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SCIENCE
LAB
LAB MANUAL
Aim: To study different components and working of a four stroke petrol engine.
Theory: In four stroke engine, we get one power in two revolution of crankshaft.
The air fuel mixture is sent in combustion chamber a spark is, compressed and
ignited with a spark plug. The expansion takes place and gases expand pushing
piston downward.
Important components:
Cylinder Head: It is the top portion Of engine. In this two or three valves and one
spark plug is fitted per cylinder.
Cylinder Block: It is fitted below the cylinder head. In this the piston reciprocates
Crankcase: It is the lowest portion of engine and is filled with oil. It also houses
Crankshaft.
Valves and camshaft: Inlet and exhaust valves act as a gate for inlet fresh
mixture and for exhaust for throwing out exhaust gases.
Piston: Piston reciprocates in block and is fitted with piston rings to prevent
Leakage of hot gases during expansion.
Connecting rod: It is fitted between piston and crankshaft, converts reciprocating
motion in rotary motion.
Crankshaft: This shafts rotates by connecting rod and transmits power to
transmission system.
Spark plug: Hot type spark plug is fitted to initiate spark. The spark plug gap is
maintained 0.7mm.
Working: The working of a 4 stroke engine can be understood by knowing the
four strokes.
1) Inlet Stroke: In this the piston moves from top dead centre to bottom dead
centre. The inlet valve is opened by cam mechanism.
The inlet valve is opened by cam mechanism. The air fuel mixture is drawn inside
due to vacuum as long as piston moves to bottom dead centre.
2) Compression stroke: The piston from BDC starts moving to TDC. At this
point inlet valve is closed and air fuel mixture is compressed in the ratio of 1:7.
The temperature increases to 250 degree. Just before the piston reaches TDC
the spark plug generates a spark.
3) Expansion Stroke: The air fuel mixture burns and hot gases start expanding.
Both inlet and exhaust valves are in closed condition. There is a rapid rise in
temperature and pressure. The piston receives a thrust and piston moves from
TDC to BDC with a great amount of power. This stroke is called power stroke.
This power from piston is transmitted to crankshaft by connecting rod.
4) Exhaust Stroke: During this stroke the piston starts moving from BDC to
TDC. The exhaust valve is opened and the upward movement of piston pushes
out the product of combustion from the engine through the exhaust valve into the
atmosphere. The piston again reaches the TDC and again the inlet stroke is
repeated completing the one full cycle.
Quiz questions:
1) How much temperature is developed in S.I. Engine after compression stroke?
2) How much is the spark plug gap is maintained during service?
3) What do you mean by hot and cold type spark plug?
4) What is the spark timing in S.I. Engine?
5) How will you differentiate between inlet and exhaust valve.
6) What is O.H.C.?
I EXPERIMENT NO- 2
Aim: To study the construction and working of four stroke diesel engine.
Theory: The four stroke diesel engine is very much similar to four stroke petrol
engine except that only atmospheric air is drawn in inlet stroke instead of air fuel
mixture as in petrol engine. The spark plug is missing and injector is fitted for fuel
supply.
Working: The working of petrol engine can be understood with the help of four
strokes.
1) Inlet stroke: As we crank the engine by hand or self starter the piston moves
from T.D.C. to B.D.C. The inlet valve is opened by cam mechanism. The suction
is generated in cylinder and fresh air is sucked inside after filtering from air
cleaner. As piston crosses D.D.C. the inlet valve is closed. The exhaust valve is
kept closed
in this stroke.
2)Compression stroke: The piston starts from B.D.C. to T.D.C.
Now both the valves are closed. The trapped air is compressed in the ratio of
1:22. The temp. of air raises approx. to 500 Celsius. The piston reaches to
T.D.C.
3) Power stroke: At the end of the compression stroke, fuel at high pressure 250
kg/cm2 is injected in combustion chamber by atomizer. In practical fuel is
injected20
degree before piston reaches to T.D.C. to reduce delay period. The explosion
takes place and hot gases expand creating a thrust on the crown of the piston.
