NACA 0012

Standard C81 Table

CL M
alpha 0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
-180 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-172.5 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78
-161 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62
-147 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
-129 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
-49 -1.18 -1.18 -1.18 -1.18 -1.18 -1.18 -1.18
-39 -1.18 -1.18 -1.18 -1.18 -1.18 -1.18 -1.18
-21 -0.8 -0.8 -0.81 -0.83 -0.85 -0.85 -0.85
-16.5 -1.007 -1.007 -0.944 -0.96 -0.965 -0.965 -0.965
-15 -1.19 -1.19 -1.09 -1.055 -0.99 -0.98 -0.98
-14 -1.333 -1.333 -1.22 -1.096 -1 -0.97 -0.97
-13 -1.334 -1.334 -1.28 -1.12 -1 -0.96 -0.96
-12 -1.255 -1.255 -1.26 -1.13 -1 -0.947 -0.94
-11 -1.161 -1.161 -1.19 -1.12 -0.994 -0.93 -0.923
-10 -1.055 -1.055 -1.01 -1.082 -0.985 -0.91 -0.9
-8 -0.844 -0.844 -0.88 -0.907 -0.922 -0.87 -0.84
-6 -0.633 -0.633 -0.66 -0.684 -0.741 -0.77 -0.75
-4 -0.422 -0.422 -0.44 -0.456 -0.494 -0.544 -0.578
-2 -0.211 -0.211 -0.22 -0.228 -0.247 -0.272 -0.313
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.211 0.211 0.22 0.228 0.247 0.272 0.313
4 0.422 0.422 0.44 0.456 0.494 0.544 0.578
6 0.633 0.633 0.66 0.684 0.741 0.77 0.75
8 0.844 0.844 0.88 0.907 0.922 0.87 0.84
10 1.055 1.055 1.1 1.082 0.985 0.91 0.9
11 1.161 1.161 1.19 1.12 0.994 0.93 0.923
12 1.255 1.255 1.26 1.13 1 0.947 0.94
13 1.334 1.334 1.28 1.12 1 0.96 0.96
14 1.333 1.333 1.22 1.096 1 0.97 0.97
15 1.19 1.19 1.09 1.055 0.99 0.98 0.98
16.5 1.007 1.007 0.944 0.96 0.965 0.965 0.965
21 0.8 0.8 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.85
39 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18
49 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18
129 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
147 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
161 -0.62 -0.62 -0.62 -0.62 -0.62 -0.62 -0.62
172.5 -0.78 -0.78 -0.78 -0.78 -0.78 -0.78 -0.78
180 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CD M
alpha 0 0.18 0.28 0.38 0.48 0.62 0.72
-180 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022
-175 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062
-170 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132
-165 0.242 0.242 0.242 0.242 0.242 0.242 0.242
-160 0.302 0.302 0.302 0.302 0.302 0.302 0.302
-140 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042
-120 1.652 1.652 1.652 1.652 1.652 1.652 1.652
-110 1.852 1.852 1.852 1.852 1.852 1.852 1.852
-100 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022
-90 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022
-80 1.962 1.962 1.962 1.962 1.962 1.962 1.962
-70 1.842 1.842 1.842 1.842 1.842 1.842 1.842
-60 1.662 1.662 1.662 1.662 1.662 1.662 1.662
-50 1.392 1.392 1.392 1.392 1.392 1.399 1.392
-30 0.562 0.562 0.562 0.562 0.562 0.562 0.562
-21 0.332 0.332 0.332 0.332 0.332 0.332 0.332
-16 0.155 0.155 0.181 0.207 0.235 0.257 0.274
-15 0.102 0.102 0.148 0.181 0.209 0.233 0.252
-14 0.038 0.038 0.099 0.146 0.18 0.212 0.233
-13 0.0264 0.0264 0.0455 0.094 0.148 0.191 0.216
-12 0.022 0.022 0.03 0.06 0.111 0.164 0.198
-11 0.0196 0.0196 0.0232 0.038 0.078 0.135 0.17
-10 0.0174 0.0174 0.0189 0.0259 0.053 0.105 0.145
-9 0.0154 0.0154 0.0159 0.0187 0.0351 0.077 0.122
-8 0.0138 0.0138 0.0138 0.0147 0.022 0.053 0.101
-7 0.0122 0.0122 0.0122 0.0123 0.0141 0.035 0.082
-6 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.0212 0.0615
-5 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0132 0.038
-4 0.0093 0.0093 0.0093 0.0093 0.0093 0.01 0.0167
-3 0.0088 0.0088 0.0088 0.0088 0.0088 0.009 0.0102
-2 0.0085 0.0085 0.0085 0.0085 0.0085 0.0085 0.0086
-1 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083
0 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008
1 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083 0.0083
2 0.0085 0.0085 0.0085 0.0085 0.0085 0.0085 0.0086
3 0.0088 0.0088 0.0088 0.0088 0.0088 0.009 0.0102
4 0.0093 0.0093 0.0093 0.0093 0.0093 0.01 0.0167
5 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0132 0.038
6 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.0212 0.0615
7 0.0122 0.0122 0.0122 0.0123 0.0141 0.035 0.082
8 0.0138 0.0138 0.0138 0.0147 0.022 0.053 0.101
9 0.0154 0.0154 0.0159 0.0187 0.0351 0.077 0.122
10 0.0174 0.0174 0.0189 0.0259 0.053 0.105 0.145
11 0.0196 0.0196 0.0232 0.038 0.078 0.135 0.17
12 0.022 0.022 0.03 0.06 0.111 0.164 0.198
13 0.0264 0.0264 0.0455 0.094 0.148 0.191 0.216
14 0.038 0.038 0.099 0.146 0.18 0.212 0.233
15 0.102 0.102 0.148 0.181 0.209 0.233 0.252
16 0.155 0.155 0.181 0.207 0.235 0.257 0.274
 21 0.332 0.332 0.332 0.332 0.332 0.332 0.332
30 0.562 0.562 0.562 0.562 0.562 0.562 0.562
50 1.392 1.392 1.392 1.392 1.392 1.392 1.392
60 1.662 1.662 1.662 1.662 1.662 1.662 1.662
70 1.842 1.842 1.842 1.842 1.842 1.842 1.842
80 1.962 1.962 1.962 1.962 1.962 1.962 1.962
90 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022
100 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022
110 1.852 1.852 1.852 1.852 1.852 1.852 1.852
120 1.652 1.652 1.652 1.652 1.652 1.652 1.652
140 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042
160 0.302 0.302 0.302 0.302 0.302 0.302 0.302
165 0.242 0.242 0.242 0.242 0.242 0.242 0.242
170 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132
175 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062
180 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022
 0.75 0.8 0.9 1
0 0 0 0
1.5
0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78
0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
-1.18 -1.18 -1.18 -1.18 1
-1.18 -1.18 -1.18 -1.18
-0.71 -0.68 -0.64 -0.64
-0.795 -0.76 -0.7 -0.7
-0.83 -0.79 -0.72 -0.72
0.5
-0.84 -0.805 -0.73 -0.73
-0.85 -0.815 -0.735 -0.735
-0.85 -0.82 -0.74 -0.74
-0.85 -0.81 -0.74 -0.74
-0.845 -0.805 -0.73 -0.73 0
-0.82 -0.77 -0.695 -0.695 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
-0.77 -0.72 -0.593 -0.593
-0.627 -0.603 -0.396 -0.396
-0.35 -0.395 -0.2 -0.2 -0.5
0 0 0 0
0.35 0.395 0.2 0.2
0.627 0.603 0.396 0.396
0.77 0.72 0.593 0.593
-1
0.82 0.77 0.695 0.695
0.845 0.805 0.73 0.73
0.85 0.81 0.74 0.74
0.85 0.82 0.74 0.74
0.85 0.815 0.735 0.735 -1.5
0.84 0.805 0.73 0.73
0.83 0.79 0.73 0.73
0.795 0.76 0.7 0.7
0.71 0.68 0.64 0.64
1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18
1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18
-1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1
-0.62 -0.62 -0.62 -0.62
-0.78 -0.78 -0.78 -0.78
0 0 0 0
 0.77 0.82 0.92 1
0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022
0.5
0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062
0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132
0.242 0.242 0.242 0.242 0.45
0.302 0.302 0.302 0.302
1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042
1.652 1.652 1.652 1.652 0.4

