
Babad, E. (1995). `maswavle-
unda gavdes, romelic me-9 TavSi aRvwereT (Tharp & Gallimore, 1991). mas-
belTa sayvareli moswavlis~
wavlebelma SeiZleba dasvas kiTxva, mousminos moswavleTa pasuxebs, fenomeni, ganmasxvavebeli
moaxdinos reagireba, miawodos damatebiTi informacia, magram namd- qcevis moswavleebiseuli
vil jgufur dialogSi maswavlebeli arasdros asrulebs dominantur aRqma da moswavleTa morali.
rols. moswavleebi svamen kiTxvebs, pasuxoben erTmaneTis kiTxvebs, ganaTlebis fsiqologiis
Jurnali, 87, 361-374.
axdenen reagirebas erTmaneTis pasuxebze (Beck, McKeown, Worthy, Sandora
& Kucan, 1996; Burbules & Bruce, 2001; Parker & Hess, 2001).
jgufur diskusias mravali upiratesoba aqvs. moswavleebi arian Car­
Tulebi da aqvT monawileobis miRebis SesaZlebloba. jgufuri disku-
sia exmareba moswavleebs iswavlon sakuTari Tavis mkafiod gamoxat­va,
mosazrebebis gansja, gansxvavebuli azris daSveba. jgufuri diskusia
aseve aZlevs moswavleebs SesaZleblobas, informacia ufro naTeli
gaxadon, gamoscadon sakuTari azrovneba, miyvnen pirovnul interesebs,
pasuxismgebloba aiRon jgufSi liderebis rolebis aRebiT. amdenad,
jgufuri diskusia _ sau­
jgu­furi diskusia exmareba moswavleebs Seavason ideebi da moaxdi- bari, sadac maswavlebeli ar
non piradi interesebis sinTezi. diskusiebi Zalian kargi gamosavalia, asrulebs wamyvan rols, moswav­
roca saqme gvaqvs rTul konceptebTan, romlebic gavrcelebul mo- leebi wamoWrian da Tavadve
sazrebebs ewinaaRmdegeba. rogorc es me-8 da me-9 TavebSi davinaxeT, pasuxoben kiTxvebs.

mravali mecnieruli koncepti, rogoricaa sinaTlis roli mxedveloba-

Si an niutonis mizidulobis kanonebi, gasagebad rTulia, radgan isini pigmalionis efeqti _
ewi­­naaRmdegeba sayovelTaod gavrcelebul warmodgenebs. erToblivi moswavlis gansakuTrebuli
fiqriT, msjelobiT, kamaTiT, SesaZlo ganmartebebis SefasebiT, mo- progresi, romelic Sedegad
swavleebi ufro axerxeben Cawvdnen cnebebs. mosdevs imas, rom maswavlebeli
masze did imedebs amyarebs da
ra Tqma unda arsebobs naklic. saklaso diskusiebi sakmaod araprog-
didi molodinebi aqvs. safuZv-
nozirebadia da advilad SeiZleba gadaizardos ucodinarobis gacvla- lad udevs miTi mefe pigmalio-
gamocvlaSi. jgufis zogierT wevrs SeiZleba monawileobasTan dakav- nis Sesaxeb, romelmac Seqmna
SirebiT hqondes problemebi da Zalian SfoTavdes, roca iZulebulia qandakeba da mianiWa sicocxle.
Ca­erTos kamaTSi. amas garda, Tqven mogiwevT winaswar kargad moamzadoT
moswavleebi, raTa uzrunvelyoT isini codniT, romelzec unda da da-
TviTrealizaciis winas-
myardes diskusia. didi jgufebic xSirad mouxerxebelia. xSirad ram- warmetyveleba _ usafuZvlo
denime moswavle dominirebs, xolo danarCenebi ocnebebSi arian wasuli molodini, romelic yalibdeba
(Arends, 2004; Freiberg & Driscoll, 2005). megzuri mogawodebT ideebs, rogor imis gamo, rom SesaZlebloba
SeiZleba SeuwyoT xeli produqtiul jgufur diskusias. marTlac arsebobs.

maswavlebelTa molodinebi

daaxloebiT 40 wlis win robert rozentalisa da linor iakobso-

nis kvlevam (1968) nacionaluri mediis yuradReba miipyro. mas Semdeg
kvlevebi mcire raodenobiTRa Tu Catarebula. kvlevam winaaRmdegoba
gamoiwvia samecniero wreebSic. kvlevis Sedegebze msjeloba da de-
batebi dRemde mimdinareobs (Babad, 1995; Rosenthal, 1995; Snow, 1995).
ra Tqves Robert rozentalma da Lenora iakobsonma iseTi, rom aseTi
aliaqoTi gamoiwvies? maT randomizaciis wesiT dawyebiTi klasebidan
SearCies ramodenime moswavle da Semdeg maswavleblebs uTxres, rom
es moswavleebi savaraudod did inteleqtualur progress aCvenebdnen
wlis ganmavlobaSi. moswavleebma marTlac saSualoze maRali Sede-
gebi aCvenes. mkvlevarebi am Sedegs miawerdnen `pigmalionis efeqts~,

683
 rekomendaciebi: produqtiuli jgufuri diskusiebi
SesTavazeT morcxv moswavleebs miiRon mona­
wileoba.
magaliTebi
1. `ra mosazreba gaqvs, joel?~ an `aqvs vinmes
raime sxva azri?~
2. nu daicdiT, sanam siCume Camowveba, rom
sTxovoT morcxv moswavleebs pasuxi. ada-
mianTa umetesobas, imaTac ki, vinc darw-
munebulia Tavis TavSi, ar uyvars siCumis
darRveva.
erTi moswavlis komentarebiTa da kiiTxve-
biT miubrundiT sxva moswavles.
magaliTebi
gumenti mis dasadastureblad?~
2. `gaqvs raime sxva alternativa?~
3. gviTxari, rogor mixvedi am daskvnamde. ra
safexurebi gaiare?~
daubrundiT diskusiis sagans.
magaliTebi
1. `modiT vnaxoT, Cven ganvixilavdiT. . . da
saram gamoTqva varaudi. aqvs vinmes raime
sxva idea?~
2. sanam gavagrZelebdeT, modiT SevajamoT,
ra moxda aqamde.~
mieciT dro, sanam mosTxovdeT kiTxvaze pa-
suxs.

1. `es uCveulo ideaa, stiv. kim, ras fiqrob magaliTebi

stivis ideaze?~
1. `rogori iqneboda Tqvei cxovreba tele-
2. `es mniSvnelovani kiTxvaa, jon. maura,
vizori rom ar gamoegonebinaT? mokled
gaqvs pasuxi am kiTxvaze?~
dawereT ideebi furcelze da erTi wuTis
3. waaqezeT moswavleebi, uyuron erTmaneTs
Semdeg ganvixilavT Tqvens pasuxebs.~ erTi
da isaubron erTmaneTSi imis nacvlad, rom
wuTis Semdeg: `hiromi, gvetyvi Sens mosaz-
Tqvens mosazrebas daelodon.
rebas?~
darwmundiT, rom gaigeT, ra Tqva moswav-
rodesac moswavle asrulebs saubars, mi-
lem. Tu Tqven ar xarT darwmunebuli, aseve
moixedeT klasSi da daakvirdiT bavSvebs.
SeiZleba iyvnen sxva moswavleebic.

magaliTebi magaliTebi
1. Tu sxva moswavleebi dabneul;ad gamoiy-
1. sTxoveT sxva moswavles, Seajamos, rac
urebian, sTxoveT giTxran, ratomaa ase.
Tqva pirvelma moswavlem. pirveli moswav-
2. Tu sxva moswavleebic Tanxmobis niSnad
le kvlav cdis ganmartos Tavisi naTqvami,
Tavs aqneven, sTxoveT maT moiyvanon mag-
Tu es Sejameba araswori iqneba.
aliTebi imisa, rac iyo manamde Tqmuli.
2. `karen, me vfiqrob, rom Sen Tqvi . . . sworia
xom? Tu meSleba?~
moiZieT damatebiTi informacia. damatebiTi ideebisaTvis ixileT:
http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/taresources/
magaliTebi leadisc.html
1. `es saintereso gancxadebaa. gaqvs raime ar-

anu TviTrealizaciis winaswarmetyvelebas klasSi. TviTrealizaciis

winaswarmetyveleba usafuZvlo molodinia, romelic qcevas marTlac
ise warmarTavs, rom molodini cxaddeba (Merton, 1948). amis magali-
Tia mcdari rwmena, rom banki gakotrdeba, es iwvevs bankidan fulis
masobriv gamotanas da Sedegad banki marTlac kotrdeba, rogorc es
mosalodneli iyo.

684
molodinis efeqtis ori saxe
SeCerdi dafiqrdi dawere rodesac Tqven fiqrobdiT yvelaze molodiniT gamowveuli
efeq­­tur maswavlebelze, romelic ki odesme gyoliaT, ras ityviT, hqon­ efeqti _ moswavlis miRwevebi
da mas is Tviseba, rom swamda Tqveni da saukeTeso sedegs eloda erT adgilzea gaCerebuli,
radgan maswavleblebi gaum-
Tqvengan? rogor gamoxatavda am rwmenas?
jobesebas ar elian.

klasSi molodinis orgvari efeqti SeiZleba gamovlindes. TviTre­a­

lizaciis winaswarmetyvelebisas, romelic zemoT aRvwereT, maswavleb-
lis rwmenas moswavlis unarebis Sesaxeb realurad ar aqvs safuZveli,
magram moswavleTa qceva am mcdar molodins amarTlebs. molodinis
efeqtis meore tipi aRmocendeba maSin, roca maswavlebels aqvs zusti
warmodgena moswavlis unarebze da Sesabamisad aZlevs reaqcias mo-

jgufuri diskusia exmareba

moswavleebs iswavlon saku-
Tari Tavis mkafiod gamoxatva,
mosazrebebis gansja, gansx-
vavebuli azris daSveba.

swavles. ra Tqma unda, es kargia. araferia cudi imaSi, rom zustad

Se­afaso moswavlis unarebi da amis Sesabamisadac imoqmedo. problema
Cndeba maSin, roca moswavleSi SeiniSneba gaumjobeseba da maswavle-
beli ar cvlis Tavis molodinebs am progresis gaTvaliswinebiT. amas
ewodeba molodinis simtkicis efeqti, radgan maswavleblis ucvleli
molodini moswavlis miRwevas mosalodnel doneze afiqsirebs. ikarge-
ba SesaZlebloba, rom avamaRloT molodini, viyoT ufro adekvaturebi
swavlebaSi, wavaxalisoT moswavleebi miaRwion bevrs. praqtikaSi cnobi-
lia, rom TviTrealizaciis winaswarmetyvelebas ufro Zlieri gavlena
daukavSireT swavlebas/
aqvs dawyebiT safexurebze, xolo simtkicis efeqtebi maRal klasebSi portfolios da ganavrceT
vlindeba (Kuklinski & Weinstein, 2001). garda amisa, zogierTi moswavle waikiTxavdiT Tu ara Tqveni
sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro metad emorCileba simtkicis efeqts. magali- moswavleebis pirad saqmes
Tad, moswavleze, romelic mcire informacias iZleva sakuTari Tavisa saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi? Tu
ase izamdiT, rogor SeiZleba
da SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb, maswavlebelma SeiZleba Seiqmnas myari
moaxerxoT is, rom misi gav-
warmodgena, rom mas naklebi unarebi aqvs (Jones & Gerig, 1994). leni ar CamoiyaliboT dabali
molodinebi? aris raime
mizezi, ris gamoc maswav-

molodinis wyaroebi lebels ar SeiZleba maRali

molodinebi hqondes Tavisi
maswavleblis molodins mravali wyaro SeiZleba hqondes (Van Matre, yvela moswavlisadmi? ra gan-
sxvavebaa `maRal molodineb-
Valentine & Cooper, 2000). inteleqtis testebma SeiZleba didi gavlena moax-
sa~ da `marTebul molodinebs
dinos maswavleblis molodinze, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu maswavlebeli Soris~?
arasworad axdens am monacemebis interpretirebas. maswavlebelze aseve

685

daakavSireT da ganavrceT
Tqvens swavleba / portfo-
liosTan mimarTebaSi
waikiTxavdiT Tu ara Tqveni
moswavleebis pirad saqmes
saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi? Tu
ase izamdiT, rogor SeiZleba
moaxerxoT is, rom misi gav-
leni ar CamoiyaliboT dabali
molodinebi? aris raime
mizezi, ris gamoc maswav-
lebels ar SeiZleba maRali
molodinebi hqondes Tavisi
yvela moswavlisadmi? ra gan-
sxvavebaa `maRal molodineb-
sa~ da `marTebul molodinebs
Soris~?
686
axdens gavlenas moswavlis sqesi. maswavlebelTa umetesoba qcevasTan
dakavSirebiT problemebs ufro biWebisagan elian da gogonebis mimarT
SeiZleba maRali akademiuri molodini hqondeT. sxva maswavleblebis
SeniSvnebi, samedicino da fsiqologiuri daskvnebi moswavleebis pi-
radi saqmidan aseve Zlieri faqtoria. gavlena aqvs mos­­­wavlis eTnikur
warmomavlobasac da moswavlis ufros da-ZmebTan ur­TierTobasac. mas-
wavleblebs maRali molodinebi aqvT mimzidveli moswavleebis mimarT.
warsuli miRwevebi, socioekonomikuri statusi, moswavlis qcevas aseve
gamoiyeneba rogorc informaciis mniSvnelovani wyaro. moswavlis skolis
Semdeg saqmianobac ki SeiZleba iyos molodinis ganmsazRvreli. mas-
wavleblebs xSirad maRali molodinebi aqvT im moswavleebis mimarT,
romlebic CarTulebi arian skolis miRma saqmianobebSi, vidre im mo-
swavleebis mimarT, romlebic skolis Semdeg arafers akeTeben.
molodinebi da rwmenebi yuradRebis fokusirebas da mexsierebisa
or­ganizebas axdens. maswavleblebi im informaciaze amaxvileben yur-
adRebas da imaxsovreben im informacias, romelic maT sawyis molo-
dinebs Seesabameba (Fiske, 1993; Hewstone, 1989). maSinac ki, rodesac mo-
swavlis qceva da misi miRweva ar Seesabameba molodins, maswavlebeli
axdens racionalizacias da am moulodnel Sedegs gareSe mizezebs
miawers, iseTs, romelic moswavlis kontrols ar eqvemdebareba. mag-
aliTad, maswavlebelma SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom moswavlem, romelsac
dabali unarebi aqvs, magram testSi kari Sedegi aCvena, raRac iTaR-
liTa da moswavle, romelsac maRali unarebi aqvs da warumatebloba
ganicada testSi, cudi dRe hqonda. am orive SemTxvevaSi, qceva, ro-
melic ar aris saxasiaTo da uCveuloa, ugulvebelyofilia. Zalian bev-
ri ram unda moxdes, rom qcevam, romelic maswavleblis azriT uCveu-
loa konkretuli moswavlisaTvis, Secvalos maswavleblis rwmena am
moswavlisadmi. amdenad, molodini xSirad mtkiced SenarCunebulia am
molodinis sawinaaRmdego realobis pirobebSic ki (Brophy, 1982, 1998).
namdvilad axdens Tu ara maswavlebelTa
molodinebi gavlenas moswavleebis miRwevaze?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema imaze rTulia, vidre es erTi SexedviT
SeiZleba mogeCvenoT. ori gza arsebobs am sakiTxis gamosakvlevad.
er­Ti isaa, rom mivawodoT maswavleblebs dausabuTebeli molodinebi
maTi moswavleebis Sesaxeb da davakvirdeT, Tu gamoiRebs es usafuZ-
vlo molodinebi Sedegs. meore gza isaa, rom gamovavlinoT maswavle-
belTa bunebrivad arsebuli molodinebi da SeviswavloT maTi gavlena.
pasuxi kiTxvaze axdens Tu ara gavlenas maswavleblis molodinebi
mos­wavlis miRwevebze, nawilobriv damokidebulia imaze, ra midgomaa
gamoyenebuli amis dasadgenad.
rozentalisa da iakobsonis eqsperimentSi gamoyenebuli iyo pirve-
li midgoma _ isini maswavleblebs aZlevdnen usafuZvlo molodins da
Semdeg swavlobdnen am molodinebis gavlenas. am kvlevas didi kritika
daatyda Tavs im eqsperimentuli da statistikuri meTodebis gamo,
romelsac mkvlevarebi iyenebdnen (Elashoff & Snow, 1971; Snow, 1995; Wein-
berg, 1989). Sedegebis dakvirvebulma analizma gamoavlina, rom miuxe-
davad kvlevis pirvelidan meeqvse klasamde moswavleebSi Catarebisa,
TviTrealizaciis efeqti Zlierad mxolod 5 moswavleSi gamovlinda,
romlebic pirvel da meore klasebSi swavlobdnen. rodesac sxva mkv-
levarebma ganizraxes igive kvlevis Catareba, maTTan ar dadasturda
TviTrealizaciis winaswarmetyvelebis efeqti am dabal klasebSic ki
(Claiborn, 1969; Wilkins & Glock, 1973). maswavlebelTa molodinebis kvlevis
Sedegebis mimoxilvis Semdeg, rodenbuSma (1984) daaskvna, rom am molo-
dinebs mcire gavlena aqvs moswavleTa inteleqtis monacemebze (Sede-
gis gazomvis meTodi, romelsac iyenebdnen rozentali da iakobsoni)
da isic mxolod axal skolaSi gadasvlisas adreul etapze.
rac Seexeba meore midgomas _ bunebrivad aRmocenebul molodinebs.
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom maswavleblebs namdvilad uyalibdebaT rwmenebi
moswavlis unarebis Sesaxeb. mravali es rwmena zustia, monacemebiT
aris gamyarebuli da Sesworebulia, roca axali informacia Cndeba.
mag­ram am SemTxvevaSic zogi maswavlebeli calkeul moswavleebs upi-
ratesobas aniWebs (Babad, 1995; Rosenthal, 1987). magaliTad, jenifer alvi-
dresma da rona veinSteinma (1999) kvleviT, romelic 4-18 wlis asakis
110 moswavleze Catarda, daadgines, rom maswavleblebi xSiorad met
Sefasebas aZleven im skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis unarebs, romlebsac
damoukideblad da sainteresoebad miiCneven da naklebad afaseben im
bavSvebs, romlebic umwifarebad da Wirveulebad eCvenebaT. maswav-
leblebis msjelobebi bavSvis unarebze 4 wlis asakSi, prognozirebas
axdenda imisa, ra maCveneblebi eqnebodaT am bavSvebs 18 wlis asakSi. es
gansakuTrebiT im moswavleebis SemTxvevaSi xdeboda, romelTac dabal

istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb

xarki swavlebas
maRal klasebSi Zalian `misis fildi fiqrobda, rom azriT es mcire gamarjveba
uyuradRebo, uintereso da wa­ iyo, magram CemTvis es mTa-
rumatebeli moswavle viyavi.
Cven imaze ukeTesebi viyaviT, vari gardatexa iyo cxovre-
bolo wels movxvdi ame­rikis vidre realurad viyaviT, hoda baSi.
istoriis klasSi, romelsac viyaviT kidec ukeTesebi.~ aTiode wlis Semdeg, ro­­
misis fildi aswavlida/ miu­ desac me miviRe doqtoris
xedavad imisa, rom Senoba Zveli iyo, klasi ki xarisxi virjiniis universitetSi, davbrundi
gadatvirTuli, mas didi molodinebi hqonda Cems skolaSi. imedi mqon­da, rom misis filds
TiToeuli moswavlisadmi. Tu saSinao davaleba vnaxavdi da vetyodi, rogor Secvala man Cemi
ar mogvqonda, es ar iyo tragedia, radgan Cven is cxov­reba. magram rodesac Camovedi, gavige, rom
unda mogvetana. SeiZleba mogvetana dRes, xval, misis fildiramdenime TviT adre avariaSi moyo-
magram aucileblad unda mogvetana. misis fildi liliyo da daRupuliyo. dRes, rodesac maswav-
fiqrobda, rom Cven imaze ukeTesebi viyaviT, vi- leblebi meubnebian, rom arafris gakeTeba ar
dre realurad viyaviT, hoda viyaviT kidec. SeuZliaT, me veubnebi maT, risi Tqma mindoda Ce­
erT dRes gamaCera, rodesac klasidan gavdio- mi yvelaze metad dauviwyari maswavleblisaTvis:
di, moicada, sanam martoebi ar davrCiT, Camxeda `rodsac adamianebTan muSaobT, yvelaferi, rasac
TvalebSi da miTxra: `bil parki, Sen SegiZlia akeTebT, Tavis kvals tovebs da TiToeuli Tqve-
kargi moswavle gaxde, vici, rom SegiZlia.~ me ni monapovari mniSvnelovania.~ aq ar arsebobs
ram­denime replika wamovisrole da CemiT wavedi, mci­re gamarjvebebi, misis fild.
Tumca misi sityvebi eqod Camesmoda. TandaTan me uiliam uotson parki, Ed. D., LPC, sakonsul-
mecadineoba daviwye. ramdenadac mas Cemi sjeroda, tacio swavlebis profesori, CrdiloeT karo-
Cemi goneba swavlisaken mivmarTe. SeiZleba misi linis universiteti, grinsboro, CrdiloeT kar-
olina.
wyaro: Mentors, Masters, and Mrs. MacGregor by J. Bluestein. Published by Health Communica-
tions. Copyright 1995 by Health Communications. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis nebarTviT.
687

moswavleTa skolis miRma
aqtivoba SeiZleba mo­lodinis
wyaro iyos. maswavleblebi
xSirad ufro maRal molo-
dinebs amJRavneben im moswav-
leebis mimarT, romlebic
monawileobas iReben
sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi
skolis miRma, im moswavlee-
bTan SedarebiT, romlebsac
ubralod dro gayavT skolis
Semdeg.
688
unarebs miawerdnen. Tu maswavlebeli gadawyvets, rom zogierTi mo-
swavlee uunaroa da Tu igi naklebad efeqtur strategiebs gamoiyenebs
am moswavleebTan muSaobisas, maSin es moswavleebi ormagi safrTxis
winaSe aRmoCndebian _ dabali molodinebi da araadekvaturi swavle-
ba (Good & Brophy, 2003). molodinis efeqtis Zala damokidebulia mo-
swavleebi asakze (zogadad, patara moswavleebi ufro mgrZnobiareebi
arian) da imaze, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebulia maswavleblis mopyroba
moswavleebTan, romelTa mimarT maRali an dabali molodinebi aqvs. am
sakiTxs mogvianebiTac davubrundebiT (Kuklinski & Weinstein, 2001).
`swavlasa da swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli istoriebi~ mogiTxrobT,
rogor Secvala maswavleblis molodinma moswavlis mier sakuTari Ses-
aZleblobebis aRqma.
swavlebis strategiebi. rogorc aqamdec davinaxeT, sxvadasxva jgufur
procesebs garkveuli gavlena aqvs moswavleebze. zogierTi maswavlebe-
li warmosaxvisaTvis adgils aRarc tovebs, isini metismetad mkafiod
gamoxataven sakuTar molodinebs. eloveim (1984) maswavlebelTa ko-
mentarebi Caiwera. es ori maTgani ekuTvnis maswavleblebs, romlebic
dabali miRwevis mqone bavSvebTan muSaobdnen:
`erTi wuTSi moval TqvenTan, Sterebo da dagexmarebiT.~
`lurjebisa jgufisaTvis es Znelia.~
am SeniSvnebSi maswavlebeli mxolod imas ki ar eubneba moswavlee-
bs, rom maT dabali unarebi aqvT, aramed imasac, rom mTavaria samuSaos
dasruleba da ara gageba.
rodesac maswavleblebi bavSvebs unarebis mixedviT ajgufeben, maT
gansxvavebul saswavlo saqmianobebsac avaleben. imdenad, ramdenadac
maswavleblebi irCeven iseT aqtivobebs, romlebmac unda gamoiwvios
mos­wavleebi da gazardos maTi miRweva, aseTi gansxvavebebi albaT sa­
Wiroa. aqtivobebi araadekvaturi maSin xdeba, roca moswavleebi ufro
rTuli gamowvevebisaTvis arian mzad, maT ki ar aqvT maTi ganxor-
cielebis saSualeba, radgan maswavleblebs sjeraT rom isini amas Tavs
ver gaarTmeven. es aris molodinis simtkicis efeqtis magaliTi.
maswavlebel-moswavlis interaqcia. rogorc ar unda iyos dajgufe-
biuli klasi da ra davalebebic ar unda hqondeT bavSvebs, maswavleb-
el-moswavleebis interaqciis odenoba da xarisxi did gavlenas axdens
moswavleebze. moswavleebs, romelTa mimarTac maRali molodini arse-
bobs, ufro xSirad ekiTxebian, ufro rTul kiTxvebs usvamen, ufro met
saSualebasa da dros aZleven pasuxis mosafiqreblad, ufro naklebi
sixSiriT awyvetineben, vidre im moswavleebs, visganac elian, rom cudi
Sedegebi eqnebaT. maswavleblebi im moswavleebs, romelTa mimarTac
maRali molodini aqvT, ufro metad aZleven miniSnebebs, gamoxataven
maT mimarT rwmenas (Allington, 1980; Good & Brophy, 2003; Rosenthal, 1995).
rodesac pasuxi testze `TiTqmis sworia~, maswavlebeli niSans moswav­
lis sasargeblod dawers (anu miscems maRal Sefasebas), Tu am mo-
swavlis mimarT maRali molodini aqvs (Finn, 1972). maswavleblebi ufro
xSirad uRimian aseT moswavleebs, avlenen maT mimarT siTbos araver-
baluri reaqciebiT, gadaixrebian maTken, Tavs uqneven, roca moswavle
saubrobs da a.S. (Woolfolk & Brooks, 1983, 1985).
amis sapirispirod, moswavleebs, romelTa mimarTac dabali molo-
dinebi aqvT, maswavleblebi ufro advil kiTxvebs usvamen, nakleb dros
aZleven pasuxis mosafiqreblad, naklebad aZleven miniSnebebs. maswavle-
blebi aseT moswavleebs xSirad araadekvaturi pasuxis gamoc ki aqeben,
magram igive moswavleebis mimarT ufro met kritikasac iCenen, roca
pasuxebi mcdaria. erTi da igive swori pasuxis gamo dabali miRwevis
moswavleebi naklebad imsaxureben Seqebas, vidre maRali miRwevis mqone
moswavleebi. aseTi araTanmimdevruli da aramdgradi fidbeki Zalian
damabneveli SeiZleba aRmoCndes dabali unarebis mqone moswavleTaT-
vis. warmoidgineT ra Zneli iqneba swavla, Tu Tqvens mcdar pasuxebs
xan Seaqeben, xan ugulvebelyofen, xan gaakritikeben, xolo Tqvens swor
pasuxebi iSviaTad daimsaxurebs aRiarebas (Good, 1983-I, 1983-II).
ra Tqma unda, yvela maswavlebeli ar ayalibebs mcdar molodinebs
da am molodinebze dayrdnobiT yvela maswavlebeli ar iqceva arakon-
struqciulad (Babad, Inbar & Rosenthal, 1982). magram am problemis Tavidan
arideba SeiZleba imaze rTuli aRmoCndes, vidre es Cans. zogadad, mos­
wavleebi, romelTa mimarTac dabali molodini arsebobs, ufro metad
arian wesrigis damrRvevebi. (ra Tqma unda, dabali molodinebi ganamt-
kicebs maT survils daarRvion wesrigi da cudad moiqcnen.) maswav-
leblebi SeiZleba nawilobriv imitom ekiTxebodnen naklebad am mo-
swavleebs, nakleb dros aZlevdnen pasuxisaTvis da naklebad aqebdnen,
rom Tavi aaridon mcdar, uyuradRebo, an sulelur pasuxebs, romelic
gamoiwvevs areulobas klasSi, Temidan gadaxvevas da a.S. (Cooper, 1979).
Cveni mizani is unda iyos, rom SesaZlo problemebs saklaso menej-
mentTan dakavSirebiT, ise avaridoT Tavi, rom dabali molodinebi
ar gamovxatoT zogierTi moswavlis misamarTiT da ar ganvamtkicoT
maTive dabali molodini sakuTari SesaZleblobebis mimarT. zogjer
dabali molodinebi skolis kulturis nawili xdeba _ rwmenebs iziare­
ben sxva maswavleblebi da administratorebic (Weinstein, Madison & Kuk-
linski, 1995). megzuri mogawvdiT ideebs, rogor SeiZleba amgvar prob-
lemebs avaridoT Tavi.

moswavleze centrirebuli swavla:

magaliTebi kiTxvaSi, maTematikasa da mecnierebaSi

arc maRali molodinebi da arc swavlebis Sesabamisi formati ar daukavSireT PRAXIS II™-s da
iZ­­leva imis garantias, rom moswavleebi gaigeben masalas. imisaTvis, ganavrceT
maswavleblis roli moswav-
rom davexmaroT moswavleebs am miznis miRwevaSi, eleonor daqvorts
leze centrirebul swavle-
sjera, rom maswavleblebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcion baSi
imis gagebas, rogor esmiT maT moswavleebs sagani (Meek, 1991). ra viciT maswavleblis roli moswav-
kargi swavlebis Sesaxeb moswavleze centrirebuli swavlebis fargleb- leze centrirebul swavleba-
Si? cxrilSi 13.6 CamoTvlilia moswavleze centrirebuli konstruq- Si mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
im rolisgan, romelsac igi
tivistuli swavlebis meqanizmebi, romlebic Jaklin grenon bruksma da
maswavlebelze centrirebul
m. g. bruksma aRweres (1995). swavlebaSi asrulebs. aRwereT
naTelia, rom maswavleblis mier sagnis codna kritikuli sakiTxia swavlebis tipuri meqanizmebi,
swavlebaSi (Ball, Lubienski & Mewborn, 2001; Borko & Putnam, 1996). am codnis romlebic moswavleze centri-
nawilia sagnis pedagogiuri mxare, anu rogor unda vaswavloT sa- rebuli swavlebisaTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli. daupiri-
gani konkretul moswavleebs (Shulman, 1987). ukanaskneli aTwleulis
spireT isini im meqanizmebs,
manZilze fsiqologebma didi progresi ganaviTares imis SeswavlaSi, romlebic maswavlebelze
rogor swavloben moswavleebi sxvadasxva sagnebs (Mayer, 1992, 1999-II). centrirebuli swavlebisaTvis
am aRmoCenebze dayrdnobiT, ganviTarda mravali swavlebis midgoma aris damaxasiaTebeli.
kiTxvaSi, weraSi, maTematikaSi, mecnierebaSi, socialur disciplinebsa
da sxva sagnebSi. xSirad es midgomebi asaxavs konstruqtivistul per-
speqtivas, romelic me-9 TavSi aRvwereT.

689
 rekomendaciebi: maswavleblis molodinis negatiuri efeqtis
Tavidan arideba
yuradRebiT moepyariT testebidan, piradi saq-
meebidan, sxva maswavleblebisagan miRebul in-
formacias moswavlis Sesaxeb.
magaliTebi
1. nu waikiTxavT pirad saqmeebs wlis dasawyisSi.
2. iyaviT kritikuli da obieqturi im informa-
ciis mimarT, romelsac sxva maswavleblebisagan
iRebT moswavlis Sesaxeb.
moqnilad gamoiyeneT jgufuri strategiebi.
magaliTebi
1. xSirad mimoixileT moswavlis samuSao da sca-
deT sxvagvari dajgufebebi.
2. sxvadasxva sagnebSi sxvadasxva jgufebi Seadgi-
neT.
3. gamoiyeneT Sereuli unarebis jgufebi kooper-
aciul savarjiSoebSi.
darwmundiT, rom gamowveva yvela moswavlisaT-
vis moqmedebs.
magaliTebi
1. ar TqvaT aseTi ram: `es advilia, vici, rom amas
gaakeTebsT.~
2. SesTavazeT moswavleebs maravalferovani prob-
lemebi da waaqezeT, rom TiToeulma airCios
ramdenime rTuli sakiTxi. moZebneT raime pozi-
tiuri am mcdelobaSi.
gansakuTrebiT miaqcieT yuradReba rogor pa-
suxobT dabali miRwevis moswavleebs saklaso
diskusiisas.
magaliTebi
1. mieciT maT miniSnebebi, dro mosafiqreblad.
2. SeaqeT kargi pasuxisaTvis.
3. dabali miRwevis moswavleebsac iseTive sixSiriT
mimarTeT kiTxviT, rogoriTac maRali miRwevis
mqone moswavleebs mimarTavT.
gamoiyeneT iseTi masala, romelic warmogvidgens
mraval eTnikur jgufs.
magaliTebi
1. SeamowmeT sakiTxavi masala da biblioTeka. aris
Tu ara warmodgenili eTnikuri mravalferovne-
ba?
2. sTxoveT moswavleebs gamoikvlion da Seqmnan
sakuTari masala, romelic daemyareba ojaxebisa
da sazogadoebriv wyaroebs.
darwmundiT, rom Tqveni swavleba ar gamoxatavs
rasobriv, eTnikur, genderul stereotipebs an
winaswarmzaobas.
magaliTebi
1. gamoiyeneT Semowmebis sistema, raTa darwmun-
690
deT, rom yovel moswavles ekiTxebiT da yvela-
sadmi iCenT yuradRebas.
2. akontroleT im amocanebis Sinaarsi, romelsac
moswavleebs aZlevT. xom ar iReben biWebi rTul
maTematikur davalebebs, rom dafasTan imuSa-
on? xom ar zRudavT moswavleebs, romlebic
gamarTulad ver saubroben Tqvens enaze, rom
sityvierad gagcen pasuxi?
samarTliani iyaviT Sefasebisas da disciplina-
ruli procedurebis gatarebisas.
magaliTebi
1. darwmundiT, rom Tanabar darRvevas Tanabari
dasja mosdevs. anonimuri kiTxvarebis saSuale-
biT daadgineT, xom aniWebT calkeul moswav-
leebs upiratesobas?
2. scadeT ise SeafasoT moswavlis naSromi, rom ar
icodeT misi vinaoba. sTxoveT sxva maswavleb-
els `meore azric~ mogawodoT periodulad.
uTxariT yovel moswavles, rom gjeraT, maT SeuZ­
liaT swavla _ gamoxateT kidec es.
magaliTebi
1. daabruneT nawerebi, romlebic ar Seesabameba
standartebs da mieciT moswavles specifikuri
rCevebi, rom gaaumjobesos igi.
2. Tu moswavleebs maSinaTve ar aqvT pasuxi, da-
icadeT, isaubreT, Semdeg daexmareT maT mivid-
nen pasuxamde.
CarTeT yoveli moswavle amocanebSi da mianiWeT
privilegiebi.
magaliTebi
1. gamoiyeneT raime sistema, raTa darwmundeT, rom
TiToeul moswavles aqvs saSualeba gavarjiSdes
kiTxvaSi, laparakSi, kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema-
Si.
2. akontroleT von ra samuSaos iRebs. yovelT-
vis erTi da imave moswavlebs xom ar evalebaT
raimes gakeTeba?
akontroleT Tqveni araverbaluri qceva.
magaliTebi
1. gadaxrili xarT moswavlisaken Tu misgan Sors
giWiravT Tavi? xSirad xom ar imsaxurebs zo-
gierTi moswavle Tqvengan Rimils, roca sxvebs
warbSekruli uyurebT?
2. icvleba Tqveni xmis toni sxvadasxva moswavlee-
bTan?
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.mcrel.org/PDFConversation/Noteworthy/
Learners_learning_schooling/loycec.asp an http://chiron.
valdosta.edu/whuitt/files/teacherexpect.html
 cxrili 13.6
konstruqtivistuli swavlebis praqtika
klasSi SeiZleba CarTul iqnas mravalnairi konstruqtivistuli xerxi.

1. konstruqtivisti maswavlebeli aqezebs da iwonebs moswavlis avtonomiasa da inicia-

tivas.
2. konstruqtivisti maswavleblebi xSirad iyeneben daumuSavebel masalasa da pirvelad
wyaroebs manipulaciur, interaqciul da fizikur masalasTan erTad.
3. rodesac amocanebis Camoyalibeba xdeba, konstruqtivisti maswavleblebi iyeneben
kognitur terminebs, rogoricaa `klasifikacia~, `analizi~, prognozireba~, `Seqmna~.
4. konstruqtivisti maswavleblebi saSualebas aZleven moswavleebs Tavisi pasuxebiT
waiyvanon gakveTili, Secvalon swavlebis strategiebi, Secvlon Sinaarsi.
5. konstruqtivisti maswavleblebi arkveven, rogor esmiT moswavleebs cnebebi, sanam
gauziareben maT Tavis mosazrebebs.
6. konstruqtivisti maswavleblebi aqezeben moswavleebs Caeban dialogSi, rogorc mas-
wavleblebTan, ise erTmaneTTan.
7. konstruqtivisti maswavleblebi saSualebas aZleven moswavleebs dasvan azriani, Ria
kiTxvebi da xels uwyoben maT erTmaneTsac mimarTon kiTxvebiT.
8. konstruqtivisti maswavleblebi axdenen moswavleebis sawyisi pasuxebis elabora-
cias.
9. konstruqtivisti maswavleblebi xels uwyoben moswavleebs miiRon gamocdileba, ro-
melic SesaZloa ewinaaRmdegebodes kidec maT Tavdapirvel hipoTezebs da Semdeg
rTaven maT diskusiaSi.
10. maxvilis gadatana enis swavlaze, integraciuli swavleba sitis da sagnis mimarT, mo-
swavlis da maswavleblis enis SesaZleblobis pativiscema
11. konstruqtivisti maswavleblebi aZleven dros moswavleebs, raTa maT aRmoaCinon
mimarTebebi da Seqmnan metaforebi.

werisa da kiTxvis swavleba da swavla

wlebis ganmavlobaSi davobdnen pedagogebi imaze, rogor jobs vas- daukavSireT kvlevas da
wavloT wera-kiTxva moswavleebs, kodebze damyarebuli (bgeriTi an un- ganavrceT
Jurnalebis ramodenime spe-
arCvevebi) midgomiT, romelic akavSirebs asos bgerasTan, xolo bgeras
cialuri gamoSveba mieZRvna
sityvasTan Tu Sinaarsobrivi (mTlian-enobrivi, literaturuli, wig- kiTxvis swavlebas: ixileT
nierebis gamovlenis) midgomiT, romelic ar yofs sityvebsa da wina- 2002 wlis noembris `Educa-
dadebebs nawilebad, amis nacvlad aqcents akeTebs teqstis mniSvnelo- tional Leadership~-is gamoSveba.
bis wvdomaze (Barr, 2001; Carlisle, Stahl & Birdyshaw, 2004; Goodman & Goodman, 15 statia Temaze `Reading and
writing in the Content Areas~
1990; Smith, 1994; Stahl & Miller, 1989; Symons, Woloshyn & Pressley, 1994).
ganaTlebis yvela safexurze;
aseve `Phi Delta Kappan~-is
balansi werasa da kiTxvaSi. mTlian-enobrivi midgomis momxreebi dar- 2002 wlis gamoSveba meaTe
wmunebulmi arian, rom kiTxvis swavla bunebrivi procesia da Zalian nomeri gverdebi 740-757,
gavs mSobliuri enis dauflebas. kiTxva TiTqos TamaSs gavs, roca bavS- Tema `reading~ sami perspeq-
tiva kiTxvis swavlebasTan
vebi iReben sityvis nimuSebs da konteqstidan da sakuTari codnidan
dakavSirebiT; da Carlisle, J.
gamomdinare unda mixvdnen Semdegi sityvebis mniSvnelobas. bavSvebi F., Stahl, S. A. & Birdyshaw, D.
unda izrdebodnen wignebis garemocvaSi, iseT ufrosebTan, romlebic (2004 wlis noemberi). adreul
bevrs kiTxuloben, rogorc maTTvis, ise sakuTari TavisTvis. rode- asakSi kiTxvis gaumjobesebis
sac moswavleebi weren, isini amas sxvebisTvis akeTeben, maTi mizani centri (specialuri gamoS-
veba). `The Elementary School
efeqturi komunikaciaa. vigotski (1978) miuTiTebda avTenturi weriTi
Journal~, 105 (2).
amocanebis mniSvnelobaze: `amocana unda gulisxmobdes weriT muSao-
basac, romelic realuri cxovrebisaTvis iqneba saWiro da Sesabamisi.

691
mTlian-enobrivi midgoma _ mxolod am SemTxvevaSi viqnebiT darwmunebuli, rom igi aviTarebs ara
filosofiuri midgoma swav- mxolod xelisa da TiTebis meqanikur Cveulebas, aramed komunikaciis
lebisadmi, romelic aqcents
sruliad axal da kompleqsur formas.~
akeTebs avTentur, realuris
msgavs amocanebze da xazs magram aris Tu ara mTlian-enobrivi midgoma universaluri? uka­
usvams metyvelebis mniSvn- naskneli sami aTwleulis manZilze kvlevebi miuTiTebs, rom bgerebisa
elobas. da sityvebis cnobis unar-Cveva xels uwyobs kiTxvis swavlas. kodebze
damyarebuli midgomis momxreebs dasturad moyavT kvleva, romelic
aCvenebs, rom sityvebis cnoba kiTxvisas ar aris damokidebuli konte-
qstis gamoyenebaze mniSvnelobis misaxvedrad. faqtobrivad, piriqiT
xdeba, sityvebis codna gvexmareba CavwvdeT konteqsts. sityvebis cnoba
kiTxvisas avtomaturi procesia (Byrne, Fielding-Barnsley & Ashley, 2000; Vellu-
tino, 1991). yvelaze cudi mkiTxvelebi iyeneben konteqsts mniSvnelobis
misaxvedrad (Pressley, 1996). anbanuri kodireba da asoebis bgeriTi codna
arsebiTi unar-Cvevaa sityvis saswavlad, amdenad, anbanisa da bgerebis
pirdapiri swavleba kargi gzaa kiTxvis saswavleblad.
saukeTeso midgoma albaT orive midgomas unda aerTianebdes, ro-
gorc bgeriTs, ise mTlian-enobrivs. bolos da bolos, Cven Cven gvsurs,
rom moswavleebi Tavisufal, enTuziast mkiTxvelebad da mwer­lebad
Camoyalibdnen (ojaxis wignierebis erovnuli centri, 2004; Pressley, 1998;
Stahl & Yaden, 2004). Tu moswavleebs sWirdebaT daxmareba vokalurad
warmoTqvan bgeriTi kodi, mivceT maT is, rac sWirdebaT. ideologiis
gamo xels nu SeiSliT. Tqven ubralod mogiwevT kerZo maswavleblebT-
an bavSvebis gagzavna, Tu maT ojaxebs aqvT amis saSualeba. magram nu
dagaviwydebaT, rom wera da kiTxva aris mizani. mouwyveT moswavleebs
iseTi garemo, sadac eqnebaT kargi literatura da SeuqmeniT mkiTx-
velTa da mweralTa wre. cxrili 13.7 aRwers aT princips, romelic
asaxavs am dabalansebul midgomas swavlebisadmi da romelic SeimuSava
adreul asakSi kiTxvaSi miRwevis gazrdis centrma.

mixvedrilobis kontroli da kiTxva: reciprokuli swavleba. recipro­

kuli swavlebis mizania davexmaroT moswavleebs gaigon da Rrmad gai-
azron, rasac kiTxuloben (Palincsar, 1986; Palincsar & Brown, 1984, 1989). am
miznis misaRwevad, moswavleebi patara kiTxvis jgufebSi swavloben
oTx strategias: wakiTxuli Sinaarsis Sejameba, centraluri ideis ir-
gvliv kiTxvebis dasma, masalis rTul monakveTebSi sicxadis Setana
da prognozireba, ra iqneba Semdeg. es is strategiebia, romelTac ga-
mocdili mkiTxveli avtomaturad iyenebs, xolo gamoucdeli iSviaTad,
anu man ar icis es rogor gaakeTos. imisaTvis, rom es strategiebi
efeqturad gamoiyenon, gamoucdel mkiTxvelebs pirdapiri swavleba,
modelireba, varjiSi sWirdebaT.
pirvel rigSi, maswavlebeli am strategiebs warudgens moswavles, Sei-
Zleba erT strategiaze moaxdinos yuradRebis fokusireba da TiToeuls
calke dRe dauTmos. maswavlebeli ganmartavs strategias da axdens
mis modelirebas, avarjiSebs moswavleebs. Semdeg, maswavlebeli da mo-
swavleebi Cumad kiTxuloben patara monakveTs masalidan. Semdeg mas-
wavlebeli ajamebs, kiTxvebis dasmis, sicxadis Setanis, wakiTxulze
dayrdnobiT, prognozirebis modelirebas. Semdeg yvela isev kiTxu-
lobs amjerad sxva monakveTs da moswavleebi TandaTan iwyeben mas-
wavleblis rolis gaTavisebas. maswavlebelic jgufis nawili xdeba.
xSirad moswavleTa pirveli mcdelobebi meryevi da arasworia. magram
maswavlebeli aZlevs maT miniSnebebs, rCevebs, axalisebs da xels uwy-
obs, rom amocanis Seasrulon amocana, axdens modelirebas da iyenebs
sxvadasxva gzas, raTa moswavleebi daeuflon am strategiebs. mizani

692
cxrili 13.7
kiTxvaSi miRwevebis ganviTareba amerikel bavSvebSi:
CIERA-s 10 kvlevaze damyarebuli principi
CIERA-m (adreul asakSi kiTxvaSi miRwevis ganviTarebis centri. the Center for the Improvement of
Early Reading Achievement) mimoixila kiTxvis Seswavlaze Catarebuli kvleva da misi aRmoCenebi
am 10 principSi gaaerTiana.
1. mSobliur enasa da literaturaSi gaTviTc-
nobiereba xels uwyobs sakvanZo literatu-
ruli konceptebis ganviTarebas da es codna
amzadebs moswavleebs saskolo swavlebisaT-
vis. programebs, romlebic daxmarebas uwevs
ojaxebs wamoiwyon da xeli Seuwyon bavSvebis
aseT momzadebas, pozitiuri Sedegebi aqvs mo-
swavleebisaTvis, raTa gaizardos maTi miRweva.
magaliTebi: literaturis kiTxva ojaxis
wevrebTan erTad, kiTxvis Cveulebis mSobli-
uruli modelireba, saSinao davalebebisa da
televizoris yurebis kontroli.
2. skolamdeli programebi gansakuTrebiT sa-
sargebloa bavSvebisaTvis, romlebsac ar aqvT
saSualeba araoficialurad saxlebSi daeuflon
saswavlo unar-Cvevebs. aseTi skolamdeli ga-
mocdileba kiTxvis gaumjobesebas iwvevs, misi
efeqti SeiZleba mesame klasamdec gagrZeldes.
magaliTebi: mosmena da wignebis wakiTxva
sabavSvo leqsebis wakiTxva, wera, saubari lit-
eraturis Sesaxeb.
3. unar-Cvevebi, romlebic momavalSi kiTxvaSi
warmatebaze miu­Ti­Tebs SeiZleba sabavSvo baRsa
da pirvel klasSi ganvaviTaroT. ori yvelaze
mniSvnelovani unar-Cveva asoebis saxelebisa da
bgerebis cnobaa. am unar-CvevebSi gavarjiSeba
pozitiur Sedegebs iZleva, gansakuTrebiT Tu
paralelurad asoiT-bgeriTi swavleba mimdonar-
eobs.
magaliTebi: xelSewyoba bavSvebisaTvis, rom
maT moisminon da erTmaneTs Seurion bgerebi
leqsebis, simRerebis zepiri gadmocemiT.
4. dawyebiTi safexuris swavleba, romelic xels
uwyobs warmatebul kiTxvas, Tanmimdevruli,
kargad organizebuli da dakvirvebulia.
magaliTebi: sityvis cnobis sistematuri swav-
leba Tanmimdevruli asoiT-bgeriTi mimarTebe-
biT da mniSvnelovani, magram xSirad araprog-
nozirebadi sityvebiT; bavSvebis swavleba, rom
akontrolon kiTxvis sizuste da reqstis wvdo-
ma iseTi strategiebiT, rogoricaa prognozire-
ba, daskvnebis gamotana, bundovan monakveTebSi
sicxadis Setana, Sejameba; sityvebis cnoba da
azris wvdoma ganmeorebiT wakiTxviT, meTvaly-
ureobis qveS kiTxviTa da weriT, strategiu-
li gakveTilebiT, xmamaRali kiTxviT fidbekis
TanxlebiT, saubriT teqstis garSemo.
5. dawyebiTi safexuris saklaso garemo warmate-
bul skolebSi saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs,
gamoiyenon, rac iswavles maswavleblis meT-
valyureobis qveS.
magaliTebi: maswavleblebi xmamaRla kiTxu-
loben wignebs da marTaven diskusias, bavSvebi
yoveldRiurad damoukideblad weren da kiTxu-
loben moTxrobebs. am yvelafers akontrolebs
maswavlebeli, uzrunvelyofen, rom dro marTe-
bulad iyos gamoyenebuli da moswavleebi iRe-
ben fidbeks sakuTari Zalisxmevis Sesaxeb. mas-
wavleblebi am movlenebs mimarTuelbas aZleven
da masSi cvlilebebi SeaqvT. axali informaciis
Sesabamisad moswavleebis moTxovnilebebis Ses-
axeb.
6. kulturuli da lingvisturi mravalferovne-
ba amerikel bavSvebSi asaxavs maTi sazoga-
doebebisa da ojaxebis mravalferovnebas. es
mravalferovneba gamoxatavs moswavleTa dis-
poziciebisa da codnis gansxvavebebs TemebSi,
enaSi, literaturaSi.
magaliTebi: efeqturi swavleba moicavs Se-
fasebas, integracias, codnis Sesabamisi maragis
gafarToebas da iseTi teqstebis gamoyenebas,
romelic asaxavs am codnis maragis mraval-
ferovnebas. swavleba unda iTvaliswinebdes mo-
swavleebis metyvelebas, rodesac isini laparaks,
mosmenas, weras da kiTxvas swavloben. rodesac
maswavleblebi sargebloben bilingvizmisa da
orenovani literaturis upiratesobiT, mniS-
vnelovnad izrdeba meore enaze kiTxvis daufle-
ba.
7. bavSvebTan, romelTac uWirT kiTxva marTe-
bulia swavlebis imave kargad dabalansebuli
programebis gamoyeneba, romlebsac viyenebT
danarCen bavSvebTanac, romlebic swavloben
wera-kiTxvas, maT Sorisaa sistematuri swavle-
ba da azriani wera-kiTxva
magaliTebi: intensiuri individualuri an mci-
re jgufuri swavleba, yuradRebis miqceva ro-
gorc teqstis wvdomisadmi aseve sityvebis cno-
bis procesebisadmi, individualuri Sefaseba
da swavlebis dagegmva, mravali tipis teqstebis
gamoyeneba.
8. kiTxvaSi gawafuloba mesame klassa da mis ze-
moT ganmtkicebuli da gazrdilia programebiT,
romlebic oTxi ZiriTadi TvisebiT xasiaTdeba:
Tvisebebi: (1) Rrma da farTo SesaZlebloba
kiTxvisaTvis, (2) axali codnis SeZena da leqsi-
kis gamdidreba kiTxviTa da axali cnebebis qse-
lis eqsplicituri swavlebiT, (3) xazi esmeba
693
 gavlenas sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis gagebaze
(magaliTad, moTxrobebis da esseebis gageba) da
gzebze, romelTa saSualebiTac mwerlebi awyo-
ben konkretul teqstebs, (4) teqstis ganxilvasa
da gaazrebaSi moswavleebis Cabma.
9. profesionaluri SesaZleblobebi, raTa ganvi-
Tardes miRweva kiTxvaSi damaxasiaTebelia war­
matebuli skolebisa da programebisaTvis.
magaliTebi: SesaZlebloba maswavleblebisaTvis
da administrato­rebisaTvis, raTa maT moaxdinon
swavlebis, Sefasebis, miRwevis analizi; dasaxon
miznebi ganviTarebisaTvis; Seityon efeq­turi
me­qanizmebis Sesaxeb; monawileoba miiRon ro-
gorc warmatebis, ise prob­lemebis analizSi.
10. skolis mTliani personali da ara mxolod
pirveli klasis maswavleblebi CarTuli arian
moswavleebis daxmarebaSi, raTa maT maRali
miRweva hqondeT.
magaliTebi: warmatebul skolebSi kiTxvaSi miR­
wevis miznebi mkafi­oa, molodinebi maRalia, swav-
lebis mniSvneloba miznebis miRwevaSi na­Telia,
davalebebiT kontroldeba moswavleebis pro-
gresi. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini SeiZleba sx-
vadasxva masalasa da teqnologiebs iyenebdnen,
warmatebuli skolebi yuradRebis fokusirebas
kiTxvasa da weraze axdenen da aqvT programe-
bi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs mSoblebis CarT-
vas bavSvebis saSinao davalebebsa da kiTxviT
davalebebSi. partnioroba sazogadoebasTan da
ojaxebTan, sadac izrdebian bavSvebi, nebayo-
filobiTi saswavlo programebi am skolebisaT-
vis aseve saerToa.

wyaro: www.ciera.org. Copyright Center for the Improvement of Early Reading Achievement. University of Michigan School of Education.
ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

isaa, rom moswavleebma damoukideblad SeZlon am strategiebis gamoye­

neba da Cawvdnen teqsts.

reciprokuli swavlebis meTodis gamoyeneba. Tumca, Cans, rom recipro­

urTierTswavleba _ meTodi,
romelic emyareba modeli-
rebas da exeba gaazrebuli
kiTxvis strategiebis swav-
lebas.
kuli swavleba TiTqmis nebismieri asakis moswavleebTan muSaobs, kv-
levebis umetesoba mozardebSia Catarebuli, romlebic sakmaod zus-
tad kiTxuloben xmamaRla, magram teqstis wvdomis mxriv saSualoze
dabali maCvenebeli aqvT. 20 saaTiani varjiSis Semdeg am midgomiT,
mravalma moswavlem, romelic ukanasknel adgilas idga klasSi, saSualo
da ufro maRali maCvenebelic ki mogvca wakiTxulis wvdomaSi. palin-
sarma SeimuSava sami mTavari rCeva efeqturi reciprokuli swavlebi-
saTvis (`rodesac moswavle xdeba maswavlebeli~, 1986):
1. gadaerTeT TandaTanobiT. pasuxismgebloba maswavleblidan moswav-
leze TandaTanobiT unda gadavides.
2. moTxovnebi SeusabameT SesaZleblobebs. amocanis sirTule da pasux-
ismgebloba unda Seesabamebodes TiToeuli moswavlis SesaZleblo-
bebs da izrdebodes SesaZleblobebis zrdasTan erTad.
3. diagnostikuri azrovneba. maswavlebeli yuradRebiT unda daak-
virdes TiToeuli moswavlis `swavlebas~, raTa gansazRvros, rogor
azrovnebs moswavle, ra saxis swavleba da rCevebi sWirdeba mas.
gansxvavebiT zogierTi mixvedrilobis makontrolebeli midgomisa-
gan, romlebic miznad isaxaven 40 an meti strategiis swavlebas, re-
ciprokuli swavlebis upiratesoba isaa, rom igi yuradRebis fokusSi
aqcevs oTx ZiriTad strategias. Tumca es strategiebi unda vaswavloT
iqnas, yvela moswavle TavisiT ver SeZlebs maT ganviTarebas. recip-
rokuli swavlebis erTi kvleviT, romelic sami weli mimdinareobda,
dad­ginda, rom kiTxvebis dasma iyo strategia, romelic yvelaze xSi­
rad gamoiyeneba, magram moswavleebi saWiroeben, rom maT vaswavloT ma­
Rali donis kiTxvebis dasma, radgan moswavleebis umetesobis kiTxvebi
mSrali da zerele iyo (Hacker & Tenent, 2002). reciprokuli swavlebis
meore upiratesoba isaa, rom igi xazs usvams am oTxi strategiis ga-
varjiSebas kiTxvis procesSi. da bolos, moswavleTa TandaTanobiTi
Camoyalibeba damoukidebel da Tavisufal mkiTxvelebad, romelTac
esmiT, rasac kiTxuloben, kritikuli komponentia reciprokul swav-

694
lebasa da zogadad TviTmaregulirebeli moswavleebis Camoyalibebis
saqmeSi (Rosenshine & Meister, 1994).

maTematikis swavleba da swavla

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT gaixseneT ra meTodebiT swavlob- daukavSireT kvlevas
diT ma­Tematikas. rogori iyo Tqveni maTematikis gakveTilebi saSulao da ganavrceT
klasebSi? maRal klasebSi? ixileT specialuri gamyo-
fileba Temaze `maTematikuri
omebi~ `Phi Delta Kappan~-
zogierTi yvelaze Zlieri mxardaWera konstruqtivistuli midgo­ Si (2001), nomeri 3, 255-
mebisa swavlebisadmi, maTematikis swavlebis sferodan modis. pirda- 272 gverdebi, raTa naxoT
piri swavlebis kritikosebs sjeraT, rom maTematikis tradiciuli winaaRmdegoba maTematikis
swavlebas xSirad imis swavlebamde mivyavarT, rac sul ar iyo Cveni swavlebaSi.

mizani, bavSvebs uyalibdebaT rwmena, rom maT `ar SeuZliaT maTemati-

kis gageba~ an uaresi, rom maTematikis gageba saerTod SeuZlebelia,
rom ubralod meqanikurad unda daizepiro formulebi. artur baru- daukavSireT kvlevas
disa da herbert ginsburgis (1990) moyavT Semdegi magaliTi: da ganavrceT
Serim, romelic umaRlesi skolis sawyis etapze swavlobs, ganmarta, meore magaliTi, rogor
wyveten moswavleebi maTema-
rom misi klasi maTematikaSi swavlobs, rogor unda gadaiyvanon mo-
tikur problemebs wesebis
nacemebi erTi erTeulidan meoreSi. interviueri aZlevs mas Semdeg gamoyenebiT, aRebulia
davalebas: Merseth, K. K.-sagan (1993).
ramdeni wlisaa Separdi? esse
imisaTvis, rom SeviyvanoT monacemebi kompiuterSi, gazomvis maTematikis swavlebis Sesaxeb.
Sedegebi, romelic moyvanilia Sens naSromSi, unda gadaviyvanoT `Phi Delta Kappan~, 74, 548-554.
sxva erTeulSi, futebSi. Seni pirveladi monacemi aris 3 futi merseti warmogvidgens aR-
da 6 duimi. rogor apireb kompiuterSi am monacemebis Setanas? moCenebs kvlevidan, romelic
gviCvenebs, rom sami moswavle
Seri mixvda, rom unda gamoeyenebina gadayvanis algoriTmi, rome­ oTxidan iZleva ricxobriv
lic skolaSi aswavles. imdenad, ramdenadac mas ar esmoda es sakiTxi, pasuxebs. amocana SemdegSi md-
gomareobs: faraSi 125 cxvari
Seris uWirda operaciis safexurebis damaxsovreba da maTi Sesruleba.
da 5 ZaRlia. ramdeni wlisaa
garkveuli drois Semdeg igi araswor pasuxamde mivida (ufro nak- Separdi? aq aris erTi bavSvis
lebi iyo vidre sami futi). Serim icoda, rom gasaWirSi iyo da Zalian mier am amocanis amoxsnis
Relavda. interviuerma scada daxmareboda da kiTxa Seris, xom iyo varianti. yuradReba miaqcieT
raime sxva gza, rom gadaewyvita es problema. Serim mkvaxed miugo, rom mis logikas da azrovnebas:
`125+5=130 _ es Zalian didi
ara. ganmarta, rom gza romelsac is iyenebda, erTaderTi iyo, romli-
ricxvia. 125 _ 5=120 esec
Tac unda amoxsniliyo es amocana. interviuerma scada miniSneba mieca Zalian didi ricxvia. 125/5=25.
SerisTvis: ~Sexede ricxvebs am amocanaSi, xom ar aris raime sxva gza, es kargia. me vfiqrob Separdi
rom vifiqroT maT Sesaxeb da ufro martivad amovxsnaT amocana?~ Seri 25 wlisaa!~
kidev ufro aRelda: `es is gzaa, romelic me skolaSi viswavle, swored
es unda iyos Sesabamisi gza.~
Seris sjeroda, rom arsebobda mxolod erTo gza problemis gada-
saWrelad. miuxedavad imisa, rom Serim icoda, 6 duimi erTi meoredi
futis toli iyo da wiladi erTi meoredi Seesabameboda aTwilads
0.5, man ar gamoiyena es codna, rom swrafad da martivad gadaeWta es
problema (`3 futi da 6 duimi aris 32 futi, anu 3.5 futi~). mas rwme-
nam SeuSala xeli, rom efeqturad gamoeyenebina Tavisi maTematikuri
codna, raTa amoexsna amocana. Seris albaT aswavlidnen safexurebs,
rogor gadaeyvana monacemi erTi erTeulidan meoreSi. rogor aswav-
lida konstruqtivistuli midgoma igive masalas?
Semdegi amonaweri asaxavs rogor iyenebs mesame klasis maswavlebe-
li mis koulmani konstruqtivistul midgomas, raTa aswavlos bavSvebs
uaryofiTi ricxvebi. daakvirdiT dialogs da rogor sTxovs maswavle-
beli moswavleebs imsjelon. klasi msjelobs erT amocanaze: _10+10=?

