At the beginning of class today:

™ Hand in your extra credit summaries for chapters 1,2 (bring

them down and place them on the front podium)

™ Hand in your CAPA problem that you printed out. (you should
also neatly write on the sheet of paper your name, soc.sec.no.,
and the lab section you are registered in.

™ Pull out your PRS clicker. (We’ll try them out today.)

™ Course website: syllabus

http://www.physics.fsu.edu/courses/Fall05/phy2053c/
This is the primary website for the class, and although a few course items
(e.g. test grades, test solutions) will be on Blackboard, course content will
be here.

L2—Ch2

PHY 2053C – College Physics A

Fall 2005
Motion, Forces, Energy, Heat, Waves

Dr. David M. Lind

Dr. Irinel Chiorescu
Dr. Simon-Serge Sablin

Today’s Lecture: purpose & goals

™ Kinematics in one dimension
9 position
9 velocity
9 acceleration
9 free fall

Important Points
from Last Lecture

ƒ Labs
ƒ CAPA assignments
ƒ Bonus Points
ƒ Mini-Exams
ƒ Physical measurements require units!
ƒ We use the SI units
kg, m, s for
● mass, length, time.

1
Question 1

„ A) Which one of the following statements

sounds right to you:
„ 1) Objects keep a constant speed indefinitely
unless I do something to them.
„ 2) Objects tend to slow down by themselves
and
will stay at rest if left alone.

Question 2

„ B) Which statement is right :

„ 1) A two pound weight will hit the ground
before a one-pound weight when dropped
from the same height.
„ 2) A two pound and a one-pound weight will
hit the ground simultaneously when dropped
from the
same height.

Frame of Reference
„ If we want to describe motion mathematically, we
have to choose a frame of reference in which we
measure the (changing) position of an object
providing its coordinates.

ƒ A typical choice for the zero-point is a point

fixed relative to the earth's surface, e.g.

The bottom left corner of the

UPL 101 projector screen

ƒ All of you can now describe their

position by giving three numbers in
meters: x,y,z

2
Displacement vs Distance
„ DISPLACEMENT is the difference between final and
original coordinates as defined by
your Frame of Reference
The Δ stands for “change in ...”
„

„ Example:
“Travel 70 m to the east,
then turn around
and travel 30 m to the west”

„ Displacement (Here = 40 m) pos. or neg. (vector)

„ Distance is the total length of the path
„ always positive (Here = 100 m) (scalar)

Free Fall
Galileo observed three simple, but
(in view of his peers) radical facts:

1) If you do nothing on an object

(and eliminate friction), it keeps
going indefinitely at a constant
speed.
Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642
2) All objects fall at the same rate independent of their
mass.
3) The distance fallen is proportional to the time squared,
d ~ t2 .

We’ll see in class today if he is right!!

Average Velocity
displacement
average velocity
time elapsed

„ The symbol is t 8s

„ unit is “1 meter / 1s” = 1 m/s

„ Note:
velocity is displacement over time (5 m/s) (vector)

speed is distance over time (12.5 m/s) (scalar)

3
visualization:
Constant Velocity
A car is driving on a straight street with constant
velocity. What is happening to the car?
There are Forces act on it, but they don’t
change its motion.
Vertical: Weight is balanced by
upward Force on tires coffee liquid
is level!
Horizontal: Air resistance and
Friction are balanced by
Motor's Force

Air resistance
Weight
Normal Force Normal Force Constant
velocity
Motor Force
Rolling Friction Rolling Friction

Constant Velocity
„ Say we know that an object moves with
constant velocity v.
„ Where will it be in the future?
time(s) position(m) velocity(m/s)

0 5 x2 x1 10m 5m
5 v
1 10
5
t2 t1 1s 0 s
2 15
5
3 20
5
4 25
5 X = X0 + V0* t
5 30
5
6 35 X = 5 m + 5 (m/s) * t

Instantaneous Velocity
„ The policememan with the
radar gun is not interested in
the average “trip” velocity,
but your velocity in the
instant you drive by!