1.852 1.852 1.852 1.852

2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022 0.35
2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022
1.962 1.962 1.962 1.962
1.842 1.842 1.842 1.842 0.3
1.662 1.662 1.662 1.662
1.392 1.392 1.392 1.392 0.25
0.562 0.562 0.562 0.562
0.332 0.332 0.342 0.342
0.292 0.305 0.342 0.342 0.2
0.271 0.282 0.298 0.298
0.249 0.26 0.293 0.293
0.15
0.231 0.239 0.272 0.292
0.211 0.22 0.252 0.291
0.192 0.202 0.232 0.275 0.1
0.176 0.186 0.213 0.254
0.159 0.172 0.199 0.232
0.05
0.14 0.155 0.183 0.214
0.111 0.139 0.169 0.192
0.082 0.12 0.14 0.17 0
0.054 0.088 0.111 0.14 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
0.03 0.0575 0.095 0.112
0.0175 0.0355 0.086 0.102
0.0117 0.024 0.081 0.098
0.0091 0.0175 0.078 0.096
0.008 0.0137 0.078 0.095
0.0091 0.0175 0.078 0.096
0.0117 0.024 0.081 0.098
0.0175 0.0355 0.086 0.102
0.03 0.0575 0.095 0.112
0.054 0.088 0.111 0.14
0.082 0.12 0.14 0.17
0.111 0.139 0.169 0.192
0.14 0.155 0.183 0.214
0.159 0.172 0.199 0.232
0.176 0.186 0.213 0.254
0.192 0.202 0.232 0.275
0.211 0.22 0.252 0.291
0.231 0.239 0.272 0.292
0.249 0.26 0.293 0.293
0.271 0.282 0.298 0.298
0.292 0.305 0.342 0.342
0.332 0.332 0.342 0.342
0.562 0.562 0.562 0.562
1.392 1.392 1.392 1.392
1.662 1.662 1.662 1.662
1.842 1.842 1.842 1.842
1.962 1.962 1.962 1.962
2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022
2.022 2.022 2.022 2.022
1.852 1.852 1.852 1.852
1.652 1.652 1.652 1.652
1.042 1.042 1.042 1.042
0.302 0.302 0.302 0.302
0.242 0.242 0.242 0.242
0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132
0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062
0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022
 1.5

0.5

0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50

-0.5

-1

-1.5
 0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
 Atmospheric Inputs Geometric Inputs
Density 0.00238 slugs/ft^3 Nb, number o 3
V_∞ 0.00000 mph Disk Diamete 8.00
V_∞ 0.00000 ft/s Disk Radius 4.00
V_∞ 0.00000 knots Disk Area 50.27
V_∞ 0.00000 m/s c, Chord 0.42
RPM 2000 rev/min σ, Solidity 0.09931268
RPS 33.3333333 rev/s
rad/s 209.43951 rad/s
V_tip 837.758041 ft/s

λ, Inflow Rav_i v_i Thrust Ct Ct, hover onl Power (ideal)

(mph) (ft/s) lbs check (ft*lb/s)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0.003501 2 2.93 2.06 0.000025 0.000025 6.03
2 0.007003 4 5.87 8.23 0.000098 0.000098 48.27
3 0.010504 6 8.80 18.51 0.000221 0.000221 162.91
4 0.014006 8 11.73 32.91 0.000392 0.000392 386.17
5 0.017507 10 14.67 51.43 0.000613 0.000613 754.23
6 0.021008 12 17.60 74.05 0.000883 0.000883 1,303.32
7 0.02451 14 20.53 100.79 0.001201 0.001201 2,069.62
8 0.028011 16 23.47 131.65 0.001569 0.001569 3,089.34
9 0.031513 18 26.40 166.62 0.001986 0.001986 4,398.69
10 0.035014 20 29.33 205.70 0.002452 0.002452 6,033.87
11 0.038515 22 32.27 248.90 0.002967 0.002967 8,031.08
12 0.042017 24 35.20 296.21 0.003531 0.003531 10,426.53
13 0.045518 26 38.13 347.63 0.004144 0.004144 13,256.41
14 0.04902 28 41.07 403.17 0.004806 0.004806 16,556.94
15 0.052521 30 44.00 462.83 0.005517 0.005517 20,364.31
16 0.056023 32 46.93 526.59 0.006277 0.006277 24,714.73
17 0.059524 34 49.87 594.47 0.007086 0.007086 29,644.40
18 0.063025 36 52.80 666.47 0.007944 0.007944 35,189.53
19 0.066527 38 55.73 742.58 0.008852 0.008852 41,386.32
20 0.070028 40 58.67 822.80 0.009808 0.009808 48,270.96

0.0100

0.0090

0.0080

0.0070
Power Coefficient, Cp

0.0060

0.0050

0.0040

0.0030

0.0020
 0.0070

Power Coefficient, Cp
0.0060

0.0050

0.0040

0.0030

0.0020

0.0010 Michael Duff

AE 6070, HW
Sep. 10th, 20
0.0000
0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090

