Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
BY
JUSTIN OWENS
LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Day-Age Creationism………………………………………………………….…………………. 1
Theistic Evolution………………………………………………………………………………… 8
Recent Creationism……………………………………………………………………………….11
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………..14
References……………………………………………………………………………………….. 16
1
Introduction
How did the events of Genesis 1 transpire? How did God create the earth? Was it
created in six literal days, or were there huge gaps between each day? These questions and many
more have been asked by Christians for as long as the Bible has been around. There are many
different views of creation each interpreting the biblical text in a different fashion. So which one
is correct? The only way is to analyze the biblical text itself to see what it says. This paper
analyzes four interpretations of the Genesis creation narrative and sets forth the argument that a
Day-Age Creationism
Day-Age Creationism is a form of Old Earth Creationism which views the days of
creation involving various stages of creation in long ages. According to Mark Driscoll, “God
created the universe, including Adam and Eve, in six sequential periods of time that are not
literal twenty-four hour days.”1 Thus, Day-Age Creationism proposes that God did not create the
universe in six literal days, but in six various stages over billions of years.
Day-Age Creationism centers on the Hebrew word yom and its meaning. Proponents of
this view explain that the Hebrew word yom can mean a day, an age, or in the context of Genesis
1, can mean a long period of time. Greg Neyman illustrates this when he said, “One must also
consider that time with God has no meaning. To Him, 10 billion years is like a day. Thus, it is
no problem for God to put billions of years into one of His days.” 2 He further notes that “During
the first 5.99 days of creation, God is the only one present. Thus, human time does not
1
Mark Driscoll, “Answers to Common Questions about Creation,” The Resurgence,
http://theresurgence.com/2006/07/03/answers-to-common-questions-about-creation (accessed December 7, 2010).
2
Greg Neyman, “Old Earth Creation Science: Word Study: Yom.” Answers in Creation.
http://www.answersincreation.org/word_study_yom.htm (accessed December 7, 2010).
2
matter...no humans were there to witness the passage of time. What matters is how God sees
time! Thus, a billion year day is only a passing moment in God's eyes.” 3 Thus, with the
meaning of the word being a long period of time, Day-Age creationists substantiate their view.
Day-Age creationists also believe, “The „six days‟ are understood in the same sense as „in
that day‟ of Isaiah 11:10-11—that is, as periods of indefinite length and not necessarily of 24
hours duration. The six days are taken as sequential, but as overlapping and merging into one
another.”4 Tremper Longman III also gives a valid point for the use of the Hebrew word yom.
Discussing whether or not the word should be understood as a twenty-four hour day he notes, “A
twenty-four hour is defined by the alternation of sun and moon. But these are not even created
until the fourth „day‟! Attempts to suggest that there were alternative and temporary light
There are problems with the Day-Age view. The first begins with the meaning of the
Hebrew word yom. Longman III notes that “the suggestion that „day‟ does not mean a literal day
but rather a period of time also has its problems. The only problem with this argument is that
these occurrences [of the word yom in other contexts] come in formulas like „day of the Lord.‟
Furthermore, Genesis 1 accompanies the word yom with the phrase „and evening passed and
morning came.‟”6 John Walton also illustrates the problem with the meaning of the Hebrew
word yom. He says, “We cannot be content to ask, „Can the word bear the meaning I would like
it to have?‟ We must instead try to determine what the author and audience would have
3
Ibid.
4
PCA Historical Center, “Report of the Creation Study Committee,”
http://www.pcahistory.org/creation/report.html (accessed December 7, 2010).
5
Tremper Longman III, How to Read Genesis (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2005), 104.
6
Ibid.
3
understood from the usage in the context. With this latter issue before us, it is extremely difficult
to conclude that anything other than a twenty-four hour day was intended.” 7
One other problem that the Day-Age view has is the nature of its overlapping days. The
view proposes that the various “days” overlap. “Overlapping „days‟ (ages) are hard to propose
from a reading of the text which more speaks of consecutive times (days).” 8 If the six days were
indeed long ages, then there would be a problem with the continued existence of vegetation.