695
 cxrili 13.8

konstruqtivistuli midgoma maTematikisadmi: xuTi komponenti

1. uzrunvelyaviT moswavleTa avtonomia da pasuxebi maT kiTxvebze.
magaliTad:
gamoikvlieT moswavleTa rogorc swori, ise mcdari pasuxebi.
daiJineT, rom moswavleebma sul mcire scadon mainc problemis gadaWra da ganmarton
Tavisi mcdeloba.
2. ganaviTareT moswavleTa azrovnebis procesebi.
magaliTad:
dausviT kiTxvebi moswavleebs da miiyvaneT isini sxvadasxva gzebamde, raTa gadaWran
problema.
sTxoevT moswavleebs sakuTari sityvebiT Camoayalibon problema; ganmarton ras akeTeben
da ratom; ganixilon, ras gulisxmoben im terminebSi, romelTac iyeneben.
3. SeqmeniT TiToeuli moswavlis istoria.
magaliTad:
CainiSneT moswavlis tendenciebi, ra gzebiT wyvets igi problemas, aseve zogadi Sec-
domebi da Zlieri mxareebi.
4. Tu moswavles ar SeuZlia amocanis amoxsna, CaerieT, raTa masTan erTad moifiqroT SesaZ­
lo gza problemis gadasaWrelad.
magaliTad:
SemTxvevis Seswavlaze dayrdnobiT da aseve imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor azrovnebs
moswavle problemasTan mimarTebaSi, miiyvaneT igi amocanis SesaZlo gadaWramde.
dasviT iseTi kiTxvebi, rogoricaa: `xom ar aris raime iseTi moqmedeba, romelic wina
amocanaSi gamoiyeneT da aqac SeiZleba gamogadgeT?~ an `SegiZliaT axsnaT Tqveni dia-
grama?~
Tu moswavle imedgacruebulia, dausviT ufro pirdapiri, Sedegze orientirebuli kiTxvebi.
5. rodesac amocana amoxsnilia, mimoixileT misi gadaWris gza.
magaliTad:
ubiZgeT moswavleebs imsjelon Tu ra gaakeTes da ratom.
CainiSneT, ra gaakeTes moswavleebma kargad da safuZveli CauyareT ndobas.

erTma moswavlem, martam scada RicxvTa RerZis gamoyenebiT aexsna

ratomaa ase: _10+10=0
maswavlebeli: marta ambobs, rom minus aTs damatebuli aTi nuls
udris, Tqven unda gadaiTvaloT aTi cifri marjvniv.
ras fiqrob, harold?
haroldi: me vfiqrob es advilia, magram ver vigeb, man rogor
axsna es.
maswavlebeli: kargi. vinmes surs raimes Tqma? tesa?
(Peterson, 1992-II)
mas Semdeg, rac diskusia ZalaSi Sedis, maswavlebeli waaxalisebs
moswavleebs rom esaubron erTmaneTs:

maswavlebeli: Sen Tqvi, rom ar gesmis, risi Tqma unda mas?

Cangi: ara.
maswavlebeli: ginda, rom kiTxo?
Cangi: ras gulisxmob marjvniv gadaTvlaSi?

696
 es dialogi avlens sam mxares swavlis da swavlass Sesaxeb konstruq-
tivistul klasSi: moswavleTa azrovnebis procesebi yuradRebis foku-
sia; siRrmiseulad ganixileba erTi Tema, vidre mraval Temaze modeba;
Sefaseba xorcieldeba da ormxrivad gaziarebulia maswavleblebsa da
moswavleebs Soris. maTematikasTan mimarTebaSi araa advili amgvari
tipis produqtiuli dialogebis ganxorcieleba. Tqven giwevT mudmivad
akontroloT dialogi, gqondeT kargi idea, rogor unda warimarTos
dialogi da aris Tu ara igi produqtiuli, unda gaigoT rodis Caer-
ToT da rodis gamoxvideT diskusiebidan (Nathan & Knuth, 2003).
Jere konfreim (1990-II) gaaanaliza maTematikis gamocdili maswav-
leblis gakveTilebi maRali klasis moswavle gogonebTan, romelTac
uWirT maTematika. konfreim gamoavlina am maswavleblis swavlebisadmi
midgomis xuTi komponenti. es komponentebi Sejamebulia cxrilSi 13.8.
Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia ramdenime momenti. zogierTma kvlevam
gamoavlina, rom moswavleebisaTvis, romelnic dabali unarebi aqvT da
dabali miRweviT xasiaTdebian, ufro sasargebloa maTematikuri prob-
lemebis gadaWris strategiebis eqsplicituri swavleba (ganmartebebi,
modelireba maswavleblis mxridan da varjiSi fidbekiTurT), vidre
konstruqtivistuli midgomiT swavleba, romelic ubiZgebs moswavlee-
bs imsjelon da aRmoaCinon strategiebi. Tumca, orive, eqsplicituri
swavlebac da konstruqtivistuli meTodebic ukeTesi midgomaa, vidre
tradiciuli swavleba (Kroesbergen, Van Luit & Maas, 2004).

mecnierebis swavla da swavleba

Cven ukev vnaxeT ramdenime magaliTi imisa, rom umaRles skolebSi
mraval moswavles aqvs warumatebeli gakveTilebis gamocdileba. gavix-
senoT Seri, romelmac `iswavla~, rom SeuZlebelia maTematikis gageba
da Tqven mxolod giwevT wesebis gamoyeneba, rom pasuxebi miiRoT.
SeiZleba moswavleebma ganaviTaron mcdari konceptebic samyaros Ses-
axeb, magaliTad, rwmena, rom dedamiwaze zafxulSi imitom Tbila, rom
am dros mzesTan ufro axlos varT.
mravali pedagogi aRniSnavs, rom imisaTvis, rom gaerkvnen mecniere-
baSi, moswavleebisaTvis mTavari sakiTxia maT gamoscadon sakuTari
Teoriebi da aRmofxvran is lafsusebi, rasac aRmoaCenen (Hewson, Beeth
& Thorley, 1998). imisaTvis, rom moxdes konceptualuri cvlilebebi, mo-
swavleebma unda gaiaron eqvsi safexuri: unda igrZnon diskomforti
sakuTari ideebisa da rwmenebis gamo, scadon axsnan Seusabamoba sa-
kuTar Teoriebsa da realobas Soris, scadon monacemebisa da dak-
virvebis Sedegebis organizeba ise, rom moargon sakuTar Teoriebs,
Seitanon eWvi, ganicadon meryevoba da sabolood gaataron konceptua-
luri cvlilebebi (Nissani & Hoefler-Nissani, 1992). aq SeiZleba dainaxoT,
rogor moqmedebs piaJes cnebebi: asimilacia, disbalansi da akomoda-
cia. moswavleebi cdiloben axali informacia moargon arsebul ideebs
(asimilacia), magram rodesac es ver xerxdeba da Cndeba uwonasworibis
SegrZneba, xdeba akomodacia, anu kognituri struqturebis cvlileba.
konceptualuri cvlilebebis swavleba mecnierebaSi imisTvisaa, rom
daexmaros moswavleebs gaiaron es eqvsi safexuri. konceptualuri cv-
lilebebis swavlebis ori ZiriTadi Tvisebaa:
maswavlebelbi cdiloben aswavlon moswavleebs ise, rom isini
Cawvdnen Sinaarss da ara ubralod im mizniT, rom Seasrulon wli-
uri gegma.

697
 rekomendaciebi: konceptualuri cvlilebebis swavleba
waaqezeT moswavleebi naTeli gaxadon Ta- gakveTilis Sesaxeb?~ `ramdenad Seicvala
visi ideebi. Tqveni war­modgenebi?~

magaliTebi gaarkvieT ideebis statusi. statusi gamox-

1. sTxoveT moswavleebs, gaakeTon prognozire-
ba imisa, rac SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes
maT naivur koncepciebs.
2. sTxoveT moswavleebs Camoayalibon saku-
Tari ideebi maTive sakuTari sityvebiT, isa­
ubron maT Rirsebebsa da SezRudvebze.
3. sTxoevT maT axsnan sakuTari ideebi fizi-
kuri nimuSebisa da ilustraciebis gamoy-
enebiT.
daexmareT moswavleebs dainaxon gansxvaveba
ideebs Soris.
magaliTebi
1. sTxoveT maT Seajamon erTmaneTis ideebi.
2. mouwodeT, rom Seadaron ideebi argu-
mentebis warmodgeniT da SedarebiT.
xeli SeuwyveT metakognicias.
magaliTebi
1. mieciT bavSvebs pretesti gasakeTeblad,
sanam Temas daiwyebdeT, Semdeg sTxoevT
maT ganixilon sakuTari pasuxebi pretest-
Si. daajgufeT erTnairi pasuxebi da sTxo-
evT moswavleebs ipovon, ra aris yvelaze
zogadi koncepti, romelic safuZvlad
udevs pasuxebs.
2. gakveTilis bolos kiTxeT moswavleebs: `ra
iswavleT?~ `ra gaigeT?~ `ra azris xarT
atavs ramdenad ician moswavleebma ideebi,
moswonT isini da gamosadegad miiCneven.
magaliTebi
1. dausviT pirdapiri kiTxvebi, ramdenad Wkvi­
anuri, damajerebeli da sasargebloa idea.
anu, iciT Tu ara ras niSnavs idea, gjeraT
Tu ara misi, SegiZliaT Tu ara misi gamoy-
enebiT miaRwioT raime Rirebuls?
2. dagegmeT iseTi aqtivobebi da eqsperiment-
ebi, romlebic mxars dauWers da kiTxvis
niSnis qveS daayenebs moswavleTa ideebs,
ro­goricaa warmatebuli gamoyenebisa da
sawinaaRmdego realobis miTiTeba.
sTxoevT moswavleebs gansajon Tavis ideebi.
magaliTebi
1. aswavleT bavSvebs msjelobisas gamoiyenon
iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa `logikuri~,
`Tanmimdevruli~, `araTanmimdevruli~, `ga­
marTuli~.
2. sTxoevT moswavleebs, gaiziaron da gaa­
analizon erTmaneTis msjelobebi.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT:
http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/`jossem/ICPE/
C5.html

mecnierebaSi swavlebis moswavleebs ubiZgeben, rom gaerkvnen mecnierebaSi sakuTari ideebis

konceptualuri cvlileba gamoyenebiT _ maT ubiZgeben, rom aRweron, moaxdinon prognozireba,
_ meTodi, romelic moswavle­
ganmarton, imsjelon, daicvan sakuTari ideebi. dialogi sakvanZo
ebs exmareba ubralod ki ar
daimaxsovron masala, aramed momentia. mxolod maSin, roca mtkicdeba intuituri ideebis ara-
Cawvdnen mecnierul cnebebs adekvaturoba, SeuZlebelia axalma codnam Tavis kuTvnili adgili
ukveaaRiarebuli ideebis daikavos (Anderson & Roth, 1989).
gamoyenebiT an aRmoCeniT.
konceptualuri cvlilebebis swavlebas bevri aqvs saerTo kogni-
tur SegirdobasTan da aRmoCenebiT swavlebasTan, romlebic me-9 TavSi
aRvwereT, ramdenadac, am SemTxvevaSic `xaraCoebi~ da dialogi asru-
lebs mTavar rols (Shuell, 1996). megzuri, romelic eyrdnoba hiusonis,
biTisa da Torlis Sromas (1998), mogawvdiT ideebs konceptualuri
cvlilebebis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT.
rogor xorcieldeba praqtikaSi megzurSi moyvanili rCevebi? erT
pasuxs maikl biTis kvleva iZleva me-5 klasis Sesaxeb. cxrili 13.9

698
 es moswavleebi amowmeben Ca-
lis ReroebiT aSenebuli koS-
kis gamZleobas mecnierebis
gakveTilze ezoSi. maTi
maswavlebeli darwmunebulia,
rom mecnieruli konceptebis
swavlebisadmi aseTi inter-
aqciuli midgoma ufro mniS-
vnelovani da gamarTlebulia,
vidre is, rom igi damdgariyo
klasSi da ubralod moeyola
maT Sesaxeb.

gviCvenebs saswavlo miznebis CamonaTvals, romelsac maswavlebeli uye­

nebda moswavleebs. am klasSi maswavlebeli Cveulebriv iwyebda swav-
lebas kiTxviT: `gaqvT raime ideebi? SegiZliaT isaubroT maT Sesaxeb?
Riad gagvimxiloT isini? ratom mogwonT Tqveni ideebi? ra gizidavT
maTSi?~ (Beeth, 1998). is mudmivad svamda iseT kiTxvebs, romlebic msj-
elobasa da ganmartebebs moiTxovda. igi aswavlida moswavleebs, ga-
nesajaT es ganmartebebi damajereblobisa da gonierebis mixedviT. is
ajamebda moswavleTa pasuxebs da zogjer edaveboda kidec: ‘magram
namdvilad gjeraT imis, rac TqviT?~ am moswavleebis Seswavlam wlebis
ganmavlobaSi, gamoavlina, rom maT mecnieruli konceptebis wvdomis
gamocdileba hqondaT.

TiToeul moswavlemde miRweva: efeqturi

swavleba inkluziur klasebSi
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT rodesac fiqrobT inkluziur
klasebSi swavlebaze, ra mosazrebebi giCndebaT? sakmarisad xarT ga-
varjiSebuli? miiRebT iseT mxardaWeras, rogoric gWirdebaT, skolis
administratorebisa da specialistebisagan? wagarTmevT Tu ara dros
unarSezRudul moswavleebTan muSaoba dros sxva pasuxismgeblobebis
Sesasruleblad?

cxrili 13.9

erT-erTi maswavlebelis saswavlo miznebi konceptualuri

cvlilebebis swavlebisaTvis
maswavlebeli me-5 klaselebs aZlevs am kiTxvebs, rac xels uwyobs moswavleebis mec-
nierebaze dafiqrebas.

1. SegiZliaT CamoyaliboT Tqveni sakuTari ideebi?

2. SegiZliaT isaubroT, ratom mogwonT es ideebi?
3. aris Tu ara Tqveni ideebi Tanmimdevruli?
4. acnobierebT Tu ara Tqveni ideebis SezRudvebs da SesaZleblobas, rom isini cvlilebas
saWiroeben?
5. SegiZliaT Tqveni ideebi fizikuri nimuSebis saSualebiT ganmartoT?
6. SegiZliaT Tu ara, rom axsnaT gansxvaveba ideis gagebasa da misdami rwmenas Soris?
7. miusadagebdiT Tu ara Tqvens ideebs aseT gansazRvrebebs: `Wkvianuri~, `damajerebeli~?

699
es moswavle, mxedvelobasTan
dakavSirebuli probleme-
biT, iyenebs brailis meTods
maTematikis gakveTilze.

es sakiTxebi Zalian zogadia. magram gansakuTrebuli moswavleebis

efeqturi swavleba ar moiTxovs raime unikalur unar-Cvevebs. esaa
kombinacia kargi saswavlo meqanizmebisa da mgrZnobiarobisa TiToeu-
li moswavlisadmi. unarSezRuduli moswavleebi unda swavlobdnen
akademiur masalas da isini sruluflebiani monawileebi unda iyvnen
yoveldRiuri saskolo cxovrebisa.
imisaTvis, rom Sesruldes pirveli mizani, anu akademiuri swavleba,
larivim (1985) daadgina, rom inkluziuri klasebis efeqturi maswav-
leblebi Semdegnairad iqcevian:

1. Sesabamisad iyeneben dros moqnili marTvis rutinebis saSualebiT,

Tavs arideben disciplinasTan dakavSirebul problemebs, yuradRe-
biT axdenen dagegmarebas.
2. svamen marTebuli sirTulis kiTxvebs.
3. iZlevian mxardamWer, pozitiur fidbeks, exmarebian moswavleebs mividnen
swor pasuxamde, Tu isini cdebian, magram swori mimarTuleba aqvT.

amas garda, unarSezRuduli moswavleebisaTvis sasargebloa dRee-

bis, kvirebis manZilze varjiSi da progresis organizatorebi, rogori-
caa moswavleTa fokusireba imaze, rac ukev ician, an mkafio miznebis
Camoyalibeba (Swanson, 2001).
imisaTvis, rom Sesruldes meore mizani, unarSezRudul moswav-
leTa integrireba yoveldRiur saskolo cxovrebaSi, merilin frendi
da uiliam bersaki (2002) gvTavazoben INCLUDE strategias:
I (identify) gamoavlineT garemos, kurikulumis, swavlebis moTxovnebi
Tqveni klasisadmi.
N (note) CainiSneT moswavleTa Zlieri mxareebi da moTxovnilebebi.
C (check) SeamowmeT moswavleTa warmatebis potenciuri sferoebi.
L (look) moiZieT potenciuri problemebi.
U (use) gamoiyeneT informacia, romelsac tvinis Sturmis mowyobiT
miiRebT swavlebis meTodebTan dakavSirebiT.
D (decide) gadawyviteT, romel meTods gamoiyenebT.
E (evaluate) SeafaseT moswavleTa progresi.

cxrili 13.10 gviCvenebs, rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT INCLUDE

strategia unarSezRudul moswavleebTan.

700
 sqema 13.2

kooperaciuli da Tanaswavlebis midgomebi

arsebobs maswavleblebis erToblivi muSaobis mravali gza inkluziur klasebSi

erTi maswavlebeli, punqtobrivi paraleluri alternatiuli gunduri

erTi mxardaWera swavleba swavleba swavleba swavleba

maswavlebeli moswavle magida / merxi

wyaro: Including Students with Special Needs: A Practical Guide for Classroom Teachers, 3/e by Merilyn Friend & Williams D. Bursuck.
Published by Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright 2002 by Pearson Education. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

resursebis oTaxebi, kolaboraciuli konsultacia da kooperaciuli

swavleba. mravali skola uzrunvelyofs damatebiT daxmarebas im maswav­
leblebisaTvis, romlebic unarSezRudul bavSvebTan muSaoben. resursebis
oTxei aris iseTi klasi, sadac specialuri masala da aRWurvilobaa
Tavmoyrili da specialurad momzadebuli maswavlebeli muSaobs. moswav-
leebs SeuZliaT yoveldRiurad Svidnen am klasebSi ram­denime wuTiT an
ramdenime saaTiT da iswavlon an individualurad an mcire jgufebSi.
dRis danarCens nawils isini regularuli swavlebis klasSi atareben.
garda direqtiuli swavlebisa, resursebis maswavlebeli moswavleebTan
aradireqtuladac muSaobs, anu awodebs zogad, regularuli klasis
maswavlebels ideebs, masalebs, swavlebis teqnikebs.
xSirad specialuri da zogadi ganaTlebis maswavleblebi erTad
muSaoben, kolaboraciulad da Tanabar pasuxismgeblobas iReben un-
arSezRuduli moswavleebis ganaTlebaze. kolaboracia SeiZleba mim-
dinareobdes konsultaciebis, dagegmvis, problemis gadaWriT, ro-
gor unda vaswavloT gansakuTrebul moswavleebs an SesaZlebelia
specialuri maswavlebeli pirdapir muSaobdes zogadi ganaTlebis
maswavlebel­Tan erTad klasSi, sadac imyofebian, rogorc Cveulebrivi,
ise unar­SezRuduli moswavleebi. kolaboraciis es ukanaskneli saxe
ko­operaciuli swavlebaa. maswavlebelbi asruleben sxvadasxva rolebs,
imisda mixedviT ra asakisani arian moswavleebi da ra moTxovnilebebi
aqvT maT. magaliTad, saSulao skolaSi, zogadi ganaTlebis maswavlebe­
li SeiZleba pasuxismgebeli iyos akadmiur Sinaarsze, maSin, roca spe-
cialuri maswavlebeli izrunebs unar-Cvevebisa da saswavlo strat-
egiebis ganviTarebaze. SesaZlebelia zogadi ganaTlebis maswavlebeli
aswavlides arsebiT Sinaarss, xolo specialur maswavlebels ebaros
Ses­worebebi, ganmtkiceba, ganmeorebiT swavleba, roca es saWiro iqne-
ba. ori maswavlebeli SeiZleba gundurad muSaobdes, anu TiToeuls
ebaros gakveTilis erTi nawili.

701
 sqema 13.10
adaptaciebi moswavleebisaTvis, romelTac SezRuduli unarebi aqvT swavlasa
Tu qcevaSi. INCLUDE strategiis safexurebis gamoyeneba

gamoavlineT CainiSneT moswavlis Zl- SeamowmeT protenciuri airCieT

saklaso ieri mxareebi da sirTu- warmatebebi da moiZieT poten- adaptacia
moTxovnebi leebi ciuri problemebi

moswavleTa Zlieri mxareebi: warmateba: SecvaleT moswavleTa

merxebi gan- kargi leqsikuri unar- moswavles esmis swavleba Tu amo- ganlageba ise, rom isini
lagebuli oTx Cvevebi canaze koncentrirebuli maswavleblis pirispir
rigad isxdnen.
sirTuleebi: problema:
amocanaSi CarTvis sirTule moswavle, romelic ar aris
CarTuli amocanaSi, pirispir ver
xedavs maswavlebels.

Tanatol- Zlieri mxareebi: warmateba: daadgineT jgufis mdivani.

Ta mcire kargi xelwera moswavle moqmedebs, rogorc mdi-
jgufebi vani kooperaciul jgufSi SeadgineT SeTanxmebuli
sirTuleebi: mcire jgufebi.
metyvelebis oraluri problema:
gamoxatva _ problema moswavles uWirs sakuTari Tavis SeimuSaveT socialuri
sityvebis povnasTan dakav- gamoxatva saswavlo jgufebSi. unar-Cvevebis swavleba
SirebiT TiToeuli moswavlisaTvis.

gamoxateT Zlieri mxareebi: warmateba: gamoiyeneT individualuri

molodini mo- xatvis kargi unar-Cvevebi. moswavle iyenebs SemoqmedebiT SeTanxmeba moswavlesTan
swavlebisadmi, unarebs klasSi. daswrebasa da punqtual-
rom isini sirTuleebi: urobasTan dakavSirebiT,
daeswrebian drois arasaxarbielo mene- problema: Tu mizani miiRweva, daakis-
gakveTilebs jmenti. moswavle xSirad igivianebs an reT moswavles Semoqmedebi-
da droulebi saerTod ar eswreba gakveTilebs. Ti pasuxismgebloba klasSi.
iqnebian.

wasakiTxad Zlieri mxareebi: warmateba: gamoiyeneT audio Canawere-

rTuli sax- oraluri komunikaciis moswavle CarTulia gakveTilze. biani saxelmZRvaneloebi.
elmZRvanelo kargi unar-Cvevebi
problema: ganumarteT moswavleebs
sirTuleebi: moswavles uWirs wignis kiTxva. teqsti.
uzustoba da usufTaoba
kiTxvaSi.
sistemnaturi strategiebis
nakleboba teqstis
wasakiTxad.

mouTxreT Zlieri mxareebi: warmateba: vuCvenoT moswavleebs

bavSvebs bavSvebi motivirebulni da moswavle iRebs damatebiT qulebs video Canaweri leqciamde.
qalebis dainteresebulni arian. gakveTilebze daswrebisaTvis da
saarCevno ZalisxmevisaTvis. davawesoT damatebiTi
uflebebis sirTuleebi: qulebi daswrebisaTvis.
dakanonebis ar aqvT cadnis maragi problema:
Sesaxeb. moswavles ar aqvs sawyisi codna
saimisod, rom gaigos
mniSvnelovani informacia

drois cnobis Zlieri mxareebi: warmateba: SeimuSaveT damatebiTi swav-

swavleba saa- gaferadebis unar-Cvevebi moswavles SeuZlia gaaferados leba ricxvebis cnobisaTvis
Tis meoTxede- saaTebi, romlebic swavlebisas da xuTobiTi daTvlisaTvis.
bis sizustiT. sirTuleebi: gamoiyeneba.
ver cnoben ricxvebs 7-12
problema:
ver iTvlian xuTebiT. moswavles ar SeuZlia aiTvisos
drois cnobis unar-Cvevebi.

702
 rodesac kooperaciul swavlebas viyenebT, mniSvnelovania, rom Cveu-
lebrivi moswavleebi da gansakuTrebuli, unarSezRuduli moswavleebi
erTneTisagan gancalkevebulebi ar iyvnen. ar Seiqmnas iseTi situacia,
rom zogadi ganaTlebis maswavlebelma Cveulebriv bavSvebTan imuS-
aos da specialurma maswavlebelma mxolod unarSezRudulebTan. me
vakvirdebodi erT klass, sadac unarSezRuduli moswavleebi mxolod
specialur maswavlebelTan muSaobdnen da mxars zemodan surviliT
Sescqerodnen klasis danarCeni nawilis saqmianobas. imis nacvlad, rom
unarSezRuduli moswavleebis integrireba momxdariyo klasSi, koop-
eraciuli swavleba piriqiT maT Soris zRvars usvamda xazs. naxazi 13.2
asaxavs kooperaciuli swavlebis implementaciis gansxvavebul gzebs.

individualuri muSaoba moswavleebTan. rodesac moswavleebs gansakuT­

rebuli moTxovnilebebi aqvT, maT SeiZleba mimarTon specialistebs,
rogoricaa bavSvebis kvlevis gundi, skolis fsiqologebi, an maswav-
leblebi, romlebic muSaoben moswavleebTan, romelTac Sefasebis gan-
sakuTrebvuli sistema sWirdebaT (ixileT cxrili 4.15 rCevebisaTvis).
am procesis Sedegi zogjer moicavs individualizebuli swavlebis
programis an IEP-is momzadebas, rogorc es me-4 TavSi iyo aRwerili.
naxazi 13.3 asaxavs nawyvets erTi biWis IEP-dan, romelsac uWirda risx-
vis daokeba da pasuxi maswavleblis moTxovnebze. Tqven SegiZliaT ga-
naviTaroT aseTi programebi Tqvens klasebSi. kargad Camoyalibebuli
programebi mogcemT rCevebs dagegmvasa da swavlebaSi.

teqnologia da gansakuTrebuli moswavleebi

IDEIA moiTxovs, rom yvela moswavlesTan, romelsac specialuri daxmarebis teqnologia _
swav­leba sWirdeba, waxalisebis teqnologiebi iyos gamoyenebuli. wax- is meqanizmebi da siste-
mebi, romlebic xels uwyobs
alisebis teqnologia aris nebismieri produqti, inventari an sistema,
garkveuli unarebis deficitis
romelic gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom gaizardos, ganmtkicdes, gaumjo­ mqone individebSi am unarebis
besdes unarSezRuduli individebis funqcionaluri unarebi (Goldman, ganviTarebasa da gaumjobe-
Lawless, Pellegrino & Plants, 2006). magaliTad, kompiuterebma mniSvnelovnad sebas
gaaumjobesa swavleba gansakuTrebuli bavSvebisaTvis. maswavleblebs
SeuZliaT gamoiyenon kompiuterebi swavlebis organizebisaTvis. im mo-
swavleebisaTvis, romlebic mcire safexurebiT swavlebas da mraval
ga­meorebas saWiroeben, raTa daiswavlon koncepti, kompiuteri gan-
sakuTrebiT kargi da momTmeni maswavlebelia, imdenjer gaumeorebs
da imdenjer daunawevrebs masalas, ramdenjerac dasWirdebaT. kargad
Camoyalibebuli kompiuteruli swavlebis programa mimzidveli da in-
teraqciulia _ es is ori Tvisebaa, romelic Zalian mniSvnelovania im
moswavleebisaTvis, romelTac yuradRebasTan dakavSirebiT problemebi
aqvT an warumateblobebis mTeli istoria aqvT, rama kidec Seamci-
ra maTi motivacia. magaliTad, maTematikuri an marTlweris programa
SeiZleba iyenebdes xatebs, bgerebs, TamSis msgavs monakveTebs, raTa
ganamtkicos moswavlis yuradReba. interaqciuli video Cvenebebis pro-
gramebi ganviTarda im mizniT, rom daxmareboda smeniTi problemebis
mqone moswavleebs, gamoeyenebinaT niSnebis ena. zogierTi programa ar
aris xmovani, amdenad moswavleebs, romelTac smeniTi probelemebi aqvT
SeiZleba gamoadgeT es gakveTilebi. moswavleebma, romelTac kiTxva
uWirT, SeiZleba gamoiyenon programebi, romlebic `ityvis~ sityvas, Tu
moswavle am ucnob sityvas moniSnavs. am gziT moswavleebi iReben kiTx-
vis gamocdilebas, raTa sul ukan da ukan ar CamorCnen. sxva programebi

703
 sqema 13.3

nawyveti I-dan_individualizebuli ganaTlebis programa

(Individualized Education Program)
es IEP SemuSavebul iqna 15 wlis biWisaTvis, romelsac uWirda brazis moTokva da mas-
wavleblis moTxovnebis Sesruleba

moswavle: kurti
damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi / saWiroebebi
socialuri saWiroebebi:
risxvis daokebis unar-Cvevebi, gansakuTrebiT exeba lanZRva-ginebas.
moTxovnebis Sesrulebis swavla.

arsebuli viTareba: Smagdeba da ilanZReba, roca ver axerxebs samuSaos Sesrulebas, lapara-
kobs bilwi eniT, uars ambobs miyves ufrosebis Semdgom miTiTebebs.
asaki: 15

specialuri swavleba, mimarTebiTi servisebi, modifikaciebi

1. maswavlebeli an mrCeveli konsultaciebs iRebs specialistebisagan teqnikebTan da pro-

gramebTan dakavSirebiT socialuri unar-Cvevebis swavlebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki bra-
zis daokebis unar-Cvevis swavlebisaTvis. (30 wuTi orjer kviraSi)
2. kurts utardeba brazis moTokvis treiningi. (30 wuTi orjer kviraSi)
3. dgeba TanatolTa jgufi, sadac mimdinareobs roluri TamaSebi da a.S. amdenad, kurts
eZleva saSuleba dainaxos pozitiuri rolis modelebi da gamoiyenos brazis daokebis
axalnaswavli unar-Cvevebi.
4. SeadgineT qcevis gegma kurtisaTvis, romelic pasuxismgeblobas daakisrebs mas Tavad
Seafasos sakuTari qceva.
5. kurtTan garkveul dros atarebs maswavlebeli an vinme sxva ufrosi mentori (SesaZloa
esaubrebodes mas; iyenebdes TamaSebs, fizikur aqtivobas). (30 wuTi orjer kviraSi)
6. mentorebis momzadeba kurtis moTxovnilebebisa da miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
TariRi: 10/12/94 klasi: me-9
arsebuli viTareba, miznebi, wliuri miznebi (procedurebis, kriteriumebis, ganrigis
gaTvaliswinebis miznebi)

mizani: akademiuri wlis ukanasknel meoTxedSi, kurts mxolod orjer an naklebad

moiuwevs gakveTilebis Semdeg darCena dasjis mizniT.
I qvemizani: pirveli meoTxedis dasasrulisaTvis kurts 10-jer an naklebjer mouwevs dar-
Cena skolaSi.
II qvemizani: meore meoTxedis dasrulebisaTvis, kurts 7-jer an naklebjer mouwevs darCena
skolaSi.
III qvemizani: mesame meoTxedis dasrulebisaTvis, kurts 4-jer an naklebjer mouwevs darCena
skolaSi.
mizani: kurti SeZlebs sakuTari qcevis marTvas da marTebulad metyvelebas.
I qvemizani: or kviraSi 5-dan samma maswavlebelma unda Tqvas, rom kurtis qceva misaRebi
iyo.
II qvemizani: 6 kviraSi igive kiTxvaze gamokiTxuli 6 maswavleblidan oTxma Tqvas dadebiTi
pasuxi.
III qvemizani: 12 kviraSi, 6-dan eqvsivem unda Tqvas, rom kurtis qceva mosawonia.

adaptacia regularul programaSi:

yvela gakveTilze kurti axlos unda iyos klasis mowinave nawilTan.
kurts xSirad unda ekiTxebodnen, raTa is mudmivad iyos CarTuli amocanaSi.
yvela maswavlebeli unda daexmaros kurts saswavlo unar-Cvevebis aTvisebaSi im rCevebis
Sesabamisad, rac maT specialistebisgan an resursebis oTaxis maswavleblisgan miiRes.
maswavleblebma unda akontrolon kurtis muSaoba programis sawyisi etapidanve.

704
beWdur masalas anacvleben da xmovani saxiT warudgenen moswavleebs,
romlebic brmebi arian an smeniTi informacia urCevniaT.
im moswavleebs, romelTa naweris kiTxva SeuZlebelia, sityvis pro-
cesorebi qmnian SesaniSnav kaligrafias, amdenad ideebi sabolood
xvdeba qaRaldze. amis Semdeg moswavles SeuZlia moaxdinos weris re-
organizeba da gaumjobeseba ise, rom ar iwvalos xeliT gadaweraze
(Hallahan & Knauffman, 2006; Hardman, Drew & Egan, 2005).
am teqnologiurma miRwevebma garkveuli problemebic moitana Tan.
mraval kompiuters grafikuli interfeisebi aqvs. programebiT manipu-
lireba Tagunas zust moZraobas moiTxovs, rogorc gaxsovT albaT is
dro, roca swavlobdiT moniSvnasa da dawkapunebas. es manevrebi sak-
maod rTuli Sesasrulebelia moswavleebisaTvis, romelTac motoruli
an mxedvelobiTi darRvevebi aqvT. is informacia, romelic internetSia
ganTavsebuli, gamousadegaria moswavleebisaTvis, romelTac mxedv-
elobiTi problemebi aqvT. mkvlevarebi am problemaze ukve muSao-
ben _ cdiloben Seqmnan iseTi programebi, romelTa saSualebiTac in-
formaciis mopoveba aramxedvelobiTi gziT iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tumca
jer­jerobiT es ar ganxorcielebula (Hallahan & Knauffman, 2006). erTi
arsebuli tendencia aris universaluri dizaini _ yvela momxmareblis
moTxovnilebaTa gaTvaliswineba axali instrumentebis, saswavlo pro-
gramebis an vebsaitebis Seqmnisas (Pisha & Coyne, 2001).
niWieri moswavleebisaTvis, kompiuteri monacemTa bazebTan, univer-
sitetebTan, muzeumebTan, kvleviT laboratoriebTan dakavSirebis gzaa.
kompiuteruli qseli saSualebas aZlevs moswavles imuSaos sxvadasxva
proeqtebze da gauziaros informacia sxvebs qveynis masStabiT. aseve
SesaZlebelia, rom niWierma moswavleebma daweron programebi moswav-
leebisa da maswavleblebisaTvis. arada skolis direqtorebis sakmaod
mcire raodenoba eyrdnoba Tavis moswavleebs, rom Seqmnan teqnolo-
giebi skolisaTvis. es mxolod mcire magaliTebia imisa, ra SeuZlia
teqnologiebs. gaesaubreT resursebis maswavleblebs Tqvens skolaSi
da daadgineT risi saSualeba gaqvT Tqveni skolis farglebSi.

gansxvaveba da msgavseba swavlaSi

rogoria Tqveni azri?

ukanaskneli adamiani, romelmac unda dagisvaT kiTxvebi, rodesac daakavSireT da ganavrceT
iRebT Tqvens pirvel samuSao adgils, aris saskolo servisebis qselTan mimarTebaSi
waxalisebis teqnologiebis
spe­cialuri koordinatori. kiTxva SemdegSi mdgomareobs: `rogor
Sesaxeb bevri SegiZliaT
moaxdenT gansxvavebuli saswavlo gamowvevebisa da unarebis ako- SeityoT saitze:
modacias swavlebaSi? gamoiyenebT moswavleTa garemomcveli wris www.closingthegap.com
resursebsa da teqnologiebs? rogor?~

rogorc es ukve vnaxeT dainaxeT, dResdReisobiT klasebi mravalfe­ universaluri dizaini _ yve-
rovnebiTa da mravalgvarobiT gamoirCeva. moswavleebi erTmaneTisagan la momxmareblis moTxovnile-
baTa gaTvaliswineba-axali
gansxvavdebian eniT, socio-ekonomikuri statusiT, kulturiT, rasiT,
instrumentebi, saswavlo
eTnikuri warmomavlobiT. maT sxvadasxva Zlieri mxareebi, unarebi da programebi an vebgverdebi.
SezRudvebi aqvT swavlaSi. mraval pedagogs swams, rom `klasebi unda
aerTianebdnen gansxvavebuli moTxovnilebebis, miRwevis, interesebis,
swavlis stilis mqone moswavleebs da swavlebac diferencirebuli unda
iyos, raTa isargeblos am mravalferovnebis upiratesobiT da ar moaxdi-

705
klasebma, romlebic diferen-
cirebul swavlebas iyeneben
ukeT SeiZleba daakmayo-
filos yoveli moswavlis
moTxovnilebebi. niWieri
moswavleebisac da im moswav-
leebisac, romelTac swavla
uWirT.
daakavSireT da ganavrceT
kvlevasTan mimarTebaSi
ixileT 2005 wlis zafxulis
gamoSveba Jurnalisa `Theory
Into Practice~, Tema `diferen-
cirebuli swavleba, mowveuli
redaqtori: kerol tomlin-
soni.
diferencirebuli swavleba
_ moqnili midgoma swavlebi-
sadmi, romelic akavSirebs
Sinaarss, process, Sedegs
moswavleebis mzaobis, intere-
sebis, swavlis moTxovnilebis
gansxvavebulis gaTval-
iswinebiT.
706
nos misi ugulvebelyofa (Jackson & Davis, 2000). diferencirebuli swavleba
(Tomlinson, 2005-II) erTi gzaa, raTa davinaxoT, rom am mravalferovnebis
miRma didi potenciali devs, romlis gamoyenebac SegviZlia.
mravalgvaroba: diferencirebuli swavleba
diferencirebuli swavlebis mTavari idea isaa, rom maswavleblebma
mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon ara mxolod is Tu ras aswavlian, aramed
isic, vis aswavlian. diferencirebul klasebSi moswavleebi gansxvave-
buli tempiT muSaoben, zogjer gansxvavebul saswavlo funqciebs as-
ruleben da iseTi indikatorebiT fasdebian, romlebic maT interesebsa
da moTxovnilebebzea morgebuli (George, 2005). diferencirebuli swav-
lebis gareSe moswavleebi mraval klassa da skolaSi unarebis mixed-
viT arian dajgufebuli da amas mosdevs kidec garkveuli problemebi
(ixileT me-4 Tavi). skolebSi, romlebic dabali socio-ekonomikuri
statusis moswavleebisTvisaa gankuTvnili, es imas niSnavs, rom moswav-
leebi dabali unarebis aqtivobebiT arian dakavebuli. pol jorjis
mixedviT:
Cemi 30 wliani gamocdilebis manZilze am sakiTxTan dakavSi­
rebiTdavinaxe, rom rodesac homogenuri dajgufebaa pirveladi
strategia moswavleebis organizebisa skolebSi, sadac rasobri-
vi da eTnikuri mravalferovnebaa warmodgenili, Sedegi Zalian
Rrmaa da TvalsaCinoa, moswavleebis dayofa rasis, eTnikuri
warmomavlobisa da socialuri statusis mixedviT.
diferencirebuli swavleba amis sapirispirod aRiqvams yovel mo-
swavles, rogorc wyaros, rom davsaxoT miznebi, gamowvevebi, moviZioT
Zalebi da SevitanoT Cveni wvlili maT ganviTarebaSi. maswavlebeli
am moswavleebis moTxovnilebebs Riad, investirebiT, SeupovrobiT,
SesaZleblobebiT, refleqsiiT xvdeba, igi muSaobs, rom Seqmnas iseTi
kurikulumi da swavleba TiToeuli moswavlisaTvis, romelic yur-
adRebiani, CamTrevi, momTxovni, mniSvnelovani iqneba da waadgeba mo-
swavleebs. kerol en tomlinsoni aRwers am Taviseburebebs, rogorc
`diferencirebis Sverilebs~. es `Sverilebi~ aRwerilia naxazSi 13.4.
cxrili 13.11 warmogvidgens zogierT SesaZlo reaqcias moswavlis
moTxovnilebebze tomlinsonze dayrdnobiT.
sqema 13.4
maswavleblis reaqciebi diferencirebul swavlebaSi
diferencirebuli swavlebis farglebSi maswavlebeli moswavlis moT­xovnilebebs Riad,
SesaZleblobebiT, investirebiT, SeupovrobiTa da refleqsiiT pasuxobs.
ras niSnavs es elementebi?
Riaoba
me pativs gcemT Tqven iseTs rogoric
xarT dRes da rogoric SegiZliaT, rom
gaxdeT.
me minda, rom gicnobdeT Tqven.
Tqven unikaluri da Rirebuli adamianebi
xarT.
me mjera Tqveni.
me maqvs dro TqvenTvis.
me vswavlob, rodesac Tqven gismenT.
es Tqveni adgilicaa.
Cven Tqven gvWirdebiT aq.
SesaZlebloba
me TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani
saqmianobebi maqvs.
is, ris gakeTebasac Tqven
mogTxovT, Rirebulia.
iman, ris gakeTebasac
Tqven mogTxovT xSirad
SeiZleba dagafiqroT.
is, ris gakeTebasac Tqv­
engan viTxov, axal SesaZ­
leblobebs gaxsnis Tqvens
winaSe.
is, ris gakeTebasac Tqven
mog­TxovT, dagexmarebaT gax-
deT is, risi Zalac gaqvT.
Tqven mniSvnelovan rols asrulebT da
gvxdiT Cven ufro adekvaturebsa da
efeqturebs.
investireba
me bevrs vmuSaob imisaTvis, rom es ad-
gili sasrgeblo iyos TqvenTvis.
me vmuSaob imisaTvis, rom es adgili
TqvenTvis Sesabamisi iyos.
me momwons imaze fiqri, rasac Cven aq
vakeTebT.
me miyvars, roca warmatebis misaRwevad
axal gzebs vpoulob.
es Cemi samsaxuria, rom dagexmaroT Tqven,
miaRwioT warmatebas.
me Tqveni partniori var ganviTarebis
procesSi.
me gavakeTebs imas, rac uzrunvelyofs
Tqvens zrda-ganviTarebas.
Seupovroba
Tqven izrdebiT, magram zrda jer ar da-
gisrulebiaT.
rodesac erTi gza ar amarTlebs,
SegviZlia vipovoT sxva gza.
modiT gamovavlinoT, ra mu­
Saobs yvelaze ukeT.
aq ar aris patieba, mag­ram aq
Tqven geqnebaT mxar­daWera.
swavlaSi finiSis xazi ar
arsebobs.
refleqsia
me giyurebT Tqven da gismenT
yuradRebiT da sistematurad.
me unda davrwmunde, rom is
rasac gaswavliT, gexmarebaT ukeT iswav-
loT.
me vcdilob davinaxo realoba Tqveni
TvaliT.
me gamudmebiT vekiTxebi Cems Tavs: `ram-
denad efeqturia es partnioroba?~
me gamudmebiT vekiTxebi Cems Tavs, ro-
gor SemiZlia gavxado igi ukeTesi?
707
 mravalgvaroba: swavlebis meTodis Sesaxeb
debatebis miRma
miuxedavad kritikisa da debatebisa, ar arsebobs amaze ukeTesi gza
swavlebisaTvis. gansxvavebuli miznebi da moswavleebis moTxovnile-
bebi swavlebis gansxvavebul meTodebs moiTxovs. pirdapiri swavleba
Sedegad xSirad gvaZlevs ukeTes Sesrulebas miRwevis testebSi, ma-
Sin, rodesac Ria, araoformaluri meTodebi, rogoricaa swavla aR-
moCenis gziT, kvleviTi midgoma dakavSirebulia ukeTes Sesrulebas-
Tan kreatulobaSi, abstraqtul azrovnebaSi, problemebis gadaWraSi.
amas garda, aseTi Ria meTodebi efeqturia skolis mimarT atitudebis
gaumjobesebisaTvis da cnobismoyvareobis gaRvivebisaTvis, TanamSrom-
lobisaTvis moswavleebs Soris (Walberg, 1990). am daskvnebis mixedviT,

cxrili 13.11
SesaZlo reaqciebi moswavlis moTxovnilebebze
moswavlis moTxovnileba klasis raime elementis modifikacia moswavlis moTxovnilebis sapa-
suxod

marTlweris winaswari maswavlebeli iyenebs proceduras, romelic yvela moswavles rTavs mar-
Sefaseba avlens, rom me-6 TlweraSi erTsa da imave dros, magram sirTulis gansxvavebul doneze.
klasis moswavleebis mar- (Sinaarsis modifikacia emyareba moswavlis mzaobas.)
Tlweris done me-2 klasis
donidan umaRlesi skolis
donemde meryeobs.

moswavleebs prealgebrul maswavlebels moyavs magaliTebi sportidan, biznesidan, medicinidan,

klasSi gansxvavebuli in-
teresebi aqvT da xSir Sem-
TxvevaSi uWirT imis gageba,
ratom swavloben imas, rasac
aswavlian.
teqnologiebidan da sxva sferoebidan, raTa moaxdinos formulebis
gamoyenebis ilustrireba. is aseve meTvalyureobas uwevs moswavleebs,
gamoikiTxon sxvadasxva profesiebisa da hobis mqone adamianebi, raTa
gamoavlinon rogor iyeneben isini wesebs Tavis saqmianobaSi. Semdeg am
magaliTebis gaziareba xdeba klasSi. (Sinaarsisa da Sedegis modifikacia
emyareba moswavleebis interesebs.)

istoriis klasis moswav-
leebi pirvel kursze Tavs
dabneulad da imedgacrue-
bulad grZnoben kursis
moTxovnebis gamo.
maswavlebeli adgens saswavlo jgufebs, raTa daexmaros moswavleebs
moemzadon, rogorc weriTi ise zepiri testebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa,
rom saswavlo jgufebis saqmianoba klasis gareT xdeba, maswavlebeli
awyobs mTeli klasisa da mcire jgufebis diskusiebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogori midgoma aqvT kvlevisadmi sxvadasxva jgufebs, rogor muSaobs
es gansxvavebuli midgomebi, rogor grZnoben moswavleebi sakuTar prog-
ress. is aseve miTiTebebs aZlevs moswavleebs, rom yuradRebis miRma ar
darCeT sakvanZo sakiTxebi. (saswavlo garemosa da procesis modifikacia
emyareba moswavleebis mzaobasa da grZnobebs.)

moswavleebi mesame klasSi
swavloben biografias. gansx-
vavebulia moswavleTa kiTx-
vis done da maTi interesebi.
maswavlebeli qmnis yuTebs, sadac aTavsebs sxvadasxva kulturebis, sqe-
sis, profesiisa da hobis mqone adamianebis biografiebs. TiToeul yuTSi
warmodgenilia kiTxvis sxvadasxva donis Sesabamisi wignebi. moswavleebi
jer irCeven Temas an maTTvis saintereso yuTs da Semdeg maswavlebeli
exmareba maT airCion is wigni, romelic Seesabameba maT kiTxvis dones.
(Sinaarsis modifikacia emyareba moswavleebis interessa da mzaobas.)

or moswavles klasSi axasi-
aTebs impulsuri qceva da
eqmneba problemebi.
maswavlebeli da moswavleebi aviTareben qcevis miznebs da gegmebs im-
pulsurobis Sesamcireblad. miznebSi aRwerilia qcevis rogorc pozi-
tiuri, ise negatiuri Sedegebi. maswavlebeli da moswavleebi yovel-
dRiurad aRnusxaven warmatebebsa da sirTuleebs, aseve moswavlis
mier arCeuli qcevis Sedegebs. (saswavlo garemos modifikacia emyareba
moswavlis grZnobebs.)

708
rodesac swavlebis miznebi exeba problemebis gadaWras, kreatulo-
bas, wvdomas, procesebis aTvisebas, garda pirdapiri swavlebisa, mra-
vali sxva midgomac SeiZleba iyos efeqturi. es kavSirSia to gudis
daskvnasTan, romelic ambobs, rom swavleba naklebad direqtiuli unda
xdebodes moswavleebis zrdasTan erTad da maSin, rodesac miznebi exe-
ba afeqtur ganviTarebas, problemis gadaWras, an kritikul azrovne-
bas (Good, 1983-I). SesaZloa yovel moswavles sWirdebodes pirdapiri,
eqsplicituri swavleba garkveul dros da garkveuli miznebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, magram maT yvela moswavles aseve sWirdeba ufro Ria, kon-
struqtivistuli, moswavleze centrirebuli swavlebis gamocdileba.

Sejameba

pirveli nabiji: dagegmva

ra aris dagegmvis doneebi da rogor moqmede-
ben isini swavlebaze? maswavleblebi ramdenime
do­neze axdenen dagegmarebas. esaa wliuri, se-
mestruli, calkeuli danayofebis, kvirisa da
dRis gegmebi. yvela es done erTmaneTTan unda
iyos koordinirebuli. wliuri gegmis Sesruleba
moiTxovs gegmis ganawilebas semestrebze, semes-
truli gegmis ganawilebas drois calkeul da-
nayofebze, Tavis mxriv am gegmebis ganawilebas
kvirebsa da dReebze. gegma gansazRvravs, rogor
iqneba dro da masala gamoyenebuli aqtivobebSi.
ar arseobs erTi konkretuli modeli dagegmvi-
saTvis, magram yvela gegma moqnilobiT unda xa-
siaTdebodes. dagegmareba problemis gadaWris
kreatuli procesia, igi araformaluri xasiaTi-
saa _ `es Cvens TavebSi xdeba.~
ra aris swavlebis mizani? swavlebis mizani aris
na­Teli da mkafio aRwera Tqveni survilebisa
moswavleebTan dakavSirebiT.meijeris cnobili
sistema qcevis miznebTan dakavSirebiT ambobda,
rom karg mizans sami nawili aqvs _ moswavlis sa-
surveli qceva, pirobebi, romelSic aRmocendeba
es qceva da mosawoni Sesrulebis Sefasebis krite-
riumi. gronlandis alternatiuli midgoma varau-
dobs, rom mizani jer zogad terminebSi unda Cam-
oyalibdes, Semdeg maswavlebelma unda Seitanos
sicxade masSi qcevis nimuSebis CamoTvliT, ro-
melic iqneba imis dasturi, rom moswavlem miaRwia
mizans. yvelaze Tanamedrove kvlevebi upirate-
sobas gronlandiseul midgomebs aniWebs.
aRwereT ganaTlebis miznebis sami taqsonomia.
b­lum­ma da sxvebmac ganaviTares taqsonomiebi,
romlebic axdens miznebis kategorizebas kog-
nitur, afeqtur da fsiqomotorul sferoebad.
realur cxovrebaSi, qcevebi am sami sferodan
erTdroulad aRmocendeba. taqsonomia xels uwy-
obs dafiqrebas releventuri miznebisa da maTi
Sefasebis gzebze. kognituri sfero moicavs eqvs
ZiriTad mizans: codna, gageba, gamoyeneba, ana-
lizi, Sefaseba da SemoqmediToba. taqsonomiis
ukanaskneli versia amatebs, rom es procesebi
SeiZleba moqmedebdes oTxi saxis codnaze: faq-
tobrivi, konceptualuri, proceduruli da
metakognituri codna. miznebi afeqtur sferoSi
sruldeba sxvadasxva doneze, umciresidan umaR-
lesamde. fsiqomotoruli sferos miznebi gamom-
dinareobs bazisuri aRqmidan da asaxavs ganvi-
Tarebuli, SemoqmedebiTi moZraobis safexurze
gadasvlas.
aRwereT maswavlebelze centrirebuli da moswavle­
ze centrirebuli dagegmva. maswavlebelze cent­

709
rirebul midgomebSi maswavlebeli irCevs swav­
lebis miznebs da gegmavs, rogor unda Sesruldes
isini. maswavleblebi akontroleben ra unda iswav-
lebodes da rogor. amis sapirispirod, dagegmva
SeTanxmebulia da gaziarebuli moswavleebis mi-
erac moswavleebze centrirebul, ani konstruq-
tivistul midgomebSi. imis nacvlad, rom miznad
dasaxon moswavlis raime gansakuTrebuli qceva,
maswavlebels aqvs ufro mniSvnelovani, didi
miznebi, romlebic ganapirobebs dagegmvas. inte-
grirebuli Sinaarsi da swavleba TemebiT, xSirad
dagegmvis nawilia. swavlis Sefaseba ormxrivad
xdeba moswavlisa da maswavleblis mier.
maswavlebelze mimarTuli swavleba
ra meTodebi gamoiyeneba swavlebis gamosakvlevad?
wle­bis ganmavlobaSi mkvlevarebi cdilobdnen amo-
exsnaT efeqturi swavlebis saidumlo. iyenebdnen
dakvirvebas klasebSi, SemTxvevis Seswavlas, in-
terviuebs, eqsperimentebs sxvadasxva meTodebiT,
axdendnen mogonebis stimulirebas (maswavleble-
bi uyurebdnen sakuTari gakveTilebis Canawerebs
da xsnidnen sakuTar meTodebs), axdendnen
gakveTilebis Canawerebis analizs da iyenebdnen
kidev sxva midgomebs, raTa gamoekvliaT swavleba
realur pirobebSi.
ra ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi aqvs karg swavlebas?
maswavleblis mier sagnis codna Zalian mniS-
vnelovania, magram aucileblobiT ar ganapiro-
bebs efeqtur swavlebas, Tumca igi saSuelebas
aZlevs maswavlebels iyos ufro mkafio da orga-
nizebuli. im maswavleblebis moswavleebi, romle-
bic ufro mkafio da naTel ganmartebebs iZlevian,
ufro kargad swavloben da sakuTar maswavleb-
lebsac ufro pozitiurad axasiaTeben. siTbos,
megobrulobis, gagebis gamovlena maswavleblis
mxridan aseve Zlier kavSirSia moswavleebis pozi-
tiur atitudebTan.
ra aris pirdapiri swavleba? pirdapiri swa vleba
adekvaturia bazisuri unarCvevebisa da eqsp­
licituri codnis asaTviseblad. moicavs swav-
lebis iseT funqciebs, rogoricaa mimoxilva,
axsna, gavarjiSeba, fidbeki da Sesworebebis Se-
tana (ganmeorebiT swavleba, Tu es saWiro gaxda),
damoukidebeli varjiSi, perioduli mimoxilva.
rac ufro pataraa asakiT moswavle, an naklebad
unariani swavlaSi, miT ufro mokle unda iyos ax-
710
sna da miT ufro xSiri unda iyos varjiSis cikli
fidbekiTurT.
ganasxvaveT erTmaneTisagan konvergentuli da di-
vergentuli, maRali donis da dabali donis kiTx-
vebi. konvergentul kiTxvebs mxolod erTi swori
pasuxi aqvT. divergentul kiTxvebs SeiZleba mra-
vali swori pasuxi hqondeT. maRali donis kiTx-
vebi moiTxovs analizs, siTezs, Sefasebas _ mo-
swavleebma TavisiT unda ifiqron. asakiT patara
an naklebad unariani moswavleebis SemTxvevaSi
nebismier asakSi marTebulia martivi kiTxvebis
dasma, romelic uzrunvelyofs warmatebis maRal
xarisxs, zrdis CarTulobas, exmareba moswavlee-
bs, roca maT swori pasuxi ar aqvT, da saSulebas
aZlevs maswavlebels, Seaqos moswavle. maRalu-
nariani moswavleebisaTvis umjobesia ufro
rTuli kiTxvebis dasmarogorc maRal, ise dabal
doneze da ufro kritikuli fidbekis micema. ra
asakisa da unarebisac ar unda iyvnen bavSvebi, maT
unda hqondeT saazrovno kiTxvebis gamocdileba
da Tu saWiroa, unda davexmaroT kidec maT, iswav-
lon, rogor upasuxon aseT kiTxvebs.
rogor SeiZleba pasuxis mosafiqreblad micemul-
ma drom gavlena moaxdinos moswavlis swavlaze?
rodesac maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas da Semdeg
icdis 3-5 wams, sanam konkretulad mimarTavdes
romelime moswavles, moswavleebi amJRavneben
tendencias, ufro sruli vrceli pasuxebi gascen
kiTxvebs;ufro metio moswavle iRebs monawileo-
bas, svams kiTxvebs, iCens iniciativas; moswavlee-
bis pasuxebi moicavs analizs, sinTezs, daskvnebs,
izrdeba spekulireba; moswavleebi ufro metad
arian sakuTar pasuxebSi darwmunebuli.
ra Rirsebebi da nakli aqvs jgufur diskusias? jgu­
furi diskusia exmareba moswavleebs iswavlon sa-
kuTari Tavis mkafiod gamoxatva, mosazrebebis
gansja, gansxvavebuli azris daSveba. jgufuri
diskusia aseve aZlevs moswavleebs SesaZleblo-
bas, ufro naTeli gaxadon informacia, gamosca-
don sakuTari azrovneba, miyvnen pirovnul in-
teresebs, aiRon pasuxismgebloba liderebis
rolebis aRebiT jgufSi. amdenad, jgufuri dis-
kusia exmareba moswavleebs Seavason ideebi da
moaxdinon piradi interesebis sinTezi. Tumca,
saklaso diskusiebi sakmaod araprognozirebadia
da advilad SeiZleba gadaizardos ucodinarobis
gacvla-gamocvlaSi.

maswavlebelTa molodinebi
ra aris maswavlebelta molodinebis wyaroebi?
wya­roebi SeiZleba iyos inteleqtis testis mona-
cemebi, sqesi, sxva maswavleblebis SeniSvnebi, sa-
medicini da fsiqologiuri daskvnebi moswavle-
Ta piradi saqmeebidan, eTnikuri warmomavloba,
ufrosi da-Zmebis cnoba, fizikuri maxasiaTeble-
bi, adreuli miRwevebi, socio-ekonomikuri sta-
tusi, aqtualuri qceva.
ra ori saxis gavlena SeiZleba hqondes molo-
dins da rogor xdeba es? pirveli aris TviTrea­
li­zaciis winaswarmetyveleba, maswavleblis rw-
menas moswavlis unarebis Sesaxeb realurad ar
aqvs safuZveli, magram moswavleTa qceva am mc-
dar molodins amarTlebs. meore aris molodinis
simtkicis efeqti, roca maswavlebels aqvs zusti
warmodgena moswavlis unarebze da Sesabamisad
aZlevs reaqcias moswavles, magram ar cvlis Tavis
molodins, roca moswavleSi SeiniSneba gaumjobe-
seba. maswavleblis ucvleli molodini moswavlis
miRwevas mosalodnel doneze afiqsirebs. ufro
xSiria molodinis simtkicis efeqtis gamovlineba,
vidre TviTrealizaciis winaswarmetyvelebisa.
ra gansxvavebuli gzebiT gamoxataven maswavleblebi
Tavis molodinebs? zogierTi maswavlebeli gans­x-
vavebulad eqceva moswavles sakuTari mosaz-
rebis mixedviT imis Sesaxeb, ramdenad kargia mo-
swavle. aman SeiZleba Sedegad is mogvces, rom da-
bali molodinis mqone moswavleebs miscen nakleb
gamomwvevi amocanebi, fokusireba moaxdinon da-
bali donis swavlebaze, naklebad miscen rCevebi,
miscen araTanmimdevruli fidbeki, gamoavlinon
naklebi pativiscema da ndoba. moswavleebi Sei-
Zleba moiqcnen maswavleblebis prognozebis Ses-
abamisad an darCnen miRwevis erT doneze.
aRwereT azrTa sxvadasxvaoba kiTxvis swavlebasTan
dakavSirebiT. dResdReisobiT didi kamaTi mimdi-
nareobs mTlian enonrivi mid­gomis momxreebsa da
weriTi da dabalansebuli midgomebis momxree-
bs Soris. mTlian-enobrivi midgomis momxreebs
sjeraT, rom bavSvi ukeT swavlobs, roca garSemo
kargi literatura aqvs da rodesac wers da kiTx-
ulobs avTenturi miznebisaTvis. dabalansebu-
li midgomis momxreebs moyavT kvleva, romelic
amtkicebs bgerebisa da sityvebis cnobis unar-
Cveva _ fonemuri gacnobierebuloba _ umniS-
vnelovanesi sakiTxia kiTxvis swavlaSi. efeqturi
maswavleblebi iyeneben dabalansebul midgomas,
romelic avTenturi kiTxvis kombinirebas axdens
unar-Cvevevis swavlebasTan, roca es saWiroa.
aRwereT dialogis gamoyeneba reciprokul swavle-
baSi. reciprokuli swavlebis mizania, daexmaros
moswavleebs gaigon da Rrmad gaiazron wakiTxu-
li. am miznis Sesasruleblad moswavleebi patara
mkiTxvelTa jgufebSi swavloben oTx strategias:
wakiTxulis Sejameba, kiTxvis dasma ZiriTadi
ideis irgvliv, sicxadis Setana gaurkvevel mon-
akveTebSi da prognozireba, ra moxdeba SemdegSi.
am strategiebis gavarjiSeba xdeba saklaso dia-
logis saSulebiT wakiTxulis Sesaxeb. maswavle-
beli Tavidan centralur rols asrulebs, Tumca
mas Semdeg, rac dialogi ZalaSi Sedis, moswavlee-
bi ikaveben sul ufro centralur adgils.
aRwereT moswavleze centrirebuli konstruqtivis-
tuli midgomebi maTematikisa da mecnierebis swav-
lebisadmi. konstruqtivistuli midgoma maTemati­
kisa da mecnierebis swavlebisadmi xazs usvams
konceptebis wvdomas (romelic upirispirdeba
moswavleebis warmodgenebs), msjelobasa da gan­
martebebs, moswavleTa implicituri cnebebis
gamoyenebas. mravali pedagogi aRniSnavs, rom mTa-
vari sakiTxi moswavleebisaTvis mecnierebis gas-
agebad, aris maTi sakuTai ideebisa da Teoriebis
Semowmeba da winaaRmdegoba aRmoCenile naklTan.
imisaTvis, rom moxdes cvlileba, moswavlem unda
gaiaros eqvsi safexuri: sawyisi diskomforti sa-
kuTari ideebisa da rwmenebis gamo, mcdeloba aix-
snas Seusabamoba Teoriebsa da realobas Soris,
mcdeloba, moergos monacemebi arsebul pirad
Teoriebs, eWvis Setana, meryeoba da saboloo kon-
ceptualuri vclilebebi.
ra TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba gansakuTrebuli moswav-
leebis efeqturi swavleba? gansakuTrebuli mo-
swavleebis efeqturi swavleba ar moiTxovs raime
unikalur unar-Cvevebs. esaa kombinacia kargi sas­
wavlo meqanizmebisa da mgrZnobiarobisa TiToeu-
li moswavlisadmi. unarSezRuduli moswavleebi
unda swavlobdnen akademiur masalas da isini
sruluflebiani monawileebi unda iyvnen yovel-
dRiuri saskolo cxovrebisa.
ra resursebi aqvT maswavleblebs, raTa maT efeq-
turad imuSaon gansakuTrebul moswavleebTan? ro-
­desac moswavleebs gan­sakuTrebuli moTxov­ni­
711
lebebi aqvT, maT SeiZleba mimarTon specialiste-
bs, rogoricaa bavSvebis kvlevis gundi, skolis
fsiqologebi, an maswavleblebi, romlebic muS-
aoben moswavleebTan, romelTac Sefasebis gan-
sakuTrebuli sistema sWirdebaT. am procesis
Se­degi zogjer moicavs individualizebuli swav-
lebis programis anu IEP-is momzadebas, rogorc es
me-4 TavSi iyo aRwerili. mravali skola uzrun-
velyofs damatebiT daxmarebas im maswavleblebi-
saTvis, romlebic unarSezRudul bavSvebTan muS-
aoben, magaliTad, resursebis oTaxi aris iseTi
klasi, sadac specialuri masala da aRWurvilobaa
Tavmoyrili da specialurad momzadebuli mas-
wavlebeli muSaobs. specialuri da regularuli
pedagogebi erTad muSaoben, raTa aswavlon gansa-
kuTrebul moswavleebs. aseve SesaZlebelia, rom
specialuri maswavlebeli regularul maswav-
lebelTan erTad iyos klasSi, sadac erTad swav-
loben, rogorc Cveulebrivi, ise unarSezRuduli
moswavleebi. amas garda, diferencirebul swav-
lebasac SeuZlia gaaumjobesos swavla yoveli mo-
swavlisaTvis.

