NANO-COMPUTING-ENHANCING THE SCALE OF COMPUTING

A.RAMAKRISHNA VIDHATHA
CSE II YEAR
mailtovidhatha@in.com
G.SAITEJA
CSE II YEAR
saiteja24@in.com
VATHSALYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-HYD

physics; and environmental and atmospheric

ABSTRACT:-
“The Next Big Thing Is Really Small”
- K. Eric Drexler, Founder and Chairman,
Foresight Institute, and Predictions, observing
the rise of the human dependence on the sector
of Nano Technology. Nano technology is not just
studying every field in a larger scope but
deriving an enormous development in
improvable areas like
1. NANO COMPUTING
2. QUANTUM COMPUTING
3. MOLECULAR/DNA COMPUTING
4. NANO-MECHANICAL COMPUTING
5. Usage of NVRAM& larger memory storage in
it.
6. Use of the nanomagnetism initiative which
provides an interdisciplinary framework to help
stage the next advance in complex materials
research that can be used in Computer sciences.
7. Application of nanocrystals & nanocomputer...
8. Usage of Graphene chips instead of silicon...
and many more.
Driven by rapid technological advances within
the past two decades, computing and high-speed
networking have emerged as powerful tools for
science and are even changing the ways in which
modern science is conducted. DOE is a national
leader in the scientific computing field–
supporting fundamental research in advanced
scientific computing, applied mathematics,
computer science, and networking. The DOE
computational infrastructure provides world-
class, high-performance computational and
networking tools that enable scientific, energy,
environmental, and national security research.
More than 2400 scientists in universities, federal
agencies, and U.S. companies use DOE-
(DEPARTMENT ODF ENERGY-Washington
D.C) funded high-performance computers.
Research communities that benefit from these
resources include structural biology;
superconductor technology; medical research and
technology development; materials, chemical
and plasma sciences; high energy and nuclear
research.. Here we showcased what could just
prove big in next 10 years.
HERE ON COMPUTING THE NANO-
WAY...
1. NANO-COMPUTING:
Nano computing is an advanced stage of
development due to recent nanotechnology
advances in these areas. These computers
promise to be so fast and powerful that our
modern supercomputers will be little more than
toys in years to come. The problem is that here
sheer capacity for processing data means that
they will likely be able to readily crack even the
most advanced encryption methods through brute
force. Nano Computing can be justified as the
usage of Nanoparicles and Nanoprinciples in the
Computing domain which can be really very
useful.
Computers play a pivotal part in nanotechnology
as they allow us to develop atomic models and
foresee the Nano devices we desire.
Furthermore, as nanotechnology evolves, new,
more powerful computers will emerge, which
will lead to breakthroughs in nanotechnology and
yet to more powerful computers. Hence we will
have a cycle of scientific discovery
unprecedented in human history. It will be the
singularity.
Because of the singularity, it is shortsighted to
discuss the applications of nanotech, but here's
an attempt: In computer science, we would have
nanocomputer that would open the door for
androids and artificial intelligences. Nanotech
would develop an army of molecular robots and
Nanodevices that would allow us to completely
dominate Nature. We now dominate it at a
macroscopic level; we would then dominate it at
a microscopic level, too. With molecular
medicine we would eliminate many, if not all,
diseases with intelligent molecules capable of
 NANO-COMPUTING-ENHANCING THE SCALE OF COMPUTING
A.RAMAKRISHNA VIDHATHA
CSE II YEAR
mailtovidhatha@in.com
G.SAITEJA
CSE II YEAR
saiteja24@in.com
VATHSALYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-HYD

repairing and changing our cells. Just for
curiosity, my first idea towards ending aging,
inspired by the legendary TV series
Transformers which we used to watch growing
up, was to use microscopic devices capable of
turning our neurons into metal ones with a far
greater strength and therefore impossible to kill.
In synergy with other technologies such as
genetic engineering, the changes each of us
could pursue would be staggering; from having a
skin invulnerable to bullets to augmenting our
physical and psychological capacities. Industrial,
agricultural, and environmental applications are
almost unimaginable at this stage: eradicating
hunger, creating molecular superconductors at
room temperature, developing nanomachines that
eliminate pollution, etc.
