ELEVATORS

Elevator (lift):

A mechanical device for transporting people or goods from one level to

another. The term lift or elevator generally denotes a unit with
automatic safety devices; the very earliest units were called hoists.
Lifts consist of a platform(cabin) or car travelling in vertical guides in
a shaft, with related hoisting and lowering mechanisms and a source
of power.

Basically they can be divided into two main groups

1. Personal Lifts : are used to carry human beings (i.e. Home lift,
passanger lifts)

2. Load (or Service) Lifts : are used to carry goods (i.e. Freight lifts,
dumbwaiters, hospital lifts)
Passanger lift Hospital lift Dumbwaiter
The capacity and size is determined by the number of people to be carried or load
in two types. Even working principles are almost similar but they show slight
differences in design and construction. (i.e.personalLifts should be more safe)
Average velocity of an elevator is around 1 m/sec. EN 81is the European standard for
the elevators.

Another classification can be made according to the working mechanism,

1. Transaction (Mechanical rope) :The transaction elevator system is the most

popular grace to its flexibility. The machine is composed of 2 parts: the gear box and the
eletric motor.The machinery location may be at the overhead or basement of hoistway.
The evolution in the lift technology in the 90's allow the building owner to install his
elevator without machine room, called MRL (Machine RoomLess).
(For high speed elevator in high-rise building)

2. Hydraulic : An overhead machine room will not be needed. The machine room
shall be at the start floor, adjacent or not to the hoistway. This installation is suitable
for old building where the structure was not planified to support the overhead
machine room.A hydraulic lift is driven by an oil pump and jacks. More expensive
than transaction lifts but less noisy operation.
(For low and medium-rise buildings)
Transaction type lift
Hydraulic Lift
 More than one lift can be installed on the same
building. This is determined by anaylzing below
factors.

• Population of the building

• Type of the building

• Starting and finishing time of population

• Number of floors and heights (i.e. 1 lift for 3 floors is

excellent)

• Position of the building in relation to public transport

services
Hoistway plan view
Hoistway section view
Machine Room
 Standard Size for a Passanger Lift

Car Size Entrance Hoistway Pit Overhead Machine Room

No. Load
axb W XxY P OH A x B x MH
Pers. Capacity
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1800x1450 1550 4550 2050
6 450 KG 1400x850 800 2400 3300
1800x1500 1850 4750 2250
1800x1650 1550 4550 2400 3300 2050
8 550 KG 1400x1030 800
1800x1700 1850 4750 3000 3500 2250
1800x1700 1550 4550 2400 3400 2050
9 600 KG 1400x1100 800 1850 4750
1850x1750 3000 3600 2250
2150 4950
1800x1850 1550 4550 2400 3600 2050
10 700 KG 1400x1250 800 1850 4750
1850x1900 3000 3600 2250
2150 4950
1800x1950 1550 4550 2400 3700 2050
11 750 KG 1400x1350 800 1850 4750
1850x2000 3000 3700 2250
2150 4950
1800x2000 1550 4550 2400 3800 2050
12 800 KG 1400x1400 800 1850 4750
1850x2050 3200 3800 2250
2150 4950
2050x2000 1550 4550 2600 3900 2050
13 900 KG 1600x1350 900 1850 4750
2100x2100 3200 3900 2250
2150 4950
2050x2150 1550 4550 2600 4100 2050
15 1000KG 1600x1500 900 1850 4750
2100x2250 3400 4100 2250
2150 4950
2300x2250 1550 4550 3500 4100 2050
17 1150KG 1800x1500 1000 1850 4750
2350x2300 3500 4100 2250
2150 4950
2300x2450 1550 4550 3500 4300 2050
20 1350KG 1800x1700 1000 1850 4750
2350x2500 3500 4300 2250
2150 4950
2500x2500 1550 4550 3600 4300 2050
24 1600KG 2000x1750 1000 1850 4750
2550x2550 3600 4300 2250
2150 4950
Components of a lift System
 Components of a Lift System
• Guide Rails: protects the cabin and the counter weight along the vertical
direction and, it prevents any turning of cabin and counter weight. All rails
are used by the parachute aarangement to hold the cabin. Generally T-
profile steel are used for guide rails.

• Counter Weight: The weight of the counter weight is equal to the cabin
weight and 0.4 or 0.5 of the whole weight. To be able to carry it easily and
to arrange the required amount, it is made with cast iron.

• Buffer or Bumper : In any case if an elevator can not stop at the lowest
stop and continue on its way, to soften the crash to the ground and to
reduce the damage that may occur, according to the speed of the elevator,
wooden, plastic, spring, or hydraulic elements known as bumpers are used.

• Speed regulator : If the downward speed exceeds the normal speed by

%25, speed regulator effects the parachute brake and shuts off the
electricity of the motor. It acts like “speed limit”.
• Parachute system : This system stops the elevator on guide rails with
breaking, if ropes are broken or if the speed of going down is increased too
much. It gets signals from a speed regulator.

• Electricity arrangement : In the Machinery room on a panel there is a

circuit breaker and fuses. Many circuits are installed to start the electric
motor, to loosen the automatic breakes, lightining, security and control.

• Control System : To be able to use the elevators easily, comfortably,

orderly and securely, control systems are installed. For modern elevators,
“button” control are used. Button control are divided into two. Buttons
outside the cabin are “external” and buttons in side the cabin are “internal”
control buttons.

• Ropes or Cables : Ropes are produced from high carbon cold drawn
wires. Wires are wraped up in helix way to create cordons, and cordons are
wraped up in helix way to create ropes.
• Cabin Doors : Cabin doors can be seperated in three according to their
operation as follows :
1. Slam-doorsÆ opened and closed by hand
2. Semi-automatic doors Æ closed with the help of shock absorbers
3. Full-automatic doors Æ operate by electric motors

• Stop or Floor Doors : These should be fixed to the openings, which

allows entries to the elevators. They are fire resistant.

• Ventilation : There could be proper ventilation in cabins and in the

Machine room.