Mylabschool es aris eleqtronul instrumentTa nakrebi, romelic dagexmarebaT am kursis

warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul
karieraSi. ix.: www.mylabschool.com

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mzadeba
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- samsaxuris Zieba da gasaub­rebis teqnika
- gakveTilis dagegmva

maswavleblis
Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM-Tan

rogor moiqceodnen?
aq aris moyvanili ramdenime gamocdili maswavleblis pasuxi moswavleebis gawafulobis testebisaTvis
momzadebis gamowvevaze.

sandra gili. meeqvse klasis maswavlebeli
hadsonis saSualo skola, hadsoni, niu-iorki
ramdenadac Temebi, romlebic am testebSi Se-
dis, Zalian mniSvnelovania, me maT gamoviyenebdi
Cemi sakuTari kurikulumis birTvis Sesadgenad.
kurikulumSi gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba rogorc
individualuri davalebebi, aseve jgufuri
gamowvevebis didi raodenoba, sadac moswavleebi
olaboraciulad imuSaveben proeqtebze da aiT-
viseben gare samyaros. es gamowvevebi kulmina-
cias miaRwevs weriT samuSaoebSi, aseve jgufur
prezentaciebSi, vizualuri da verbeluri ele-
mentebis CaTvliT, rogorc TanakleselebisaTvis,
aseve sxvebisaTvis. me SevarCevdi jgufis wevrebs
maTi pirovnebebisa da swavlis stilebis gaTval-
iswinebiT. is Temebi da sakiTxebi, romlebic Sedis
testSi, aisaxeba gegmebSi TiToeuli jgufisaTvis
da mudmivad ganmeordeba momdevno gamowvevamde,
raTa ganmtkicdes.

712
 juli mohoki, maswavlebeli
ponamis dawyebiTi skola, manusis kunZuli,
papua axali gvinea (amave dros doqtoran-
turis studenti qvinslendis teqnologiebis
universitetSi)
pirveli, rasac gavakeTeb is iqneba, rom gaviaz-
reb situacias. SeiZleba vesaubro sxva maswavle-
blebs, gavaanalizo warsuli Canawrebi da gavigo
ra SeiZleba iyos dabali miRwevis mizezi skola-
Si. amas garda vecdebi gavigo, ratom gadawyvita
skolam mimarTos gavarjiSebas faqtebsa da unar-
CvevebSi. es SeiZleba iyos situaciis analizi. es
xels Semiwyobs swavlebis dagegmvaSi pirveli kvi-
rebis manZilze ise, rom ar momiwios skolis ad-
ministraciasTan dapirispirebam.
swavlebis gegmas im principiT Sevadgen, rom
swavla da ganviTareba imisaTvis xdeba, rom nas-
wavli realur cxovrebaSi gamoiyeno da ara imisT-
vis, rom konkretuli testi Seasrulo. es SeiZleba
moicavdes eqsperimentebs, simulaciebs, rolur
TamaSebs, videoCanawerebis yurebas specifikur
Temaze da a.S. es saqmianobebi amaRlebs moswav-
leebis motivacias da interess swavlisadmi.
ZiriTadi konceptebis swavleba da gamocdileba,
unar-Cvevebi SeiZleba sasiamovno iyos moswav-
leebisaTvis. am procesis ganmavlobaSi me infor-
macias mivawvdi skolis administracias Cemi sas-
wavlo programis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba me vurCio maT
Sualeduri testis Catareba, raTa gamoavlinon,
iZleva Tu ara Cemi programa raime sxvaobas mo-
swavlis warmatebaSi.
margaret doleni
wm. maiklis skola, gordonveili, avstralia
pirvel ramdenime kviras davuTmob imas, rom
gavicno Cemi moswavleebi da davadgino swavlebis
standartebi maTTvis. Semdeg davixmareb sxva mas-
wavleblebsa da mSoblebs.
wlis ganmavlobaSi Cven davfaravT yvela im
Temas, romelic Sedis testSi. informaciis yve-
la wyaros gamoyenebiT: wignebi, biblioTekebi,
eqskursiebi, mowveuli stumrebi, gazeTebi, kom-
piuteri. Cven wavikiTxavT, davwerT, visaubrebT,
davwerT leqsebs, movaxdenT maT ilustrirebas,
gamoviyenebT mecnierebas, maTematikas, xelovne-
bas, Tu SesaZlebloba iqneba. me amas klass war-
vudgen, rogorc Cveulebriv kurikulumis nawils
da arc vaxseneb tests. sabolood, imisaTvis, rom
movamzado bavSvebi testisaTvis, gamoviyeneb wina
testebis nimuSebs da maTiT vavarjiSeb Cems mo-
swavleebs. Tu saWiro iqneba enTuziazmis gazrda,
davxazav jgufur Sedegebs (ara individualurs) da
vcdi mivaRwio umaRles warmatebas yovel jerze.
jenifer hadson tomasi
armideilis umaRlesi skola, armideili,
avstralia
miuxedavad imisa, rom testebis mniSvneloba ver
ganixileba rogorc maswavleblebis, ise moswavlis
TvalTaxedviT, aman xeli ar unda SeuSalos swav-
lebas. enTuziazms didi mniSvneloba aqvs nebism-
ieri saswavlo jgufisaTvis. moswavleebis CarTva
dagegmarebaSi, gazrdis maT enTuziazms. saswavlo
amocanebi realur cxovrebasTan da moswavleebis
interesebTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.
713
 14
Tavi

standartizebuli
maswavleblis Canawerebi :
rogor moiqceodiT?
gazomva da Sefaseba

testireba
normaze orientirebuli testebis
interpretacia
kriteriumze orientirebuli
testebis interpretacia
ras niSnavs testi monacemebi?
bazisuri koncefciebi
monacemTa tipebi
testis monacemebis interpretireba

standartizebuli testebis tipebi

miRwevis testebi : ra iswavla
moswavlem?
unar-Cvevebis testebi: ramdenad
warmatebuli iqneba moswavle
momavalSi?
sadavo sakiTxebi standartizebuli
testirebaSi
pasuxismgebloba da maRali riskis
testebi
maRali riskis testebis safrTxe
da SesaZleblobebi
momzadeba testirebisaTvis
arc erTi moswavle yuradRebis
miRma: unarSezRuduli
moswavleebis daxmareba
maRali
riskis testebisaTvis momzadebaSi
axali mimarTulebebi SefasebaSi
mravalgvaroba da konvergencia
standartizebul testirebaSi
mravalgvaroba
konvergencia
Sejameba
maswavleblis Canawerebi : P
kavSirebi RAXIS IITM- Tan /
rogor moiqceodnen?

714
 rogor moiqceodiT?
wlis boloa da me-9
maswavleblis klasis saboloo miR­we­
Canawerebi vis dasadgenad tes­ti­­
rebis Catarebaa mo­­ax-
loebuli. mSoblebs wina paraskevs gaugzav­neT
angariSi, xolo orSabaTs diliT, gegmis Sed-
genisas direqtori geZaxiT. skolaSi Tqveni
ma­Tematikis klasis erT-erTi moswavlis mSo-
blebi arian mosuli, isini sTxoven direq-
tors, rom dauyovnebliv Seaxvedron CemTan da
damelaparakon. mama cnobili biznesmenia, xolo
deda _ advokati. maTma qaliSvilma maTematikis
standartizebul 11.8 testSi qula miiRo. misi
procentuli maCvenebeli rigi 98-e iyo. gogona
TqvenTan B da Sefasebebs iRebda xolme _ iSvia-
Tad asrulebda davalebas da uWirda Tqveneuli
maTematikuri koncepciis wvdoma. mas ubralod
surda scodnoda `safexurebi~, gadaeWra prob-
lema, rom daesrulebina samuSao. mravaljer
scadeT mogewviaT misi mSoblebi skolaSi, imaze
sasaubrod, Tu rogor SegewyoT gogonasaTvis
xeli, raTa ukeT eswavla, magram aqamde maT
erTxelac ver moicales.
Tqven RimiliT SedixarT direqtoris kabi-
netSi, magram moswavlis mSoblebi RimiliTve
ar gpasuxoben. rogorc ki jdebiT, mama ambobs:
`rogorc Cveni gogonas monacemebidan Cans
saSinlad cdebodiT misi Sefasebisas wlis gan-
g ikvirT, rom dabeWdili testebi, rogoricaa
kolejSi misaRebi testebi da inteleqtis
testebi, meoce saukuneSi Seiqmna? XIX sauku-
neSi da aseve XX saukunis dasawyisSi kolejSi
miReba niSnebze, esseebze da zepir gasaubrebaze
iyo damokidebuli. gamocdilebidan iciT, rom
testirebam didi gza gaiara da bevri kriti-
kac ganicada. iTxoven, rom testebi gadaxedil
iqnes, rogorc kurikulumis xelaxali Camoya-
libebisa da ganaTlebis reformis gza. am axal
ideebs am TavSi ganvixilavT.
kritikis miuxedavad, skolebi axla imaze me-
tad iyeneben standartizebul testebs, vidre
odesme, saxelmwifos moTxovnis gamo _ `arc
erTi CamorCenili bavSvi ukan~. sajaro skolebs
yovel wels afaseben moswavleTa monacemebsa da
standartizebul testebze dayrdnobiT. skole-
bi, romlebSic ar aRiniSneba `adekvaturi wli-
uri progresi~, anu matulobs im bavSvTa raode-
noba, romlebic am testebs abareben, garkveuli
uaryofiTi Sedegebis winaSe dgebian. amdenad
maswavleblebma unda icodnen am testebis Ses-
axeb. es Tavi eZRvneba moswavleTa standartize-
buli testirebebisaTvis momzadebasa da testis
Sedegebis interpretacias. informacia imis Ses-
axeb, rogor dgeba standartizebuli testebi,
mavlobaSi. Cven vfiqrobdiT, rom is ubralod
susti iyo maTematikaSi, magram axla naTelia,
rom Tqven misi sawinaaRmdego gaqvT raRac. iqn-
eb ubralod ar iciT, rogor aswavloT maTema-
tika Wkvian gogonebs.~
axla deda erTveba saubarSi da ambobs: `diax,
Tqvengan veliT, rom gadaxedavT mis saboloo
niSnebs Cveni Svilis SesaZleblobebis gaTval-
iswinebiT. faqtobrivad _ aq igi direqtorisken
ixedeba da Semdeg isev Tqvengan brundeba gi-
brundeba _ gvjera, rom mas meaTe klasSic didi
warmateba eqneba, radganac man ukve Zalian kar-
gad icis masala.~
kritikuli azrovneba
ras etyviT mSoblebs?
risi codna gWirdebaT testebis Sesaxeb, rom
Tavi gaarTvaT am situacias?
rogor miudgebiT muSaobas am bavSvTan?
ra gavlenas moaxdens zemoT CamoTvlili sa­
kiTxebi im klasebSi, romelSic unda aswav-
loT?
kolaboracia
Tqvens 3 jgufelTan erTad moawyveT am
situaciis roluri gaTamaSeba.
ra mniSvneloba aqvs realurad, rogor SeiZleba
maTi gamoyeneba, erTgvari sqamaa imaSi dasarw-
muneblad, rom testebi, romelsac iyenebT, ad-
ekvaturia.
pirvel rigSi, SevexebiT sazogadod testire-
bas, misi Sedegebis interpretirebis meTodebis
CaTvliT. Semdeg ganvixilavT gansxvavebuli ti-
pis standartizebul testebs, romlebsac sko-
lebSi iyeneben. sabolood testebsa da mis al-
ternativebs gavaanalizebT. gaivliT am Tavis,
gavlis Semdeg gecodinebaT:
rogor gamoTvloT saSualo, mediana, moda
da standartuli gadaxra?
ra aris procentuli rigi, standartuli
gadaxra, z maCvenebeli, T maCvenebeli, stani-
nis maCvenebeli?
rogor aamaRloT testis validoba da san-
dooba?
Ra informacias aZlevs miRwevis, unar-Cve­
vebisa da diagnostikuri testebis Sedegebi
maswavleblebs?
rogor movamzadoT moswavleebi (da sakuTari
Tavi) standartizebuli testebisaTvis?
ra Zlieri da susti mxareebi aqvs Sefasebis
iseT alternatiul formebs, rogoricaa
portfolioebi?
715

daukavSireT PRAXIS II™-s
da ganavrceT
kriteriumsa da normaze ori-
entirebuli testebi.
The ERIC-is daijesti, normasa
da kriteriumze orientire-
buli testireba (http://www.
ericdigests.org/1998_1/norm.
htm) aRwers miznebs, Sinaarss,
sadavo sakiTxebs am saxis
testebTan dakavSirebiT.
716
gazomva da Sefaseba
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT Tqvens erT meSvide klasel mo-
swavles uWirs standartizebuli testis ariTmetikuli nawilis ga-
keTeba. rogori iqneba Tqvens mier Sedegebis interpretireba Tu testi
kriteriumzea orientirebuli da ara normaze. pasuxi daaasabuTeT
swavleba mravalgvar msjelobas moicavs _ gadawyvetilebebis miRebas
Rirebulebebze dayrdnobiT: `unda gamoviyenoT Tu ara gansxvavebuli
teqsti wels?~ `adekvaturi iqneba Tu ara am filmis Cveneba Cemi moswav-
leebisaTvis?~ `ukeTesi xom ar iqneba jeikobisTvis, Tu is gaimeorebs
pirvel safexurs?~ `ra unda miiRos terim am proeqtSi b Tu c+?~
gazomva raodenobrivia anu esaa movlenis an Tvisebis ricxob­ri­vi
Sefaseba. gazomva monacemebis, rigis, procentebis saSualebiT gviC­
venebs ramdenad bevria, ra sixSiriT, an ramdenad kargad aris raime
Sesrulebuli. imis nacvlad, rom maswavlebelma Tqvas `saras ar esmis
sagani~, SeuZlia Tqvas: `saram 15 kiTxvidan, mxolod ors upasuxa swo-
rad.~ gazomva maswavlebels aseve saSualebas aZlevs erTi moswavlis
namuSevrebi standarts an sxva moswavlis Sesrulebas Seadaros.
maswavleblis yoveli gadawyvetileba ar moicavs gazomvas. zogier­
Ti gadawyvetileba iseT informacias eyrdnoba, romelic rTulia,
ricx­vebiT gamosaxva, aseTia: moswavlis, mSoblebisagan mowodebuli in-
formacia, wina gamocdileba, an intuiciac ki. gazomva udides rols
asrulebs gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi da rodesac sworad aris gakeTe-
buli, mas SeuZlia gadawyvetilebis misaRebad aratendenciuri monace-
mebi mogvawodos.
statistikosebi termin Sefasebas iyeneben moswavlis swavlis Sesaxeb
informaciis moZiebis procesis aRsawerad. Sefaseba ufro farTo cne-
baa, vidre testireba da gazomva, radgan igi moswavlis unar-Cvevebze,
codnaze, unarebze dakvirvebis mraval gzas moicavs. Sefaseba SeiZleba
iyos nebismieri procedura, romelic moswavlis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb in-
formaciis mosaZieblad aris gamoyenebuli (Linn & Miller, 2005). Sefaseba
SeiZleba iyos oficialuri, magaliTad, rogoricaa semestruli tes-
tebi, araoficialuri, rogoricaa dakvirveba vin aris lideri jgufur
saqmianobaSi. Sefasebis sistema SeiZleba Camoyalibebuli iyos klasis
maswavleblis an adgilobrivi Statis, erovnuli saagentoebis an gana-
normaze orientire-
buli testebi sasarge-
bloa saerTo miRw-
evebis Sesafaseblad,
Tumca SeiZleba ver
iwinaswarmetyvelos
moswavlis mzaoba
ufro rTul sakiTxebze
gadasasvlelad.
Tlebis struqturebis mier. dRes Sefaseba SeiZleba gakeTdes dakvirve-
biT, portfolioebis, artifaqtebis SeqmniT (Popham, 2005-I). am TavSi
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT oficialur Sefasebaze, romlebic Camoyali-
bebulia gareSe jgufebisa da saagentoebis mier. Cveulebriv Sefaseba
moicavs testirebasa da angariSis warmodgenas qulebis Sesaxeb.
pasuxebs, ra tipis testisac ar unda iyos isini, TavisTavad ara-
nairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, garkveuli saxis Sedarebebi unda gavake-
ToT testis Sedegebis interpretirebisaTvis. arsebobs Sedarebis ori
ZiriTadi tipi: pirveli monecemebis Sedareba im adaminTa monacemebT-
an, vinc igive testi Caabara (esaa normaze orientirebuli Sedareba),
da meore _ kriteriumze orientirebuli Sedareba. Anu Sedareba xdeba
fiqsirebul standartTan an minimalur maCvenebelTan. ra Tqma unda,
SesaZlebelia, rom erTi da imave testis monacemebi interpretirebul
iqnes rogorc normaze orientirebuli, aseve kriteriumze gzebiT.

normaze orientirebuli testebis interpretacia

normaze orientirebul testirebaSi adamianebi, romlebic asrule-
ben mas, adgenen normebs mocemuli individis maCveneblis mniSvnelobis
gansasazRvrad. SegiZliaT CaTvaloT, rom normebi Sesrulebis tipuri
donea konkretuli jgufisaTvis. individis swori pasuxebis raodeno-
bis SedarebiT normasTan, SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, es maCvenebeli am
jgufis saSualo maCvenebelze maRalia, dabali, Tu Tanabari. ganaTle-
baSi arsebobs normaluri jgufebis (Sesadarebeli jgufebi) sul mcire
sami tipi klasi an skola, raioni da zogadad nacionaluri modeli.
nacionaluri normaluri jgufebi, romlebic farTo SefasebiT progr-
amebSi arian CarTulni, erTi weli mowmdeba da Semdeg maTi monacemebi
gamoiyeneba, rogorc standarti ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. normati-
uli jgufebi dgeba ise, rom moicavdes yoveli socialur-ekonomikuri
statusis adamians. radgan maRali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis
mqone moswavleebi ufro xSirad ukeTesad asruleben standartizebul
testebs da ra Tqma unda, maRali socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
mqone raionis maCvenebeli normaze maRali iqneba.
normaze orientirebul testebi zogadi miznebis farTo speqtria
warmodgenili. isini gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia im moswavleebis zog-
adi miRwevis gasazomad, romelTac sxvadasxva gzebiT gaiares rTuli
masala. normaze orientirebuli testebi aseve gamosadegia maSin, roca
mxolod ramdenime umaRlesi qulis mqone individi SeiZleba CaerTos
programaSi.
yovel SemTxvevaSi normaze orientirebul testirebas Tavisi Sez-
Rudvebic aqvs. am testis Sedegebi verafers gansazRvravT, aris Tu
ara moswavle mzad ufro rTuli masalis saswavlad. magaliTad, imis
codna, rom algebruli konceptebis testSi moswavle yvelaze warmate-
bulTa sam procentSia, ar niSnavs imas, rom igi umaRlesi maTematiki-
saTvisac aris mzad, klasis nebismier mowafes SeiZleba uWirdes alge-
bruli konceptebis gageba.
afeqturi da fsiqomotoruli miznebisaTvis zusti Sedegebis mom-
cemi, arc normaze orientirebuli testebis gamoyenebaa imisaTvis, rom
gazomoT individis fsiqomotoruli swavla, standartebis zusti aR-
wera gWirdebaT. (skolis saukeTeso zogierT savarjiSos tanmovarji-
Sec ki ukeT akeTebs, vidre danarCenebs da specifikur meTvalyureobas
saWiroebs, raTa Tavisi Sdegebi gaaumjobesos.) afeqtur sferoSi, ati-

717
 cxrili 14.1
testebis interpretaciis ori tipi
normaze orientirebuli testebis interpretacia marTebulia maSin, rodesac:
zomavT zogad unars (Zlierebas da sisustes) konkretul sferoSi, rogoricaa, ena,
algebra, zogadi mecniereba, istoria.
afasebT unar-Cvevebs did jgufSi.
arCevT zeda adgilebis mflobel individebs, roca vakansiebis cotaa.

kriteriumze orientirebuli testebi kargad imuSavebs rodesac:

zomavT bazisur unar-CvevebSi daxelovnebis dones.
sazRvravT, arian Tu ara moswavleebi mzad axali sakiTxis dasawyebad.
afasebT afeqtur da fsiqomotorul sakiTxebs.
Darwmunebuli xarT, rom moswavleebi ar akmayofileben saswavlo standartebs.
ajgufebT moswavleebs swavlebisaTvis.

tudebi da Rirebulebebi pirovnulia; individebis Sedareba am mxriv

ar aris adekvaturi. magaliTad, rogor SeiZleba gavzomoT politikur
Rirebulebebsa da mosazrebebis `saSualo done~? da bolos, normaze
orientirebuli testi Sejibrisa da Sedarebas uwyobs xels. zogierTi
moswavle imisaTvis ibrZvis, rom sxvaze ukeTesi gamoCndes, sxvebi ki,
romlebic acnobiereben, rom saukeTesoni ver gaxdebian, imisaTvis ibrZ-
vian, rom yvelaze uaresebi iyvnen. orive mizans Tavisi xarvezi aqvs.

kriteriumze orientirebuli testebis interpretacia

daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
mSoblebisaTvis zusti ukuka-
vSiris miwodeba maswavleblis
samuSaos nawilia. rogor
fiqrobT, roca mSobels
bavSvis unar-Cvevebis Sesaxeb
esaubrebiT, Tqveni azriT ra
sjobs, normaze orientirebu-
li Tu kriteriumze orien-
tirebuli testis Sedegebis
warmodgena?
rodesac testis Sedegebis Sedareba xdeba ara sxvebis monacemebT-
an, aramed kriteriumTan an standartebTan, kriteriumze orientire-
buli testireba ewodeba. imisaTvis, rom gadawydes, vis unda hqondes
manqanis tarebis ufleba, mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros ra standartia
Sesabamisi usafrTxo mZRolebis SesarCevad. mniSvneloba ar aqvs rogo-
ria Tqveni Sedegebi sxvebTan SedarebiT. Tu testis Sedegis mixedviT
yvelaze warmatebulTa Soris xarT, magram sistematurad wiTelze ga-
dixarT, licenzias ver miiRebT, Tundac maRali qulebi gqondeT.
kriteriumze orientirebuli testebi Zalian specifikuri miznebi-
sTvisaa. amgvari testis Sedegebi zustad eubneba maswavlebels, ra
SeuZlia moswavles da ra ara, sul mcire garkveul pirobebSi mainc.
magaliTad, kriteriumze orientirebuli testebis gamoyeneba marTebu-
lia maSin, roca samniSna ricxvebis mimatebis unaris gazomva gvinda.
testSi SeiZleba Sediodes 20 sxvadasxva amocana da standartad dadg-
indes 17 swori pasuxi (standarti xSirad dausabuTebelic aris xolme
da SeiZleba emyarebodes iseT rames, rogoricaa maswavleblis molo-
dini) Tu erTi moswavle miiRebs 7 da meore ki 11 qulas, am SemTxvevaSi
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, rom erTma meoreze ukeTesi Sedegi aCvena, radgan
verc erTma ver daakmayofila standarti. orives sWirdeba damatebiTi
daxmareba.
bazisuri unar-Cvevebis swavlebaSi mravali magaliTia, sadac dadge-
nil standartTan Sedareba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre sxvebis Sedar-

718
eba SedegebTan. rogorc mSobels, ar dagakmayofilebT is faqti, rom
Tqveni Svili klasSi sxvebze ukeT kiTxulobs, roca arc erTi bavSvi
ar akmayofilebs swavlebis safexuris dones. zogjer kriteriumis dak-
mayofilebis standartebi 100% swori pasuxi unda iyos. ar gendomebaT
apendiqsis operacia im qirurgma gagikeToT, romelsac saoperacio in-
strumentebi pacientTa mxolod 10%-Si CarCenia.
kriteriumze orientirebuli testebi yovel situaciaSi ar aris
adekvaturi. mravali sagnis dayvana specifikur miznebamde SeuZle-
belia. ufro metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom standartebi Zalian mniS-
vnelovania, isini SeiZleba dausabuTebeli da axirebuli iyos. rodesac
dgindeba daeufla Tu ara moswavle samniSna ricxvebis mimatebas, 16 da
17 swor pasuxs Soris gansxvaveba rTuli dasadgenia. Znelia daadgino,
romeli standartia marTebuli. dro da dro saWiroa, gavigoT ra
do­neze arian Cveni klasis moswavleebi imave safexuris sxva klasis
moswavleebTan SedarebiT. 14.1 cxrilSi mocemulia normasa da krite-
riumze orientirebuli testebis Sedarebas. SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rom
testis TiToeuli tipi kargad ergeba garkveul situacias, magram
TiToeuls Tavisi SezRudvebi aqvs.

ras niSnavs testis monacemebi?

standartuli testebi oficialuri qaRaldis dastebia, romleb- daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da

sac skolebi moswavleebisaTvis iZenen. testebs standartuls imitom ganavrceT
standartizebuli testirebis
uwodeben, rom isini Catarebuli, daTvlili da interpretirebulia
koncefciebi (II, C5)
standartuli TvalTaxedviT _ imave mimarTulebiT, imave drois Sez-
gansazRvreT normis magaliTi,
RudvebiT es pirobebi yvelasTvis igivea (Popham, 2005-I). sakiTxebis gan-
sixSireTa ganawileba, cen-
viTarebis meTodebis, testirebis, misi Sedegebis daTvlas, monacemTa
traluri tendencia, stand-
angariSebi, standartizebuli testebis terminSi.(veraferi ver gavige,
artuli gadaxra,, normaluri
gadaamowmeT) ganawileba, sandooba da vali-
doba da maTi roli standarti-
zebul testirebaSi.
bazisuri koncefciebi
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT gamoTvaleT monacemTa am ori ri-
gis saSualo, mediana da moda:
50, 45, 55, 55, 45, 50, 50 saSualo........... mediana........... moda...........
100, 0, 50, 90, 10, 50, 50 saSualo........... mediana........... moda...........
monacemTa romel rigs aqvs meti standartuli gadaxra?

standartul testebSi xdeba testTa punqtebisa da instruqciebis

gamokvleva, raTa davrwmundeT, rom isini kargad muSaobs da Sem-
standartizebuli testebi _
deg saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba maTi xelaxla dawera da Semowme- testebi, romelTa gamoyeneba
ba. rodesac xdeba normaze orientirebuli interpretireba, testis yvela qveyanaSia SesaZlebeli.
sa­boloo versias utareben `normis magaliTs~, did jgufs, romlis tardeba ucvlel pirobebSi,
wev­rebic maqsimalurad hgvanan im moswavleebs, romelTac SemdegSi un­ ucvleli procedurebis
gavliT.
da Cautardes testireba qveynis masStabiT. normis magaliTi arian im
jgufebTan Sesadarebeli moswavleebi, romlebic abareben tests. normis magaliTi _ moswav-
testebis gamomcemlebi gvaZleven Sedarebis erT an met gzas, Ti­ leebis jgufi, romelic
To­euli moswavlis maCveneblebis rigis (swori pasuxebis raodenoba) gamoiyeneba rogorc Sesadare-
nor­mis magaliTTan Sesadareblad. ganvixiloT konceptebi, romlebze beli jgufi standartizebuli
testebis Sesrulebisas.
dayrd­nobiTac xdeba Sedareba da interpretacia.

719
daukavSireT swavlebas
/portfolios da ganavrceT
PTA Sexvedraze mSoblebi
wuxd­nen, radgan moswavleTa
nax­evarma saSualoze dabali
Sedegi aCvena miRwevis tes-
tebSi. safuZvliania Tu ara
es wuxili?
sixSireTa ganawileba _
Canaweri, romelic gviCvenebs
Tu ramdeni maCvenebeli Tavs-
deba gansazRvrul jgufSi.
histograma _ sixSireTa ga-
nawilebis grafiki.
saSualo _ saSualo ariTme-
tikuli.
centraluri tendencia _
tipuri maCvenebeli monacemTa
jgufidan.
mediana _ Sua monacemi jgufis
monacemebs Soris.
moda _ yvelaze xSiri
maCvenebeli.
sqema 14.1
sixSireTa ganawilebis histograma
es Zeluri grafiki anu histograma gviCvenebs im adamianTa raodenobas, romlebmac konkre-
tuli qula miiRo testirebisas. magaliTad, Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT naxavT, rom samma
adamianma 75, xolo samma - 85 qula miiRo.
adamianTa r-ba (Y RerZi)
720
sixSireTa ganawileba. sixSireTa ganawileba ubralo CamonaTvalia
mona­cemebisa, sadac warmodgenilia raodenoba im adaminebisa, vinc
aCvena TiToeuli qula. magaliTad, marTlweris testSi 19-ma moswavlem
daagrova es qulebi: 100, 95, 90, 85, 85, 85, 80, 75, 75, 75, 70, 65, 60, 60,
55, 50, 50, 45, 40. histograma, (grafiki), marTlweris testisa mocemu-
lia 14.1 naxazze, sadac erTi RerZi (x horizontaluri RerZi) gamosax-
avs SesaZlo qulebs, xolo meore (y vertikaluri RerZi) im adamianebis
raodenobas, vin aCvena TiToeuli es Sedegi.
mTavari tendenciisa da standartuli gadaxris gazomva. albaT xSirad
gqoniaT saqme saSualo sididis gamoTvla. saSualo, Cveulebriv, jgufis
monacemebis saSualo ariTmetikulia. imisaTvis, rom gamoTvaloT sa-
Sualo, sidide unda SekriboT monacemebi da miRebuli ricxvi gayoT mo-
nacemebis raodenobaze. magaliTad, Tu marTlweris testSi 19 monawilem
mTlianad daagrova 1340 qula, saSualo iqneba 1340/19, anu 70,53. sa-
Sualos gamoTvla erT-erTi gzaa centraluri tendenciis gasazomad.
maCvenebeli aris tipuri da mTeli ganawilebis reprezentaciuli. Zalian
maRali an Zalian dabali qulebi gavlenas axdens saSualoze.
mTavari tendenciis gazomvis ori sxva gza aris mediana da moda. me­
diana aris ganawilebis Sualeduri ricxvi, romlis erT mxares masze
naklebi qulebia, xolo meore mxares _ maRali. 19 maCveneblis mediana
aris 75. cxra maCvenebeli ganawilebaSi 75-ze meti an misi tolia da
cxrac masze naklebi. rodesac aris ramdenime Zalian maRali an ram-
denime Zalian dabali maCvenebeli, mediana SeiZleba ukeTesad warmoad-
gendes jgufis mTavar tendencias. moda aris is maCvenebeli, romelic
yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba. ganawilebas, romelic 14.1 sqemazea warmod-
genili, realurad aqvs ori moda, 75 da 85, ramdenadac TiToeuli sam-
jer meordeba. amas bimodaluri ganawileba ewodeba.
testis qulebi (X RerZi)
 mTavari tendenciis gazomva gvaZlevs monacems, romelic jgufis daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
reprezentaciulia, magram arafers gveubneba rogor aris es monace-
romel klasSi iqneba ufro
mebi ganawilebuli. ori jgufis saSualo SeiZleba orive maTganisaTvis advili maTematikis swavleba
50 iyos, amasTan sxva mxriv arafriT hgavdnen erTmaneTs. erT jgufSi A-Si Tu B-Si, Tu viciT, rom
SeiZleba iyos 50, 45, 55, 55, 45, 50, 50 maCvenebelebi. meore jgufSi ki: A klasSi saSualo = 55 stand-
100, 0, 50, 90, 10, 50, 50 _ rogorc es `SeCerdiT/dafiqrdiT/dawereT~ artuli gadaxra = 13, xolo

rubrikaSi iyo warmodgenili. am orive SemTxvevaSi, saSualoc, medianac B klasSi saSualo = 53 stan-
dartuli gadaxra = 4 (qveynis
da modac 50-is tolia, magram ganawileba sruliad sxvadasxvagvaria.
masStabiT saSualo aris 50)?
standartuli gadaxra gviCvenebs ramdenad gansxvavdeba maCvene-
(pasuxi: albaT B klasSi,
blebi saSualosgan. rac ufro didia standartuli gadaxra, miT ufro radgan miRwevis donis rangi
vrclad aris ganawilebuli maCveneblebi. da piriqiT rac ufro mcirea ar aris iseTi didi, rogorc
standartuli gadaxra, miT ufro axlosaa saSualosTan monacemebi gan- A klasSi).
lagebuli. magaliTad ganawilebaSi 50, 45, 55, 55, 45, 50, 50, standar-
tuli gadaxra bevrad naklebia, vidre am ganawilebaSi: 100, 0, 50, 90, 10,
50, 50. anu, rodesac ganawilebas Zalian mcire standartuli gadaxra
aqvs, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mas naklebi variabeloba axasiaTebs.
standartuli gadaxra Zalian advili gamosaTvlelia, Tu gaxsovT
maTematika, romelic maRal klasebSi iswavleT. Tumca mas garkveuli
dro sWirdeba. procesi saSualos gamoTvlas hgavs, magram aq kvadrat-
uli fesvis amoReba dagWirdebaT. imisaTvis, rom gamoTvaloT stand-
artuli gadaxra, unda mihyveT Semdeg safexurebs:

1. gamoTvaloT maCvenebelTa saSualo. iwereba rogorc ... X

2. gamoakloT saSualo TiToeul maCvenebels. es ase iwereba ... (X- X )
3. sxvaobebi aiyvanoT kvadratSi (Tavis Tavze gaamravloT). iwereba ase
... (X- X ) 2
4. SekriboT miRebuli sxvaobebis kvadratebi. iwereba ase ... EE (X- X )
2

5. miRebuli jami gayoT maCvenebelTa raodenobaze. iwereba ase

... EE (X- X ) 2 / (X- X )2
6. amoiRoT fesvi. iwereba Semdegnairad N ..., rac aris
kidec standartuli gadaxris formula.

jgufis maCveneblebis saSualosa da standartuli gadaxris codna

gvexmareba individis maCveneblis mniSvnelobis garkvevaSi. magaliTad, da-
vuSvaT, testSi miiReT 78 qula. es faqti Zalian gagaxarebT, Tu gecodine-
baT, rom jgufis saSualo 70-is tolia, xolo standartuli gadaxra 4-s
udris. am SemTxvevaSi Tqveni maCvenebeli saSualoze bevrad maRalia. standartuli gadaxra _
ganvixiloT gansxvaveba, Tu jgufis saSualo maCvenebeli aris 70, asaxavs, ramdenad gansxvavdeba
magram standartuli gadaxra udris 20-s. am SemTxvevaSi Tqven maCvene- maCveneblebi saSualo maCvene-
blisgan.
beli SuaSia, axlos aris jgufis saSualosTan, magram ar aris maRali.
standartuli gadaxris codna bevrad mets geubnebaT, vidre ubralod variabeloba _ saSualodan
monacemebis rangi. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, rogoria jgufis umravleso­ gadaxrisa da gansxvavebulobis
bis maCveneblebi, erTma-orma moswavlem SeiZleba Zalian maRali an Za­ xarisxi.
lian dabali qula miiRos da amiT rangi Zalian gazardos.
amplituda/gavrceleba _
manZili jgufis yvelaze maRal
normaluri ganawileba. standartuli gadaxra SesaniSnavi gzaa tes- da yvelaze dabal maCveneblebs
tis Sedegebis gasagebad. gansakuTrebiT gvadgeba maSin, roca Sedegebi Soris.
nor­malurad aris ganawilebuli. normaluri ganawileba SesaZloa ma-
normaluri ganawileba _
namdec aRmogiCeniaT. grafikulad Tu gamovsaxavT, mas zaris forma monacemTa iseTi ganawileba,
aqvs, aseTi ganawileba yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba, ramdenadac igi aRwers roca yvelaze meti maCvenebe-
Zalian bevr binebrivad mimdinare fizikur Tu socialur fenomens. lia saSualosTan axlos.

721
 sqema 14.2
normaluri ganawileba
normaluri ganawilebas anu muclis formis grafiks garkveuli
winaswarmetyveleba SeuZlia. magaliTad, qulaTa 68%-i Tavmoyrilia
1-li standartuli gadaxris farglebSi saSualoze maRali 1-li
standartuli gadaxris zemoT.

procentuli rigi

bevri maCvenebeli xvdeba SuaSi da amaRlebs grafikis Suawels. grafi-

kis `kudebSi~ ganTavsebuli monacemebi sul ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba.
normaluri ganawileba farTod aris Seswavlili statistikosebis mier.
normaluri ganawilebis saSualo misi Sua maCvenebelia. maCvenebelTa
naxevari saSualoze dabalia, meore naxevari masze maRali. normalur
ganawilebaSi saSualo, mediana da moda erTmaneTs emTxveva.
normaluri ganawilebis kidev erTi mosaxerxebeli momenti isaa, rom
grafikis yovel wertilSi cnobilia monacemTa procentuli Sefardeba,
rogorc es 14.2 sqemaze Cans. adamians, romlis maCvenebelic saSualodan 1
danayofiT aris standartulad gadaxrili, aucileblad eyoleba msgavse-
bi. am wertilSi mravali maCvenebeli iyris Tavs. faqtobrivad monacemTa
68% Tavmoyrilia SualedSi saSualodan erTi standartuli gadaxriT
zemoT da qvemoT. monacemTa 16% ufro maRalia, vidre saSualoze er-
TiT gadaxrili maCvenebeli zemoT. am maRal maCveneblebSi mxolod 2%ia
ukeTesi, vidre saSualodan 2-iT gadaxrili maCvenebeli. zustad aseve,
da­axloebiT 16%-a naklebi, vidre saSualodan erTiT gadaxrili maCvene-
beli qvemoT da am monacemebis mxolod 2%-ia uaresi saSualodan 2-iT
gadaxril maCvenebelze. nebismieri mimarTulebiT standartuli gadaxriT
ori, maCvenebeli grafiks miRmaa.
SAT kolejSi misaRebi gamocda erT-erTi magaliTia normaluri ga-
nawilebisa. SAT-is saSualo aris 500, standartuli gadaxra 100. Tu
ic­­­nobT adamianebs, romelTac daagroves 700 qula, mixvdebiT, rom
es Zalian kargi Sedegia. aseT qulas CambarebelTa mxolod 2% iRebs,
radgan monacemTa mxolod 2% moxvdeba, standartuli gadaxris meore
danayofis zemoT.

722
monacemTa tipebi
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT mSoblebTan Tqvens pirvel Sexve-
draze, mSoblebi koncentrirebulni arian, rom maTi Svilis procentu-
li rigi 86-ia. isini Tvlidnen, rom maTi Svilis Sedegebi 100 procent-
Tan axlos iqneboda. `Cven viciT, rom is SeZlebda amas, radgan misi
wliuri Sefaseba naxevari wliT uswrebs misi ganaTlebis safexurs!~
ras etyviT? esmiT maT am maCveneblebis mniSvneloba?

axla sakmarisi codna gaqvT saimisod, rom ganvixiloT monacemTa sxva­

dasxva tipebi, romlebic SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT standartizebuli testebis
SedegebSi _ monacemebSi, romlebsac, rogorc Cans, es mSoblebi ver igeben.

procentuli rigis monacemebi. rigiTobis koncepcia safuZvelia erTi

Za­lian mniSvnelovani monacemisa standartizebul testebSi. esaa pro-
centuli rigis maCvenebeli. procentul rigSi TiToeuli moswavlis
swori pasuxebis raodenobas adareben normis magaliTs. procentuli
ganawilebis rigi gviCvenebs normis magaliTis im moswavleebis procen-
tul fardobas, romlebsac konkretul moswavleze naklebi an Tanabari
raodenobis swori pasuxebi hqondaT. Tu moswavlis maCvenebeli iqneba
igive an ukeTesi normis magaliTis moswavleebis sam meoTxedze, ma-
Sin misi monacemi iqneba 75 procentul rigSi. es ar niSnavs imas, rom
moswavlem SekiTxvebis 75%-s sworad upasuxa. ricxvi 75 gulisxmobs
normis magaliTis im moswavleebis raodenobas, romlebmac am moswav-
lis msgavsad an masze uaresad Seasrules testi. procentuli rigi 50
niSnavs imas, rom moswavlem iseve an ukeTesad upasuxa testis kiTxvebs,
vidre normis magaliTis 50%-ma da miRwia saSualo maCvenebels.
14.3 naxazi mocemulia erT safrTxilo sakiTxis monacemTa interp-
retireba. gansxvaveba procentul rigSi ar niSnavs imas, rom saSuleba
gvaqvs vilaparakoT swori pasuxebis maCvenebelze skalis SuaSi. grafi-
ki gviCvenebs joanas da elisis procentul rigs gamogonil testSi
enasa da ariTmetikaSi. orive moswavles saSualo unar-Cvevebi aqvs
ariTmetikaSi. erT-erTma maTganma aCvena an gadaaWarba kidec normis
magaliTis 50%-s, xolo meorem 60%-s. ramdenadac maTi maCveneblebi
ganawilebis SuaSia, es gansxvaveba procentul rigSi swori pasuxebis
raodenobaSi mxolod mcire gansxvavebaze miuTiTebs. maTi swori pa-
suxebis maCvenebeli realurad 75 da 77-ia. enis testis SedegebSi gan-
sxvaveba procentul rigSi TiTqmis igivea, rac ariTmetikaSi, roca
erTma maTganma daikava 90-e procentili, xolo meorem 99-e adgili.
magram maT swor pasuxebSi gansxvaveba enaSi ufro didia. skalis gana-
pira mxareebSi gansxvaveba procentul rigSi ufro did gansxvavebaze
mianiSnebs swori pasuxebis raodenobaSi. enis testSi gansxvaveba swori
pasuxebis raodenobaSi daaxloebiT aTi iyo. procentuli rigi _ normad
miCneuli jgufis im wevrTa

safexuris Sesabamisi maCvenebeli. zogadad safexuris Sesabamisi procentuli raodenoba,

romelTa qulebi calkeuli
maCveneblebi calkeuli normis magaliTebisagan Seiqmneba TiToeul individis qulebis tolia an
safexurze. yoveli meaTeklaselis maCveneblebis saSualo normis mag- masze dabalia.
aliTSi gansazRvravs meaTe klasisaTvis Sesabamis maCvenebels. war-
movidginoT, rom swori pasuxebis maCveneblis saSualo meaTe klasel- xarisxis Sesabamisobis
maCvenebeli _ xarisxis donis
Ta normis magaliTSi aris 38. nebismieri moswavles, romlis swori
gazomva, romelic emyareba
pasuxebis raodenoba testSi iqneba 38, meaTe safexuris Sesabamisi TiToeuli rangis normasTan
maCvenebeli mieniWeba. Cveulebriv safexuris Sesabamisi maCvenebeli Sedarebas.

723
 sqema 14.3

procentuli rigi normaluri ganawilebis mrudze

procentul qulebs gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs skalis sxva­
dasxva adgilas. magaliTad, rigis ramdenime qulas Soris sxvaoba
saSualosTan axlos SesaZloa gviCvenebdes 10 qulian procentul
sxvaobas, maSin, roca 6 an 7 qula sWirdeba 10-quliani procentuli
sxvaobis saCveneblad skalis miRma.

qulaTa rigi
sqor pasuxTa r-ba)

procentuli rigi
joanis qulebi alisis qule- jaonis alisis
ariTmetikis bi ariTmeti- qulebi qulebi enis
testSi kis testSi enis testSi
testSi

aseT ricxvebSi gamoisaxeba: 8.3, 4.5, 7.6, 11.5 da a.S. mTeli ricxvi sa­
fexuris maniSnebelia. aTwiladebi wlis meaTedebia, anu Cveulebriv
isini interpretirebulia, rogorc Tveebi.
davuSvaT, rom moswavle, romlis safexuris Sesabamisi maCvenebeli
aris 10, meSvide klaselia. unda davawinauroT Tu ara es moswavle?
albaT ara. sxvadasxva safexurze, testis sxvadasxva formebia gamoy-
enebuli, amdenad, meSvideklaselma SesaZloa ver upasuxos im sakiTxe-
bze, romelic meaTeklaselTa testSi Sevidoda. es maRali maCvenebeli
SeiZleba masalis kargad flobasa da daxelovnebulobaze miuTiTebdes
da ara unarze, rom Semdegi safexuris masala aiTvisos. maSinac ki,
Tu saSualo meaTeklaseli iseve gaakeTebs tests, rogorc es meSvide
klaselma SeZlo Tavis testSi, am meaTeklasels imaze bevrad meti ma-
sala ecodineba, vidre es meSvideklaselis testSia Sesuli. garda ami-
sa, safexuris Sesabamisi maCveneblis erTeulebs sxvadasxva safexurze
erTnairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs. magaliTad, meore klaseli, romelic
pirvelklaselis doneze kiTxulobs ufro CamorCenil moswavled iTv-
leba, vidre is me-11 klaseli moswavle, romelic meaTeklaselis done-
ze kiTxulobs.
ramdenadac safexuris Sesabamis maCveneblebs xSirad Sehyavs Sec-
domaSi adamianebi da arasworad xdeba maTi interpretirebac, gansa-

724
kuTrebiT ki mSoblebis mxriv, mravali pedagogi da fsiqologi ambobs,
rom am maCveneblebis gamoyeneba saerTod ar unda xdebodes. arsebobs
monacemTa warmodgenis sxva formebic, romlebic bevrad ufro adek-
vaturia.

standartuli maCveneblebi. albaT gaxsovT, erT-erTi problema, rac

dakavSirebulia procentul rigTan, rigebs Soris Sedarebis gakeTeba.
swori pasuxebis raodenobis maCvenebels Soris gansxvavebas sxvadasax-
va mniSvneloba aqvs grafikis sxvadasxva adgilas. meores mxriv stand-
artuli maCveneblebis SemTxvevaSi gansxvaveba aT sakiTxSi, safexuris
TvalsazrisiT igivea grafikis nebismier wertilSi.
standartuli maCveneblebi eyrdnoba standartul gadaxras. erTi
yvelaze cnobili standartuli maCvenebeli z maCvenebelia. igi gveub-
neba swori pasuxebis maCvenebeli ramdeniT aris gadaxrili saSualo-
dan zemoT an qvemoT. magaliTSi, romelic adre aRvwereT, saubari
iyo imaze, rom sakmaod gagimarTlaT da testSi 78 qula miiReT, sa-
dac saSualo 70-is Toli, iyo, xolo standartuli gadaxra _ 4-isa, z
maCvenebeli iqneba +2 anu standartuli gadaxra 2 saSualos zemoT. Tu
am testSi romelime moswavles eqneboda 64, maCvenebeli iqneba stand-
artuli gadaxra. 15 erTeuliT saSualos qvemoT. z maCvenebeli iqneba
_1.5. misi 0 mniSvneloba niSnavs imas, rom standartuli gadaxra ar
gvaqvs da monacemi gviCvenebs, zustad saSualos emTxveva.
z maCveneblis gamosaTvlelad mocemul, swori pasuxebis maCvene­
bels unda gamovakloT saSualo da miRebuli sxvaoba gavyoT standar-
tul gadaxraze.
rigis qula - saSualo
Z=
standartuli gadaxra

radgan xSirad mouxerxebelia uaryofiTi ricxvebis gamoyeneba, am

siZ­nelis gadasalaxad sxva maCveneblebic Seiqmna. T maCvenebels aqvs sa-
Sualo 50 da standartul gadaxras iyenebs 10-is mniSvnelobiT. amdenad
50-is T maCvenebeli asaxavs saSualo Sesrulebas. Tu z maCvenebels gavam-
ravlebT 10-ze (rac abaTilebs aTwiladebs) da davumatebT 50-s (vTavi-
sufldebiT uaryofiTi rixcvebisagan), miviRebT T maCvenebels. adamians,
romlis z maCvenebeli iyo _1.5 T maCvenebeli eqneba 35-is toli.
pirvelad vamravlebT z maCvenebels 10-ze: _1.5 x 10 = _15
standartuli maCvenebeli _
Semdeg vumatebT 50-s: _15 + 50 = 35 maCvenebeli, romelic emyareba
standartul gadaxras.
SAT testis daTvla emyareba imave proceduras. saSualo aris 500,
xolo standartuli gadaxra _ 100. SeiZleba sxvadasxva saswavleblebma Z-Sefaseba _ standartuli
sxvadasxva gza gamoiyene standartuli maCveneblebis gansasazRvrad. maCvenebeli, saSualoTi 0 da
sanam Semdeg sakiTxze gadavidodeT, unda gavixsenoT kidev erTi standartuli gadaxriT 1,
farTod gavrcelebuli meTodi. esaa stanis maCvenebeli (saxelwodeba sadac +3 Zalian maRali qulaa
da -3 Zalze dabali.
miRebulia`standartuli cxridan~ _ `standard nine’-Si Semavali sityvebi,
pirveli marcvlebis SeerTeba~). stanis grafikze arsebobs mxolod
T Sefaseba _ standartuli
cxra SesaZlo maCvenebeli, mTeli ricxvebi 1-dan 9-mde. saSualo aris 5, maCvenebeli, romlis saSualo
xolo standartuli gadaxra 2. TiTeouli erTeuli 2-dan 8-mde udris udris 50 –s da standartuli
naxevar standartul gadaxras. gadaxra 10-s.
staninis maCveneblis meTodi iTvaliswinebs moswavlis rigs, ram-
staninis maCvenebeli, ste-
denadac cxra maCveneblidan TiToeuli moicavs procentuli maCvene-
nainebi _ standartuli qula,
blebis specifikur rigs normalur ganawilebaSi. magaliTad, staninis romelic gamoiyeneba 9 balian
maCvenebeli 1 ganTavsebulia monacemTa 4%-ian ganawilebaSi. Yvelaze skalaze saSualoTi 5 da stand-
dabla staninis maCvenebeli 2 Seesabameba Semdeg 7%-s. ra Tqma unda, am artuli gadaxriT 2.

725
 7%-Si zogierTi swori pasuxis maCvenebeli SeiZleba ukeTesi iyos, vi-
dre danarCenebi, magram yvela maTgani Sedis staninis maCvenebelSi 2.
staninis TiToeuli maCvenebeli swori pasuxebis maCveneblebis far-
To speqtrs. amas erTgvari upiratesoba aqvs maswavleblebisa da mSo-
blebisaTvis, raTa ufro zogadad ganixilon moswavleTa maCveneblebi,
nacvlad imisa, rom gaakeTon daskvna. mcire faqtebze dayrdnobiT. 14.4
sqemaze erTmaneTTan Sedarebulia standartuli maCveneblebis es oTxi
tipi, romlebic ganvixileT da aCvenebs, rogor aisaxeba es maCveneble-
bi normaluri ganawilebis grafikze.

testis monacemebis interpretireba

rogoria Tqveni azri? samuSao interviuze umaRles skolaSi
gekiTxebian: `rogor moaxdenT umciresobis warmomadgeneli moswav-
leebis testis monacemebis interpretirebas?~

erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli problema testebTan dakavSirebiT

maTi Sedegebis araswori interpretirebaa. es xSirad im rwmenis gamo
xdeba, TiTqos ricxvebi moswavleTa unaris zusti sazomia. sinamdvile-
Si verc erTi testi ver mogvcems zust suraTs pirovnebis unarebis
Sesaxeb. testi mxolod erTi qcevis patara nimuSia. kargi testebis
SeqmnisaTvis da maTi Sedegebis interpretirebisaTvis mniSvnelovania
sami faqtoria: sandooba, validoba da aratendenciuroba.

testis maCveneblebis sandooba. Tu standartizebul tests CaabarebT

sandooba _ kvlevis Sedegebis
mdgradoba.
or­SabaTs, Semdeg imave tests erTi kviris Semdegac CaabarebT da
orivejer erTsa da imave maCvenebels miiRebT, sakmarisi mizezi geqne-
baT ifiqroT, rom testis Sedegebi sandoa. Tu erT dRes 100 adamiani
Caabarebs tests da Semdeg isini erTi kviris Semdeg am tests kvlav
gaimeoreben, maTi Sedegebi kvlav igive iqneba ganmeorebiTac, Tqven
kidev ufro meti sababi geqnebaT imis saTqmelad, rom testis Sedegebi
sandoa. (ra Tqma unda, igulisxmeba, rom meore testamde SualedSi
adamianebi ar igeben pasuxebs da ar swavloben sakiTxebs). monacemebi
sandoa, Tu testi stabilur da mdgrad suraTs iZleva individis una-
ris Sesaxeb situaciidan situaciamde. sando Termometri erTnairad
muSaobs, erTnairad giCvenebT 100 graduss celsiusiT, roca mduRare
wylis tempertauras zomavT. sandoobis gazomvis es gza, anu testis
Sesruleba or sxvadasxva situaciaSi niSnavs stabilurobas da san-
doobas testidan testamde. Tu adamianTa jgufi asrulebs testis or
ekvivalentur versias da maCveneblebi am orive testSi SedarebiTia, es
sandoobis alternatiuli formaa.
sandooba aseve moicavs testis Sida mdgradobasa da sizustes. san-
doobis es tipi cnobilia Sinagani validobis saxeliT. igi gamoiTvleba
testis erTi naxevris Sesrulebis Sedegebis SedarebiT meore naxevr-
is Sesrulebis SedegebTan. magaliTad Tu moswavlem kargad Seasrula
testis kenti cifrebiT aRniSnuli sakiTxebi da cudad gaakeTa luwi
sakiTxebi, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sakiTxebi ar aris konsistenturi da
zusti imis gasazomad, ris gasazomadac viyenebT maT.
arsebobs sandoobis dadgenis ramdenime gza, magram yvela SesaZlo
Sedegi 0-dan 1-mde SualedSia moqceuli, rogorc korelaciis koefi-
cienti. 0.9-is sandooba zemoT iTvleba, rom Zalian maRalia, 0.8-dan

726
 sqema 14.4
standartul qulaTa oTxi tipi normaluri
ganawilebis mrudze
am sqemis gamoyenebiT SegiZliaT erTi tipis standartis meore
saxis standartad aqcioT.

0
standartuli
gadaxra
(saSualo)
Z Sefaseba
T Sefaseba

SAT
Sefaseba

staninis
maCvenebeli

1.9-mde, kargi, xolo 0/8-is qvemoT vambobT, rom testi arc ise san-
doa (Haladyna, 2002). sandoobis asamaRleblad yvelaze efeqturi gzaa
testSi damatebiTi sakiTxebis Setana. zogadad iTvleba, rom vrceli
testebi ufro sandoa, vidre mcire testebi.