“Green plants were created on day 3. Although light had been created on day 1, we know
nothing about the nature of this light and its ability to substitute for sunlight (not available until
day 4) as the energy source for the plant life. Thus, it could be argued that the green plants could
not exist for a very long period without the sun.”9 It seems that if creation had taken place over
long ages, then most plants and vegetable life could not have engaged in photosynthesis which
One final problem that the Day-Age view causes is the denial of the global flood. Day-
Age creationists claim that all evidence of fossil records is placed in the creative week and that
the flood was localized. However, Paul Taylor and Mark Van Bebber note that “It is well known
that billions of dead animals are preserved in water-laid strata across our planet. Yet, most old-
earthers deny the existence of a global Flood catastrophe. At best, they accept a local flood with
little geological significance. They claim the fossils are evidence of many separate deaths over
hundreds of millions of years.” 10 Because of the preserved dead animals in water-laid strata
7
John Walton, The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2001), 81.
8
PCA Historical Center, “Report of the Creation Study Committee.”
9
Ibid.
10
Paul S. Taylor and Mark Van Bebber, “Six days or billions of years...Does it make any difference?”
Answers in Genesis, http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v16/i4/six_days.asp (accessed December 7, 2010).
4
across the earth, the flood could not have been a localized flood, but rather a catastrophic event
Day-Age Creationism thus seeks to deny a literal reading of the Genesis creation
narrative by interpreting the events of Genesis 1 as occurring over vast periods of time. It fails in
its accuracy to the biblical text in that it seeks to conform the creation narrative to mainstream
scientific thought of an old earth. Another creation view that is similar to the Day-Age view in
The Gap Theory is the view that between Genesis 1:1 and 1:2 some sort of cataclysmic
The latter verse [1:2] is believed by expositors to describe the condition of the earth after
a great cataclysm terminated the geological ages. This cataclysm, which left the earth in
darkness and covered with water, is explained as a divine judgment because of the sin of
Satan in rebelling against God. Following the cataclysm, God then „re-created‟ the world
in the six literal days described in Genesis 1:3-31.11
This view allows for both an old earth and a more recent six-day creation event. Speaking about
this massive cataclysmic event, Michael McDonald notes, “This caused God‟s original, perfect
creation to become without form and void (tohu wavohu). Since God didn‟t create the earth a
waste and empty (see Isa. 45:18), only a mighty cataclysm could explain the chaotic condition of
verse 2.”12 He also explains that the Hebrew word hayetha that is translated as “was,” could also
be translated as “had become.” However, the Hebrew verb hayah is usually followed by the
preposition le when it means “become,” and this preposition is absent in this situation.
11
Henry S. Morris, The Genesis Record (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1976, Amazon Kindle Edition),
locations 693-700.
12
Michael McDonald, The Believer’s Bible Commentary (Tennessee: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1995), 32.
5
Giving a background on the history of the Gap Theory, Karl Payne writes in The Popular
Encyclopedia of Apologetics:
The gap theory owes its original creation to a minister named Thomas Chalmers in 1814.
Chalmers decided that because science had spoken, and what it said must be accepted as
true, it then was necessary to modify the Bible to make it agree with science. Scientists
and philosophers were beginning to doubt the accuracy of the creation account in
Genesis. The gap theory was an attempt to reconcile some of their probing questions. 13
Henry Morris further attests to the historical background of the Gap Theory by noting, “It has
been widely popularized by the notes in the Scofield Reference Bible and has been taught in
most of the Bible institutes and fundamentalist seminaries of the United States for the past
century.”14
Though the Gap Theory is popular, it has its problems. “The Gap Theory assumes that
God‟s original creation evolved from simple to complex through the evolutionary process of
gradualism, until God was finally forced to abort the process.”15 The Gap Theory also assumes a
dual creation. Mark Driscoll notes, “Nothing in the Bible speaks of two creations, and at the end
of the six days of creation God declared all that He had made „very good,‟ which does not
correlate with the claim that the earth had been destroyed and made „very bad.‟” 16 It doesn‟t
make sense that God could create the earth and then have to re-create it due to “unforeseen
complications.” God is omniscient and thus nothing is outside of His knowledge. To suggest
Textually, the Gap Theory also fails. Much of the Gap Theory leans on the meaning of
the Hebrew word reshit. The Hebrew word reshit can indicate an unspecified period of time that
13
Karl Payne, “Creation, Theories of,” in The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics, ed. Ed Hindson and
Ergun Caner (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2008), 155.
