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ru
W
WINTERTRAININGREPORT
07't Januaryto ISthlanuorv

SUBMITTED
BY : SanjivShome
U.ROLL : O7t23O115020
STREAM : Electrical
SEM : 5thSem
ID : EEI0T
137

JISCOLLEGE
OF ENGINEERING,
KALYANI.
 AgKNJOVTIfr-@fl[WmNT

With profoundrespectand gratitude,I take this opportunityto conveymy heartfeltgratitude

involvedin makingthis traininga truly learningand enrichingexperience.
to variousindividuals
I am extremelygratefulto allthe technicalstaff of WBSEDCL
{West BenealState Electricitv
DistributionCompanvLTD.Ifor their co-operationand guidancethat helpedme a lot during
the courseof training.I havelearnta lot workingunder them and I will alwaysbe indebtedof

them for this value additionin me. I would alsolike to thank the Deptt. Of Electrical
Ensineeringof JISColleseof Eneineerins,Kalvanifor their effort and constantco-operation
factorin the accomplishment
which havebeena significant of my industrialtraining.

anjivShome
07L230L76020
ElectricalEngineering
 Preface

The electricitysectorin Indiais predominantlycontrolledby Governmentof India'spublic

sectorundertakings(PSUs).
Major PSUsinvolvedin the generationof electricity
includeNationalThermalPowerCorporationTNTPC),
NationalHydroelectricPower
Corporation(NHPC)and
NuclearPowerCorporationof lndia(NPCI).
BesidesPSUs,
severalstate-
levelcorporations,suchas MaharashtraStateElectricityBoard(MSEB),are alsoinvolvedin the
generationand intra-statedistributionof electricity.The PowerGrid Corporationof lndiais
responsiblefor the inter-statetransmissionof electricityand the developmentof nationalgr:id.

The Ministryof Poweris the apexbody responsiblefor the developmentof electricalenergyin

fndia.Thisministrystartedfunctioningindependentlyfrom 2 July,7992;earlier,it was known
as the Ministryof Energy.The UnionManisterof Powerat presentis Sushilkumar
Shindeof the
CongressPartywho took chargeof the ministry on the 28th of May, 2009.

fndia is world's 6th largestenergyconsumer,accountingfor 3.4%of globalenergy

consumption.Dueto lndia'seconomicrise,the demandfor energyhasgrown at an averageof
3.6% per annum over the past30 years.In March 2OO9,
the installedpower generationcapacity
of Indiastood at 147,000MW while the per capitapower consumptionstood at 612 kWH.The
country'sannualpower productionindreasedfrom about L90 billionkWH in 1986to more than
680 billion kWH in 2005.The lndiangovernmenthasset an ambitioustarget to add
approximatefy78,000MW of installedgenerationcapacityby 2OL2.The total demandfor
electricity in India is expectedto cross950,000MW by 2030.

Electricitylossesin Indiaduringtransmissionand distributionare extremelyhigh and vary

between3Oto 45%.In2004-05,electricitydemandoutstrippedsupplyby 7-LL%.Dueto
shortageof electricity,power cuts are common throughout India and this has adversely
effected the country'seconomicgrowth. Theft of electricity,common in most parts of urban
India,amountsto L.5%of India'sGDP.Despitean ambitiousrural electrificationprogram,some
400 millionIndiansloseelectricityaccessduring blackouts.While 80 percentof Indianvillages
have at leastan electricityline,just 44 percentof rural householdshaveaccessto
efectricity.Accordingto a sampleof 97,882 householdsin 2QO2,electricitywas the main source
of rural householdscomparedto 36%in 1993.Multi Commodity
of fightingfor 53o/o
Exchangehassoughtpermissionto offer electricityfuture markets.
 ABOUTTHECOMPANY

WestBengalstateElectricity Board(WBSEBIwasa stateownedelectricityregulation

board
whichcarneinto beingon 01.05.1955andwasoperatingwithinthe stateof WestBensalin
andsplitintotwo companies
lt hasnowbeenrestructured
lndiauntif3L.03.2O07. namelyWest
BengalState ElectricityTransmissionCompanyLimited (WBSETCI)and West BengalState
EfectricityDistribution CompanyLimited (WBSEDCL).The
split came into effect on OL.O4.2OO7
underthe provisionsof West BengalPowerReformScheme,2007.