Secdomebi monacemebSi. arc erTi testi ar afasebs srulyofilad im daukavSireT swavlebas/

Tvisebebsa da unar-Cvevebs, romelTa gasazomadac maT iyeneben yov- portfolios da ganavrceT
elTvis xdeba Secdomebis daSveba. aris iseTi Secdomebi, romlebic testirebaSi Secdomis
mravali wyaro arsebobs:
moswavlesTan aris dakavSirebuli, da gamowveulia magaliTad: guneba
pirovnuli (miTiTebebis
ganwyobiT, motivaciiT, testis Cabarebis unar-CvevebiT, an ubralod vergageba, avadmyofoba,
cuRlutobiT. zogjer SesaZlebelia Secdoma Tqvens sasargeblod aR- SfoTva, araswori masa-
moCndes da Tqveni maCvenebeli imaze maRali iyos, vidre es realobas lis Semowmeba);xazgasmulia
gadasvla Seesabameba, SeiZleba zustad testis win gadaxedeT ZiriTad testTan dakavSirebuli (mag.
gaurkveveli miTiTebebi,
masalas. zogjer Secdoma SeiZleba TqvenTvis arasaxarbielo iyos. mag-
gadaWarbebuli moculoba,
aliTad, avad xarT, geZinebaT an arassaTanado masalaze iyaviT kon- gadaWarbebuli sirTule);
centrirebuli. Secdomis wyaro SeiZleba Tavad tests ukavSirdebodes konteqstTan dakavSirebuli
_ miTiTiebebi ar iyos naTeli, sakiTxavi masala mizanSeuwonlad rTu- (Sejibris situacia, xmauri,
lia, sakiTxebi ki orazrovania an dro aris Zalian SezRuduli. testirebis CamtarebelTa
Secdomebi).
maCvenebeli, romlesac moswavle iRebs testSi, yovelTvis moicavs
garkveul Secdomas. rogor SeiZleba SevamciroT es Secdomebi? ro-
gorc albaT xvdebiT, es sakiTxi sandoobasTan gvabrunebs. rac ufro

727

gazomvis standartuli Sec-
doma _ maCvenebelTa cvli-
lebis hipoTeturi Sefaseba,
rasac ganmeorebiTi Semowmebi-
sas eqneba adgili.
sando intervali _ monacemTa
is rangi, romlis farglebSic
SeiZleba daiwios individis
monacemebma.
zusti qula _ Sefaseba,
romelsac moswavle miiRebda,
gazomva rom absoluturi
sizustiT da uSecdomod Cat-
arebuliyo.
validoba _ sazomi instru-
mentis xarisxi, romelic
gviCvenebs, rom is namdvilad
imas zomavs, rac evaleba.
728
testebis valido-
basa da sandoobaze
SeiZleba gavlenas
axdendes is xarisxi,
ra xarisxiTac
izomeba inteleqti,
codna, motivacia,
an cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba.
sandoa testi, miT ufro nakloebad aris mosalodneli Secdoma. stand-
artizebul testebze muSaobisas misi Semdgenlebi amas iTvaliswineben
da akeTeben Sefasebas ramdenad gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos moswav-
lis monacemi, Tu igi ganmeorebiT Seasrulebda tests. amas gazomvis
standartuli Secdoma ewodeba. amdenad, sando testi SeiZleba asec
ganisazRvros, rom esaa testi, romelsac gazomvis mcire standartuli
Secdoma aqvs. testebis interpretirebisas maswavlebelma unda gaiT-
valiswinos Secdomis farglebi.
ndobis intervali. unaris Sesaxeb azris Camoyalibebisas nurasodes
da­­eyrdnobiT moswavlis zustad im monacems, romelsac igi testSi
iRebs. testebis SemmuSaveblebi monacemebs axla sando intervalis,
anu `standartuli Secdomis farglebis~ gaTvaliswinebiT aqveyneben.
es SemosazRvravs moswavlis realur maCvenebels, rac saWiros xdis
gazomvis standartuli Secdomis gamoyenebas da saSualebas aZlevs mas-
wavlebels, gaiTvaliswinos maCvenebelTa speqtri, romelic SesaZloa
moicavdes mos­wavlis zust qulas _ maCvenebels, romelsac miiRebda mo-
swavle testi rom absoluturad zusti da uSecdomo yofiliyo.
magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom Tqveni klasis ori moswavle abarebs
standartizebul tests espanur enaSi. gazomvis standartuli Secdoma
aris 5. erTi moswavle iRebs 79-s, xolo meore 85 qulas. erTi SexedviT
es monacemebi sakmaod gansxvavebuli Cans. magram Tu gaiTvaliswinebT
standartuli Secdomis farglebs, mixvdebiT am maCveneblebs, rom ara­
marto maCveneblebi, es farglebic erTmaneTs emTxveva. pirveli mo-
swavlis namdvili maCvenebeli SeiZleba sadRac 74-sa da 84-s Soris
iyos (realur monacems 79 plus-minus standartuli Secdoma 5). xolo
meore moswavlis namdvili maCvenebeli SeiZl;eba iyos 80-sa da 90-s So-
ris. aucilebelia, gvaxsovdes standartuli Secdomis farglebi, roca
moswavleebs varCevT specialuri programebisTvis. arc erTi bavSvi ar
unda iyos uaryofili mxolod imitom, rom maTi maCvenebeli dadgenil
SesarCev maCvenebels erTi-ori quliT CamorCeba. moswavlis namdvili
maCvenebeli SeiZleba am dadgenil maCvenebelze maRali iyos.
validoba. Tu testis monacemebi sakmarisad sandoa, Semdegi sakiTxi,
romelic dRis wesrigSi dgeba, monacemTa validobaa. an ukeT rom
vTqvaT, aris Tu ara msjelobebi da gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic tes-
tze dayrdnobiT iqna miRebuli, validuri. imisaTvis, rom validuri
iyos, gadawyvetilebebi da daskvnebi, romlebic testze dayrdnobiT
miiReba, isini dadasturebuli unda iyos. es imas niSnavs, rom vali- daukavSireT kvlevas
duroba ganisazRvreba mizanTan kavSirSi, anu gadawyvetilebas zurgs da ganavrceT
Messick, S. (1995). validobis
unda umagrebdes damadasturebeli sabuTi (Linn & Gronlund, 2000; Popham,
standartebi da standartebis
2005-I). erTi konkretuli testi SeiZleba validuri iyos erTi daniS- validoba Sefasebisas. `Educa-
nulebisaTvis, magram ar iyos validuri meorisaTvis. tional Measurement: Issues and
TiToeuli msjelobisaTvis SeiZleba sxvadasxva damamtkicebeli sa­ Practice~, 14, 5-8.
buTi arsebobdes. Tu testis daniSnuleba im unar-Cvevebis gazomvaa,
romlis ganviTarebasac isaxavda miznad kursi an mocemuli erTeuli,
maSin imedi unda viqonioT, rom testis sakiTxebi Seexeba yvela mniS-
vnelovan Temas da ara gareSe informacias. Tu es piroba dakmayo-
filebulia, maSin Cven saqme gvaqvs Sinaarsobriv validobasTan. Cagi-
barebiaT odesme testi, romelic mxolod ramdenime leqcis ramdenime
ideas exeboda da mxolod ramdenime gverds saxelmZRvanelodan? aseT
SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic am testze dayrdnobiT iqne-
boda miRebuli, moklebuli iqneboda Sinaarsobriv validobas.
zogierTi testi miznad isaxavs Sedegebis prognozirebas. magali­
Tad, SAT testebi imisaTvsaa, rom movaxdinoT kolejSi warmatebis
prog­nozoreba. Tu SAT monacemebi korelirebs akademiur Sesrulebas­
Tan kolejSi, rogorc es gaizoma, vTqvaT safexuris Sesabamisi sa-
SualoTi pirvel wels, am SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs validobis kriteriumTan
dakavSirebuli argumenti xazgasmulia, rom gamoviyenoT SAT gadawy­
vetilebebis dasaSvebad.
standartizebuli testebis umetesoba Sedgenilia imisaTvis, rom
ga­zomos zogierTi fsiqologiuri Tviseba an `konstruqti~, rogoricaa
azrovneba, wakiTxulis wvdoma, miRwevis motivacia, inteleqti, kre­
atiuloba da a.S. bevrad ufro rTulia konstruqciuli validobis
uz­runvelyofa, ramdenadac es Zalian mniSvnelovani moTxovnaa da al-
baT yvelaze mniSvnelovanic. validobis konstruqciuli argumentebis
mo­Zieba wlebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs. is vlindeba monacemTa
garkveuli modelis saxiT. magaliTad, inteleqtis testebSi, ufros
bavSvebs ufro met kiTxvaze SeuZliaT gascen pasuxi vidre patarebs. es
Se­esabameba inteleqtis formirebas CvenSi. Tu saSualo 5 wlis bavSvma
imdenive kiTxvas upasuxa sworad, ramdenadac 13 wlis saSualo bavSvma,
kiTxvis niSnis qveS unda davayenoT am testiT inteleqts gazomvis nam-
dviloba. konstruqtuli validoba saxeze gvaqvs maSinac, roca testis
Sedegebi korelirebs sxva kargad organizebuli validuri instrumen-
tis SedegebTan imave konstruqtTan dakavSirebiT.
dRes bevri fsiqologi varaudobs, rom konstruqiuli validoba
yvelaze farTo kategoriaa da Sinaarsobrivi da kriteriumze dayrd-
nobili validoba meore gzaa imis dasadgenad, rom testi swored imas
zomavs, ris gasazomadac aris Sedgenili. daaxloebiT 30 wlis win sem
mesikma (1975). dasva ori mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic unda gaviT-
valiswinoT testebze dayrdnobiT gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas: aris
Tu ara testi kargi sazomi imisa, ris Sefasebasac isaxavs miznad?
unda gamoviyenoT Tu ara testi warmodgenili daniSnulebiT? pirveli
sakiTxi konstruqciul validobas exeba, xolo meore _ eTikasa da Ri-
rebulebebs (Moss, 1992).
imisaTvis, rom testi validuri iyos, sandoobis maRali xarisxic
unda hqondes. magaliTad, Tu ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi inteleqtis
testi yovel jerze erTi da imave bavSvisTvis sxvadasxva Sedegs iZl-
eva, es testi sandod ver CaiTvleba. ra Tqma unda, amave dros igi ara-
validuric iqneba, ramdenadac inteleqti stabiluri maxasiaTebelia da
drois mokle SualedSi ar icvleba. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom maRali

729

daukavSireT swavlebas/port-
folios da ganavrceT
ra mosazrebebi gaqvT bavS-
vebis testirebebTan dakav-
SirebiT?
Sefasebis tendenciuroba
_ arasamarTliani Sefaseba
moswavleTa jgufis maTi gen-
deruli, rasobrivi, eTnikuri,
socio-ekonomikuri
statusis gamo.
730
sandooba validurobis garantias ar iZleva. Tu es testi imave Sedegs
mogvcemda yovel jerze erTsa da imave bavSvTan, magram ver moaxdenda
saskolo miRwevis, swavlis tempis, an raime sxva maxasiaTeblis prog-
nozirebas, romelic inteleqtTanaa dakavSirebuli, ver vityviT, rom
testi inteleqtis WeSmariti indikatoria. testi sando iqneba, magram
ara marTebuli. rogorc Semdeg TavSi dainaxavT, sandooba da valido-
ba yovelgvari Sefasebis nawilia da es araa mxolod standartizebul
testebtan dakavSirebuli. saklaso testebi aseve unda iZleodes iseT
monacemebs, romlebic sando, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia Secdomebisa-
gan Tavisufali iqneba da zustad gamovlens imas, ris gasazomadac
aris gamoyenebuli. megzuri dagexmarebaT, rom gazardoT sandooba da
validoba testebisa, romlebsac aZlevT moswavleebs.
aratendenciuroba. Sefasebaze msjelobisas mesame mniSvnelovani krite-
riumi, aris aratendenciuroba. Sefasebis tendenciuroba `gulisxmobs
Sefasebis instrumentis Tvisebas usiamovneba miayenos an usamarTlod
moeqces moswavleebs maTi genderuli, rasobrivi, eTnikuri, socialur-
ekonomikuri an sxva raime statusis gamo~ (Popham, 2005-I). tendencia
aris testis Sinaarsis, enis an magaliTebis iseTi aspeqti, romelmac
SeiZleba gaamrudos jgufur Sesruleba _ Secvalos igi ukeTesobi-
saken an uaresobisaken. magaliTad, Tu testSi Setanilia krivTan an
fexburTTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, unda velodoT, rom am tests
biWebi ukeTesad Seasruleben, vidre gogonebi.
Sefasebis tendenciis ori formaa usamarTloba da Seuracxyofa.
magaliTad, rodesac Sinaarsi exeba sportis saxeobebs, es usamarTlo
mopyrobaa _ gogonebi SeiZleba daiCagron codnis naklebobis gamo vTq-
vaT fexburTsa da krivSi. Seuracxmyofeli mxare testisa Cndeba maSin,
roca testis SemsrulebelTa erTi jgufisaTvis SeiZleba damamcire-
beli aRmoCndes Sefaseba. damcirebuli, gabrazebuli moswavleebi ver
warmoaCenen Tavs saukeTesod.
aris Tu ara testireba inteleqtis individualuri sazomi an kole-
jSi misaRebi testebi samarTlianad Sefasebuli umciresobebis war-
momadgeneli moswavleebisaTvis? es kompleqsuri sakiTxia. kvlevebi
testebis tendenciurobasTan dakavSirebiT gviCvenebs, rom standarti-
zebuli testebis umetesoba Tanabrad iZleva kargi Sesrulebis Sesaxeb
prognozis gakeTebis saSualebas moswavleTa nebismieri jgufisaTvis.
is sakiTxebi, romlebic erTi SexedviT tendenciuri SeiZleba mogveCve-
nos umciresobis warmomadgenelTa sawinaaRmdegod, sulac ar niSnavs,
rom isini marTlac ufro rTuli iqneba maTTvis (Sattler, 2001). maSinac
ki, roca unar-Cvevebisa da miRwevis testebi ar aris tendenciuri sas-
kolo Sedegebis prognozirebaSi, bevr adamians sjera, rom isini mainc
iqneba samarTliani garkveuli jgufebis misamarTiT. testebi SeiZleba
procedurulad ar iyos samarTliani. anu SesaZloa zogierT jgufs
ar hqondes Tanabari SesaZlebloba testirebisas gamoavlines Tavisi
codna. qvemoT mogvyavs ramdenime magaliTi:
1. testisa da testis Camtareblis ena xSirad gansxvavdeba moswavlee-
bis enisagan.
2. is pasuxebi, romlebic mxars uWers saSualo fenis Rirebulebebs,
ufro maRali qulebiT fasdeba.
3. individualurad Catarebul inteleqtis testebSi, maRali qulebiT
 rekomendaciebi: sandoobisa da validobis gazrda
darwmundiT, rom testi namdvilad daswav- zustad SeasruleT testis Catarebis
lil masalas moicavs. instruqcias.

magaliTebi
1. SeadareT testis sakiTxebi kursis miznebs.
darwmundiT, rom isini erTmaneTs emTxve-
va.
2. rodesac es SesaZlebelia, gamoiyeneT ad-
gilobrivi miRwevis testebi da adgilo-
brivi normebi.
3. SeamowmeT, aris Tu ara testi sakmarisad
vrceli raTa moicvas mniSvnelovani Teme-
bi.
4. gamoavlineT, aqvT Tu ara moswavleebs
raime sirTule testis Sesrulebisas, mag-
aliTad, arasakmarisi dro, gadaWarbebuli
sirTule da a.S. Tu aseTi ram xdeba, ganix-
ileT es problemebi skolis personalTan
erTad.
darwmundiT, rom moswavleebma ician, ro-
gor gamoiyenon testis masala.
magaliTebi
1. testirebamde ramdenime dRiT adre Seadgi-
neT ramdenime savarjiSo, romelic testis
sakiTxebis nimuSi iqneba.
2. aCveneT moswavleebs, rogor unda Seav-
son pasuxis furceli, gansakuTrebiT ki
isini, romlebic kompiuteruli meTodiT
muSavdeba.
3. darwmundiT, rom axal, moridebul, Sedar-
ebiT CamorCenilsa da kiTxvis problemebis
mqone moswavleebs esmiT sakiTxebi.
4. darwmundiT, rom moswavleebs esmiT, sad
unda gamoTqvan sakuTari mosazrebebi.
magaliTebi
1. gavarjiSdiT mis CatarebaSi, sanam realu-
rad miscemdeT davalebas moswavleebs.
2. zustad daicaviT dawesebuli drois limi-
ti.
SeuqmeniT moswavleebs maqsimaluri
komforti testirebisas.
magaliTebi
1. nu aaforiaqebT moswavleebs imis TqmiT,
rom testi wlis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
movlenaa.
2. daexmareT bavSvebs moeSvan, sanam test-
sirebas daiwyebT, SeiZleba exumroT an
mouwodoT, rom Rrmad amoisunTqon. Ta-
vadac nu iqnebiT daZabuli.
3. darwmundiT, rom oTaxi, sadac testireba
mimdinareobs myudroa.
4. SeamcireT cuRlutobisa da daudevrobis
albaToba akontroleT oTaxi. nu Caeflo-
biT Tqvens samuSaoSi.
gaxsovdeT, rom arc erTi testis Sedegebi
ar aris srulyofili.
magaliTebi :
1. monacemebis interpretireba moaxdineT mo­
nacemTa mTeli arealisa da ara erTi konk­
retuli cifris gaTvaliswinebiT.
2. yuradReba ar miaqcioT monacemebSi mcire
gansxvavebebs.

damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:

http://seamonkey.ed.asu.edu/`alex/teaching/assessment/reliability.html
http://www.fairtest.org/

fasdeba maRali verbaluroba da bevri laparaki. es ukeTes piro-

bebSi ayenebs im moswavleebs, romlebic aseTYsituaciebSi Tavs kom-
fortulad grZnoben.
testebi SeiZleba ar iyos samarTliani, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia
gansxvavebul jgufebs im masalis swavlis sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba
hqondes, romelic mowmdeboda. sakiTxebi, rogorc wesi, exeba xolme

731

daakavSireT da ganavrceT
Tqvens swavleba / portfo-
liosTan mimarTebaSi
CanarTis _ `rekomendaciebi~
_ gamoyenebiT, romelic
exeba testisaTvis momzade-
bas. Tqveni moswavleebisaTvis
SeimuSaveT testis Cabarebis
Sesaxeb miTiTebebi.
daukavSireT PRAXIS II™-s
da ganavrceT
standartizebuli testebis
tipebi
maswavleblebi, swavlebis
specialistebi, skolis
fsiqologebi testebis farTo
speqtrs iyeneben. ganasxvaveT
erTmaneTisagan miRwevis, di-
agnostikuri da unar-Cvevebis
testebi. aRwereT TiToeulis
daniSnuleba.
standartizebuli testebis tipebi
kulturisgan Tavisufali
testi _ testi, romelic ar
aris tendenciuri sxvadasxva
kulturebTan mimarTebaSi.
732
iseT faqtebsa da gamocdilebas, romelic dominanturi kulturisaTvis
aris nacnobi da ara umciresobisaTvis. ganvixiloT meoTxeklaselTa
testis es sakiTxi, romelic pofemma aRwera (2005-I):
Cemi biZis muSaobis are kompiuteruli daprogramebaa.
daakvirdiT CamoTvlil winadadebebs da gansazRvreT, romelSi aqvs
sityva `sferos~ igive mniSvneloba, rac hqonda mocemul winadadebaSi?
A. softbolis Camwodebelma icis, ra are daikavos pozicia.
B. maT moamzades are morwyes da moxnes igi.
C. me vici is ra ganxriTac vgegmav kolejis damTavrebas.
D. eqimma kedlis Carti gamoiyena, raTa Seemowmebina Cemi
mxedvelobis are.
aseTi tipis sakiTxebi TiTqmis yvela standartizebul testSi Sedis.
magram yvela ojaxSi ar aRweren sakuTar saqmes, rogorc `sferos~. Tu
Tqveni mSoblebis profesia ukavSirdeba kompiuters, medicinas, samar-
Tals, ganaTlebas, maSin mixvdebiT, ras gulisxmobs aq `sfero~. magram
Tu isini sasursaTo maRaziaSi muSaoben an manqanebs aremonteben? aris
ki es sferoebi? gamodis, rom klasis miRma cxovrebiT zogierTi mo-
swavle mzad aris am sakiTxisaTvis, zogierTi ki ara.
kulturalurma tendenciebma ubiZga fsiqologebs testirebaSi gan-
eviTarebinaT kulturalurad samarTliani anu kulturisagan Tavi-
sufali testebi. Tumca am mcdelobas didi warmateba ar mohyolia.
Zalian bevr am e.w. kulturisagan damoukidebel testSi dabali so-
cialur-ekonomikuri statusis mqone moswavleebisa da sxvadasxva eT-
nikuri jgufebis miRwevebi igive an uaresi iyo standartul veqslerisa
da bines inteleqtis skalebSi (Sattler, 2001). rogor ganacalkevebT kul-
turas kogniciisagan? nebismieri moswavlis swavla emyareba mis kul-
turas da testis yoveli sakiTxi garkveuli saxis kulturaluri cod-
nidan gamomdinareobs.
dRes standartizebuli testebis umetesoba yuradRebiT mowmdeba,
rom masSi ar aRIniSnebodes tendenciuroba, magram maswavlebleTa mier
Sedgenili testebic aseve SeiZleba tendenciuri iyos. saWiroa, maswav-
lebelma, gansakuTrebiT ki, axalbeda maswavlebelia kolegebs sTxovos
testis gadaxedva (Popham, 2005-I). megzuri daexmareba Tqvens moswav-
leebs testebis CabarebaSi.
dRes skolebSi standartizebuli testebis sxvadasxva tipi gamoi-
yeneba. Tu ginaxavT moswavleTa piradi saqmeebi, romlebic moicavs
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi testirebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb Canawerebs,
gecodinebaT, rom bavSvebis testirebis mravali gza arsebobs. stand-
artizebuli testebis sami farTo kategoria gvxvdeba: esaa miRwevis,
diagnostikuri da unarebis testebi (interesis CaTvliT). rogorc mas-
wavlebeli, yvelaze xSirad miRwevisa da unarebis testebs SexvdebiT.
rekomendaciebi: rogor gavxdiT testirebis eqspertebi
nayofierad gamoiyeneT testirebis wina saRamo.
magaliTebi
1. gamocdis wina saRamos imecadineT, SeajameT
sakvanZo sakiTxebi, konceptebi da mimarTebebi.
2. kargad gamoiZineT RamiT. Tu iciT, rom zoga-
dad gamocdis wina Rames ver iZinebT xolme,
SeecadeT meti iZinoT wina dReebSi.
SeiqmeniT iseTi pirobebi, rom moaxerxoT testze
koncentrireba.
magaliTebi
1. sanam gamocdaze waxvidodeT, kargad danayr-
diT.
2. ar dajdeT megobarTan axlos. aman SeiZleba
koncentrirebaSi xeli SegiSaloT. Tu Tqveni
megobari adre morCeba, SeiZleba aman Tqvenzec
imoqmedos da aCqardeT testi daasruloT.
darwmundiT, rom gesmiT, ras gTxoven testSi.
magaliTebi
1. yuradRebiT waikiTxeT miTiTebebi. Tu darw-
munebuli ar xarT, rom gesmiT, daazusteT in-
struqtorTan.
2. yuradRebiT waikiTxeT yvela kiTxva, raTa kar-
gad gaigoT eSmakuri, damabneveli sityvebi, ro-
goricaa: ara, gamoricxeT, yvela movlena, da
a.S.
3. gamocdaze, sadac vrclad werilobiT unda gas-
ceT pasuxi kiTxvebs, jer yvela kiTxva waikiTx-
eT, raTa icodeT ra moculobis samuSao gaqvT
da miiRoT gadawyvetileba, ra dro SegiZliaT
dauTmoT TiToeul kiTxvas.
4. Tu testebSi, pasuxebi ramdenime alterna-
tividan unda SearCioT, yuradRebiT waikiTxeT
TiToeuli alternativa, Tundac mogeCvenoT,
rom pirvelia swori.
gamoiyeneT dro nayofierad.
magaliTebi
1. maSinve daiwyeT muSaoba da swrafad imuSaveT,
sanam didi energia gaqvT.
2. Tavdapirvelad advili sakiTxebi gaakeTeT.
3. ar CaacivdeT erT sakiTxs. Tu romelime sakiTxze
pasuxis gacema gagiWirdaT, moniSneT es sakiTxi
da Semdeg miubrundiT, roca sxva ufro martiv
sakiTxebs upasuxebT.
4. Tu iciT, mraval alternativis an testze sa-
pasuxod, rom dro ar geyofaT, darCenil
sakiTxebSi nebismieri varianti SemoxazeT, Tuki
ar arsebobs sasjeli alalbedze SemoxazvisaT-
vis.
5. Tu dro ar geyoT werilobiT testze pasuxis ga-
sacemad, nu datovebT grafas cariels, mokled
CawereT ZiriTadi sakiTxi, rac daanaxebs mas-
wavlebels, rom icodiT pasuxi, magram dro ar
geyoT mis vrclad dasawerad.
unda icodeT, rodis SemoxazoT varaudiT swori
pasuxi mravali alternativisa da WeSmariteba-
mcdarobis testSi.
magaliTebi
1. yovelTvis unda mixvdeT, Tu mxolod jamdeba
swori pasuxebi.
2. alternativebis Semcirebis kvalobaze pasuxi
uf­ro gagiadvildebaT.
3. nu SemoxazavT pasuxs alalbedze, roca amisaT-
vis dawesebulia sasjeli da logika sarwmunod
ar migaCniaT.
4. yovelTvis grZelia swori pasuxebi? mokle? Sua-
Sia moqceuli? erTi da imave asoTia aRniSnuli?
ufro xSirad WeSmaritia, vidre mcdari?
5. gramatikis codana swori pasuxebis mignebaSi
gexamrebaT, an amcirebs alternativebis raode-
nobas?
SeamowmeT Tqveni namuSevari.
magaliTebi
1. maSinac ki gadaavleT Tvali ganmeorebiT kiTx-
vas, gaxedvac ar gindodeT misken, raTa dar-
wmundeT, rom ise upasuxeT, rogorc fiqrob-
diT.
2. Tu meqanikurad Tvladi pasuxebisa Sesavsebi,
SeamowmeT da darwmundiT, rom kiTxvis nomeri,
romelsac pasuxobT, Seesabameba pasuxis nomers
furcelze.
tests, romelsac werilobiT pasuxobT, ramdena-
dac SesaZlebelia, pirdapir upasuxeT
magaliTebi
1. Tavi aarideT vrcel Sesavali pirvelive wi-
nadadebiT upasuxeT kiTxvas da Semdeg ga-
navrceT.
2. Tqveni saukeTeso ideebi ar SemoinaxoT bo-
losTvis, pasuxis dasawyisSive dawereT.
3. Tu maswavlebeli ar iTxovs srul pasuxebs, gaa-
keTeT ZiriTadi sakiTxebis, argumentebisa da
a.S. CamonaTvali. es dagexmarebaT mosazrebebi
kargad CamoayaliboT da koncentrireba moaxdi-
noT pasuxis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze.
iswavleT gamocdilebidan.
magaliTebi
1. yuradReba miaqcieT, roca maswavlebeli mimoix-
ilavs pasuxebs. SegiZliaT iswavloT sakuTar
Secdomebze. gaiTvaliswineT igive kiTxva Sei-
Zleba momavalSic SegxvdeT.
2. daakvirdiT, xom ar gaqvT raime problema
konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. Tu es asea,
SemdegSi am Temas ufro met yuradRebas mi-
aqcevT.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.eop.mu.edu/study/ an
http://www.testtakingtips.com/
733
standartizebuli testebi,
romlebic ganaTlebaSi
gamoiyeneba, ZiriTadad sami
kategoriisaa: miRwevis, diag-
nostikuri da unar-Cvevebisa
(interebis CaTvliT).

daukavSireT kvlevas da
ganavrceT
Turner, M. D., Baldwin, L.,
Kleinert, H. L. & Kearns, J. F.
(2000). kavSiri unarSezRuduli
moswavleebis alternatiuli
miRwevis testebi: ra iswavla moswavlem?
Sefasebisa swavlebis efeq-
turobis sxva sazomebTan. SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT SexedeT amonarids testidan 14.5.
Journal of Special Educa- naxazze ra aris am moswavlis Zlieri susti mxareebi da? saidan iciT?
tion, 34, 69-76.

standartizebuli testebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma aris

daakavSireT da ganavrceT
PRAXIS II™-Tan mimarTebaSi
miRwevis testebis interpre-
tireba
maswavleblisTvis zusti
infromaciis qona arsebiTia
moswavlis akademiuri pro-
gresisaTvis. The ERIC Digest,
`testis Sedegebis ganmarteba
mSoblebisaTvis~ (http://www.
ericdigests.org/pre-9210/parents.
htm) dagexmarebaT am amocanis
SesrulebaSi.
miRwevis testebi. maTi daniSnulebaa gazomos, ramdenad iswavla
moswavlem konkretuli sfero, magaliTad, wakiTxulis wvdoma, enis
gamoyeneba, angariSi, mecnierebebi, socialuri disciplinebi, maTema-
tika, logikuri azrovneba. arsebobs miRwevis testebi, rogorc indi-
videbisaTvis, aseve jgufebisaTvis. am testebs sxvadasxva sandooba
da validoba aqvs. jgufuri testebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT situaciis
gacxadebisaTvis, gamovavlinoT, romel moswavles sWirdeba ufro meti
mecadineoba. es testebi SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos miRwevis donis
mixedviT moswavleTa dajgufebas. individualuri miRwevis testebi
ufro zustad gansazRvravs moswavlis akademiur dones da gvexmareba
gamovavlinoT problema, romelmac Tavi iCina swavlebisas.

normaze orientirebuli miRwevis testis informaciis gamoyeneba. ra

daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
Tu xeli migiwvdebaT sakuTar
nawerebze, aiReT Tqveni
Cabarebuli standartizebuli
testebis aslebi da moaxdineT
monacemTa interpretireba,
TiTqos Tavad xarT sakuTari
Tavis maswavlebeli.
miRwevis testebi _ spe-
cialistebis mier Sedgenili
standartizebuli testebi,
romlebiTac izomeba, ramdenad
kargad daeufla moswavle mo-
cemul sferos-weras, kiTxvas,
maTematikas da a.S.
specifikuri informacia SeiZleba miiRos maswavlebelma miRwevis tes-
tis SedegebiT? testebis Semdgenlebi TiToeuli moswavlisaTvis uSve-
ben individualur formas, sadac iwereba TiToeuli subtestis mona-
cemi. 14.5 sqema individualuri formis magaliTia meoTxeklaseli ken
jonsisaTvis. am formas ori gverdi aqvs. pirveli gverdi (moswavlis
prezentacia) asaxavs moswavlis daxelovnebas sxvadasxva miswrafebeb-
Si (unar-CvevebSi) kiTxvaSi, enaSi, maTematikaSi, mecnierebasa da so-
cialur disciplinebSi. magaliTad, kiTxvaSi moiazreba zogadi wvdoma,
teqstis analizi, mniSvnelobis Sefaseba, kiTxvis strategiebi. Semdeg
TiToeuli unar-CvevisaTvis mocemulia gansxvavebuli gzebis warmod-
genis kenis skalaze.
moswavlis swori pasuxebis maCvenebeli/OPI maCvenebeli: pirvel
svetSi, romelsac aweria `moswavle~, miTiTebulia sworad gacemuli
pasuxebis raodenoba.
erovnuli OPI: saSualo OPI maCvenebeli qveynis masStabiT.
sxvaoba: sxvaoba moswavlis maCvenebelsa da erovnul saSualos Soris _
moswavle erovnul saSualoze maRla dgas Tu dabla da ramdeniT?

734
saSualo daxelovneba: aCvenebs saSualo xarisxis daxelovnebas am
miz­nisaTvis. teqstis analizisaTvis diapazoni 52-dan 75-mdea da kenis
qula am diapazonis zemoT dgas.
OPI grafa: grafis marjvena mxares, mTlianad gaferadebuli wre aRniS-
navs maRal daxelovnebulobas, sanaxevrod gaferadebuli wre saSu-
alo daxelovnebulobas, xolo carieli wre miuTiTebs dabal daxe­
lovnebulobaze.

meore gverdze (normaze orientirebuli maCveneblebi), kenis mona-

cemebi Sedarebulia 2000 wels Catarebuli erovnuli standartizaciis
magaliTis moswavleebis maCveneblebTan.
skaluri maCvenebeli: mTavar maCvenebels, romlisganac gamomdinare­obs
yvela sxva maCvenebeli, zogjer zrdis maCvenebels uwodeben, ramde-
nadac igi gviCvenebs miRwevaSi zrdas, rac bunebrivad xdeba, roca
moswavle klasidan klasSi gadadis. magaliTad, mesameklaselis saSu-
alo maCvenebeli SeiZleba iyos 585, meaTeklaselis saSualo maCvene-
beli ki _ 714-s testSi, romlis SesaZlo maCvenebli SeiZleba meryeob-
des 0-dan 1000-mde. xSirad monacemebis daTvlisas xdeba sakiTxebis
sirTulis gaTvaliswineba. skolebi sul ufro xSirad iyeneben am
maCvenebels, ramdenadac maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva
klasebis, safexurebis, an skolebis Sedareba (Popham, 2005a).
safexuris Sesabamisi maCvenebeli: migviTiTebs, rom kenis skaluri
maCvenebeli Seesabameba saSualo moswavlis maCvenebels skolis am
safexursa da am TveSi. gaixseneT problemebi, romlebic dakavSire-
bulia safexuris Sesabamis testebTan.
erovnuli stanini aris kenis staninis maCvenebeli, damyarebuli erovnu-
li normis magaliTis Sesadarebel jgufze.
erovnuli procentuli maCvenebeli: gveubneba, sad Tavsdeba kenis
maCvenebeli amave safexuris moswavleebTan mimarTebaSi qveynis far-
glebSi.
erovnuli procentuli maCveneblis rigi: erovnuli procentuli maC­
veneblebis rigi, sadac savaraudod moxvdeba kenis maCvenebeli. al-
baT gaxsovT namdvili maCveneblebis Sesaxeb Cveni msjelobidan, rom
es rigi anu ndobis intervali, ganisazRvreba kenis mier realurad
miRebuli maCveneblisaTvis testis standartuli Secdomis mimate-
biTa da gamoklebiT. arsebobs 95%-iani Sansi imisa, rom kenis namd-
vili maCvenebeli am rigSi moxvdeba.

diagnostikuri testebi: ra aris moswavlis Zlieri da susti mxa-
reebi? miRwevis testebi, rogorc standartizebuli, ise maswavleblis
mier Sedgenili, avlens sisusteebs akademiur SinaarsSi, magaliTad,
maTematikaSi, angariSSi, kiTxvaSi. individualurad Catarebuli diag-
nostikuri testebi avlens sisusteebs (xazgasmulia) swavlis proces-
Si. Tu maswavleblebs surT gamoavlinon swavlasTan dakavSirebuli
specifikuri problemebi, maT mouwevT gadaxedon sxvadasxva diagnos-
tikuri testis Sedegebs, romlebic swored am procesebis Sesafase-
blad aris Sedgenili. diagnostikur testebs moswavleebs individu-
alurad utarebs specialurad amisTvis gawvrTnili profesori. mizani diagnostikuri testebi _ indi-
Cveulebriv moswavlis specifikuri problemebis gamovlenaa. arsebobs vidualuri gamoyenebis testebi,
diagnostikuri testebi, romlebic afasebs bgerebi erTmaneTisagan ga- romlebic emsaxurebian spe-
cialuri saswavlo problemebis
nasxvavebis, damaxsovrebis warmoTqmuli sityvebisa an winadadebebis,
identifikacias.

735
sqema 14.5

wyaro: Individual Profile Report from TERRANOVA, The Second Edition. Published by McGraw-
Hill. Copyright © 2001 by McGraw-Hill. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

simboloebTa mimdevrobis gaxsenebis, gamoxatvis mimarTebebis, moax-

dino Tvalisa da xelis moZraobis koordinaciis, sagnebis zepirad aR-
weris, SeerTebis bgerebis sityvvebad, suraTSi detalebis amoicnobis,

736
moZraobis koordinaciisa, da kidev bevr sxva unars, romelic saWiroa
swavlis procesSi, damaxsovrebaSi, naswavlis gamovlenaSi. dawyebiTi
skolis maswavleblebi ufro met informacias miiReben diagnostikuri
testebidan, vidre saSualo klasebis maswavleblebi. maRali klasebis
moswavleebi, Cveulebriv, unar-Cvevebis testebs abareben.

daakavSireT swavlebas/port-
folios da ganavrceT
unar-Cvevebis testebi: ramdenad warmatebuli airCieT partniori, raTa

iqneba moswavle momavalSi?

gaiTamaSoT maswavleblisa da
mSoblis Sexvedra. maswav-
lebelma unda moaxdinos
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT monacemTa interpretireba
gaixseneT kolejSi misaRebi ga- mSoblisaTvis da gamoitanos
mocdebi. ra testi SeasruleT? rogor moemzadeT? gagakvirvaT sa- daskvnebi; misces mSobels
kuTarma maCvenebelma? ras gaakeTebdiT rom daxmarebodiT Tqvens mo- rekomendaciebi bavSvis
swavles amave tipis testisaTvis momzadebaSi? momavali ganaTlebis Ses-
axeb. mSobeli Tavisuflad
miRwevisa da unar-Cvevebis testebi zomavs ganviTarebul unars. unda usvamdes maswavlebels
miR­wevis testebi SeiZleba zomavdes rogorc drois mokle periodSi SekiTxvebs interpretirebasa
ganviTarebul unarebs, magaliTad, erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi naswavli da rekomendaciebTan dakav-
SirebiT.
rukis kiTxvas, aAseve drois xangrZliv SualedSi, magaliTad, semestris
ganmavlobaSi naswavl unars. uUnar-Cvevebis testebi zomavs unarebs, mesameklaseli teri, monace-
romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda da axdens imis prognozire- mebi emyareba nacionalur,
bas, ramdenad warmatebuli iqneba moswavle momavalSi ucnobi masalis saxelmwifoSi miRebul
aTvisebaSi. udidesi gansxvaveba am ori tipis tests Soris isaa, rom normas.
maTematikuri gamoTvlebi: 6.0
maT sxvadasxva daniSnuleba aqvs. miRwevis testebi zomavs saboloo
(safexuris Sesabamisi maCvene-
Seddegs (da SeiZleba aniWebdes qulebs), unar-Cvevebis testebis Sede- beli)
gebs ki prognozirebas, ramdenad kargad daZlevs adamiani konkretul maTematikuri azrovneba: 3.5
programas, rogoricaa koleji an profesiuli saswavlebeli (Anastasi, (safexuris Sesabamisi maCvene-
1988). beli)
leqsikonis kiTxva: 85 pro-

IQ da sqolastikuri unari. meoTxe TavSi ganvixileT unar-Cvevebis centi

wakiTxulis wvdoma: 53 pro-
erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili testi _ inteleqtis testi, romelsac in- centi
teleqtis tests, rogorc ukve viciT, SeiZleba sqolastikuri unaris jgufuri IQ maCvenebeli: 79
testi vuwodoT. axla roca ukve iciT standartuli gadaxris cneba, (testi Cabarebul iqna teris
SeZlebT SeafasoT testis ramdenime statistikuri Tavisebureba. mag- dabadebis dRis win)

aliTad, IQ maCvenebeli standartuli maCvenebelia, 100 saSualoT da

meaTeklaseli bobi, monace-
15 an 16standartuli gadaxriT, es damokidebulia testze. amdenad, mebi emyareba adgilobriv
generaluri populaciis 68%-s eqneba maCvenebeli saSualodan +1 da normas.
_1 standartuli gadaxriT, anu 85-dan 115-mde. maTematikuri gamoTvlebi: 5
mcire gansxvaveba ori moswavlis IQ maCvenebels Soris saTvalavSi (staninis maCvenebeli)
maTematikuri azrovneba: 4
misaRebi ar aris. monacemebi 90-dan 109-mde saSualos farglebSi jde-
(staninis maCvenebeli)
ba. faqtobrivad, 80-dan 119-mde monacemebi ganixileba, rogorc dabali
leqsikonis gamoyeneba: 53 (T
saSualodan maRal saSualomde speqtri. imisaTvis, rom vnaxoT ra saxis maCvenebeli)
problemebi SeiZleba gaCndes, ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi: wakiTxulis wvdoma: 38 (T
maCvenebeli)
mSobeli: Cven movediT, raTa dagelaparakoT dRes, radgan Sokire-
individualuri inteleqtis
bulebi varT Cveni vaJis IQ maCveneblis gamo. arc ki testi: 125
gvjera, rom man 99 qula miiRo, maSin, roca mis das bev-
rad maRali Sedegi hqonda imave testSi. arada, viciT, unarebis Sesamowmebeli
rom isini erT doneze arian faqtobrivad, sems ukeTesi testebi _ testebi, romle-
bic afasebs moswavlis zogad
niSnebi aqvs, vidre lorens hqonda me-5 klasSi.
da specifikur unarebs da
maswavlebeli: ra maCvenebeli hqonda lorens? saSualebas iZleva viwinaswarm-
mSobeli: mas bevrad ukeTesi Sedegi hqonda. man 103 qula etyveloT moswavlis momavali
daagrova. saqmianoba.

737
 rekomendaciebi: testebis Sedegebis axsna da gamoyeneba
moemzadeT, rom ojaxis wevrebs TiToeuli
monacemi araprofesiuli terminebiT ganum-
artoT.
magaliTebi
1. Tu testi normazea orientirebuli, gaark-
viT, Sesadarebeli jgufi nacionaluri iyo,
Tu adgilobrivi. ganumarteT, rom bavS-
vis maCvenebeli gviCvenebs mis Sesrulebis
mimarTebas Sesadarebeli jgufis sxva mo-
swavleebis Sesrulebis mimarTebasTan.
2. Tu testi kriteriumzea orientirebuli,
ganumarteT, rom maCvenebeli gviCvenebs,
ramdenad aqvs bavSvs aTvisebuli mocemu-
li sfero.
Tu testi normazea orientirebuli, yur-
adReba gaamaxvileT procentul maCvene-
blebze, isini yvelaze advili gasagebia.
magaliTebi
1. ganumarteT, rom procentuli maCveneble-
bi migviTiTebs Sesadarebeli jgufis mo-
swavleTa ramdenma procentma miiRo igive
an ufro dabali maCvenebeli. maRali pro-
centi ukeTesia da 99 aris yvelaze maRali
maCvenebeli, rac SeiZleba miiRos moswav-
lem; 50 saSualoa.
2. SeaxseneT mSoblebs, rom procentuli
maCvenebeli ar miuTiTebs swori pasuxebis
raodenobaze, amdenad maCvenebeli, ro-
melic SeiZleba arcTu ise kargia sak-
laso testSi (vTqvaT 65% an 75%) saSua-
loze maRla dgas da rogorc procentuli
maCvenebeli kargicaa.
Tavi aarideT safexuris Sesabamis
maCveneblebs.
magaliTebi
1. Tu mSobels surs yuradReba gaamaxvilos
Tavisi Svilis safexuris doneze, uTxariT,
rom safexuris Sesabamisi maRali maCvene-
beli asaxavs mimdinare safexuris dones
da ara unars, rom bavSvi ufro maRali
donis masalis aTvisebas SeZlebs.
2. uTxariT mSoblebs, rom erTi da imave
safexuris Sesabamis maCvenebels gansxvave-
buli mniSvneloba aqvs sxvadasxva saganSi.
gaacnobiereT Secdoma testirebaSi.
magaliTebi
1. mSoblebma unda gaiTvaliswinon ara erTi
konkretuli ricxviTi maCvenebeli, aramed
is farglebi, romelSic Sedis es maCvene-
beli.
2. yuradReba ar miaqcioT maCvenebleblis
mcire gansxvavebulobas.
3. xazi gausviT, rom zogjer individis unar-
Cvevebi kriteriumze orientirebul tes-
tebSi mcire raodenobis sakiTxebiT izome-
ba. SeadareT testis maCveneblebi klasis
realur samuSaos imave sferoSi.
gamoiyeneT Sexvedris dro imisaTvis, rom
dagegmoT bavSvis mizani, romelsac ojaxSic
Seuwyoben xels.
magaliTebi
1. mSoblebs uCveneT sakiTxi, romelic iden-
turi iqneba testSi Semavali sakiTxebisa,
raTa gaigon, ras akeTebs maTi Svili ad-
vilad da ra uWirs.
2. mSoblebTan erTad mzad iyaviT imisaT-
vis, rom miznad daisaxoT bavSvebTan mniS-
vnelovani unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba.
damatebiTi ideebisaTvis ixileT:
http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=&n=1

cxadia, rom dis da Zmis monacemic saSualos farglebSia. ramdena-

dac gazomvis standartuli Secdoma WISC-IV-Si (veqsleris inteleqtis
skala bavSvebisaTvis, meoTxe gamocema) erTi asakidan meoremde mcired
icvleba, saSualo standartuli Secdoma aris daaxloebiT 3. amdenad,
monacemTa farglebi 96-dan 102-mde da 100-dan 106-mde semisTvisac da
lorenisTvisac _ erTmaneTs emTxveva. bavSvs SeiZleba mieRo 100, 101
an 102 qulac.

738
 daukavSireT swavlebas /
testis Sedegebis ganxilva ojaxis wevrebTan. dro da dro Tqven mogi- portfolios da ganavrceT
daumateT am Tavidan ideebi
wevT testis Sedegebis axsna ojaxis wevrebisaTvis. megzuri ojaxis da
mSoblebis CarTvis Sesaxeb.
erTobis partniorobis megzuri SemogTavazebT ramodenime ideas.

sadavo sakiTxebi standartizebuli testirebaSi

rogoria Tqveni azri?

dawyebiTi skolis Sesaxeb samuSao interviusas gekiTxebian: `ra daakavSireT PRAXIS II™-s da
unda gavakeToT imisaTvis, rom am skolaSi testebis maCveneblebi ganavrceT
standartizebuli testebi:
gavzardoT, raTa mivaRwioT Cens adekvatur adreul progress?~
mTavari sakiTxebi
standartizebul testebTan
rac maxsovs, pedagogebi koncentrirebuli arian amerikeli moswav- dakavSirebiT skolebSi Ta-
leebis Sedegebze. 1983 wels, ganaTlebis srulyofis erovnulma komisi- vidanve, arsebobs mravali
am gamoaqveyna `eri riskis winaSe: ganaTlebis reformis brZaneba.~ am winaaRmdegoba. gaecaniT
mTavar sakiTxebs, romlebic
angariSis mixedviT standartizebuli testebis maCveneblebi 25 wliT
xazs usvams am sawinaaRm-
CamorCeboda. ufro adre, politikosebi miuTiTebdnen maTematikisa da dego mosazrebebs. ganmar-
mecnierebis mesame saerTaSoriso Seswavlaze, romelic aCvenebda, rom teT dapirispirebul banakTa
SeerTebuli Statebi sxva qveynebs CamorCeboda maTematikisa da mec- poziciebi.
nierebis testebis monacemebiT. amis sapasuxod, daiwyo ufro masobri-
vi testirebebi. 2002 wels prezidentma buSma xeli moawera aqts `arc
erTi CamorCenili bavSvi~, romelic moiTxovs TiToeuli Statisgan,
rom Seiqmnas Sinaarsobrivi standartebi kiTxvasa da maTematikaSi da
moswavlis swavlisa da codnis Sefaseba moxdes am standartebis mixed-
viT momavalSi. mecnieruli sagnebis standartebi da Sefaseba unda
ganviTardeba SemdegSi(xazgasmulia) (Linn, Baker & Betebenner, 2002). aseTi
Sefasebebi yovel wels unda Cautardes TiToeul bavSvs mesamedan
merve klasamde da erTxel maRal klasebSi. kanoni ixileT:
http://www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/esea/summary.html.
rogor xdeba Sedegebis gamoyeneba?

pasuxismgebloba da maRali riskis testebi

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT rogori gavlena moaxdina Tqvenze
standartizebulma testebma? ra SesaZleblobebi gagixsnaT an Segiz-
RudaT am testebis monacemebma? iyo Tu ara procesi samarTliani?
testebi kvlevis ubralo procedurebi ar aris. yoveldRiurad in­
dividTA Sesaxeb uamravi miiReba gadawyvetileba, xdeba, romlebic em­
yareba testebis Sedegebs. unda miiRos Tu ara emilma marTvis mowmoba?
merve klasis ramdeni moswavle iqneba CarTuli mecnierebis aqseler-
aciul programaSi? vis sWirdeba damatebiTi mecadineoba? vin miiReba
kolejSi an profesiul saswavlebelSi? testebis Sedegebma SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinos miRebaze pirvel klasSi, erTi klasidan meoreSi ga-
dasvlaze, skolis damTavrebaze, specialur programebSi monawileoba-
ze, specialur klasebSi Caricxvaze, maswavleblis licenziaze, skolis
daarsebaze.
am gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas mniSvnelovania erTmaneTisagan gan-
vasxvavoT sakuTriv testis xarisxi da gza, rogorgamoyenebulia igi.

739
 argumenti / kontrargumenti
gamoyenebuli unda iyos Tu ara testebi maswavleblebisTvis
pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad?
pasuxismgeblobas ori mniSvneloba aSeiZleba
hqondes. pirveli maTgani exeba imas, rom unda
Segrovdes informacia, raTa SegveZlos kargi
gadawyvetilebebis miReba programebis gana-
Tlebis politikis, resursebis Sesaxeb. meore
vinmes akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas moswavlis
swavlaze _ rogorc wesi, skolas an maswavleb-
els (Haladyna, 2002).
argumenti sazogadoebas sWirdeba in-
formacia.
am saxis pasuxismgeblobis sasargeblod ar-
gumenti isaa, rom sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba,
icodes, ra xdeba skolebSi, gansakuTrebiT imi-
tom, rom skolebi sazogadoebis fuliT finans-
deba. testireba SeiZleba dagvexmaros molo-
dinebis amRlebaSi dabali Sedegeebis mqone
skolebis mimarT da misces pedagogebs is sa­
Wiro informacia, romelic maTTvis aucilebe­
lia programebis gasaumjobeseblad sakuTar
sko­lebSi (Doherty, 2002). adamianebs, romlebic
gadawyvetilebas iReben, romeli programiT
imuSaon an rogor gaanawilon resursebi, sWird-
ebaT in­formacia moswavlis miRwevis Sesaxeb.
2002 wlis aqti `arc erTi CamorCenili bavSvi~
awesebs wliur Sefasebas kiTxvasa da maTemati-
kaSi yoveli moswavlisaTvis me-3-dan me-8 kla-
samde. erTi mizani aris `mSoblebis, moqalaqee-
bis, pedagogebis, administratorebis, kursis
ganmsazRvrelebis uzrunvelyofa informaciiT
am wli­uri Sefasebebis Sesaxeb. monacemebi xelmi-
sawvdomi iqneba yovelwliuri angariSebis saxiT
skolis Sedegebisa da progresis Taobaze. isinia
miawvdian mSoblebs informacias maTi Svilebis
skolis Sedegebis xarisxis Sesaxeb, maswavle-
blebis kvalifikaciisa da maTi Svilebis pro-
gresis Sesaxeb ZiriTad sagnebSi’ (SeerTebuli
Statebis ganaTlebis departamenti, `arc erTi
CamorCenili bavSvi~, 2002).

saukeTeso Sefasebebic ki SeiZleba arasworad iqnes gamoiyeneba. mag-

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
ix. P~Phi Delta Kappan~-is 2002
wlis maisis gamoSveba Temaze
`adaminuri momentebi maRali
riskis testebSi~ avtori lin-
da naTani. igi ambobs, `iseTi
skolebi, rogoricaa bostonis
xelovnebis akademia, uim-
edod cdiloben daicvan Tavi
gagebis unaris Sefasebis ma-
saCusetis sistemisagan, raTa
ar daingres maTi struqtura.
igi am sistemiT maniis fonze
saubrobs brZolaze maRali
xelovnebisa da akademiuri
kurikulumisaTvis, romelsac
maRal kvalificiuri da pro-
fesiuli maswavleblebi aswav-
lian pativiscemisa da maRali
molodinis atmosferoSi. ix.:
http://www.pdkintl.org/kappan/
k0204nat.htm
aliTad, swavlis dasawyisSi validuri da sando testebis gamoyenebis
miuxedavad, bevr moswavles araadekvaturad miewereboda, TiTqos men-
taluri Seferxeba hqonda (Snapp & Woolfolk, 1973). problema iyo ara
testebSi, aramed imaSi, rom testis monacemebi erTaderTi informacia
iyo, romelic moswavleTa klasificirebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda. aseTi
daskvnebis gasakeTeblad yovelTvis ufro didi informaciaa saWiro.
statistikisa da specifikuri terminebis miRma uamravi sadao sa­
kiTxia Rirebulebebsa da eTikasTan dakavSirebiT. vin unda Semowmdes?
ra mohyveba Sedegad imas, rom mocemuli jgufisaTvis erTi testi
garkveulwilad ukeTesia meoreze. ra gavlenas axdens testireba mo-
swavleebze? rogor iqneba umciresobis warmomadgenel moswavleTa mo-
nacemebi interpretirebuli? ras vgulisxmobT realurad inteleqtSi,
kompetenciaSi, sqolastikur unarSi? Tanxvdeba Tu ara Cveni mosazre-
bebi im mosazrebebs, romelTac es testi eyrdnoba da am konstruqtebis
gasazomad viyenebT? rogor moxdeba testis Sedegebis integrireba in-
dividis Sesaxeb sxva infromaciasTan, raTa gamovitanoT daskvnebi? am
kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa arCevanis gakeTeba rogorc Rireb-
ulebebze, aseve zust informaciaze dayrdnobiT, risi Tqma SeuZlia da
risi ara tests. gaxsovdeT RirebulebebTan dakavSirebuli es sakiTxe-
bi, roca ganvixilavT testebis gamoyenebasa da gadawyvetilebebs.
radganac aseTi kritikulia gadawyvetilebebi, romlebzec testis

740

kontrargumenti
aranairi mniSvneloba ara
aqvs testis maCveneblebis gamoyenebas mas-
wavleblebisa da skolebisaTvis pasuxismgeb­
lobis dasakisreblad.
standartizebuli tstebi namdvilad mawvdis
informacias mSoblebs `maTi Svilebis swavlis
xarisxis~ an `maswavleblebis kvalifikaciis~ Se­
saxeb? Tu testi ukavSirdeba kurikulumis mniS-
vnelovan miznebs, utardeba im moswavleebs,
romelTac es masala iswavles drois misaReb
Su­aledSi, Tavisufalia tendenciurobisagan,
Seesabameba moswavleTa metyvelebisa unarsa
da Sesabamisad aris warmarTuli, am SemTxveva-
Si testis Sedegebi testireba marTlac iZl-
eva garkveul informacias skolis efeqturobis
Sesaxeb. magram jeims pofemma (2005-II) aRniSna,
rom `samwuxarod, dRes maCveneblebi maswavle-
blebis swavlebis unar-Cvevebze metad moswav-
leebis socialur-ekonomikur statuss asaxavs.~
Tu mimdevrobiT davalagebT skolebs maTi miR-
wevis testebis maCveneblebis mixedviT, es mim-
devroba iseTivea, TiTqos Cven skolebi moswav-
leTa ojaxis saSualo Semosavlebis mixedviT
ganvalageT (Noguera, 2005).
arsebobs sxva problemac _ rom maswavleb-
lebsa da skolebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis da-
kisreba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom moswavleebi
2014 wlisaTvis Sedegebis maqsimums unda aRw-
evdnen. aris Tu ara es marTebuli molodini?
robert lini (2003), Sefasebis cnobili eqsper-
ti, ambobs:
ar unda davsaxoT iseTi maRali mizne-
bi yvela skola, romlisTvisac jer arc
erT skolas ar miuRwevia. magaliTad, Tu
ar arsebobs skola, sadac moswavleebis
100% aCvenebs dones, ar unda velodoT,
rom am mizans yvela skola miaRwevs mom-
devno 12 weliwadSi. es namdvilad, arar-
ealuri molodinia (gv. 4).
dabolos uazrobaa, yvela moswavlisagan mo­
viTxovoT erTi da imave sagnebis swavla da er­
Ti da imave standartebiT gavakeToT maT Ses-
axeb daskvna, roca TiToeul maTgans masalis
swavlis Tanabari SesaZlebloba ara aqvs. ro-
gorc Cans maRali riskis pasuxismgebloba im
mosazrebas emyareba, rom skolebisa `sajarod
damcireba sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom maT gaaum-
jobeson swavla. ver vxedav imis raime sabuTs,
rom es (Noguera, 2005) ase iqneba~.
rogoria Tqveni azri?
gamoxateT sakuTari mosazreba veb-gverdze:
www.mylabschool.com

maRali Tamasis testi _ Zlie­

Sedegebi axdens gavlenas, mravali pedagogi am process maRali Tama- ri gavlenis mqone standar-
sis testirebas uwodebs. maRali Tamasis testis Sedegebis erT-erTi tizebuli testi; gamoiyeneba
oficialuri pirebis, skolis
gamoyeneba, aris maswavleblisaTvis, skolebisTvis, administratorebi-
administraciis an damqirave-
saTvis angariSvaldebulebis dakisreba moswavlis Sedegebze. magali- belis mier gadawyvetilebis
Tad, maswavleblis bonusebi SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos moswavle- misaRebad.
Ta miRwevasTan. aqtiT `arc erTi bavSvi~, gansazRvrulia, rom yovel
StatSi unda miznebi adekvaturi yovelwliuri progresi yoveli mo- angariSvaldebuleba _
maswavleblebsa da skolebs
swavlisaTvis zogadad da aseve specifikuri jgufebisaTvis. adreuli
ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba
progresis miznebi unda emsaxurebodes erT zogad mizans, rom yoveli moswavlis swavlis procesze.
moswavle ukeTesi unda iyos 2013-2014 wlisaTvis. skolebs, sadac am Semowmeba xorcieldeba maRali
mxriv warumatebloba aRiniSneba ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, gaumjobeseba Tamasis testebis saSualebiT.
sWirdebaT (Linn, Baker & Betebenner, 2002). xolo im skolebSi, sadac mo-
adeqvaturi yovelwliuri
nacemebi ar umjobesdeba sami wlis ganmavlobaSi, personali da kuri-
progresi _ programa, ro-
kulumi unda Seicvalos. melic miznad isaxavs amoswav-
aris Tu ara marTebuli maswavleblebsa da skolaze pasuxismgeb­ leTa yovelwliur ganviTa-
lobis dakisreba moswavleTa dabali miRwevis gamo? Tvalsazrisi / kon- rebas da gaTvlilia iseTi
trTvalsazrisi gviCvenebs, rom am sakiTxzec azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. specifikuri jgufebisaTvis,
rogoricaa ZiriTadi eTni-
kuri da rasobrivi jgufebi,
unarSezRuduli moswavleebi,
maRali riskis testebis safrTxe da SesaZleblobebi dabalSemosavliani ojaxebis
Svilebi, is moswavleebi, rom-
maswavleblebi, romlebTanac vmuSaob, xSirad imedgacruebulni ari­ lebic cudad floben enas.
an imis gamo, rom testebis Sedegebi xSirad gvian, wlis bolos modis

741
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
ix. P~Phi Delta Kappan~-is 2002
wlis martis gamoSvebaSi ori
statia maRali Tamasis tes-
tebis Taobaze aliaskaSi:
maRali Tamasis testebi alias-
kaSi specifikur problemebs
warmoSobs adgilobrivi
aliaskeli da unarSezRuduli
moswavleebisaTvis - iseTive
problemebs, rogorsac es tes-
tebi qmnis sxva adgilebSi imave
jgufebisaTvis.
‘Equity for Alaska Natives: Can
High-Stakes Testing Bridge
the Chasm Between Ideals and
Realities?’ by Ken Jones and Paul
Ongtooguk.
‘High-Stakes Testing for Students
with Special Needs’, by Toni K. Mc-
Dermott and Donald F. McDermott.
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
2003 wlis zamTris `Theory
Into Practice~-is gamoSveba Te-
maze `maRali Tamasis testebis
gavlena~ margaret klarkisa
da kelvin gregoris redaq-
torobiT gamoica da Semdeg
statiebs moicavs:
`High-Stakes Testing and the
Curriculum’ by Marguerite
Clarke
‘High-Stakes Testing and
Teachers’ by George Madaus,
Lisa Abrams, and Joseph Pedulla
`High-Stakes Testing and Stu-
dents’ by Catherine Horn
`Preparing for High-Stakes Test-
ing’ by Cengiz Gulek
`Lessons from Abroad: Interna-
tional Practices in High-Stakes
Testing’ by Kelvin Gregory
`Where to From Here?’ by
Naomi Chudowsky and James
Pellegrino
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
McNeil, L. M. & Valenzuela, A.
(2000). saSineli gavlena TASS
sistemisa texasSi: pasuxismge-
blobis ritorikis miRma.
(www.law.harvard.edu/groups/
civilrights/testing.html)
742
da veRar axerxeben swavlebis dagegmvasa da masSi cvlilebebis Seta-
nas. garda amisa, isini Civian droze, rac testebs maT momzadebasa da
Catarebas miaqvs, isini aseve Civian, rom testebi im masalas exeba, ro-
melic maT kurikulumSi ar Sedis. arian Tu ara es marTali?
dasabuTebuli problemebi maRali Tamasis testirebasTan dakavSirebiT.
rodesac testis Sedegebze amdeni ram aris damokidebuli, darwmuneb-
uli unda iyoT, rom testi realurad zomavs imas, rac daswavlilia?
adre, es Tanxvedra didi problema iyo. sent _ luiseli maswavleblebis
erTma jgufma aRmoaCina, rom maTi kurikulumis 10%-ze naklebi emTx-
veoda saxelmZRvaneloebsa da standartizebul testebs, romelsac iy-
enebdnen (Fiske, 1988). dRes ukve bevrad ukeTaa mogvarebuli es sakiTxi,
magram mainc aucilebelia vicodeT, Tu raime gansvla aRiniSneba.
rac Seexeba dros. kvlevebiT dadginda, rom zogierT StatSi dawye-
biTi skolebis 80% swavlebis drois 20%-s testebisaTvis momzadebas
uTmobda (Abrams & Madaus, 2003). maRali riskis testebis kvlevam sxva
problemebic warmoaCina. testi aviwroebs kurikulums. testebis ram-
denime wlis Sedegebis analizis Semdeg liza abramsma da jorj madaus-
ma (2003) daaskvnes, rom `yvelgan, sadac xdeba maRali riskis testebis
Catareba, sagamocdo masala gansazRvravs kurikulums.~ magaliTad, Tu
gamoviyenebT akademiuri unar-Cvevebis Sefasebsi texasur meTods, es
gamoiwvevs kurikulumis Secvlas, rac yuradRebas amaxvilebs testire-
baze da ugulebelyofs sxva sferoebs, damatebiT, maTematikuri testi
amave dros aris kiTxvis unaris testic. kiTxvis dabal unaris mqone
moswavleebs problemebi eqmneba maTemaikur testebSi, gansakuTrebit
Tu maTi mSobliuri ena ar aris inglisuri.
dawyebiT skolebSi meore moulodneli Sedegia is, rom testireba
moswavleebs, romelTa rwmenis Camouyalibdeba, rom isini warumate-
blebi iqnebian skolis damamTavrebel gamocdebSi. rom Tu mainc ver
daamTavreben skolas raRa azri aqvs skolaSi siaruls, amitom fiqro-
ben isini (McNeil & Valenzuela, 2000). magaliTad, 2000-2001 saswavlo wels,
inglisuri enis SemswavlelTa daaxloebiT erTi mesamedi niu-iorkis
skolidan gamovarda. mTavari mizezi iyo maTi uunaroba CaebarebinaT
gamocda (Medina, 2002). ara aqvs ,mniSvneloba ramdenad kargia testi,
maRali riskis zogierTi testis gamoyeneba aramarTebulia. 14. cxrili
2 aRwers zog maTgans.
maRali Tamasis testebis kargad gamoyeneba. imisaTvis, rom Rirebuli
iyos, testebis programebs arc erTi Tavisebureba unda axasiaTebdes.
ra Tqma unda isini unda iyos sando, validuri da aratendenciuri.
amis garda, testebis programebi:
1. ukavSirdebodes skolis standartebs _ es arsebiTi sakiTxia vali-
dobisaTvis.
2. iyos ufro didi SefasebiTi gegmis nawili. arc erTi individual-
uri testi ar iZleva yvela saWiro informacias moswavlis miRwevis
Sesaxeb. sakamaTo sakiTxia, rom skolebma Tavi aaridon Cabareba-
CaWrasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebas mxolod testze
dayrdnobiT.
3. amowmebdes kompleqsur azrovnebas da ara ubralod unar-Cvevebsa
Tu faqtobriv codnas.
4. uanrSezRuduli moswavleebisaTvis iZleodes Sefasebis alterna-
tiul strategiebs.
 cxrili 14.2
maRali riskis testebis araSesabamisi gamoyeneba
gaecaniT standartizebuli testebis Sedegebis zogierT gamoyenebas.
testebi am daniSnulebiT ar Seqmnila.