Thrust Coefficient, Ct
 Power Corrections
Κ, Induced Power correction
1.100 factor
ft Cd_0 0.010
ft
ft^2
ft

Power (ideal) Power (ideaCp,simple Cp_i Cp_0 Cp_correct FM Cp/σ Ct/σ

(HP) (kW) induced profile
0 0 0 0.0000000 0.000124 0.0001241 0 0.00125 0
0.01097 0.00818 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.000124 0.0001242 0.0006911 0.001251 0.00
0.08777 0.06545 0.0000007 0.0000008 0.000124 0.0001249 0.00549919 0.001258 0.000988
0.29621 0.22088 0.0000023 0.0000025 0.000124 0.0001267 0.0182969 0.001276 0.002222
0.70212 0.52357 0.0000055 0.0000060 0.000124 0.0001302 0.04220633 0.001311 0.00395
1.37133 1.02260 0.0000107 0.0000118 0.000124 0.0001359 0.07894105 0.001369 0.006172
2.36967 1.76706 0.0000185 0.0000204 0.000124 0.0001445 0.12829955 0.001455 0.008888
3.76294 2.80602 0.0000294 0.0000324 0.000124 0.0001565 0.18812456 0.001576 0.012098
5.61698 4.18858 0.0000440 0.0000484 0.000124 0.0001725 0.25483286 0.001737 0.015801
7.99762 5.96382 0.0000626 0.0000688 0.000124 0.0001930 0.32430844 0.001943 0.019998
10.97067 8.18083 0.0000859 0.0000944 0.000124 0.0002186 0.39277914 0.002201 0.024689
14.60197 10.88868 0.0001143 0.0001257 0.000124 0.0002498 0.45737888 0.002516 0.029874
18.95732 14.13647 0.0001484 0.0001632 0.000124 0.0002873 0.51632025 0.002893 0.035553
24.10257 17.97328 0.0001886 0.0002075 0.000124 0.0003316 0.56877902 0.003339 0.041725
30.10353 22.44820 0.0002356 0.0002591 0.000124 0.0003833 0.61464576 0.003859 0.048391
37.02602 27.61030 0.0002898 0.0003187 0.000124 0.0004429 0.65426502 0.004459 0.055551
44.93588 33.50868 0.0003517 0.0003868 0.000124 0.0005110 0.68822291 0.005145 0.063205
53.89892 40.19241 0.0004218 0.0004640 0.000124 0.0005881 0.71719905 0.005922 0.071352
63.98096 47.71060 0.0005007 0.0005508 0.000124 0.0006749 0.74187524 0.006796 0.079994
75.24785 56.11231 0.0005889 0.0006478 0.000124 0.0007719 0.76288586 0.007772 0.09
87.76538 65.44664 0.0006868 0.0007555 0.000124 0.0008797 0.78079555 0.008857 0.10
 Michael Duffy
AE 6070, HW 2
Sep. 10th, 2006

0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100

Ct/Cp_ Ideal

1000
285.5993
142.7997
95.19978
71.39983
57.11987
47.59989
40.7999
35.69992
31.73326
28.55993
25.96358
23.79994
21.96918
20.39995
19.03996
17.84996
16.79996
15.86663
15.03154
14.27997
 USER INPUTS QUIK CALCS
Airspeed, V 250 ktas Temperature, T 44.756 o
F at the given alt for the given day
Pressure Altitude, h 4000 ft Delta 0.8637
Type of Day std std/trop/hot Theta 1.0694
Temperature, T 95 o
F Sigma 0.8076
Density 1.920E-03 slugs/ft3
m 3.937E-07
n 2.051E-04 ft2/sec
M 0.365
a, Speed of Sound 1154.546 ft/sec
Airspeed, V 224.6716393 kcas

INPUT HERE:

OUTPUT HERE:
at the given alt for the given day type (NOT USED, BUT FOR YOU INFO)
INSTRUCTIONS

Propeller calculator instructions:

1) Open MS Excel before loading the spreadsheet, should have a blank workbook.
2) Click Tools -> Add-ins -> Check the 'SOLVER' Check box
3) Click Tools -> Options -> 'Calculation' Tab -> Check the 'Iteration' Check Box -> then hit ok
4) Click Tools -> Macro -> Visual Basic Editor (or hit Alt + F11), this will open Visual Basic Editor
5) In Visual Basic Editor Click Tools -> References.. -> Check the 'SOLVER' check box
6) Now you can open 'PROPELLER_OR_ROTOR_IN_AXIAL_FLIGHT.xls' in MS Excel
7) When prompted -> Click on 'Enable Macros'
8) Change the Blue values to you design, and click on the 'Calculate Button'

Note: If you get 'NaN' in any cell you can either restart the program by closing and reopening, or put zero's in cells
ning, or put zero's in cells 'N7, N8, T3, and T4' this will fix almost any problem, then you can start turning things back on until you find the pro
ck on until you find the problem.
 Air Properties: Rotor Properties:
Density 0.00191967 slugs/ft^3 Blade Pitch 0 deg.
Temp 95 °F Blade Pitch 0 rad.
ν, Kinematic0.00020507
Viscosity ft^2/s θ_tip 6.208 deg. For Ideal Twist
μ, Dynamic Viscosity
3.9367E-07 lb.s/ft^2 θ_tip 0.10835 rad.
a, Speed o 1,154.55 ft/s θ_.75 14.452 deg. For Linear Twist
θ_twist -20 deg.
Blades, Nb 4 Nb
Important note: Radius, R 23.5 ft 7.1628
Must have: r_root cut 0 ft 0
-Tools-Options-Calculation Tab – Diam. 47 ft 14.3256
Iteration check box checked on for
Root Chord 31.12122 in 0.7904789
this program to work:
-Tools-Addi-ins-Solver =>Add-in Tip Chord, 10.37374 in 0.263493
must be checked n_element 20
-In Visual Basic Ω,RPM 264.15 rev/min
Tools -References-Solver Must be Ω,RPS 4.4025 rev/s
checked Ω,rad/s 27.66172 rad/s
V_tip 650.0505 ft/s
Hit F9 to Recalculate or Calculate
M_tip 0.56 compressible
Button
X_tsr #DIV/0! tip speed ratio
Items in BLUE are INPUTS V_∞ 0.000 mph 0
Items in BLACK are Calculated via V_∞ 0.000 ft/s
magic λc 0.0000 (V∞)/ΩR
Twist Dist 1 1 = linear, 0 = Ideal
Chord Dist 1 2 = constant, 1 = linear taper, 0 = ideal taper