Importantly, we would be capable of space
conquest and colonization. Each nanomachine
would be capable of amazing molecular
engineering achievements and even reproducing.
Remember that every single adult human being
started as a tiny cell containing all the genetic
instructions to blossom into an adult being. In a
sense, these molecular assemblers are like a
human egg. The goal behind nanotech is to
create such tiny Nanodevices that, if properly
coded, can give rise to machines with a high
level of complexity. Thus Nanodevices would
make excellent scouts in space exploration. To
give an idea of the inherited power of
nanotechnology, just think that a bacterium with
a generation time of 20 minutes can in 48 hours,
if allowed to grow, reach a population 4000
times the weight of the earth. This means that a
nanodevice with enough mass/energy has the
potential to create planets, outposts and life
throughout the galaxy. Of course this is theory
but it shows the dimension of the powers we're
dealing with.
nanotechnology. Basically, the grey cloud is a
self-replicating airborne nanodevice that
catalyzes carbon dioxide into graphite. Should
such nanodevice be unleashed and, in as little as
a few days, a solid wall would cover the earth,
block the sun, and eventually destroy life on
earth. Robert Freitas Jr., a world expert on
nanotechnology, offers an optimistic but well-
documented review of the dangers of nanotech.
The dangers of nanotech are another reason for
space colonization. Nanotech will forever change
humanity.
Faster, lighter computers possible with
nanotechnology.-
Smaller, lighter computers and an end to worries
about electrical failures sending hours of on-
screen work into an inaccessible limbo mark the
potential result of Argonne research Lab at
Chicago on tiny ferroelectric crystals.
"Tiny" means billionths of a meter, or about
1/500th the width of a human hair. These
nanomaterials behave differently than their larger
bulk counterparts. Argonne researchers have
learned that they are more chemically reactive,
exhibit new electronic properties and can be used
to create materials that are stronger, tougher and
more resistant to friction and wear than bulk
materials.

There are some dangers inherited to

nanotechnology, as I also mention elsewhere. For
example, the grey cloud, theorized by Ralph
Merkle as a doomsday offspring of
 NANO-COMPUTING-ENHANCING THE SCALE OF COMPUTING
A.RAMAKRISHNA VIDHATHA
CSE II YEAR
mailtovidhatha@in.com
G.SAITEJA
CSE II YEAR
saiteja24@in.com
VATHSALYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-HYD
Orlando Auciello uses this unique system,
developed at Argonne, to understand
ferroelectric thin film growth and interface
processes critical to fabrication of smart cards
based on ferroelectric random access
memories. Individual atoms can be detected as
they land on a substrate surface.
3. MOLECULAR
COMPUTING/DNA COMPUTING
Molecular computing uses switches made of a
single protein molecule. Proteins "can self-
assemble complex arrays of molecules on a
surface [nanometer-scale patterns]....Many
proteins do have charge-transfer and charge-
switching properties, which could...be harnessed
to provide some aspects of the information
processing capability of a semiconductor device.
Longmuir-Blodgett films - thin films of lipids -
are known to be an essential part of the electrical
properties of nerve cells, and can be made quite
readily in the laboratory. Nerve-cell proteins are
inserted into the lipid film which alters the film's
ability to let ions pass depending on what other
ions are present or on the electric field to which
they are exposed. This has progressed to the
stage of building films, putting proteins into
them, and demonstrating the electrical
characteristics of the protein, which is similar
to the position with transistors in 1930.
DNA computing is a form of computing which
uses DNA, biochemistry and molecular biology,
instead of the traditional silicon-
based computer technologies. DNA
computing, or, more generally, molecular
computing, is a fast developing
interdisciplinary area. Research and
development in this area concerns theory,
experiments and applications of DNA computing.
DNA computing is fundamentally similar
to parallel computing in that it takes advantage of
the many different molecules of DNA to try
many different possibilities at once.