Cabareba / CaWris Sesaxeb imisaTvis, rom Tavs ufleba mivceT, gavr-

gadawyvetilebis miReba icxoT moswavle, an CavWraT igi, darw-
munebuli unda viyoT rom amis dasabuTeba
SegviZlia; testi validuria, sandoa da
aratendenciuri. zogierTi testis sakiTxi
sasamarTlomdec misula, damtkicebula,
rom am pirobebs isini akmayofileben, ma-
gram yve­la testi ar aris sakmarisad sa­
fuZv­liani imisaTvis, rom miviRoT Cabare­
bisa da CaWris Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba.

Sedareba Statebs Soris Statebs ver SeadarebT erTmaneTs stand-

artizebuli testebis maCveneblebis mixed-
viT, radgan maT gansxvavebuli kuriku-
lumi, testebi, resursebi da gamowvevebi
aqvT. Tu Sedarebas gavakeTebT, gavigebT
imas, rac isedac vicodiT _ rom zogierTi
Sta­ti ufro met saxsrebs gamoyofs gana-
Tlebis dasafinanseblad.

maswavleblebisa da skolebis mravalgvari gavlena testebis monacemeb­

Sefaseba ze _ ojaxisa da sazogadoebis resursebi
_ skolisa da maswavleblebis kontrols
miRmaa. xSirad moswavleebi erTi skoli-
dan meoreSi gadadian. amdenad SesaZlebe­
lia, moswavle, romelic tests abarebs,
mxolod ramdenime kviris misuli iyos im
skolaSi.

gansazRvra, sad viyidoT zogadad, skolebi, romlebsac maRali maC­

saxli veneblebi aqvT testebSi im adgilebis ax­
losaa ganTavsebuli, sadac ojaxebs ga-
naTlebisa da Semosavlebis maRali done
aqvT. SeiZleba es ar iyos `saukeTeso sko­
lebi~ swavlebis, programebis, liderobis
TvalsazrisiT, magram umarTlebT da `ga­
marTuli ?!~ moswavleebi hyavT.

wyaro: Essentials of Standardized Achievement Testing: Validity and Accountability. T. H. Haladyna, Published by
Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

daukavSireT kvlevas
5. qmnides SesaZleblobas ganmeorebiTi testirebisaTvs, roca riski
da ganavrceT
Zalian maRalia. Linn, R. (2003). pasuxismge-
6. moicavdes yovel moswavles da aseve uzrunvelyofdes informacias bloba da marTebuli molo-
Sedegebis Sesaxeb, rac moswavleebis situacias ufro naTels xdis, Tu dini. Educational Researcher, 32
maT raime specifikuri piroba aqvT, magaliTad, unarSezRuduli arian. (7), 3-13.

743
 7. iZleodes moswavlis daxmarebis SesaZleblobas,
Tu igi warumateblobas ganicdis.
8. iTvaliswinebdes, rom yovel moswavles, romelic
oo, ra alan, aq axla ukve abarebs tests, adekvaturi SesaZlebloba im masa-
saSineli es sityva arc ise lis asaTviseblad, romelic mowmdeba.
Secdomaa! unda didi Sansi 9. iTvaliswinebdes moswavlis metyvelebas. moswav
yofiliyo! aqvs. . .
leebi, romlebmac ena, ver Seasruleben tests
kargad, Tu igi enis profesiulad flobas
moiTxovs.
10. gamoiyeneT testebis Sedegebi bavSvebis xelSe-
sawyobad da ara maT winaaRmdeg (Haladyna, 2002).

es Zalian mniSvnelovania, amitom kidev erTxel

telegadacema maRali Tamasis
Testirebaze
Schoolies © 1999 John P. Wood.
ibeWdeba nebarTviT.
daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
miumateT sqemebi 14.2, 14.3, 14.4
da CanarTi `istoriebi swavlis
Sesaxeb _ xarki swavlebas~ swav-
lebis Tqveneul resursebs.
gavimeoreb: maRali riskis standartizebuli miRw-
evis testebi ise unda iqnes SerCeuli, rom realu-
rad imas zomavdes, rac klasSi iswavlis. aseve, mo-
swavleebs unda hqondeT saWiro unar-Cvevebi testis
Casabareblad. Tu moswavle dabal maCvenebls iRebs
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi, magram ara imitom,
rom ar icis, aramed imitom, rom uWirs saxelmwifo enaze saubari, nu
SezRudavT mas droSi.
momzadeba testirebisaTvis
momzadebis ori tipi testebis gansxvavebul maCveneblebs. erTi ti­
pi exmareba moswavleebs, gaerkvnen standartizebuli testebis pro-
cedurebSi. is moswavleebi, romelTac standartizebuli testebis Ca­
barebis farTo gamocdileba aqvT, ukeTesad asruleben am testebs. es
SeiZleba iyos maRali TviTrwmenis, naklebi mRelvarebis, testis sa­
kiTxebis codnisa da sxvadasxva testirebisas miRebuli gamocdilebis
Sedegi (Anastasi, 1988). mokle miTiTebebic ki Zalian daexmareba im mo-
swavleebs, romlebisTvisac ucxoa testireba da naklebi rwmena aqvT
sakuTari Tavisadmi.
swavlebis meore tipi, romelic did Sedegs iZleva, aris zogadi kog­
nituri unar-Cvevebis swavleba. magaliTad, es SeiZleba iyos prob­­­­lemebis
gadaWris, sakiTxebis dakvirvebuli analizis, mravali al­ternativis
gaazrebis, detalebis SemCnevisa da gadawyvetis, romelia yvelaze rel-
evanturi, impulsuri pasuxebis Tavidan aridebis, namuSevris Semow-
mebis unar-Cvevebi. esaa metakognituri saxe da swavlebis unar-Cvevebi,
romlebic adre ganvixileT. momzadeba am unar-CvevebSi generalizdeba
mraval amocanaze (Anastasi, 1988; Popham, 2005a). istoria `swavlebaSi swav-
lis xarkis Sesaxeb~ _ Semdeg gverdze naCvenebia magaliTSi, maswavle-
belze, romelic fiqrobs imaze, Tu rogor gaumklavdebian moswavleebi
da aseve Tu rogor gaumklavdebian mraval winaaRmdegobas, ris winaSec
aRmoCndebian cxovrebaSi.
`arc erTi CamorCenili bavSvi~ brZanebulebis safuZvelze, skoleb-
ma TiToeuli jgufisaTvis calke, maT Soris unarSezRuduli moswav-
leebisaTvis unda Seadginon maCvenebelTa angariSi. is procedurebi,
romlebic zemoT iyo warmodgenili, am moswavleebsac daexmareba, ma-
gram saWiroa kidev ufro intensiuri momzadeba, rogorc amaSi qvemoT
davrwmundebiT.

744
 istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb
xarki swavlebas
ilinoisSi erT-erTi me-6 moswavleebi saubrobdnen kiTxvaris Sedgena da in­
klasi Statis mier SemuSavebul terviu eqspertebTan da sa­
testebs problemaze da­fuZ­­­
problemis mniSvnelobasa da misi kon­sultacio programis Se­
nebuli swavlebis xel­sayrel gadaWris gzebze. muSaveba. rogori iyo Sedegi?
SesaZleblobad iye­nebs (Ewy, moswavleTa Sedegebi Tanxvda
with student authors, 1997). maT Semdegi problemis ga­ an aRemata Statis kiTxvis, werisa da maTematikis
daWra gadawyvites: rogor SeiZleboda gaezardaT miznebs. imave saswavlo wels mogvianebiT, rodesac
tes­tirebisas miRebuli qulebi IGAP-is (ilinoisis maT ufrosklasebSi gadasasvlelad maTematikis
miznis Sefasebis programa) mixedviT? moswavleebi tes­tireba unda gaevloT, maT testi gaaanalizes
saubrobdnen imis Sesaxeb, ratom iyo problema xarvezebis, qulaTa SesaZlebeli diapazonisa da
mniSvnelovani da rogor SeiZleboda misi gadaWra. Sefasebis kriteriumebis TvalsazrisiT. iqneb,
amisTvis qvemoT mocemul gegmas iyenebdnen. Semdeg Tqvenc scadoT msgavsi problemis gadaWra Tqvens
isini sxvadasxva amocanebis Sesasruleblad daj­ moswavleebTan erTad. amaSi SesaZloa dagexmaroT
gufdnen: samuSaoTa grafiki, arsebuli resursebi, `rekomendaciebis~ CanarTi.

problemis analizis sqema

problema: rogor gavaumjobesoT IGAP-is testirebis Cveni kiTxvebi
Sedegebi ise, rom (1) winsvla yovelwliuri iyos, rodis tardeba IGAP-i?
(2) Cveni skolisaTvis kargi magaliTi SevqmnaT, (3) ramdensaaTiania testireba?
testirebisaTvis mzadeba ufro saxaliso gavxadoT? ramdeni xani unda vivarjiSoT?
Cveni mosazrebebi rogor unda vivarjiSoT (maTematika, kiTxva,
yuradRebiT viyoT klasSi. wera)?
movZebnoT dafinansebis wyaro wignebisa da ramdeni sakiTxia?
kompiuteruli programis SesaZenad. rogor fasdeba testi (maTematikaSi, kiTxvaSi,
ganvixiloT IGAP-is realuri formati. weraSi)?
varjiSi: gamoviyenoT kompiuteruli TamaSebi. ramdeni saaTia gamoyofili maTematikis, kiTx­
movZebnoT adamiani, romelmac icis IGAP-isaTvis vis, weris sakiTxebisaTvis?
momzadeba: maswavlebeli, mSobeli, megobari, da/Zma. ra Sedegi mqonda gasul wels?
yovel jerze TiTo sakiTxi gadavWraT.
movnaxoT adamiani, romelsac codna surs. moqmedebis Cveneuli gegma
vkiTxoT direqtors, maswavlebels, kon­sul­
faqtebi, romlebic viciT tants.
testi aris kiTxvaSi, werasa da maTematikaSi. vkiTxoT im adamians, romelmac testi Sead­
Sedegi umjobesdeba varjiSis Sedegad. gina.
SesaZloa arasworad waikiTxo testis kiTxvebi. vimuSaoT maswavlebelta erTad momzadebis
gaaferado wreebi. grafikis Sesadgenad.
wera fasdeba droulobis, marTlwerisa, winadadebis moviZioT varjiSisaTvis arsebuli resursebi.
struqturis mixedviT. vTxovoT daxmareba mSoblebs da direqtors.

wyaro: Kids Take on ‘the Test’ by C. Ewy & student authors, Educational Leadership, 54 (4), p. 77. Copyright © 1997 by
Christine Ewy. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

745
 cxrili 14.3
unarSezRuduli dabali inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis da metyvele-
basTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mqone moswavleebis momzadeba maRa-
li riskis testebisaTvis

strategia mizani
Semosaxazi furclebis Sevseba SeavseT furceli bolomde.;
da dro akontroleT ra droa darCenili;
iCqareT, roca tests avsebT;
upasuxeT sakiTxebs, sanam dro gava.

problemebis daxarisxeba daaxarisxeT sakiTxebi maTi simartivisa

da sirTulis mixedviT;
sanam rTul sakiTxebze gadaxvidodeT,
SeavseT ufro martivi sakiTxebi;
daaxarisxeT sakiTxebi Sinaarsobrivi
msgavsebis mixedviT.

Sefaseba maTematikuri sakiTxebis pasuxebis Se-

faseba damrgvalebis gziT

Senacvleba da ukan dabruneba SeanacvleT mravali alternativis tes-

tis pasuxebi kiTxvaSi, romelic erTi
swori pasuxis povnas moiTxovs.

problemebis gadawera gadawereT sakiTxebi ufro gasagebi

eniT, raTa advilad gadaWraT isini

xazgasma da pasuxebis wakiTxva zustad gaarkvieT, ras moiTxovs kiTxva

Tqvengan;
waikiTxeT yvela kiTxva yuradRebiT,
raTa ukeT upasuxoT;
gaxazeT sakvanZo sityvebi da frazebi
kiTxvaSi.

Semcireba SeamcireT absurduli pasuxis alterna-

tivebi mraval alternativian testSi;
SeamcireT pasuxebi, romlebic gazviade-
buli da imave informaciis matarebelia;
Ppasuxebis sesamcireblad amoiReT zed-
meti sityvebi.
wyaro: Preparing adolescents with high-incidence disabilities for high-stakes testing with strategy instruction’, by E.
W. Carter, J. Wehby, C. Hughes, S.M. Johnson, D. R. Plank, S. M. Barton-Arwood, & L. B. Lunsford. Preventing School
Failure, 49 (2), p. 58. ibeWdeba Helen Dwight Reid Educational Foundation-is nebarTviT. Published by Heldref Pub-
lications, 1319 Eighteenth St., NW, Washington, DC 20036-1802. Copyright © 2005.

gza yovel moswavlemde:

unarSezRuduli moswavleebis daxmareba
maRali riskis testebisaTvis momzadebaSi
erik karterma da misma kolegebma (2005) Seamowmes procedura,
rom­­­­liTac xdeba unarSezRuduli, susti inteleqturi SesaZleblo-
bebis, metyvelebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mqone moswavlee-

746
bis momzadeba maRali riskis testebisaTvis. moswavleebi 15-dan 19
wlamde asa­kisani iyvnen. daaxloebiT naxevari afroamerikuli warmoSo-
bis mamrobiTi sqesis moswavle iyo da yvelas hqonda individualuri
ganaTlebis programa (ixileT meoTxe Tavi). verc erTma ver Caabara
miRwevis testi. maswavlebelma maT aswavla is strategiebi, romlebic
14.3 cxrilSia warmodgenili.
kargi siaxle iyo is, rom mosamzadebeli programis dasrulebis Sem-
deg, moswavleebma mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobeses Sedegebi. cudi ki is,
rom es gaumjobeseba ar iyo sakmarisad didi raTaAmiaxlovebodnen ga-
mocdis CabarebisaTvis dawesebul maCvenebels. avtorebi miuTiTebdnen,
rom unarSezRuduli moswavleebis momzadeba bevrad ufro adre unda
dawyebuliyo. am asakSi es (isini 16 wlisani iyvnen) ukve dagvianebuli
aRmoCnda. swavlebuli strategiebi mWidro kavSirSi unda iyos prob-
lemaTa specifikur tipebTan, romelTac moswavleebi testSi Sexvdebi-
an. dabolos, aseTi moswavleebi xSirad warumateblobis negatiuri
Sedegebis gamo SfoTvis maRali doniT xasiaTdebian. saukeTeso gza am
SfoTvasTan aRmosafxvreladmoswavleebSi im akademiuri unar-Cvevebis
ganviTare­baa, romlebic maT warmatebis misaRwevad dasWirdebaT (Carter
da sxvebi, 2005).

axali mimarTulebebi SefasebaSi

standartizebuli testebisadmi dResac winaaRmdegobrivi damokide- daukavSireT PRAXIS II™-s da
bulebaa. Sefasebis tradiciuli formebiT ukmayofilebis sapasuxod ganavrceT
standartizebuli testebis
Seiqmna axali midgomebi, romlebic umklavdeba yvelaze gavrcelebul
alternativebi
problemebs testirebaSi. ramdenadac sazogadoeba da mTvaroba moTxov- avTentikuri testirebis
da pasuxismgeblobas akisrebda ganaTlebis sistemas 80-ian da 90-ian ZiriTadi formebis gasac-
wlebSi, tradiciuli standartizebuli testebi safuZvlad daedo nobaT ixileT:http://www.
maRali riskis gadawyvetilebebs, zewolam, rom saqme kargad Sesruleb- teachversion.com/lesson-plans/
lesson-6385.html.
uliyo, maswavleblebsa da skolebs ubiZga `eswavlebinaT testisaTvis~.
aman gamoiwvia koncentrireba bazisuri unar-Cvevebisa da faqtebis
swavlaze. tradiciuli testebi afasebs unar-Cvevebs, romelTac Ses- daukavSireT sxva Tavebs da
abamisoba ar aqvs realur cxovrebaSi. moswavleebs moeTxovebaT iseTi ganavrceT
sakiTxebis gadawyveta, rasac ganmeorebiT aRar Sexvdebian. maT amis me-15 TavSi ganxilulia avTen-
tikuri Sefasebis alterna-
gakeTeba yovelgvari berketebisa da resursebis gareSe uwevT Sez-
tivebi, maT Soris portfoli-
Ruduli drois pirobebSi. realuri cxovreba ki sxvanairadaa mowyo- oebi da gamofenebi.
bili. mniSvnelovani problemebis gadawyvetas dro sWirdeba da xSirad
moiTxovs sxvadasxva resursebs, konsultacias sxva adamianebTan, ba-
zisuri unar-Cvevebis integrirebas kreatulobasTan da maRali donis
azrovnebis operaciebTan (Kirst, 1991-I; Popham, 2005a; Wolf, Bixby, Glenn &
Gardner, 1991).
am kritikis sapasuxod, gaCnda avTentikuri Sefaseba. mizani iyo
iseTi standartizebuli testebis Seqmna, romliTac Sefasdeboda kom-
pleqsuri, mniSvnelovani, realuri cxovrebis Sedegebi. amgvar midgomas
direqtiuli, anu alternatiuli Sefaseba ewoda. es terminebi niSnavs
procedurebs, romlebic mravali tradiciuli arCevanis standarti-
avTentikuri Sefaseba _ im
zebuli testebis alternativac, ramdenadac isini uSulod afaseben
unarebis gazomva, romlebic
moswavlis miRwevebs `realuri cxovrebis~ amocanebSi (Hambleton, 1996; modelirebul situaciebSi
Popham, 2005a). magaliTad, saerTaSoriso SRI-s saswavlo teqnologiebis realuri cxovrebiseuli
centri, arasamTavrobo kvleviTi instituti gvTavazobs prezentaciis problemebis gadasaWrelad
Sefasebisa onlain resurs banks erovnul mecnieruli ganaTlebis stan- gamoiyeneba.

747
 dartebTan kavSirSi. resurss ewodeba PALS (performance Assessment Links
in Science). ixileT: http://butterfly.ctl.sri.com/pals/index.html; monaxeT miRwevis
amocanebi sabavSvo baRidan skolis dasrulebamde. SegiZliaT SearCioT
amocanebi standartebis an safexuris Sesabamisad. TiToeul amocanas
Tan erTvis miTiTebebi moswavleebisaTvis, maswavlebelTaTvis, mona-
cemTa SejamebisaTvis. mraval maTgans aseve erTvis moswavleTa samuS-
aos magaliTebi.
standartuli testebis gaumjobeseba moiTxovs testirebis axal,
ufro azrians formebs drois gaTvaliswinebiT Sefasebas, axal gzebs
TviT testis xarisxis Sesamowmeblad. momavalSi testebSi ufro didi
adgili daeTmoba weriT nawils da ufro pasuxis mofiqrebis formati
eqneba. es imas niSnavs, rom moswavleebs ar eqnebaT pasuxebis arCevani,
rom SearCion romelia swori, Tavad unda moifiqron swori pasuxi. es
ufro maRali donis, divergentul azrovnebas moiTxovs.
avTentikuri Sefasebisas mniSvnelovania, rom viyoT frTxilad. mx-
olod is, rom es testebi tradiciuli standartizebuli testebisagan
gansxvavdeba, ar iZleva imis garantias, rom testi ukeTesi iqneba.
mravali sakiTxia gasaTvaliswinebeli. magaliTad, Tu moswavle erT
samecniero proeqtSi warmatebas miaRwevs, es ar niSnavs imas, rom man
icis mecniereba da sxva proeqtebSic warmatebuli iqneba? erTi kv-
leviT dadginda, rom moswavleebis mier sami sxvadasxva samecniero
proeqtis Sesruleba sruliad gansxvavebuli iyo. amdenad, rTuli iyo
saubari moswavlis mier mecnierebis codnaze mxolod sam amocanaze
dayrdnobiT. kidev mravali amocanaa saWiro, rom aseTi saxis daskvna
gavakeToT, magram amave dros Sefaseba mraval sxvadasxva amocanaSi
sakmaod Zviri siamovnebaa da did drosac moiTxovs (Shavelson, Gao &
Baxter, 1993).
amis garda, Tu maRali riskis gadawyvetilebebi daeyrdnoba Ses-
mraval saganSi yvelaze rulebis Sefasebas, daiwyeben Tu ara maswavleblebi `SefasebisaTvis
saimedo testia dasrule-
swavlebas~ moswavleebisaTvis am konkretuli savarjiSoebis micemiT?
buli produqtis demon-
strirebis unari.
gadaxris Tu ara kargad weris unari Sefasebas miRwevis sasargeblod?
gaxdis Tu ara es yovelive Sefasebas ufro tendenciurs, rom moax-
dinos garkveuli jgufebis diskriminacia? rogor Sefasdebaproeqte-
bi? Aris Tu ara am daskvnebs Soris SeTanxmeba? rodesac mkvlevarebma
Seiswavles 1992 wlis vermontis portfolios Sefasebis programa, aR-
moaCines, rom erTi da imave portfolios Sefaseba sxvadasxva reit-
ings iZleoda (Kotrez, Stecher & Diebert, 1993). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
iqneba Tu ara alternatiul Sefasebaze damyarebuli msjelobebi da
daskvnebi sando, validuri da aratendenciuri? eqneba Tu ara axal
Sefasebebs pozitiuri gavlena swavlaze (Hambleton, 1996, Moss, 1992)? im-
denad, ramdenadac es siaxleebia, garkveuli dro iqneba saWiro, rom
ganviTardes maRali donis alternatiuli Sefasebebi. sanam am sakiTxe-
bze ufro mets gavigebdeT, albaT umjobesi iqneba, Tu yuradRebas
gavamaxvilebT avTentikur Sefasebaze klasis doneze, rogorc amas Sem-
deg TavSi ganvixilavT.

pasuxis mofiqrebis for-

mati _ Sefasebis iseTi
mravalgvaroba da konvergencia standartizebul testirebaSi
forma, romelic moswav-
lisagan moiTxovs pasuxis
mofiqrebas da ara SeTava-
70-ian wlebSi ganaTlebis progresis erovnulma Sefasebis centrma
zebul pasuxebs Soris (NAEP) daiwyo erovnuli Sesadarebeli jgufis 9, 13 da 17 wlis moswav-
arCevanis gakeTebas. leebis Semowmeba. aqtis `arc erTi CamorCenili bavSvi~ moTxovnaa, rom

748
 cxrili 14.4
akomodacia testirebaSi
akomodacia testirebaSi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes garemosTan, drosTan, ganrigTan, testis
warmodgenasTan da moswavleTa pasuxebis stilTan mimarTebaSi. skolebma unda awarmoon
kargi Canawerebi akomodaciasTan dakavSirebiT, radgan aucilebelia, rom akomodacia das-
abuTebuli iyos. aq aris moyvanili ramdenime magaliTi SesaZlo akomodaciisa, romelic
spinelisagan aviReT.

garemos akomodaciis magaliTebi TiToeul gverdze sakiTxebis mcire

raodenoba
garemos pirobebi
minimaluri yuradRebis gamfantavi ele­ proceduruli cvlilebebi
mentebi (magaliTad, wignebi, fanjaraSi moswavlisaTvis miTiTebis misacemad
yureba) niSnebis enis gamoyeneba
specialuri ganaTeba. miTiTebebis gameoreba
specialuri akustika dafaze an calke furcelze damxmare
adaptaciuri an specialuri aveji sakiTxebis dawera
muSaoba individualurad an mcire martivi metyveleba an miTiTebebis
jgufebSi ganmarteba
damatebiTi magaliTebi
adgilmdebareoba miTiTeba, rom yuradRebiT iyvnen
SemosazRvruli sivrce miTiTebebis ganmarteba testirebis
gancalkevebuli oTaxi mimdinareobisasas
moswavleebis maswavlebelTan axlos
ganTavseba saWiro nivTebi
saxli miTiTebebis audioCanaweri
saavadmyofo
koreqciuli institutebi kompiuterSi wakiTxulis miTiTeba
an calkeuli sakiTxebi
drois akomodaciis magaliTebi gamadidebeli saSualebebi
xmauris buferi
xangrZlivoba markerebi
gamuqebuli an msxvilad dabeWdili xazebi
sxvadasxva subtestebis SemTxvevaSi xan-
fanqrebi
grZlivobais cvlilebebi
damatebiTi dro
pasuxebis akomodaciis magaliTebi
SeuzRudavi dro
formatis cvlilebebi
organizeba
pasuxebis moniSvna testSi da ara calke
xSiri Sesvenebebi furcelze maTi dawera
gaxangrZlivebuli Sesvenebebi pasuxebi sxva furcelze

ganrigis akomodaciis magaliTebi proceduruli cvlilebebi

damxmare masalis gamoyeneba (leqsikonebi,
dro
ariTmetikuli
dRis specialurad gamoyofili monakveTi. cxrilebi)
kviris specialurad gamoyofili dRe pasuxis gacema sxvadasxva saxiT (moniSvna,
ramdenime dRis daTmoba zepiri pasuxi, niSnebis ena)
organizeba saWiro nivTebi
sxvadasxva mimdevroba – gadasaTargmnia? teqsturi procesori
iseTi kiTxvebis gamoricxva, romelic ar
pasuxebis Camweri
eqvemdebareba akomodacias
dafa
wardgenis akomodaciis magaliTebi kalkulatori an saangariSo dafa
formatis alternativebi braileris an sxva sakomunikacio xelsawyo
brailis gamocema marTlweris Semmowmebeli
msxvili Srifti
erTi winadadeba erT xazze
gamoyofili sakvanZo sityvebi da frazebi
xazebs Soris didi manZili

749
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
Boe, E. E., & Shin, S. (2005). Is the
United States really losing the in-
ternational horse race in academic
achievement? Phi Delta Kappan,
86, 688-695.
1991-2001 wlebSi dawyebiT,
sabazo da saSualo skolaSi
eqvs saerTaSoriso saskolo
miRwevaTa gamokvleva kiTxvaSi,
maTematikaSi, sabunebismetyve-
lo mecnierebebSi da samoqa-
laqo swavlebaSi gviCvenebs,
rom SeerTebuli Statebis
moswavleebi sxva ganviTarebu-
li mrewvelobis mqome qveynebis
moswavleebTan SedarebiT
saSualoze maRali maCveneble-
biT xasiaTdebian. kiTxvasa
da samoqalaqo ganaTlebaSi
maCvenebeli saSualoze dabali
iyo. moswavleTa maCveneblebi
me-4 da me-8 klasebSi yovelma moswavlem Caabaros WAEP-is testebi
kiTxvasa da maTematikaSi (Linn, Baker & Betebenner, 2002).
mravalgvaroba
NAEWAEPP-is testirebebSi 70-ian wlebSi garkveuli sxvaoba iyo TeTrkani-
ani da Savkaniani moswavleebis maCveneblebs Soris samive asakSi. Semdegi
ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi es sxvaoba Semcirda, SesaZloa imitom,
rom iklo siRatakis donem, gaizarda skolamdeli momzadeba, Semcirda
segregacia skolebSi. magram 1988 wlidan am sxvaobam kvlav iwyo zrda.
SesaZloa imitom, rom gaizarda siRaribe, dabali dafinansebis gamo, sko-
lebSi moxda dabali donis unar-Cvevebze koncentrireba (McClure, 2005).
maRali riskis testirebebma dRis wesrigSi daayena unarSezRuduli
moswavleebis sakiTxi. IDEIA (unarSezRuduli moswavleebis ganaTlebis
gaumjobesebis aqti) moiTxovs, rom unarSezRuduli moswavleebi Car-
Tulni iyvnen zogadi testirebis procesSi, magram akomodaciebisa
da Sesabamisi modifikaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu es saWiro gaxda
(Spinelli, 2002). gundi (individualizebuli ganaTlebis programa) iRebs
gadawyvetilebebs, vis sWirdeba akomodacia da ra SeiZleba iyos es.
amdenad, rogorc maswavlebels SeiZleba gainteresebdeT monawileoba
am diskusiebSi 14.4. cxrili mogawvdiT garkveul ideebs.

sqema 14.5

saskolo olqebis angariSi moswavleTa sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris miRwevaTa sxvaobis

procentuli maCveneblis Sesaxeb ukanaskneli wlis manZilze
mcirdeboda ucvleli darCa gaizarda ar iyo cvlileba
TeTrkaniani da Savkaniani mo- 18% 12% 1% 2%
swavleebi
TeTrkaniani da azieli 5% 11% 1% 4%
moswavleebi
TeTrkaniani da laTinoamerike- 17% 15% 5% 4%
li moswavleebi
TeTrkaniani da adgilobrivi 6% 7% 0 2%
amerikeli moswavleebi
LEP da ara LEP moswavleebi 18% 14% 5% 2%

unarSezRuduli da janmrTeli 25% 40% 14% 1%

moswavleebi
moswavleebi dabalSemosav- 32% 36% 7% 5%
liani da aradabalSemosavliani
ojaxebidan

cxrilis wakiTxva: im saskolo olqebs Soris, romlebmac miiRes saxelwodeba `I fondi~ daaxloebiT 18%-is angariSis
mixedviT miRwevaTa sxvaoba TeTrkanian da Savkanian moswavleebs Soris 2004-06 wlebSi mcirdeba.

wyaro: Center on Education Policy, December 2004, Fall Districts Survey, Item 11 (Table 10).

750
konvergencia
`arc erTi Camorcenili bavSvi yuradRebis miRma~ gamocemidan, sami dawyebiTi klasebidan sabazo
wlis Semdeg Statebis TiTqmis 75% aRniSnavda, rom monacemebi izrde- klasebamde TandaTan klebu-
lobda. TeTrkanian moswavleTa
boda, mcirdeboda gansxvaveba TeTrkanian da feradkanian moswavleebs,
maCvenebeli saerTaSoriso
dominantur da erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs Soris (Center saSualo maCvenebelze maRali
on Education Policy, 2005). iyo, xolo SavkanianTa da
Tumca ori sakiTxi mainc arsebobs. es cvlilebebi SeiZleba miu­ laTinoamerikelTa maCvenebeli
TiTebdes testebis swavlebaze. Tanac maCveneblebis zrdis tempi sx- - saSualoze dabali.

vadasxvaa. amasTan sxvadasxva testebs Tan sxvadasxvba profesiuli

mniSv­neloba aqvs da aqedan gamomdinare rTulia Sedegebis Sedareba.
momaval wlebSi mogviwevs Sedegebis yuradRebiT Seswavla, raTa vn-
axoT, ra xdeba realurad.

Sejameba
gazomva da Sefaseba
ganasxvaveT erTmaneTisagan gazomva da Sefaseba.
gazomva aris movlenis an Tvisebis sididis
gamo­saxva ricxvebSi. Sefaseba moicavs gazom-
vas, magram ufro farTo cnebaa, radgan igi gu-
lisxmobs yvela SesaZlo gzas moswavlis unar-
Cvevebsa da codnaze dasakvirveblad.
ganasxvaveT erTmaneTisagan normaze orientirebuli
da kriteriumze orientirebuli testebi. normaze
or­ientirebul testebSi moswavlis mier dava-
lebebisSesrulebis xarisxs adareben sxvebis
saSualo Sesrulebis xarisxs. kriteriumze ori-
entirebul testebSi monacemebi Sedarebulia
winaswar dadgenil standartebTan. normaze
orientirebuli testebi zogadi miznebis farTo
speqtrs moicavs. Tumca maTi Sedegebi arafers
gveubneba, aris Tu ara moswavle mzad ufro
rTuli masalis Sesaswavlad. isini gamousade-
garia afeqtisa da fsiqomotorikis sferoSI.
kriteriumze orientirebuli testebi zomaven
specifikur sakiTxebSi daxelovnebas.
ras niSnavs testis monacemebi?
aRwereT standartizebuli testebis ZiriTadi Tvise-
bebi. standartizebuli testebi ufro xSirad
normazea orientirebuli. testebi gadis pilo-
taJs, Semowmebasa da magaliTs, romelic Ses-
adarebel jgufs warmoadgens. saboloo formiT
administirebuli normis magaliTSi.
ra aris saSualo, mediana, moda da standartuli
gadaxra? saSualo (sa­Sua­lo ariTmetikuli), medi-
ana (Sua maCvenebeli) da moda (yvelaze gavrcele-
buli maCvenebeli) aris centraluri tendenciis
sazomi. standartuli gadaxra avlens, ramdenad
aris maCveneblebi gavrcelebuli saSualos ir-
gvliv. normaluri ganawileba aris sixSiris ga-
nawileba, romelsac zaris formis grafiki aqvs.
mravali maCvenebeli SuaSi grovdeba, rac ufro
vSordebiT Sua adgils, miT ufro naklebia mona-
cemebis ganlageba.
aRwereT monacemTa sxvadasxva tipebi. arsebobs
stan­­dartizebuli testebis maCveneblebis ram-
denime tipi: procentuli rigi, romelic gamox-
atavs im adamianebis procentul raodenobas,
romelic igive an ufro dabal doneze dgas,
vidre mocemuli individis maCvenebeli; safex-
uris Sesabamisi maCvenebeli, romelic asaxavs,
ramdenad axlosaa moswavlis Sedegebi mocemuli
safexuris saSualo maCvenebelTan; standartu-
li maCvenebeli, romlebic emyareba standartul
gadaxras. T da z maCveneblebi, iseve, rogorc
staninis maCvenebeli, standartuli maCvenebe-
lia, es ukanaskneli moicavs procentuli rigis
elementebs.
ra aris sandooba? zogierTi testi sxvebTan Se-
darebiT ufro san­doa, vidre danarCenebi; isini
iZlevian stabilur da Tanmimdevrul Sefasebis
SesaZleblobas. yuradReba unda mieqces tes-
tebis Sedegebis interpretirebas. TiToeuli
testi mxolod nimuSia moswavlis mier Sesrule-
buli samuSaos Sedegebis gansazRvrisa mocemul
dRes. maCvenebeli mxolod hipoTeturi Sefase-
baa moswavlis namdvili monacemisa. gazomvis
standartuli Secdoma iTvaliswinebs SesaZlo

751
gadacdenas, rac testis sandoobis erT-erTi
maCvenebelia.
ra aris validuroba? yvelaze mniSvnelovani tes-
tze msjelobisas, aris im gadawyvetilebebisa
da daskvnebis validoba, romelTac am testze
dayrdnobiT viRebT. validoba SeiZleba iyos
Sinaarsobrivi, kunstruqciuli da kriteriumze
dayrdnobili. konstruqciuli validoba farTo
kategoriaa da moicavs validobis or danarCen
saxes. imisaTvis, rom testebi validuri iyos,
pirvel rigSi sandoc unda iyos, Tumca sandoo-
ba ar iZleva validurobis garantias.
ra aris aratendenciuroba?Sefasebisas testebi
ar unda amJRavnebdes tendenciurobas. tenden-
cia Cndeba maSin, rodesac testi moicavs ma-
salas, romelic damamcirebeli da usamarTloa
garkveuli jgufis moswavleTA mimarT. kultur-
alurad Tavisufali testebiT ver xerxdeba Se-
fasebis tendenciurobis problemis gadaWra.
standartizebuli testebis tipebi
ra sami saxis standartizebuli testi arsebobs?
skolebSi standartizebuli testebis sami far-
To kategoria gvxvdeba: esaa miRwevis, diag-
nostikuri da unar-Cvevebis testebi. normaze
orientirebuli miRwevis testebis monacemebi
SeiZleba kriteriumze orientirebuli gziT
iqnes gamoyenebuli. Cveulebriv diagnostikuri
testebi individualurad utardebaT dawyebiTi
skolis moswavleebs, rodesac Cndeba eWvi, rom
garkveuli problemebi arsebobs swavlasTan da-
kavSirebiT. Unar-Cvevebis testebi imisaTvisaa
Seqmnili, rom movaxdinoT prognozireba, ram-
denad kargad Seasrulebs momavalSi moswavle
davalebas. magaliTad, sqolastikuri Sefasebis
testi (SAT) axdens kolejSi miRwevebis prog-
nozirebas pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi.
sadavo sakiTxebi standartizebul
testirebasTan dakavSirebiT
ra aris testirebis mimdinare sadavo sakiTxebi?
winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi standartizebul
Mylabschool es aris eleqtronul instrumentTa nakrebi, romelic dagexmarebaT am kursis
warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul
karieraSi. ix.: www.mylabschool.com
eleqtronuli gzamkvlevi
video qeisebi realuri klasebidan
naSromebis Sesrulebisas daixmareT kv-
leviTi navigatori
752
testebtan dakavSirebiT yuradReb unda gamax-
vildes testebis interpretirebis rolze.
testebis farTo gamoyenebaze skolebis Sesa-
faseblad, pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebu-
li problemebze, maswavleblebis Semowmebaze.
Tu testi dakavSirebuli kurikulumius mniS-
vnelovan miznebTan, utardeba im moswavleebs,
romelTac namdvilad iswavles es masala, Tu
testi aratendenciuria, ergeba moswavleTa
metyvelebas, kargad aris Catarebuli, maSin
igi SeiZleba marTlac iZleodes informacias
skolis efeqturobis Sesaxeb. magram rogorc
kvlevebma aCvena, mwvave Sedegebi, rogoricaa
kurikulumis Seviwroveba da skolidan naad-
revad ga ricxva moswavleTa. magram rogorc
kvlevebma aCvena testebis gamoyenebisas mwvave
Sedegebis mixedviT kurikulumis Seviwroveba
da skolidan moswavleebis garicxva, gaSveba
(ver gavige Teo) maswavleblebma unda gamoiy-
enon Sedegebi swavlebis gasaumjobeseblad, da
ara stereotipebis Sesaqmnelad moswavleebTan
mimarT, dabali molodinebis Camosayalibeblad.
SeuZliaT Tu ara moswavleebs gaxdnen testebis
ukeTesi Cambareblebi? standartizebuli testebis
Sesruleba SeiZleba gaumjobesdes, Tu moswav-
leebs eqnebaT am tipis testebis Sesrulebis
gamocdileba da gaivlian momzadebas.
axali mimarTulebebi SefasebaSi
ra aris avTentikuri Sefaseba? avTentikuri Se-
fasebebi aris procedurebi, romlebic afasebs
moswvleTa unars gadaWran mniSvnelovani real-
uri cxovrebiseuli problemebi, ifiqron krea-
tiulad da aiRon pasuxismgebloba. aseTi midgo-
ma varaudobs, rom Sefasebam unda gamoavlinos
samomavlod potenciali da aseve is RonisZie-
bebi, romlebic am potencialis realizebas
SeZlebs. momavalSi standartizebuli testebi
ufro mravalferovani iqneba da ufro metad
gamoiyenebs daxuruli tipis kiTxvarebs, sadac
moswavleebma unda moifiqron da ara ubralod
airCion pasuxebi.
proforientaciis centri resursebiT:
- Ppraqtikisa da licenzirebisaTvis
mzadeba
- profesiuli portfolios gan­viTareba
- samsaxuris Zieba da gasaub­rebis teqnika
- gakveTilis dagegmva
maswavleblis
Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM-Tan
is, rom saWiroa, kargad gesmodeT stand-
artizebuli testebis sakiTxi ukve davinax-
eT magaliTSi, romelic Tavis dasawyisSi iyo
moyvanili. mSoblebsa da moswavleebs xSirad
arasworad esmiT Sedegebi. maswavlebelma unda
uzrunvelyos, rom moswavlebma SeZlon tes-
rogor moiqceodnen?
aq aris ramdenime gamocdili maswavleblis pasuxi kiTxvaze, rogor moiqceodnen isini, rodesac
mSoblebs eqnebodaT survili, maTi qaliSvili erTi safexuriT win gadamxtariyo maTematikaSi.
mark smiti, 9-12 klasebis maswavlebeli
medfordis umaRlesi skola, medfordi,
masaCusetsi
mesmis, rom bevri mSobeli maswavleblis pozi-
ciaze metad bavSvis pozicias miemxroba. ases
xdeba am situaciaSic. radgan mSoblebi mxolod
maSin movidnen skolaSi, roca CaTvales, rom ra-
Rac hqondaT sasayveduro maswavlebelTan. ro-
gorc maswavlebels, mxolo is SegiZliaT gaake-
ToT, rom auxsnaT mSoblebs procedura, ra aris
kurikulumi, ra molodinebi arsebobs klasSi mo-
swavleTA mimarT. rodesac naTeli da marTebuli
molodini gaqvT moswavleTA mimarT, miRwevis pa-
suxismgebloba ukve moswavles ekisreba.
Tomas niukirki, merve klasis maswavlebeli
hamiltonis saSualo skola, arkadia,
indiana
qula, romelsac moswavle iRebs, zogjer
gamoxatavs ara imdenad mis inteleqts, aramed
Sesrulebas. niWierma moswavleebma, romlebic
araorganizebuli arian, SeiZleba ramdenime
dRis dagvianebiT moitanon davaleba, gafan-
tulebma ki saerTodac ar moitanon. niWieri
moswavleebi, romlebic ramdenime dRis ganmav-
lobaSi acdendnen, SeiZleba bolomde STainTqan
samuSaoSi, romelic maT elodebaT.
qula, romelsac iRebs moswavle klasSi,
xSirad moiTxovs ganmartebas, raTa moswavlee-
bma da mSoblebma gaigon Sefasebis safuZveli.
Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom maswavlebeli akeTEb-
des Canawerebs mSoblebisa da sxva maswavle-
blebisaTvis.
SesaZlebelia, moswavles hqondes maRali
safexuris Sesabamisi maCvenebeli, magram misi
yoveldRiuri Sesruleba klasSi ar akmayo-
tebis Sedegebis daniSnulebisamebr gamoyeneba
da gaiTavliswinon testebis Zlieri mxareebi da
misi SezRudvebi. aseTi codniT maswavleblebi,
moswavleebi da mSoblebi SeZleben gamoiyenon
testebiT miRebuli informacia marTebuli
gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad.
filebdes standartebs saimisod, rom daimsax-
uros umaRlesi Sefaseba. moswavlis miRwevis
testis Sedegebis gaTavliswinebiT saboloo Se-
fasebis Secvla usamarTlo iqneba mxolod am
erT maCvenebelze dayrdnobiT.
Tomas o’doneli, socialuri disciplinebis
dekani. me-7 _ me-12 klasebi
maldenis umaRlesi skola, maldeni,
masaCusetsi
is testi, romelic Seasrula gogonam, Sei-
Zleba ar iyos kargi saSualeba unar-Cvevebis
gasazomad. mSoblebs unda ganumarto T Tqven
gamoyenebuli Sefasebis sistemis sesaxeb, rom
gaigon kombinaciis auci­lebloba Zalisxmevasa
da miRwevas Soris, raTa miaRwion umaRlesi Se-
faseba.
ramdenadac mSoblebi or seriozul bral-
debas giyeneben, ganumarteT, rom maTgan pati-
viscemas moiTxovT, magram aman gavlena ar unda
moaxdinos am moswavlesTan muSaobaze. ar unda
daakmayofiloT mSoblebis moTxovna saboloo
Sefasebis SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT.
suzi bosveli, xelovnebis maswavlebeli,
meeqvese-merve klasebi
saSualo skola, iasperi, jorjia
maswavleblis samuSaos erT-erTi rTuli
Semadgeneli nawilia mSoblebTan urTierToba.
samwuxarod, xSirad mSoblebs ara aqvT urTier-
Toba skolasTan da maswavlebleTA. arada, maTac
iseTive pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT moswavlee-
bis motivaciasa da saswavlo procesze.
maT unda ganvumartoT testis Taviseburebe-
bi, aseve sxvadasxva meTodebi, romlebic gamoiy-
eneba testis Sedegebis gamosaTvlelad.
753
 15
Tavi

klasis Sefaseba
maswavleblis Canawerebi : rogor
moiqceodiT?
formatuli da Semajamebeli

da niSnebis wera
Sefaseba
tradiciuli Sefasebidan maqsimumis
miReba
testirebis dagegmva
obieqturi testireba
esses saxiT Ria kiTxvebiT
gamocda
tradiciul SefasebaTa
alternativebi
avTentikuri saklaso Sefaseba
portfolioebi da gamofenebi
portfolioebisa da prezentaciis
Sefaseba
araformaluri Sefaseba
moswavleTa CarTva SefasebaSi
niSnebis gavlena moswavleebze
warumateblobis efeqti
ukukavSiris efeqti
niSnebi da motivacia
Sefaseba da gancxadeba: mTavari
elementebi
kriteriumze orientirebuli
normaze orientirebulis
winaaRmdeg
qulaTa sistema da procentuli
Sefaseba
SeTanxmebis sistema da Sefasebis
rubrikebi
Sefasebis sxva sakiTxebi
Sefasebis miRma: ojaxebTan
urTierToba
gza yovel moswavlemde:
akomodacia SefasebaSi
mravalferovneba (divergencia) da
konvergencia saklaso SefasebaSi
mravalferovneba
konvergencia
Sejameba
maswavleblis Canawerebi:
kavSiri PRAXIS IITM- Tan /
rogor moiqceodnen?

754
 rogor moiqceodiT?
Tqveni skola gTxovT
maswavleblis rom Tqvens klasSi ukeTe-
Canawerebi si niSnebi daweroT. Tqven
SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT ne­
bismieri meTodi, mTavaria yvela saganSi, yvela
saswavlo baraTze, roca niSnis daweraa saWiro,
unda daiweros A(5), B(4), C(3), D(2) da E(1). zogierTi
maswavlebeli SefasebisTvis iyenebs saklaso sa-
muSaoebs, saSinao davalebebs da testebs; sxvebi
niSnaven jgufur muSaobasa da portfolioebs.
zogi maswavlebeli individualizebul stand-
artebs mimarTavs _ isini ni­Sans weren progresisa
da Zalisxmevis da ara saboloo Sedegis mixedviT;
sxvebi SeTanxmebis sistemas _ kontraqtebs ani-
Weben upiratesobas da grZelvadian proeqtebSi
embmebian; danarCenebi TiTqmis mTlianad yovel-
dRiur saklaso samuSaos eyrdrnobian; maswavle-
blebi, romlebic jgufur muSaobas amjobineben,
niSans weren an jgufSi muSaobis unarSi, an bonus
qulebs uweren saukeTeso jgufs; zogi gegmavs
klasis muSaobis gaumjobesebas jildos saSuale-
biT da ara niSniT. niSnebTan dakavSirebiT Tqven
erTaderTi gamocdileba gagaCniaT: niSnebTan
dakavSirebiT aris werilobiTi komentarebisa da
ostaturi midgomis gamoyeneba, romelic gansaz-
Rvravs mos­wavlis damakmayofilebel an arada-
makmayofilebel progress garkveuli miznisaken.
Tqven gsurT sistema, romelic iqneba samarTliani
a m Tavis gacnobisas Tqven ganixilavT rogorc
testebs ise Sefasebis sxvadasxva sistemas; yu-
radRebas gaamaxvilebT ara marto im gavlenaze,
romelsac isini moswavleebze axdenen, aramed
aseve ufro efeqturi gamocdisa da Sefasebis gan-
viTarebis praqtikul gzebze.
Cven daviwyebT maswavlebelTa yovelwliurad
momzadebuli gamocdis tipebisa da Sefasebis im
perspeqtivebis ganxilviT, romlebic ar efuZnebi-
an tradiciuli gamocdis sistemas. Semdeg ganvixi-
lavT im efeqtebs, rasac moswavleze niSani axdens.
vinaidan Sefasebis amdeni sistema arsebobs, Cven
sakmao dros davuTmobT maT Sedarebas, erTmaneT-
Tan mimarTebaSi maTi upiratesobebisa Tu nak-
lovanebis dadgenasa; dabolos, Cven mivubrundebiT
Zalian mniSvnelovan sakiTxs moswavleTa mSoblebT-
an urTierTobis Sesaxeb. rogor gaamarTlebT da
daamtkicebT Tqven mier daweril niSans?
am Tavis dasrulebisas Tqven SegeZlebaT pa-
suxi gasceT Semdeg kiTxvebs:
da advilad samarTavi, romelic waaxalisebs swav-
las da ara mxolod Sesrulebas; Tqven aseve ge-
saWiroebaT sistema, romelic moswavleebTan
sa­Tanado ukukavSirs moaxdens, raTa SeZlon Sem-
dgomsi misi gamoyeneba NCLB specialobis testi-
saTvis.
kritikuli azrovneba
ra iqneba Tqven mier umaRlesi niSniT Sefa­
sebuli davaleba da proeqti?
SeafasebdiT Tu ara niSniT iseT aqtivobas,
rogoricaa jgufuri qceva da Zalisxmeva?
rogor SeajamebdiT Sefasebis yvela ele-
ments erTi niSnis gamosayvanad yoveli sab-
oloo Sefasebis dros?
rogor axsnidiT da gaamarTlebdiT Sefa­se­
bis Tqveneul sistemas direqtorTan da mSo-
blebTan?
rogor imoqmedebs es sakiTxebi im klasebze,
sadac Tqven aswavliT?
kolaboracia
Tqveni klasis 2-3 wevrTan erTad ganaviTa-
reT klasis cnobaris seqcia, romelic aRwers
niSnis daweris sistemas. Mmzad iyaviT mis da-
sacavad.
rogor gamocdiT moswavleebs samuSaos er-
Teulis mixedviT?
rogor SeafasebT saxelmZRvaneloebsa da mas-
wavleblis saxelmZRvanelo wignebSi moyvanil
testebs?`
rogor unda SeadginoT savaraudopasuxebiani
testi da Ria kiTxvebiT gamokiTxvis testebi _
esses saxiT _ Tqvens saganSi?
gamoiyenebT Tu ara avTentikuri Sefasebis
midgomebs, rogoricaa porTfolioebi, war-
modgenebi, sajaro gamocdebi da niSanTa gamo-
yvanis rubrikebi?
ra potenciuri dadebiTi da uaryofiTi efeq­
tebi aqvs niSnebs moswavleebze?
rogoria kriteriumsa da normaze dafuZnebu-
li Sefasebis sistemis tipuri magaliTebi?
rogor auxsnidiT Sefasebis Tqveneul siste-
mas mSobels, romelic ver gebulobs Tavisi
Svilis niSnebs?
755

daukavSireT swavlebas/port-
folios da ganavrceT
ra specifikuri gzebiT SeiZle-
ba dainergos klasSi formatu-
li Sefasebis sistema?
formatuli Sefaseba _
testireba niSniT Sefasebis
gareSe, romelic gamoiyeneba
ukeT dagegmvisa da diagnozi­
rebis mizniT swavlebamde an mis
procesSi.
pretesti _ moswavlis codnis,
mzaobisa da unarebis Sesafase-
beli formatuli, ganmaviTare-
beli Sefaseba.
diagnostikuri testebi _
individualuri gamoyenebis
testebi, romlebic emsaxure-
bian specialuri saswavlo
problemebis identifikacias.
Semajamebeli Sefaseba _
testi, romelic mosdevs swav-
lebas da afasebs miRwevas.
saboloo gamocda Semaja-
mebeli Sefasebis klasikuri
magaliTia. amgvari Sefaseba
instruqtirebas mosdevs da
miRwevebis Sejamebas axdens.
756
formatuli da Semajamebeli Sefaseba
Tqven sarT maswavlebeli da, amdenad, ver geqnebaT gavlena skolaSi
arsebul Sefasebis sistemaze. bevr skolas standartuli Sefasebis sa-
kuTari sistema aqvs, magram Tqven mainc imis mixedviT gaqvT arCevani,
Tu rogor gamoiyenebT skolSi arsebul Sefasebis sistemas da rogor
SeafasebT Tqveni moswavleebis swavlas. CaatarebT Tu ara testirebas?
ra raodenobiT? ra saxisas? gaakeTeben Tu ara moswavleebi proeqtebs
da awarmoeben Tu ara TavianTi samuSaos portfolioebs? ra gavlenas
moaxdens saSinao davaleba niSnebze? gamoiyenebT Tu ara Jurnals? Tu
ki, ra niSnebiT SeavsebT mas?
arsebobs Sefasebis ori ZiriTadi gamoyeneba an funqcia: formatuli
(mimdinare) da Semajamebeli. formatuli Sefaseba Tavs iCens swavle-
bamde an mis procesSi. igi gamoiyeneba maswavleblis mier dagegmvisas
da exmareba moswavleebs im sferoTa dadgenaSi, sadac meti muSaoba es-
aWiroebaT. sxva sityvebiT, formatuli Sefaseba gvexmareba instruqci-
uli miznebis formirebaSi. xSirad moswavleebs testebs awerineben
ganmartebebamde. es pretesti exmareba maswavlebels imis gagebaSi, ukve
ra ician moswavleebma. xandaxan testi instruqtirebis dros tardeba,
raTa dadgindes darCenili e.w. `susti wertilebi~, rom Semdeg swavleba
am mimarTulebiT warimarTos. amas, rogorc wesi, diagnostikur tests
uwodeben, magram es ar unda agverios ufro zogadi saswavlo SesaZle-
blobebis standartizebul diagnostikur testSi, romelic wina TavSi
ganvixileT. saklaso diagnostikuri testi adgens garkveul saganSi mo-
swavlis miRwevebsa da sisusteebs. xSirad ufros moswavleebs SeuZliaT
gamoiyenon diagnostikuri testidan miRebuli informacia sakuTari
Tavis `xelaxal swavlebaSi~. pretestebi da diagnostikuri testebi ar
fasdeba, da radgan formatuli testireba ar aisaxeba saboloo niSanze,
moswavleebisaTvis, romlebic `namdvil~ gamocdebze Zalian nerviulo-
ben xolme, gamocdis es naklebad stresuli praqtika SeiZleba kargi
damxmare aRmoCndes.
Semajamebeli Sefaseba _ Tan mosdevs swavlebas. misi mizania daan-
axos moswavlesa da maswavlebels miRwevebis done. amrigad, Semajamebeli
Sefaseba warmoadgens miRwevebis erTgvar reziumes. amgvari Sefasebis
klasikuri magaliTia saboloo gamocda.
 cxrili 15.1

testebis gamoyeneba instruqciuli gadawvetilebebis miRebisas

Sefasebis saukeTeso gamoyenebaa dagegmva, gaZRola da miznobrivi instruqcia. aq mocemulia ramdenime
gadawyvetileba, romelTa miRebisas sargebloben Sefasebis SedegebiT

gadawyevetilebis kategoria tipuri Sefasebis strategia gadawyvetilebis varianti

ra vaswavloT pirvel rigSi? pretesti ganmartebebamde saWiroa Tu ara specifikuri

ra dro davuTmoT konkretuli
instruqciuli miznis swavlebas?
moswavleTa progresis Sefaseba
davalebisa da miznis
ganmarteba?
unda gagarZeldes Tu ara
calkeuli moswavlisa Tu mTeli
klasisaTvis miznobrivi in-
struqciebis miwodeba?

ramdenad efeqturi iyo SeadareT moswavleTa Sesrule- ra ufro saWiroa samomavloT:

ganmartebebis Tanmimdevroba? ba da moswreba testirebis win micemul instruqciaTa SenarCu-
da testirebis Semdeg neba, ukugdeba Tu modifikacia?

wyaro: Classroom Assessment: What Teachers Need to Know, 4/e by J.W. Popham. Published by Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright ©
2005 by Pearson Education. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

gansxvaveba formatul da Semajamebel Sefasebas Soris emyareba imas, daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
Tu rogor gamoiyeneba Sedegebi. nebismieri saxis Sefaseba – tradiciuli, da ganavrceT
(Sefasebis tipebi, II CI, 4)
warmodgena/Sesruleba, proeqti, zepiri, portfolio da a.S. – SeiZleba
gaaanalizeT Semajamebeli
gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc formatuli, ise Semajamebeli miznebisaTvis. formatuli (mimdinare) Se-
Tu mizania gegmis Sesadgenad moswavlis swavlis Sesaxeb informaciis fasebis miznebi. axseniT,
miReba, Sefaseba formatulia; Tu mizania saboloo miRwevebis gansaz- rogor SeuZliaT maswavleb-
Rvra (da kursis niSnis dadgena), maSin Sefaseba Semajamebelia. metic, lebsa da moswavleebs efeq-
turad gamoiyenon TiToeuli
erTi da igive Sefaseba dasawyisSi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas, rogorc
saxis testidan miRebuli
formatuli, mis dasasruls ki rogorc Semajamebeli. informacia
formatuli Sefasebis gamoyeneba Zalian mniSvnelovania swavlebaSi.
jeims pophams (2005) miaCnda, rom `samwuxarod, maswavlebelTa did umrav-
lesobas kvlavac sjera, rom saklaso gamocdebi niSniT unda Sefasdes. ma-
gram nebismier maswavlebels, romelic umeteswilad tests/gamocdas iy-
enebs moswavleebis niSnis gansasazRvrad, saklaso SefasebaSi Tavad didi
oriani ekuTvnis.” (gv. 262). gamocdebi/testebi da yvela saxis Sefaseba
unda exmarebodes maswavlebels ukeTesi instruqciuli gadawyvetilebis
miRebaSi. 15.1 cxrilSi mocemulia ramdenime magaliTi.