WBSETCL is responsiblefor transmittingpower at 56 KV,L32 KV,220KVand 400KVin the state

of West Bengal.WBSETCL hasachievedthe BESTPOWERAVAILABILITY AWARD(GoldShield)for
as a Transmissionlicenseein India from Ministry of PowerGovernmentof
the year 2OO7-2OOB
ln d ia .

WBSEDCT is responsiblefor distributingpower in the state of power at 33KVleveland below.

Thisstate utility at presenthasthe consumerstrengthof over 68 Lakhs.WBSEDCL hasbeen
recentlyadjudged"Power India2008excellenceaward"for undertakingPowerSectorReform
lnitiatives.

Type Public.
Founded 01.04.2007
Headquarter Vidyut Bhavan,Bidhannagar
Sector-lf,Kolkata-7OA9L,West Bengal
Key People Sri Malay Kr. De (Chairman& ManagingDirector)
Industry ElectricityDistribution.
lncome RsL6849.55lakh
Employees 276353(2008)
Website http :l/www.wbsedcl.in
Tcchmlcal
Vlcw

SonjlvShame
ElectricoI Engine erlng
071230716020
JISCollegeof Engineering
 OverallElectricitvTravellinePath

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 prsTRrBUTroN
SYSTEM
At the substations,the incomingpower is loweredin voltagefor distributionover the local
area. Eachsubstationfeeds its local load area by meansof primary distributionfeeders,some
operatingat24OQvolts and othersat 4160 volts and 13,800volts or higher.

Ordinarily,primaryfeedersare one to five milesin length;in rural sectionswhere demandsfor

efectricityare relativelylight and scattered,they are sometimesas long as LOar LZ miles.These
circuitsare usuallycarriedon poles;but in the more denselybuilt-upsections,underground
conduitsconveythe cables,or the cablemay be burieddirectlyin the ground.

The distribution systemis particularlyimportant to an electricalutility for two reasons

f . it's closeproximityto the customers
2. it's high cost of investment.

oJDistributionSvstems:
Classification
aretwo types
systems
Mainlydistribution
(33KV/11KV)
1. PrimaryDistribution
Distribution(11KV/4a0V|
2. Secondary

Household
electricity current(AC)
is alternating
Household
voltages aretypically120Vor 24OV

DistributionSvstemConsiderations:
systems,
the designof distribution
In determining threebroadclassifications
of choicesneedto
be considered:
1.Thetypeof electricsystem:dc or ac,andif ac,singlephaseor polyphase.
2. Thetypeof deliverysystem:radial,loop,or network.
Radialsystems andthrow oversystems.
includeduplicate
or underground.
overhead
3. Thetypeof construction:
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DesiredFeatures:
L. Safety
2. Smoothand EvenFlowof Power
3. Economy

Tvpesof ElectricSvstems:
L. DirectCurrentSystems.

2. AlternatingCurrentSingle-Phase
Systems.
1. Two-wireSystems.
2. Three-wireSystems.
3. Seriessystem.

3. AlternatingCurrentTwo-phaseSystems.
L. Four-wireSystems.
2. Three-wireSystems.
3. Five-wireSystems.

4. Alternating Current Three-phaseSystems.

1..Four-wireSystems. t
2. Three-wireSystems.

5. AlternatingCurrentSix-phaseSystems.

L. Six-wireSystems.

2. Seven-wireSystems.
 AlternatineCurrentSingle-Phase
Svstems

1. IuleJuire^sennr-

two wire system

ACSingle-phase

2. f h"ree":w"up*$J"sje*mx

Figtrre !-2, AC single-Phase

three-wire svstern,
 3. 5"e"rieg*S"y,sl,emsJ

*l F1 f.{ E2 |-

Figure f-4. At-' ringle-pl1;156serie's svste4r ;lrtsl r'$ltirge yect*r ctia-

gfitrlt.

AlternatingCurrentTwo-phase
Svstems

1. f su"r":wirs"Syste""ms;

Ftigure 3-5, Atl tt,n-o-pXrasetonr-tr,-ire s1'stertr arrri vector r{i.lsr.rnr.