14
Morris, locations 700-708.
15
Payne, 155.
16
Driscoll, “Answers to Common Questions about Creation.”
6
can be used to postulate the Gap theory. However, simply because that it is unspecified does not
automatically mean that it represents a long period of time. An indefinite period of time can
mean a few hours to a few billion years. The fact that the Bible does not expound on this leads
this author to believe that God created the heavens and the earth in Genesis 1:1 and then
Even more textual evidence is found within the first two verses of Genesis 1. There are
two main interpretations of these verses: (1) verse 2 is dependent upon the action of verse 1, or
(2) verse 1 is a literary introduction and verse 2 simply begins the account of what verse 1
summarizes. For now, the first interpretation is discussed with the second discussed later. Both
interpretations refute the Gap Theory‟s basic premise. In the Hebrew text, the first word in verse
2 is vhaerets or “and the earth.” The vav-construction here indicates that verse 2 is dependent on
verse 1 and is a continuation of the action of verse 1. Thus, the Gap theory could have more
credibility if the vav were omitted, but because the vav is part of the word seems to indicate that
there is no gap, but rather simply a continuation of the action. Tremper Longman III hints at this
when he says, “Genesis 1 then seems to make a general statement in the first verse, and then
proceeds to a more detailed telling of the story. The text narrates this as the work of six days.” 17
Because of the Hebrew syntax in the verses, the Gap theory is not a valid interpretation of the
One interesting problem that the Gap Theory causes relates to the flood. When
attempting to refute the universality of the flood, Karl Payne says that, “Gap theorists attempt to
avoid this problem by postulating two floods. Scripture is just as silent regarding a primordial
flood as it is an aborted primordial earth. In fact, 2 Peter 3:6-7 clearly indicates that God has
promised only two global destructions: one that has already occurred by water, and one that will
17
Longman III, 103.
7
occur in the future by fire.” 18 The simple fact that Scripture doesn‟t mention a second
catastrophic flood is evidence that the Gap Theory is grasping at straws. Something as massive
as a second flood would be included in the Scripture as evidenced by the already included
One final problem that the Gap Theory causes is its claim that the order of creation given
in Genesis 1 does not agree with evolutionary theory. Again, Karl Payne notes, “Gap theorists
seek to avoid conflict on this point by postulating that the order of creation, as outlined in
Genesis 1, applies only to the recreated earth of verse 2, not the original creation of verse 1. Gap
second recreation. None of these assumptions are supported in Scripture.”19 With Gap theorists,
it seems that any explanation can be given to keep their views intact. If such a primordial earth
was created, then why not also primordial humans, or a primordial flood, or a primordial cross?
When does it stop? With such assumptions, the character of God is called into question. Each of
these assumptions attempts to do a better job of explaining the creation narrative than God
The Gap Theory, thus, fails on several grounds to be a viable interpretation of the
Genesis creation narrative. Like the Day-Age creationists, Gap theorists attempt to make the
reading of the Genesis creation account line up with mainstream scientific thought. Both the
Day-Age creationists and the Gap theorists take evolution into account and attempt to line up
Scripture with this erroneous teaching. However, the two views do not take into account
18
Payne, 156.
19
Ibid.