elemey_location dy Chord Chord Twist dist. Twist dist. θ θ

ft ft in ft deg. deg. deg. rad.
Ideal Input Local Blade Pitch
1 1.175 1.175 31.12122 2.593435 124.16 28.45 28.45 0.49658
2 2.35 1.175 30.02924 2.502437 62.08 27.45 27.45 0.47913
3 3.525 1.175 28.93727 2.411439 41.39 26.45 26.45 0.46167
4 4.7 1.175 27.8453 2.320442 31.04 25.45 25.45 0.44422
5 5.875 1.175 26.75333 2.229444 24.83 24.45 24.45 0.42677
6 7.05 1.175 25.66135 2.138446 20.69 23.45 23.45 0.40931
7 8.225 1.175 24.56938 2.047448 17.74 22.45 22.45 0.39186
8 9.4 1.175 23.47741 1.956451 15.52 21.45 21.45 0.37441
9 10.575 1.175 22.38544 1.865453 13.80 20.45 20.45 0.35695
10 11.75 1.175 21.29346 1.774455 12.42 19.45 19.45 0.33950
11 12.925 1.175 20.20149 1.683458 11.29 18.45 18.45 0.32205
12 14.1 1.175 19.10952 1.59246 10.35 17.45 17.45 0.30459
13 15.275 1.175 18.01755 1.501462 9.55 16.45 16.45 0.28714
14 16.45 1.175 16.92557 1.410465 8.87 15.45 15.45 0.26969
15 17.625 1.175 15.8336 1.319467 8.28 14.45 14.45 0.25223
16 18.8 1.175 14.74163 1.228469 7.76 13.45 13.45 0.23478
17 19.975 1.175 13.64966 1.137471 7.30 12.45 12.45 0.21733
18 21.15 1.175 12.55768 1.046474 6.90 11.45 11.45 0.19988
 19 22.325 1.175 11.46571 0.955476 6.53 10.45 10.45 0.18242
20 23.5 1.175 10.37374 0.864478 6.21 9.45 9.45 0.16497
Total:

30.00
Angle (deg)
EFF. ALPHA INFLOW ANG LOCAL PITCH
25.00

20.00
Angle (deg)

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x/R
 Airfoil Propeties: Correction Factors:
Cl Cl_α Cd Prandtl Tip 1
Section Lift Coeffecie Section Drag Coeffecient Prandtl Ro 1
For Ideal Twist 0.0000 #DIV/0! 0.0080 Table Look Up
5.7 0.0087 Polynomial or Constant
For Linear Twist Compressib 1 1 = on, 0 = off
Table Look 0 1 = table look up, 0 = linear approx.

m
m
m
m
m Propeller calculator instructions:
1) Open MS Excel before loading the spreadsheet, should have a blank workbook.
2) Click Tools -> Add-ins -> Check the 'SOLVER' Check box
3) Click Tools -> Options -> 'Calculation' Tab -> Check the 'Iteration' Check Box -> then hit o
4) Click Tools -> Macro -> Visual Basic Editor (or hit Alt + F11), this will open Visual Basic Ed
5) In Visual Basic Editor Click Tools -> References.. -> Check the 'SOLVER' check box
6) Now you can open 'PROPELLER_OR_ROTOR_IN_AXIAL_FLIGHT.xls' in MS Excel
7) When prompted -> Click on 'Enable Macros'
m/s 8) Change the Blue values to you design, and click on the 'Calculate Button'

Note: If you get 'NaN' in any cell you can either restart the program by closing and reopening

nt, 1 = linear taper, 0 = ideal taper

φ φ α α r dr σ, Solidity σ, Solidity V_tan X_loc

deg. rad. deg. rad. ft/s
Inflow Angle Effective Angle of Attack local solidi Thrust Weighted local speed ratio
24.35 0.42503 4.10 0.07155 0.05 0.05 0.140513 1.756E-05 32.503 #DIV/0!
20.96 0.36584 6.49 0.11329 0.1 0.05 0.135583 6.779E-05 65.005 #DIV/0!
18.09 0.31574 8.36 0.14593 0.15 0.05 0.130653 0.000147 97.508 #DIV/0!
15.86 0.27675 9.60 0.16747 0.2 0.05 0.125722 0.000251 130.010 #DIV/0!
14.14 0.24684 10.31 0.17993 0.25 0.05 0.120792 0.000377 162.513 #DIV/0!
12.80 0.22332 10.66 0.18600 0.3 0.05 0.115862 0.000521 195.015 #DIV/0!
11.68 0.20392 10.77 0.18794 0.35 0.05 0.110932 0.000679 227.518 #DIV/0!
10.72 0.18718 10.73 0.18723 0.4 0.05 0.106001 0.000848 260.020 #DIV/0!
9.87 0.17226 10.58 0.18470 0.45 0.05 0.101071 0.001023 292.523 #DIV/0!
9.09 0.15872 10.36 0.18079 0.5 0.05 0.096141 0.001202 325.025 #DIV/0!
8.38 0.14629 10.07 0.17576 0.55 0.05 0.09121 0.00138 357.528 #DIV/0!
7.72 0.13480 9.73 0.16979 0.6 0.05 0.08628 0.001553 390.030 #DIV/0!
7.11 0.12411 9.34 0.16303 0.65 0.05 0.08135 0.001719 422.533 #DIV/0!
6.54 0.11409 8.91 0.15559 0.7 0.05 0.07642 0.001872 455.035 #DIV/0!
6.00 0.10468 8.45 0.14755 0.75 0.05 0.071489 0.002011 487.538 #DIV/0!
5.49 0.09582 7.96 0.13896 0.8 0.05 0.066559 0.00213 520.040 #DIV/0!
5.02 0.08757 7.43 0.12976 0.85 0.05 0.061629 0.002226 552.543 #DIV/0!
4.60 0.08030 6.85 0.11957 0.9 0.05 0.056698 0.002296 585.045 #DIV/0!
 4.36 0.07612 6.09 0.10630 0.95 0.05 0.051768 0.002336 617.548 #DIV/0!
9.37 0.16349 0.08 0.00148 1 0.05 0.046838 0.002342 650.050 #DIV/0!
0.0937 0.0750

0.180000
INFLOW RATIO
H 0.160000 INFLOW GUESS INFLOW FROM MOMENTUM

0.140000

0.120000
INFLOW RATIO

0.100000

0.080000

0.060000

0.040000

0.020000

0.000000
0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
x/R
 Output:
1 = on, 0 = off Ct Cp/σ Ct/σ Thrust
1 = on, 0 = off 0.01066 0.0125 0.1421 15,000.32

Calculate

Check Convergence:
Converged

a blank workbook.