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3. tlve*uire5Nen$

Figrrre 3-7, A{: tx*in-ph.ls* five-*qire systern and rrectsr t{iagp;r.rn.

1. t-9*qr:unre"sJ"rtsm-si

F|lq:a I

l cl

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Tvpes of Deliverv svstem:

1. Primarydistribution,which carriesthe load at higherthan utilizationvoltagesfrom the

substation(or other source)tothe point where the voltageis steppeddown to the valueat
whichthe energyis utilizedby the consumer.

Primary distribution systemsinclude three basictypes:

' includingduplicateand throwover systems

1. Radialsystems,

' 2. Loopsystems,includingboth open and closedloops

' 3. Primarynetwork systems

2. Secondarydistribution,which includesthat part of the systemoperatingat utilization

voltages,up to the meter at the consumer'spremises.

 Three *anduc?ors

l'ie wire

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square washer rcund washar

11" i
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Wood crossarm $ieet pin with round
washar, nut and loqk-nut

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Uee side groove af insuiatcr

lor a*y degroe of lurn. U*e
guy ii raquiredon small angles.

tdl
Sigure Tftree-cnrrductor pole hearJ, 0" eurd smirll
angles.
 ServigePole
Reasonof SafetvWhileConstructins

While erectingan overheaddistributionline, is very importantthat conductorsare undersafe

tension.lf the conductorsare too much stretchedbetweensupportsin a bid to saveconductor
material,the stressin the conductormay reachunsafevalue in certaincasesthe conductormay
breakdue to excessive tension.ln order to permit safetensionin the conductors,they are not
fully stretchedbut are allowedto havea dip or sag.

considersthe terrain as well as man-

In constructingoverheaddistributionlines,the WBSEDCL
made obstaclessuchas rail & roads.

Cattleguardsare maintainedbetweenoverheaddistributionline and normal240 volt

distributionline.Sometimespolesare earthento protect it from lightning.

Normallyin the distributionsystemthere coronaeffect doesn'toccurbecauseof low voltagein

the line.Generallyfor overheaddistributionline it is 11 KVand for distributionline it is 240
Volts.Sothe servicepolesaren't madbso high as comparedto the transmissionline polesfor
economicpurpose.

For reasonsof safety,the voltageof the wiresto be strungmust be considered.The higherthe

voltage,the farther away it must be strungfrom people,traffic,and other wires.The National
ElectricSafetyCodehasset forth specifications governingtheseclearances. These
specificationsusuallypertainto "class"voltagevalues.Table5-1.usestheseclassvaluesrather
than actualvoltagesin use.

Supposea Ll-kV-distributionline must crossa railroad.Accordingto the specificatitnsgiven,it

must be 30 feet abovethe ground.In other words, its minimum clearanceis 30 feet. But then, a
few blocksaway,it needonly crossa well-traveledstreet.Herethe minimum clearancedrops
to 22 feet.

Sometimes,wires must crossother wires.Herethe voltagesof both must be consideredto

makecertainthat there is no overstrainon the insulationand no flashover.For instance,if a
750-Vwire must crossanother750-Vwire, there need only be 2 feet between{Figure5-3).
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 Tariff

Thereareseveraltariffsfor WBSEDCL
customeraccording
to theirelectricity
consumption
or
typeof consumption.

t. SimpleTariff:Whenthereis a fixedrateper unitof energyconsumed,

it is calleda
simpletariffor uniformratetariff.

doesn'tprovidethis type of tariff.

WBSEDCL

2 . BlockRateTariff:Whena givenblockof energyis chargedat a specifiedrate andthe

succeedingblocksof energyare changedat a progressively
reducedrate,it is calleda
blockratetariff.

3. Two PartTariff:Whenthe rate of electricalenergyis chargedon the basisof maximum

demandof the consumerandthe unitsconsumed, it is calleda two parttariff.

FlatRateTafiff:Whendifferenttypesof consumers
arechargedat differentuniformpen
unit rates,it is calleda flat ratetariff.
 Unit of measurement

Panel-mounted meter,connected
solidstateelectricity to a 2MVAelectricity
substation.
Remotecurrentandvoltagesensors canbe readandprogrammed remotelyby modemand
Thecirclewith two dotsisthe infra-redport.Tamper-evident
locallyby infra-red. sealscanbe
seen.