DNA computing also offers much lower power
consumption than traditional silicon computers.
DNA uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as fuel
to allow ligation or as a means to heat the strand
to cause disassociation. Both strand
hybridization and the hydrolysis of the DNA
backbone can occur spontaneously, powered by
the potential energy stored in DNA.
Consumption of two ATP molecules releases 1.5
x 10−19 J. Even with a large number of
transitions per second using two ATP molecules,
power output is still low. For instance, Kahan
reports 109 transitions per second with an energy
consumption of 10−10 W,[8] and similarly
Shapiro reports a system producing 7.5 x
1011 outputs in 4000 sec resulting in an energy
consumption rate of ~ 10−10 W.
For certain specialized problems, DNA
computers are faster and smaller than any other
computer built so far. But DNA computing does
not provide any new capabilities from the
standpoint of computability theory, the study of
which problems are computationally solvable
using different models of computation. For
example, if the space required for the solution of
a problem grows exponentially with the size of
the problem (EXPSPACE problems) on von
Neumann machines, it still grows exponentially
with the size of the problem on DNA machines.
For very large EXPSPACE problems, the
amount of DNA required is too large to be
 NANO-COMPUTING-ENHANCING THE SCALE OF COMPUTING
A.RAMAKRISHNA VIDHATHA
CSE II YEAR
mailtovidhatha@in.com
G.SAITEJA
CSE II YEAR
saiteja24@in.com
VATHSALYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-HYD
practical. (Quantum computing, on the other
hand, does provide some interesting new
capabilities.)
DNA computing overlaps with, but is distinct
from, DNA nanotechnology. The latter uses the
specificity of Watson-Crick base pairing and
other DNA properties to make novel structures
out of DNA. These structures can be used for
DNA computing, but they do not have to be.
Additionally, DNA computing can be done
without using the types of molecules made
possible by DNA nanotechnology.
3.1QUANTUM COMPUTERS
“Quantum computing could be among the new
ways of keeping up with Moore's Law in the
future, according to a new study on
nanotechnology, the science of manipulating
matter on a molecular level.”
Seth Lloyd of Los Alamos National Laboratory
proposes computers "made of weakly coupled
quantum systems arranged in one-, two-, or
three-dimensional arrays. Computations are
performed in response to sequences of light
pulses imposed upon the entire array
simultaneously. Lloyd shows that by an
appropriate choice of materials and architecture,
and appropriate choices of pulses, each subunit
in the array will change to a new quantum state
in a manner that depends both on its previous
state and upon the pulse sequence. He presents a
simple proof that such an array could carry out
the full range of logic operations required of any
computer."
For any given pair of quantum states in the set
of allowed states of such a device, there are
sequences of pulses which, if applied at the
proper times, will switch the device from one
state to the other. Since the physical
conformation of an object is determined by its
quantum state, the conclusion is inescapable that
an appropriately designed quantum "computer"
can be used as a quantum-mechanical
micromanipulator.
The quantum states of an effective manipulator
would need to correspond to useful
configurations of some kind of molecular arm.
Manipulators would be designed specifically for
that purpose rather than for carrying out general
computations. Both types of devices would,
however, be based on the same general principles
and would be controlled by sequences of light
pulses. The area of quantum computing took off
about 14 years ago after mathematician/physicist
Peter Shor created a quantum algorithm that
could factor large integers much more efficiently
than a classical computer. Such an algorithm put
the computer world in a tizzy because many web
sites secure information like credit card and bank
account numbers over the Internet through the
public-key cryptography method known as RSA,
after its inventors Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman.
This method is based on the assumption that it is
computationally infeasible to factor very large
integers on classical computers.
The state of the spin can be used to store
information and so by extending their life the
research provides a significant step towards
building a usable quantum computer.
“Silicon has dominated the computing industry
for decades,” says Dr Gavin Morley, lead author
of the paper. “The most sensitive way to see the
quantum behavior of electrons held in silicon
chips uses electrical currents. Unfortunately, the
problem has always been that these currents
damage the quantum features under study,
degrading their usefulness.”