on' Check Box -> then hit ok

his will open Visual Basic Editor
'SOLVER' check box
IGHT.xls' in MS Excel

m by closing and reopening, or put zero's in cells 'N7, N8, T3, and T4' this will fix almost any problem, then you can start turning things back

Prandtl Tip/Root Loss Don't Use Yet

f_tip f_root F v_inflow v_inflow v_inflow a_induction f λ, Inflow
Prandtl mph mph ft/s (V+vi)/ΩR
local speed ratio using lift curve using tables
89.40 0.25 0.43 10.03 0.0000 14.711 #DIV/0! 0.022631
49.20 0.61 0.63 16.98 3.7759 24.902 #DIV/0! 0.038308
35.89 1.12 0.79 21.72 7.6822 31.853 #DIV/0! 0.049001
28.91 1.81 0.89 25.18 7.6069 36.927 #DIV/0! 0.056807
24.31 2.70 0.96 27.92 8.7068 40.950 #DIV/0! 0.062995
20.90 3.84 0.99 30.20 9.7362 44.289 #DIV/0! 0.068132
18.21 5.28 1.00 32.08 10.6893 47.051 #DIV/0! 0.072380
16.03 7.12 1.00 33.58 11.5763 49.248 #DIV/0! 0.075760
14.19 9.50 1.00 34.70 12.4099 50.894 #DIV/0! 0.078292
12.60 12.60 1.00 35.47 13.1983 52.024 #DIV/0! 0.080031
11.19 16.71 1.00 35.92 13.9483 52.680 #DIV/0! 0.081039
9.89 22.25 1.00 36.07 14.6644 52.898 #DIV/0! 0.081375
8.68 29.93 1.00 35.94 15.3526 52.710 #DIV/0! 0.081086
7.51 40.90 1.00 35.55 16.0138 52.143 #DIV/0! 0.080214
6.37 57.32 1.00 34.92 16.6524 51.223 #DIV/0! 0.078798
5.22 83.49 1.00 34.08 17.2726 49.985 #DIV/0! 0.076894
4.03 129.42 0.99 33.08 16.0627 48.511 #DIV/0! 0.074627
2.77 224.16 0.96 32.10 14.5092 47.081 #DIV/0! 0.072426
 1.38 499.20 0.84 32.11 12.6474 47.100 #DIV/0! 0.072456
0.00 4992.00 0.00 73.11 25.9158 107.233 #DIV/0! 0.164962
1.0000

1.2000 0.020
Cl AND Cd
0.018
W FROM MOMENTUM Cl Cd
1.0000
0.016

0.014
0.8000
0.012

0.6000 0.010
Cl

0.008
0.4000
0.006

0.004
0.2000
0.002

0.0000 0.000
0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x/R
u can start turning things back on until you find the problem.

U_vel_vector Re Re Mach Cl_α Cl Cd dL=

ft/s check Local Section Lift CoSection Drag Colbf
1 blade
35.68 451,193 451,193 0.03 5.70 0.4080 0.00920 1.519
69.61 849,464 849,464 0.06 5.71 0.6468 0.01138 8.845
102.58 1,206,237 1,206,237 0.08 5.72 0.8348 0.01406 23.889
135.15 1,529,310 1,529,310 0.11 5.74 0.9607 0.01629 45.925
167.59 1,822,012 1,822,012 0.14 5.76 1.0359 0.01775 73.157
199.98 2,085,390 2,085,390 0.17 5.78 1.0756 0.01851 103.748
232.33 2,319,646 2,319,646 0.20 5.81 1.0927 0.01876 136.192
264.64 2,524,813 2,524,813 0.23 5.85 1.0953 0.01866 169.266
296.92 2,700,969 2,700,969 0.25 5.89 1.0883 0.01834 201.851
329.16 2,848,233 2,848,233 0.28 5.94 1.0739 0.01786 232.858
361.39 2,966,717 2,966,717 0.31 5.99 1.0536 0.01725 261.254
393.60 3,056,504 3,056,504 0.34 6.06 1.0283 0.01655 286.103
425.81 3,117,657 3,117,657 0.37 6.12 0.9986 0.01580 306.589
458.01 3,150,216 3,150,216 0.39 6.20 0.9650 0.01501 322.018
490.22 3,154,212 3,154,212 0.42 6.29 0.9278 0.01421 331.814
522.44 3,129,669 3,129,669 0.45 6.38 0.8872 0.01341 335.480
554.67 3,076,622 3,076,622 0.48 6.49 0.8423 0.01262 332.454
586.94 2,995,159 2,995,159 0.51 6.61 0.7906 0.01183 321.441
 619.34 2,885,693 2,885,693 0.53 6.75 0.7171 0.01092 296.418
658.84 2,777,356 2,777,356 0.56 6.90 0.0102 0.00867 4.317
3,795.14

0.02000 1.0000E-03 Ct - Thrust Coeff

0.01800 9.0000E-04 MOMENTUM THEORY SMALL ANGLE EXACT

0.01600 8.0000E-04

0.01400 7.0000E-04
Ct - Thrust Coeff

0.01200 6.0000E-04

0.01000 5.0000E-04
Cd

0.00800 4.0000E-04

0.00600 3.0000E-04

0.00400 2.0000E-04

0.00200 1.0000E-04

0.00000 0.0000E+00
0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
x/R
 BET
dD= dT= dQ= dP_i= dP_p= dP=
lbf lbf ft*lb ft*lb/s ft*lb/s ft*lb/s
1 blade n blades n blades induced profile n blades
0.034 5.479 3.090 81.428 4.056 85.483
0.156 32.818 31.110 822.781 37.786 860.567
0.402 90.333 109.987 2893.303 149.131 3042.434
0.779 175.860 249.985 6525.477 389.551 6915.028
1.254 282.534 448.638 11619.906 790.188 12410.094
1.785 403.104 697.028 17923.103 1357.891 19280.995
2.338 531.587 982.728 25100.542 2083.411 27183.953
2.884 663.090 1290.908 32761.279 2947.471 35708.750
3.402 793.121 1605.309 40483.704 3921.913 44405.617
3.872 917.278 1909.428 47847.743 4970.332 52818.076
4.277 1031.359 2187.635 54462.887 6050.869 60513.756
4.605 1131.554 2426.015 59987.815 7119.946 67107.761
4.851 1214.522 2612.985 64144.302 8135.378 72279.681
5.010 1277.417 2739.749 66727.434 9058.751 75786.184
5.082 1317.867 2800.637 67613.527 9856.928 77470.455
5.072 1333.824 2793.407 66768.282 10502.171 77270.453
4.982 1322.976 2719.733 64263.673 10968.829 75232.502
4.809 1280.079 2586.868 60339.421 11217.809 71557.231
 4.512 1180.868 2414.788 55683.350 11113.846 66797.196
3.669 14.650 406.306 1827.138 9411.977 11239.115
63.77 15,000.32 31,016.34 747,877.10 110,088.23 857,965.3
66,724.74 N