tradiciuli Sefasebidan maqsimumis miReba

SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT gaixsenT Tqveni bolo gamocda. ra
formatis iyo igi? rogor fiqrobT, sworad da akuratulad asaxa Tu ara
man Tqveni codna da unarebi? gicdiaT Tu ara odesme testis Sedgena? ra
niSani xdis testirebas karg da samarTlian gamocdad?
adamianTa umravlesobas Sefasebaze fiqrisas, rogorc wesi, testire-
ba agondeba. rogorc mogvianebiT naxavT, dRes maswavleblebs Sefasebis

757

daukavSireT kvlevas da
ganavrceT – Dempster F. (1991).
Synthesis of research on reviews
and tests. Educational Leadership,
48 (7), 71-76. Dempster F.N. (1993).
Exposing our students to less will
help them learn more. Phi Delta
Kappan, 74, 432-437.
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
ganavrceT
tradiciuli Sefaseba, II CI,
2, 4
obieqturi gamocdebi da
gamocdebi esses weraSi kvlav
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
efeqtur Sefasebasa da progra-
mis gansjaSi. aRwereT am saxis
testebis Sesaferisi gamoy-
eneba. gansazRvreT TiToeu-
lis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
mxareebi.
758
bevri SesaZlebloba aqvT, magram testireba mainc maT Soris erT-erTi
mniSvnelovania. am nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT imas, Tu rogor SeiZleba
efeqturi testirebis dagegmva, im testebis Sefaseba, romlebic Tan sdevs
standartuli saswavlo gegmis masalas da, agreTve, sakuTari testuri
kiTxvebis Sedgena.
testirebis dagegmva
bevr skolaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone testirebadi pro-
gramebis erT-erTi Sedegi isaa, rom maswavleblebs miecaT ufro meti
saklaso Sefasebis SesaZlebloba, sadac yuradReba gamaxvilebulia tes-
tebis ukan mdgar standartebze. saWiroa Sefasebebi kargad organizebuli
da dagegmili iyos. roca kargi gegmiT xelmZRvanelob, ukeTesi pozicia
gaqvs maswavlebelTa saxelmZRavneloebSi moyvanili testebis Sefasebi-
sas da sakuTari saklaso Sefasebis sistemis ganviTarebisaTvis.
rodis vawarmooT testireba? frank demfsterma (1991) Caatara gamokv-
leva testirebis Sesaxeb da gamoitana maswsvleblebisaTvis sasargeblo
daskvnebi:
1. xSiri testireba waaxalisebs informaciis Senaxvas da ufro meti efeq-
ti moaqvs, vidre masalis gameorebasa da swavlaze daxarjul dros.
2. testireba gansakuTrebiT efeqturia swavlis stimulirebisaTvis, Tu
moswavleebs awerinebT tests masalis Seswavlidan cota xanSi, da Sem-
deg ki, mogvianebiT CautarebT ganmeorebiT testirebas. gamneorebiTi
testirebebi sul ufro daSorebuli unda iyos erTmaneTisagan.
3. testebSi Semajamebeli kiTxvebis gamoyeneba centraluri mniSvnelo-
bisa mqone faqtoria efeqturi swavlisaTvis. Semajamebeli kiTxvebi
moiTxovs moswavleTagan wina TavebSi naswavli informaciis gamoyene-
bas axali problemebis gadasaWrelad.
demfsteri fiqrobda, rom moswavleebi mets iswavlidnen Tu saswavlo
gegmaSi cota sakiTxi da Tema Sevidoda, magram es Temebi siRrmiseulad
iqneboda ganxiluli da meti dro drCeboda gameorebisaTvis, praqtiki-
saTvis, testirebisa da ukukavSirisaTvis (Dempster, 1993).
saxelmRvanelos testebis Sefaseba. dawyebiTi da saSualo saskolo teqs­
tebis umravlesobas dRes Tan axlavs damatebiTi masala, rogoricaa mas-
wavleblis saxelmZRvaneloebi, hendautebi da gamzadebuli testebi. am
testebis gamoyenebam SeiZleba dro dagizogoT, magram aris ki es kargi
saswavlo praqtika? pasuxi damokidebulia Tqvens mizanze moswavlee-
bTan mimarTebaSi, imaze, Tu rogor aswavliT masalas da, aseve, mowode-
buli testebis xarisxze. Tu saxelmZRvanelos testebi maRali xarisxisaa,
emTxveva Tqvens saswavlo gegmas da aseve im ganmartebebs, romelic mo-
swavleebs miawodeT, maSin maTi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia. SeamowmeT sax-
elmZRvaneloSi mocemuli testebi, anu maTi kiTxvadobis done da mzad
iyaviT maT gadasaxedad/gamosasworeblad (Airasian, 2005; McMillan, 2004). 15.2
cxrilSi mocemulia sakvanZo punqtebi, romlebic unda gaiTvaliswinoT
saxelmZRavneloTa testebis Sefasebisas.
ra xdeba maSin, roca ar arsebobs aranairi testi im masalisaTvis, rom-
lis dauflebac gindaT, an maswavleblis saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemuli
testebi ar aris Tqveni moswavleebis Sesaferisi? maSin dgeba dro, rom
Tavad SeadginoT testebi. Cven ganvixilavT tradiciuli testebis or um-
Tavres tips – obieqtursa da esse/Ria kiTxvebs.
obieqturi testireba
savaraudopasuxiani testebi, SeTanxmebiTi savarjiSoebi, romelic obieqturi testireba – testi,
moiTxovs Sefasebas ,,WeSmaritia” an `mcdaria~, moklepasuxi an Sesavsebi sadac arsebobs ramdenime
pasuxi, Sefasebebi keTdeba
kiTxvarebi _ es yvelaferi obieqturi testirebis tipebia. sityva `obieq-
WeSmariteba/mcdarobis mixed-
turi” am SemTxvevaSi niSnavs `interpretaciebisaTvis daxuruli” an `ara viT, moiTxovs mokle pasuxebs.
subieqturi.” am saxis testebis niSniT Sefaseba SedarebiT ufro samar- ricxobriv pasuxebs interpre-
Tliania, vidre esei/Ria kiTxvebis Sefaseba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi pasuxe- tacia ar sWirdeba.
bi ufro cxadia, vidre eseis/Ria kiTxvebis pasuxebi.
rogor unda gadawyvito, romeli formati aris saukeTeso konkre-
tuli gamocdisaTvis? gamoiyeneT iseTi, romelic yvelaze ukeT zomavs
Tqveni saswavlo mizandasaxulobis Sedegs (Gronlund, 2003). sxva sityvebiT,
Tu gainteresebT, ramdenad kargad weren moswavleebi werils, daaweri-
neT maT werili, nu miscemT maT testebs savaraudo pasuxiani kiTxve-
biT. magram Tu bevr sxvadasxva formats Tanabari warmatebiT SeuZlia
moqmedeba, maSin gamoiyeneT savaraudopasuxebiani kiTxvebi, radgan maTi
samarTlianad Sefaseba ufro advilia da Tanac isini Tematurad ufro
amomwuravia. Tu mocemul momentSi SeuZlebeli an Seuferebelia kargi
savaraudo pasuxebiani testebis Sedgena, mimarTeT sxva formatebsac.
magaliTad, Tu saWiroa iseTi koncefciebis darTva, rogoricaa termi-
nebi da gansazRvrebebi, maSin savaraudo pasuxebs SeTanxmebiTi savarji-
Soebi jobia. Tu savaraudopasuxebian testSi Znelia ramdenime araswori
pasuxis dadgena, mis magivrad WeSmariti/mcdari erTeulebi gamoiyeneT.
Tqven SegiZliaT aseve sTxovoT moswavleebs mokle pasuxis gacema, rac,
gancxadebis Sevsebis msgavsia. (blankis Sevseba). obieqturi testirebis
mravalferovnebam SeiZleba Seamciros moswavlis mRelvareba, radgan

cxrili 15.2

saxelmZRvanelebSi mocemuli testebis Sefasebisas gasaTvaliswinebeli

sakvanZo punqtebi
1. gadawyvetileba saxelmZRvanelos an winaswar damzadebuli standartuli testis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb miRebuli unda iqnas mas Semdeg, rac maswavlebeli daadgens mizans, rac unda aswavlos da
romlis Sefasebac saWiroa.
2. saxelmZRvanelos da standartuli testebi Seqmnilia tipuri klasebisaTvis, magram radgan mxolod
ramdenime klasia tipuri, maswavlebelTa umravlesoba garkveulwilad gadauxvevs xolme tests,
raTa Seusabamos igi moswavleTa saWiroebasa da dones.
3. rac metad aris gadaxrili saswavlo instruqcia saxelmZRvanelosgan, miT nakleb Sesabamisi da
efeqturia saxelmZRvanelo testebi.
4. saxelmZRvanelos an standartuli testis Sefasebisas pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia damTx-
veva testis kiTxvebsa da im masalas Soris, rac moswavleebma iswavles gakveTilebze:
a. aris Tu ara testis SekiTxvebi maswavleblis miznebisa da swavlebis aqcentebis msgavsi?
b. aris Tu ara testebi imgvarad DSedgenili, rom moiTxovdes moswavleebisgan im unarebis gamom-
JRavnebas, rac maT ukve iswavles?
g. moicavs Tu ara testis kiTxvebi naswavl masalas mTlianad an mis umetes nawils?
d. Seesabameba Tu ara testis ena da terminologia moswavleTa dones?
e. aris Tu ara ukve Seswavlili TiToeuli TemisaTvis gamoyofil kiTxvaTa raodenoba sakmarisi
moswavlis Sesafaseblad?

wyaroebi: From Classroom assessment: Concepts and applications (5th ed.) by P.W. Airasian (2005). New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 161.

759

`mejavreba saSlelis gareSe
testireba~.
© Martha Campbell
fuZe – SekiTxva arCeviTpa-
suxian testSi.
distraqtori (damabneve-
li) – arCeviTpasuxiani
testis kiTxvebSi SeTavaze-
buli araswori pasuxebi.
760
mTeli testis niSani ar aris damokidebuli im erT kiTxvaze, ro-
melic moswavles SeiZleba eZnelos. Cven ufro detalurad gan-
vixilavT savaraudopasuxebian kiTxvebs, radgan is yvelaze cva-
lebadia da gamosayenebladac yvelaze rTuli.
savaraudopasuxebiani testebis gamoyeneba. imis miuxedavad, rom
saganmanaTleblo sistemis profesorTa daaxloebiT sami meo-
Txedi winaaRmdegia savaraudo pasuxianpasuxebiani testebis
Sedegebis gamoyenebisa moswavleTa niSnis gansazRvris dros,
sajaro skolebis maswavlebelTa TiTqmis naxevari am saxis ga-
mocdis momxrea (Banks, 2005). ase, rom maswavleblebma kargad unda
icodnen am testebis gamoyeneba. metic, dResdReisobiT skolai
moiTxovs maswavleblebisgan moswavleebisTvis savaraudopa-
suxiani testebis Sevsebis gamocdilebis micemas, raTa isini
mzad iyvnen gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone (mag. misaRebi
gamocdebi) testirebisaTvis (McMillan, 2004). cxadia, savaraudo
pasuxian testebs SeuZlia faqtebis codnis Semowmeba, magram am
testebiT SeuZlebelia Sefasdes ufro meti ram, vidre faqtebis
codna da maTi gaxsenebaa, maSin roca moswavlisgan moiTxoven
gaumklavdes axal masalas im principisa da koncefciis gamoy-
enebiT, romelic icdeba (Gronlund, 2003; McMillan, 2004). magaliTad,
qvemoT moyvanili savaraudopasuxebiani kiTxva Sedgenilia imi-
saTvis, rom gamoscados moswavlis SesaZlebloba _ Caswvdes
misTvis jer ucnob mosazrebas. es aris erT-erTi unari, romelic
ideis analizisas gamoiyeneba:
ganaTlebis fsiqologiis profesori acxadebs: `testSi +1 _ Z qula
ekvivalenturia daaxloebiT 84 %-isa.~ qvemoT moyvanil romel mosazre-
bas gamoTqvams profesori?
1. niSnebi testze ranJirebulia 0-dan 100-mde.
2. testis qulebidan standartuli gadaxra (deviacia) udris 3,4-s.
3. qulebis distribucia testSi normaluria (swori pasuxi).
4. testi sando da qmediTunariania.
savaraudopasuxebiani kiTxvebi. yoveli saxis gamocdasa da tests ostatu-
ri konstruireba sWirdeba, magram kargi savaraudopasuxiani sakiTxebi
namdvili gamowvevaa. zogi moswavle savaraudopasuxian testebs xum-
robiT `savaraudo gamocnobas~ eZaxis – es imis niSania, rom amgvari tes-
tebi xSirad cudad aris Sedgenili. testis Sedgenisas Tqveni mizania, rom
misi saSualebiT moswavlis miRwevis done gazomoT da ara testis werisa
da gamocnobis unarebi.
savaraudopasuxiani kiTxvis Sesavali anu fuZe, is nawilia, romelSic
dasmulia SekiTxva an mocemulia problema. variantebs, romlebic mas mo-
hyveba alternativebi ewodeba. SecdomiT pasuxebs ewodeba damabnevele-
bi anu distraqtorebi, radgan maTi mizania im moswavleebis dabneva da
xelisSeSla, romlebsac masala mxolod nawilobriv esmiT. Tu ar arsebobs
kargi damabneveli, moswavles zedapiruli codniT ar gauWirdeba swori
pasuxis povna. qvemoT moyvanili rekomendaciebi, adaptirebuli gron-
lundis (2003), pophamisa (2005w) da smiti, smiti da de lsisis (2001) mier,
dagexmarebaT ufro advilad SeadginoT arCeviTpasuxiani da sxva obieq-
turi testirebis kiTxvebi.
rekomendaciebi: arCeviTpasuxiani testis sakiTxebis wera
testis Sedgenis safuZveli unda iyos cxadi da mar-
tivi, moyvanili unda iyos mxolod erTi problema.
umniSvnelo detalebi gamotovebuli unda iyos.
c u d i
arsebobs ramdenime sxvadasxva standartuli an warmoe-
buli. IQ qula. testebi gansakuTrebirT sasargebloa,
radgan...
u k e T e s i
qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romelia IQ qulis dadebiTi mxa­re?
safuZvelSi dasmuli problema fuZeSi dasmuli
problema unda iyos dadebiTi terminebiT warmodge-
nili.
uaryofiTi enobrivi forma damabnevelia. Tu Tqven
unda gamoiyenoT sityvebi, rogoricaa ara, ar an gar-
da, gausviT maT xazi an sxva saxiT gamoyaviT.
c u d i
mocemulidan romeli ar aris standartuli qula?
u k e T e s i
mocemulTagan romeli ar aris standartuli qula?
nu moeliT moswavleTagan alternativebs Soris zed-
miwevniT swori arCevanis gakeTebas.
rodis gadadis normaluri procentuli mrudi iribSi
+1-sa da -1 standartul gadaxras Soris?
c u d i
a. 66% b. 67% g. 68% d. 69%
u k e T e s i
a. 14% b. 34% g. 68% d. 95%
fuZeSi rac SeiZleba meti formulireba unda iyos
CarTuli iseTnairad, rom TiToeul alternativaSi
frazebis gameoreba aRar gaxdes saWiro.
procentuli qula
a. aRniSnavs, pasuxebis ramdeni procentia swori.
b. warmoadgens procentebSi gamosaxuli swori ra terminiT aRiniSneba yvelaze xSiri qula distribu-
da araswori pasuxebis Sefardebas.
g. im moswavleTa procentuli maCvenebelia, rom- c u d i
lebmac maqsimaluri zRvruli an masze meti
qula daagroves.
d. im moswavleTa procentuli maCvenebelia,
romlebmac minimaluri zRvruli an masze
naklebi qula daagroves.
u k e T e s i
procentuli qula aRniSnavs procentul maCvenebels:
a. sworad gacemuli sakiTxebis;
b. swori pasuxebis procentuli maCveneblis Sefarde-
bas araswori pasuxebis procentul maCvenebelTan.
g. moswavleebisa, romlebmac daagroves mocemuli
zRvruli niSnulis toli an masze maRali qula.
d. moswavleebisa, romlebmac daagroves mocemuli
zRvruli niSnulis toli an masze dabali qula.
yoveli alternativa gramatikulad unda Seesabam-
ebodes Sesavals, ise rom arc erTi pasuxi ar iyos
aSkarad mcdari?
c u d i
stenford-bines tests Sedegad moaqvs:
a. IQ niSani g. profesiuli upiratesoba
b. sakiTxavi done d. meqanikuri sazrianoba
u k e T e s i
ras afasebs stenford-bines testi?
a. inteleqts g. profesiul upiratesobas
b. kiTxvis dones d. meqanikur sazrianobas
kategoriuli sityvebi, rogoricaa yovelTvis, yvela,
mxolod an arasdros ar unda iqnas gamoyenebuli, Tu
isini mudmivad
ar Cndeba yvela alternativaSi. testebs yvelaze
Wkvianma da gamocdilma Semdgenlebma ician, rom
kategoriuli pasuxebi, rogorc wesi, Secdomaa.
c u d i
moswavleTa namdvili (skalirebuli) qula standartul
testSi
a. arasdros ar aris dagrovili (nedli)
qulis toli.
b. yovelTvis axlosaa dagrovil (nedl)
qulsaTan.
g. yovelTvis gansazRvrulia Sefasebis standartuli
gadaxriT.
d. rogorc wesi, moqceulia mopovebuli (nedli) qulis
orive mxares - 1-dan +1 erTeulamde gafarToebul
intervalSi. (an: SualedSi)
u k e T e s i
qvemoT moyvanil winadadebaTagan yvelaze xSirad ro-
melia swori standartul testSi moswavlis namdvili
(skalirebuli) qulis Sesaxeb?
a. is dagrovili (nedli) qulis tolia.
b. is Zalian axlosaa dagrovil (nedl) qulasTan.
g. is dadgenilia Sefasebis standartuli gadaxriT.
d. is SeiZleba iyos dagrovil (nedl) qulaze meti an
naklebi.
ecadeT Tavidan aiciloT msgavsi mniSvnelobis ori
damabneveli kiTxva. Tu mxolod erTi pasuxia swori
da pasuxebidan ori erTnairia, maSin orive es pasuxi
araswori iqneba. Secdoma sagrZnoblad amcirebs
asarCev variantebs.
ciaSi?
a. moda g. saSualo ariTmetikuli
b. mediana d. saSualo mniSvneloba
u k e T e s i
a. moda/Cveuleba g. standartuli gada
b. mediana d. saSualo
erideT saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli formulire­
rbis zustad gameorebas.
warumatebelma moswavleebma SeiZleba icnon pasuxebi
maTi mniSvnelobis gagebis gareSe.
erideT terminebs: `yvela zemoT xsenebuli~ arcerTi
pasuxi ar aris swori~ _ gamoyenebas.
aseTi pasuxebi seiZleba daexmaros moswavleebs, rom-
lebic pasuxoben gamocnobiT. `yvela zemoT xsenebul~-
maSeiZleba SecdomaSi seiyvanos sxarti moswavle, ro-
melic xedavs, rom pirveli alternativa sworia da
aRar agrZelebs kiTxvas.
cxadi da umartivesi struqturac exmareba moswav-
leebs, romlebic gamocnobiT pasuxoben.
kiTxvidan kiTxvamde unda icvlebodes rogorc swori
pasuxebis ganlageba, ise misi sidide (grZeli-mokle)
arasworma alternativebma unda asaxos moswavlis
yvelaze xSiri mcdari interpretaciebi.
Tumca iyaviT frTxilad, yuradReba miaqcieT: mcdari
pasuxebi imdenad aSkarad mcdaric ar unda iyos, rom
moswavleebma isini ganuxilvelad ukuagdon.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.msu.edu/dept/soweb/writitem.html
761

daukavSireT swavlebas/
portfolios da ganavrceT
zog moswavles Ria kiTxvebi
urCevnia, imitom rom maT seu-
ZliaT raRac mainc daweron,
maSinac ki, roca ar pasuxoben
kiTxvas da nebismier SemTx-
vevaSi nawilobrivi qula mainc
miiRon. rogor fiqrobT, xSi-
ria Tu ara nawilobrivi qulis
dawera Sefasebis praqtikaSi?
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Ria
SekiTxvebi moicavs masalis mx-
olod SezRudal nawils, aris
Tu ara es praqtika mosawoni an
gamarTlebuli?
762
esses saxiT// Ria kiTxvebiT gamocda
instruqciuli miznebis gazomvis saukeTeso gzaa mosTxovo moswav-
leebs Tavad Seadginon kiTxvaze pasuxebi. am SemTxvevebSi upriania Ria
SekiTxva. esei - testirebis yvelaze rTuli nawili nawerebis xarisxis Se-
fasebaa, magram cxadi kiTxvebis dawerac aranakleb rTulia. Cven ganvixi-
lavT esse/Ria kiTxviT gamocdebis weras, administrirebas da niSnis daw-
eras/Sefasebas. am dros Cven ZiriTadad gronlandis (2003) mosazrebebs
daveyrdnobiT. yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT aseve im faqtorebze, romlebic
Tavs iCenen eseis saxiT Catarebul gamocdaze moswavleTa Sefasebisas da
am problemaTa daZlevis saSualebebze.
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT SeafaseT pophemis mier SemoTava-
zebuli ori saxis Ria SekiTxva (2005a. gv. 172-173)
1. (saSualo skolis done) axlaxan nanaxi videomasaliT Tqven Semog-
Tavazes sami yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli reklama. ra klasikuri
propagandis romeli meTodia mocemuli samive maTganSi?
2. (saSualo skolis done) gaixseneT maTematikis gakveTilebi da saSin-
ao davalebebi bolo 12 kviris ganmavlobaSi. ra daskvnebis gakeTeba
SegiZliaT maTgan? pasuxi erT gverdze meti ar unda iyos.
esse/ /Ria kiTxvebis saxiT gamocdis Sedgena. radganac pasuxis gace-
mas dro sWirdeba, amgvari gamocda wesiT mcire masalas unda Seicavdes.
am­­rigad, efeqturobisaTvis esse/Ria kiTxvebi SezRuduli unda iyos mx-
olod kompleqsuri saswavlo Sedegebis SefasebiT.
Ria SekiTxvam unda misces moswavleebs cxadi da zusti davaleba
da miuToTos im elementebze, rac pasuxis gacemisas unda iyos gaTval-
iswinebuli. (aris Tu ara zemoT moyvanili kiTxvebi cxadi da zusti?) mo-
swavleebma unda icodnen, ramdenad vrceli unda iyos maTi pasuxi da ra
dro unda daxarjon TiToeul SekiTxvaze. zemoT mocemuli meore SekiTx-
va gverdebis konkretul raodenobas gvTavazobs, magram gaigeT Tu vera,
ras iTxovs is Cvengan?
moswavleebs pasuxis gacemisaTvis didi dro unda mieceT. Tu erTi
gakveTilis irgvliv ramdenime kiTxvas unda gaeces pasuxi, maSin TiToeul
pasuxze dawesebuli unda iqnas drois limiti. Tumca gaxsovdeT, rom
drois SezRudva zrdis mRelvarebas da zog moswavles xels uSlis sa­
kiTxis akuratulad SefasebaSi. rac unda iyos, nu ecdebiT SezRuduli
masalis kompensirebas masSi bevri Ria SekiTxvis CarTviT. ukeTesi iqneba,
Tu gamocdebs ufro xSirad dagegmavT, vidre erT gakveTilSi ori an meti
esse! Ria SekiTxva dasvaT. Ria SekiTxvis ramdenime saswavlo mizanTan
kombinireba kursis masalis SezRudulobis problemis gadaWris mxolod
erTi saSualebaa (Gronlund, 2003).
esses Sefaseba: safrTxeebi. 1912 wels starCma da eliotma daiwyes ga­
mokv­levaTa seriebi, romlebmac SokSi Caagdes ganaTlebis muSakebi da
gamoamJRavnes subieqturobis kritikuli done testirebiT Sefasebisas.
am mkvlevrebs surdaT gaerkviaT, ra doziT eqcevian maswavleblebi saku-
Tari faseulobebis, standartebisa da molodinebis gavlenis qveS esseTa
Sefasebisas. Tavdapirveli kvlevis dros maT saSualo skolis ori mo-
swavlis mier dawerili inglisuris sagamocdo furclebi daugzavnes 200
skolis maswavleblebs. TiToeul maTgans naSromi Tavisi standartebis
mixedviT unda Seefasebina. unda gamoyenebul unda yofiliyo procentu-
li Sefaseba, 75% gamsvleli quliT.
 cxrili 15.3

sxvadasxva saxis gamocdisa da testirebis tipebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi

arc erTi maTgani ar aris idealuri. saukeTseo midgoma maTi Serwymaa.

tipi dadebiTi mxareebi uaryofiTi mxareebi

mokle pasuxi SeuZlia mokle droSi bevri faqtis Znelia kompleqsuri cod-
Semowmeba da gamocda. mSvenieri nis gazomva. xSirad orazrova-
formatia maTemati- kisaTvis. aseve nia.
amowmebs gaxsenebis unars.

esse/Ria SekiTxva- … SeuZlia gamoscados kompleqsuri Znelia obieqturad misi niSniT

codna. afasebs azrovnebis proces- Sefaseba. didi dro miaqvs ro-
sa da kreatiulobas. gorc Tavad Sesrulebas, ise mis
Sesworebas.

WeSmariti/mcdari amowmebs faqtebis umravlesobas misi saSualebiT Znelia

umokles droSi. advilia niSniT Se- kompleqsuri codnis Semow-
faseba. cdis cnobas. obieqturia. meba. Znelia sando sakiTxebis
dawera. SeiZleba iqces gamoc-
nobis obieqtad.

SeTanxmeba/misadageba SesaniSnavia faqtebis asociaciisa Znelia efeqturi sakiTxebis

da gacnobierebulobis gamocdis- Sedgena. gamoricxvis meTodis
aTvis. marTalia moklea, magram Seu- obieqtia.
Zlia komplesuri swavlebis (gansa-
kuTrebiT koncefciebis) gamocdac.
obieqturia

savaraudo pasuxebi SeuZlia Seafasos swavla kompleq- Zneli Sesadgenia garkveul-

surobis yvela doneze. zomavs wilad gamocnobis obieqtia.
farTo speqtris codnis dones
SedarebiT mcire droSi. advilad
Sesafasebelia.

wyaro: Classroom Teaching Skills, Seventh Edition by James Cooper. Copyright © 2003 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Adapted with permissio

Sedegebi? garkveuloba, punqtuacia, sufTa wera da komunikaciuri

efeqturoba sxvadasxva maswavleblebis mier sxvadasxva doneze Sefasda.
erTi naweris niSnebi 64%-dan 98%-mde varirebda, saSualo qula gamo-
dioda 88,2 %. meore naweris qulebi varirebda 50%-dan 97%-s Soris, sa-
Sualo qula iyo 80,2 % momdevno wels starCma da eliotma gamoaqveynes
istoriasa da geometriaSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi, romelic ingli-
suris analogiuri iyo. am kvlevebidan miRebuli yvelaze mniSvnelovani
aRmoCena iyo is, rom niSnis dawerisas subieqturobis problema mxolod
erTi konkretuli akademiuri sferoTi ar Semoifargleboda. mTavari
siZneleebi iyo maswavleblis seqsiT ganpirobebuli individualuri stan-
dartebi da Sefasebis proceduraTa arasandooba.

eseTa Sefaseba: meTodebi. gronlandi gvTavazobs (2003) ramdenime stra­

tegias eseTa SefasebisaTvis, raTa Tavidan aviciloT subieqturobisa da

763
 zerele midgomia problemebi. Tu es SesaZlebelia, kargi iqneboda pirve-
li nabiji yofiliyo niSnis daweris kriteriumebis an rubrikis (amis Ses-
axeb mogvianebiT mets visaubrebT) konstruireba da maTi moswavleTaTvis
gaziareba. maSinac ki, roca moswavleebs gamocdisas eZlevaT garkveuli
arCevani, maswavlebels SeuZlia gadawyvitos, ra saxis informacias unda
Seicavdes pasuxi. aq mocemulia tenbrinkis (2003) magaliTi
kiTxva: eTanxmebiT Tu ara Semdeg gancxadebas: samoqalaqo omebi
sa­Wiroa qveynis ganviTarebisaTvis. CamoTvaleT Tqveni ar-
gumentebis gasamyarebeli mizezebi; da moiyvaneT magaliTebi
istoriidan.
Sefasebis rubrika: yvela pasuxi, dakavebuli poziciis miuxedavad,
unda moicavdes (1) poziciis cxad formulirebas; (2) sul mci­
re xuT logikur mizezs; (3) sul mcire oTx magaliTs istori-
idan, romlebic cxadad amtkiceben mosazrebas.
rogorc ki Tqven gaacanobT klass pasuxebTan dakavSirebul Tqvens
molodins, SegiZliaT daweroT niSnebi eseis sxvadasxva nawilSi. niSnis
dawera SegiZliaT agreTve pasuxis organizebasa da eseis Sinagan konsis-
tenciaSi. Tqven SeiZlebagaakeToT Sefaseba rogorc niSnis daweriT 1-dan
5-mde, aseve A.B.C. . . qulebiT da daaxarisxoT namuSevrebi saqaRaldeebSi
niSnebis mixedviT. saboloo nabiji unda iyos TiToeul saqaRaldeSi na-
muSevrebis Sedareba, raTa kidev erTxel SeamowmoT, rom isini erTi do-
nisaa. es teqnika dagexmarebaT darwmundeT Tqveni Sefasebis samarTliano-
basa da akuratulobaSi.
roca afasebT esses saxiT Catarebuli gamocdis Sedegebs, ramdenime
Ria SekiTxviT, ufro Wkvianuri iqneba, Tu jer SeasworebT erTi kiTxvis
yvela pasuxs da Semdeg gadaxvalT momdevno kiTxvaze. es Tavidan agac-
ilebT moswavlis erTi pasuxis xarisxisgan miRebuli gavlenis qveS mo-
qcevas misi Semdegi pasuxis gasworebisas. mas Semdeg, rac daasrulebT
pirveli sakiTxis kiTxvas da niSniT Sefasebas, aurieT furclebi raTa ar
moxdes ise, rom erTi da igive moswavle an pirvel rigSi Sefasdes (roca
Tqven met dros xarjavT ukukavSirze da ufro mkacr standartebs iy-
enebT) an yvelaze bolos (roca daRlili xarT ukukavSiris weriT da
ufro modunebuli standartebis Semowmebisas). mizans ukeTesad miaR-
wevT, Tu sTxovT moswavleebs furcels ukana gverdze daaweron saxeli
da gvari, raTa niSani anonimurad daiweros. samarTlianobis saboloo da-
dastureba iqneba, Tu sxva maswavlebels SeamowmebinebT namuSevrebs, is-
eTs, romelmac kargad icis Tqveni miznebi da ar icis Tqven mier dawerili
niSnebi. es Tqven mogcemT faseul informacias im midrekilebebis Sesaxeb,
romelic SeiZleba gqondeT.
axla, roca Cven ganvixileT rogorc obieqturi testireba, ise esse/
Ria kiTxvebiT gamocda, SegviZlia erTmaneTs SevadaroT sxvadasxva mid-
gomaTa magaliTebi. 15.3 cxrilSi warmodgenilia TiToeulis dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi mxareebis Sejameba.

tradifiul SefasebaTa alternativebi

Cven vfiqrobdiT imaze, Tu rogor gavxadoT tradiciuli gamocdebi

ufro efeqturi. modiT axla vnaxoT saskolo Sefasebis ramdenime al-
ternatiuli midgoma. standartuli gamocdebis, iseve rogorc saklaso
Sefasebebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani nakli da kritikis Tema

764
aris saswavlo gegmaze kontroli, azrovnebisa da problemis gadaWris ma- daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s
da ganavrceT
givrad aqcentis gakeTeba faqtebis codnasa da gaxsenebaze. amgvar kriti-
avTentikuri testebi (II, CI,
kas Zalian cota maswavlebeli Tu SeewinaaRmdegeba. maSinac ki, Tu Tqven 2, 4)
mihyvebiT Cvens rekomendaciebs, tradiciuli gamocda mainc SezRudulia. moswavleze koncentrirebul
risi gakeTeba SeiZleba? iqceva Tu ara tradiciuli gamocdebi moZvele- swavlaze yu­rad­Rebis gamax-
vilebas Tan mohyva yuradRebis
bul modad alternatiuli Sefasebis doneze? CanarTi `argumenti/kon-
gamaxvileba avTentikur
trargumenti~ dagexmarebaT am kiTxvaze pasuxis moZiebaSi. testebze. gaigeT Sefasebis am
erTi gamosavali testirebis dilemidan, saklaso testirebebSi avTen- formebis mizani, Rirebuleba
tikuri Sefasebis koncefciaTa gamoyenebaa. da dadebiTi mxareebi. aRwereT
maTi maxasiaTeblebi da maT
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli
avTentikuri saklaso Sefaseba potenciuri problemebi.

rogoria Tqveni azri? inovaciebiT cnobil dawyebiT skolaSi,

TqvenTan gasaubrebisas erT-erTi maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas: `ra
iciT portfolioebis, prezentaciebis, proeqtebisa da rubrikebis
gamoyenebiT swavlis Sefasebis Sesaxeb?~

avTentikuri Sefaseba moswavleebisagan iTxovs unarebisa da SesaZle-

blobebis ise gamoyenebas, rogorc amas realur cxovrebaSi gaakeTebdnen.
magaliTad, rogor SeuZliaT maT wiladis saSualebiT Seamciron da gaz-
ardon sidideebi. grant viginsma es argumenti 15 wlis win gaakeTa:

Tu testebi realurad imas, gansazRvravs rasac maswavlebeli

aswavlis da moswavleebi swavloben, maSin gza reformisaken sworia,
Tumca sakmaod rTuli: gamoscadeT is SesaZleblobebi da Cvevebi,
romlebic Tqveni TvalsazrisiT arsebiTia da gamoscadeT isini
konteqstSi. gaxadeT [testebi] zomierebis farglebSi yoveli aka-
demiuri disciplinis ZiriTadi sakiTxebis sirTuleTa amsaxveli.
aqcieT isini avTentikurad (realurad). (1989, gv. 41)

viginsi agrZelebs da ambobs, rom Tu Tqveni instruqciuli miznebi

moicavs moswavleebisagan weris, saubris, mosmenis, Seqmnis, kritiku-
lad azrovnebis, kvlevis, problemis gadaWris an codnis gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobebis dauflebas, maSin Cveni testebi unda moiTxovdes
gamofena moswavlis Ses-
Cveni moswavleebisgan weras, saubars, mosmenas, Seqmnas, azrovnebas, rulebis testis erT-erTi
kvlevas, gadaWras da gamoyenebas. rogor SeiZleba amis gakeTeba? saxea, romelic misgan ko-
ganaTlebis sferos bevri warmomadgeneli fiqrobs, rom am proble- munikaciis gamoyenebasa da
mravalsaaTian momzadebas
mis gadasaWrelad analogiebisaTvis unda mivmarToT, xelovnebasa da
moiTxovs. gamofena exmareba
sports. Tu gamocdas SevxedavT rogorc solo koncerts, gamofenas, moswavles Seafasos maRali
TamaSs, fsevdo sasamarTlo process an sxva saxis warmodgenas, maSin xarisxis samuSao.
ga­mocdisaTvis swavla saxaliso da kargia. yvela mwvrTneli, mxatva­
ri an musikosi siamovnebiT `aswavlida~ am `testebs~, radgan swored
testirebaze Tavis kargad warmoCena aris instruqciis mTavari azri.
av­Tentikuri Sefaseba moswavlisgan moiTxovs warmodgenas da Sesrule-
bas. es SeiZleba iyos azrovnebiT wardgena/Sesruleba, fizikuri ward-
gena/Sesruleba, kreatiuli wardgena/Sesruleba an prezentaciis sxva
romelime forma. ase, rom prezentaciis Sefaseba aris Sefasebis ne­ avTentikuri Sefaseba – im
bismieri is forma, romelic moswavlisgan moiTxovs aqtivobas an mis unarebis gazomva, romlebic
Se­degs swavlis demonstritebisaTvis. aqtivobis ganaxorcielebas an modelirebul situaciebSi
realuri cxovrebiseuli prob-
produqciis warmoebas, swavlis demonstrirebisaTvis (Airasian, 2005).
lemebis gadasaWrelad.

765
 argumenti / kontrargumenti
romelia ukeTEsi _ tradiciuli Tu avTentikuri Sefaseba?
Cven vnaxeT standartuli testebis dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi mxareebi, magram ra xdeba saklaso
gamocdebze? sasargebloa Tu ara tradiciuli sa-
varaudopasuxiani testebi da esei/Ria SekiTxvebi
saklaso SefasebisTvis?
argumenti tradiciuli testireba sak-
laso SefasebisaTvis cudisTvis safuZvels war-
moadgens.
Tavis statiaSi “Standards, Not Standartization: Evok-
ing Quality Student Work”-Si grant viginss (1991) mo-
hyavs Zlieri argumenti moswavleebisTvis sru-
lyofilebis standartebis micemis- xazgasmulia
sasargeblod, romelTa saSualebiTac maT SeeZle-
baT gansajon TavianTi miRwevebi. magram es stan-
dartebi ar unda iyos maRali niSnebi savarau-
dopasuxebian testebze. rodesac standartuli
testebis Sefaseba standartad iqceva, moswavlee-
bs hgoniaT, rom mTavaria mxolod swori pasuxi da
ara am pasuxis gaazreba. viginsi aRniSnavs:
Cven ar SevafasebT qseroqss, bostonis
simfoniur orkestrs, cincinatis redss
(beisbolis gundi) an dom perignonis ve-
naxebs arapirdapiri, advilad gamosacdeli
da saerTo indikatorebis mixedviT. verc am
adgilebze momuSaveebi miaRwevdnen maRal
Sedegs, romelime sazogado, usafrTxo
testi rom gamoiyenebodes standartis
miRwevisas warmatebis sazomad. xarisxis
moTxovna da miReba, rogorc moswavlee-
bis, ise ufrosebis SemTxvevaSi, niSnavs im
samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli standartebis
formirebas, romelsac vaxorcielebT da
vafasebT. es ki niSnavs molodinis Camoyal-
ibebas im samuSaos Sesaxeb, romelic xarisxs
saWiroebad aqcevs da ara Sexedulebad. war-
moidgineT:
inglisuris maswavlebeli moswavleTa
namuSevarebs gasasworeblad aZlevs maT-
save Tanatolebs da Tan urTavs instruq-
cias: gaasworon auCqareblad da iqamde,
sanam daiRlebian, moniSnon, sadamdec gaas-
wores da mxolod amis Semdeg Caabaron mas-
wavlebels namuSevari.
maswavlebeli, romelic moiTxovs rom
ma­Tematikis yvela saSinao davaleba Caba-
rebul iqnas sxva moswavlis (gamsworeblis)
xelmoweriT (gasworebis Semdeg), da qulebs
wers rogorc moswavlis sakuTar, ise xel-
moweril namuSevarSi.
viginsi momxre iyo iseTi Sefasebisa, ro­melsac
aqvs azri da romelic gamoscdis codnas realur-
cxovrebiseul situaciebSi. gagebis gazomva Seu-
Zlebelia im testebis meSveobiT, romlebic iTxoven
moswavlisagan konteqstis gareSe unarebisa da cod-
nis gamoyenebas. `sxva sityvebiT, ver vityviT, rom

erTi SexedviT SeiZleba ucnaurad gamoiyurebodes azrovnebiT pre­

prezentaciis Sefaseba
– moswavlis mier naswavli da
TvalsaCinod warmodgenili
masalebis Sefaseba; mag., aqti-
vobis an misi Sedegis.
zentaciaze saubari, magram SegviZlia es gavakeToT paralelebis moSve-
liebiT. seriozuli azrovneba sariskoa, radgan realuri, cxovrebi-
seuli problemebi ar aris zustad gansazRvruli. xSirad azrovnebis
Sedegebi sajaroa – sxvebi afaseben Cvens ideebs. rogorc mocekvave,
romelic kastings gadis brodveis SousaTvis, ise unda gaumklavdnen
moswavleebi am Semowmebis Sedegebs; rogorc moqandake, romelic uy-
urebs Tixis gorgals da fiqrobs Tavis momaval namuSevarze, sirTu-
leebis winaSe moswavleebmac unda mimarTon eqsperiments, dakvirvebas,
gadakeTebas, warmodgena-fantazias da eZion testis gasaRebi. maT unda
gamoiyenon sabaziso unarebi, gamoigonon meqanizmebi, mimarTon inter-
pretacias da gadawyviton, rogor warudginon Sedegebi auditorias.
unda SeZlon xSirad kritikis miReba da Tavdapirveli Sedegebis gaum-
jobeseba (Eisner, 1999; Herman, 1997). 15.4 cxrilSi CamoTvlilia avTen-
tikuri testebis maxasiaTeblebi.

766
rame gvesmis, Tu codnas brZnulad, moqnilad ar
gamoviyenebT garkveuli situaciebisa da sxvadasx-
va konteqstis Sesabamisad~ (Wiggins, 1993, p.200.)
kontrargumenti tradiciul testebs mniS-
vnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia.
fsiqologTa da ganaTleblis muSakTa um-
ravlesoba eTanxmeba viginsis azrs, rom cxadi,
maRali avTentikuri standartebis dadgena mniS-
vnelovania, magram bevrs aseve sjera, rom am pro-
cesSi SeiZleba tradiciul testebic sasargeblo
iyos. swavla SeiZleba marTlac ufro metia, vidre
swori pasuxebis codna, magram swori pasuxebic
mniSvnelovania. saskolo ganaTleba azrovnebi-
sa da problemebis gadaWris swavlasTan erTad
codnasac gulisxmobs, moswavleebs unda hqodeT
raRac, razec ifiqreben – faqtebi, ideebi, kon-
cefciebi, principebi, Teoriebi, axsnebi, argu-
mentebi, suraTebi, mosazrebebi. kargad Sedgenil
tradiciul testebs SeuZliaT efeqturad Seafa-
son moswavleTa codna (Airasian, 2005). ganaTlebis
sferos zogierTi warmomadgeneli Tvlis, rom
tradiciul testirebas imaze didi mniSvneloba
unda eniWebodes, vidre dRes aqvs. saganmanaTleb-
lo kursis analitikosebi fiqroben, rom amerikel
moswavleebs, bevri sxva ganviTarebuli qveynis
moswavleebTan SedarebiT, akliaT codna, radgan
amerikul skolebSi upiratesoba eniWeba xazgas-
mulia – kritikuli azrovnebis, TviT-Sefasebis,
problemaTa gadaWris process –Sinaarsze metad.
Sinaarsis ukeT swavlebisaTvis maswavlebelma
unda gansazRvros, ramdenad kargad swavloben
misi moswavleebi Sinaarss, xolo tradiciuli
testireba gvawvvdis mniSvnelovan informacias
swored Sinaarsis swavlis Sesaxeb.
testebi aseve faseuli da mniSvnelovania swav-
laSi moswavleTa dakvalianebisa da motivirebi-
saTvis. arsebobs kvlevaTa masalebi, rom xSiri
testireba xels uwyobs swavlasa da gaxsenebas.
metic, moswavleebi mets swavloben klasSi xSiri
testirebiT, vidre zogjer CatarebuliT (Demp-
ster, 1991).
rogoria Tqveni azri?
mieciT xma veb-gverdze www.mylabschool.com
wyaro: “Standards Not Standardization,” by G. Wiggins,
Educational Leadership, 48, (5), pp.18-25. Copyright © 1991 by
American Association for Supervision and Curriculum Devel-
opment. ibeWdeba ASCD-s nebarTviT. yvela ufleba daculia.
Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development mas-
wavlebelTa msoflio erTobaa, romelic mxars uWers saR poli-
tikas da uziarebs saukeTeso gamocdilebas, raTa yovelma mo-
swavlem miaRwios warmatebas. meti informaciisaTvis ix. www.
ascd.org

portfolioebi da gamofenebi
avTentikur Sefasebaze yuradRebis ganapiroba ramdenime midgomis
ganviTareba, romlebic dafuZnebulia wardgenis/Sesrulebis (prezenta-
ciis) mizanze _ konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT. imis magivrad, rom Semoxazon
pasuxebi `faqtobriv~ SekiTxvebze arakonteqsturi situaciebis Sesaxeb,
moswavleebs moeTxovebaT problemebis gadaWra. faqtebi gamoyenebu-
lia im konteqstSi, romlebsac isini exeba – magaliTad, moswavle iyenebs
gramatikis wesebs, raTa kompiuterul kompanias misweros damajerebeli
werili klasis kompiuteruli centrisaTvis kompiuterebis usasyidlod
gamoyofis TxovniT. qvemoT moyvanili testi da misi Sesrulebis nimuSi
moyvanilia Connecticut Core of Common Learning-idan:
bevri adgliobrivi supermarketi irwmuneba, rom yvelaze da-
bali fasebi aqvs. magram ras niSnavs es sinamdvileSi? niSnavs Tu
ara es, rom yvela saxis saqoneli iq dabali fasisaa, Tu es mxolod
garkveul produqtebze vrceldeba? rogor SegiZliaT realurad

767
daukavSireT kvlevas da gaarkvioT, romeli supermarketi dagizogavT ufro met fuls?
ganavrceT Tqveni davalebaa SeadginoT gegma da ganaxorcieloT kvleva am
saklaso Sefasebis gaumjobe-
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad. ra saqonels da produqtebs SeadarebT
sebisaTvis ix.: Stiggins, R. J.
(2001). Assesment crisis: The da ratom? rogor gaamarTlebT Tqveni `nimuSis~ arCevans? ramde-
absence of assessment FOR learn- nad sandoa nimuSi da a.S.? (Wolf, Bixby, Glenn, & Gardner, 1991, p.61).
ing, Phi Delta Kappan, 83, 758-765.
xelmisawvdomia veb-gverdzec: moswavleebi am `testis~ dasrulebisas gamoiyeneben maTematikur cod-
http://www.pdkintl.org/kappan/
nas da procedurebs realuri cxovrebiseuli problemebis gadasaWrelad.
k0206sti.htm
amasTan, maT mouwevT kritikuli azrovneba da damajereblad wera. qvemoT

cxrili 15.4

avTenturi testis Taviseburebebi

a. struqtura da logika
1. ufro sajaroa, moicavs auditorias, pan-
els da a.S.
2. ar eyrdnoba drois ararealur da arbi-
traJul SezRudvebs.
3. gvTavazobs cnobil, ara saidumlo kiTx-
vebsa da davalebebs.
4. ufro metad waagavs portfolios.
5. moiTxovs sxvebTan garkveul TanamSrom-
lobas.
6. meordeba –imsaxurebs gameorebas, repeti-
cias, praqtikas, xelaxal gavlas.
7. moswavleebisaTvis imdenad mniSvnelovan
Sefasebasa da ukukavSirs akeTebs, rom sas-
kolo ganrigi, struqtura da kursi am tes-
tebis mixedviT aris modificirebuli.
b. dizainis inteleqtualuri Strixebi
1. aris `arsebiTi~ – ar aris momabezrebeli,
saarbitraJo an specialurad niSnis `gamo-
saZalavad~ Sedgenili.
2. arian `saSualebis mimcemni~ – imgvarad
aris konstruirebuli, rom miuTiTos mo-
swavles codnisa da unarebis gamoyenebis
ufro rTuli gzebsa da saSualebebze.
3. gvTavazobs konteqstur da kompleqsur in-
teleqtualur sirTuleebs da ara `atom-
ebad daSlil~ davalebebs, romlebic urT-
ierTobaSia izolirebul `SedegebTan~.
4. moicavs moswavlis individualur kvlevas
an codnis gamoyenebas, romlisaTvisac Si-
naarsi `saSualebas~ warmoadgens.
5. afasebs moswavlis Cvevebs da repertuars
da ara ubralod gaxsenebis an azrovnebis
unars.
6. arsebobs sirTuleebi – Sedgenilia ise,
rom xazi gausvas codnis siRrmes da ara
xelSesaxeb moculobas.
g. Sefasebisa da niSnis daweris standartebi
1. moicavs kriteriumebs, romelic afasebs
mTavar elementebs da ara advilad dasaT-
vlel (magram SedarebiT umniSvnelo) Sec-
domebs.
2. niSani iwereba ara xarisxis merudze, ar-
amed Sesrulebis standartebTan mimarTe-
baSi (kriteriumze da ara normaze dayrd-
nobiT).
3. moicavs aramistificirebul kriteriu­
mebs, romlebic moswavleebisaTvis warma­
tebuli saqmianobis ganuyofel nawilia.
4. TviTSefasebas xdis Sefasebis nawilad.
5. iyenebs ,,mravalwaxnagiani~ niSnis daweris
sistemas _ erTi agregatuli niSnis ma-
givrad.
6. harmoaniSia saskolo miznebsa da stand-
artebTan.
d. samarTlianoba da miukerZoebloba
1. arkvevs, poulobs da adgens (albaT dafa-
rul) Zlier mxareebs.
2. ar cnoba da mudmivad arRvevs dadgenil
balanss miRwevis Sefasebasa da bunebriv
unarebs an iRblian winaswar varjiSs So-
ris.
3. minimumade dahyavs usargeblo, arasamar-
Tliani da demoralizebuli Sedarebebi.
4. qmnis Sesaferis sivrces moswavleTa sas-
wavlo stilis, midrekilebebisa da in-
teresebisaTvis.
5. aqvs SesaZlebloba – da sasurvelicaa
– yvela moswavlem mosinjos testirebis
es meTodi `winsvlisaTvis~ da ara `ukusv-
lisaTvis~.

wyaro: “Teaching to the Authentic Test,” by G.W.Wiggins, 1989, Educational Leadership, 45(7), p.44. Copyright © 1989 by the Association of
Supervision and Curriculum Development. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

768
 istoriebi swavlis Sesaxeb
xarki swavlebas
`me mindoda ufro avTentikuri, ufro namdvili
Sefaseba - raRac iseTi, rac dakavSirebuli iqneboda
Cvens swavlasa da momavalTan.~
texasSi aspiranturaSi swav­lis bolos mo­
miwia doq­torobis kandidatobis standartuli
gamocdis Cabareba. es iyo samdRiani testireba.
gaugebari xelnaweri, testi, romelic kiTxvebze
pasuxis gacemas moiTxovda ise, rogorc mokle
gzamkv­lels avseben. kandidatebs scdidnen ganaT­
lebis fsiqologiis sam sferoSi: socialuri/
ganviTarebis, swavla/kognitivizmi da statis­
tikuri kvlevis meTodebi. es iyo metad mniSv­
nelovani, Cemi bedis ganmsazRvreli sami dRe,
ro­melic unda gadaewyvita, davtovebdi skolas
`saboloo magistris xarisxiT~ (momakvdineblad
JRers ara?) Tu gavagrZelebdi swavlas sadoqtori
kvlevisaTvis. im droisaTvis, roca gamocdaze
gavediT, ukve dasrulebuli gvqonda Cveni sakurso
da internatura. filosofiis doqtoris xarisxis
misaRebad darCenili iyo mxolod da mxolod da­
moukidebeli kvlevis proeqtis _ disertaciis
dizaini, dasruleba, gaanalizeba da bolomde
miyvana. es samuSaos kompleqsuri nawilia, romlis
warmatebiT dasrulebisTvisac zog students mra­
vali Tve an welic ki sWirdeba.
es iyo 70-iani wlebi, periodi, roca texasi
protests moecva. es iyo dro, roca studentebi ufro
aqtiurad amkvidrebdnen TavianT uflebebs _ da mec am
suliskveTebis nawili viyavi. dar­wmunebuli viyavi,
rom samdRiani testireba ar iqneboda Cveni swavlis
saTanado Semfasebeli. me vkiTxe Cvens profesorebs:
`rodis davsxdebiT sami dRiT testebis sawerad da
savaraudo pasuxebiani kiTxvebis Sesavsebad, yo­vel­-
gvari wyaroebis gareSe esebis dasawerad an sta­
tistikuri problemebis gadasaWrelad, romleb­sac
araviTari kavSiri ar aqvT Cvens sakuTar kvlevis
sakiTxebTan?~ me ufro avTentikuri/namdvili Se­
faseba mindoda _ raRac iseTi, rac dakavSirebuli
iqneboda Cvens swavlasa da momavalTan. amis Sesaxeb
davelaparake sxva stu­dentebsac, davwere moxsenebiTi
baraTi Cemi winadadebebiT da vcdilobdi gavlena
momexdina profesorebze. mivaRwie imas, rom
bolosdabolos mTxoves am situaciis Sesaxeb
fakultetis Sexvedraze mesubra.
Cemda gasakvirad da gasaxarad, profesorebma
kenWisyraze mxari dauWires samdRiani testis al­
ternativas. kandidatebs SeeZloT daeweraT sak­
vlevi SeTavazebebi, sadac ganxiluli iqneboda ga­
naTlebis fsiqologiis mniSvnelovani sakvlevi
sakiTxi socialuri/ganviTarebis da saswavlo/
kognitivizmis perspeqtividan. amasTan erTad,
Cven mogveTxoveboda Segvedgina kvleva, sadac ga­
mo­yenebuli iqneboda Sesabamisi meTodologia
da statistika. me es varianti avirCie (mTeli im
aurzauris Semdeg, rac me gamoviwvie, ubralod
valdebuli viyavi ase movqceuliyavi). zogma me­
gobarma miTxra rom gavgiJdi, radgan me Tveebis
ganmavlobaSi vemzadebodi Cemi SeTavazebis mo­
samzadeblad, maT ki ramdenime kvira daxarjes tra­
diciuli testebis gasazepireblad. Tumca Semdeg
me gamoviyene garkveulwilad gaumjobesebuli Ce­
mi SeTavazeba disertaciaze muSaobbisas da maTze
erTi wliT adre davasrule. Cems ,,alma materSi~
alternatiuli sakandidato gamocdis praqtika
dResac moqmedebs da am formas viyeneb mec Cems
magistrebTan ohaios StatSi _ kargi profesuris
mondomebis wyalobiT,romlebmac miiRes moswav­
lis mosazreba 35 wlis win.
769
 sqema 15.1

moswavle mogviTxrobs Tavisi swavlis Sesaxeb:

samuSaos TviTanalizi portfolioSi
am moswavlis naweri ara mxolod gamosworda, moswavle gaxda ufro
gacnobierebuli da TviTkritikuli Tavisi naweris mimarT.

dRes me gadavxede yvela Cems nawers Cems saqaRaldeSi, me

wavikiTxe yvela Cemi naweri, rac seqtembridan damiweria. raRac-
raRacebi gamomisworebia!axla me vas­
woreb da veredaqtireb Cems
nawerebs; viyeneb wertilebs da kiTxvis niSnebs. xandaxan
Cemi nawerebi ufro grZelia.adre sityvebs xSirad SecdomiT
vwerdi,axla leqsikonSi vixedebi an megobars vekiTxebi. axla
me saxaliso da saSinel istoriebs vwer da saintereso
dasasrulebsac vagneb. adre xSirad vtovebdi sityvebs da ufro
mokle moTxrobebs vwerdi.

wyaro: `What Makes a Portfolio a Portfolio?” by F.L. Paulson, P. Paulson, and C. Meyers, 1991, educational Lead-
ership, 48,5, p.63. Copyright © 1991 by the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. ibeWdeba
nebarTviT.

moyvanili `saswavlo istoriebi/xarki swavlebas~ kidev erT magaliTs

gagacnobT Cemi sakuTari gamocdilebidan.
portfolioebi da gamofenebi ais Sefasebis ori perspeqtivaa, rom-
lebic moiTxoven Sesrulebas/warmodgenas (prezentacias) konteqstis
gaTvaliswinebiT. am midgomebis gamoyenebisas Zneli gasarkvevia, sad
mTavrdeba instruqtireba da iwyeba Sefaseba, radgan es ori procesi gada-
jaWvulia (Smith, Smith & De Lisi, 2001).

portfolio. wlebis ganmavlobaSi fotografebi, mxatvrebi, modelebi da

portfolio _ moswavlis
namuSevrebis Segroveba mo-
cemul sferoSi, rac aCvenebs
mis zrdas, TviTrefleqsias da
miRwevebs.
arqiteqtorebi samsaxuris mosaZebnad iyenebdnen portfolioebs raTa mo-
exdinaT TavinTi unarebis demonstrireba. portfolio aris namuSevrebis
sistemuri koleqcia, romelic xSirad moicavs dausrulebel samuSaos,
gameorebebs da moswavleTa TviTanalizs, imis Sesaxeb, rac iswavles
(Popham, 2005a). 15.1 nax-ze mocemulia erTi moswavlis TviTSefaseba.
portfolioebSi yvelaze xSirad werilobiTi samuSao Tu xelovnebis
nimuSebia moTavsebuli, magram moswavleebs aseve SeuZliaT daumaton
grafikebi, diagramebi, TanatolTa komentarebi, audio an video Canawere-
bi, laboratoriuli kvlevebis Sedegebi da kompiuteruli programebi
– nebismieri ram, rac axdens codnis demonstrirebas im sferoSi, ro-
melic iswavleba da fasdeba (Belanoff & Deckson, 1991; Camp, 1990; Wolf, Bixby,
Glenn, & Gardner, 1991). arsebobs gansxvaveba mimdinare portfoliosa da
`saukeTeso namuSevrebis~ saboloo portfolioebs Soris. es gansxvaveba

770
cxrili 15.5
procesisa da saukeTeso samuSaos portfolioebi individebisa da jgufebisaTvis
aq mocemulia sxvadasxva saganSi portfolioebis gamoiyenebis ramdenime magaliTi..
sagani procesis portfolio individu-
aluri moswavle
sabunebismetyvelo laboratoriuli problemebis amosax-
mecniereba Semswav- snelad samecniero meTodis gamoy-
lel enebis dokumentacia (Canawerebis
sagnebSi warmoeba).
maTematika maTematikuri proble-mebis gadaWris
mizniT maTematikuri azrovnebis
orsvetiani dokumentacia (marcxena
svetSi angariSi da axsniTi komentar-
ebi marjvenaSi).
enebi pirvelad aRniSvnaTa kompoziciebis
Sefaseba CanawerebiT, sxvaTa re-
daqtirebul namuSevarze sapasuxo
reaqciiTa da saboloo suraTis damza-
debiT.
sagani saukeTeso samuSaos portfolio/
individualuri moswavle
enebi sxvadasxva Janris saukeTeso kom-
poziciebi: ganmartebiTi, satirul/
iumoristuli, (leqsebi, mokle
moTxro-bebi), Jurnalisturi da
sareklamo teqstebi.
socialur saukeTeso istoriuli kvleva, weri-
mecnierebaTa sem- lobiT Camoya-libebuli mosazreba
swavleli sagnebi istoriul sakiTxze, komentari mimdi-
nare movlenaze, originaluri isto-
riuli Teoria, istoriuli pirovnebis
biografiis mimoxilva, angariSi im aka-
demiuri diskusiis Sesaxeb, romelSic
miiReT monawileoba.
saxviTi xelovneba saukeTeso kreatiuli namuSevrebi:
naxatebi (funjiT, faqriT), skulp-
turebi, xelnakeTi nivTebi, Teatral-
uri dekoraciebi.
wyaro: Meaningful Assessment: A Meaningful and Cooperative Process by D.W. Johnson and R.T. Johnson. Published by Allyn and Bacon,
Boston, MA. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Eductaion. adaptirebulia gamomcemlis nebarTviT.
procesis portfolio TanamS-
romlobiTi jgufi
laboratoriuli problemebis ga-
dasaWrelad samecniero meTodis
gamoyenebis dokumentacia.
komleqsuri proble-mebis
gadaWrisa da maRali donis
strategiebis gamoyenebis doku-
mentacia
rubrikebisa da proce-du-
rebis SemuSaveba da daxvewa
namuSevrebis maRal doneze da
xarisxianad redaqtirebisaTvis.
saukeTeso samuSaos port-
folio/TanamSrom-lobiTi
jgufi
saukeTeso dramatulinawar-
moebi, videooeqti, satelevizio
gadacema, gazeTi
saukeTeso kvleva, werilobiTi
angariSi akademiuri diskusiis
Sesaxeb, kompilacia, istoriuli
movlenis, mravalganzomilebi-
ani analizi interviu istoriul
pirovnebasTan.
saukeTeso kreatiuli namuSevre-
bi: kedlis freskebi, dawerili
da gaTamaSebuli piesebis ilus-
traciebi, Cafiqrebuli ideebi da
ganxorcielebuli gamogonebebi.
771
 waagavs gansxvavebas formatul da Semajamebel Sefasebebs Soris.
mimdinare portfolioebi dokumenturad aRbeWdaven swavlas da
aCveneben progress. saukeTeso namuSevris portfolioebi ki axdenen
saboloo miRwevaTa demonstrirebas (Johnson & Johnson, 2002). 15.5 cxrilSi
naCvenebia magaliTebi rogorc individebisTvis, ise jgufebisTvis.