Marshall Stoneham, Professor of Physics at UCL
(University College London), commented:
“Getting the answer from a quantum
computation isn't easy. This new work takes us
closer to solving the problem by showing how
we might read out the state of electron spins in a
silicon-based quantum computer.”
To achieve the record quantum lifetime the team
used a magnetic field twenty-five times stronger
than those used in previous experiments. This
powerful field also provided an additional
 NANO-COMPUTING-ENHANCING THE SCALE OF COMPUTING
A.RAMAKRISHNA VIDHATHA
CSE II YEAR
mailtovidhatha@in.com
G.SAITEJA
CSE II YEAR
saiteja24@in.com
VATHSALYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-HYD
advantage in the quest for practical quantum
computing: it put the electron spins into a
convenient starting state by aligning them all in
one direction
Quantum computing and quantum computers are
in advanced stages of development due to recent
nanotechnology advances in these areas. These
computers promise to be so fast and powerful
that our modern supercomputers will be little
more than toys in years to come. The problem is
that their sheer capacity for processing data
means that they will likely be able to readily
crack even the most advanced encryption
methods through brute force.
3.1 BRUTE-FORCE CODE BREAKING
There is nothing elegant or subtle about brute
force code breaking. It simply means trying
millions of different combinations in order to
come up with the right one. The more digits in a
password for example, requires more attempts at
guessing correctly. When the number of
permutations is measured in the millions or
billions, the time taken to break a code using
brute force can be excessive. However a
quantum computer can work at such high speed
it could crack an encryption code in seconds,
whereas current computers may take hundreds of
years to do the same job
3.2 USE AND FUNCTION
If large-scale quantum computers can be built,
they will be able to solve certain problems much
faster than any current classical computers (for
example Shor's algorithm). Quantum computers
are different from other computers such as DNA
computers and traditional computers based
transistors. Some computing architectures such
as optical computers may use classical
superposition of electromagnetic waves. Without
some specifically quantum mechanical resources
such as entanglement, it is conjectured that an
exponential advantage over classical computers
is not possible. Quantum Computers however do
not allow one to compute functions that are
not theoretically computable by classical
computers, i.e. they do not alter the Church–
Turing thesis. The gain is only in efficiency.
4. NANOMECHANICAL COMPUTERS
Even with a billion bytes of storage, a
Nanomechanical computer could fit in a box a
micron wide, about the size of a bacterium.
Although mechanical signals move about 105
times slower than the electrical signals in today's
machines, they will need to travel only 10-6 as
far, and thus will face less delay."
A nanocomputer system will be able to direct the
disassembly of an object, record its structure, and
then direct the assembly of perfect copies. An
advanced assembler could have as many as ten
thousand moving parts, each containing an
average of one hundred atoms."
Bumpy polymer molecules can code information
like a punched paper tape. A tape reader behind
the assembler box provides mechanical signals to
devices within that move the arm and changes
the molecular tools at its tip. Conveyers bring
molecules to the assembler system to supply
energy to motors that drive the tape reader and
arm; others supply groups of atoms for assembly.
Together these parts from the essentials of a
replicator.
Nanocapacitors increase memory storage
Ferroelectric materials are promising alternatives
to magnetic and dielectric materials for non-
volatile data storage. However, the problem is
that ferroelectrics are easily damaged by
conventional lithographic techniques. A different
approach, called stencil patterning, could be a
solution.
 NANO-COMPUTING-ENHANCING THE SCALE OF COMPUTING
A.RAMAKRISHNA VIDHATHA
CSE II YEAR
mailtovidhatha@in.com
G.SAITEJA
CSE II YEAR
saiteja24@in.com
VATHSALYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-HYD
The M’SERV S2100 WHICH HAS A NANO
PROCSSOR IN IT.
5. NEXT GENERATION
NANOTECHNOLOGY COMPUTER
MEMORY MADE OF GRAPHENE:
Carbon comes in many different forms, from the
graphite found in pencils to the world's most
expensive diamonds. In 1980, we knew of only
three basic forms of carbon, namely diamond,
graphite, and amorphous carbon. In recent times
Graphene was also discovered which caused a lot
of fuzz and interest.