90000.000
Power - ft*lb/s
PROFILE POWER INDUCED POWER TOTAL POWER
L ANGLE EXACT 80000.000

70000.000

60000.000

Power - ft*lb/s 50000.000

40000.000

30000.000

20000.000

10000.000

0.000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x/R
 EXACT SMALL ANGLE APPROX MOMEN
dP= dP= dCt dCp dCt dCp λ, Inflow
HP kW check: check: (V+vi)/ΩR

0.1554238638 0.11589956 3.8927E-06 9.3439E-08 3.6173E-06 8.0182E-08 0.022631

1.5646678947 1.16677265 2.3319E-05 9.4066E-07 2.2064E-05 8.4060E-07 0.038308
5.5316973188 4.12498598 6.4186E-05 3.3256E-06 6.1677E-05 3.0606E-06 0.049001
12.572778084 9.37551901 1.2496E-04 7.5586E-06 1.2135E-04 7.0949E-06 0.056807
22.563806479 16.8258276 2.0075E-04 1.3565E-05 1.9634E-04 1.2903E-05 0.062995
35.056353755 26.1415185 2.8642E-04 2.1075E-05 2.8149E-04 2.0233E-05 0.068132
49.425369423 36.8564917 3.7772E-04 2.9714E-05 3.7251E-04 2.8725E-05 0.072380
64.925000115 48.4145643 4.7116E-04 3.9032E-05 4.6591E-04 3.7938E-05 0.075760
80.73748627 60.2059332 5.6355E-04 4.8538E-05 5.5846E-04 4.7388E-05 0.078292
96.032864695 71.6116949 6.5177E-04 5.7734E-05 6.4700E-04 5.6574E-05 0.080031
110.02501041 82.0456362 7.3283E-04 6.6145E-05 7.2849E-04 6.5018E-05 0.081039
122.01411051 90.9859066 8.0402E-04 7.3353E-05 8.0020E-04 7.2294E-05 0.081375
131.41760103 97.9980883 8.6297E-04 7.9006E-05 8.5972E-04 7.8041E-05 0.081086
137.7930623 102.752269 9.0766E-04 8.2839E-05 9.0498E-04 8.1986E-05 0.080214
140.85537307 105.035834 9.3641E-04 8.4680E-05 9.3428E-04 8.3948E-05 0.078798
140.49173283 104.764667 9.4774E-04 8.4462E-05 9.4614E-04 8.3852E-05 0.076894
136.7863674 102.001577 9.4004E-04 8.2234E-05 9.3890E-04 8.1740E-05 0.074627
130.10405561 97.0185776 9.0956E-04 7.8217E-05 9.0881E-04 7.7823E-05 0.072426
 121.44944711 90.5648372 8.3906E-04 7.3014E-05 8.3858E-04 7.2685E-05 0.072456
20.434754713 15.238194 1.0410E-05 1.2285E-05 1.3605E-05 1.2104E-05 0.164962
1,559.94 1,163.24 0.01066 0.00094 0.01060 0.00092

- ft*lb/s
ER TOTAL POWER

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

x/R
 MOMENTUM
Solver v_i_diff dT dCt
mph check: check:

0.000000 0.000000 7.2081 2.2013E-06

0.000000 0.000000 41.3067 1.8586E-05
0.000000 0.000000 101.3757 5.6756E-05
0.000000 0.000000 181.6647 1.1553E-04
0.000000 0.000000 279.2467 1.8993E-04
0.000000 0.000000 391.9727 2.7470E-04
0.000000 0.000000 516.1073 3.6553E-04
0.000000 0.000000 646.2080 4.5893E-04
0.000000 0.000000 776.4017 5.5164E-04
0.000000 0.000000 901.4045 6.4049E-04
0.000000 0.000000 1016.6928 7.2240E-04
0.000000 0.000000 1118.3340 7.9460E-04
0.000000 0.000000 1202.9454 8.5466E-04
0.000000 0.000000 1267.7528 9.0048E-04
0.000000 0.000000 1310.7793 9.3035E-04
0.000000 0.000000 1331.4136 9.4277E-04
0.000000 0.000000 1332.4326 9.3605E-04
0.000000 0.000000 1328.8260 9.0640E-04
0.000000 0.000000 1403.8016 8.3644E-04
0.000000 0.000000 7659.5607 5.4425E-08
0.000000 22,815.43 0.01050
 test1

-218184335

Page 33
 You are asked to design a rotor that will carry 15000 lbf at 4000 feet pressure altitude at 95 deg F. Due to
geometric limitations, the rotor diameter is 43 feet. The designer decides to use a thrust weighted solidity  of
0.1, and has chosen the number of blades to be 4. The designer also decides to use a 3 bladed rotor for this
design. Because the company has prior experience with NACA 0012 airfoils, a NACA0012 airfoil is also
chosen. The tip speed is selected to be 650 feet/sec.

Determine the best combinations of linear taper ratio and linear twist that will minimize power consumption.
Use combined Blade Element Momentum theory, and Prandtl’s tip loss model F(r). The NACA 0012 airfoil
properties are supplied below as a table of alpha and Mach number. Please use these.

1. AE 6070 students only:

The designer seeks your advice on changing solidity (between 0.05, 0.075, or 0.10), and the number of blades
(between 2, 3, 4, or 5). Repeat the BEMT simulations for subsets of these combinations and give your
recommendation. Note that a very small value of sigma may cause the rotor to stall.

