ATLANTA HOUSING LTD

House - 34, Road - 46, Gulshan-

Gulshan-2
Dhaka,, Bangladesh
Dhaka

CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE

SOIL CHARACTER

PILE

FOOTING

COLUMN / BEAM / SLAB

BRICK WALL

PLASTER

FINISHING WORK- TILES, MARBEL FITTING
SOIL CHARACTER IN FIELD
SOIL CHARACTER IN FIELD
SOIL CHARACTER IN FIELD
PILE
PILE
PILE
PILE
PILE
PILE
PILE TEST
PILE TEST
FOOTING
FOOTING
FOOTING
BRICK WORK
BRICK WORK
BRICK WORK
BRICK WORK
BRICK WORK
BRICK WORK
BRICK WORK
BRICK WORK
BEAM RE-
RE-BAR
BEAM RE-
RE-BAR
COLUMN RE-
RE-BAR
COLUMN TIES
COLUMN RE-
RE-BAR AND TIES
COLUMN RE-
RE-BAR
EXTERIOR COLUMN RE-
RE-BAR
SLAB RE-
RE-BAR
SLAB SAGING
 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
Earthquake Resistance (IS:13920-
(IS:13920-1993)
Beams
(i) Minimum reinforcement - p > 0.24*sqrt (fck) / fy
(ii) Maximum reinforcement - p < 0.025 or less than 2.5 %
(iii) At least two bars should be provided continuously both at top and
bottom.
(iv) The positive moment of resistance at the face of a joint should not
be less than one-
one-half of the negative moment of resistance provided
at that face of the joint.
(v) Neither the negative nor the positive moment of resistance at any
section along the member length should be less than one- one-fourth of the
maximum moment of resistance provided at the face of either joint.
(vi) When a beam frames into a column, both the top and bottom bars
of the beam should be anchored into the column so as to develop
their full strength in bond beyond the section of the beam at the face
of the column, that is, the anchor length should be equal to Ld.
 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
Earthquake Resistance (IS:13920-
(IS:13920-1993)
Shear Stirrups
(vii) The spacing of vertical shear stirrups should not exceed 0.25 d in a
length equal to 2d near each end of the beam and 0.5d in the remaining
length of the beam.
(viii) The hook in shear stirrup should be at 135o and the minimum length of
the hook should be 10 times the bar dia.

Columns
(i) Special confining steel must be provided above and below the beam
connections in a length which is largest of the following :
- 1/6 th of the clear height of the column
- larger lateral dimension of the column, and
- 450 mm.=18”
(ii) The pitch of the lateral ties should not exceed 1/4th of the minimum
member dimension nor 100 mm.
(iii) Helical ties are preferred over lateral ties in a column.
 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
Earthquake Resistance (IS:13920-
(IS:13920-1993)

IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
In normal beams up to about 4 m span, 4 to 6 no.12 mm to 16 mm dia. high
strength deformed bars should normally be sufficient depending upon the
loads.
In normal beams up to about 4 m span, shear stirrups of 8 mm dia.-
dia.- 2 legged
@ 250 mm c/c should be sufficient.
In normal slabs up to about 4 m x 4 m span, 8 mm high strength deformed
bars @ 100 mm c/c should be sufficient in 100 mm thick slabs.
In lintels up to about 3 m span over doors or windows, 3-
3-10 mm bars should
be sufficient.
In sun shades up to about 45 cm cantilever span, 8 mm bars @ 150 mm c/c
should be sufficient. These bars must be anchored into the lintel by at least 60
cm length.
In normal columns,
columns, 12 mm bars should be sufficient. The exact number will
depend upon the load.
The following drawings illustrate some commonly encountered situations for
detailing of reinforcement.
 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT
The quantity of reinforcement in various members varies as follows :
Singly reinforced beams - 0.20 % minimum and 1% maximum of
the area of cross-
cross-section of the beam
Doubly reinforced beams - 0.20% minimum and 4% maximum of
the area of cross-
cross-section of the beam
Slabs - 0.12% minimum of the area of cross-
cross-section of the slab
Columns - 0.8% minimum and 6% maximum of the area of cross- cross-
section of the column

SPLICING When two reinforcing bars are to be joined to make a

longer one, it is necessary to over lap a length to develop its full
strength by bond.
Lap length = 50 times the dia of bar (smaller dia. if unequal)
Not more than 50% bars must be joined at one section
Lap splices are considered staggered if center to center distance of
the splices is not less than 1.3 times the lap length
 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE

ANCHORAGE
The anchorage length of a bar in tension = 60 times the dia of bar
The anchorage length of a bar in compression = 45 times the dia of
bar
Hooks - Sometimes it becomes necessary to provide hooks or bends
in high strength deformed bars whenever straight length of a bar is not
available. The hooks may be at 90 degrees or 180 degrees. The
minimum length of hooks in main reinforcing bars is 4 times the dia of
bar after bending the bar.
Hooks are also very important in shear stirrups.
stirrups. The minimum length
of hooks in shear stirrups is 6 times the dia of bar after bending the
bar at 135 degrees.
Hooks are also very important in column ties. The minimum length of
hooks in ties is 6 times the dia of bar after bending the bar at 135
degrees.
 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
PLACING OF REINFORCEMENT
Simple supported beams - The main reinforcement bars must be placed
at the bottom face of the beam at a clear cover of 25 mm.
Cantilever beams - The main reinforcement bars must be placed at the
top face of the beam at a clear cover of 25 mm.
Simple supported slabs - The main reinforcement bars must be placed
at the bottom face of the slab at a clear cover of 20 mm.
Cantilever slabs - The main reinforcement bars must be placed at the
top face of the slab at a clear cover of 20 mm.
Simple supported slab with projection - It is a very common sight in
most buildings. The main reinforcement in the simple supported span is
placed at the bottom, while that in the cantilever portion is placed near
the top face. The top reinforcement must be taken inside the main span
up to a minimum distance of 60 times the dia. of the bars.
Clear Cover to Reinforcement
The amount of clear cover depends upon the exposure conditions in
which concrete is to be used as shown in the following table. The
purpose is to avoid corrosion of steel bars and therefore, cracking of
concrete.
 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
The amount of clear cover depends upon the exposure conditions in
which concrete is to be used as shown in the following table. The
purpose is to avoid corrosion of steel bars and therefore, cracking of
concrete.

Beams - The clear cover is for shear stirrups.

Columns - The minimum clear cover to main longitudinal bars is 40 mm.
Foundations - The minimum clear cover is 50 mm.

Exposure Clear Cover in mm

Mild 25
Moderate 30
Severe 45
Very severe 50
Extreme 75
 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
MINIMUM STRIPPING TIME OF FORMWORK
Type of Formwork Minimum Stripping Time

Vertical form to columns, walls and sides of 16 to 24 hours

beams
Soffit formwork to slabs - props to be refixed 3 days

Soffit formwork to beams - props to be refixed 7 days

Props under slabs 7 days

i. Up to 4.5 m span 14 days
ii. Over 4.5 m span

Props under beams and arches 14 days

i. Up to 6 m span 21 days
ii. Over 6 m span
 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE

QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL

All architectural, structural, electrical, mechanical, and sanitary

drawings
Test reports and manufacturer's certificates regarding all
materials and equipment etc.
Records of site inspection of workmanship and various field
tests
Tasks and responsibilities of all persons involved
Non--conformance reports and change orders
Non
Acceptance criteria of concrete and data
Quality control charts, and
Statistical analysis
 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
•Quality Control - It has to be done by the Contractor who must
ensure that the quality of materials and workmanship is as per the
specifications, drawings and the relevant codes of practices. This is
similar to internal accounts audit.

Quality Assurance - It has to be done by a separate agency

engaged by the Owner of the project. This agency has no direct input in
the quality of work but oversees the work and assures the owner that
work is being done as per the specifications, drawings and the relevant
codes of practices. This is similar to external accounts audit.

• CAUSES OF POOR QUALITY

IGNORENCE
CARELESSNESS
GREED

NEGLIGENCE
 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
TIME MANAGEMENT - Time is Money - SAVE IT Plan the work for
the next week very carefully.

Discuss with your consultant/builder as to what materials are

required and at what stage - CROSS CHECK AGAIN AND AGAIN
with the Head Mason and Suppliers.

Don't buy more cement than is required in the next few days.
However, do buy steel in bulk and save money.

REMEMBER the work may stop for want of a small item and the
entire labor may be a waste for the day.

Shuttering, scaffolding and form work, mixer and vibrator etc.

cost a lot in terms of rental charges. So be careful.

Try to complete the Civil work as soon as possible. The wood

work, electricity, sanitary work and final finish etc. may be got
done later at ease.
 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
REASONS FOR POOR QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION
Ignorance
Greed
Poor materials
Poor architectural or structural design
Poor detailing of reinforcement
Poor workmanship

Cement content – It should be minimum of 300 kg per cubic

meter of concrete

Excess water to cement ratio – It should NOT exceed about 50%

of the weight of cement.

Inadequate compaction of concrete – Needle vibrator may be

used in concrete for about 30 to 60 sec at each location in a
beam or a column depending upon the radius of influence of the
vibrator in concrete. Similarly, a plate vibrator should be used for
about 15 sec at each location in a slab.