rekomendaciebi: portfolios Seqmna

moswavleebi CarTulni unda iyvnen im nawi­ a.S. tipuri SerCevis nimuSebi.
lebis SerCevaSi, romlisganac Sedgeba port- 2. sTxoveT moswavleebs daukavSiron swavlis
folio miznebi sakuTari portfolios SigTavss.

magaliTebi portfolios sxvadasxva funqciis Sesruleba

1. erTi Tavis gavlis Semdeg an semestris gan-
mavlobaSi SesTavazeT moswavleebs aiirCion
samuSao, romelic miesadageba garkveul
kriteriums, magaliTad `Cemi yvelaze rTu-
li problema~, `Cemi saukeTeso namuSevari~,
`Cemi yvelaze metad gamosworebuli da gaum-
jobesebuli namuSevari,~ an `sami midgoma ...-
sTan~.
2. dokumentebis saboloo wardginebisaTvis
sTxoveT moswavleebs airCion is nawilebi,
romlebic saukeTesod asaxaven maT mier nas-
wavli masalis moculobas..
portfolio unda moicavdes informacias,
romelic aCvenebs moswavlis TviTSefase-
basa
da TviTkritikulobas.
magaliTebi
1. sTxoveT moswavleebs daurTon TavianT ar-
Cevans logikuri axsna.
2. daawerineT TiToeul moswavles gzamkvlevi
maTi portfoliosTvis, romelic ganmartavs
rogor aisaxa CarTul namuSevrebSi moswav-
lis Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
3. daurTeT TviTkritikuli da TanatolTa
kritikuli mosazrebebi, romelic zustad
gansazRvravs ra aris kargi da risi gaum-
jobeseba iqneboda sasurveli.
4. mieciT moswavleebs TviTkritikuli
damokidebulebis nimuSi Tqveni sakuTari na-
muSevris magaliTze.
portfoliom unda asaxos moswavlis aqti-
uroba da qmedebebi saswavlo procesSi.
magaliTebi
1. CaurTeT proeqtebis, nawerebis, naxatebis da
SeuZlia weliwadis sxvadasxva dros.
magaliTebi
1. wlis dasawyisSi masSi SeiZleba Senaxuli iyos
daumTavrebeli samuSaoebi an `problemuri
nawilebi~.
2. wlis bolos is unda Seicavdes mxolod imas,
risi sajarod gamoCenac moswavles mizanSe-
wonilad miaCnia.
portfolio unda aCvenebdes zrdas
magaliTebi
1. sTxoveT moswavleebs awarmoon TavianTi
progresis `istoria” garkveuli ganzomile-
bebis daxmarebiT da sfecifikuri saSuale-
bebiT asaxon zrdis wertilebi.
2. sTxoveT moswavleebs aRweron maTi zrdis
amsaxveli klasgareSe saqmianobebi, da daur-
Ton isini portfelios.
aswavleT moswavleebs portfolios Sedgena
da gamoyeneba
magaliTebi
1. SeinaxeT Zalian kargad Sedgenili portfe-
lioebis modelebi samagaliTod, magram xazi
gausviT imas, rom portfolio individual-
uria.
2. xSirad gasinjeT da daaTvaliereT Tqveni mo-
swavleebis portfolioebi, gansakuTrebiT
wlis dasawyisSi, roca isini es-esaa iwyeben am
ideasTan Seguebas. mieciT maT konstruqciu-
li ukukavSiri.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:
http://www.elon.edu/students/portfolio/

772
sqema 15.2

zepiri prezentaciis Sefasebis sami gza

ricxobrivi Sefasebis skala

direqtivebi:
aRniSneT, ramdenad xSirad asrulebs moswavle TiToeul am qmedebas zepiri prezentaci-
isas. TiToeuli qcevisaTvis SemoxazeT: 1, Tu moswavle yovelTvis axorcielebs qmedebas;
2, Tu moswavle ZiriTadad asrulebs am qcevas; 3, Tu moswavle iSviaTad akeTebs amas da 4,
Tu moswavle arasdros asrulebs am qmedebas.
fizikuri gamosaxuleba
a. dgas sworad da uyurebs auditorias
1 2 3 4
b. cvlis saxis gamometyvelebas, roca icvleba prezentaciis toni
1 2 3 4
grafikuli Sefasebis skala
direqtivebi:
dasviT X im xazze, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad xSirad Seasrula moswavlem TiToeuli
CamoTvlili qmedeba zepiri prezentaciis dros.
fizikuri gamosaxuleba
a. dgas sworad da uyurebs auditorias.

yovelTvis ZiriTadad iSviaTad arasdros

b. cvlis saxis gamomtyvelebas, roca icvleba prezentaciis toni cvlilebasTan erTad.

yovelTvis ZiriTadad iSviaTad arasdros

aRweriTi Sefasebis skala

direqtivebi:
dasviT X im xazze, romelic saukeTesod aRwers moswavlis mier qmedebis Sesrulebas
fizikuri gamosaxuleba
a. dgas sworad da iyureba win.

dgas sworad da sul irweva, qanaobs, auditori- mudmivi, yuradRebis damfantavi

auditorias uyurebs idan mzera Werze gadaaqvs moZraobebi, araviTari vizualuri
kontaqti auditoriasTan
b. cvlis saxis gamomtyvelebas prezentaciis tonis cvlilebasTan erTad

amTxvevs saxis gamom- saxis gamomatyveleba arnairi damTxveva ar aris

etyvelebas Sinaarssa ZiriTadad Sesaferisia, xan- tonsa da saxis gamom-
da aqcents daxan gamometyveloba nak- etyvelebas Soris, gamom-
lebad adekvaturia tonisa etyveleba xelis SemSlelia

wyaro: Classroom assessment: Concepts and applications (5th ed.) by P.W. Airasian (2005).
New York: McGraw-Hill, p.251

773
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
ganavrceT
portfolios Sefaseba (II C1, 2)
portfolios programebis upi-
ratesobebis, naklovanebebis,
dizainisa da danergvis, aseve
portfolios nimuSebisaTvis
ix. veb-gverdi Teachervision.com
(http://www.teachervision.com/
lesson-plans/lesson-4536.html).
daukavSireT PRAXIS IITM-s da
ganavrceT
Sefasebis rubrikebi (II C3)
– qeTi Sorokis rekomendaciebi
pedagogebisTvis (http://school.
discovery.com/schrockguide/as-
sess.html ) gvawvdis informa-
cias klasSi Sefasebis rubrikis
gamoyenebis yoveli aspeqtis
Sesaxeb da aseve im rubrikebis
farTo arCevans, rubrikebisa
romelTa gamoyeneba an adapta-
ciac SeuZliaT maswavleblebs.
gamofena – Sesrulebuli tes-
tis an swavlis sajarod demon-
strireba, romelic Cveulebriv
moiTxovs did mosamzadebel
dros.
Sefasebis rubrikebi – wesebi,
romlebic gamoiyeneba moswav-
lis Sedegebis xarisxis gansaz-
RvrisaTvis.
774
gamofena. gamofena aris adamianis samuSao maxasiaTeblebis Sesamowmebeli
gamocda, romelsac kidev ori damatebiTi Strixi aqvs. pirveli aris saja-
rooba, ase rom, gamofenis momzadebisas moswavleebma unda gaiTvaliswi-
non auditoriac _ am procesSi komunikacia da urTierTgageba arsebiTi
mniSvnelobisaa. meore, gamofenis momzadebas didi dro sWirdeba, radgan
es aris meTli saswavlo programis kulminacia. Tomas gaski da jein beili
(2001) fiqroben, rom gamofenebi exmareba moswavleebs gaigon, ra Tvisebebi
unda hqondes karg namuSevrebs da amoicnon es Tvisebebi TavianT sakuTar
produqciasa da demonstraciebSi. moswavleebi maSinac mogebulni rCebian,
rodesac sademonstraciod agroveben TavianT namuSevrebs da ayalibeben
am konkretuli arCevanis sakuTar axsnas. xarisxis gansjis unars SeuZlia
waaxalisos moswavle ufro cxadi da zusti miznebis dasasaxad.
portfolioebisa da prezentaciis Sefaseba
prezentaciebis demonstrirebis sasargeblo da kargi damxmarea sa-
kontrolo siebi, SefasebaTa skalebi da Sefasebis rubrikebi, radgan
wardgenaTa, portfolioemisa da gamofenebis Sefaseba orientirebuliia
kriteriumze da ara normaze. sxva sityvebiT, moswavleTa namuSevrebi da
maTi prezentacia Sedarebulia gacxadebul sajaro standartebs da ar
aris ranJirebuli sxva moswavleTa namuSevrebTan SedarebiT (Cambourne &
Turbill, 1990; Wiggins, 1991). magaliTad, 15.2 sqema gvaZlevs sam alternativas –
zepiri prezentaciis SefasebisaTvis ricxobrivs, grafikuls da deskrif-
ciuls.
Sefasebis rubrikebi. siebi da SefasebaTa skalebi iZlevian ukukavSirs
iZleva prezentaciis elementebis Sesaxeb. Sefasebis rubrikebi aris we-
sebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba, moswavlis prezentaciis (Sesrulebis/ward-
genis) SefasebisaTvis (Marby, 1999). magaliTad, SesaniSnavi zepiri prezen-
taciis aRmweri rubrika SeiZleba iyos aseTi:
moswavle mudmivad uyurebs auditorias, dgas sworad da Tva-
lebiT inarCunebs auditoriis yuradRebas, xma mkafio da gasagebia;
mimosvla da xmis tonalobis variaciac Sesabamisia, kargad orga-
nizebulia, argumentebi logikurad da srulad aris Camoyalibe-
buli, asrulebs mokle reziumeTi (Airasian, 1996, p.155).
prezentaciis Sefaseba saWiroebs frTxil gansjas maswavleblis mxri-
dan da moswavleebisTvis imis cxadad axsnas, ra aris kargi da ra saWiroebs
gamosworebas, gaumjobesebas. garkveulwilad es midgoma waagavs klini-
kur meTods, romelic pirvelad SemoiRo binem inteleqtis Sesafaseblad.
es meTodi efuZneba dakvirvebas moswavleze, romelic asrulebs sxvadasx-
va davalebas da Sesrulebuli samuSaos standartTan Sesabamisobas. is-
eve rogorc bines ar surda erTi niSniT Seefasebina bavSvis inteleqti,
avTentikuri Sefasebis momxre maswavleblebsac, ar surT erTi niSniT
Seafason moswavlis prezentacia (wardgena/Sesruleba). maSinac ki, roca
niSnebi, Sefaseba da reitingi unda daiweros, es Sefasebebi ar aris sab-
oloo mizani – mizani swavlis gaumjobesebaa. qvemoT moyvanili rekomen-
daciebis zogierTi nawili nawili amoRebulia godriCis (1997) da jonso-
nis da jonsonis (2002) namuSevrebidan.
moswavleebisaTvis Zalze sasargeblo iqneba, Tu isini monawileobas
miiReben Sefasebis rubrikebisa da skalebis daxvewa-ganviTarebaSi. roca
moswavleebi am procesSi arian CarTulni, maT uwevT imis gansazRvra, ro-
gor gamoiyureba an rogor JRers garkveul sferoSi kargi xarisxis namuSe- daukavSireT sxva Tavebs da
vari. maT winaswar icia, ra aris mosalodneli. roca moswavleebi iReben ganavrceT – imis gasa­gebad,
rogor SeiZleba gamoiyeno Se-
garkveul gamocdilebasa da praqtikas Sefasebis rubrikebis Sedgenasa da
qeba efeqturad ix.Tavi me-^6;
gamoyenebaSi, maTi samuSao da swavla umjobesdeba. qvemoT moyvanil nax- iq mocemuli rekomendaciebi
ze 15.3 mocemulia TanamSromlobiT saswavlo jgufebSi wvlilis moswav- werilobiT ukukavSirsac exeba.
leTa TviTSefasebisa da TanatolTa Sefasebis formebi.
daukavSireT swavlebas/port-
folios da ganavrceT – moax-
sandooba, validoba, ganzogadeba. radganac msjeloba TamaSobs centra­ dineT rubrikaTa ganviTrebis
lur rols asrulebs prezentaciaSi, sandoobis, validobisa (damajere- Sesaxeb rekomendaciebis adap-
blobis) da ganzogadobis sakiTxebi mniSvnelovani da arsebiTia. rogorc tacia im asakobrivi jgufisT-
wina TavSi vnaxeT, vermontis portfolioTa ganxilvisas xSirad rTuli vis, romelsac unda aswavloT.
iyo SeTanxmebis miRweva Sefasebaze, ase rom sandooba SeiZleba ar iyos
adekvaturi. Tumca roca Semfaseblebi gamocdilni arian da Sefasebis
rubrikebic kargad ganviTarebuli da rafinirebulia, sandooba SeiZleba

sqema 15.3

TanamSromlobiT saswavlo jgufebSi monawileobis TviTSefaseba

da TanatolTa Sefaseba

moswavleTa TviTSefasebisa da TanatolTa Sefasebis forma

es forma/blanki gamoyenebul iqneba Tqveni saswavlo jgufis wevrTa Sefasebisas. erTi

blanki sakuTriv SeavseT; danarCenidan TiTo-TiTo Tqveni jgufis wevrebs SeuvseT.
jgufuri diskusiis dros jgufis TiToeul wevrs mieciT is blanki, romelic Tqven
maTze SeavseT. SeadareT Tanatolebis Tqvenze gakeTebul Sefasebebs sakuTari Tavis
TviTSefaseba; moTxoveT ganmartebebi, Tu Tqveni Sefaseba ar emTxveva jgufis wevrebi-
sas. TanamSromlobiTi jgufis TiToeulma wevrma miznad unda daisaxos, gazardos sa-
kuTari wvlili mTlianad jgufis akademiur moswrebaSi.

adamiani visac afaseben:....................................................................................................................

dawereT jgufis wevris mier mopove- ukavSirebs ukve arsebul

buli qulaTa ricxvi: codnas
(5 = SesaniSnavi, 4 = kargi, 3 = cudi ................... namuSevari maRali
2 = araadekvaturi) xarisxisaa.
................... droze modis klasSi. ................... gexmarebaT imis
................... iZleva frTxil Tanmim- vizualurad gamoxatvaSi,
dev­rul axsnas (ubralod rasac swavlobs
ar isvris pasuxebs) ................... yoveldRiuri wvlili
................... klasSi momzadebuli Seaqvs
modis ................... nebayoflobiT avrcobs
.................... eyrdnoba sxvaTa da afarToebs proeqts
argumentacias jgufur samuSaoSi
................... sandod asrulebs yvela ................... iTxovs akademiur
davalebas daxmarebas, roca
................... rasac swavlobs, sWirdeba.

wyaro:“The Role of Cooperative Learning in Assessing and Communicating Student Learning” by D.w. Johnson and R.T. Johnson. In ASCD
1996 Yearbook: Communiating Student Learning (p.41), T. Guskey (Ed.). Copyright © 1996 by the Association for Supervision and Curricu-
lum Development. ibeWdeba nebarTviT. yvela ufleba daculia

775

daukavSireT swavlebas/port-
folios da ganavrceT
klasSi prezentaciis Sefasebis
danergvis Sesaxeb damatebiTi
informaciisaTvis ix.: http://
www.ascd.org/ed_topics/el200002
_brualdi.html
daukavSireT kvlevas da
ganavrceT
Boudett, K. P., Murnane, R. J., City,
E., & Moody, L. (2005). Teaching
educators how to use student as-
sessment data to improve instruc-
tion. Phi Delta Kappa, 86, 700-706.
araformaluri Sefaseba
- uniSno Sefaseba, romelic
agrovebs informacias mravali
wyarodan, raTa daexmaros mas-
wavleblebs gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas.
776
gaumjobesdes (Herman & Winters, 1994; LeMahieu, Gitomer, & Eresh, 1993). sandooba
garkveulwilad umjobesdeba maSin, roca rubrika Semfaseblis yuradRe-
bas amaxvilebs samuSaos mcire ganzomilebebeze da Sefasebis SezRudul
doneebs iZleva asarCevad. Tu Semfaseblebs SeuZliaT daweron mxolod 1,
2, 3, 4 da 5, isini ufro midrekilni arian SeTanxmebisken, vidre maSin roca
maT uwevT arCeva Sefasebis 100-baliani skalidan. ase rom, rubrikebma
SeiZleba miaRwios sandoobas ara imitom, rom isini Tanxmdebian, aramed
imitom, rom rubrikebi zRudavs variantebs da, amrigad, zRudavs cvlile-
bas SefasebaSi (Mabry, 1999).
rac Seexeba validobas, arsebobs monacemebi, rom portfolios Se-
fasebis safuZvelze `ostat~ mwerlebad miCneuli moswavleebi weriTi
Sefasebis standartebis mixedviT nakleb unarianebad arian miCneul-
ni. Sefasebis romeli forma aris myari xarisxis saukeTeso amsaxveli?
am kiTxvaze Zalian cota kvlevaa Catarebuli, amitom Znelia zustad
raimes mtkiceba (Herman & Winters, 1994). amasTan, rubrikebi SemuSavebulia
specifikuri davalebebis Sesafaseblad. rubrikaTa gamoyenebis Sede-
gebs ar SeuZlia winaswar gansazRvron prezentaciis sxva Sedegebi, garda
mcire davalebebisa, ase rom, Cven ar viciT mcire davalebisas moswavlis
prezentacia? ganzogaddeba Tu ara ufro moculobiT davalebaze farTo
sferoze (Haertel, 1999; McMillan, 2004).
prezentaciis Sefasebis mravalferovneba da samarTlianoba. samarTli­
anoba yvela saxis Sefasebis mTavari sakiTxia da gamonakliss arc prezen-
taciis Sefaseba da portfolioebi warmoadgens. sajaro wardgenebisas
(prezentaciisas) SeiZleba didi adgili hqondes moswavlis metyvelebiT
an garegnobiT gamowveul efeqts, es efeqti SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos
agreTve imiT, ramdenad xelmisawvdomia moswavlisTvis audio, video an
grafikuli resursebi. Prezentaciis Sefasebas, iseve, rogorc sxva tes-
tebs, SeuZlia arasamarTliani diskriminacia moaxdinos naklebad SeZle-
buli an kulturalurad gansxvavebuli moswavleebisa, arian (McDonald,
1993). farTo jgufuri muSaoba, TanatolTa redaqtireba da portfoli-
oebisaTvis daTmobili klasgareSe dro niSnavs, rom moswavleebs xeli mi-
uwvdebaT mxardaWeris ufro eqstensiur qselebsa da gareSe daxmarebaze.
Tqvens klasSi bevri moswavle albaT SeZlebuli ojaxidanaa, romlebsac
saSualeba aqvT gamoiyenon rTuli kompiuteruli grafika da a.S.; sxvebs
saxlidan mcire mxardaWera eqnebaT. es gansxvavebebi SeiZleba tendenci-
urobisa da arasamarTlianobis wyaroebad iqces.
araformaluri Sefaseba
araformaluri Sefaseba aris uniSno Sefaseba, romelic agrovebs
informacias mravalmxrivi wyaroebidan, raTa daexmaron maswavleblebs
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi (Banks, 2005). sawyis stadiaze Sefaseba unda iyos
formatuki (uzrunvelyos ukukavSiri, magram ar CaiTvalos niSnad), re-
aluri Sefaseba mogvianebiT, Sefasebis saboloo stadiisTvis unda gadai-
dos, raTa yvela moswavles mieces masalis swavlis Sansi. (Tomlinson, 2005a).
araformaluri Sefasebis magaliTebiani moswavleTa dakvirveba, gamok-
iTxva, dRiurebi, moswavleTa TviTSefaseba da misT.
dRiurebi Zalian moxerxebulia da farTod gamoiyeneba araformalur
SefasebaSi. rogorc wesi moswavleebs aqvT piradi an jgufuri dRiurebi
da regularulad awarmoeben Canawerebs. TavianT kvlevaSi maiql preslim
da misma kolegebma (2001) aRmoaCines, rom saukeTeso maswavleblebi iye­
nebdnen dRiurs sami miznisaTvis:
 rekomendaciebi: Sefasebis rubrikis ganviTareba
1. SexedeT nimuSebs: aCveneT moswavleebs kar-
gi da arc ise kargi samuSaos magaliTebi.
gansazRvreT maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic sa-
musaos av-kargs ganapirobebs.
2. CamoTvaleT kriteriumebi: gamoiyeneT ni-
muSTa Sedareba maralxarisxianad miCneuli
samuSaos kriteriumebis CamosaTvlelad.
3. CamoayalibeT xarisxis gradaciebi: aRwereT
xarisxis saukeTeso da yvelaze uaresi do-
neebi, Semdeg SeavseT Sua doneebi saerTo
problemebis Sesaxeb Tqvens codnasa da arc
ise karg samuSaoze warmoebul diskusiebze
dafuZnebiT.
4. ivarjiSeT modelebze: gamoayenebineT mo-
swavleebs rubrikebi 1-el punqtSi naCvenebi
nimuSebis Sesafaseblad.
5. gamoiyeneT TviTanalizi da TanatolTa ana-
lizi: mieciT moswavleebs TavianTi davale-
bebi. maTi muSaobisas drodadro SeaCereT
isini TviTSefasebisa da TanatolTa Se-
fasebisaTvis.
6. gaaswore: yovelTvis mieciT moswavleebs dro
TavianTi namuSevrebis gasasworeblad dafuZ­
nebuli unda iyos im ukukavSirze, romelsac
isini iReben me-5 punqtis Sesabamisad.
7. gamoiyeneT maswavleblis Sefaseba: Tavadac
is rubrika gamoiyeneT moswavleTa Sefasebi-
sas, romelsac moswavleebi iyenebdnen erT-
maneTis Sefaseblisas.
SeniSvna: pirveli punqti SeiZleba saWiro iyos
mxolod maSin, roca Tqven sTxovT moswav-
leebs CaerTon maTTvis ucnobi davalebis
SesrulebaSi. mesame da meoTxe punqtebi sa-
sargebloa, magram did dros moiTxovs. Sei-
giZliaT isini Tavad SeqmnaT, gansakuTrebiT
im viTarebaSi, Tu Tqven rubrikebs garkveu-
li drois manZilze ukve iyenebdiT. rubrike-
bze dafuZnebul SefasebaSi gamocdil klass
SeuZlia gaamartivos procesi ise, rom is
iwyebodes kriteriumebis CamoTvliT, ris
Semdegac maswavlebeli Camowers xarisxis
gradaciebs, gadaxedavs maT moswavleebTan
erTad, gaakeTebs Sesworebebs, Semdeg gamoi-
yenebs TviTSefasebas, TanatolTa da maswav-
leblis Sefasebas.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.: http://pareon-
line.net/getvn.asp?v=7&n=25
statia moicavs ramdenime links, maT Soris
http://www.teach-nology.com/web_tools/rubrics/ da
http://rubustar.4teachers.org/, romelic saSualebas
iZleva SeqmnaT da gardaqmnaT rubrikebi Tqveni
klasisaTvis.

rogorc komunikaciis saSualebas, romliTac moswavleebs gamoxat-

aven sakuTar azrsa da ideebs.
rogorc naswavlis gamoyenebis saSualebas.
rogorc gamouyenebeli enis moqnilobisa da kreatiuli gamoxatvis
waxalisebis saSualebas.
maswavleblebma dRiurebi imisaTvis SeiZleba gamoiyenon, rom meti
Seityon TavianT moswavleebze da ukeTesad daukavSiron swavlebis sa-
kuTari meTodebi maT interesebs. magram xSirad dRiurebi yuradRebas
amaxvilebs akademiur swavlaze, an kidev pasuxis saxis miniSnebaze. mag-
aliTad, banksi (2005) aRwers erT-erTi saSualo skolis fizikis maswav-
lebels, romelmac sTxova moswavleebs TavianT dRiurebSi epasuxaT
sami kiTxvisaTvis:
1. rogor SegiZliaT gansazRvroT xaxunis koeficienti, Tu iciT
daxrili sibrtyis mxolod sami kuTxe?
2. ipoveT msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi magnitur, eleqtrul da gravit-
aciul velebs Soris.
3. rom mogesurvebinaT megobrisTvis xmis fizikuri koncefciis axsna,
romel musikas gamoiyenebdiT misi demonstirebisaTvis?

777

niSnebis gavlena moswavleebze
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
saklaso Sefasebis gaumjobe-
sebis Taobaze meti ideebisaT-
vis ix.: Black, P., Harrison, C.,
Lee, C., Marshall, B., & William, D.
(2004). Working inside the black
box: Assessment for leading in
the classroom. Phi Delta Kappan,
86,8-21.
Stiggins, R. (2004). New assessment
beliefs for a new School mession.
Phi Delta Kappan, 86, 22-37.
778
roca es maswavlebeli moswavleTa dRiurebs kiTxulobda, mixvda, rom
bevri moswavlis sawyisi mosazrebebi xaxunis, aqseleraciisa da bgeris
gavrcelebis siCqaris Sesaxeb efuZneboda maT pirad gamocdilebas da
ara samecniero azrovnebas. swavlebisadmi misi midgoma unda Secvlili-
yo. maswavlebeli verasdros mixvdeboda cvlilebebis saWiroebas, Tu ar
waikiTxavda dRiurebs (Banks, 2005).arsebobs kidev mravali sxvadasxva saxis
Canawerebi Tu dakvirvebebi moswavleTa wardgena/Sesrulebis, Sefasebis
skalebisa da CamonaTvalTa Sesaxeb. yovelTvis, roca maswavleblebi svamen
SekiTxvebs an akvirdebian, rogor asruleben moswavleebi davalebas, isini
axdenen araformalur Sefasebas. ix. 15.6. cxrilSi Tavmoyrilia Sefasebis
sxvadasxva meqanizmebis gamoyenebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxarebi. am
Tavis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Setyobineba aris Sefasebis meqa-
nizmisa da samiznis erTmaneTTan misadageba.
moswavleTa CarTva SefasebaSi
erTi gza, rom daakavSiro swavleba SefasebasTan da amavdroulad
ganaviTaro moswavleTa TviTefeqturobis SegrZneba, aris moswavleTa
CarTva Sefasebis procesSi. moswavleebs SeuZliaT awarmoon Canawerebi
sakuTari progresis Sesaxeb da Seafason gaumjobeseba. 15.7 cxrili gvawv-
dis miTiTebebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor davexmaroT moswavleebs sakuTari
namuSevrebis gansjasa da sakuTari swavlis Sefasebis procesSi monawi­
leobis miRebaSi.
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT gaixseneT wlebis manZilze Tqven
mier warmoebuli moswrebis tabula da niSnebi. migiRiaT Tu ara odesme
niSani, romelic imaze dabali iyo, vidre Tqven moelodiT? ra igrZeniT da-
bali niSnis miRebisas sakuTari Tavis, maswavleblis, sagnis mimarT? risi
gakeTeba SeeZlo maswavlebels imisaTvis, rom dagxmarebodaT gagebasa da
gamocdilebis gamoyenebaSi? aq Targmania gamotovebuli
rodesac Cven niSnebze vfiqrobT, xSirad es asocirebulia Sejibrsa da
konkurenciasTan. maRalkonkurentuli klasebi SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT
mZime iyos nerviuli moswavleebisTvis, agreTve im moswavleebisTvis,
romlebic naklebad Tavdajerebulni da SedarebiT moumzadebeli moswav-
leebisTvis. ase rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom maRali standartebi da Seji-
bri/konkurencia, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebulia akademiur moswrebasTan,
aSkaraa, rom unda arsebobdes balansi maRal standartebsa da warmatebis
gonivrul Sansebs Soris. rik stiginsi da jan Capuisi (2005) akvirdebodnen:
TavianTi yvelaze adreuli saskolo gamocdilebidan Cveni mo-
swavleebi akeTeben cxovrebiseul daskvnebs sakuTari Tavis, ro-
gorc codnis amTviseblebis Sesaxeb. am dros isini eyrdnobian im
informacias, romliTac Cven aRvWuravT moswavleebs maswavleblis
mier maTi Sefasebis Sedegad. roca droTa ganmavlobaSi grovdeba
monacemebi/faqtebi, isini wyveten, SeuZliaT warmatebis miRweva
Tu ara; isini wyveten, Rirs Tu ara saskolo gamocdilebaSi inve-
stirebis/dabandebis gariskva. es gadawyvetilebebi gadamwyvetia
maTi akademiuri miRwevebisaTvis. (gv. 11)
 cxrili 15.6

Sefasebis gansxvavebuli instrumentebis misadageba miznebTan

swavlis gansxvavebuli Sedegi Sefasebis gansxvavebul meTods moiTxovs.

Sesafasebeli arCeuli sapasuxo esse wardgenis / piradi

samizne reaqcia Sesrulebis komunikacia
Sefaseba

codnis savaraudopasu- esse/Ria kiTxvis arc ise kargi arCeva- SesaZlebelia

daxe-lovneba xiebiani testebi,
/ ostatoba `WeSmariti - mcdari~
pasuxebi da Sev-seba.
maTi gamoyenebiT
SeiZleba codnis el-
ementebis daufleba
dadgena?
savarjiSoebs Seu- nia am samiznisaTvis kiTxvebis dasma, pa-
Zlia dagvexmaros – sami danarCeni suxebis Sefaseba da
codnis elementebs varianti umjobesia ostatobis Sesaxeb
Soris urTierTo- daskvnebis gamotana
bis dadgenaSi. – magram amas didi
dro miaqvs.

logikurad SeuZlia Seafasos kopleqsuri prob- SeuZlia daakvirdes SeuZlia mosTxo-

azrovnebis logikuri az- lemebidan gamosav- moswavleebs prob- vos moswavleebs
done rovnebis sabaziso lis werilobiTi lemis gadaWrisas da `ifiqre xmamaRla”
struqturis gagebis aRwera SeiZleba gamoitanos daskvne- an agreTve maT
done. iyos sarkmeli bi logikurad az- pasuxebis gacema
maRali donis az- rovnebis Sesaxeb. logikuri
rovnebisaken. azrovnebiss
Sesamowmeblad.

unarebi SeuZlia Seafasos SeuZlia Seafa- SeuZlia daakvirdes Zlieri damTxveva,

warmatebuli prezen- sos warmatebuli da Seafasos unarebi rodesac unari aris
taciis prerekvizit- prezentaciis maTi warmodgenisas zepiri komunika-
Ta flobis xarisxi prerekvizitTa ciebi. aseve SeuZlia
– magram ar SeuZlia flobais xarisxi- Seafasos warmate-
Seafasos Tavad magram ar SeuZlia buli prezentaciis
unari. Seafasos Tavad codnis prerekvi-
unari. zitTa
floba
namuSevris SeuZlia Seafa- SeuZlia Seafa- Zlier damTxvevas SeuZlia Seamow-
(produqtis) sos xarisxiani sos xarisxiani SeuZlia Seafa- mos proceduruli
Seqmnis Sesa- produqtis Seqm- produqtebis Seqm- sos: (a) ostatoba codna da xarisxiani
Zlebloba nis codnis prer- nis codnis prer- produqtis ganviTa- produqtebis atrib-
ekvizitebis floba ekvizitebis floba rebisaTvis saWiro utebis codna – ma-
– magaram ar SeuZlia ix. done – magram ar nabijebis Tanmim- gram ara produqtis
Seafasos Tavad SeuZlia Seafasos devroba (b) Tavad xarisxi.
produqtis xarisxi Tavad produqtis produqtis atrib-
xarisxi utebi

wyaro: Where Is Our Assessment Future and How Can We Get There? by R. J. Stiggins. In R. W. Lissitz, W. D. Schafer (Eds.), Meaningful Assess-
ment: A Meaningful and Cooperative Process. Published by Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA. Copyright © 2002 by Pearson Education. adaptirebu-
lia gamomcemlis nebarTviT.

warumateblobis efeqti
SeiZleba vinme fiqrobdes. rom skolaSi dabali niSnebi da warumate-
bloba aucileblad Tavidan unda iqnas acilebuli. magram es situacia
arc ase martivia.

779
 cxrili 15.7

moswavleebis CarTva Sefasebis procesSi

aq mocemulia Tormeti gza (saSualeba?) imisaTvis rogor CaayenoT Sefaseba swavlis samsaxurSi.

1. CarTeT moswavleebi Zlieri da susti nimuSebis gameoreba-gasworebaSi, raTa gansazRvroT

kargi prezentaciis an produqtis (namuSevris?) atributebi.
2. maswavlebelTan an TanatolTan diskusiamde an konferenciamde, moswavleebma Tavad unda
da­adginon TavianTi samuSaos specifikuri aspeqtis Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
3. moswavleebma unda ivarjiSon kriteriumis gamoyenebaSi anonimuri namuSevrebis Zlieri da
susti mxareebis Sefasebisas.
4. moswavleebi muSaoben wyvilebSi raTa gaasworon axlaxan Sefasebuli anonimuri samuSaos
xarvezebi.
5. moswavleebi weren saproceso furclebs, sadac detalurad aris aRwerili is procesi,
romelic maT gaiares produqtis (namuSevris) Sesaqmnelad an prezentaciis Casatareblad.
masSi isini asaxaven im problemebs, romlebsac waawydnen muSaobis procesSi da agreTve am
problemebis gadaWris gzebs.
6. moswavleebi aviTareben da gegmaven praqtikul testebs, dafuZnebuls swavlis miznebisa da
saswavli masalis arsebiTi koncefciebis maTeul gagebaze.
7. moswavleebi adgenen da pasuxs scemen kiTxvebs, romlebic, maTi azriT, testirebaze mova.
amas isini akeTeben im koncefciebis/procesebis/unarebis gagebaze damyarebiT, rac unda
eswavlaT.
8. testamde ramdenime dRiT adre moswavleebi ganixilaven an weren pasuxebs Semdegi saxis
kiTxvebze: `ratom gavdivar testirebas? vin gamoiyenebs Sedegebs? rogor?~ `ra aris te-
stireba?~ `Cemi azriT, rogor gavumklavdebi tests?~ `risi swavla mWirdeba?~ `visTan er-
Tad SeiZleba vimuSao?~
9. maswavlebeli awyobs da alagebs testis erTeulebs specifikuri saswavlo miznebis mixedviT
da amzadebs `testis analizis” baraTs moswavleebisaTvis, sami ganyofilebiT: `Cemi Zlieri
mxareebi.~ `swrafi mimoxilva.~ da `momavalSi saswavli.~ rodesac moswavleebs gasworebuli
testi ubrundebaT, isini ayalibeben im saswavlo miznebs, romlebic daZlies da aRniSnaven
maT `Cemi Zlieri mxareebis~ ganyofilebaSi. Semdeg isini axarisxeben TavianT Secdomebs
`martiv Secdomebad~ an `momavalSi saswavlad.~ Semdeg moswavleebi Camoweren `martiv Sec-
domebs~ `swrafi mimoxilvis~ ganyofilebaSi. dabolos, danarCen araswor pasuxebs `momavali
saswavl” ganyofilebaSi.
10. raRac drois Semdeg moswavleebi mimoixilaven TavianT namuSevreb erToblivad, raTa gansaz-
Rvron TavianTi progresi: `me gavxdi ukeTesi mkiTxveli. me adre . . . magram axla. ~
11. moswavleebi iyeneben (sxvadasxva dros gakeTebul) sakuTar TviTSefasebebs, raTa Seajamon
reziumireba TavianTi swavlisa da daisaxon miznebi momavali swavlisaTvis: `ai, ra viswavle
. . . ., ai risi swavla mWirdeba kide . . . “
12. moswavleebi irCeven da axdenen miRwevaTa anotacias TavianT portfolioebSi.

wyaro: “Using student-involved classroom assessment to close achievement gaps,” by R. Stiggins and J. Chappuis, Theory Into Practice, 44,
2005, p.16. ibeWdeba Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. and R. Stiggins-is nebarTviT.

ra aris warumateblobis fasi? mas Semdeg, rac mravali wlis manZilze

margaret klifordi (1990, 1991) sxvadasxva perspeqtividan ganixilavda
warumateblobis efeqtebs, man daaskvna:
droa ganaTlebis muSakebma upiratesoba gamowvevebsa da si­
Zneleebs mianiWon, ioli warmatebis nacvlad. Cven unda wavaxal-

780
 isoT moswavleebi, gascdnen TavianTi inteleqtualuri xedvis
farglebs da mivceT maT sa­kuTari SecdomebiT swavlis privilegia.
yovel klasSi unda arsebobdes Semwynarebloba Secdomebis mimarT
swavlis/Sefasebis sazomi permanentuli warmatebis nacvlad Tan-
daTanobiTi warmateba unda gaxdes (1990, gv. 23).
warumateblobis raRac done SeiZleba sasargebloc iyos moswavleTa daukavSireT kvlevas da
umetesebisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT, Tu maswavleblebi exmarebian moswav- ganavrceT
aq mocemulia klasSi dato-
leebs muxlCauxrel Sromasa da gaumjobesebas Soris kavSiris danaxvaSi.
vebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli
warumateblobisagan moswavleebis dacvis Zalisxmeva da warmatebis ga- ramdenime kvleva
rantireba sapirispiro Sedegebis momtani SeiZleba gaxdes. metic, rac
Beebe-Frankenberger, M., Bocian,
ufro unariani arian Tqveni moswavleebi, miT ufro mniSvnelovani da ga-
K.L., MacMillan, D.L., & Gresham,
momwvevi iqneba daexmaroT maT `warmatebiT CaWraSi~ (Foster, 1981). qerol F.M. (2004). akademouri defi-
tomlinsoni, diferencirebuli instruqciis eqsperti, amas Semdegnai- citis mqone meoreklaseli
rad ayalibebs: `moswavleebi, romelTac saswavlo istoriebma aswavla, moswavleebis klasifikacia:
TiTqos srulyofileba SeiZleba miiRweul iqnes minimaluri ZalisxmeviT, maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic
ganasxvavebs klasSi darCenil
ver swavloben Zalisxmevis gafarToebas da mainc fiqroben, rom maRali
moswavleebs mesame klasSi
niSnebi maTi oficialuri uflebaa~ (2005, p.266). gadayvanilebisgan. Journal
of Educational Psychology. 96,
klasSi darCena. aqamde Cven vsaubrobdiT im efeqtebze, rac testirebaSi 204-215.
CaWras da, SesaZloa, sagnis darCenas mohyveba. magram ra xdeba Tu saer- Shepard, L.A., & Smith, M.L.
Tod klasSi darCebi? skoladamTavrebulTa daaxloebiT 20%, sabavSvo (1990). Synthesis of research on
baRidan moyolebuli minimum erTxel mainc darCenila klasSi, ufro xSir- grade retention. Educational Lead-
ad dawyebiT klasebSi (Kelly, 1999). darCenili moswavleebi, rogorc wesi, ership, 47 (8). 84-88

ZiriTadad mamrobiTi sqesis, erovnuli umciresobis jgufebis warmomad- MacCoy, A.R., & Reynolds, A.J.
genlebi da Raribi ojaxebidan arian (Beebe-Frankenberger, Bocian, MacMillan, & (1999). Grade retention and school
performance: An extended investi-
Gresham, 2004).
gation. Journal of School Psychol-
kvlevaTa umravlesobiT dadginda, rom klasSi darCena asocirebulia ogy, 37, 273-298.
xangrZliv warumateblobasTan, rogoricaa skolisTvis Tavis danebeba,
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Trem-
dapatimrebis maRali maCvenebeli, samuSaos povnis naklebi Sansi, sakuTar
blay, R.E. (1999). Prevention of
SesaZleblobebsa da RirsebebSi daurwmunebloba da misT (Grissom & Shepa- school dropout through the reduc-
rd, 1989; Jimerson, Anderson, & Whipple, 2002). kvlevebis mixedviT, moswavlee- tion of disruptive behaviors and
bis akademiuri moswreba umjobesdeba, roca isini CamorCenis miuxedavad school failure in elementary school.
klasidan klasSi mainc gadadian. magaliTad, 29 darCenili da 50 dabali Journal of School Psychology, 37,
205-226.
moswrebis, magram klasidan klasSi gadayvanil moswavleze Catarebul
xangrZliv ganmeorebad kvlevaSi Sein jimersonma aRmoaCina, rom wlebis
Semdeg, darCenil moswavleebs, ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis kuTxiT ufro
dabali Sedegebi aqvT, vidre klasidan klasSi gadayvanilebs. darCenili
moswavleebi ufro xSirad anebebdnen skolas Tavs, dabalanazRaureba-
di samuSao hqondaT da damqiraveblebic maT nakleb kompetenturebad
Tvlidnen. maSin, roca dabali moswrebis mqone, magram klasidan klas-
Si gadayvanili moswavleebi 20 wlis asakSi sakontrolo jgufis axal-
gazrdebisgan gansxvavebiT, yvela dasaqmebuli iyo.
klasSi datoveba gulisxmobs, rom, am moswavleebs, ubralod, meti
dro sWirdebaT da isini unda wamoewion masalas. magram kalifor-
niaSi Catarebulma erTma kvlevam aRmoaCina, rom meore klasis Sem-
deg darCenil moswavleebs saSualod igive IQ qula ugrovdebodaT,
rac im moswavleebs, romelTaTvisac specialuri saganmanaTleblo
moTxovnebis safuZvelze ufro intensiuri swavlisTvis sagangebo
programebia Sedgenili. metic, klasSi darCenilTa 20%-is IQ testis
qulebi im intervalSi moeqca, romelic klasificirdeboda, rogorc
Tandayolili Wkuasustoba (Beebe-Frankenberger da sxvebi, 2004). ase rom,
rogorc Cans, mcdaria mosazreba, rom es moswavleebi saxis swavlebisgan

781
moswavleebs xSirad sWirdebaT
daxmareba imis gasarkvevad,
ratom aris maTi pasuxebi
araswori; amgvari ukukavSiris
gareSe savaraudoa, rom maT
msgavsi Secdomebi gaimeoron.
daukavSireT sxva Tavebs
da ganavrceT
ix. Tavi 6, sadac ganxilulia
Seqebis efeqtianad gamoy-
eneba. es rCevebi werilobiTi
ukukavSiris drosac SeiZleba
gamoiyenoT.
782
sargebels naxavdnen igive. dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebi, romlebisT-
visac garkveulwilad sasargebloa. klasSi darCena, emociurad Tavis
Tanatolebze ufro moumwifeblebi Canan, magram aqvT saSualo an saSu-
aloze maRali SesaZlebloba (Kelly, 1999; Pierson & Connell, 1992). Tumca am
kategoriis moswavleebisTvisac klasSi darCena SeiZleba mxolod xan-
mokle drois manZilze iyos sasargeblo. erT-erTi kvleviT, romelic
mravali wlis manZilze Seiswavlida im moswavleebs, romlebic SeiZle-
ba klasSi darCeniliyvnen, magram gadaiyvanes Semdeg klasSi, RmoCnda,
rom isini daaxloebiT iseTive warmatebiT swavlobdnen, rogorc klasSi
darCenili bavSvebi da xSirad maTze ukeTesad (Reynolds, 1992).
yvelafris miuxedavad, swavlaSi problemebis mqone moswavleebma,
Semdeg klasSi gadayvanilebi arian isini (amas xSirad `socialuri dawi-
naurebac” ewodeba) Tu klasSi datovebulni, gareSe daxmarebas unda
mimarTon. magram imave masalis imave meTodebiT xelmeored gavla ver
gadaWris verc akademiur, verc socialur problemebs. rogorc jeini
oaksma (1999) Tqva: `arc erTi mgrZnobiare adamiani ar SeiZleba momxre
iyos klasidan klasSi iseTi gadasvlis, rogorc es axla warmoudge-
niaT – ubralod saukeTeso midgoma iqneboda arakompetenturi moswavlis
Semdeg klasSi gadayvana Tavis TanatolebTan erTad, magram maTTvis
specialuri gamosasworebeli periodis micema zafxulis ganmavlobaSi
an momdevno wels (Mantzicopoulos & Morrison, 1992; Shepard & Smith, 1989). da
kidev ufro ukeTesi midgomaa problemebis Tavidan acileba sawyis stadi-
azeve instruqciebis diferencirebiT (Tavi 13).
ukukavSiris efeqti
ukukavSiris Sesaxeb Catarebuli ramdenime kvlevis Sedegebi See-
sabameba warmatebuli an konstruqciuli warumateblobis cnebas. am
kvlevebma daaskvna, rom ufro sasargebloa moswavleebs auxsna, ratom
cdebian, raTa maT iswavlon ufro Sesaferisi strategiebi (Bangert-Drowns,
Kulik, Kulik & Morgan, 1991). moswavleebs xSirad esaWiroebaT daxmareba,
rom mixvdnen da gaarkvion, ratom aris maTi pasuxebi araswori. amgvari
ukukavSiris gareSe, maT SeiZleba igive Secdoma xelmeored dauSvan. ma-
gram aseTi saxis ukukavSirs iSviaTad aqvs adgili. erT-erTi kvleviT
dadginda, rom maswavlebelTa mxolod 8% amCnevda erTi da imave saxis
Secdomebs moswavleTa ariTmetikul gamoTvlebSi da atyobinebda maT
amis Sesaxeb (Bloom & Bourdon, 1980).
 ra maxasiaTeblebi aqvs efeqtur werilobiT ukukavSirs? ufrosi asa-
kis moswavleebTan (dawyebiTi skolis bolo klasebidan saSualo skolis
bolomde _ X klasis CaTvliT) werilobiTi komentarebi gansakuTrebiT
sasargebloa, roca isini individualizebulia da warmoadgens kon-
struqciul kritikas. es niSnavs, rom maswavlebelma unda gaakeTos spe-
cialuri komentari Secdomebze an araswor strategiebTan dakavSirebiT,
magram es kritika unda daabalansos maTi gamosworebis Taobaze Tavisi
mosazrebebiT da agreTve namuSevris dadebiTi aspeqtebis aRniSvniTac
(Butler & Nisan, 1986; Guskey & Bailey, 2001). meeqvse klasis maswavleblebTan
muSaobisas maria elavarma da lin kornom (1985) aRmoaCines, rom ukukav-
Siri dramatulad gaumjobesda, roca maswavleblebi gzamkvlevad am oTx
kiTxvas iyenebdnen: `ra aris mTavari Secdoma? ra aris am Secdomis Sesa-
Zlo mizezi? rogor SemiZlia davexmaro moswavles, rom SemdegSi es Sec-
doma aRar dauSvas? ra gaakeTa moswavlem kargad, rac SemiZlia aRvniS-
no?” (gv. 166). aq mocemulia maswavlebelTa werilobiTi komentarebis is
magaliTebi, romlebic moswavleebisTvis sasargeblo aRmoCnda (Elawar &
Corno, 1985, p.164):

xuan, Sen ici rogor gamoTvalo procenti, magram am SemTxvevaSi daukavSireT swavlebas/
angariSi arasworia. Tavadac xom xvdebi, sad gaqvs Secdoma daSve- portfolios da ganavrceT
Sefasebis sxvadasxva rolis
buli? (maswavlebels xazgasmuli aqvs Secdomebi).
gaTvaliswinebiT, ra nak-
lovaneba aqvs testis Sedege-
Sen ici, rogor amoxsna es amocana – formula sworia – magram Sen
bze ramdenime kviris Semdeg
ar giCvenebia, rom gaige, rogor SeiZleba erTi wiladis meoreze msjelobas? ra naklovaneba
namravli aRmoCndes orive wiladze naklebi ( ½ x ½ = ¼). aqvs moswavleTa qulebis fur-
clis gacnobas, Tu konkretul
aseTi saxis komentarebs SeuZlia daexmaros moswavleebs Seasworon pasuxebs ar ganvixilavT?
Secdomebi da daafason kargi namuSevari, progresi da mzardi unarebi.

niSnebi da motivacia
Tu Tqven moswavleebis motivirebisaTvis niSnebs eyrdnobiT, maSin daukavSireT swavlebas/
jobs erTxel kidev dafiqrdeT (Smith, Smith, & De Lisi, 2001). Tqvenma Sefasebam portfolios da ganavrceT
SeiZleba Tu ara Sefaseba
xeli unda Seuwyos moswavleebis swavlis motivacias – da ara ubralod gamoviyenoT yvela moswavlis
niSnis misaRebad muSaobas. magram realurad arsebobs ki gansxvaveba niS- motivaciisaTvis? ra gansaz-
nisaTvis da swavlisaTvis muSaobas Soris? pasuxi nawilobriv damokide- Rvravs mamotivirebelia Tu
bulia imaze, rogor aris niSani gansazRvruli. rogorc maswavlebelma, ara Sefaseba? rogor SeiZleba
maswavlebelma ise gamoiyenos
Tqven SeiZleba niSani gamoiyenoT Tqveni moswavleebis im saxis swavlisT- Sefaseba, rom imedgacruebis
vis, romelic Tqvens saganSi miznad gaqvT dasaxuli. Tu Tqven cdiT cod- nacvlad motivacia gamoi-
nis martiv magram detalur dones, Tqven SeiZleba aiZuloT moswavle wvios?
gaakeTos arCevani kompleqsur swavlasa da karg niSans Soris. magram
rodesac niSnebi asaxavs gonivrul swavlas, niSnisTvis da swavlisTvis
muSaoba erTi da igive xdeba. dabolos, maRal niSnebs SeiZleba hqondes ra-
Rac fasi, rogorc jildos an iniciativas swavlaSi CarTvisaTvis. dabali
niSnebi, rogorc wesi, ver waaxalisebs met Zalisxmevas. moswavleebi, rom-
lebic dabal niSnebs iReben, ZiriTadad advilad nebdebian, sxvebs adana-
Sauleben, fiqroben, rom es `suleluri~ samuSaoa. an kidev, grZnoben pa-
suxismgeblobas dabali niSnis mimarT, magram fiqroben, rom ar SeuZliaT
mis gamosworeba. maT guli utydebaT rogorc sakuTar Tavze, ise skolaze
(Tomlinson, 2005b). cudi niSnis daweris nacvlad, Tqven SegiZliaT CaTvaloT
namuSevari dausruleblad da moswavleebs daexmaroT mis Sesworebasa da
gaumjobesebaSi. SeinarCuneT maRali standartebi da mieciT moswavleebs
Sansi miaRwion am standartebs (Guskey, 1994; Guskey & Bailey, 2001)

783

Sefaseba da gancxadeba: mTavari elementebi
daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
Sefasebis gegmis SedgenisaTvis
reziumes misaRebad ix, Frisbie,
D.A., & Waltman, K.K. (1992). De-
veloping grading plan. Educational
measurment: Issue and practices
(pp. 35-42). Washington, DC:
National Council on Measurement
in Education.
normaze orientirebuli Se-
faseba _ moswavlis miRwevebis
Sefaseba sxva moswavleebTan
Sedarebis gziT.
xarisxis mrudi _ normaze da-
fuZnebuli ranJireba, romelic
moswavleebis maCvenebels
adarebs saSualo maCvenebels.
784
motivaciis kidev erTi efeqti Tavs iCens saSualo skolis damTavrebi-
sas, Sejibrisa gamosamSvodobebeli sityvis warmoTqmaSi. xandaxan mo-
swavleebi da mSoblebi pouloben am SejibrSi win wawevis Wkvianur gzebs
– magram am strategiebs cota ram Tu aqvs saerTo swavlasTan. rogorc
tomas guski da jein beili (2001) aRniSnaven, rodesac gamosamSvidobebe-
li sityvis warmomTqmeli konkurentebs uswrebs mxolod – iT, ramdenad
gonivrulia swavla am gansxvavebis miRma? zog saSualo skolas axla hy-
avs gamosamSvidobebeli sityvis mravali warmomTqmeli –ramdenic maRali
standartebis farglebSi Tavsdeba – radgan am skolebSi fiqroben, rom
pedagogebis saqmea `ara niWis amorCeva, aramed misi ganviTareba~ (Guskey &
Bailey, 2001, p. 93).
rekomendaciebSi Tavmoyrili da mokled Sejamebulia is efeqtebi, rac
aqvs niSnebs moswavleebze.
SeCerdiT dafiqrdiT dawereT Tqveni sagnis garda, dafiqrdiT
sxva sagnebzec, romlebsac moswavleebi gadian. rogor gamoiTvleba niS-
nebi im sagnebSi?
saboloo Sefasebisas, maswavlebelma unda miiRos umTavresi gadaw-
yvetileba. ra unda asaxos niSanma: naswavli da daZleuli masalis raode-
noba da is, Tu ramdenad kargad aris es raodenoba naswavli, Tu moswavlis
statusi danarCen klasTan SedarebiT? sxva sityvebiT, Sefaseba kriteri-
umze unda iyos orientirebuli Tu normaze?
kriteriumze orientirebuli normaze
orientirebulis winaaRmdeg
normaze orientirebul SefasebaSi niSanze yvelaze did gavlenas
axdens mocemul saganSi moswavlis amiRweva sxva moswavleebTan Sedar-
ebiT. Tu moswavle swavlobs Zalian bejiTad da mis klasSi TiTqmis yve-
la aseve bejiTia, moswavlem SeiZleba miiRos imedgamacruebeli niSani.
normaze orientirebuli Sefasebis erT-erTi tipi aris niSnis wera dia-
gramaze, romelsac xarisxis mrudi ewodeba. Tqveni damokidebuleba am
midgomisadmi didwilad imiTaa ganpirobebuli, Tu rogor ganlagdeba
Tqveni niSnebi am mrudze. arsebobs monacemebi, rom aseTi saxis Sefaseba
auaresebs urTierTobas rogorc moswavleebs Soris, aseve moswavlesa
da moswavleebis umravlesobaSi amcirebs motivacias (Krumboltz & Yeh,
1996). roca Tqven dafiqrdebiT imaze, rom xarisxis mrudi uneburad zRu-
davs kargi niSnebis raodenobas, maSin Sefasebis TamaSSi, moswavleTa um-
ravlesoba damarcxebuli gamodis (Guskey & Bailey, 2001; Haladyna, 2002; Kohn,
1996). daaxloebiT 25 wlis win benJamen blumma (blumis taqsonomiidan)
da misma kolegebma (1981) CamoTvales am diagramis, e.w. xarisxis mrudis
eSmakoba/Secdomebi:
araferi wminda Cveulebriv diagramaSi ar aris. es aris distri-
bucia, romelic saukeTesod Seesabameba Sanss an SemTxveviT saqmi-
anobas. ganaTleba mizanmimarTuli saqmianobaa da Cven viRvwiT
imisTvis, rom moswavleebma iswavlon is, rasac Cven vaswavliT. Tu
rekomendaciebi: niSnebis gadamwyveti efeqtebis minimumamde dayvana
erideT maRali niSnebisa da Seqebis `gadanax-
vas~ iseTi pasuxebisaTvis, romlebic eTanx-
meba Tqvens ideebs an saxelmZRvaneloSi mo-
cemul azrebs.
magaliTebi
1. dawereT umaRlesi qulebi swor da kreati-
ul pasuxebSi.
2. SeikaveT Tavi Tqveni azris gamoTqmisagan
manamde, sanam ar gamoaSkaravdeba sakiTxis
yve­la mxare.
3. xeli SeuwyveT moswavleebs SekamaTebisa da
sakuTari, mocemulis sawinaaRmdego azris
gamoTqmis unaris gamomuSavebaSi, raciona-
lurobisa da produqtiulobis farglebSi.
4. dawereT naxevari niSani naxevrad swor
pasuxebSi.
darwmundiT, rom moswavles realuri Sansi
aqvs iyos warmatebuli, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
roca is iwyebs axali samuSaos.
magaliTebi
1. CautareT moswavleebs wpretesti, raTa
darwmundeT, rom maT winapirobis saxiT
aqvT aucilebeli SesaZleblobebi.
2. mieciT moswavleebs SesaZlebloba niSnis
asamaRleblad xelaxla Caabaron testebi,
magram darwmundiT, rom axali testi ise-
Tive Znelia, rogoric Tavdapirveli.
3. CaTvaleT warumatebeli Zalisxmeva `aras-
rulad~ da waaxaliseT moswavleebi Sede-
gebis gamosworebisa da gaumjobesebisaT-
vis.
4. Sefasebis bolo stadiaze niSnebi dawereT
upiratesad samuSaos mixedviT, Sefasebis
sawyis stadiaze ki moswavleebi amuSaveT
Sefasebis gareSe.
daabalanseT werilobiTi da sityvieri uku-
kavSiri.
magaliTebi
1. umcrosi asakis moswavleebTan gaakeTeT
mokle, cocxali komentarebi, SedarebiT
ufrosi asakis moswavleebs ki mieciT ufro
vrceli werilobiTi axsna-ganmartebebi.
2. Tu naweris Sefaseba imaze dabalia, vidre
amas moswavle eloda, darwmundiT, rom ase-
Ti dabali niSnis mizezi cxadi da gasagebia.
3. moargeT komentarebi moswavlis individu-
alur wardgena/Sesrulebas. erideT erTi
da imave frazis gameorebas.
4. aRniSneT specifikuri Secdomebi, am Sec-
domaTa SesaZlo mizezebi, samuSaos gaum-
jobesebis mosazrebebi da kargad Sesrule-
buli samuSao.
gaxadeT niSnebi rac SeiZleba gonivruli
magaliTebi
1. niSnebi daukavSireT mniSvnelovani miz­ne­bis
daZlevas.
2. mieciT davalebebi swavlis gaumjobesebi-
saTvis da ar SeafasoT isini.
3. CaatareT eqsperimentebi portfolioebsa
da prezentaciebTan dakavSirebiT.
daafuZneT niSnebi erTze met kriteriumze
magaliTebi
1. gamoiyeneT esse/Ria SekiTxvebis formati,
iseve rogorc savaraudopasuxiani testebi.
2. SeafaseT zepiri moxsenebebi da saklaso
prezentaciebi.

damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix.:

http://www.nap.edu/readingingroom/books/str/6.html da http://www.alfiekohn.org/teaching/fdtd-g.html

Cven efeqtur instruqtirebas vawarmoebT, miRwevaTa distribucia

SeiZleba Zalian gansxvavebuli iyos Cveulebrivi diagramisgan; da
metic, SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom Cveni saganmanaTleblo Zalisxmeva
araefeqturia, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu miRwevaTa distribucia daemTx-
veva normalur distribucias. (gv. 52-53).