8
Theistic Evolution
Theistic evolution is the view in which God initiated the original creation process and
then used natural selection to complete the job. Mark Driscoll describes theistic evolution the
same way but adds, “The only exception would be God involving Himself again directly in the
making of human life. For the most part, this view accepts the hypothesis of evolution but seeks
to insert God as the creator of matter and overseer of the evolutionary process. This view also
believes that species evolved over a long period of time, which requires an old earth.”20 Karl
Payne points out something interesting about theistic evolution. He says, “The term theistic
evolution is an oxymoron. Theistic is another term for God. Evolution is another term for
Eugenie C. Scott from the National Center for Science Education explains theistic
evolution as “a theological view in which God creates through the laws of nature. Theistic
evolutionists (TEs) accept all the results of modern science, in anthropology and biology as well
as in astronomy, physics, and geology. In particular, it is acceptable to TEs that one species give
rise to another; they accept descent with modification.”22 He continues to say that “TEs vary in
whether and how much God is allowed to intervene — some believe that God created the laws of
nature and allows events to occur with no further intervention. Other TEs believe that God
intervenes at critical intervals during the history of life (especially in the origin of humans).”23
Theistic evolution abounds with problems. Theistic evolution views God as merely a
spectator and allowing His initial creation to fight it out amongst themselves as to who would be
20
Driscoll, “Answers to Common Questions about Creation.”
21
Ibid., 154.
22
Eugenie C. Scott, “The Creation/Evolution Continuum,” The National Center for Science Education,
http://ncse.com/creationism/general/creationevolution-continuum (accessed December 9, 2010).
23
Ibid.
9
the strongest survivor. When addressing the issue of God creating through an evolutionary
process, the major points of evolution theory should come into the discussion. For instance, the
concept of evolution known as micro-evolution can be observed and does take place as different
species learn to adapt and evolve according to their habitats. However, the other evolutionary
concept of macro-evolution has never been proven nor reproduced in laboratory conditions.
Macro-evolution assumes that over a large period of time that one species will evolve
into an entirely different species. Along these lines, evolutionists hold that apes or monkeys
evolved into human beings. This stands in stark contrast to Genesis 1:27 where God creates
man. Genesis 2:7 gives an even clearer picture of man‟s creation as coming from the dust of the
ground and not from evolved apes. Karl Payne says that, “Theistic evolution avoids materialistic
naturalism‟s position that nothing is the ultimate source for everything. But it ultimately still
embraces and promotes the belief that molecules eventually evolved into man through a mindless
process involving chance, matter, time, and mutation.”24 So, even though the name is different,
theistic evolution is still another form of evolution, specifically the macro-evolution form.
Biblically, theistic evolution falls flat on its face. Eight times in Genesis 1:3-27 the Bible
records the phrase “God said.” When God spoke, things happened. God spoke light into
existence. God spoke land and water into existence. God spoke animals, plant life, and man into
existence. He did not simply just begin and leave creation unfinished. He created completed,
living things and it was so. In Driscoll‟s article, he points out that “evolution teaches that one
species evolves into another species.” 25 However, after God created sea animals, birds, and land
animals, the Bible states that each one of these was created according to their kinds. Each
24
Payne, 154.
25
Driscoll, “Answers to Common Questions about Creation.”
10
Theistic evolution also calls into question the idea of the image of God. If man were
allowed to evolve, then why would the biblical account say that man was created in the image of
God in Genesis 1:26-27? Those who believe in evolution or theistic evolution have lost their
identity. Francis Schaeffer says, “In his own naturalistic theories, with the uniformity of cause
and effect in a closed system, with an evolutionary concept of a mechanical, chance parade from
atom to atom, man has lost his unique identity. As he looks out upon the world, as he faces the
machine, he cannot tell himself from what he faces. He cannot distinguish himself from other
things.”26 In contrast, the believer who understands the creation account as literal and not as
some form of allegory does not have this problem. He knows who he is—one who is made by
One final scriptural problem with theistic evolution arises with the fact that the Bible
teaches that sin and death came through Adam. If God created through some form of
evolutionary means over billions of years, then death would have happened many, many times
before Adam would have come on the scene. Karl Payne says, “According to the Bible, before
Adam‟s sin, there was no death. Genesis 1:31 clearly states that everything God created was
good.”27 Theistic evolution stumbles over the rest of Scripture in that it seeks to explain away
what happened in the first chapter of Genesis, but fails to take into account the rest of Scripture.
So, the question arises that if God created through an evolutionary means, then why
would He have given the creation story at all? Because God is true and is not a God of confusion
(cf. 1 Corinthians 14:33), He would not jeopardize His message from the Bible by causing
confusion on whether or not He created through an evolutionary process. Such confusion would
call into question the authority of the rest of the Bible. However, because God did not create
26
Francis Schaeffer, Genesis in Space and Time (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Books, 1972), 46.