Themostcommonunitof measurement on the electricity

meteristhe kilowatthour,whichis
equalto the amountof energyusedby a loadof one kilowattovera periodof one hour,or
3,600,000 joules.Someelectricity
companiesusethe Slmegajoule instead.

overa period,mostoftena quarteror

in watts,but averaged
Demandis normallymeasured
halfhour.

Reactive poweris measuredin "Volt-amperes (varh)in kilovar-hours.

reactive", A "lagging"
or
inductiveload,suchasa motor,will havenegativereactivepower.A "leading",
or capacitive
load,willhavepositivereactivepower.

Volt-amperesmeasuresall power passedthrough a distributionnetwork,includingreactiveand

actual.Thisis equalto the productof root-mean-square
volts and amperes.

Distortion of the electriccurrent by loads is measuredin severalways. Powerfactor is the ratio

of resistive(or real power) to volt-amperes.A capacitiveload has a leadingpower factor, and
an inductiveload hasa laggingpower factor.A purelyresistiveload (suchas a filament lamp,
heateror kettle)exhibitsa power factor of 1. Currentharmonicsare a measureof distortionof
the wave form. Forexample,electronicloadssuchas computerpower suppliesdraw their
current at the voltage peakto fill their internal storageelements.This can lead to a significant
voltage drop near the supplyvoltage peak which shows as a flattening of the voltage waveform.
Thisflatteningcausesodd harmonicswhich are not permissibleif they exceedspecificlimits,as
they are not only wasteful,but may interferewith the operationof other equipment.Harmonic
emissions are mandatedby law in EUand other countriesto fall within specifiedlimits.

Other units of measurement:-

In additionto meteringbasedon the amount of energyused,other typesof meteringare

available.

Meterswhich measuredthe amount of charge(coulombs)used,known as ampere-hour

meters,were usedin the earlydaysof electrification.Thesewere dependentupon the supply
voltageremainingconstantfor accuratemeasurementof energyusage,which was not a likely
with mostsupplies.
circumstance

Somemetersmeasuredonly the lengthof time for which currentflowed,with no measurement

of the magnitudeof voltageor currentbeingmade.Thesewere only suitedfor constantload
applications.

Kilowatt hourr

The kilowatt hour, alsowritten kilowatt-hour(symbolkW.h,kW h or kwh) is a unit of energy

equalto 3.6 megajoules.

Energydeliveredby electricutilitiesis usuallyexpressedand chargedfor in kilowatt hours.

Energyin kilowatt hoursis the productof power in kilowattsand time in hours.

 .
Definition:-

The unit of energyin the InternationalSystemof Units(Sl)is the joule (J),equalto one watt
second(one watt is equalto one joule per second);one kilowatt hour is exactly3.6 mega
joules,which is the amount of energyexpended(or dissipated)if work is done at a constant
rate of one thousandwatts for one hour.

RelationBetweenOtherEnerevRelatedUnits

Multiples:-
Slmultiplesfor watt hour(W.h)

Svmboland abbreviation for kilowatt hourr

The brochurefor Sl and a voluntarystandardissuedjointly by an international(IEEE)

and
national (ASTM)organizationstate that when compound unit symbolsare formed by
multiptication,the individualsymbolsshouldbe separatedby a half-highdot or a space(for
example,"kw-h" or "kW h"). However,at leastone major usageguideand the IEEE/ASTM
standardallowkWh(butdo not mentionothermultiplesof the watt hour).Oneguide
published recommends
by NISTspecifically avoiding"kwht'"to avoidpossible confusion".
Nonethefess, educational,
it is commonlyusedin commercial, scientificand mediapublications.

Conversions:-

To converta quantitymeasured in a unit in the left columnto the unitsin the top row,multiply
by the factorin the cellwherethe row andcolumnintersect.

