Ingles: Tiempos

Present Simple
Form
I Affirmative Negative
We
Live Don’t live
You In London
Work Don’t work
They
He Doesn’t live Here
Lives
She Doesn’t
Works
It work

Question
I
We
Do
You Live in London?
They
He Work here?
Does She
It

We use the present simple tense to:

• Describe regular events.

• Describe general truths.
• Talk about habits or routines.

Present Continuos
Form
Affirmative Negative
Am not (‘m
I Am (‘m) Reading a book.
not)
He
She Is Is not (Isn’t) Raining.
It
Going to the shops.
We
Are not
You Are
(aren’t)
They

Question
Am I
Reading a book?
He
Is She
Raining?
It
We
Going to the shops?
Are You
They

We use the present continuos tense to:

• Say what is happening at the moment.
• Describe a temporary state.
• Describe a future arrange.

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Past Simple
Form (Verb to be)
I Affirmative Negative
He
Was not
She Was In the office last week.
(wasen’t)
It
We Ill yesterday.
Were not
You Were
(weren’t)
They

Question
I
He
Was
She In the office last week?
It
We Ill yesterday?
Were You
They

To make the past simple tense of regular verbs we add –ED to the infinitive. It’s the same
for all persons.

Negative Question
I Did not Like the film.
He (Didn’t) I
Like the film?
She He
Go to the party.
It She
Go to the party?
We Did
Steal some It
You money.We Steal some
They You
money?
They

We use the past simple tense to describe:

• A completed action in the past.
• A completed situation in the past.
• A repeated action in the past.

Past continuos
Form
I Affirmative Negative
He Having a shower.
Was not
She Was
(wasn’t)
It Waiting for a bus.
We
Were not
You Were Driving.
(weren’t)
They
Question
I
He Having a shower?
Was
She
It Waiting for a bus?
We
Were You Driving?
They
We use the past continuos tense to describe a continuos or unfinished
action in the past
Future with going to
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Form
Affirmative Negative
Am not (‘m Watch TV.
I Am (‘m)
not)
He GOING Work.
She Is Is not (Isn’t) TO
It Play paddle.
We
Are not
You Are
(aren’t)
They

Question
Am I Watch TV?
He
Work?
Is She GOING
It TO Play
We
paddle?
Are You
They

We use going to tense to:

• Talk about plans and intentions.
• Talk about things that we cas see or feel about the future.

Future with will

Form
I Affirmative Negative
He
She Get in touch.
It Will not
We Will (‘ll) Be there.
(won’t)
You
They

Question
I
He
She Get in touch?
Will It
We Be there?
You
They

We use the future with will to:

• Make predictions or general statements about the future.
• Express a decition made at the momento of speaking.
• Main clause of the first condicional.

Conditionals

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Conditional 0 (zero)
We use it for situations that are always true if something happens. This use is
similiar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using 'when'

Form:
Conditional 0 is formed by the use of the PRESENT SIMPLE in the if clause followed by the
PRESENT SIMPLE in the result clause

If I am late, my father takes me to school.

When I am late, my father takes me to school.
She doesn't worry if Jack stays out after school.

First Conditional
We use it to predict the effects of a real or probable action or event. Often called
the "real" conditional because it is used for real - or possible - situations. These situations
take place if a certain condition is met.

Form:
The First Conditional is formed by the use of the PRESENT SIMPLE in the if clause
followed by WILL + VERB in the result clause.

If it rains, we will stay at home.

He will arrive late unless he hurries up.
Peter will buy a new car, if he gets his raise.

Second Conditional
We use it to describe an unreal, improbable or imaginary situation. Often called
the "unreal" conditional. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given
situation. The verb 'to be', when used in the 2nd conditional, is always conjugated as
'were'.

Form:
The Second Conditional is formed by the use of the PAST SIMPLE in the if clause
followed by WOULD + VERB in the result clause.

If he studied more, he would pass the exam.

I would lower taxes if I were the President.
They would buy a new house if they had more money.

Third Conditional
We use it only when we are referring to past situations with hypothetical
results. Often referred to as the "past" conditional.

Form:
The Third Conditional is formed by the use of the PAST PERFECT in the if clause followed
by WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE in the result clause.

If he had known that, he would have decided differently.

Jane would have found a new job if she had stayed in Boston.