Experiments with Graphene have revealed some
fascinating phenomena that excite
nanotechnology researchers who are working
towards molecular electronics. It was found that
Graphene remains capable of conducting
electricity even at the limit of nominally zero
carrier concentration because the electrons don't
seem to slow down or localize. This has to do
with the fact that the electrons moving around
carbon atoms interact with the periodic potential
of grapheme’s honeycomb lattice, which gives
rise to new quasi particles that have lost their
mass, or 'rest mass' (so-called mass less Dirac
fermions). This means that Graphene never stops
conducting.
For computer chips, 'smaller and faster' just isn't
good enough anymore. Power and heat have
become the biggest issues for chip manufacturers
and companies integrating these chips in
everyday devices such as cell phones and
laptops. The computing power of today's
computer chips is provided mostly by operations
switching at ever higher frequency. This
physically induced power dissipation represents
the limiting factor to a further increase of the
capability of integrated circuits. Heat dissipation
of the latest Intel processors has become a widely
discussed issue. By the end of the decade, you
might as well be feeling a rocket nozzle than
touching a chip. And soon after 2010, computer
chips could feel like the bubbly hot surface of the
sun itself. As the electronics industry continues
to churn out smaller and slimmer portable
devices, manufacturers have been challenged to
find new ways to combat the persistent problem
of thermal management. New research suggests
that the integration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
as heat sinks into electronic devices might
provide a solution to this problem.
HEAT is becoming one of the most critical
issues in computer and semiconductor design.
There are six fundamental ways the electronics
industry faces growing thermal distress:
1. Shortened product lifetimes - Every increase
of 10°C in operating temperature cuts product
lifetimes in half.
2. Increased operating costs — Keeping devices
cool increasingly requires more and faster
spinning fans, which use more electricity.
3· Consumer acceptance — More heat requires
more cooling fans which create more noise.
4. Reduced reliability — There have been several
recalls and product failures due to heat.
5· Degraded performance — With RF amplifiers
as much as 90% of power is lost through heat, a
 NANO-COMPUTING-ENHANCING THE SCALE OF COMPUTING
A.RAMAKRISHNA VIDHATHA
CSE II YEAR
mailtovidhatha@in.com
G.SAITEJA
CSE II YEAR
saiteja24@in.com
VATHSALYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-HYD
serious problem affecting battery life on all kinds
of wireless devices.
6. Increased build costs — Ever-larger and more
complex heat sinks and fans, and even more
exotic approaches are driving up costs.
To reduce high temperatures, today's heat sinks
– finned devices made of conductive metal such
as aluminum or copper – are attached to the back
of the chips to pull thermal energy away from the
microprocessor and transfer it into the
surrounding air.
Using micro fin structures made of aligned
multiwalled carbon nanotube arrays mounted to
the back of silicon chips have proven that
nanotubes can dissipate chip heat as effectively
as copper – the best known, but most costly,
material for thermal management applications.
And the nanotubes are more flexible, resilient,
and 10 times lighter than any other cooling
material available. Discovered only in 2004,
Graphene is a flat one-atom thick sheet of
carbon. Existing forms of carbon basically
consist of sheets of Graphene, either bonded on
top of each other to form a solid material like
graphite, rolled up into carbon nanotubes (think
of a single-walled carbon nanotube as a
Graphene cylinder), or folded into soccer ball
shaped fullerenes., just like the Carbon C6 or
Buck MinisterFullerine. So Graphene can be
used for not only the sole purpose of replacing
the silicon chip but also for better and fast
operations of the Computer.
5.1. COMPUTING APPLICATIONS:
5.1.2 RAM & NVRAM. (Nonvolatile RAM)
RAM – Random Access Memory – is used when
someone enters information or gives a command
to the computer. It can be written to as well as
read but - with standard commercial technology -
holds its content only while powered by
electricity. Argonne materials scientists have
created and are studying nanoscale crystals of
ferroelectric materials that can be altered by an
electrical field and retain any changes.