Both the valves are in closed condition in this stroke. Due to thrust the piston
moves from T.D.C. to B.D.C. generating a power.
4) Exhaust Stroke: At the end of the power stroke, burnt gases are inside
cylinder and the same is needed to be thrown out. The exhaust valve is opened
and piston moves upward from B.DC.to T.D.C. sweeping out of burnt gases out
of the engine through the silencer.
Observations:
1) Check air cleaner.
2) Check valve clearance.
3) Check engine oil.
4) Check coolant level.
Quiz questions:
1) What are the additional parts in diesel engine compared to petrol engine?
2) What is compression ration of four stroke diesel engine?
3) What is the grade of engine oil used in this engine?
4) How much is the temp. developed in combustion chamber?
5) What is the ratio between crankshaft and camshaft gear?
EXPERIMENTNO-3
Aim: To study the construction and working of two stroke petrol engine.
Working: There is a complete of cam and valve mechanism. The piston covers
both the ports. There is an inlet port, exhaust port, and one or two transfer ports.
The piston covers both the ports in the cylinder when it is at top dead centre. The
four operations are 1) Charge induction 2) air compression and introduction of
spark 3) expansion and exhaust stroke.
During the upward motion of the piston, there is suction in the crankcase through
the inlet port. Thus for full 180 degree of the crankshaft rotation, the suction will
continue below the piston in the crankcase. Above the piston the compression
will start only after both the ports has been covered by the piston thus trapping
the charge above it. On further upward motion of the piston the air above piston
is compressed. Just before the end of the compression spark is generated by
spark plug and explosion in combustion chamber takes place. The hot gases
start expanding and we get power stroke. The piston starts moving downward.
On downward movement of the piston the air below it gets start compressing.
Just before BDC the exhaust port gets exposed and hot gases start escaping
from exhaust port. After some time the transfer port get exposed and fresh air
fuel mixture moves inside combustion chamber.
Conclusion:
Quiz questions:
1) How much temp is developed at the end of the compression stroke in two
stroke petrol engine?
Working: The piston moves from BDC to TDC. The fresh charge is sucked
inside the crankcase. The piston is moving upward and compressing the charge
above piston. Just near TDC the diesel is injected in combustion chamber and air
fuel burns, hot gases expand and power stroke takes place. The piston with a
force moves from TDC to BDC. At this time the fresh air inside crankcase is
compressed by downward movement of piston. Before piston reaches BDC the
exhaust port is exposed and then the transfer port is exposed. The transfer port
is at a lower height than exhaust port to avoid mixing of fresh and exhaust
charges. The compressed air enters the cylinder pushing the burnt gases out of
the exhaust port.
The top of the piston is made of a particular shape that facilitates the deflection of
fresh charges upward and thus avoids its escape along with the burnt gases.
After reaching the bdc when the piston moves up, it firsts closes transfer port and
then the exhaust port. The upward movement of piston compresses air above
piston simultaneously the re is a fall of pressure in crankcase creating g a partial
vacuum and sucking of fresh charge takes place.
Observations:
1) Absence of cam mechanism.
2) Injector in place of spark plug.
3) Carburettor is replaced by fuel injection pump.
Quiz questions:
1) What is compression ration of 2 stroke diesel engine?
Theory: In order to have the engine produce the greatest amount of power most
economically it is important that the fuel which is to be the source of energy, be
made into a most combustible condition before being charged in the engine. The
condition of this air fuel mixture will therefore have a very great affect on the
engine performance and fuel consumption and for the reason the carburetor is
used.
4) Idle circuit: For a low speed operation or for idling, the engine requirement a
rich Mixture is required. To accomplish this, an idling circuit is used.
The low speed circuit is comprised mainly of the low speed jet, air bleeder and
idle port. Its function is to supply gasoline to the engine at low speed. Since
the accelerator is not pressed while idling, the throttle valve is practically close.