27
Payne, 154.
11
through evolution, the Bible is and always will remain the authoritative Word of God. So, if God
did not create through theistic evolution, recreate according to the Gap theory, or use long ages
to bring creation into being like Day-Age creationists propose, then how did He do it? In this
author‟s judgment, the more literal approach of recent creationism answers this question the best.
Recent Creationism
interpretation views the biblical account of creation literally. Mark Driscoll notes, “God created
the entire universe, including Adam and Eve, in six literal twenty-four hour days. This view is
almost always accompanied with a belief in a young earth as it seeks to be faithful to the Biblical
text while not giving much credence to the scientific claims of such things as an old earth.”28 As
the Bible states, God created the earth, plants, animals, man, and all other created things in a
literal six-day time frame. If God had created everything over a vast amount of time between
each “day,” then He would have said so in the creation account. Cryptic talk and explanation of
each day being other than an actual twenty-four hour period can mislead and even distract the
reader of Genesis from its intended purpose to introduce God as the Creator and how He is made
known.
Recent Creationism views the earth as being no more than 10,000 years old. This stands
in stark contrast with mainstream scientific thought of the earth being roughly 4.6 billion years
old. While scientists have studied the earth and used means such as radiometric dating to
substantiate their claims for an old earth, Driscoll gives several explanations that can explain
1. Though the earth appears old to most scientists it is in fact young and the scientists
are simply mistaken.
28
Driscoll, “Answers to Common Questions about Creation.”
12
2. The earth appears old because it was made mature like Adam was and did not evolve
over time but gives the appearance of being aged. For example, if Adam had chopped
down either the tree of life, or the tree of good and evil spoken of in Genesis 2, he
would have likely found tree rings as the tree was made mature.
3. The flood in Genesis 6-9 universally covered the earth which compressed the
geological layers and rearranged the topography so greatly that the earth appears to be
old and to have developed over a long period of time.
4. The earth is in fact old and the days mentioned in Genesis 1-2 are not literally twenty-
four hour days but extended periods of time.
5. The earth may be or likely is old, as Genesis 1:1 explains an indeterminate period of
time during which God made creation out of nothing. This is supported by the
Hebrew word for “beginning” (reshit), which can mean anything from days to
billions of years as it is a general word.29
Of the five that Driscoll gives, the first, second, and third line up well with the view of a recent
creation. The fourth and fifth explanations line up with Day-Age Creationism and the Gap
Theory respectively.
There is no reason to assume that the Genesis creation narrative is not a literal rendering
of the creation events. The second main interpretation of the first two verses of Genesis 1
illustrates this literal rendering. A casual reading of the first two verses of Genesis 1 does not
imply that some sort of gap occurred, but rather that verse 1 could be simply an introductory
statement. John Walton, when discussing interpretation options to the first two verses of Genesis
1, says, “The traditional rendering, understands verse 1 as an independent clause, which either
refers to creative activity that preceded the seven-day sequence or provides a literary
Walton further explains that “this would result in a summary/title for the chapter: God
created heaven and earth. Now let me explain how he went about it.”31 Walton summarizes his
discussion of the nature of verses 1 and 2 by saying, “It can therefore be concluded that the text
29
Ibid.
30
Walton, 69.
31
Ibid.
13
is not suggesting that anything was actually created in 1:1; rather, the verse is a literary
introduction, a summary of what follows.” 32 These literary introductions abound in the book of
Genesis taking the form of ten or eleven toledoths which outline each section of the book. So the
idea is not foreign to Genesis as Genesis 1:1 sets a precedent for later literary introductions.
With Genesis 1:1 being a literary introduction, the Gap Theory falls apart and the literal recent
More evidence for a literal rendition is that definite time periods are given, actual animals
are created, trees and plant life are created, and stars & heavenly bodies are placed in the sky.