Ferroelectric materials – so called, because they
behave similarly to ferromagnetic materials even
though they don't generally contain iron – consist
of crystals whose low symmetry causes
spontaneous electrical polarization along one or
more of their axes. The application of voltage
can change this polarity. Ferroelectric crystals
can also change mechanical to electrical energy–
the piezoelectric effect – or electrical energy to
optical effects.
A strong external electrical field can reverse the
plus and minus poles of ferroelectric
polarization. The crystals hold their orientation
until forced to change by another applied electric
field. Thus, they can be coded as binary memory,
representing "zero" in one orientation and "one"
in the other.
Because the crystals do not revert spontaneously,
RAM made with them would not be erased
should there be a power failure. Laptop
computers would no longer need back-up
batteries, permitting them to be made still
smaller and lighter. There would be a similar
impact on cell phones.
Achieving such permanence is a long-standing
dream of the computer industry.
Companies such as AT&T, Ford, IBM, RCA and
Westinghouse Electric made serious efforts to
develop non-volatile RAMs (NVRAM) in the
1950s, but couldn't achieve commercial use.
 NANO-COMPUTING-ENHANCING THE SCALE OF COMPUTING
A.RAMAKRISHNA VIDHATHA
CSE II YEAR
mailtovidhatha@in.com
G.SAITEJA
CSE II YEAR
saiteja24@in.com
VATHSALYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-HYD
Back then, NVRAMs were based on expensive
ferroelectric single crystals, which required
substantial voltage to switch their polarity. This,
and cross talk inherent in the then recently
devised row matrix address concept, made them
impractical.
Fig: An NVRAM
The usage of NVRAM is a good option in the
field of computers as it may lead further towards
the development of Data Storage and unearths
new concepts in the arena of data mining and
Data storage.
Working on the nanoscale changes this. It means
higher density memories with faster speeds and
megabyte (the amount of memory needed to
store one million characters of information) - or
even gigabyte (one billion bytes) - capacity. It's
not clear how soon such capacity will be
available, but competition is heavy, stakes are
high, and some companies claim they will have
the first fruits of this research within less time.
It also depends on us like how seriously we
( Indian Government )is taking the issue).
5.1.3 SMART CARDS
Scientists are using their expertise in
ferroelectrics to improve smart cards. These are
the size and shape of credit cards but contain
ferroelectric memory that can carry substantial
information, such as its bearer's medical history
for use by doctors, pharmacists and even
paramedics in an emergency. Unlike magnetic
strips on credit cards, these memories do not
come in contact with their readers and will not
wear out.
FIG: A SMART CARD
Current smart cards carry about 250 kilobytes of
memory. Argonne researchers are collaborating
with the Colorado Springs, Colo., Symetrix
Corp. to develop a higher capacity card with a
more flexible and longer-lasting memory.
Nanomaterials have been studied at Argonne
since the 1980s. They are now one of the hottest
research topics worldwide. Several nanoscale
materials research centers are being planned by
the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), with one
likely to be built at Argonne.
Nanomaterials challenge researchers
The effort to understand ultra-small materials is
on the frontier where physics, chemistry and
biology meet. Chemists work with atoms and
molecules, moving from the smallest particles to
larger ones, while physical scientists work from
larger materials down. They come together as we
approach the nanoscale.
Materials behave differently in the range of size
below 100 nanometers (billionths of a meter.
Atomic and molecular clusters at this size may
be different colors from the same elements or
compounds in bulk. They become more
chemically reactive and display new electronic
properties. Objects assembled from them can be
 NANO-COMPUTING-ENHANCING THE SCALE OF COMPUTING
A.RAMAKRISHNA VIDHATHA
CSE II YEAR
mailtovidhatha@in.com
G.SAITEJA
CSE II YEAR
saiteja24@in.com
VATHSALYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-HYD
stronger and tougher than their bulk counterparts.
However, the science that is the foundation for
the technology is still not understood.