We get the instantaneous

velocity by using very small
time intervals and

Geometrically: Slope of the tangent (See sect 2-8)

4
 Velocity and Acceleration
„ Change of position per time is velocity
New:
„ Change of velocity per time is acceleration

average acceleration
change of velocity
time elapsed
ms m
Unit 2
s s

„ analogous definition for instantaneous accel.:

„ make the time intervals very small or:
„ tangent to the v(t)-graph

visualization: Acceleration
A car is driving on a straight street, but is now
accelerating. What is the acceleration of the car?

coffee liquid
coffee liquid
is tilted the
is tilted!
other way!
Any change in speed or
direction is an acceleration

“Slowing down”- - acceleration is

opposite the direction of motion “Speeding up”- - acceleration
is in the direction of motion

Speeding up Slowing down

visualization:
Acceleration & Force
A car is now going around a bend in the street
(accelerating!) (The net force must be in the
direction of the acceleration!)
Any change in speed or
direction is an acceleration

Turning at a constant speed means

that acceleration is perpendicular coffee liquid
to the direction of motion is tilted!

5
 Constant Acceleration
„ Now the object moves with
constant acceleration, starting from rest:
„ Where will it be in the future ?
time(s) position(m) velocity(m/s)

0 0
2 v2 v1 6m s 2m s
1 2 a
6 t 2 t1 1.5s 0.5s
2 8
10 2
3 18 a 4m s
14
4 32
18 v t a t + V(0)
5 50
22 1 2+ V(0).t + x(0)
6 72
x t at
2

Motion with Constant Acceleration

Position as a function of time with
x
initial position x0 and initial velocity v0.
Initial means at t=0.
1 2
x t x0 v0 t 2
at

Velocity as a function of time t

v
v t v0 a t

Velocity as a function of position

2 2
v t v0 2a x x0 t

the “Kinematic equations”

Free Fall
Galileo observed that all objects
fall with the same, constant
acceleration Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642
g = -9.80 m/s2 (downward)
(as long as air-resistance is small)

Free Fall is one-dimensional

motion with a constant, negative
acceleration. This means the
acceleration is always pointing
downward!

6
Examples: Free Fall
„ Three graphs of motion with
different initial positions y0
and initial velocities v0

„ Note that the acceleration

is constant, independent
of initial conditions

Capa-homework
„ We will meet again Friday 10:10 when we will talk only
about the CAPA and homework problems.
„ Before then, you should have looked at your CAPA
assignment!
™ a) Go to http://capa1.fsu.edu

™ b) Your account is your garnet-account-name

and your password is your garnet-password

™ Those who registered after Monday will have your

account automatically created within 24 hours of

registration! Be patient it usually takes about a day.

„ If you have problems, send Dr. Chiorescu, who

supervises CAPA for this class, an email!
ic@magnet.fsu.edu

Stay tuned...
™ This Friday: Recitation/CAPA 1
™ Next Monday: No classes/Labor Day
Holiday

™ Next Wednesday: Projectile motion (Ch.3)

and Mini-Exam1

7
Some comments about tests. . . .
… and classroom etiquette
ƒ Mini-exams (and Midterm, and Final Exams):
™ -- will all be composed of problems similar to those
you have seen on the CAPA sets and recommended
problems at the end of each chapter in the book.
ƒ Test and Classroom Etiquette:
™ -- Leave your cell phone at home, or turn it
completely off before you come into the classroom.
(I reserve the right to take your cell phone from you away from you if it
rings in class or if you use it in the classroom.)
™ -- No food in this classroom – ever!
™ -- courtesy -- When you come in to sit down move all
the way in to the centers of rows.
™ -- always bring a pencil (easier to make changes than
a pen), your student ID, and a calculator,
especially on mini-exam days!!
™ -- for tests and quizzes, you will not need any other
materials than those listed above. (a list of equations
and numerical constants you will need will be provided
on the test sheet or projected on the screen.)

Problem solving -- general

BE CAREFUL: Read every question carefully and follow the
directions given.
Don’t make any assumptions beyond what you are given.
(e.g. Many of the problems have several parts, the
conditions for one part may be listed in a part above. If the
question is unclear, ask! )
Keep track of the units in the problem.
(Dimensional Analysis)
Keep track of powers of ten in the problem.
Keep track of what is happening with the vectors in the
problem (visualize what is happening in 2- and 3-
dimensions)
“Physical Intuition” – the problems are often easier if you
step back and look at the ‘big picture’.

PHY2054c
Demos lecture 2 – one-dimensional motion
„ Air track -- with puck, launcher (constant velocity), puck with
fan (constant acceleration) and DataStudio
„ Freefall demo – need 8v(~0.65A) holding force
„ Galileo’s slope