These are concrete, physical creations that are neither figurative nor imaginary. For example,
Genesis 1 uses of the Hebrew word yom to signify a day. Driscoll points out that “Christians
who argue for a metaphorical view of the six days of creation rightly point out that the word used
for day in Hebrew, yom, often refers to an extended period of time that is more than a literal
twenty-four hour day.”33 He goes on to show that despite this, the days are numbered which give
support to actual twenty-four hour days. Tremper Longman III agrees by saying that, “Genesis 1
accompanies the word yom with the phrase „and evening passed and morning came.‟” 34 The
days involved in creation were actual twenty-four hour time periods that had both mornings and
evenings. Further details supporting a literal reading are the rivers that flowed from the garden
of Eden in Genesis 2 as well as genealogical records that date back to Adam in Luke and 1
Recent Creationism is the most accurate and stable among all of the various
interpretations of the Genesis creation narrative. Where other views fall, Recent Creationism
32
Ibid.
33
Driscoll, “Answers to Common Questions about Creation.”
34
Longman III, 104.
14
stands firm. This view takes into account the entire Bible and does not contradict Scripture at
any point. Though scientists‟ mainstream thought and objections may arise in an attempt to
contradict this view, Scripture has been around far longer than these scientific theories and
refutes them at every turn. Scientists of the time 1900 years ago believed that the earth was the
center of the universe. This was refuted by Copernicus in the 1500s. Until Columbus made his
voyage to the New World, scientists thought that the world was flat.
Even evolution is now being refuted by science itself. D. James Kennedy notes that
Darwin made the interesting statement in his Origin of Species. Kennedy says that “if there
should be any mechanism of such complexity that it cannot be explained by the gradual accretion
of mutations, then his theory is false. The infinitely complex living cell, uncovered by
microbiology, meets and exceeds that criterion.”35 Just because mainstream science has a theory
today doesn‟t mean that it won‟t be disproven tomorrow. Scripture has stood the test of time and
Conclusion
There are various interpretations of the Genesis creation narrative. Day-Age Creationism
proposes that God made everything in six long ages thus yielding an old earth. The Gap Theory
postulates that some kind of cataclysm took place between the events of Genesis 1:1 and 1:2.
Theistic Evolution claims that God began creation and then stepped back and let His creation
evolve into what it is today. Recent Creationism holds to a literal rendering of the Genesis
narrative and believes that God created everything in six literal days. It is the opinion of this
author that the fourth view of a recent creation is the most accurate to the biblical text. All of the
35
D. James Kennedy, Evangelism Explosion (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 1996), 160-161.
15
other interpretations falter in their interpretation of the biblical text where Recent Creationism
stands firm.
The discussion of these various interpretations will inevitably continue. Driscoll quotes
Paul in that “we only see in part now but one day in Jesus' presence we will know in full and we
will all be in complete agreement on this and other matters.”36 He also makes a good point on
the issue by quoting Augustine saying that the Bible “is not a scientific textbook seeking to
answer the ever-changing inquiries of science, but rather a theological textbook seeking to reveal
So, disregarding one‟s stance on the way that creation came about, the most important
thing is that God has made Himself known so that we could come to know Him and His Son
Jesus Christ. Paul says in Romans 1:20, “For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power
and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things
36
Driscoll, “Answers to Common Questions about Creation.”
37
Ibid.
16
References
Kennedy, D. James. Evangelism Explosion. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.,
1996.
Longman III, Tremper. How to Read Genesis. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2005.
Morris, Henry M. The Genesis Record. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1976. Amazon Kindle
Edition.
Neyman, Greg. “Old Earth Creation Science: Word Study: Yom.” Answers in Creation.
http://www.answersincreation.org/word_study_yom.htm (accessed December 7, 2010).
Payne, Karl. “Creation, Theories of.” In The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics, edited by Ed
Hindson and Ergun Caner, 154-157. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2008.
Schaeffer, Francis A. Genesis in Space and Time. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Books, 1972.
Scott, Eugenie C. “The Creation/Evolution Continuum.” The National Center for Science
Education. http://ncse.com/creationism/general/creationevolution-continuum (accessed
December 9, 2010).
Taylor, Paul and Mark Van Bebber. “Six days or billions of years...Does it make any
difference?” Answers in Genesis.
http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v16/i4/six_days.asp (accessed December 7,
2010.
Walton, John H. The NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2001.