Nanoscale ferroelectrics allow us to develop
better multilayer capacitors, which could be used
in even smaller cell phones, application in
motors to power micro- and Nano-electro-
mechanical systems.
Nature likes to put things together in certain
ways. As we learn more about nanoscience -
when we can control construction at the
nanoscale - we will be able to engineer the
nanoworld differently and create novel
combinations. We should find new materials,
things we can't even imagine yet.
It is synergistic with a broader strength in
complex oxide materials, including related high-
temperature superconductors and thermal barrier
coatings and colossal magneto resistive
materials.
Ferroelectrics are just one of the hot new areas in
nanomaterials, Gibson said. Argonne's work with
ultra-Nano crystalline diamond films for micro
machines for medical, transportation, industrial
and aerospace uses was featured in logos Nano
Science Summit. Although many novel nanosize
effects have been found in ferroelectrics, there
are as many or more in magnets,
superconductors, metals, etc…In addition, there
are composite materials, where two or more of
the above are combined, introducing proximity
effects, which can be dominant on the nanoscale.
The possibilities for creating new useful
materials through nanotechnology are endless.
Closeness breeds material changes:
Such proximity effects – changes in material
behavior because the materials are so close –
show up in giant magneto-resistance, a
phenomenon discovered in 1988 and used in
computer hard drives. Tiny magnetic bits are
hard to read individually, but interleaved
nanolayers of cobalt, copper, iron and chromium
show substantial changes in resistance in
magnetic fields because the layers are so close
together. IBM and the magnetic recording
industry have used this to create ultra sensitive
hard-drive read mechanisms. The Nano-
community looks at a wide range of phenomena.
The research initiative in nanomagnetism
research that DOE recently approved for funding
at a rate of $1.2 million a year. It includes atoms,
molecules and small clusters, and carries forward
some existing technologies - such as
semiconductors - by understanding bulk
materials from a micro-structural view.
We want to know how properties change at the
smaller scales and are finding new effects, some
of which are commercially viable. Nanoscience
draws some of its importance from how quickly
we've been able to turn these into technological
applications."
The nanomagnetism initiative provides an
interdisciplinary framework to help stage the
next advance in complex materials research. It
takes a broad approach, working with materials
that fall from around one micron (one millionth
of a meter) in size to less than 10 nanometers. As
the scale decreases, the dominant physics
changes, and new materials, properties and
applications emerge.
Computer world might one day be based in
magnetic properties instead of electrical. This
might make it possible to build computers with
architectures that could be restructured
depending on the task of the moment. The same
machine could be configured like a Macintosh
for tasks that a Mac operating system performs
best and like a PC when Windows OS is
preferable. Also possible could be magnetic
configurations that would not be limited by
binary logic, making them more like the human
brain. This is far away, but promising .Studies on
the nanoscale could lead to better bulk magnets
and more efficient motors with consequent
 NANO-COMPUTING-ENHANCING THE SCALE OF COMPUTING
A.RAMAKRISHNA VIDHATHA
CSE II YEAR
mailtovidhatha@in.com
G.SAITEJA
CSE II YEAR
saiteja24@in.com
VATHSALYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-HYD

savings in the use of fossil fuels. It may also
become possible to incorporate magnetic
molecules in polymers, creating plastics that
could be used where traditional magnets cannot,
for example in certain corrosive environments
6. MERITS OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY
1. Through NVRAM large amount of data
can be stored and can be used for large
scale operations. New concepts
regarding the operational Speed of
Computers can be developed.
2. The use of Molecular nanotechnology
improves technically the areas of
genetically engineering indirectly and
also serves the purpose of Large Data
base management.
3. The Use of Graphene can reduce the
heat of electronic devices. It also
Graphene remains capable of
conducting electricity even at the limit
of nominally zero carrier concentration
4. A nanocomputer system will be able to
direct the disassembly of an object,
record its structure, and then direct the
assembly of perfect copies. An
advanced assembler could have as many
as ten thousand moving parts, each
containing an average of one hundred
atoms.
5. Androids and Artificial intelligence can
be developed thereby developing Nano
robotics.
