SUPERCHARGING

IC ENGINE
7 SEM MECH

G P KURIEN
 AIMS OF AN ENGINE DESIGNER

1. IMPROVED POWER
OUTPUT
2. MINIMUM EXHAUST
EMMISSIONS

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 POWER OUTPUT OF ENGINE
DEPENDS ON:
1. Amount of air inducted into
cylinder.
2. Extent of utilization of inducted
air.
3. Speed of engine.
4. Quantity of fuel admitted; CV of
fuel
5. Thermal efficiency of engine.
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 Pbm L A n k
B.P. 
60
n  N/2 rpm for 4 stroke engine
For a given cubic capacity of engine, (L.A.k); B.P
can be increased by increasing Speed (n) or Break
Mean Effective Pressure (Pbm).
There is a limit to speed: Due to incr in friction,
inertial (centrifugal) losses; Time required for
various processes.
Therefore most preferred way is to improve power
output by increasing Mean Effective Pressure.
How to increase mean effective pressure?
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 How to increase mean effective
pressure?
1. Supply air/ air fuel mixture at a
pressure higher than
atmospheric pressure.
2. This will increase density and
thereby mass of charge inducted
for the same swept volume.

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 SUPERCHARGING
1. Super charging is supplying air
or air fuel mixture higher than the
pressure at which the engine
aspirates, by means of a
boosting device.
2. The device which boosts the
pressure is called Supercharger.

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 SUPERCHARGING
1. Forced induction of air.
2. More oxygen available for
combustion.
3. More air and fuel per cycle.
4. Increases power output of engine.
5. Some Power is consumed by
supercharger
6. Higher stresses in the engine
7. May lead to detonation/ knocking
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 APPLICATION
1. Marine and automotive engine
where weight and space are
important.
2. Racing car engines, Military
vehicles, Tanks.
3. Engines working at high
altitudes. Power loss due to
altitude can be compensated.
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 TYPES OF SUPER CHARGERS

SUPER CHARGER

MECHANICALY TURBOCHARGER
DRIVEN SUPER CHARGER (GAS TURBINE DRIVEN
(DRIVEN BY ENGINE CRANK SHAFT) BY EXHAUST GASES)

CENTRIFUGAL TYPE ROOT TYPE VANE TYPE TWIN SCREW

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 CENTRIFUGAL TYPE SUPER CHARGER

1. A V- belt from engine pulley

drives the super charger.
2. Impeller runs at high speeds
(80,000 rpm)
3. About 30% more charge can be
forced into the combustion
chamber.

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 ROOTS SUPERCHARGER
1. Two rotors connected with each
other by means of gears.
2. Gears are of equal size and
therefore the rotors rotate at the
same speed.

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 TWIN SCREW SUPER CHARGER

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 METHODS OF SUPER
CHARGING
1. Engine driven compressor or blower
2. Electric Motor driven supercharger
a. Speed independent of engine speed
b. Better control
3. Under piston supercharger
a. Utilizes the bottom side of the piston to
compress air.
b. Two delivery stroke available per suction
stroke.
 SUPER CHARGING ARRANGEMENT

AFTER
COOLER

Exhaust from
engine
COMPRESSOR

LOAD
ENGINE

GEAR
Inlet to super (step up)
charger
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 POWER INPUT FOR SUPER CHARGER

Assuming adiabatic compression of air, the work done

 1
by super charger is:  
 p2  
w    v dp  h2  h1  C p (T2  T1 )  C pT1   1

 p1  
 
T1  Initial Temp; p1  Initial pressure; p2  Delivery pressure
C p  Sp Heat of air ; ma  Mass of air sup plied in kg / sec;
 c  Isentropic efficiency ; then :
 1
 
ma C pT  p2  
Power required to drive the compressor    1
 c 1  p1  
 
 CHARGE COOLING
1. When air charge is compressed,
it becomes hot.
2. Super charging increases
temperature to 60 to 90 degrees.
3. Density reduces when air is
heated. Therefore mass of air
entering the cylinder reduces.
4. Intercoolers are used to cool
compressed air.
 EFFECTS OF SUPER
CHARGING
1. Higher power output.
2. Greater induction of charge mass
3. Better atomization of fuel
4. Better mixing of fuel and air
5. Better scavenging of products
6. Better torque characteristics
7. Quicker acceleration of vehicles
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 EFFECTS OF SUPER
CHARGING
8. More complete and smoother
combustion
9. Reduction in diesel knock tendency
10. Increased detonation tendency in
SI engines
11. Reduced exhaust smoke
12. Reduced specific fuel consumption
13. Increased mechanical efficiency
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 EFFECTS OF SUPER
CHARGING
14. Improved cold starting
15. Increased thermal stresses
16. Increased heat losses due to
increased turbulence
17. Increased gas loading
18. Increased valve overlap period of
60 to 160 degrees.
19. Increased cooling requirement of
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 LIMITATIONS TO
SUPERCHARGING
1. Higher thermal and mechanical
stress on engine.
2. Engine components need to
withstand higher stresses.
3. Tendency to burn valve seats and
piston crown.
4. Large valve overlap required.
5. Better cooling required.
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 TURBO CHARGING ARRANGEMENT
Air inlet

COMPRESSOR TURBINE

AFTER
COOLER
Exhaust from
turbine

Inlet to engine
Exhaust from
engine

LOAD
ENGINE

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 TURBOCHARGER

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 Installation of Super Charger in
SI engine relative to carburetor

1. Between Engine and

carburetor.
Supercharger handles
explosive gases;

2. Super Charger
ahead of Carburetor
Fuel must be fed under
pressure

Between Engine and carburetor.

Different Types of Turbocharging
1. Const Pressure type 2. Pulse Type 3. Pulse Converter
Pulse Converter Turbocharger
 TWO STAGE SUPERCHARGER

1.To get 25 – 30 bar

in CI engines.
2.High pressure
ratios possible
 TURBO CHARGER
1. TURBO LAG
Short delay period before the boost pressure
increases.
This is due to time the turbocharger assembly
takes exhaust gases to accelerate the turbine
and compressor wheel to accelerate.
2. WASTE GATE
Diaphragm operated valve that can bypass
part of the gases when manifold pressure is
very high.
Limit max charge pressure
EXAMPLE 1
1. A 4 stroke CI engine having bore 14 cm
and stroke 16 cm develops 12 kW/cu m of
free air per minute when running at 3000
rpm. The ambient conditions are 1.01 bar
and 300 K. Vol eff is 80% and mech eff of
engine is 80%. The engine is
supercharged with a blower driven by
engine. The blower raises the pressure to
1.62 bar with a isentropic eff of 80%. Find
increase in BP of the engine due to super
charging. Take Cp /Cv as 1.4, Cp=1
kJ/kg.K and R=287 J/kg.K.
 Example 2
A three litre four stroke diesel engine develops 12 kW per m3 of
free air inducted per minute. The volumetric efficiency is 82% at
3600 rpm referred to atmospheric condition of 1 bar and 27 0C.
A rotary compressor which is mechanically coupled to the engine
is used to supercharge the engine. The pressure ratio and
isentropic efficiency of the compressor are 1.6 and 75%
respectively.
Assume mech. Efficiency of engine to be 85% and air intake to
the cylinder to be at the pressure equal to the delivery pressure
from compressor and temperature equal to 5.6 0C less than the
delivery temp of the compressor. Also assume that cylinder
contains volume of charge equal to swept volume.
Calculate percentage increase in brake power due to super
charging.
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