Joule Watt hour Electronvolt Calorie

1J = 1 kg m's-'= L 2.778x LO" 6.241x 10" 0.239
1W'h =3600 1 2.247x tO" 859.8

1eV = 1.602x 10 " 4_45x LO-,' 1 3.827 x1g-'"

l cal= 4.1868 1.191x 10r 2.613 x 1O'" 1
LOADCURVE

A load curveis a chart showingthe amount of electricalenergycustomers'useover the course

of time. Powerproducersusethis informationto plan how much electricitythey will needto
make availableat any giventime.

l8;OO

It is alwaysadvisedthat customersmust reducetheir electricityconsumptionbetween05:00

P.M to 11:00P.M and increaseit between L1:00P.M to 05:00A.M. Bestfacilitiesare givento
the lndustrythose useselectricityin this meantime.

Factors:
SomeNecessarv

AverageDemand
1. Load. Factor -
Maximum Demand

Sum ofTotal Demands

2. Density Factor = Maximum Demand on Feeder
 CustomerService
Do'sond Don'{s

. Teachchildren;instructdomesticstaffto switchoff lightswhennot in use.Switchoff lights

evenwhenleavingthe roomfor just a few minutes.

. Usethe rightillumination.Replaceincandescent
bulbswith slimlinetube lights.Remember A
36-Wattslimlinetube lightgivestwiceasmuchlightasa 100-wattincandescent bulb.That'sa
savingof 610/o
in additionto morelight!

. Replace traditionalchokesof tube lightswith electronic

chokes.
Theysavetwo-thirdenergy
lost in chokes.

. Byusingcompactfluorescent
lamps(CFL) in placeof ordinary100W incandescent
lamps,you
wouldsave75-80Yo
energywith extendedlife up to eighttimesan ordinarylamp.

r ln rooms,uselightcolorsfor walls.Doingthishelpsreducelightingrequirements
up to 40%.
e Rearrange
the furnitureto makeyourlightingtask-based.
Reading,studying,
cookingand
sewingrequiremorelight.WatchingT or conversingrequires
muchless.

r Keeplightsandfinurescleananddirt-free.Dustanddirt reducelightinglevelsby asmuchas

3oo/o.

. Aswith lights,switchoff fanswhenleavinga room.Cleanandlubricateyourfansregularly.

Replaceold regulatorswith electronicregulators.

r Buyonlythoseappliances you reallyneedandof the rightsize.Tryto getthe maximum

benefitfromthemwith the minimumpowerconsumed. Avoidusingkitchenmachines every
day.Grindspicesonceor twicea week,unlessthe household is bigenoughto requfreits use
everyday.

. Usewashingmachineeveryalternateday,or asandwhenthe full kgloadof clothescollects.

r Fora hot water bath,mixwater in a bucket.Tryto avoidgeysershowers.Theyconsume

morepowerand up to 90 litersof hot waterfor a bath.Getthe heaterelementin the geyser
changed every5/ 6 years.lt will enableheatingto befaster,andsavevaluablepower.

o lf youuseACs,considerusingtheman houror two lesseveryday.

Keepwindowsshutafter
switchingoff to keepthe roomcoolfor somemoretime.Youwouldbe savingsignificantly
on
power consumption.A an indicationan ACswitchedoff for an hour can keepa 36 watt slim line
tube light on for 50 hours!Cleanthe ACfilter at leastoncea fortnight.A chokedfilter means
impropercoolingand more power consumed.

. Coolthe food sufficientlybefore storing in refrigerators.Checkon the sealor gasketlining of

the fridge- avoidopeningthe fridgedoor frequently.Defrostthe fridgeonce the ice gets more
than L/4 inchthick. Regulardefrostingreducespower consumption.

. Lookfor'lSl' mark when buyingdesertcoolers.Acs,water pumpsand domesticappliances

such as electric irons. lt is your guaranteeof substantialenergysavings.

. Pleaseavoid usingheavydomesticappliancesbetween6 and 9, morningand evening.These

are peakhourswhen powerconsumptionshouldbe minimized.
r'' T

PMcGt Arca

SanjivShome
Eledrtcal Engineering
07123071@.20
tlS Colkgeof Engineering

#
)
 Substation
Electrical

An electricalsubstation is a subsidiary
stationof
generation,
an electricity transmissionanddistribution
systemwherevoltageistransformed
from highto low or the reverseusingtransformers.Electricpowermayflow throughseveral
substationsbetweengenerating plantandconsumer, andmaybe changedin voltagein several
steps.

that hasa step-uptransformer.