6. Excellent and multifaceted servers can
built upon so that they handle more
complexity within less time.
7. Nanoelectronics hold the promise of
making computer processors more
powerful than are possible with
conventional semiconductor
fabrication techniques.
develops every field into a larger bioscope
through which a man can live more
comfortable life.
7. STEPS FOR
DEVOLOPEMENT OF NANO
TECHNOLOGY:-
1. The government should lay emphasis on
research and development of
Nanotechnology
2. South Asian Countries which are booming
economies such as India China have a great
chance of being first to develop a field such
as nanotechnology.
3. Students should show more interest on
deep sectors such as nanotechnology and
Biotechnology.
4. Artificial Intelligence and Android
applications must be used instead of relying
upon overloaded Servers.
5. Nan Biotech News estimates there also
are 130 Nano-based drugs and delivery
systems, and 125 medical devices or
diagnostic tests in preclinical, clinical or
commercial development, an increase of 68
percent since last year. By 2015, the
National Science Foundation estimates that
nanotechnology will have a $1 trillion
impact on the global economy and employ 2
million workers.
Commercially though a difficult task, it may
not be an impossible one.

Thus Nano technology serves well, the

purpose of future mechanisms and the
NANO-COMPUTING-ENHANCING THE SCALE OF COMPUTING
A.RAMAKRISHNA VIDHATHA
CSE II YEAR
mailtovidhatha@in.com
G.SAITEJA
CSE II YEAR
saiteja24@in.com
VATHSALYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-HYD

[15].http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/TechnologyDevelop
ment/Nanotechnology/index.cfm

[16]. http://www.nanotech-
now.com/nano_intro.htm
8. BIBILOGRAPHY
[17]http://www.nanotech-
[I]- K. Eric Drexel’s [Founder and Chairman, now.com/nano_intro.htm
Foresight Institute, and Predictions,] work papers
on nanotechnology. Source:-www.doe.gov.com [18]. http://www.inanot.com/
www.arogonne.gov.us
[19]http://www.visel.net/goals/motivation-en
[2]www.stearling.com/research/
nanoworld/nanotechnology
[20]https://engineering.purdue.edu/NRL/index.ht
ml
[3]www.indiananotechnology.com for different
data on nanocomputing and the status of Indian
nanotechnology. [21]http://www.wildirisdesign.com/nano/nanoco
mputing.html
[4]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSour
ces/1588830012 [22]http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-
3401200582.html
[5]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology
[23]http://www.worldscibooks.com/nanosci/v014
.html
[6]http://www.nanotechproject.org/news/archive/
the_twinkie_guide_to_nanotechnology/
[24]http://leitl.org/docs/intel/Bourianoff
%2520012703.pdf
[7]www.google.com/images for the images of
NVRAM and nanotubes.
[25]http://www.mitre.org/tech/nanotech/
[8]http://www.dei.ac.in/CentresWeb/qancentre/co
llaborations.htm. [26]http://www.scribd.com/doc/18525852/Nano-
Computing
[9]www.therling.com
Our lectures, Professors& Advisors:--
[10]IEEE research papers on Nanotechnology.
[27]Sri SureshBabu HOD-Department of CSE
and IT, Vathsalya Engineering College
[11]http://ewh.ieee.org/tc/nanotech/ Hyderabad.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocresult.jsp?
isnumber=4359107
[28]Sri Madhu HOD-Department of ECE,
Vathsalya Engineering College.
[12]http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp
?punumber=4451717
[29]Sri G.R.Rohit M.Tech, Nanotechnology
Amity Institute of Science and Technology
[13]http://ewh.ieee.org/r6/san_francisco/nntc/

[14]http://www.nanotechproject.org/news/archive
THANK YOU
/successful_commercialization_depends_on/
NANO-COMPUTING-ENHANCING THE SCALE OF COMPUTING
A.RAMAKRISHNA VIDHATHA
CSE II YEAR
mailtovidhatha@in.com
G.SAITEJA
CSE II YEAR
saiteja24@in.com
VATHSALYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-HYD