A brief guide to the HarvardSystem

The Universityof G

ffi ,:1?$,:J"".,:,-,*':.:lll"_3,1-""i{il;;;tosupportthearsuments
within theiressavs andotherassisnments. Miany"i;i:ti,]61;1';:tin,Tilll*,
:,H5",tol;:,":y,:
'":j"::iT y"i", li ?*" rencins (citation).r his is a
guide thatsvstem siving:some
t J"usefui
1o; "r"rpi", 1]oili;'fr)"',i":l"ri'iJ;ff";
referencingyourself.

' A bibliographical
referenceshould containsufficient information
for you or
someoneerseto tracethe information sourcesybu haveused.
' lt indicates
thatyou haveconsidered the appropiiate
' ' - r' authorities
andevidencein
connection withyourwork.
' lt acknowledges and givescreditto the workof otherscontributing your
to work.
N'B' Yououghtto followthe convention of referencing
tutor'Thisis normailythe Harvardsystem,but may dictatedby yourschoolor
nit n"""rsariryso. check!

The Harvardsystemhastwo maincomponents. Firsfly,thereis the in-textreference.

Foreachitemof evidencethatyou usefroman external
articleetc')thereis an entrythit includesthe autroi;s source(a book,a journal
publication familyn"r" lnJ tn" yearof
of the sourcethatthe information"or". from.tiote tnattoi a quotation,
therewillalsobe the numberof the pagethatthe quotation
sectionon quotingbelow). camefrom1lseetne

The in{extreference(author,year)worksin conjunction

withthe secondelementof
the Harvardsystem,whichis inown as a Reference List(sometimesinaccuratety
referredto as a Bibliography)'Thisis an alphauetical;tist
(bythe author,slastname
andthenthe yearof publication) whichinciudesthe full bibliographical
bookwhichwouldenablethe readerto findthatsourceif detailsof the
theyso wished.The in-text
reference to the author'slastnameandthe yearof publication
thislistandthe full detailsfound.As you can seethen, ."n u"Jookedup in
the systemrequiresboththe
elementsof an in-textreferenceandb referencelistto work.

Exampfes
of howto do bothelementsare shownbelow.

N'B' Bibliographies"r" rot"rimes usedin the Harvardsystem.However,

properlyrefersto an extendedlistwhichrefersto the term
ALI the booksyou consultedrather
thanjust thoseyou referredto in yourassignment.

Gitations in the text

All material:taken
fromanotherwriter'sworkshouldbe acknowledged,
whetherthe workis direcilyquoted,paraphrased
or summarised.
a Notreferencing = Plagiarism
a Plagiarism= a fancywordfor stealing
 Essay InstructionWord Sheet

Instructionwords appearin set essayquestionsio trelpvou

understandwhat you haveto do to answerthe question.-
This is a list of words and what

Analyse: Readbetweenthe linesor lookbeneaththe argument. Whatassumptions is the

argument based9n andaretheyvalid?Whatis the significanceof the statements
andhow
do theyrelateto the widerpicture?Are theresoundargumq,nls
aroundcauseand effect?ls
morebeingsaidthanis apparenton the surface?Are the conclusionsreachedlogically
from
theevidenceandexamples given?

Compare: toof for similarities

anddifferences
betweenissuesandarguments.
Contrast: Lookfor similarities
anddifferencesas withComparebutyou maywishto deal
witheachissueor argumentseparately firstand thenpointout the differences
in another
followingparagraph.

Define:try to statethe meaningof a word,phrase,ideaor theory.

Discuss: Explainthengivethepro'sandcon'sandoutlinethefurtherimplications
of an
argument
or ideaor statement.
Thisis closelyrelatedto Analyseand Evaluate.

Distinguish/Differentiate:
Listtheideasandarguments,
etcandthensayhowtheydiffer.
Thisis verysimildTto
CompareandContrasill

Evaluate:Discussthe arguments
thatotherpeoplehaveputforwardfor andagainst.
Add
youownviewsbaseduponthe evidence and examplesyouhavelookedat.
lllustrate/lnterpret:
Makean issue,argument
or theory,clearusingevidence
and
examples

Justify: Makea casefor a particular

pointof viewusingevidenceandexampleto supportit.

Outline; Givethe mainfeaturesandideasof a topicbutdon'tgo intotoo muchdetail.

RelateiShowhowonethingis connected
to anotherandto whatextenttheydiffer.

State: Presentclearlyand briefly.

Summarise:Givea briefaccountof the mainpointswithoutdetailsor examples.

Trace: Followthedevelopment
of a topicfromits beginning.

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r@ Accordingto the Department

of Health(2006)the qualityof accessto healthcareis
oneof theirfundamentalresponsibilities.

To paraphrase meansto writesomeoneelse'swordsin yourown.Thisis an

alternative
way to referto someoneelse'sworkwithoutquotingthemdirecily.The
largerexamplesaboveareall paraphrased. lt is importantto plraphrasemuchmore
thanto quote,becauseit showsthat.intranslating the originalinformation
intoyour
ownwords,you haveunderstood it. However,yo-umustbe surenotto changeihe
meaningof the originalwriting.A paraphrased sentenceor pieceof informationstill
requiresreferencing,lhough onlythe authorandthe year(nota pagenumberas for
a quotations);
again,lookat the examples above.
Harvard method of in tfte text:
Youshoulduse quotationrnarksand acknowledge the author'sname,yearof
publication
and pagenumberof the quotein braikets.You shouldusequotations
(seethe sectionon paraphrasing
sparingly above).
short quotations(up to 2 lines)can be includedin the body of the text:

statesthat"beingan undergraduate
wybourn(1999:19) canbe a pain".
l.ongerquotationsshouldbe indentedin a separateparagraph:

smaje(1995:17) whencommenting
"Whereasmulticulturalism on transcultural carestatesthat:
tendsto emphasisethe existence of different
culturaltraditionsin contemporaryBritainand promotestoleranceand
understanding, anti-racismplacesa morepoliticalemphasison theforcesthat
structureand determineaccessto powerin society,,

lf part of the quotationis omittedthen this can'be indicatedusing three dots

(ellipsis):

7) states"...the existenceof differentculturaltraditionsin

Smaje( 1995:1
contemporaryBritainandpromotes tolerance andunderstanding..."

The ReferenceList - the Harvard method ;

text

a Listin alphabeticalorderby author'snameandthen by date(earliest first),

o lf morethanone itemhas beenpublishedduringa specificy"ri uy tetter
(1995a,1995betc.)
Takeinformation fromthe titlepageof a publicationand notfromthe front
cover.
o Includethe elements and punctuation givenin the examples below.
o Author'sforenamescan be includedif givenon the tiilepagebutthis is not .
necessary.
Thetitleof the publication
shouldeitherbe in italicsor underlined.
31,^
 "t
A White paper
-,@ Department
for Education
andSkills(2002)14-19nexfsfeps:thefuture.
Cm.3390.London:Stationery
Office
A Greenpaper
Departmentfor Education
and Skills(2003)ExtendingOpportunities:
raising
standards.Cm 3854.London:Stationery Office.
An Act of Parliament
GreatBritain.EducationAct2002:Elizabethtt.Chapter25.London:The
StationaryOffice.

Fuither reading
Pears, R. andShields,G. (2008)Citethemright.Newcastle
uponTyne:PearTree
Books.ISBN:978-0-9551 216-1-6

A comprehensive guideto Harvardreferencing

includingexamplesof in-textand
referencelist entriesfor eachsource.

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