A substation increases the voltagewhiledecreasing the current,
whilea step-down transformerdecreasesthe voltagewhileincreasing the currentfor domestic
andcommercial Thewordsubstation
distribution. comesfromthe daysbeforethe distribution
systembecamea grid.Thefirst substationswereconnectedto onlyone powerstationwhere
the generatorwashoused,andweresubsidiaries of that powerstation.

--\i.i.ffi*'*o'*"o''
 SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT

1. rsaNsfgBsdgB*
Transformersfor changingthe voltagefrom that of the incomingsupplyto that of the outgoing
distributionfeedersoperateon the sameprincipleas do distributiontransformersand are
constructedin substantiallythe samemanner.Theyare usuallyfilled with oil and are cooled
either by the surroundingatmosphereor by air blastsobtainedfrom fanstrainedon them.
Somealsocirculatethe oilfor additionalcooling.
Becauseof the highvoltagesimposedon the incomingside,there is an elaborateelectrical
connectiongoingthrough the cover which is called a bushing.
The supplycircuitis connectedto the terminalsof the primarywindingand the outgoing
distributionfeedersconnectedto the terminalsof the secondarywinding.Substation
transformers{see Figure)are generallyusedto reducethe voltageto a lower value for
distributionand utilization.Theycan alsobe usedin somesituationsto step up voltage.

Lsed rrsnitoring
Fault cuneni moniiaring
FibreopbchrJtspsl BughtrlEMsnttsnng
msnilonn*
Partifrtclischsrgs
mc,nllsrirE
TernperstureMonitoring
- arnbient:tap & bo{orncil,
- LTCDiffarEntial

LTC" DGA.St€tu$
& $peratiane

Fr.rllSGas&Morsirire
Ma;nTenk&.LTC
 2. BEGUIATQA$

The functioningof a regulatorwas previouslydiscussedin the sectionon line equipment.

However,mention of its basicprincipleis repeated here. A regulator is really a transformer with
a variableratio. When the outgoingvoltage becomestoo high or too low for any reason,this
apparatusautomaticallyadjuststhe ratio of transformationto bring the voltage backto the
predeterminedvalue.

3. 9,!8"€UIJ
BREAKF-"BS";

Oil circuitbreakersare usedto interrupt circuitswhile current is flowingthrough them. The

makingand breakingof contactsare done under oil. As explainedpreviously,the oil servesto
quenchthe arc when the circuitis opened.The operationof the breakeris very rapidwhen
opening.As with the transformer,the high voltageconnectionsare madethrough bushings.
Circuitbreakersof this type are usuallyarrangedfor remote electricalcontrol from a suitably
locatedswitchboard.
Somecircuitbreakershaveno oil, but put out the arc by a blastof compressedair. Theseare
caffed air circuit breakers.Another type enclosesthe contactsin a vacuum or a gas {sulfur
hexafluoride,SF6)which interruptsthe conductivepath of the arc.

1m\

High-Voltage
fuwerSource
 4. A|R-SBEAK"AND_A!5C9N
SEetS!{!Ietfe_5";
Someair-breakand disconnectswitchesare mounted on an outdoor steelstructurecalleda
rock while some may be mounted indoorson the switchboardpanels.Theyare usuallyinstalled
on both sidesof a pieceof equipment,to effectivelyde-energizeit for maintenance.

5. THF,,5"!U"|I"SH"E^o_A,BP_:

Thisis usuallya panelor group of panelsmadeof some insulatingmaterialon the front of

which are mountedthe variousmeters,relays,controls,and indicatorsfor the proper operation
of transformerscircuitbreakers,and other equipmentlocatedin the substation.The
switchboardcontainsall the equipmentnecessary for controlling protecting,and recording
what goeson in a substation.