Held Constant:
Thrust Weighted Solidity = 0.1 Cp/σ
Thrust = 15,000lb
Tip Speed is 650 ft/s
Rotor Dia = 47 ft
Root Cut-Out = 0 ft
Hover
Tip and Root Losses Included
Cl corrected for Compressibility
Cp/σ

-60 -50 -40 -30 -20

Twist from Root to Tip

Cp/σ
Cp/σ
Cp/σ
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20
Twist from Root to Tip

Cp/σ
Cp/σ

-60 -50 -40 -30 -20

Twist from Root to Tip

Cp/σ
Cp/σ

-60 -50 -40 -30 -20

Twist from Root to Tip
 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20
Twist from Root to Tip

0.00112
Cp

0.0011

0.00108

0.00106
Cp

0.00104

0.00102

0.001

0.00098
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
σ, Solidity, Thrust Weighted

0.00965
Cp/σ

0.0096

0.00955

0.0095

0.00945
Cp/σ

0.0094

0.00935

0.0093
 0.0095

0.00945

Cp/σ
0.0094

0.00935

0.0093

0.00925
0 2 4 6 8
Taper Ratio Root/Tip
 Due to
I USED THIS PROGRAM TO DESIGN A ROTOR WHICH FOLLOWED THE CONSTRAINTS IN THIS
solidity  of
for this
is also

nsumption.
012 airfoil

er of blades
our

4-Blades
0.011
Data: Sea Level Taper (r:t, 1:1)
θ_twist θ_.75 Ct Cp/σ Ct/σ
0.0105
0 11.137 0.008608 0.00778 0.085997
-5 11.124 0.008608 0.007551 0.085993
0.01 -10 11.091 0.008608 0.007381 0.085996
-15 11.038 0.008608 0.00727 0.085994
0.0095 min power -20 10.966 0.008608 0.007219 0.085992
-25 10.875 0.008608 0.007227 0.085992
0.009 -30 10.764 0.008608 0.007296 0.085997
-35 10.629 0.008608 0.007421 0.085991
0.0085 -40 10.466 0.008608 0.007602 0.08599

Data: 4k, 95 Taper (r:t, 1:1); c = 20.57"

0.008
θ_twist θ_.75 Ct Cp/σ Ct/σ
0 13.134 0.010658 0.010445 0.106631
0.0075 -5 13.118 0.010658 0.01016 0.106627
-10 13.085 0.010658 0.009937 0.10663
0.007 -15 13.035 0.010658 0.009774 0.10663
30 -20 -10 0 -20 12.969 0.010658 0.009671 0.106629
Root to Tip
min power -25 12.887 0.010658 0.009629 0.106628
-30 12.789 0.010658 0.009646 0.106627
0.0106
-35 12.674 0.010658 0.009723 0.106625
-40 12.541 0.010658 0.009858 0.106625
-50 12.204 0.010657 0.010293 0.10662
0.0104

3-Blades
Data: 4k, 95 Taper (r:t, 1:1); c = 27.43"
0.0102
θ_twist θ_.75 Ct Cp/σ Ct/σ
0 13.242 0.010658 0.010603 0.106615
-5 13.218 0.010658 0.0103 0.106613
0.01
-10 13.177 0.010658 0.01006 0.106617

0.0098

0.0096
 0.0102

0.01

-15 13.119 0.010658 0.009881 0.106617

-20 13.045 0.010658 0.009764 0.106617
0.0098
min power -25 12.955 0.010658 0.009709 0.106616
-30 12.849 0.010658 0.009715 0.106614
-35 12.726 0.010658 0.009781 0.106609
0.0096
-40 12.586 0.010658 0.009908 0.106615
-45 12.425 0.010658 0.010093 0.106616

0.0094
30 -20 -10 0
Root to Tip Comparison
3-Blades 4-Blades
0.0106 c_r/c_t Cp/σ min c_r/c_t Cp/σ min
1 0.009709 1 0.009629 0.82%
2 0.009604 2 0.009519 0.89%
0.0104 3 0.009545 3 0.009468 0.81%
4 0.009511 4 0.00945 0.64%

0.0102

0.01

0.0098

0.0096

0.0094
30 -20 -10 0
Root to Tip

0.0106

0.0104

0.0102

0.01

0.0098

0.0096

0.0094
30 -20 -10 0
Root to Tip
 0.0098

0.0096

0.0094
30 -20 -10 0
Root to Tip

Comparison
Data: 4k, 95 Taper (r:t, 1:1); θ_twist = 0 deg.
Blades, N chord, c σ, Solidity θ_.75 Ct Cp/σ
2 20.56 0.05 20.105 0.010658 0.022223
2 30.87 0.075 15.686 0.010658 0.014498
2 41.17 0.1 13.464 0.010658 0.010921
3 13.71938 0.05 19.868 0.010659 0.021489
3 20.57907 0.075 15.46 0.010658 0.014049
3 27.43 0.1 13.242 0.010658 0.010603
4 10.28 0.05 19.772 0.010658 0.021161
4 15.43 0.075 15.353 0.010658 0.013831
4 20.57 0.1 13.134 0.010658 0.010445
5 8.23163 0.05 19.699 0.010658 0.020941
5 12.34744 0.075 15.29 0.010658 0.013701
5 16.46342 0.1 13.069 0.010658 0.010349

0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11

hrust Weighted

Data: 4k, 95 θ_twist = -25 deg.

Root ChordTip Chord, Taper r/t θ_.75
Cp/σ 20.6 20.6 1 12.877
22 20.2 1.089109 12.8
26 18.9 1.375661 12.623
30 17.61111 1.70347 12.458
36 15.68189 2.295641 12.23
42 13.76462 3.0513 12.022
min power 48 11.84382 4.052748 11.835
54 9.92046 5.443296 11.667
60 7.95 7.54717 11.524
 Min power consumption is found at a linear twist of -20 deg. and a t
ratio. I only proceed with this iterative process 3 times, I could go b
twist with this new taper ratio, but this would take a long time. I noti
rate was decreased the taper ratio wanted to go up. I noticed that t
un-reasonable and stopped at 6.4:1. I plot this blade in CATIA to se
feasibility.

6 8 10 12
oot/Tip
CONSTRAINTS IN THIS PROBLEM.

Thrust
15000.72
15000.04
15000.59
15000.21 25.0%
14999.86
14999.97
15000.77
14999.75
14999.57

Data: 4k, 95 Taper (r:t, 2:1); c_r = 41.5", c_t = 13.833" Data:
Thrust θ_twist θ_.75 Ct Cp/σ Ct/σ Thrust θ_twist
15000.23 0 13.108 0.010659 0.010137 0.106548 15000.69 0
14999.73 -5 12.996 0.010658 0.009885 0.106546 15000.33 -5
15000.17 -10 12.863 0.010659 0.009698 0.106547 15000.58 -10
15000.07 -15 12.71 0.010658 0.009575 0.106541 14999.74 -15
15000.06 -20 12.539 0.010658 0.009519 0.106543 14999.98 -20
14999.85 -25 12.349 0.010658 0.009527 0.10654 14999.59 -25
14999.76 -30 12.14 0.010658 0.009601 0.106538 14999.29 -30
14999.37 -35 11.911 0.010658 0.00974 0.10654 14999.48 -35
14999.5 -40 11.659 0.010658 0.009943 0.106541 14999.69 -40
14998.77 -45 11.378 0.010658 0.010205 0.10654 14999.58 -45
-50 11.053 0.010658 0.010514 0.106538 14999.32