Perfect Tense
Present Perfect
Form:

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 I Affirmative Negative
We
Have not
You Have (‘ve) Bought a new car.
(haven’t)
They
He Gone.
Has not
She Has (‘s)
(hasn’t)
It

Question:
I
We
Have
You Bought a new car.
They
He Gone.
Has She
It
We make the Present Perfect tense with HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE.

We use the Present Perfect tense:

• To referr to a time frame that comes up to the present.
• When we are intrested in the present result of a past action.
• When we are talking about unfinished actions.
• Giving or asking for news or recent events.
• Life experience.

Past Perfect
Form:
I Affirmative Negative
He Been in an accident.
She
It Had Had not Got married.
We (‘d) (hadn’t)
You Seen him before.
They

Question:
I
He Been in an accident.
She
Had It Got married.
We
You Seen him before.
They
We make the Past Perfect tense with HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE.

We use the Past Perfect tense to:

• Describe an event ocurred before another event in the past. (“The
past of the past”)
Been/gone:
“She has been to London” She came back.
“She has gone to London” She still there.
Comparatives and superlatives
Adjetive Comparative Superlative
Tall Taller The tallest
One syllable
Cold Colder The coldest

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 Hot Hotter The hottest
One syllable + Short vowel
Thin Thinner The thinnest
+ one consonant
Big Bigger The bigger
Two syllables + consonant Heavy Heavier The heviest
+y Pretty Prettier The prettiest
Modern More modern The most modern
Two or more syllables
Interesting More interesting The most interesting
Good Better The best
Irregular Bad Worse The worst
Far Further The furthest
A comparative adjetive is often followed by THAN.
As...As... can be uses to make comparisons. Mi boat is as big as a flat.
Some/Any
We use SOME with POSIBLE statements. I need some jeans.
We use ANY with NEGATIVE statements and questions. We haven’t any books
Have you got any money?
In, on, at (time prepositions)
In is used with:
• Years
• Centuries
• Parts of the day
• Decades
• Seasons
• Months
On is used with:
• Dates
• Days of the week
• “Special” Days (birthdays, christmas, thanksgiving, hanukkah, etc)
At is used with:
• Times
• Holidays
No preposition with expresions with:
• Ago
• Tonight
• This morning
• This afternoon
• Etc.
Passive Voice
We made the passive with the VERB “TO BE” and the PAST PARTICIPLE.
These cards are made in France.
We can use the passive in any tense. To make different tenses we change the verb to be.
We use it when we are more interested in the action than what or who did it. If we want
to show who did ir we use BY...
Exceptions: Will, going to, can, could, may, wight, would, must. Jane will buy a new
computer
In this case we use be + Past Participle A new computer will be bought by
Jane
Question tags
The question tag is a phrase added to the main part of the sentence, inviting the listener
to confirm or give an opinion about the comment. It is composed by the auxiliary verb,
determined by the principal verb, in negative form (or affirmative if the principal verb is
negative), followed by the pronoun, determined by the subject.
It isn't very warm today, IS IT?
I didn't bring enough money, DID I?
We can't keep our canary in the hotel room, CAN WE?

Relative Clauses
A Relative Clause refers to an object or person already mentioned.
For people we use WHO:

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 The woman who lives in that house is Spanish.
For people (formal way) we can use WHOM:
The woman whom lives in that house is Spanish.
For objects we use WHICH:
This is the house which I used to live in.
We can also use THAT, but it’s more informal:
The woman that lives in that house is Spanish.
This is the house that I used to live in.
When we are referring to a place we use WHERE:
The house where we lived was very big.
For posesive (replacing his-her-their) WHOSE:
We spoke to a woman whose bag had been stolen.

Contact Clauses:
Sometimes the Relative Clause can be omitted. We can only omit the relative clause
when it's followed by a personal pronoun (I, he, she, it, we, you, they).
This is the boy who was at the party yesterday. In this case, the relative clause can not
be omitted.
This is the boy who I met at the party yesterday. In this case, the relative clause can be
omitted.
This is the boy I met at the party yesterday.

Defining and non-defining relative clauses:

Defining relative clause: Can not be omitted. The information on it’s essential to the
meaning of the sentence.
The man who I told you about is very friendly.

Non-defining relative clause: Can be omitted. We can only use WHO or WHICH. It’s
always between commas. The information on it isn’t essential to the meaning of the
sentence.

My neighbour, who is French, is very rich.

If whe omit the non-defining relative clause, the meaning of the sentence still be the
same:

My neighbour is very rich.

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