Therefore the speed of the air flowing through the venturi will be low so that the
main jet will not supply fuel. However, the engine suction will create a large
vacuum under the throttle valve. For running the engine an idle port is provided
below the throttle which supplies air and fuel. The amount of this mixture can be
adjusted by rotating
idle mixture screw.
5) Choke circuit: During starting in cold weather, the engine requires extra rich
mixture. For this purpose a choke valve is provided which closes the air passage
and a limited supply of air is supplied making the mixture rich. After warm up
ensure that the choke valve is in closed condition. Normally it is operated
manually.
Quiz questions:
1) Why air vent is provided in float chamber?
2) What do you mean by venturi?
3) What is most economic ratio of fuel?
4) How many jets are provided in carburettor?
5) What type of carburettor is fitted normally in cars?
EXPERIMENTNO-6
Aim: To study the construction and working of fuel injection pump and injector.
Theory: Fuel injection pump is used in high compression engine. The fuel
injection pump controls the amount of fuel delivered and injects fuel at right time.
Working: The fuel pump is rotated by engine power through a gear mounted on
the camshaft. This movement of camshaft is converted in reciprocating
movement of plunger. The plunger has a helical groove and a vertical slot. The
purpose of the helical groove is to change the quantity of fuel as per demand.
When the plunger moves from bottom to top it covers the inlet port of the barrel,
hence the fuel inside the barrel is trapped. Further movement of plunger will
compress the fuel. The valve opens against the spring. At high pressure injector
opens and fuel is injected in combustion chamber. After some travel this helical
and vertical groove will coincide with the inlet port. At this point the port gets
exposed and built up pressure reduces suddenly. The position of helix and the
time duration during which the fuel was continuously injecting determines the
amount of fuel to be injected.
The high pressurized fuel developed at FIP is fed to the injector by connection L
. As shown in fig this fuel passes through a drilled hole in the body. This high
pressure fuel strikes at the bottom of the nozzle valve. The nozzle valve lifts up
lifting the spindle D against the spring force E. As the valve lifts up the fuel
escapes through a very fine drilled hole. The fine drilled hole acts as a orifice and
atomizes the fuel.
Questions:
1) In which engine FIP is used?
Genset Specifications:
Make: Kirloskar
Speed: 1500 R.P.M.
Output: 7.5 KVA
Volts : 240
Cycles/ Sec: 50 Single phase
Procedure: Fill up the tank with the diesel. Start the engine and open the fuel
supply from the fuel tank through 50 ml burette. Start the stop watch. When the
fuel level in the burette reaches zero reading. Note down the time taken for 50 ml
fuel consumption for a particular load on the engine. Load is applied by a load
resistance. Note the voltmeter and ammeter reading also the r.p.m. for a
particular load. Change the load on engine and note down the time taken for 50
ml fuel consumption. Also note down the voltmeter and ammeter readings for this
particular load and repeat the same procedure to take more readings.
Calculate the load in KW, Fuel
consumption in gm/sec, specific fuel consumed and thermal efficiency. Draw
graphs between load vs. fuel consumed, Load vs. specific fuel consumed and
load vs. fuel efficiency.
THERMAL EFFICIENCY:
RESULT:
Maximum thermal efficiency is found to 20.88 at a load of 4.28 Kw. The various
characteristics can be seen from the graphs.
EXPERIMENT NO -8
Aim: To perform emission test on petrol engine and record the readings.
Carbon dioxide: CO2 although is not a pollutant however it has been linked with
another environment concerns like global warming.
Procedure:
1) Make sure that exhaust analyzer is fitted with clean filter elements,
dust filter and strainer.
4) Press the purge key and keep the probe exposed to clean air.
8) Unplug the drain separator from the sample inlet and let the analyzer
take clean air.
9) Press the auto zero key until the meter reading is zero.
11) Insert the probe in exhaust silencer and Press the measure key.
13) Remove the probe from the tail pipe and leave it exposed in clean air
until the meter shows zero. Press the purge key.
Quiz questions: