Tuberculosis and Pneumonia Pathophysiology

Potentially Modifiable Unmodifiable

1. Occupation (e.g 1. Age

Health Workers) 2. Immunosuppression
2. Repeated close persons
contact w/ infected -Prolonged corticosteroid
3. Indefinite substance therapy
abuse via IV 3. Systemic Infection:
4. recurrence of infection -Diabetes Mellitus
-End-stage Renal Disease
-HIV or AIDS infection
Exposure or inhalation of
infected
Aerosol through droplet
nuclei
(exposure to infected
clients by coughing,
sneezing, talking)

Tubercle bacilli invasion in

the apices of the
Lungs or near the pleurae
of the lower lobes
Bronchopneumonia
develops in the lung tissue
(Phagocytosed tubercle
bacilli are ingested by
macrophages)
-bacterial cell wall binds with
macrophages
-arrest of a phagosome
which results to bacilli
replication

Necrotic Degeneration
occurs
(production of cavities filled
with cheese-like
mass of tubercle bacilli,
dead WBCs, necrotic lung
tissue)

drainage of necrotic
materials into the
tracheobronchial tree
(eruption of coughing,
formation of lesions)
PRIMARY INFECTION

Lesions may calcify

(Ghon’s Complex)
and form scars and may
heal over a period of time
 Tubercle bacilli immunity
develops
(2 to 6 weeks after
infection)
(maintains in the body as
long as living
bacilli remains in the body)

Acquired immunity leads to

further growth
Of bacilli and development
of ACTIVE INFECTION
Pulmonary Symptoms: General Symptoms:
- Dyspnea - Fatigue
- Non-productive or productive - anorexia
cough - Weight loss
- Hemoptysis (blood tinge sputum) - low grade fever with
-Chest pain that may be pleuritic or Signs and Symptoms sweats (often at night)
dull chills and
-Chest tightness
- Crackles may be present on
auscultation
 With Medical Intervention Without Medical Intervention

-Early detection/ Acquired immunity leads to

diagnosis of the further growth
dse Of bacilli and development
-Multi-antibacterial of ACTIVE INFECTION
therapy
-Fixed- dose
therapy
-TB DOTS (Direct
Observed Therapy
Reactivation of the tubercle
bacilli
(Due to repeated exposure to
infected Individuals,
Immunosuppression)
No Recurrence
recurrence SECONDARY INFECTION

Good Bad
Prognosis Prognosis
Severe occurrence of
lesions in the lungs

Cavitation in the lungs

occurs
Active infection is spread throughout
the body systems
(infiltration of tubercle bacilli in other
organs)
-TB of the Bones
-Pott’s Disease
-Renal TB

SEVERE OCCURRENCE OF
INFECTION
Client became clinically ill

BAD PROGNOSIS

DEATH