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Elena Punskaya
www-sigproc.eng.cam.ac.uk/~op205
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Filter Implementation
2
Direct form I Implementation
Moving
average
Autoregressive
part
part
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Constraints
4
Addressing speed/power concerns
5
Advantages of the Alternative Structures
The number of
multiplications reduced
to
(integer part)
8
Structure of IIR Filters*
Alternative structures:
• parallel
• cascade
• feedback
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Example 1: Parallel Structure of IIR Filter
complex poles
one would not implement the filter
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Example 1: Parallel Structure of IIR Filter
• Alternatively
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Example 2: Parallel Structure of IIR Filter
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General Procedure to Obtain a Parallel Structure
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Main Characteristics of the Parallel Structure
• Simple to implement
• Zeros on the unit circle in the overall transfer function are not preserved
no saving of multipliers can be obtained for filters
having such zeros
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Cascade Structure of IIR Filter
• Decompose as
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Back to Example 2: Cascade Structure
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Sensitivity to coefficient quantisation
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Example: Sensitivity to coefficient quantisation
usually assumed
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Filters with Zeros on the Unit Circle
23
Feedback Structure of IIR Filter
Output
Transfer function of the filter
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Example: Feedback Structure Transfer Function
Similar technique:
feedback network
output
transfer function
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Example: Feedback Structure Transfer Function
Quite complex
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IIR Direct Forms
• Direct From I –
considered already
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Direct Form II
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Direct Form II
parallel
Putting it all together
parallel
feedback
Direct form II is
preferable to Direct
form I as it requires a
smaller number of
memory locations.
Direct form II is
delays canonic (the number
of delay elements is
exactly N) while
direct form I is not.
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Example of Direct Form II realisation
feedback
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Finite-Precision Number Representation
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Fixed-point representation
33
Strategies to avoid overflow
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Saturation arithmetic
35
Saturation arithmetic
l1 scaling
Assume that the input to a filter is bounded by
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l1 scaling
• l2 scaling
• frequency – response scaling
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l2 scaling
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Frequency-response scaling
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Application of scaling to cascade and parallel
realisations
• At each step, you must compute the impulse response or
frequency response from the input of the overall filter to the point
of interest, taking account of all scaling already included up to
that point.
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Roundoff (quantisation) noise assumptions
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Roundoff (quantisation) noise in FIR and IIR filters
As a result:
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Roundoff (quantisation) noise
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Limit cycles
Zero-input limit cycles are self-sustaining oscillations, caused by the
rounding of the results of computations.
• This is a stable second order IIR filter with complex poles at j0.9.
• Hence a limit cycle of the form y (n) = 4; 0;-4; 0; 4; 0;-4; 0 (or the
same pattern with 3,2, or 1) may occur.
Solutions:
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Coefficient quantisation
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Coefficient quantisation
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Thank you!
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