6. BEIAY*

A relay is a low-powereddeviceusedto activatea high-powereddevice.In a transmissionor

distributionsystem,it is the job of relaysto givethe trippingcommandsto the right circuit
breakers.
Relaysprotectthe feedersand the equipmentfrom damagein the event of fault. In effect,
these relaysare measuringinstrumentsbut equippedwith auxiliarycontactswhich operate
when the quantitiesflowingthroughthem exceedor go below some predeterminedvalue.
When thesecontactsoperate,they in turn actuatemechanismswhich usuallyoperateswitches
or circuitbreakers,or in the caseof the regulator,operatethe motor to restorevoltageto the
desiredlevel.Modern relaysemployelectroniccircuitry.

7. Eus-EAB*
Busbar {bus,for short} is a term usedfor a main bar or conductorcarryingan electriccurrentto
which many connectionsmay be made.Busesare merelyconvenientmeansof connecting
switchesand other equipmentinto variousarrangements. The usualarrangementoT
connectionsin most substationspermitsworkingon almostany pieceof equipmentwithout
interruptionto incomingor outgoingfeeders.
Someof the arrangementsprovidetwo busesto which the incomingor outgoingfeedersand
the principalequipmentmay be connected.One bus is usuallycalledthe main bus and the
other auxiliaryor tronsfer bus.The main bus may have a more elaboratesystemof instruments,
relays,and so on, associatedwith it- The switcheswhich permit feedersor equipmentto be
connectedto one bus or the other are usuallycalledselectoror transferswitches.

l-'
 SUB-STATION

Thea sse m bly

of apparatususedto cha n g es o mec h a ra c t e ris t ic
o fse le c t rics u p p lyis c a lle da s u b
station.

FEATURES:
L. lt shouldbe lo c a t e da t a p ro p e rlo c a t io n .
2. lt shouldpro v id es a f ea n d re lia b lea rra n g e me n t .
3. lt shouldbe e a s ilyo p e ra t e da n d ma in t a in e d .
4. lt shouldin v o lv emin imu mc a p it acl o s t .

OPERATION:
Thestepdown vo lt a g e3 3 k vis s u p p lie dt o t h e B ra s ast u b -s t a t io n . ln
Barasatsubstation,thereare three circuitsof 33kv.3'd no circuitstraightgoesto the Anatapur
sub-station.
Thevoltagesof ckt L&2ndare beingstepdown from 33kvto lj.kv.Theckt 1
& ckt 2
supplyvoltageto 2,3,4& 1,5,6stepdown transfomerrespectively.

Br asasub
t - station
suppliescurrentto M d h y a g ra mLMd
, h y a g ra m2 , Ho s p it a l, B a ra
e tsca. t
T hecur r e n tsare beingcontrolledbythe c o n t ro lg e a ro
r o m. T h ec o n t ro lro o m s e le c t swh ic ho f
the portionof Barasatwill feed currentof propersequenceof time.

1,. Circuitbreaker
2. CurrentTransformer(CT)
3. PotentialTransformer(pT)
4 . Ca p a c it oBr a n k .
F UNC T I ON:
1-. CT-measuringthe current& protectthe transformer
2 . PT-m easuring
the voltage
3. Circuitbreakerdetectsthe overvoltageandtrip the connection
B ank-improvethe pow e rf a c t o ro f t h e lo a dn e a re stto l-.
4 . Ca p a citor

WORKING-POLE
CONSTRUCTION
:

DESCRIPTION:
FUNCTION:

OPEBATTON:
fhe 11kvline is connectedto the transformer(1.Lkv/440v)through
gang
isolater& fuses.The
transformerstepsdown the voltageto 440v, 3phase,4wiresupply.The
voltagebetweenanytwo linesis 440vwhereasthe voltageany line& neutralis 230v.Thepole
mountedsubstation are generallyusedfor transformercapacityupto200kVA.

MAINTAINENCE:
 CONCLUSION

Energyexistsin differentforms in naturebut the most importantform is the electricalenergy.

The modern societyis so much dependentupon the use of electricalenergy.That it has
becomea part & parcel of our life.Distribution systemis the part of power systemwhich
distribute power to the consumersfor utilization.The transmission and distributionsystemsare
si m i l arto th e man's circularitysystem. T htera n s mis s io sny s t e mma y b e c o mp a re dwit h t h e
arteriesin humanbody and distributionsystemwith capillaries.They servethe samepurposeof
supplying the ultimateconsumerin the citywith the life-givingbloodof civilization-electricity.