Data: 4k, 95 Taper (r:t, 2:1); c_r = 44.1", c_t = 22.05" Data:
Thrust θ_twist θ_.75 Ct Cp/σ Ct/σ Thrust θ_twist
14999.88 0 13.205 0.010658 0.010283 0.106624 15000.04 0
14999.62 -5 13.085 0.010658 0.010013 0.10662 14999.47 -5
15000.17 -10 12.946 0.010659 0.009812 0.106628 15000.62 -10
15000.12 -15 12.787 0.010658 0.009675 0.106627 15000.4 -15
15000.15 -20 12.609 0.010658 0.009605 0.10662 14999.48 -20
14999.95 -25 12.414 0.010659 0.009604 0.106629 15000.71 -25
14999.77 -30 12.199 0.010658 0.009668 0.106625 15000.16 -30
14999.06 -35 11.964 0.010658 0.009798 0.10662 14999.52 -35
14999.79 -40 11.708 0.010659 0.009996 0.106629 15000.77 -40
C p /σ w /O p t im iz e d T w is t f o r M in P o w e r

14999.94 -45

0.01
Cp/σ w/Optimized Twister for Min Power

0.0099

0.0098

0.0097

0.0096

0.0095

0.0094
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Taper Ratio (c_r/c_t)
Ct/σ Thrust Cp
0.213355 14999.54 0.001111
0.142101 14999.74 0.001087
0.106551 14999.95 0.001092
0.213171 15000.52 0.001074
0.14211 15000.09 0.001054
0.106615 14999.88 0.00106
0.213367 15000.35 0.001058
0.142143 14999.41 0.001037
0.106631 15000.23 0.001045
0.213164 15000 0.001047
0.142112 15000.24 0.001028
0.106578 14999.53 0.001035

Data: 4k, 95 θ_twist = -20 deg.

Ct Cp/σ Ct/σ Thrust Root ChordTip Chord, Taper r/t θ_.75 Ct
0.010658 0.009616 0.106474 15000.07 36 15.68189 2.295641 12.442 0.010658
0.010658 0.009583 0.10627 14999.61 42 13.76462 3.0513 12.282 0.010659
0.010658 0.009549 0.106303 14999.05 48 11.84382 4.052748 12.1405 0.010658
0.010659 0.009523 0.106309 15000.49 54 9.92046 5.443296 12.017 0.010659
0.010659 0.009496 0.106286 15000.86 57 8.959844 6.361718 11.961 0.010659
0.010658 0.009479 0.106211 15000.21 60 7.95 7.54717 11.918 0.010658
0.010658 0.009473 0.10615 14999.72 63 6.972974 9.034882 11.872 0.010658
0.010658 0.009479 0.106105 14999.94 66 6.010943 10.97997 11.828 0.010658
0.010659 0.009508 0.106247 15000.78
 r twist of -20 deg. and a taper ratio of 6.36 root to chord
cess 3 times, I could go back and continue to optimize the
ld take a long time. I noticed that as my linear twist
to go up. I noticed that the taper was getting a bit
t this blade in CATIA to see how it looks in terms of
 0.2%
1.7%

4k, 95 Taper (r:t, 3:1); c_r = 41.5", c_t = 13.833" Data: 4k, 95 Taper (r:t, 4:1); c_r = 47.52", c_t =
θ_.75 Ct Cp/σ Ct/σ Thrust θ_twist θ_.75 Ct Cp/σ
13.137 0.010659 0.009973 0.106574 15000.49 0 13.177 0.010659 0.009873
12.962 0.010658 0.009748 0.10657 14999.88 -5 12.958 0.010658 0.009667
12.766 0.010658 0.009588 0.106573 15000.32 -10 12.718 0.010658 0.009529
12.549 0.010658 0.009495 0.106571 15000.09 -15 12.456 0.010658 0.009455
12.312 0.010658 0.009468 0.106569 14999.83 -20 12.174 0.010658 0.00945
12.055 0.010658 0.009508 0.106567 14999.5 -25 11.871 0.010659 0.009512
11.778 0.010658 0.009617 0.106571 15000.08 -30 11.546 0.010658 0.009641
11.478 0.010658 0.009791 0.106567 14999.48 -35 11.198 0.010658 0.009838
11.153 0.010658 0.010031 0.106571 15000.09 -40 10.823 0.010658 0.010101
10.794 0.010659 0.010331 0.106577 15000.93

4k, 95 Taper (r:t, 3:1); c_r = 55.3", c_t = 18.433" Data: 4k, 95 Taper (r:t, 4:1); c_r = 63.4", c_t =
θ_.75 Ct Cp/σ Ct/σ Thrust θ_twist θ_.75 Ct Cp/σ
13.221 0.010658 0.010104 0.106633 14999.74 0 13.246 0.010659 0.009983
13.041 0.010658 0.009864 0.106637 15000.37 -5 13.022 0.010658 0.009763
12.839 0.010658 0.00969 0.106635 14999.97 -10 12.778 0.010659 0.009613
 12.617 0.010658 0.009583 0.106635 14999.99 -15 12.512 0.010659 0.009528
12.375 0.010658 0.009545 0.106632 14999.6 -20 12.225 0.010658 0.009511
12.114 0.010658 0.009577 0.106637 15000.28 -25 11.918 0.010658 0.009564
11.832 0.010658 0.009676 0.106633 14999.82 -30 11.591 0.010658 0.009687
11.529 0.010659 0.009845 0.106638 15000.44 -35 11.24 0.010658 0.009879
11.226 0.010663 0.010086 0.106683 15006.72 -40 10.863 0.010658 0.010138
10.84 0.010658 0.010377 0.106634 14999.83 -45 10.45 0.010658 0.010457

3.5 4 4.5
Cp/σ Ct/σ Thrust
0.009475 0.106279 14999.9
0.009437 0.106215 15000.78
0.009411 0.106154 15000.21
0.009397 0.106108 15000.42
0.009394 0.106081 15000.51
0.009409 0.106243 15000.32
0.009416 0.106273 14999.4
0.009421 0.106257 15000.35
, 4:1); c_r = 47.52", c_t = 11.88"
Ct/σ Thrust
0.106618 15000.44
0.106609 14999.19
0.106615 15000.01
0.106612 14999.62
0.106617 15000.26
0.106618 15000.42
0.106613 14999.73
0.106612 14999.56
0.106617 15000.24

, 4:1); c_r = 63.4", c_t = 15.85"

Ct/σ Thrust
0.106551 15000.46
0.106542 14999.11
0.106553 15000.7
0.106552 15000.59
0.106545 14999.54
0.106542 14999.1
0.10655 15000.31
0.106545 14999.63
0.106546 14999.69
0.106545 14999.54