785
sqema 15.4

kriteriumebze orientirebuli moswrebis baraTebi

erTi magaliTia kriteriumze damyarebuli moswrebis baraTisa. arsebobs sxva saxis blankebic, magram
kriteriumze orientirebuli nebismieri baraTi aRniSnavs moswavlis progress spe­cifikuri miznis
misaRwevad.

linkolnis dawyebiTi skola mexuTe klasi

.................................................................................................................................................................................................
moswavle ........................... maswavlebeli ......................... direqtori .......................... meoTxedi ........................
E = saukeTeso S = damakmayofilebeli P = progresi aqvs N = esaWiroeba gaumjobeseba

sakiTxavi programa maTematika socialuri mecnierebebi saSinao davaleba

gamoyenebuli masalebi: ............... problemis gadaWra ...... esmis sagnis arsi. ....... Tavad irCevs davalebas.
....................................................... ...... xsnis maswavleblis mier ....... akuratulad asrulebs
............................................................ dasmul amocanebs. ...... gamoxatavs cnobismoyvareobas saSinao davalebas.
............................................................ ...... xsnis sakuTar/sxva da enTuziazms. .
....... kiTxulobs gagebiT. moswavlis mier wamoWril ...... monawileobas Rebulobs ...... droulad asrulebs samuSaos.
....... SeuZlia daweros imis problemebs. saklaso diskusiebSi. prezentaciebi/proeqtebi
Taobaze, ra waikiTxa ......SeuZlia moifiqros ..... iyenebs rukas. . ..............................................................
........ sakiTxav jgufur samuSaos problemuri amocanebi. ..... teqstis interpretirebisas adamianuri urTierTobebi
asrulebs akuratulad da problemaTa interpretacia axdens kiTxvis unarebis ...... zrdilobiania.
droulad. ...... iyenebs Sesaferis demonstrirebas. ....... pativs scems sxvaTa uflebebs.
........ amJRavnebs kiTxvisadmi strategiebs. daZleuli sakiTxebi: ....... aqvs TviTkontrolis unari.
interess. ..... SeuZlia gamoiyenos individualuri ....... kargi urTierToba aqvs
kiTxviTi unarebi: erTze meti strategia. kulturebi, kolumbi – pirveli TanatolebTan.
....... swvdeba axali sityvebis .....SeuZlia zepirad axsnas inglisuri koloniebi. ........ amJRavnebs TanamSromlur
mniSvnelobas. strategiebi. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi da pozitiur damokidebu-
....... esmis axali sityvebi. maTematikis koncefciebi ....... gamoxatavs cnobismoyvareobas lebas klasSi.
enaTmecniereba esmis safuZveli samecniero sagnis arsisadmi. …amJRavnebs TanamSromlur
....... leqsikur marags sawyisi/ganviTarebadi/ .......svams karg saazrovno kiTxvebs. damokidebulebas sxva
efeqtianad iyenebs. rTuli .......amJRavnebs samecniero moswavleemTan muSaobisas.
....... yuradRebiT ismens. gamravlebis tabula meTodebis ........ moswons, roca exmareba sxva
....... warmatebiT eufleba sawyisi/ganviTarebadi/rTuli codnas. moswavleebs.
mTeli kviris marTlweras. orniSna ricxvebis ........iyenebs samecniero meTodebis ....... kargad muSaobs ufrosebTan
weriTi unarebi gamravleba codnas eqsperimentebis (moswavleebTan,
....... esmis wera, rogorc sawyisi/ganviTarebadi/rTuli dagegmvasa da anxorcielebaSi. maswavleblebTan,
procesi gayofa ....... axorcielebs karg samecniero mSoblebTan da a.S.)
....... qmnis mokle monaxazs. sawyisi/ganviTarebadi/rTuli dakvirvebebs.
....... akeTebs gonivrul geometria ....... ikvlevs Semdeg samecniero
Sesworebebs. sawyisi/ganviTarebadi/rTuli Temebs:...............................................
...... qmnis redaqtirebul, mTliani maTematikuri interesebi
gasageb saboloo unari: amJamad muSaobs ...........................
namuSevars. sawyisi/ganviTarebadi/rTuli samuSao unarebi
redaqtirebis unarebi damokidebuleba/samuSao ...... yuradRebiT ismens.
....... svams sasven niSnebs unarebi ...... misdevs direqtivebs.
........iyenebs dasrulebul ..... miesalmeba gamowvevebs. ....... muSaobs frTxilad da
winadadebebs. ...... daJinebulia. akuratulad.
....... iyenebs abzacebs. ...... sxvebisgan swavlaSi ...... asworebs namuSevars.
....... avlens terminTa codnisa sargebels poulobs. ....... droulad asrulebs samuSaos.
da gagebis unars. ...... usmens sxvebs ....... racionalurad anawilebs dros. daswreba
weriTi unaris done: ...... monawileobs diskusiaSi ..…..... kargad muSaobs damoukideblad. 1 2 3 4
Sesatyvis klasze dabali gamodis: ....... kargad muSaobs jgufSi. eswreba
/Sesabamisi/maRali muSaobs: ..................................... ....... swavlaSi midis riskze.
ar eswreba
miznebi: ........ miesalmeba gamowvevas.
muSaobs miznis agvianebs
miRwevaze: ................................

wyaro: “Reporting Methods in Grades K-8”, by K. Lake and K. Kafka. In ASCD 1996 Yearbook: Communicating Student Learning (p.104), T.
Guskey (Ed.). Copyright © 1996 by the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. ibeWdeba ASCD-s nebarTviT. yvela
ufleba daculia. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development maswavlebelTa msoflio erTobaa, romelic mxars uWers
saR politikas da uziarebs saukeTeso gamocdilebas, raTa yovelma moswavlem miaRwios warmatebas. meti informaciisaTvis
ix. www.ascd.org

786
 kriteriumze orientirebul SefasebaSi niSani warmoadgens miRweva- daukavSireT PRAXIS IITMMM-s
Ta CamonaTvals. Tu kursisaTvis dasaxuli iqneba cxadi da zusti miznebi, da ganavrceT
gqodeT imis unari, rom
maSin niSani warmoadgens mizanTa garkveul raodenobas, romelsac moswav-
gansazRvroT kriteriumsa da
lem warmatebiT miaRwia. roca Sefaseba kriteriumzea orientirebuli, normaze orientirebuli Se-
TiToeuli niSnis kriteriumi, rogorc wesi, winaswar aris cnobili. amis fasebaTa sistemebi. moaxdineT
Semdeg ukve moswavlezea damokidebuli sasurveli niSnis miReba. Teori- TiToeuli maTganis magaliTiT
ulad am sistemaSi yvela moswavle miiRebs A-s, Tu miaRwevs kriteriums. identificireba da axseniT
orive sistemis dadebiTi da
kriteriumze orientirebul Sefasebis dadebiTi mxare aris is, rom mas
uaryofiTi mxareebi. aRwereT
SeuZlia daakavSiros erTmaneTTan moswavlis Sefaseba da cxadad gansaz- am SefasebaTa efeqtebi moswav-
Rvruli instruqciuli miznebi. zogi tipis skolaSi ganviTarebulia in- leebze.
formaciis miwodebis sistema, sadac moswrebis baraTebSi CamoTvlilia
miznebi da msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rogor miaRwia moswavlem TiToeul maT-
gans. es ganxilva xdeba instruqciis TiToeuli punqtis dasrulebi-
sas. qvemoT mocemulia 15.4 cxrili, romelSic naCvenebia dawyebiTi
klasebis moswrebis baraTi. is aCvenebs urTierTobas Sefasebasa da
orientirebul miznebs Soris. axla SevamowmoT Sefasebis ramodenime
popularuli sistema

qulaTa sistema da procentuli Sefaseba

sxadasxva samuSaoSi miRebul niSanTa kombinirebis erT-erTi yvelaze
popularuli saSualebaa qulaTa sistema. TiToeul testSi an davaleba-
Si iwereba sruli qulis garkveuli nawili, misi mniSvnelobis mixedviT.
testSi, romelic sruli Sefasebis 40%-s Seadgens SeiZleba daiweros 40
qula. werilobiTi davalebis Sesrulebisas, romelic saerTo Sefasebis
20%-s Seadgens, iwereba 20 qula. Semdeg es qulebi mieniWeba nawers an
tests specifikur kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT. A+ian nawerSi, romelic
yvela kriteriums akmayofilebs, SeiZleba daiweros 20 qula. Cveulebriv
nawerSi SeiZleba daiweros 10 qula. Tu msgavsi mniSvnelobis testebs mini-
Webuli aqvs qulebis erTi da igive raodenoba, erTnairi sirTulisaa da
Seicavs erTnairi moculobis masalas, mosalodnelia, rom sistema iyos
samarTliani da praqtikuli. magram skolebis umravlesobaSi es qulebi
raRac saxiT unda gamoixatos saboloo niSnad. ase, rom maswavlebels uw-
evs airCios niSnis daweris standartebi.
Sefasebis kidev erTi sistemaa procentuli Sefaseba. maswavlebels
SeuZlia niSnis dawera imis mixedviT, Tu ra codnas daeufla TiToeuli
moswavle, – mTeli masalis ra procenti esmis mas. amis gasakeTeblad mas-
wavlebels SeuZlia procentuli quliT Seafasos testebi da sxva saklaso
samuSao (imis mixedviT, ramdenia swori – 50%, 85% da a.S.) da Semdeg sab-
olood sagnis niSnis misaRebad gamoiyvanos am qulebidan saSualo ariT-
metikuli gamoiyvanos. es qulebi SeiZleba gardaqmnil iqnas erTcifrian
an erTi asoTi gamoxatul niSanSi. saskolo sistemaSi, rogorc wesi, wi-
naswaraa gamocxadebuli procentis ekvivalenti niSnebSi. es sxvadasxva
kriteriumze orientirebuli
skolaSi sxvadasxvaa; magaliTad, erT skolaSi SeiZleba iyos 90%-idan
Sefaseba _ TiToeuli moswav-
100%-mde da 94%-idan 100%-mde – meoreSi. lis mier standartiT dadge-
imis miuxedavad, rom es formati Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba, masac nili kursis miznebis miRwevis
aqvs problemebi. SegviZlia ki realurad vTqvaT, ra raodenobis codna Sefaseba.
moipoveba, magaliTad, merve klasSi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebasa da
procentuli Sefaseba _
Semswavleli sagnebis gakveTilebze?
klasis warCinebis procentuli
darwmunebulni varT, rom zustad da akuratulad vzomavT TiToeuli qulebiT gamosaxva da niSnebis
moswavlis mier miRebuli codnis procentul maCvenebels? imisaTvis, rom miniWeba winaswar dadgenili
saTanado procentuli Sefaseba gavakeToT, zustad unda vicodeT ra aris principebiT.

787

daukavSireT swavlebas/port-
folios da ganavrceT
rogor gadaWridiT Semdeg
problemas? Tqven iyenebT
SeTanxmebis sistemas erT-erT
Tqvens klasSi. A – Sefasebi-
sTvis erT-erTi moTxovnaa
`wignze moxsenebis” dawera.
magram moswavleebi moxsenebas
akeTeben wignebze, romelic,
Tqveni azriT, maT SarSan
waikiTxes. xolo zogi gabarebT
mokle, zedapirul moxsenebas.
rogor SegiZliaT moaxdi-
noT SeTanxmebis sistemis ise
struqturireba, rom moswav-
leebma ukeTesad Seasrulon
samuSao?
daukavSireT sxva Tavebs da
ganavrceT
ix. Tavi 6, sadac ganxilulia
pirobiTi SeTanxmebis sistema
bihevioristul menejmentSi.
SeTanxmebis sistema – sistema,
romelSic yoveli moswavle
muSaobs winaswar SeTanxmebuli
standartebis Sesabamisad.
788
dasaswavli da ra codna miiRo TiToeulma moswavlem (Popham, 2005 a). es pi-
robebi iSviaTad sruldeba, maSinac ki, roca niSnebis dawerisas maswavle-
blebi iyeneben e.w. `CamoWris~ wertils, TiTqos gazomva iseTi akuratuli
iyos rom erTqulian gansxvavebasac ki mniSvneloba hqondes.
Tu motyuvdebiT moCvenebiTi safrTxeebiT an absoluturi pro-
centebiT, Tqveni sakuTari niSnis weris filosofia, am sistemaSic ki
agrZelebs moqmedebas. vinaidan dRes ufro metad dainteresebulni
arian specifikuri miznebiT da kriteriumze orientirebuli SefasebiT
gansakuTrebiT dawyebiT klasebSi, warmoiSvamoswavlis progresis Se-
fasebis ramdenime alternatiuli meTodi, winaswar gansazRvruli kri-
teriumebis winaaRmdeg.
SeTanxmebis sistema da Sefasebis rubrikebi
roca SeTanxmebis sistema gamoyenebulia mTel klasSi, is aRniSnavs
samuSaos tips, xarisxs da raodenobas, romelsac TiToeuli cifri an aso
gansazRvravs aRniSnul sistemaSi. rubrikebi aRwers TiToeul doneze
mosalodnel wardgena/Sesrulebas. moswavleebi Tanxmdebian an `deben
kontraqts~_ imuSaon garkveuli niSnisaTvis specifikuri moTxovnebis
mixedviT da warmoadginon gansazRvruli donis prezentacia. magaliTad,
SeiZleba gamocxadebuli iyos Semdegi standartebi:
F(1): ar dadis skolaSi regularulad an ar abarebs davalebas.
D(2): ar dadis skolaSi regularulad da saWiro davalebas droze
ar abarebs.
C(3): dadis skolaSi regularulad, droze abarebs sa­Wiro samuSaos
da yvela davalebaSi iRebs CaTvlas, romelic damakmayofilebel
niSans aRniSnavs.
B(4): regularulad dadis skolaSi, droze abarebs samuSaosdavalebas
da Rebulobs CaTvlas yvela davalebaSi, garda minimum 3 plusiani
(+ + +) CaTvlisa, rac umaRlesi niSnis aRmniSvnelia.
A(5): yvelaferi, rac zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, amas plius zepiri da weri-
lobiTi moxseneba erT-erTi wignis Sesaxeb, klasgareSe sakiTxavi
literaturis Ca­monaTvalidan.
idealuri variantis miRwevis nebismieri magaliTi mraval subieq-
tur gansjas moiTxovs, Tumca SeTanxmebis sistema amcirebs moswavleTa
mRelvarebas niSnebTan dakavSirebiT. SeTanxmebis sistema SeiZleba in-
dividualurad iqnas moswavleebTan – am SemTxvevaSic is moqmedebs, ro-
gorc damoukidebeli saswavlo gegma.
saubedurod, am sistemam SeiZleba zedmeti yuradReba miaqcios sa-
muSaos raodenobas. maswavleblebma SeiZleba zustad ver daadginon,
Tu ra aris misaRebi da ra – miuRebeli. swored am SemTxvevaSia sasarge-
blo qulaTa sistema. Tu cxadi da kargad ganviTarebuli rubrikebi aR-
wers yoveli davalebisaTvis mosalodnel wardgena/Sesrulebas da Tu
moswavleebi iyeneben am rubrikebs TavianTi samuSaos Sesafaseblad, Se-
fasebis amosavali wertili iqneba xarisxi da ara raodenoba. Tqven Se-
giZliaT gadaaxalisoT SeTanxmebis sistema gadamowmebis arCevanis
darTviT. magaliTad, CaTvla SeiZleba iyos 75 qulis toli, xolo plius
CaTvla 90 qulisa. sadamowmebisa da gasworebis Semdeg miRebuli plius
CaTvla SeiZleba gaxdes 85 qulis toli – CaTvlaze meti, magram plius
CaTvlaze naklebi. es sistema saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs gaaumjobe-
rekomendaciebi: Sefasebis nebismieri sistemis gamoyeneba
auxseniT Sefasebis Tqven mier gamoyenebuli siste-
mis arsi moswavleebs semestris dasawyisSive da
regularulad SeaxseneT maT amis Sesaxeb.
magaliTebi
1. mieciT ufros moswavleebs hendauti, sadac aR-
werili iqneba davalebebi, testebi, Sefasebis
kriteriumebi da ganrigi.
2. umcros moswavleebs ufro martivad auxseniT,
rogor Sefasdeba maTi namuSevari.
daafuZneT niSnebi cxadad Camoyalibebul go­
nivrul standartebze.
magaliTebi
1. moswavleebTan erTad cxadad gansazRvreT
standartebi rubrikebis ganviTarebis saSuale-
biT – gqondeT cudi, kargi da SesaniSnavi samuS-
aoebisa anonimuri magaliTebi wina klasebidan.
2. ganixileT samuSaos moculoba da Sefasebis
standartebi ufro gamocdil maswavleblebTan.
3. Sefasebis testirebamde CaatareT ramdenime
formatuli testireba Sefasebis gareSe, raTa
SeityoT moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.
4. Tavidapirvelad testebi Tqven TviTonac
dawereT, raTa gansazRvroT maTi sirTulis
done da dro, rac Tqvens moswavleebs maT Sesas-
ruleblad dasWirdebaT.
daafuZneT Tqveni niSnebi rac SeiZleba obieqtur
dasabuTebasa da sababze.
magaliTebi
1. winaswar dagegmeT, rogor da rodis CaatarebT
testirebas.
2. awarmoeT moswavleTa namuSevrebis portfo-
lio. es SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos moswavlee-
bTan saubrisas da mSobelTa krebaze.
darwmundiT, rom moswavleebs esmiT testebis pi-
robebi.
magaliTebi
1. CamowereT pirobebi dafaze
2. sTxoveT ramdenime moswavles testebis piro-
bebis axsna.
3. Tavidan ganixileT sasinji kiTxvebi.
rac SeiZleba male SeasworeT, daabruneT da ga-
nixileT sakiTxebi
magaliTebi
1. waakiTxeT moswavleebs, romlebmac kiTxvebs pa-
suxebi kargad gasces, TavianTi nawerebi klasis
winaSe. gaakeTebineT es sxvadasxva moswavles.
2. axseniT araswori pasuxebis mizezebi, gansa-
kuTrebiT moaruli araswori pasuxebisa.
3. rogorc ki moswavleebi daasruleben testze
muSaobas, mieciT maT kiTxvebze swori pasuxebi
da miuTiTeT saxelmZRvanelos is gverdebi, sa-
dac ganxilulia pasuxebi.
ar SecvaloT niSani _ es unda iyos
Tqveni wesi.
magaliTebi
1. upirveles yovlisa darwmundiT, rom Tqven Se-
giZliaT daicvaT Tqven mier dawerili niSani.
2. SecvaleT kancelaruli da gamoTvlis Secdome-
bi.
erideT mikerZoebas niSnis werisas.
magaliTebi
1. sTxoveT moswavleebs daaweron TavianTi sax-
elebi furclis meore gverdze.
2. gamoiyeneT obieqturi qulaTa sistema an sani-
muSo nawerebi esseebis Sefasebisas.
informirebuli gyavdeT moswavleebi
klasSi maTi poziciis Taobaze.
magaliTebi
1. dafaze CamowereT niSnebis gadanawileba te-
stirebis Semdeg.
2. daniSneT periodul konferenciaTa ganrigi, sa-
dac gadaxedavT wina kvirebSi Catarebul samuS-
aos.
moswavlis eWvi pasuxis sisworeSi maT sasarge-
blod gamoiyeneT. gazomvis arc erTi meTodi ar
gamoricxavs Secdomas.
magaliTebi
1. Tuki ar arsebobs obieqturi mizezi, ris gamoc
amis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba, dawereT SesaZle-
blobis farglebSi maqsimaluri niSani.
2. Tu bevri moswavle erTsa da imave kiTxvaSi erT-
nair Secdomas uSvebs, gamoasworeT es SekiTxva
da ganixileT misi testidan saerTod amoRebis
variantic.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. http://teaching.
berkeley.edu/bgd/grading.html
wyaro: Problems in Middle and High School Teaching: A
Handbook for Student Teachers and Beginning Teachers
(pp.182-187), by A.M. Drayer, 1979. Boston: Allyn and
Bacon. Copyright © 1979 by Allyn and Bacon. adap-
tirebulia avtorisa da gamomcemlis nebarTviT.
789

`imedi maqvs, es qulis momatebisTvis gamiznu-
li kidev erTi eSmakoba ar aris, hakel!~
© Art Bouthhillier ibeWdeba
nebarTviT.
daukavSireT swavlebas/port-
folios da ganavrceT
xSirad maswavleblebi
umizezod adanaSauleben xolme
konkretul moswavleebs slasSi
Seqmnili disbalansis gamo.
aris Tu ara es Saravandedis
efeqtis magaliTi? SegiZliaT
Tu ara sxva magaliTebis mo-
tana?
gadamowmebis arCevani –Se-
Tanxmebis sistemaSi namuSevris
gadamowmebisa da gaumjobe-
sebis Sansi.
individis swavlis molodini
– individis saSualo maCvene-
beli (qula).
790
son TavianTi namuSevrebi, magram aseve ajildoebs moswav-
leebs pirvelive jerze warmatebis miRwevisaTvis. amasTan,
maswavlebels ar gauCndeba proeqtis aradamakmayofile-
blad Sefasebis survili, radgan moswavleebs SeuZliaT
namuSevris gamosworeba (King, 1979). magram frTxilad iya-
viT, Tu saskolo sistema moiTxovs 5 qulian Sefasebis ska-
las da yvela moswavle SeTanxmebulia da aRwevs umaRles
qulas (gasworebamde Tu mis Semdeg), maswavlebelma Sei-
Zleba isurvos direqtorTan konsultacia, sanam am siste-
miT miRebuli niSnebi gamocxaddebodes. rekomendaciebSi
mocemulia miTiTebebi ideebi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor
gamoiyeno SefasebaTa nebismieri sistema samarTlianad da
gonivrulad.
Sefasebis sxva sakiTxebi
Zalisxmevisa da gaumjobesebis Sefaseba. Zalisxmevisa
da gaumjobesebis Sefaseba ar aris realurad dasrulebuli Sefasebis
sistema. es aris movlena, romelmac SeiZleba Tavi iCinos Sefasebis TiTq-
mis yvela formatSi. maswavleblebma moswavleebi imis mixedviT unda Sea-
fason, ra moculobis masala iswavles maT, Tu swavlis saboloo donis
mixedviT? gaumjobesebis standartis saxiT gamoyenebis erT-erTi prob-
lema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saukeTeso moswavleebi yvelaze naklebad
`umjobesdebian~, radgan isini ukve arian sakmarisad kompetenturni.
gsurT ki dasajoT es moswavleebi mxolod imitom, rom maT ukve sakmaod
bevri ician da swavlebis meTodma da testirebis sistemam SeuzRuda maT
winsvlis demonstrirebis saSualebebi? bolos da bolos, Tu Tqven dam-
atebiT samuSaos ar miscemT, am moswavleebs didi araferi aRar darCebaT
sakeTebeli (Airasian, 2005; Guskey & Bailey, 2001).
am situaciidan erT-erTi gamosavalia individualuri swavlis mo­
lodinis sistema. am sistemiT moswavleebi Rebuloben saprizo qulebs
testirebasI an sxva davalebebSi, Tu TavianT pirad doneze (saSualod) met
qulas daagroveben an Tu idealur qulas aiReben. maswavlebelma SeiZle-
ba es saprizo _ bonus _ qulebi saboloo niSnis gamoyvanisas gamoiyenos
an, ubralod, maT safuZvelze sxva saklaso jildoebi misces moswavles.
kidev erTi variantia xazi gausva moswavlis warmatebul Zalisxmevas ze-
piri an werilobiTi komentariT, mSoblebTan gagzavnili baraTiT an sxva
saSualebiT.
sifrTxile: samarTlianobis dacva. maswavleblis mier moswavlis warma­
tebis da warumateblobis mizezTa dadgena gavlenas axdens im niSnebze,
romlebsac moswavleebi iReben. maswavleblebi, rogorc wesi, maRal niS-
nebs weren xolme ufro ZalisxmevaSi (kontrolirebadi faqtori), vidre
SesaZleblobaSi (ukontrolo faqtori). dabali niSnebi ufro metad maSin
iwereba, roca maswavlebeli moswavlis warumateblobas ufro Zalisxmevis
naklebobas abralebs da ara SesaZleblobisas. (Weiner, 1979). aseve SesaZloa,
rom niSnebze gavlena moaxdinos Saravandedis efeqtma. es aris tenden­cia,
dainaxo moswavlis garkveuli midrekilebebi masze zogadi STabeWdilebi-
dan gamomdinare an dadebiTad, an uaryofiTad. TqvenTvis, rogorc maswav-
leblisTvis, Zneli iqneba ar moeqceT dadebiTi an uaryofiTi ,,Saravande-
dis~ (brwyinvaleba, mag. mzis, mTvaris garSemo) gavlenis qveS. SeiZleba
Tqveni mciredi ukmayofileba, romelic Zalian Tavaziani, bejiTi da ara-
problemuri giqmniT, moswavlis davalebiT mis sasargeblod gadawyvitoT
(mag. dauweroT B, C+-is magivrad). im dros roca msgavs situaciaSi Zalian
rTuli moswavle, romelic bejiTi SromiT Tavs arasodes iwuxebda, Se-
fasebisas aucileblad izaralebs (mag., miiRebs, C- is magivrad).
arsebobs samarTlianobis kidev erTi aspeqti. Tu moswavlis niSnebze
uaryofiTad moqmedebs bundovani SekiTxvebi, Znelad wasakiTxi testebi
da sxva davalebaTa gaumarTavi SekiTxvebi, Tu mas niSans akleben saSinao
davalebis SeusruleblobisaTvis, agreTve maSin, roca mis niSanze gav-
lenas axdens testireba,romelic ar asaxas moswavlis codnas, sisxartes
an sxva Seufasebel unarebTan saerTod daukavSirebeli faqtorebi, maSin
adgili aqvs `niSnebis dabinZurebas~. roca maRalfardovani sityvebs an
lamazad gaformebuli ydis gamo niSani izrdeba, maSin niSnebis dabinZure-
ba kidev ufro metad iCens Tavs. niSnebma unda asaxos, ra icis moswavlem,
ra esmis mas an risi gakeTeba SeuZlia gansazRvrul saswavlo miznebTan
mimarTebaSi (Tomlinson, 2005b).

Sefasebis miRma: ojaxebTan urTierToba

rogoria Tqveni azri?

Zalian mravalferovan olqSi samsaxuris misaReb gasaubrebaze gan-
yofilebis Tavmjdomare gekiTxebaT: `rogor miawodebT ojaxebs in-
formacias saSinao davalebebisa da Sefasebis sistemebis Sesaxeb?~

Sefasebis aRmniSvneli verc erTi ricxvi an aso ver daitevs srulad

im gamocdilebas, romelsac moswavle klasSi Rebulobs. moswavleebi,
maswavleblebi da mSoblebi xandaxan zedmet koncentrirebas axdenen
saboloo niSanze. magram ojaxebTan urTierToba ar unda Semoifargle-
bodes mxolod ojaxebSi niSnebis furclis gagzavnaa. arsebobs ojaxebTan
urTierTobis an maTTvis informaciis miwodebis mravali gza. bevri Cemi
nacnobi maswavlebeli ugzavnis mSoblebs baraTebs, sadac mocemulia in-
formacia davalebebis Sesrulebis, qcevisa da Sefasebis sistemis Sesaxeb.
gaskisa da beilis (2001) mier aRwerili sxva variantebia:
baraTebi, romlebic mimagrebulia moswrebaTa cxrilze.
satelefoni zarebi, gansakuTrebiT `kargi ambebis~ SetyobinebiT.
Ria karis dReebi.
Sekrebebi, maT Soris moswavleebis mier wayvanili konferenciebic.
moswavleTa namuSevrebis amsaxveli portfolioebi an gamofenebi.
saskolo an klasis veb-gverdebi.
viziti saxlSi.
aq mocemulia `kargi ambis~ telefoniT Setyobinebis magaliTi, sadac
gamoyenebulia mobiluri telefonis teqnologia. es magaliTi aRebulia
gaskisa da beilis naSromidan (2001). dawyebiTi skolis * direqtors Tan
daaqvs mobiluri telefoni, roca is skolis holSi dadis, Sedis kafete- Saravandedis efeqti _ ten-
riaSi, akvirdeba saTamaSo moedans da amowmebs klasebSi maswavleblebis decia, romelsac vamJRavnebT,
roca Cveni zogadi, saerTo
muSaobas. roca is moswavlis kargi gamosvlis mowme xdeba, xedavs, rogor
STabeWdileba individis
exmareba is amxanagebs an Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs skolis gaumjobesebaSi, Sesaxeb gavlenas axdens Cven
maSinve urekavs am moswavlis mSobels an mzrunvels Tavisi telefoniT mier am pirovnebis nebismieri
da eubneba: `alo, misis jonsoni gawuxebT, judis dawyebiTi skolis di- aspeqtis aRqmaze.

791
 reqtori. axlaxan vnaxe. . . .~ mas Semdeg, rac auxsnis mSobels, rac naxa da
Seaqebs moswavles, direqtori gadascems telefons bavSvs, raTa mas See-
Zlos ufro vrclad mSobelTan an mzrunvelTan saubari. yvelani kmayo-
filebi rCebian. Tumca erTi ram unda gaiTvaliswinoT, Tu mSobeli maSinve
ar upasuxebs zars, ar iqneba mizanSewonili misTvis Setyobinebis dato-
veba mogvianebiT gadmogirekoT, radgan mSobelma SeiZleba ifiqros, rom
misi bavSvi daSavda an sxva cudi ram SeemTxva.
roca am direqtors hkiTxes zarebis Taobaze, moswavlis cud qcevas-
Tan dakavSirebuli zarebis Taobaze, man upasuxa, rom aseT zarebs is sas-
wavlo dRis bolosaTvis itovebs xolme. `xSirad me mWirdeba mofiqreba,
konkretulad ras vetyvi mSobels da ra saxis strategiebs vurCev maT.
magram rodesac me vxedav, rom bavSvi raRac SesaniSnavs akeTebs, mindeba
rom amis Sesaxeb mSobels dauyovnebliv Sevatyobino. am dros arasdros
mWirdeba sityvebis awon-dawonva. amas garda, Cemis azriT bavSvisTvis es
ufro mniSvnelovania.
direqtoris zarebma sruliad Secvala am skolis kultura. mSoblebis
monawileobam da CarTulobam saskolo movlenebsa da RonisZiebebSi
umaRles maCvenebels miaRwia da maTi ganwyoba misis jonsonisa da skolis
mTeli koleqtivisadmi iyo saocrad megobruli. Tumca es mciredi ram
aris, magram Zalian Zlieri dadebiTi gavlena iqonia yvelaze.

ojaxisa da sazogadoebis TanamSromloba

rekomendaciebi: skolisa da ojaxis partnioroba. krebebi

dagegmeT winaswar. ra miznebi gaqvT? grZnobebi.
`Tqven Zalian daTrgunuli CanxarT, roca li
magaliTebi ar gismenT.”

problemebis gadaWra?
testebis SedegTa gaziareba?
im kiTxvebis dasma, romelzec pasuxi gaintere-
sebT?
klasSi Tqveni `momdevno nabijebis” aRwera?
saxlSi saqmianobis Sesaxeb mosazrebebis ga-
moTqma?
daiwyeT da daasruleT kreba dadebiTi
gancxadebiT
magaliTebi
`jeikobs Zalian kargi iumoris grZnoba aqvs.~
`Jizels Zalian moswons masala cxovelebis
Sesaxeb.”
`iesimi Zalian yuradRebiania sxvebis prob-
lemebis mimarT~.
mouwodeT mSoblebs partniorobisaken
magaliTebi
sTxoveT mSoblebs saxlSi gaakontrolon
klasSi dawyebuli saqmis bolomde miyvana.
dagegmeT damatebiTi kontaqti
magaliTebi
miswereT mSoblebs baraTebi an daukavSirdiT
telefoniT, zarebi raTa gauziaroT warmateba
damudmivad iyvnen saqmis kursSi. krebebis
Sesaxeb meti informaciis misaRebad ix.: http://
www.nysut.org/newmember/survival_conferences.
html

mousmineT aqtiurad wyaro: The Successful Classroom: Management Strategies

for Regular and Special Education Teachers (p.181) by D.P.
magaliTebi Fromberg & M. Driscoll. Published by Teachers College, Co-
lumbia University ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT. yvela
TanaugrZeniT mSoblebs, gaiTvaliswineT maTi ufleba daculia.

792
cxrili 15.8

SefasebaTa Segueba gansakuTrebuli moTxovnilebis saWiroebis mqone moswavleebisaTvis.

risi gakeTeba SegiZliaT imisaTvis, rom gaxadoT Sefaseba da niSnis weris sistema ufro Sesaferisi
gansakuTrebuli moTxovnilebis saWiroebis mqone moswavleTaTvis? aq mocemulia akomodaciis SesaZleb­
lobaTa ramdenime varianti.

adaptaciebi magaliTebi
Sefasebis kriteriumTa cvlileba

SeafaseT sxvadasxva saqmianoba da miRebuli gazardeT saklaso jgufur saqmianobaSi monaw-

produqti sxvadasxva niSniT. ileobisaTvis mikuTvnebuli qulebis raodenoba
da SeamcireT esse/Ria kiTxvebisaTvis mikuT-
vnebul qulaTa raodenoba.

SeafaseT gaumjobeseba eqstra qulebis miniWebiT Secvale C B-Ti Tu moswavlis jamuri qulebi
sagrZnoblad aris gazrdilia Sefasebis wina
periodTan SedarebiT.

gardaqmeniT saswavlo gegma an gaxadeT igi indi- nawili moswavleebisa amuSaveT gamoklebaze, im
vidualizirebuli. dros roca danarCenebi muSaoben gayofaze.

gamoiyeneT SeTanxmebis sistema da Secvlili kur- ganacxadeT dadebul xelSekrulebaSi, rom

sis moTxovnebi xarisxis, raodenobisa da drois moswavleebi miiReben BB-s Tu isini Seasruleben
CarCoebis gaTvaliswinebiT. yvela davalebas 80%-iT, daeswrebian gakveTi-
lebs da amasTanave Seasruleben erT bonusqu-
lian davalebas.

uzrunvelyaviT isini damatebiTi informaciiT

daurTeT werilobiTi komentarebi, raTa auxsnaT moswrebis cxrilze dawereT, rom moswavlis
Tqven mier gamoyenebuli kriteriumebis arsi. niSani asaxavs misi ganaTlebis individualizeb-
uli programis (I E P) moTxovnebs da ar efuZneba
zogad standartebs.

daumateT informacia maTi yoveldRiuri saqmiano- aRniSneT, rom Tumca moswavlis niSani am Se-
bis Sesaxeb fasebis periodSic igive darCa, yoveldRiuri
Canawerebi gviCvenebs, rom is ufro met maTemati-
kur amocanas xsnida damoukideblad. maswavleb-
lis daxmarebis gareSe.

daurTeT portfoliodan an prezentaciis Sefase- aRniSneT, rom moswavlis naweri gaumjobesda.

bebidan miRebuli informacia Zalisxmevis, progre- axla igi iyenebs met sityvebs, grZel winadade-
sisa da miRwevebis Sesaxeb. bebs da azrsac ukeT ayalibebs.

Sefasebis sxva variantebi

gamoiyeneT unarTa CamonaTvali da gansazRvreT miakariT es CamonaTvali moswavlis progresis

miRweuli miznebi raodenobrivad an procentulad. amsaxvel moswrebis cxrils.

gamoiyeneT CaTvla/CaWris niSnebi moswavleebi iReben `CaTvlas”, Tu isini asrule-

ben dRiuri samuSaos 80%-s, sul mcire 70%-iani
sizustiT da eswrebian gakveTilebis 90%-s.

wyaro: Developing Grading and Reporting System for Student Learning (p.118) by T.R. G. Guskey & J.M. Bailey. Copyright © 2001. ibeW
deba Gowin Press, Inc.-s nebarTviT.

793

daukavSireT kvlevas
da ganavrceT
Munk, D.D., & Bursuck, W.D.
(2001). winamdebare aRmoCenebi:
Sefasebis gegmaTa person-
alizeba saSualo skolis
moswavleebisaTvis, romlebsac
aReniSnebaT swavlis uunaroba.
Exceptional Children, 67,
211-234.
daukavSireT swavlebas/port-
folios da ganavrceT– dauma-
teT cxrilebi 15.2, 15.4 da 15.8
Tqveni saswavlo resursebis
fails.
794
dawyebiT klasebSi mSobelTa krebebi xSirad aris mosalodneli kla­
sebSi da SeiZleba igive mniSvnelobis iyos saSualo skolis rogorc qveda,
ise zeda klasebSi. cxadia, rac ufro gawafulebi da komunikabelurebi-
arian maswavleblebi aseT urTierTobebSi, miT ukeTesad Caatareben mSo-
belTa krebebs. mosmenisa da problemis gadaWris unarebi, rogorc me-12
TavSi iyo aRniSnuli, SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes.
roca saqme gaqvT gabrazebul an ganawyenebul mSoblebTan an moswavlee-
bTan, darwmundiT, rom marTla gaigeT maTi mRelvarebis mizezi da ara
ubralod maTi sityvebi. atmosfero unda iyo megobruli da msubuqi;
nebismieri mosazreba moswavlis Sesaxeb dafuZnebuli unda iyos faqte-
bze, dakvirvebaze an mis mier Sesrulebuli davalebebidan gamotanil in-
formaciaze. moswavlisgan an mSoblisgan miRebuli informacia unda iyos
konfidencialuri. rekomendaciebi gvawvdis sasargeblo ideebs krebebis
dagegmvisa da Catarebis Sesaxeb.
gza yovel moswavlemde: akomodacia SefasebaSi
niSnebis dawerisa da gamocxadebisas rogor axdenT akomodacias mo-
swavleebis gansakuTrebulisaWiroebis 15.8 cxrili gvawvdis akomodaciis
ramdenime variants.
gansakuTrebuli moTxovnilebis mqone moswavleebisTvis, an im moswav-
leebisTvis, romelTa mSobliuri enac ar aris inglisuri, niSnis dawera
SeiZleba mTlianad Tqvenze iyos damokidebuli. magram niSnis daweramde
darwmundiT, rom sxva skolebsa Tu olqebSi amisaTvis SemuSavebuli spe-
cialuri sistema ar arsebobs. axla zogi skola mSoblebs sTavazobs Ta-
vad airCion ena, romelzec maT miawvdian moswavleTa moswrebis cxrilebs.
forma igivea, mxolod ena aris sxva (Guskey & Bailey, 2001).
mravalferovneba (divergencia) da konvergencia
saklaso SefasebaSi
saklaso Sefasebam, upirveles yovlisa, xeli unda Seuwyos moswavle-
Ta swavlas. magram SefasebaSi SeiZleba stereotipebi da cru Sexedule-
bebi Caerios.
mravalferovneba
ramdenime kvlevam aCvena, rom maswavleblebi naklebs moelian eTnikur
umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebisagan da es cru Sexedulebebi gavlenas
axdenes maTi swavlebis meTodebsa da Sefasebaze (Banks, 2005). magaliTad,
lipmenma (1997) aRmoaCina, rom eTnikurad mravalferovani klasebis mas-
wavleblebi naklebad amJRavneben inovaciebs da ufro tradiciulebi ari-
an instruqtirebisas. cudi Sedegis molodini SeiZleba gamoixatos da-
bali xarisxis namuSevris maRali niSnebiT SefasebaSi. erT-erTi kvleviT
erTmaneTs Seadares erovnuli niSniT gansxvavebuli ori skolis I, III da VII
klasis moswavleebis mier miRebuli Sefasebebi standartul teqstebSi da
maT mierve dagrovili qulebi. aRmoCnda, rom im skolebSi, sadac siRari-
bis maCvenebeli maRali iyo, moswavleebis Sefaseba, saSualod, toli iyo
_ si, xolo im skolebSi, sadac siRaribis maCvenebeli gacilebiT naklebi
iyo, moswavlebiT Sefaseba iyo. . . (Pda sxvebi1997). es ori skola erTmane-
Tisagan gansxvavdeboda rogorc standartebiTa da saswavlo gegmebiT,
aseve molodinebiT (McClure, 2005).
maswavlebeli SeiZleba Tavi Sexedulebebis tyved iqces. magaliTad,
Tqven mier Sedgenil testebs daurTavT Tu ara Tqveni moswavleebisaTvis
nacnob leqsikas da gamocdilebas? Sefasebis eqsperti jems pohami (2005),
aRwerda maswavleblad muSaobis Tavisi pirveli wlebis gamocdilebas,
oregonis Statis aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebare 1 500 kaciani dabis saSua-
lo skolSi.
me sakmaod did qalaqSi gavizarde da araviTari codna ar gamaCnda
fermerobisa da ranCos Sesaxeb. CemTvis, `rangi~ iyo samzareulos
mowyobiloba romelSic, xorcs xarSaven. rom Cemi saskolo teste­-
bis bevri punqti Seicavda `qalaqur” Sinaarss, rac, albaT, amCnevda
moswavleebs; sanaZleos Camoval, rom bevrma Cemma Tavdapirvelma
testma sruliad usamarTlod,MA zogierTi Cemi moswavle, gogoc da bi-
Wic, _ isini xom iSviaTad, an saerTod arasdros tovebdnen TavianT
fermebs an ranCoebs didi qalaqebis sanaxavad (gv. 86).
dafiqrdiT Tqveni moswavleebis gansxvavebul gamocdilebaze, romeli
qveynidan arian an romel enaze saubroben. qvemoT moyvanilia ramdenime
profesiuli organizaciis mier SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebi; isini dagex-
marebaT Tqven saklaso Sefasebebis ganxorcielebisas (Banks, 2005, p. 82).

konvergencia
xarisxian swavlebas da xarisxian Sefasebas ramdenime ZiriTadi saer-
To principi aqvs da es principebTan vrceldeba yvela moswavleze. qerol
tomlinsoni (2005, gv. 265-266) Tvlis, rom kargi instruqtireba da kargi
Sefaseba damokidebulia maswavlebelze, romelic:

acnobierebs da reagirebs moswavleTa gansxvavebebze; daukavSireT swavlebas/

zustad gansazRvravs cxad saswavlo Sedegebs; portfolios da ganavrceT
iyenebs pretestebs da formatul Sefasebas imisaTvis, rom Seamow- ganaviTareT Sefasebis
gegma im klasis donis mixedviT,
mos moswavlis progresi saswavlo miznebTan mimarTebaSi.
romelsac gsurT, rom aswav-
SesaZlobis farglebSi sxvadasxvagvarad cvlis instruqciebs, ise, loT da daurTeT igi Tqvens
rom TiToeul moswavlec hqondes mudmivi winsvlis SesaZlebloba. portfolios.
cdilobs uzrunvelyos moswavleebis mier Sefasebis kriteriumebis
codna saswavlo miznebis adekvaturi Semajamebeli SefasebisaTvis.
Sefasebas axorcielebs, sxvadasxva gziT, raTa darwmundes, rom
moswavleebs aqvT naswavli masalis daubrkolebeli gamoxatvis Se­
saZlebloba.

buklis Sesworeba mniSvnelovani federaluri kanonia, romelsac Se­

uZlia gavlena moaxdinos Tqvenze, rogorc maswavlebelze. s kanoni
cnobilia aseve 1974 wlis ojaxuri ganaTlebis uflebisa da piradobis
aqtis an 1974 wlis saganmanaTleblo Sesworebis aqtis saxelwodebiT.
am aqtis mixedviT, yvela saganmanaTleblo saagentom testebis Sedegebi
da moswavleTa monacemebSi arsebuli sxva informacia xelmisawvdomi ganavrceT da daakavSireT
Tqveni swavlebis meTodebTan
unda gaxados moswavleebisa da/an maTi mSoblebisaTvis. Tu Canawerebi
daurTeT am TavSo mocemuli
Seicavs informacias, romelic moswavleebisa da maTi mSoblebis azriT ramdenime idea mSoblebis
arasworia, maT SeuZliaT gaaproteston aseTi Canawerebi da warmatebis saswavlo procesSi CarTvis
SemTxvevaSi CamoaSoron isini moswavlis monacemTa bazas. es niSnavs, Sesaxeb Tqvens portfolios.

795
 rom informacia moswavleTa CanawerebSi unda iyos myar, kanonier mo-
nacemebze. testebi unda iyos sando da efeqturi. Tqveni niSani dadge-
nili unda iyos saguldagulo SefasebiTa da dakvirvebiT. komentarebi
da Sexedulebebi moswavlis Sesaxeb unda iyos zusti da samarTliani.

rekomendaciebi: saganmanaTleblo da fsiqologiuri

testirebis standartebi
Sefasebebi unda iyos maqsimalurad samar- kla­sis garkveuli jgufis warmomadgenel
Tliani ganurCevlad moswavleTa sqesisa, mos­­wavlebs. magaliTad sportis Sesaxeb
rasisa an eTnikuri warmomavlobisa. (aseTma SekiTxvebma SeiZleba araxelsayrel
mdgomareobaSi Caayenos mdedrobiTi sqe-
magaliTebi sis warmomadgenlebi), an SekiTxva ardade-
gebze manqaniT sadme gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb
1. erideT nebismier gamonaTqvams slengze,
(SeiZleba araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi Ca­
romelic SeiZleba Seuracxmyofeli iyos
agdos moswavleebi, romelTa ojaxebsac ar
romelime moswavlisaTvis.
aqvT manqana).
2. ebrZoleT stereotipul azrovnebas da
2. darwmundiT, rom pasuxebs ar aqvs garkveu-
gamonaTqvamebs, romlebic SeiZleba Seura-
li socialuri an politikuri JReradoba.
cxmyofeli iyos; magaliTad, iseTs, ro-
goricaa `kolumbma aRmoaCina amerika~ _
nu dauSvebT, rom testebi afasebdes upi-
arsebobdnen adamianebi, romlebmac masze
ratesad enis/leqsikis siswors, Tu es testi
adre aRmoaCines amerika da cxovrobdnen
specialurad amisTvis ar aris Sedgenili.
kidec iq.

unda moxdes mxolod micemuli instruq­

ciebis da ara maTi ukve arsebuli codnis
Sefaseba _ aman ramac SeiZleba cudad imo-
qmedos gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis mo-
swavleebze.
magaliTebi
1. ganixileT standartuli da saklaso Se-
fasebis testebi, imis sanaxavad, xom ar
moiTxovs zogi SekiTxva im saxis codnas,
romelic ar SeiZleba hqondeT Tqveni
magaliTebi
1. moaxdineT specialuri adaptacia ingli-
suri enis axla SemswavlelTaTvis, mieciT
maT damatebiTi dro an leqsikonebis gamo-
yenebis ufleba.
2. darwmundiT, rom maTematikis testebi
sinamdvileSi kiTxvis ostatobas ar amow-
mebs.
wyaro: adaptirebulia Banks, S.R. (2005). Classroom assess-
ment: Issues and practices. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, p.82

Sejameba

formatuli da Semajamebeli Sefaseba tradiciuli Sefasebidan maqsimumis

arsebobs saklaso Sefasebis ori saxe: Se­faseba miReba
SeiZleba iyos for­matuli (mimdinare, romelSic
rogor unda dagegmon maswavleblebma Sefaseba?
niSani ar iwereba, diagnostikuri) an Semajamebe-
swavlas xels uwyobs xSiri testireba krebsi-
li. formatuli Sefaseba exmareba maswavlebels
Ti SekiTxvebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic iT­xoven
instruqciuli miznis formirebaSi, xolo Semaj-
moswavleTagan codnis gamoyenebasa da inter-
amebeli Sefaseba ajamebs moswavlis miRwevebs.
pretacias. Sefasebis kargi gegmis arsebobisas,

796
maswavleblebi ukeTes mdgomareobaSi arian sa-
kuTari testebis Sedgenisas an saxelmZRvanelo-
Si moyvanili testebis Sefasebisas.
ori saxis tradiciuli testirebis Sefaseba? te-
stirebis ori tradiciuli formatia obi­eqturi
testireba da esse/Ria SekiTxvebi. obieq­tur
testirebaSi moiazreba savaraudopasuxiani tes­
tebi, kiTxvebi, romlebzec pasuxi unda iyos
`WeS­mariti~ an `mcdari~. moklepasuxiani an Se­
savsebi kiTxvarebi da sxv. am tipis testi. unda
daiweros specifikuri rekomendaci­ebis moSveli-
ebiT. esse/Ria SekiTxvebis Sedgenasa da Sefase-
bas sWirdeba frTxili dagegmva. unda arsebob-
des aseve specialuri da winaswar gansazRvruli
kriteriumebi, raTa am dros Tavidan iqnas ac-
ilebuli mikerZoeba.
tradiciuli Sefasebis alternativebi
ra aris avTentikuri Sefaseba? tradiciu­li te-
stirebis mowinaaRmdegeni fiqroben, rom mas-
wavleblebma unda gamoiyenon avTentikuri
testebi da sxva avTentikuri Sefasebis sxva pro­­
cedurebi. avTentikuri Sefaseba moswavleebi-
sgan moiTxovs iseTi davalebebis Sesrulebas
da problemebis gadaWras, romlebic msgavsia
rea­luri cxovrebiseul situaciebisa. swored
aseTi qmedebebi iqneba maTgan mosalodneli
skolis gareT.
portfelioebisa da gamofenebis aRwera. portfo-
lioebi da gamofenebi avTenti­kuri Sefasebis
ori magaliTia. portfolio aris moswavlis
namuSevrebis koleqcia. xandaxan es namuSevre-
bi SerCeulia moswavlis zrdisa da gaumjobe-
sebis saCveneblad, xan ki moswavlis mxolod
`saukeTeso namuSevrebs” Seicavs. gamofenebi
aris moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos
gagebaTa gonivrul konteqstSi sajaro demon-
strireba. portfolioebiTa da gamofenebiT vi-
Tardeba realuri cxovrebiseuli davalebebis
Sesrulebis unari.
sandoobis validobisa da samarTlianobis ra sa­
kiTxebia da­kavSirebuli portfolioebisa da pre­
zentaciis (wardgenis/Sesrulebis) SefasebasTan?
av­Tentkuri Sefasebis gamoyeneba ar iZleva san-
doobis, validobisa da samarTlianobis garan-
tias. Sefasebis rubrikebis gamoyeneba erT-erTi
saSualebaa imisaTvis, rom Sefaseba gavxadoT
ufro sando da damajerebeli. magram Sefase-
bebis rubrikebs ar SeuZlia winaswar gansaz-
Rvros davalebis Sesrulebis stili da manera.
amas garda Semfaseblis piradma STabeWdilebam,
romelic masze SeiZleba moaxdinos respoden-
tis garegnobam, saubrisa da qcevis maneram an
mis mier gamoyenebuli resursebis simwirem an
siuxvem, SeiZleba araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi
Caagdos umciresobaTa jgufebi.
niSnebis efeqti moswavleze
rogor SeiZleba warumateblobam xeli Seuwyos
swavlas? mos­wavleebs sWirdebaT gamocdileba
warumateblobasTan gamklavebisas, raTa stand-
artebi saTanadod maRali unda iyos, imisaTvis
rom waaxalisos Zalisxmeva. drodadro waru-
matebloba SeiZleba dadebiTi iyos, Tu saxezea
Sesaferisi ukukavSiri. moswavleebi, romlebic
verasdros swavloben warumateblobasTan gam-
klavebas da mainc ganagrZoben swavlas, SeiZle-
ba advilad danebdnen, Tu maTi pirvelive Zal-
isxmeva warumatebeli aRmoCndeba.
ra jobia `socialuri dawinaureba~ Tu `ukan daw-
eva~? ub­ra­lod igive klasSi datove­ba an Semdeg
klasSi gadayvana moswavlisa, romelsac aqvs
siZneleebi, ar mogcemT imis garantias, rom is
iswavlis. Tu bavSvi ar aris dabali dawyebiTi
klasebis moswavle an emociurad moumwifebeli
klasis sxva moswavleebTan SedarebiT, saukeTe-
so gamosavali iqneboda misi Semdeg klasSi
gadayvana, oRond aseT moswavles esaWiroeba
gansakuTrebuli mxardaWera rogoricaa, magal-
iTad kerZod momzadeba an sazafxulo skolis
sesiebi. problemebis Tavidan acileba, SesaZle-
belia aseve diferencirebuli instruqciis dax-
marebiT.
SeuZlia ki ukukavSirs, maT Soris niSnebsac, gaa-
Zlieros swavla da motivacia? werilobiTi da ze-
piri ukukavSiri, Secdomebsa Tu mcdar strat-
egiebze specialuri komentarebiT, romelic
amasTanave abalansebs am kritikas imiTi, rom
mas Tan urTavs gamosworebis Sesaxeb mosazre-
bebs da kargad Sesrulebuli sakiTxebis saTa-
nado Sefasebas, xels uwyobs swavlas. niSnebs
SeuZlia waaxalisos moswavlis swavlis motiva-
cia, Tu isini gonivruli swavlis amsaxvelia.
797

Sefaseba da gancxadeba:
mTavari elementebi
ori saxis Sefasebis sistemis aRwera. Sefa­seba
SeiZleba iyos kri­­teriumze an normaze ori-
entirebuli. kriteriumze orientirebuli mo-
swrebis cxrilebi, rogorc wesi, aRniSnavs
ramdenad miaRwia moswavlem dasaxul mizan-
Tagan TiToeuls. erT-erTi yvelaze farTod
gavrcelebuli meTodia niSnis wera grafikze,
romelsac xarisxis mrudi ewodeba. es aris nor-
maze dafuZnebuli aranJireba, romelic moswav-
lis maCvenebels adarebs saSualo maCvenebels.
es midgoma ar aris rekomendebuli.
ra aris qulaTa sistema? testebi da sxva sa­xis
werilobiTi davalebebi xSirad fasdeba qulaTa
sistemis mixedviT. bevr skolaSi iyeneben pro-
centuli Sefasebis sistemas, magram testebis
sirTule da Sefasebis kriteriumebi xSirad
gavlenas axdens Sedegze. 1 an 2 qulianma gan-
sxvavebam SeiZleba SefasebaSi didi sxvaoba
gamoiwvios, magaliTad, C –dan B – mde. am, erTi
SexedviT, umniSvnelo gansxvavebam, SeiZleba
didi gavlena moaxdinos moswavleze.
tradiciuli Sefasebis ramdenime alternativis aR-
wera. tra­diciuli Sefasebis alter­nativebia Se-
Tanxmebis sistema da individualuri. ILE swav-
lis molodinis sistema. romeli sistemac unda
gamoiyenos maswavlebelma, misi gadasawyvetia,
Mylabschool es aris eleqtronul instrumentTa nakrebi, romelic dagexmarebaT am kursis
warmatebiT SeswavlaSi, salicenzio gamocdebis Cabarebasa da maswavleblis warmatebul
karieraSi. ix.: www.mylabschool.com
eleqtronuli gzamkvlevi
video qeisebi realuri klasebidan
naSromebis Sesrulebisas daixmareT kv-
leviTi navigatori
798
ris mixedviT Seafasebs moswavles: Zalisxmevis,
progresis Tu miRwevaTa raime saxis kombina-
ciis mixedviT. aseve maswavlebelzea damokide-
buli, SezRudavs Tu ara kargi niSnebis xelmi-
sawvdomobas.
ra aris niSnis werisas cru SexedulebaTa wyaro?
namuSevris xarisxis garda, kidev mra­val faq-
tors SeuZlia niSanze gavlenis moxdena, mag-
aliTad, maswavleblis Sexedulebas moswavlis
SesaZleblobebis, Zalisxmevis an misi zogadi
qcevis Sesaxeb. arsebobs akomodaciis mravali
SesaZlebloba, romelTa ganxorcielebiTac mas-
wavleblebs Se­uZliaT darwmundnen Sefasebis
samarTlianobaSi.
Sefasebis miRma: ojaxebTan urTierToba
rogor SeiZleba ojaxebTan urTierToba sasike­
Tod waadges swavlas? urTierTobis yvela for­
ma, romelsac maswavlebeli iyenebs, ar aris
saWiro niSanTan iyos dakavSirebuli. urTier-
Toba moswavle­ebisa da maT mSoblebTan Sei-
Zleba mniSvnelovani iyos imisaTvis, rom dae-
xmaros maswavlebels moswavleTa da efeqturi
instruqciis warmoebaSi. moswavleebsa da mSob-
lebs kanonieri ufleba aqvT naxon moswavleTa
monacemebSi Cawerili informacia. ase rom, am
failebis Semcveloba unda iyos Sesaferisi,
zedmiwevniT zusti da damadasturebeli sab-
uTebiT gamtkicebuli.
proforientaciis centri resursebiT:
- Ppraqtikisa da licenzirebisaTvis
mzadeba
- profesiuli portfolios gan­viTareba
- samsaxuris Zieba da gasaub­rebis teqnika
- gakveTilis dagegmva
maswavleblis
Canawerebi: kavSirebi PRAXIS IITM-Tan
swavlebaSi kvlevaze dafuZnebuli mraval-
ferovani inovaciis arsebobis garda, kvlevaze
agebuli saklaso Sefasebac arsebobs. es codna
rogor moiqceodnen?
gTavazobT ramdenime praqtikosi maswavleblis mosazrebas am Tavis dasawyisSi niSnebiT Sefasebis
sistemasTan dakavSirebiT.
qeiTi CerCili, me-3 klasis maswavlebeli
oriolis parkis daqyebiTi skola, Cikago,
ilinoisi
me Sefasebis instrumentTa nakrebs gamoviy-
enebdi Cemi moswavleebisaTvis. moswavleebisa
da mSoblebisaTvis nacnobi erTgvarovani ru-
brikebis gamoyeneba Sefasebis martiv sistemas
gvTavazobs. es rubrikebi saklaso oTaxSi konkre-
tul adgilze unda gvqondes, rom moswavleebs
mudmivad SevaxsenoT molodinebis Sesaxeb.
diferencirebuli instruqtirebis safuZvel-
ze, romlis mizania moicvas swavlis yvela stili
da modaloba, moswavleebi ufro metad CaerTve-
bian swavlebaSi da, Sesabamisad, gaizrdeba muSao-
bis xarisxi da molodinebi.
ramdenime faqtori axdens gavlenas konkre-
tul Sefasebaze. niSniani Sefasebis safuZvelia
jgufuri muSaobis, miznebis miRwevis da xarisx-
iani muSaobisaTvis rubrikebiT xelmZRvanelobis
kombinacia.
medaia aiala, preparatoriis saSualo
skolis maswavlebeli
iujinio garca laguera,
Campus Garza Sada, Monterrey, N. L. Mexico
Cemi azriT, mniSvnelovania moswavlis na-
muSevris kros-seqciuri Sefaseba. pirvel rigSi,
portfolioebi SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos mTeli
wlis manZilze moswavlis sxvadasxvagvari na-
muSevrebis Tavmosayrelad. portpolios gamoy-
enebiT maswavlebels SeuZlia niSniT Seafasos
moswavlis progresi da miRwevebi. mniSvnelovania
moswavleTa Seafseba ara mxolod progresis, ar-
amed masalis gagebis TavlsazrisiTac. me werilo-
biT Sefasebas gamoviyenebdi imis gansazRvrisaT-
vis, ramdenad gaiges da SeinarCunes moswavleebma
codna. sabolood, Sevafasebdi sxvadasxva pro-
eqtebsa da eqsperimentebs. aseve momwons weriTi
saSualebas mogvcems, axleburad gavizaroT ras
da rogor swaloben moswavleebi.
namuSevrebis an proeqtebis Sefasebis rubrikuli
sistema. rubrikul sistemaSi maswavlebeli saz-
Rvravs qulaTa konkretul raodenobas yoveli
sagnisaTvis. Sedegad, Zalze advilia miRebuli
qulebis safuZvelze niSniT Sefaseba.
qeiTi pieli, sabavSvo baRis maswavlebeli
West Park School, Moscow, Idaho
moswavleebs unda mivceT miRwevaTa sxvadasx-
va gziT – jgufuri proeqtebi, yoveldRiuri
sakalso samuSao, testebi da individualuri
proeqtebi - gamoxatvis saSualeba. yvela moswav-
le pasuxismgebeli unda iyos sakuTari swavlis
demonstrirebaze. raki maswavleblebi sxvadasxva
standartebis Sesabamisad afaseben moswavleebs,
maT sakuTar Tavze unda aiRon kolegebTan ko-
laboraciis pasuxismgebloba. mniSvnelovania
kolegebisaTvis moswavlisagan swavlebis yovel
momdevno safexurze mosalodneli unar-Cvevebis
komunikacia.
eimi fredeti, me-2 klasis maswavlebeli
fiSeris dawyebiTi skola, valpoli,
masaCusetsi
Cemi azriT, yvela moswavle erTnairad sxarti
ar aris. me maT sakuTari codnis demonstrirebis
mravalferovan gzebs vTavazob. aqcents vakeTeb
moswavleTa unarze SeZlon codnis integrireba
kurikulumis sxvadasxva sagnTan.
TiToeuli maTganisaTvis saswavlo wlis gan-
mavlobaSi iqmneba portfolio, romelic maT zr-
dasa da ganviTarebas gviCvenebs. yovel jerze
namuSevris gasworebisas viyeneb maT mier ukve
Sesrulebul ramdenime namuSevars. am namuSevrebs
portfolioSi vdeb. vcdilob sxvadasxvagvari na-
muSevrebi SevarCio da ara aucileblad `saukeTe-
so~. saswavlo wlis bolos moswavleebs portfo-
lioebs vurigeb Sesanaxad.
799